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Yeats’s AUTOBIOGRAPHY is important for several reasons, not the least of which is that it serves as an illuminating background to the greatest body of twentieth century poetry in England, THE COLLECTED POEMS OF W. B. YEATS. Yeats’s poetry is about people: imaginary people Michael Robartes, Crazy Jane, people of Irish legend (Cuchulain, Fergus), people of Irish history (Parnell, Robert Emmet), people to whom Yeats was related (the Middletons, the Pollexfens), people Yeats knew (Maud Gonne, Lady Gregory). All these, and many more, are celebrated in his poems. The main figure in the poems is, of course, “I, the poet William Yeats.”
The poems themselves are not important as autobiography, for the people in them exist in art, not in life. There is a “Yeats country” just as there is a “Faulkner country,” but whereas Faulkner changed the names (Oxford, Mississippi becoming “Jefferson”), Yeats did not. In the “Yeats country” Michael Robartes is as real as Maud Gonne, Cuchulain is as alive as Lady Gregory. Yet we are always aware that many of Yeats’s people are taken from real life, and in the AUTOBIOGRAPHY we are afforded an extraordinary view into that life. We read about the places Yeats made famous: Sligo, Coole, Ballylee. We meet the Yeats family and Irish peasants, poets of the 1890’s, patriots and revolutionaries, spiritualists, and Swedish royalty. We are presented with the real life equivalent of the “Yeats country” of the COLLECTED POEMS, and we see it through the eyes and through the memory of the poet himself.
The first section of the AUTOBIOGRAPHY, “Reveries over Childhood and Youth,” begins with Yeats’s earliest memories and concludes with the publication of his first book of poems, THE WANDERINGS OF OISIN AND OTHER POEMS (1889). The chief locales are Sligo, London, and Dublin.
As a very young child Yeats stood in awe of his sea-captain grandfather, William Pollexfen, but it was his father, John Butler Yeats, whose influence was dominant throughout his childhood and adolescence. The elder Yeats, a none-too-successful painter and an opinionated skeptic, influenced his son in several ways. He fostered his interest in literature by reading to him from the works of James Fenimore Cooper, Walter Scott, Chaucer, Shelley, Thoreau, and many other writers, and in the theater by taking him to see Henry Irving in HAMLET. Until he was nearly twenty Yeats seems to have shared most of his father’s opinions (and they were generally outspoken ones) about art, education, and politics. It was only after he had begun to study psychical research and mystical philosophy that he finally was able to break away from his father’s influence. But in some respects his father’s influence was never broken; John Butler Yeats’s hatred for abstractions, for example, was one opinion his son held to all his life, and it greatly influenced the younger Yeats’s attitudes towards politics, art, and life itself. Moreover, Yeats was always conscious of being an artist’s son and aware, therefore, that he must follow a career that would be the whole end of life in itself rather than a means to becoming well off and living pleasantly. The work which Yeats took as the all and end of life was, of course, his poetry.
In this section we read of many things: Yeats’s early interest in natural science (which he later grew to hate); his lack of scholarship and his resultant lack of anything like a systematic formal education; the influence on him of the Fenian leader, John O’Leary; and his continuing interest in legends of the Irish heroes, in stories of ghosts and omens, and in peasant tales of all kinds. It was only natural that Yeats was later to collect these stories (as in THE CELTIC TWILIGHT, 1893), for he was never to forget his mother and a fisherman’s wife telling each other stories such as Homer himself might have told.
Most of all, this section of the AUTOBIOGRAPHY is a portrait of the artist as a young man. At first Yeats...
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0.1870760321617... | 1 | Yeats’s AUTOBIOGRAPHY is important for several reasons, not the least of which is that it serves as an illuminating background to the greatest body of twentieth century poetry in England, THE COLLECTED POEMS OF W. B. YEATS. Yeats’s poetry is about people: imaginary people Michael Robartes, Crazy Jane, people of Irish legend (Cuchulain, Fergus), people of Irish history (Parnell, Robert Emmet), people to whom Yeats was related (the Middletons, the Pollexfens), people Yeats knew (Maud Gonne, Lady Gregory). All these, and many more, are celebrated in his poems. The main figure in the poems is, of course, “I, the poet William Yeats.”
The poems themselves are not important as autobiography, for the people in them exist in art, not in life. There is a “Yeats country” just as there is a “Faulkner country,” but whereas Faulkner changed the names (Oxford, Mississippi becoming “Jefferson”), Yeats did not. In the “Yeats country” Michael Robartes is as real as Maud Gonne, Cuchulain is as alive as Lady Gregory. Yet we are always aware that many of Yeats’s people are taken from real life, and in the AUTOBIOGRAPHY we are afforded an extraordinary view into that life. We read about the places Yeats made famous: Sligo, Coole, Ballylee. We meet the Yeats family and Irish peasants, poets of the 1890’s, patriots and revolutionaries, spiritualists, and Swedish royalty. We are presented with the real life equivalent of the “Yeats country” of the COLLECTED POEMS, and we see it through the eyes and through the memory of the poet himself.
The first section of the AUTOBIOGRAPHY, “Reveries over Childhood and Youth,” begins with Yeats’s earliest memories and concludes with the publication of his first book of poems, THE WANDERINGS OF OISIN AND OTHER POEMS (1889). The chief locales are Sligo, London, and Dublin.
As a very young child Yeats stood in awe of his sea-captain grandfather, William Pollexfen, but it was his father, John Butler Yeats, whose influence was dominant throughout his childhood and adolescence. The elder Yeats, a none-too-successful painter and an opinionated skeptic, influenced his son in several ways. He fostered his interest in literature by reading to him from the works of James Fenimore Cooper, Walter Scott, Chaucer, Shelley, Thoreau, and many other writers, and in the theater by taking him to see Henry Irving in HAMLET. Until he was nearly twenty Yeats seems to have shared most of his father’s opinions (and they were generally outspoken ones) about art, education, and politics. It was only after he had begun to study psychical research and mystical philosophy that he finally was able to break away from his father’s influence. But in some respects his father’s influence was never broken; John Butler Yeats’s hatred for abstractions, for example, was one opinion his son held to all his life, and it greatly influenced the younger Yeats’s attitudes towards politics, art, and life itself. Moreover, Yeats was always conscious of being an artist’s son and aware, therefore, that he must follow a career that would be the whole end of life in itself rather than a means to becoming well off and living pleasantly. The work which Yeats took as the all and end of life was, of course, his poetry.
In this section we read of many things: Yeats’s early interest in natural science (which he later grew to hate); his lack of scholarship and his resultant lack of anything like a systematic formal education; the influence on him of the Fenian leader, John O’Leary; and his continuing interest in legends of the Irish heroes, in stories of ghosts and omens, and in peasant tales of all kinds. It was only natural that Yeats was later to collect these stories (as in THE CELTIC TWILIGHT, 1893), for he was never to forget his mother and a fisherman’s wife telling each other stories such as Homer himself might have told.
Most of all, this section of the AUTOBIOGRAPHY is a portrait of the artist as a young man. At first Yeats...
(The entire section is 1,565 words.) | 942 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Fountains were indispensable to the water supply of cities and settlements in the time before the installation of water pipes. They were public places and meeting points for people, especially for the laundry workers.
The classic fountain with a fountain bucket was built above a ground water source. Even in ancient Rome, fountains were built throughout the entire municipal area and fed by aqueducts.
With the advent of individual water supply, the less public fountains were needed for water provision, the more they became symbols of the power and influence of the fountain builder. In many towns and villages, they were replaced by what were effectively artistic fountains and the classic supply or washing fountain disappeared.
The fountain structures from this time often consist of complex combinations of water fountains, cascades and pools. In the summer, the water cools its surroundings through evaporation and contributes to the improvement of the urban climate. | <urn:uuid:08355b95-6478-46ca-9bd6-0656d3419f43> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.obernkirchener-sandstein.de/en/fountains | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251802249.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129194333-20200129223333-00553.warc.gz | en | 0.98433 | 187 | 3.421875 | 3 | [
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-0.2749392092... | 12 | Fountains were indispensable to the water supply of cities and settlements in the time before the installation of water pipes. They were public places and meeting points for people, especially for the laundry workers.
The classic fountain with a fountain bucket was built above a ground water source. Even in ancient Rome, fountains were built throughout the entire municipal area and fed by aqueducts.
With the advent of individual water supply, the less public fountains were needed for water provision, the more they became symbols of the power and influence of the fountain builder. In many towns and villages, they were replaced by what were effectively artistic fountains and the classic supply or washing fountain disappeared.
The fountain structures from this time often consist of complex combinations of water fountains, cascades and pools. In the summer, the water cools its surroundings through evaporation and contributes to the improvement of the urban climate. | 177 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The year 1871 signalled the end for the French Second Empire. The Prussians had beaten the French convincingly and had captured Napoleon III, France's Emperor at the time. The Prussians called a halt to the fighting to allow the French to restabilise their government. The Monarchists won a majority in the national assembly and so they took power, albeit without a monarch. It is safe to say that at this stage things weren't looking good for those who supported the Republicans.
The Paris Commune
The Parisians, a group of people largely supportive of the Republicans, were not happy with the way they had been ignored during the siege. They were not happy with the National Assembly moving from Bordeaux to Versailles, rather than Paris. They were positively furious that Adolphe Thiers, the Monarchist leader, had ordered that all rents that had been suspended during the siege should be paid back, and the National Front (a Parisian defence army) should be dismantled. As a result of all this, they set up the Paris Commune.
The concept of the commune was that the Parisians would rule Paris by themselves and would be entirely independent. Thiers realised that if he were to pay off the huge war indemnities to the Prussians (500 million Francs) then he could not endure a social revolution. Therefore he destroyed the commune by force in a bloody and bitter battle. The most lasting effect of the commune was the fact that the government could be seen to act forcibly if necessary, without a Monarch or an Emperor. People in France began to realise that a Republic was a reasonable form of government. The fact that a Republic could act strongly was a theme that was to run right through the Third Republic.
Rise to Power
Perhaps the main reason for the Republicans coming to power, was the fact that the Monarchists couldn't find themselves a monarch. At one stage it seemed that the Comte de Chamborde would become king, but then he published a manifesto in 1871, stating categorically that he would only rule under the white flag of his Bourbon ancestors. The people of France were not happy with this as the tricolore represented the most important symbol of the revolution. As well as this, Thiers began to realise that Republican support was growing as the people of France didn't really want to go back to having a king. They had only voted for the Monarchists in the first place because they had offered peace, and now the Republicans were offering that too. Plus, there was the general feeling that there was nothing a Monarch could do that Thiers couldn't. After all, he had defeated the commune, was well on his way to paying off the war indemnities and had done a great job in stabilising the country. A great blow for the Monarchists came in 1872 when Thiers announced that 'the Republic is the form of government that divides us least'. In 1873 he resigned.
The Monarchists then made sure they brought in someone who was whole-heartedly supportive towards the Monarchist cause. They found such a man in MacMahon. He was no way near as talented as Thiers in terms of political skills, but he would never turn his back on the Monarchists. With MacMahon as President and Broglie as Prime Minister, the 'Republic of Dukes' was formed.
The by-elections in 1873 represented growing Republican support. One last attempt was made to get the Comte de Chamborde to reconsider, but he wouldn't. Monarchist hopes were fading fast and they weren't much improved by the fact that their leader, MacMahon, was uncharismatic and very unpopular. Broglie decided that it was necessary to set up a solid form of state before the Monarchist majority disappeared entirely. This was speeded up by the fact that the Bonapartists were becoming increasingly popular. There quickly came a series of laws that made up the Constitution of 1875.
The word 'Republic' appeared in the new set-up, MacMahon was the President of the Republic, but Monarchists only considered this temporary. However, this can be considered a victory in itself for Republicans as they have come a long way from being governed by a monarch. They won a further victory when the Wallon Amendment was passed by one vote. This contained the words
The President of the Republic is elected by the plurality of votes cast by the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies united as a National Assembly.
Finally, it seemed, the Third Republic had arrived.
Despite this, the constitutional laws were clearly designed to give right-wing parties the advantage. If the Chamber of Deputies contained a Republican majority, then it was expected to be counterbalanced by a right-wing Senate and President.
The Republicans' biggest victory came in 1877. MacMahon put into practice his constitutional right to dissolve the chamber and allow an entirely new set of members to be voted for. Both sides launched huge election campaigns. The result was decisive, for the Republicans. They had cemented their position in French politics and the Monarchists were soundly defeated. Two years later, MacMahon resigned as President.
At this stage, people had realised that a Republic was the only possible form of government that could satisfy France. The Monarchists had shown themselves to be a disorganised party, and without a Monarch, they were in fact operating similarly to a Republic. The people of France didn't want to go back to days when they were ruled by a king, since they had unhappy memories of such things. The Republic offered slow and steady change for the better and they had proved that they were a resilient party, winning an election despite laws passed to disadvantage them. They still had opposition, and were soon to face tough crises, but they were there against the odds, and were determined to stay there.
Over the next few years, the Republicans cemented their position well. For years the Republicans had been split by two different factions, the 'radicals' and the 'opportunists'. From 1880, the Republicans became mainly opportunists and only made slow cautious changes. They were led by men such as Jules Ferry, the superb statesman of the time, and the President, Jules Grevy. This type of political strategy suited French people as a whole. The Republic stood for pure democracy, but not complete social revolution. Gambetta's great ambition was to abolish classes completely.
One of the largest political themes running through the Third Republic was anti-clericalism, meaning the separating of Church from state. Jules Ferry passed many laws on this subject, for example, in 1882 a law was passed that education was to be compulsory, free and separate from the Church. It wasn't until 1905 that the Separation Law was passed. This meant that the Church ceased to be funded by the government and many unauthorised cults were allowed to exist.
In general it is safe to conclude that the Republican government were fairly popular with French people at this time. They were making active policies on matters such as education, colonisation and religion, while also not making dramatic social changes, which pleased the right. Living conditions improved, as did trade. However, the Republic was now severely tested by three serious crises, through which they did well to survive.
The Three Crises
In 1886, General Boulanger was appointed Minister of War. He was a glamorous figure who frequently paraded the streets of France and was admired by the public. Admiration for Boulanger increased after he got involved in the freeing of Schnaebele, a French border patrol man who was captured by the Germans. He was seen (incorrectly) as being their saviour after seemingly opposing Bismarck. Boulanger was expelled from Paris by the Republic because of his increasing popularity. However, he re-entered politics when Daniel Wilson (son-in-law of Jules Grevy) got caught up in a scandal involving selling state honours. Grevy was forced to resign.
Boulangism was now reaching epidemic heights. All parties, including the Monarchists and Bonapartists, were jumping on the proverbial bandwagon. In 1889 he won a by-election in Paris. It seemed if Boulanger now wanted to oppose the Republic, he would easily win. However, the Republicans, to their credit, now went on the offensive against Boulanger. They charged him with plotting against the safety of the state. Boulanger, whom historians believe was mentally incapable of holding a burden so great, fled to Brussels where he promptly committed suicide after the death of his mistress.
The Republic had survived Boulangism by coming together at the vital moment, and by not laying down and accepting the seemingly inevitable. Although Boulangism was a major threat, in theory it could never have worked since his followers were so diverse, and he could never have satisfied them all. Boulangism was a huge worry for the Republic as it showed that their position wasn't so strong and that the people of France were willing to vote for other forms of government. However, it can be assumed that Boulangism ultimately strengthened the Republic in the eyes of the public.
The Panama Scandal
The next crises to hit the Republic was the Panama Scandal. Members of the government were charged with having taken bribes from the Panama Canal Company to withhold from the public the news that the Company was in serious debt. This meant people in Paris continued to invest, and lost money as a result. All but one of the accused went unpunished due to lack of evidence. The heat was taken away from the government somewhat by the fact that two Jews were also involved in the scandal and they received most of the coverage from the press and public.
This crisis obviously differs from the previous one in that the Republic was never really in threat of being overthrown. However, it did raise doubts in the public eye and meant that politicians were no longer trusted as much as they once were. However, the Republic's position was still as strong as ever.
The Dreyfus Affair
The Dreyfus affair was the one that really rattled the Republic and the country as a whole. In 1892, Dreyfus was found guilty of supplying Germans with French military information after a letter was found in a dustbin, supposedly in Dreyfus' handwriting. That might have been the end of it, if it wasn't for the opposition put up by the Dreyfus family and Major Picquart.
In court, the prosecutors were shown information that the defence were not allowed to see. This information in effect sentenced Dreyfus to life imprisonment on Devil's Island. Not only were court room laws broken here, but in fact Picquart realised that the hidden information was merely circumspectual evidence. Picquart (an honest man unlikely to put army policies before his morals) was further infuriated by the fact that letters were continuing to be sent to the Germans. A man named Esterhazy was found to be the culprit but the army chose to be quiet about this. They didn't want to lose their integrity in the eyes of the public.
Eventually however, Dreyfus' innocence became more and more apparent. It was proved that Major Henry had forged a letter from the Italian to the German government, which had supposedly proved Dreyfus guilty. However, at this time, opinion was so divided, it seemed unlikely any compromise could be reached to enable a decision on what to do with Dreyfus. There were the (right wing) anti-Dreyfusards who believed that he should remain on Devil's Island, as, in their opinion, one Jew shouldn't be put before the integrity and stability of the army and country. Then there were the Dreyfusards who believed he should be released and the army should be punished for their scandalous behaviour during this time. There was no middle opinion, this scandal divided France completely.
Eventually, a Republican named Waldeck Rousseau formed a Government of Republican Defence. He came to a compromise with the army and Dreyfus was allowed on parole and eventually, in 1904, was declared innocent. Rousseau had done well and had freed Dreyfus while causing the minimum damage to the pride of the army.
The Dreyfus affair had convinced those who were just coming round to the Republican regime now decided that they didn't support it. People were forced to realise that they couldn't take the Republic for granted, and the country was more divided than they thought. The affair kick-started the Republic into making legislative changes, as they realised that continuing to promise anti-clerical changes wasn't enough to stabilise the country. It is unlikely they would have expressed this view if it hadn't have been for the Dreyfus affair.
The Rise of the Syndicats
Ever since the failure of MacMahon to re-establish Monarchist support back in 1877, the right in general had failed to be much of a threat to the Republic, unless they were joined by other parties. The real threats along the political spectrum came from the extreme left, the socialists. Although repressed during the Commune, the socialists had steadily reorganised and grown. In the years 1904 to 1908, they started to become a big threat. French workers had formed a group of trade unions known as the Syndicats. They intended to use the general strike as their main weapon. They believed that if all workers stopped working, France would come to a stand still, and the government would be forced to relinquish control to the Syndicats. However, they found it impossibly hard to organise a general strike, partly due to the size of the operation and partly to do with the fact that some people were unprepared to stop working and risk loss of income and perhaps a loss of their job for a cause that was unlikely to directly affect them.
Despite the inability of the Syndicats to enable a general strike, the individual strikes caused damage and quite often led to violence. It was left to Clemenceau, who entered office in 1906, to deal with the strikes. He did so with some force, using the army, if necessary, in great numbers to relinquish the threat caused by the Syndicats. Once again, the Republic had reacted strongly to the threats it faced.
In it would seem fitting to directly quote Thiers by saying that 'the Republic is the form of government that divides us least'. All throughout the Third Republic this is proved to be true. No other party was able to organise themselves and co-ordinate their efforts to pose a serious threat to the Republic. People want strong leaders who are going to defend the country and their beliefs, and the Republic proved themselves to be very strong. When faced with Boulangism, the case of one Jew ripping apart the country, and strike action, they reacted strongly and quenched the threats. People appreciated this. It gives a sense of security and stability rather than constant and disorienting social uprooting. The Republic didn't change anything dramatically. Rather they took pride in bringing about change slowly and surely. Living conditions, the economy, foreign status and social equality all improved over time, despite the threats they caused. For these reasons, by 1914, the French Third Republic enjoyed widespread support from the French public, and the country was ready for war with Germany. | <urn:uuid:5b42b666-a3ed-4c67-809b-b27737a26427> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A658000 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592636.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118135205-20200118163205-00188.warc.gz | en | 0.991027 | 3,172 | 3.609375 | 4 | [
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0.4744730591... | 4 | The year 1871 signalled the end for the French Second Empire. The Prussians had beaten the French convincingly and had captured Napoleon III, France's Emperor at the time. The Prussians called a halt to the fighting to allow the French to restabilise their government. The Monarchists won a majority in the national assembly and so they took power, albeit without a monarch. It is safe to say that at this stage things weren't looking good for those who supported the Republicans.
The Paris Commune
The Parisians, a group of people largely supportive of the Republicans, were not happy with the way they had been ignored during the siege. They were not happy with the National Assembly moving from Bordeaux to Versailles, rather than Paris. They were positively furious that Adolphe Thiers, the Monarchist leader, had ordered that all rents that had been suspended during the siege should be paid back, and the National Front (a Parisian defence army) should be dismantled. As a result of all this, they set up the Paris Commune.
The concept of the commune was that the Parisians would rule Paris by themselves and would be entirely independent. Thiers realised that if he were to pay off the huge war indemnities to the Prussians (500 million Francs) then he could not endure a social revolution. Therefore he destroyed the commune by force in a bloody and bitter battle. The most lasting effect of the commune was the fact that the government could be seen to act forcibly if necessary, without a Monarch or an Emperor. People in France began to realise that a Republic was a reasonable form of government. The fact that a Republic could act strongly was a theme that was to run right through the Third Republic.
Rise to Power
Perhaps the main reason for the Republicans coming to power, was the fact that the Monarchists couldn't find themselves a monarch. At one stage it seemed that the Comte de Chamborde would become king, but then he published a manifesto in 1871, stating categorically that he would only rule under the white flag of his Bourbon ancestors. The people of France were not happy with this as the tricolore represented the most important symbol of the revolution. As well as this, Thiers began to realise that Republican support was growing as the people of France didn't really want to go back to having a king. They had only voted for the Monarchists in the first place because they had offered peace, and now the Republicans were offering that too. Plus, there was the general feeling that there was nothing a Monarch could do that Thiers couldn't. After all, he had defeated the commune, was well on his way to paying off the war indemnities and had done a great job in stabilising the country. A great blow for the Monarchists came in 1872 when Thiers announced that 'the Republic is the form of government that divides us least'. In 1873 he resigned.
The Monarchists then made sure they brought in someone who was whole-heartedly supportive towards the Monarchist cause. They found such a man in MacMahon. He was no way near as talented as Thiers in terms of political skills, but he would never turn his back on the Monarchists. With MacMahon as President and Broglie as Prime Minister, the 'Republic of Dukes' was formed.
The by-elections in 1873 represented growing Republican support. One last attempt was made to get the Comte de Chamborde to reconsider, but he wouldn't. Monarchist hopes were fading fast and they weren't much improved by the fact that their leader, MacMahon, was uncharismatic and very unpopular. Broglie decided that it was necessary to set up a solid form of state before the Monarchist majority disappeared entirely. This was speeded up by the fact that the Bonapartists were becoming increasingly popular. There quickly came a series of laws that made up the Constitution of 1875.
The word 'Republic' appeared in the new set-up, MacMahon was the President of the Republic, but Monarchists only considered this temporary. However, this can be considered a victory in itself for Republicans as they have come a long way from being governed by a monarch. They won a further victory when the Wallon Amendment was passed by one vote. This contained the words
The President of the Republic is elected by the plurality of votes cast by the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies united as a National Assembly.
Finally, it seemed, the Third Republic had arrived.
Despite this, the constitutional laws were clearly designed to give right-wing parties the advantage. If the Chamber of Deputies contained a Republican majority, then it was expected to be counterbalanced by a right-wing Senate and President.
The Republicans' biggest victory came in 1877. MacMahon put into practice his constitutional right to dissolve the chamber and allow an entirely new set of members to be voted for. Both sides launched huge election campaigns. The result was decisive, for the Republicans. They had cemented their position in French politics and the Monarchists were soundly defeated. Two years later, MacMahon resigned as President.
At this stage, people had realised that a Republic was the only possible form of government that could satisfy France. The Monarchists had shown themselves to be a disorganised party, and without a Monarch, they were in fact operating similarly to a Republic. The people of France didn't want to go back to days when they were ruled by a king, since they had unhappy memories of such things. The Republic offered slow and steady change for the better and they had proved that they were a resilient party, winning an election despite laws passed to disadvantage them. They still had opposition, and were soon to face tough crises, but they were there against the odds, and were determined to stay there.
Over the next few years, the Republicans cemented their position well. For years the Republicans had been split by two different factions, the 'radicals' and the 'opportunists'. From 1880, the Republicans became mainly opportunists and only made slow cautious changes. They were led by men such as Jules Ferry, the superb statesman of the time, and the President, Jules Grevy. This type of political strategy suited French people as a whole. The Republic stood for pure democracy, but not complete social revolution. Gambetta's great ambition was to abolish classes completely.
One of the largest political themes running through the Third Republic was anti-clericalism, meaning the separating of Church from state. Jules Ferry passed many laws on this subject, for example, in 1882 a law was passed that education was to be compulsory, free and separate from the Church. It wasn't until 1905 that the Separation Law was passed. This meant that the Church ceased to be funded by the government and many unauthorised cults were allowed to exist.
In general it is safe to conclude that the Republican government were fairly popular with French people at this time. They were making active policies on matters such as education, colonisation and religion, while also not making dramatic social changes, which pleased the right. Living conditions improved, as did trade. However, the Republic was now severely tested by three serious crises, through which they did well to survive.
The Three Crises
In 1886, General Boulanger was appointed Minister of War. He was a glamorous figure who frequently paraded the streets of France and was admired by the public. Admiration for Boulanger increased after he got involved in the freeing of Schnaebele, a French border patrol man who was captured by the Germans. He was seen (incorrectly) as being their saviour after seemingly opposing Bismarck. Boulanger was expelled from Paris by the Republic because of his increasing popularity. However, he re-entered politics when Daniel Wilson (son-in-law of Jules Grevy) got caught up in a scandal involving selling state honours. Grevy was forced to resign.
Boulangism was now reaching epidemic heights. All parties, including the Monarchists and Bonapartists, were jumping on the proverbial bandwagon. In 1889 he won a by-election in Paris. It seemed if Boulanger now wanted to oppose the Republic, he would easily win. However, the Republicans, to their credit, now went on the offensive against Boulanger. They charged him with plotting against the safety of the state. Boulanger, whom historians believe was mentally incapable of holding a burden so great, fled to Brussels where he promptly committed suicide after the death of his mistress.
The Republic had survived Boulangism by coming together at the vital moment, and by not laying down and accepting the seemingly inevitable. Although Boulangism was a major threat, in theory it could never have worked since his followers were so diverse, and he could never have satisfied them all. Boulangism was a huge worry for the Republic as it showed that their position wasn't so strong and that the people of France were willing to vote for other forms of government. However, it can be assumed that Boulangism ultimately strengthened the Republic in the eyes of the public.
The Panama Scandal
The next crises to hit the Republic was the Panama Scandal. Members of the government were charged with having taken bribes from the Panama Canal Company to withhold from the public the news that the Company was in serious debt. This meant people in Paris continued to invest, and lost money as a result. All but one of the accused went unpunished due to lack of evidence. The heat was taken away from the government somewhat by the fact that two Jews were also involved in the scandal and they received most of the coverage from the press and public.
This crisis obviously differs from the previous one in that the Republic was never really in threat of being overthrown. However, it did raise doubts in the public eye and meant that politicians were no longer trusted as much as they once were. However, the Republic's position was still as strong as ever.
The Dreyfus Affair
The Dreyfus affair was the one that really rattled the Republic and the country as a whole. In 1892, Dreyfus was found guilty of supplying Germans with French military information after a letter was found in a dustbin, supposedly in Dreyfus' handwriting. That might have been the end of it, if it wasn't for the opposition put up by the Dreyfus family and Major Picquart.
In court, the prosecutors were shown information that the defence were not allowed to see. This information in effect sentenced Dreyfus to life imprisonment on Devil's Island. Not only were court room laws broken here, but in fact Picquart realised that the hidden information was merely circumspectual evidence. Picquart (an honest man unlikely to put army policies before his morals) was further infuriated by the fact that letters were continuing to be sent to the Germans. A man named Esterhazy was found to be the culprit but the army chose to be quiet about this. They didn't want to lose their integrity in the eyes of the public.
Eventually however, Dreyfus' innocence became more and more apparent. It was proved that Major Henry had forged a letter from the Italian to the German government, which had supposedly proved Dreyfus guilty. However, at this time, opinion was so divided, it seemed unlikely any compromise could be reached to enable a decision on what to do with Dreyfus. There were the (right wing) anti-Dreyfusards who believed that he should remain on Devil's Island, as, in their opinion, one Jew shouldn't be put before the integrity and stability of the army and country. Then there were the Dreyfusards who believed he should be released and the army should be punished for their scandalous behaviour during this time. There was no middle opinion, this scandal divided France completely.
Eventually, a Republican named Waldeck Rousseau formed a Government of Republican Defence. He came to a compromise with the army and Dreyfus was allowed on parole and eventually, in 1904, was declared innocent. Rousseau had done well and had freed Dreyfus while causing the minimum damage to the pride of the army.
The Dreyfus affair had convinced those who were just coming round to the Republican regime now decided that they didn't support it. People were forced to realise that they couldn't take the Republic for granted, and the country was more divided than they thought. The affair kick-started the Republic into making legislative changes, as they realised that continuing to promise anti-clerical changes wasn't enough to stabilise the country. It is unlikely they would have expressed this view if it hadn't have been for the Dreyfus affair.
The Rise of the Syndicats
Ever since the failure of MacMahon to re-establish Monarchist support back in 1877, the right in general had failed to be much of a threat to the Republic, unless they were joined by other parties. The real threats along the political spectrum came from the extreme left, the socialists. Although repressed during the Commune, the socialists had steadily reorganised and grown. In the years 1904 to 1908, they started to become a big threat. French workers had formed a group of trade unions known as the Syndicats. They intended to use the general strike as their main weapon. They believed that if all workers stopped working, France would come to a stand still, and the government would be forced to relinquish control to the Syndicats. However, they found it impossibly hard to organise a general strike, partly due to the size of the operation and partly to do with the fact that some people were unprepared to stop working and risk loss of income and perhaps a loss of their job for a cause that was unlikely to directly affect them.
Despite the inability of the Syndicats to enable a general strike, the individual strikes caused damage and quite often led to violence. It was left to Clemenceau, who entered office in 1906, to deal with the strikes. He did so with some force, using the army, if necessary, in great numbers to relinquish the threat caused by the Syndicats. Once again, the Republic had reacted strongly to the threats it faced.
In it would seem fitting to directly quote Thiers by saying that 'the Republic is the form of government that divides us least'. All throughout the Third Republic this is proved to be true. No other party was able to organise themselves and co-ordinate their efforts to pose a serious threat to the Republic. People want strong leaders who are going to defend the country and their beliefs, and the Republic proved themselves to be very strong. When faced with Boulangism, the case of one Jew ripping apart the country, and strike action, they reacted strongly and quenched the threats. People appreciated this. It gives a sense of security and stability rather than constant and disorienting social uprooting. The Republic didn't change anything dramatically. Rather they took pride in bringing about change slowly and surely. Living conditions, the economy, foreign status and social equality all improved over time, despite the threats they caused. For these reasons, by 1914, the French Third Republic enjoyed widespread support from the French public, and the country was ready for war with Germany. | 3,215 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Sometime during the first half of the 1700s, a spring of fresh water between Baxter and Mulberry streets began to attract popular attention. The water was so popular for the making of tea that it was known as the Tea Water Pump. It became a regular landmark and is shown on maps and referenced in real estate deeds of the time. Other tea water pumps were located on Chatham Street and at Knapp’s spring near Tenth Avenue and Fourteenth Street.
The first mention of the Tea Water Spring appeared in the diary of Professor Kalm, a learned and observant man who visited the City in 1748. He wrote,
There is no good water to be met with in the town itself; but at a little distance there is a large spring of good water, which the inhabitants take for their tea and for the use of the kitchen.
Shortly before the Revolution, the Tea Water Spring and its vicinity were made into a fashionable resort. A high pump with a prodigiously long handle was erected over the spring, and the grounds around it were laid out in ornamental fashion. The popular retreat became known as Tea Water Pump Garden.
The tea water from this source was so popular that it was barreled and delivered around town in carts. The distributors of this water were called “tea water men.” They would ply the streets and cry out “Tea water! Tea water! Come out and get your tea water!” These door-to-door sales carts became so numerous that they became an impediment to traffic until, on June 16, 1757, the Common Council passed “A Law for the Regulating of Tea Water Men in the City of New York.”
By 1797, the giant pump projecting over the sidewalk and into the street, along with the continuous queue of horse drawn carts, caused such congestion that a petition for the abatement of the nuisance was presented to the City Council. | <urn:uuid:7190339d-9805-4f09-933f-2bacf28ed15a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.bostonteapartyship.com/tea-blog/tea-water-wells-new-york | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694071.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126230255-20200127020255-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.988516 | 399 | 3.375 | 3 | [
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0.18772698938... | 1 | Sometime during the first half of the 1700s, a spring of fresh water between Baxter and Mulberry streets began to attract popular attention. The water was so popular for the making of tea that it was known as the Tea Water Pump. It became a regular landmark and is shown on maps and referenced in real estate deeds of the time. Other tea water pumps were located on Chatham Street and at Knapp’s spring near Tenth Avenue and Fourteenth Street.
The first mention of the Tea Water Spring appeared in the diary of Professor Kalm, a learned and observant man who visited the City in 1748. He wrote,
There is no good water to be met with in the town itself; but at a little distance there is a large spring of good water, which the inhabitants take for their tea and for the use of the kitchen.
Shortly before the Revolution, the Tea Water Spring and its vicinity were made into a fashionable resort. A high pump with a prodigiously long handle was erected over the spring, and the grounds around it were laid out in ornamental fashion. The popular retreat became known as Tea Water Pump Garden.
The tea water from this source was so popular that it was barreled and delivered around town in carts. The distributors of this water were called “tea water men.” They would ply the streets and cry out “Tea water! Tea water! Come out and get your tea water!” These door-to-door sales carts became so numerous that they became an impediment to traffic until, on June 16, 1757, the Common Council passed “A Law for the Regulating of Tea Water Men in the City of New York.”
By 1797, the giant pump projecting over the sidewalk and into the street, along with the continuous queue of horse drawn carts, caused such congestion that a petition for the abatement of the nuisance was presented to the City Council. | 396 | ENGLISH | 1 |
On the morning of December 21, 1891. Dr. James Naismith emerged from his office with an idea.He had spent two weeks searching for an indoor athletic activity to occupy his physical education class during the cold winter months.
Naismith tried indoor adaptations of soccer, lacrosse and football but each only led to people getting injured.He was disappointed when he couldn’t find an indoor sport , so Naismith decided to invent it.
The first official basketball game was played on January 20, 1892. The contest featured two teams of nine players and ended in a score of 1-0. It was far from the current version of basketball played worldwide today.For example, basketball was originally played with a soccer ball and peach baskets. So someone had to climb on a ladder each time to get the ball out. Later to make it easier a hole was drilled into the bottom of the basket.Naismith’s original game had only thirteen rules with no dribble, the three point line and a greater tolerance of physical contact. Still modern basketball is firmly rooted in many of the original rules. | <urn:uuid:b86ae9ee-8562-41f2-ba91-ec1057506f3e> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.checknlook.com/180279.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597458.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120052454-20200120080454-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.986186 | 228 | 4.03125 | 4 | [
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0.0764868184... | 4 | On the morning of December 21, 1891. Dr. James Naismith emerged from his office with an idea.He had spent two weeks searching for an indoor athletic activity to occupy his physical education class during the cold winter months.
Naismith tried indoor adaptations of soccer, lacrosse and football but each only led to people getting injured.He was disappointed when he couldn’t find an indoor sport , so Naismith decided to invent it.
The first official basketball game was played on January 20, 1892. The contest featured two teams of nine players and ended in a score of 1-0. It was far from the current version of basketball played worldwide today.For example, basketball was originally played with a soccer ball and peach baskets. So someone had to climb on a ladder each time to get the ball out. Later to make it easier a hole was drilled into the bottom of the basket.Naismith’s original game had only thirteen rules with no dribble, the three point line and a greater tolerance of physical contact. Still modern basketball is firmly rooted in many of the original rules. | 230 | ENGLISH | 1 |
It's funny how a baby camel is called a calf. A male camel may also be called be a bull calf. A calf is the most common baby name out there. It is almost scientific hence a baby camel is called a calf.
Usually, names for baby animals might evolve in accordance with the surrounding areas. This is the reason why deer babies are called fawns and not calves. Since Camels grow in areas where English didn't evolve as a language, the official name for a baby camel is simply a calf.
You might expect a baby camel to be called a horse, a foal, but it is not. It is called a calf, like cows, it is an interesting baby, taking almost 14 months to develop in the camel's womb. Usually, it is a singleton, as with humans, but sometimes twins are born.
Although it has been so long in the womb, the calf can walk within 30 minutes. It will take 7 years before it becomes mature and then it will tower over the average man.
A baby camel is often called a calf. Camels are often recognized by the humps on their backs. There can be one or two humps. These humps are actually fatty deposits. No one is quite sure why the camels store fat like this, up in the humps, but they do nonetheless.
The more recognizable camel is the single-humped camel since these are the ones that are featured in many movies that take place in the Middle East and Africa - since this is where they most often live. However, the camel is not immune to the activities of humans. Other than being used as a transport animal for many millennia, it is bred for meat, hair, and milk when it can be. | <urn:uuid:5bb8c131-73e5-463a-9223-7328dc595f6c> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.proprofs.com/discuss/q/709431/what-is-a-baby-camel-called | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599718.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120165335-20200120194335-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.982359 | 359 | 3.4375 | 3 | [
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-0.053263247013092... | 1 | It's funny how a baby camel is called a calf. A male camel may also be called be a bull calf. A calf is the most common baby name out there. It is almost scientific hence a baby camel is called a calf.
Usually, names for baby animals might evolve in accordance with the surrounding areas. This is the reason why deer babies are called fawns and not calves. Since Camels grow in areas where English didn't evolve as a language, the official name for a baby camel is simply a calf.
You might expect a baby camel to be called a horse, a foal, but it is not. It is called a calf, like cows, it is an interesting baby, taking almost 14 months to develop in the camel's womb. Usually, it is a singleton, as with humans, but sometimes twins are born.
Although it has been so long in the womb, the calf can walk within 30 minutes. It will take 7 years before it becomes mature and then it will tower over the average man.
A baby camel is often called a calf. Camels are often recognized by the humps on their backs. There can be one or two humps. These humps are actually fatty deposits. No one is quite sure why the camels store fat like this, up in the humps, but they do nonetheless.
The more recognizable camel is the single-humped camel since these are the ones that are featured in many movies that take place in the Middle East and Africa - since this is where they most often live. However, the camel is not immune to the activities of humans. Other than being used as a transport animal for many millennia, it is bred for meat, hair, and milk when it can be. | 356 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Q. St. Paul is the only saint whose conversion is celebrated by a universal feast of the Church. Why would the Apostle have that unique honor?
A. The Feast of the Conversion of St. Paul the Apostle (January 25) originated in Gaul (present-day France) in the sixth century. This day on the calendar is the presumed date of the transfer of the Apostle’s relics to the Constantinian Basilica of St. Paul Outside the Walls near the Ostian Way in Rome.
Why would St. Paul have this unique honor? The Apostle’s coming to faith came about under miraculous circumstances so startling that none of his contemporaries could have anticipated his conversion. The event had an incalculable impact on the life and thought of the early Church because of his subsequent and extensive missionary efforts, which helped to establish local churches throughout the ancient Roman Empire. His conversion has also deeply shaped the continuing life and thought of the Church through his biblical epistles. More books of Scripture were composed by him (at least thirteen) than by any other individual. Our debt to him as Christians is incalculable. | <urn:uuid:8ab4ef8a-ad46-4472-a71e-b246859f0c14> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.stcatherinercc.org/single-post/2019/01/23/Why-Do-We-Celebrate-St-Pauls-Conversion | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591763.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118023429-20200118051429-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.981192 | 229 | 3.640625 | 4 | [
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-0.04217255860567... | 12 | Q. St. Paul is the only saint whose conversion is celebrated by a universal feast of the Church. Why would the Apostle have that unique honor?
A. The Feast of the Conversion of St. Paul the Apostle (January 25) originated in Gaul (present-day France) in the sixth century. This day on the calendar is the presumed date of the transfer of the Apostle’s relics to the Constantinian Basilica of St. Paul Outside the Walls near the Ostian Way in Rome.
Why would St. Paul have this unique honor? The Apostle’s coming to faith came about under miraculous circumstances so startling that none of his contemporaries could have anticipated his conversion. The event had an incalculable impact on the life and thought of the early Church because of his subsequent and extensive missionary efforts, which helped to establish local churches throughout the ancient Roman Empire. His conversion has also deeply shaped the continuing life and thought of the Church through his biblical epistles. More books of Scripture were composed by him (at least thirteen) than by any other individual. Our debt to him as Christians is incalculable. | 225 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Why Reconstruction Failed Essay
DBQ 10: Reconstruction’s Failure After the Civil War, the United States of America had to go through reconstruction. It was meant to be a smooth easy going process, but after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln reconstruction became more harmful to the southerners. Congress had many efforts to ensure equal rights to the freedmen, but this had failed. There were many reasons why it failed like the creation of secret organizations just like the KKK.
Other reasons include white southerners and northerners convincing the freed blacks to vote for who they want starting the beginning of the Scalawags and the Carpetbaggers, and also not having equality in government not letting the southern politics in government.
The Ku Klux Klan, also known as the KKK, was considered America’s first terrorist group. They were a group that wanted white supremacy in America. They terrorized and killed many African Americans using techniques such as torture, murder, and they would hurt you economically if you owned a business, they would boycott your business and would have others boycott it also.
These tactics made African Americans scared and the KKK’s goal was to put terror in The African Americans and have white Supremacy. This made not as many votes come in, since the white southerners weren’t allowed to vote, because many African Americans were scared to vote and hold office since the Constitution now allowed the freed black to have these basic rights. The beginning of the Scalawags and Carpetbaggers was a big thing back when it happened and took away the idea of having the freed blacks vote for themself. The Scalawags were the southerners who took the opportunity to vote for who they wanted to vote for.
The southerners did this by making the freed blacks vote who they wanted to vote for because the freed black weren’t smart enough to understand what was going on. The Carpetbaggers were the northerners who came down to the South to do the same as the Scalawags but by being influential to the freed blacks and it was to protect the Republican Party in Government. Many saw not having equality in voting was a big problem during military reconstruction. Many in the south believed it was unfair to take away basic right like voting and also not letting Southern politicians into government.
This began the beginning of the Scalawags as explained in the previous paragraph and also the KKK terrorizing the freed blacks from voting. The southerners did anything they can to stop the freed blacks from voting or have the freed blacks vote for who they want. These are some reasons why reconstruction failed. Many terrorist groups began to form, the Scalawags and the Carpetbaggers began to form, and doing corrupt things like making the freed blacks vote for who the white southerners wanted in office. Even though these things made reconstruction fail, there were some successful things like the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments
Cite this Why Reconstruction Failed Essay
Why Reconstruction Failed Essay. (2016, Nov 11). Retrieved from https://graduateway.com/why-reconstruction-failed/ | <urn:uuid:6e787ed4-c08d-4601-9cd8-2dc0dd6faa2d> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://graduateway.com/why-reconstruction-failed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607118.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122131612-20200122160612-00326.warc.gz | en | 0.98381 | 643 | 3.5 | 4 | [
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DBQ 10: Reconstruction’s Failure After the Civil War, the United States of America had to go through reconstruction. It was meant to be a smooth easy going process, but after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln reconstruction became more harmful to the southerners. Congress had many efforts to ensure equal rights to the freedmen, but this had failed. There were many reasons why it failed like the creation of secret organizations just like the KKK.
Other reasons include white southerners and northerners convincing the freed blacks to vote for who they want starting the beginning of the Scalawags and the Carpetbaggers, and also not having equality in government not letting the southern politics in government.
The Ku Klux Klan, also known as the KKK, was considered America’s first terrorist group. They were a group that wanted white supremacy in America. They terrorized and killed many African Americans using techniques such as torture, murder, and they would hurt you economically if you owned a business, they would boycott your business and would have others boycott it also.
These tactics made African Americans scared and the KKK’s goal was to put terror in The African Americans and have white Supremacy. This made not as many votes come in, since the white southerners weren’t allowed to vote, because many African Americans were scared to vote and hold office since the Constitution now allowed the freed black to have these basic rights. The beginning of the Scalawags and Carpetbaggers was a big thing back when it happened and took away the idea of having the freed blacks vote for themself. The Scalawags were the southerners who took the opportunity to vote for who they wanted to vote for.
The southerners did this by making the freed blacks vote who they wanted to vote for because the freed black weren’t smart enough to understand what was going on. The Carpetbaggers were the northerners who came down to the South to do the same as the Scalawags but by being influential to the freed blacks and it was to protect the Republican Party in Government. Many saw not having equality in voting was a big problem during military reconstruction. Many in the south believed it was unfair to take away basic right like voting and also not letting Southern politicians into government.
This began the beginning of the Scalawags as explained in the previous paragraph and also the KKK terrorizing the freed blacks from voting. The southerners did anything they can to stop the freed blacks from voting or have the freed blacks vote for who they want. These are some reasons why reconstruction failed. Many terrorist groups began to form, the Scalawags and the Carpetbaggers began to form, and doing corrupt things like making the freed blacks vote for who the white southerners wanted in office. Even though these things made reconstruction fail, there were some successful things like the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments
Cite this Why Reconstruction Failed Essay
Why Reconstruction Failed Essay. (2016, Nov 11). Retrieved from https://graduateway.com/why-reconstruction-failed/ | 636 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Women played a crucial part in the success of Britain in the Second World War. After millions of men flew to the front line, women were forced to take up jobs that were traditionally meant for men. Women spearheaded the evacuation of children and the elderly whenever British cities, including London, were targeted by enemy forces. Several more took up military roles fighting side by side with men.
The Women’s Land Army
After Germany declared war women were enlisted in the British Women’s Land Army (WLA). By August 1940, about 7,000 women had enlisted in the army. However, with the blockade of British supply routes from America by German U-boats, Churchill feared that the country would starve. A majority of women joining the army had abandoned farmlands. Churchill stopped the recruitment of women and asked women to choose between working in factories or in farms to prevent Britain from starving.
Millions of women chose to work in factories producing all manners of ammunition, uniforms, weapons, and even airplanes. They worked for many hours each day, and many decided to live closer to the factories. Skilled women were paid £2.15 a week. Unskilled men earned double the amount and in 1943 women at the Rolls Royce factory went on a strike. They were pelted with rotten eggs and declared unpatriotic for demanding a wage increase during wartime, however, they prevailed and their wages finally raised to match those of semi-skilled male workers.
The Women’s Voluntary Service (WVS)
During the Nazi bombing of London, women in voluntary organizations provided support services such as firefighting and transporting food to soldiers and the affected. By 1943, the WVS had about a million members. Many of those in volunteer service were elderly as the younger women worked in factories and on farms. They sheltered people who had been affected by the bombing in underground facilities. When the cities of the UK were not in danger, the women weaved socks, balaclavas, and other clothes to keep the soldiers warm during winter.
The Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS)
Women were recruited to serve in the army, navy, and air force. Those in the army wore Khakis just like men. The posters used to recruit women were glamorous, and several of those who enlisted envisioned an exciting life. However, a lot of the women who worked in the army ended up as drivers, mess hall workers, or working on anti-aircraft guns. As the war intensified, women were given positions as electricians and welders. Those in the air force worked in radar stations, and as Air Transport Auxiliary, flying new airplanes to their respective airfields.
Some women were recruited as spies. They learned military tactics and parachuted to occupied France. Their primary objective was to infiltrate the Germans and report back to their commanders. Women played a crucial role during the landing in Normandy in 1944. Among the renowned British secret agents are Odette Churchill and Violette Szabo.
About the Author
Victor Kiprop is a writer from Kenya. When he's not writing he spends time watching soccer and documentaries, visiting friends, or working in the farm.
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Your Harvard CitationRemember to italicize the title of this article in your Harvard citation. | <urn:uuid:a01c4e96-813c-4295-af4c-bc0a6c914ff7> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-role-of-british-women-in-world-war-ii.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251788528.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129041149-20200129071149-00123.warc.gz | en | 0.983128 | 677 | 4.1875 | 4 | [
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0.147086232900... | 2 | Women played a crucial part in the success of Britain in the Second World War. After millions of men flew to the front line, women were forced to take up jobs that were traditionally meant for men. Women spearheaded the evacuation of children and the elderly whenever British cities, including London, were targeted by enemy forces. Several more took up military roles fighting side by side with men.
The Women’s Land Army
After Germany declared war women were enlisted in the British Women’s Land Army (WLA). By August 1940, about 7,000 women had enlisted in the army. However, with the blockade of British supply routes from America by German U-boats, Churchill feared that the country would starve. A majority of women joining the army had abandoned farmlands. Churchill stopped the recruitment of women and asked women to choose between working in factories or in farms to prevent Britain from starving.
Millions of women chose to work in factories producing all manners of ammunition, uniforms, weapons, and even airplanes. They worked for many hours each day, and many decided to live closer to the factories. Skilled women were paid £2.15 a week. Unskilled men earned double the amount and in 1943 women at the Rolls Royce factory went on a strike. They were pelted with rotten eggs and declared unpatriotic for demanding a wage increase during wartime, however, they prevailed and their wages finally raised to match those of semi-skilled male workers.
The Women’s Voluntary Service (WVS)
During the Nazi bombing of London, women in voluntary organizations provided support services such as firefighting and transporting food to soldiers and the affected. By 1943, the WVS had about a million members. Many of those in volunteer service were elderly as the younger women worked in factories and on farms. They sheltered people who had been affected by the bombing in underground facilities. When the cities of the UK were not in danger, the women weaved socks, balaclavas, and other clothes to keep the soldiers warm during winter.
The Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS)
Women were recruited to serve in the army, navy, and air force. Those in the army wore Khakis just like men. The posters used to recruit women were glamorous, and several of those who enlisted envisioned an exciting life. However, a lot of the women who worked in the army ended up as drivers, mess hall workers, or working on anti-aircraft guns. As the war intensified, women were given positions as electricians and welders. Those in the air force worked in radar stations, and as Air Transport Auxiliary, flying new airplanes to their respective airfields.
Some women were recruited as spies. They learned military tactics and parachuted to occupied France. Their primary objective was to infiltrate the Germans and report back to their commanders. Women played a crucial role during the landing in Normandy in 1944. Among the renowned British secret agents are Odette Churchill and Violette Szabo.
About the Author
Victor Kiprop is a writer from Kenya. When he's not writing he spends time watching soccer and documentaries, visiting friends, or working in the farm.
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Your Harvard CitationRemember to italicize the title of this article in your Harvard citation. | 687 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Sometimes, we can look back at fictional items from the days before the computer and see threads to machines that would exist decades, or even centuries later. When the museum opened Revolution: The First 2000 Years of Computing, a visitor pointed out that we didn’t mention what they considered to be the earliest description of a computer–which he said had been described in the book Gulliver’s Travels. After a bit of research and a lot of reading, it appeared that while it might not have been a description of a computer, this piece of fiction did hold some very interesting ties to the modern field of computation.
Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World, in Four Parts. By Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and then a Captain of Several Ships, better known as Gulliver’s Travels, is one of the most successful novels ever written in the English language. The story of Lemuel Gulliver as he travels through strange nations and meets their bizarre inhabitants has thrilled readers since it was first released in 1726. Author Jonathan Swift was the most celebrated English novelist of his day. Born in 1667, Swift was a poet and preacher who wrote several satirical novels about religion, history and the sciences. Gulliver’s Travels is often pointed to as his masterpiece and has been in print since its first release, almost 300 years ago! In the story, Gulliver encounters the strange and wonderful peoples of the world during a time when great discoveries were regularly being made by explorers and inventors.
At one point in the story, Gulliver encounters a fascinating machine while visiting the Academy of Projectors in the land of Lagando. Gulliver describes the machine, called The Engine:
This is one of the earliest known mention of a machine that could be considered as a computer in literature, more than a hundred years prior to the first calculating engine designs by Charles Babbage. The Engine might be seen as a computer, but perhaps it’s better thought of as a sort of random-number generator. The machine would create prose and poetry, entirely mechanically. The method of its operation involved turning the frame on which all the words of the language hung and having students read them aloud while capturing the results. Swift described its operation as such:
As long as there have been computers, artists and hobbyists have tried to use computers as engines of creation. Like the Engine from Gulliver’s Travels, many experiments have been made to see if computers could be used to create and tell stories. One early example was done at MIT during their 100th Anniversary in 1961. MIT’s computer scientists fed a series of rules into their TX-0 computer. They choose to program the rules of a scene from a Western featuring a robber and a sheriff. Using the rules supplied to the computer, actors played the scene exactly as the computer composed it, even when the machine ended up in a loop.
In the world of the visual arts, perhaps no system is more famous than AARON, created by artist/computer scientist Harold Cohen. AARON would create paintings based on a system of rules and AARON would paint it. This, of course, led to questions of who was the artist actually creating the art: Cohen or AARON?
The program that could be seen as most similar to The Engine is Racter, a microprocessor-based program that could be used to randomly generate English poetry and prose. The original version of Racter was used to write a book of short prose and poetry called The Policeman’s Beard is Half Constructed. The creators claimed that it was the first book ever written by a computer. Some of the poetry was brief, such as “Slice a visage to create a visage. A puzzle to its owner,” while some of the prose stories ran for several pages. Like the Engine, Racter’s works were heavily edited down from a large amount of material, leading many to compare it to the theoretical “Monkeys with typewriters” concept. While many of these pieces made little sense to the casual reader, they showed that a computer could be used to automatically create works of art. Other software programs have been written to create prose and poetry and several books have since been released, thought none with the impact of Racter.
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0.044306434... | 7 | Sometimes, we can look back at fictional items from the days before the computer and see threads to machines that would exist decades, or even centuries later. When the museum opened Revolution: The First 2000 Years of Computing, a visitor pointed out that we didn’t mention what they considered to be the earliest description of a computer–which he said had been described in the book Gulliver’s Travels. After a bit of research and a lot of reading, it appeared that while it might not have been a description of a computer, this piece of fiction did hold some very interesting ties to the modern field of computation.
Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World, in Four Parts. By Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and then a Captain of Several Ships, better known as Gulliver’s Travels, is one of the most successful novels ever written in the English language. The story of Lemuel Gulliver as he travels through strange nations and meets their bizarre inhabitants has thrilled readers since it was first released in 1726. Author Jonathan Swift was the most celebrated English novelist of his day. Born in 1667, Swift was a poet and preacher who wrote several satirical novels about religion, history and the sciences. Gulliver’s Travels is often pointed to as his masterpiece and has been in print since its first release, almost 300 years ago! In the story, Gulliver encounters the strange and wonderful peoples of the world during a time when great discoveries were regularly being made by explorers and inventors.
At one point in the story, Gulliver encounters a fascinating machine while visiting the Academy of Projectors in the land of Lagando. Gulliver describes the machine, called The Engine:
This is one of the earliest known mention of a machine that could be considered as a computer in literature, more than a hundred years prior to the first calculating engine designs by Charles Babbage. The Engine might be seen as a computer, but perhaps it’s better thought of as a sort of random-number generator. The machine would create prose and poetry, entirely mechanically. The method of its operation involved turning the frame on which all the words of the language hung and having students read them aloud while capturing the results. Swift described its operation as such:
As long as there have been computers, artists and hobbyists have tried to use computers as engines of creation. Like the Engine from Gulliver’s Travels, many experiments have been made to see if computers could be used to create and tell stories. One early example was done at MIT during their 100th Anniversary in 1961. MIT’s computer scientists fed a series of rules into their TX-0 computer. They choose to program the rules of a scene from a Western featuring a robber and a sheriff. Using the rules supplied to the computer, actors played the scene exactly as the computer composed it, even when the machine ended up in a loop.
In the world of the visual arts, perhaps no system is more famous than AARON, created by artist/computer scientist Harold Cohen. AARON would create paintings based on a system of rules and AARON would paint it. This, of course, led to questions of who was the artist actually creating the art: Cohen or AARON?
The program that could be seen as most similar to The Engine is Racter, a microprocessor-based program that could be used to randomly generate English poetry and prose. The original version of Racter was used to write a book of short prose and poetry called The Policeman’s Beard is Half Constructed. The creators claimed that it was the first book ever written by a computer. Some of the poetry was brief, such as “Slice a visage to create a visage. A puzzle to its owner,” while some of the prose stories ran for several pages. Like the Engine, Racter’s works were heavily edited down from a large amount of material, leading many to compare it to the theoretical “Monkeys with typewriters” concept. While many of these pieces made little sense to the casual reader, they showed that a computer could be used to automatically create works of art. Other software programs have been written to create prose and poetry and several books have since been released, thought none with the impact of Racter.
Looking at the Engine does show that even before we had computers, we had people considering the automation of creative processes using machines. Perhaps we should not have been surprised that computers found such great use in the arts: people have been thinking about it for 300 years! | 943 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Roman soldiers march through the gateway of a fort. The Romans came from a province of Italy called Latium. They spoke a language called Latin. From the 3rd century BC, they started to build up a huge empire. At its peak in AD 117, the Roman Empire included France, Spain, Germany, southern Britain, and parts of eastern Europe and North Africa. At this time, about 60 million people lived under Roman rule. The secret of Rome’s success was its well-trained and organized army, which crushed all opposition. Once new land had been conquered, the Romans introduced their own lifestyle and language to the conquered people.
The rise of Rome
About 3000 years ago, a tribe of people, who spoke the Latin language, settled beside the River Tiber in Italy. This settlement became a town called Rome. Early Rome was ruled by kings, but in 510 BC the people decided to establish a republic (in which power is held by the people and the representatives they elect). Rome was now governed by a group of citizens called senators. Gradually, Rome became more powerful, taking over surrounding territories. By 264 BC, it controlled most of Italy.Hannibal crosses the Alps, in 218 BC.
The Romans started to look further afield, and fought the Carthaginians (from Carthage in North Africa) in the Punic Wars to win control of the lands around the Mediterranean Sea. In 218 BC, Hannibal, the Carthaginian general, led his army of 35,000 men and 37 elephants across the Alps to invade Roman lands in Italy. Although he lost 10,000 of his men and all but one of his elephants, he won many battles against the Roman army.
Government of the republic
The republic was ruled by a government called the Senate. Members of the Senate, called senators, were exclusively men from noble Roman families. Each year, the senators and a section of the citizens elected two consuls from among the Senate. The consuls governed Rome for one year, in agreement with each other, and advised by the Senate. It was the consuls’ responsibility to appoint new senators. Once chosen, senators served for life.
Julius Caesar was a brilliant general who conquered many lands for Rome. He was elected consul in 59 BC, but it was not long before he wanted to govern Rome in his own way. He became governor of parts of southern Gaul (now France) and brought northern Gaul under Roman rule. He returned to Rome in triumph and began to rule it as a dictator (someone who has absolute power) in 49 BC. But some senators were jealous of Caesar and wanted to regain power for the senate. In 44 BC a group of senators stabbed him to death in the senate house in Rome.
After Caesar’s death, two prominent Romans began to struggle for power. One was a fellow consul of Caesar’s, Mark Antony, who became the lover of Cleopatra, queen of Egypt. The other was Caesar’s great-nephew, Octavian. Octavian declared war on Antony and Cleopatra in 31 BC and defeated them at the Battle of Actium. Antony and Cleopatra killed themselves. In 27 BC Octavian became the first imperator, or emperor, of Rome, under the name Augustus, which means “deeply respected”. He reigned from 27 BC to AD 14. He brought peace to the empire, but before his death he chose his own successor. From then on, the Romans could not choose their leader.
Not all Rome's later emperors ruled as wisely as Augustus. Nevertheless, emperors ruled over the Roman Empire for over 400 years. They were not kings but they had absolute power over their people. The emperor’s “crown” was a laurel wreath, a sign of military success.
Expansion of the empire
Different ranks of the Roman army: ordinary soldiers were known as legionaries, the cavalry fought on horseback, and auxiliaries...Read More >>Different ranks of the Roman army: ordinary soldiers were known as legionaries, the cavalry fought on horseback, and auxiliaries were recruited from groups that did not have Roman citizenship.Over the 150 years after Augustus became emperor, the Roman Empire grew even larger, bringing Rome wealth and slaves from other parts of Europe, Africa and Asia. Rome needed new lands in its empire to bring in wealth such as food and natural resources—copper, tin and iron—as well as slaves, goods and taxes. Expanding this empire depended largely on the strength of the Roman army. The army was sent to the farthest reaches of the empire to conquer new territories and establish settlements there.
Britain was one of the Romans’ conquests. Queen Boudicca and her tribe, the Iceni, rebelled against the Romans and recaptured...Read More >>Britain was one of the Romans’ conquests. Queen Boudicca and her tribe, the Iceni, rebelled against the Romans and recaptured many of their towns in Britain before she was defeated.
The Romans faced opposition to their growing empire from the Celtic peoples who lived in Europe at the time. In Britain, Queen Boudicca and her tribe, the Iceni, recaptured many towns from the Romans before she was eventually defeated in about AD 60. Violent rebellion also broke out in Judea, when thousands of Jews rebelled in AD 66. But for two centuries from the start of Augustus’s rule in 27 BC—a period known as Pax Romana (Latin for "Roman Peace")—there were no major wars in the empire.
The empire at its greatest extent
Julius Caesar had conquered Gaul, most of Spain and parts of eastern Europe and North Africa. New lands were also acquired under the later Roman emperors: Britain, the western parts of North Africa and lands in the Middle East.
A map of the Roman Empire at its greatest extent (AD 117). An imperial province was one where the Roman emperor had the sole...Read More >>A map of the Roman Empire at its greatest extent (AD 117). An imperial province was one where the Roman emperor had the sole right to appoint the governor. A senatorial province was one where the Roman Senate had the right to appoint the governor. The Roman Empire reached its greatest extent during the rule of Emperor Trajan. He led a series of military operations, capturing lands in the east: Armenia, Assyria and Mesopotamia. By AD 117 the Roman Empire stretched from Britain in the north to Egypt in the south, and from the Atlantic Ocean to the Caspian Sea in the east, a region of some 6.5 million square kilometres (2.5 million square miles). It included all the lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. About 60 million people lived under Roman rule at this time.
Roman rule was forceful, but also respectful of local customs, language and religion. The language of Rome, Latin, was gradually introduced in the west, and eventually became the language of much of the empire, although Greek remained widespread in the east. In AD 212, every free inhabitant (those that were not slaves) living in the empire was granted citizenship.
For efficient government, the conquered territories were divided into provinces. Each province was ruled by a governor. Some vital provinces, including Aegyptus (present-day Egypt), the major food-producer of the empire, were ruled by a senior official called a legate, appointed by the emperor himself. All the provinces were linked by a network of new roads. They were used by the army, traders and messengers.
Christians prayed secretly in catacombs, underground tombs.When the emperors died, the Roman people worshipped them as gods. Christians refused to do this. So, from about AD 250, thousands of Christians were put in prison or thrown to fierce animals in front of watching crowds at an arena. In fear for their lives, Christians met in catacombs (undergound cemeteries) to pray in secret. In AD 313 Emperor Constantine made Christianity legal.
Some Roman emperors were good rulers, like their first emperor, Augustus. Other emperors were brutal. Tiberius (ruled AD 14 to 37) strengthened the empire but became a tyrant feared by all. His successor Caligula (ruled AD 37 to 41) continued the reign of terror. Caligula was probably insane: it is said he once made his horse a consul and had a palace built for it. One of the cruellest of the Roman emperors was Nero, who was Caligula’s nephew. In AD 64 a great fire burned for a week and destroyed half of Rome. It was rumoured that Nero himself started the fire, although that was probably untrue.
The fall of Rome
In AD 117, the Roman Empire had reached its largest extent under the rule of Emperor Trajan (ruled AD 98 to 117). However, it was not long before plague, famine and Barbarian attacks began to weaken the empire. "Barbarians" was the name given by the Romans to the peoples from beyond its borders to the north and east: Huns, Goths, Vandals and others.The Vandals sack Rome in AD 455.In AD 260, Rome was defeated by Persia and had to abandon parts of eastern Europe. Then, in AD 370, the empire was invaded by Huns from Asia and Barbarians. This led Rome to withdraw from Gaul and Britain. In 395 the empire was split into two—East and West. The West was rapidly overrun by Barbarians, who sacked Rome in AD 455.
Consultant: Philip Parker
In the 2nd century AD, around 20% of the world's population lived under Roman rule.
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0.408856421709060... | 5 | Roman soldiers march through the gateway of a fort. The Romans came from a province of Italy called Latium. They spoke a language called Latin. From the 3rd century BC, they started to build up a huge empire. At its peak in AD 117, the Roman Empire included France, Spain, Germany, southern Britain, and parts of eastern Europe and North Africa. At this time, about 60 million people lived under Roman rule. The secret of Rome’s success was its well-trained and organized army, which crushed all opposition. Once new land had been conquered, the Romans introduced their own lifestyle and language to the conquered people.
The rise of Rome
About 3000 years ago, a tribe of people, who spoke the Latin language, settled beside the River Tiber in Italy. This settlement became a town called Rome. Early Rome was ruled by kings, but in 510 BC the people decided to establish a republic (in which power is held by the people and the representatives they elect). Rome was now governed by a group of citizens called senators. Gradually, Rome became more powerful, taking over surrounding territories. By 264 BC, it controlled most of Italy.Hannibal crosses the Alps, in 218 BC.
The Romans started to look further afield, and fought the Carthaginians (from Carthage in North Africa) in the Punic Wars to win control of the lands around the Mediterranean Sea. In 218 BC, Hannibal, the Carthaginian general, led his army of 35,000 men and 37 elephants across the Alps to invade Roman lands in Italy. Although he lost 10,000 of his men and all but one of his elephants, he won many battles against the Roman army.
Government of the republic
The republic was ruled by a government called the Senate. Members of the Senate, called senators, were exclusively men from noble Roman families. Each year, the senators and a section of the citizens elected two consuls from among the Senate. The consuls governed Rome for one year, in agreement with each other, and advised by the Senate. It was the consuls’ responsibility to appoint new senators. Once chosen, senators served for life.
Julius Caesar was a brilliant general who conquered many lands for Rome. He was elected consul in 59 BC, but it was not long before he wanted to govern Rome in his own way. He became governor of parts of southern Gaul (now France) and brought northern Gaul under Roman rule. He returned to Rome in triumph and began to rule it as a dictator (someone who has absolute power) in 49 BC. But some senators were jealous of Caesar and wanted to regain power for the senate. In 44 BC a group of senators stabbed him to death in the senate house in Rome.
After Caesar’s death, two prominent Romans began to struggle for power. One was a fellow consul of Caesar’s, Mark Antony, who became the lover of Cleopatra, queen of Egypt. The other was Caesar’s great-nephew, Octavian. Octavian declared war on Antony and Cleopatra in 31 BC and defeated them at the Battle of Actium. Antony and Cleopatra killed themselves. In 27 BC Octavian became the first imperator, or emperor, of Rome, under the name Augustus, which means “deeply respected”. He reigned from 27 BC to AD 14. He brought peace to the empire, but before his death he chose his own successor. From then on, the Romans could not choose their leader.
Not all Rome's later emperors ruled as wisely as Augustus. Nevertheless, emperors ruled over the Roman Empire for over 400 years. They were not kings but they had absolute power over their people. The emperor’s “crown” was a laurel wreath, a sign of military success.
Expansion of the empire
Different ranks of the Roman army: ordinary soldiers were known as legionaries, the cavalry fought on horseback, and auxiliaries...Read More >>Different ranks of the Roman army: ordinary soldiers were known as legionaries, the cavalry fought on horseback, and auxiliaries were recruited from groups that did not have Roman citizenship.Over the 150 years after Augustus became emperor, the Roman Empire grew even larger, bringing Rome wealth and slaves from other parts of Europe, Africa and Asia. Rome needed new lands in its empire to bring in wealth such as food and natural resources—copper, tin and iron—as well as slaves, goods and taxes. Expanding this empire depended largely on the strength of the Roman army. The army was sent to the farthest reaches of the empire to conquer new territories and establish settlements there.
Britain was one of the Romans’ conquests. Queen Boudicca and her tribe, the Iceni, rebelled against the Romans and recaptured...Read More >>Britain was one of the Romans’ conquests. Queen Boudicca and her tribe, the Iceni, rebelled against the Romans and recaptured many of their towns in Britain before she was defeated.
The Romans faced opposition to their growing empire from the Celtic peoples who lived in Europe at the time. In Britain, Queen Boudicca and her tribe, the Iceni, recaptured many towns from the Romans before she was eventually defeated in about AD 60. Violent rebellion also broke out in Judea, when thousands of Jews rebelled in AD 66. But for two centuries from the start of Augustus’s rule in 27 BC—a period known as Pax Romana (Latin for "Roman Peace")—there were no major wars in the empire.
The empire at its greatest extent
Julius Caesar had conquered Gaul, most of Spain and parts of eastern Europe and North Africa. New lands were also acquired under the later Roman emperors: Britain, the western parts of North Africa and lands in the Middle East.
A map of the Roman Empire at its greatest extent (AD 117). An imperial province was one where the Roman emperor had the sole...Read More >>A map of the Roman Empire at its greatest extent (AD 117). An imperial province was one where the Roman emperor had the sole right to appoint the governor. A senatorial province was one where the Roman Senate had the right to appoint the governor. The Roman Empire reached its greatest extent during the rule of Emperor Trajan. He led a series of military operations, capturing lands in the east: Armenia, Assyria and Mesopotamia. By AD 117 the Roman Empire stretched from Britain in the north to Egypt in the south, and from the Atlantic Ocean to the Caspian Sea in the east, a region of some 6.5 million square kilometres (2.5 million square miles). It included all the lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. About 60 million people lived under Roman rule at this time.
Roman rule was forceful, but also respectful of local customs, language and religion. The language of Rome, Latin, was gradually introduced in the west, and eventually became the language of much of the empire, although Greek remained widespread in the east. In AD 212, every free inhabitant (those that were not slaves) living in the empire was granted citizenship.
For efficient government, the conquered territories were divided into provinces. Each province was ruled by a governor. Some vital provinces, including Aegyptus (present-day Egypt), the major food-producer of the empire, were ruled by a senior official called a legate, appointed by the emperor himself. All the provinces were linked by a network of new roads. They were used by the army, traders and messengers.
Christians prayed secretly in catacombs, underground tombs.When the emperors died, the Roman people worshipped them as gods. Christians refused to do this. So, from about AD 250, thousands of Christians were put in prison or thrown to fierce animals in front of watching crowds at an arena. In fear for their lives, Christians met in catacombs (undergound cemeteries) to pray in secret. In AD 313 Emperor Constantine made Christianity legal.
Some Roman emperors were good rulers, like their first emperor, Augustus. Other emperors were brutal. Tiberius (ruled AD 14 to 37) strengthened the empire but became a tyrant feared by all. His successor Caligula (ruled AD 37 to 41) continued the reign of terror. Caligula was probably insane: it is said he once made his horse a consul and had a palace built for it. One of the cruellest of the Roman emperors was Nero, who was Caligula’s nephew. In AD 64 a great fire burned for a week and destroyed half of Rome. It was rumoured that Nero himself started the fire, although that was probably untrue.
The fall of Rome
In AD 117, the Roman Empire had reached its largest extent under the rule of Emperor Trajan (ruled AD 98 to 117). However, it was not long before plague, famine and Barbarian attacks began to weaken the empire. "Barbarians" was the name given by the Romans to the peoples from beyond its borders to the north and east: Huns, Goths, Vandals and others.The Vandals sack Rome in AD 455.In AD 260, Rome was defeated by Persia and had to abandon parts of eastern Europe. Then, in AD 370, the empire was invaded by Huns from Asia and Barbarians. This led Rome to withdraw from Gaul and Britain. In 395 the empire was split into two—East and West. The West was rapidly overrun by Barbarians, who sacked Rome in AD 455.
Consultant: Philip Parker
In the 2nd century AD, around 20% of the world's population lived under Roman rule.
Find the answer | 2,097 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Blindness of King Lear
In William Shakespeare’s play, “King Lear,” we shown ways in which Goneril uses her wit to create an elaborate speech to trick Lear into believing she loves him. This is the King’s first act of blindness within the play, and because he is easily deceived by his two eldest daughters, Goneril and Regan, this creates a domino effect of bad choices; one of these being the banishment of Cordelia due to his inability to see the reality of Cordelia’s true love for him.
This I believe also shows us Lear’s inability to think clearly because Lear banishes his loyal servant Kent, for pretty much trying to protect Cordelia from Lear’s blind irrationality. This first act of blindness sets events in motion within the play we begin to see Lear goes through a psychological change, from living in fantasy to a reality that is forced upon him due to his decisions in the beginning of the play. Lear is thrust into this reality by his two daughters who seem to be hell-bent on tormenting Lear throughout the play.
I believe that because of Lear’s inability to see people for who they really are, and their true intentions Lear has managed to isolate himself from everyone that truly cares for him. This in turn makes Lear experience feelings of loneliness, hopelessness, and isolation. Take for example when he is thrown out into the storm Lear says, “O, how this mother swells up toward my heart! Hysterica passio down, thou climbing sorrow” (2. 4. 62-63). Here we can see how Lear starts to lose his grip on reality as well as his sanity.
However through his insanity he begins to gain the insight that has evaded him, and Lear realizes that Goneril and Regan do not love him like they said they did. It is only during this point in time that Lear begins to realize that Cordelia even though her speech was not as elaborate or witty as her sisters was indeed heartfelt. As a reader we can see that up until this point Lear’s blindness has driven him to make many mistakes. Because of these mistakes he has now realized that it has cost him everything he truly cherishes.
As a result of this realization we begin to see Lear by act three really start to change he is no longer the strong, arrogant, and prideful king we saw in the beginning of the play. King Lear has now become a weak, scared, and a confused old man. For him to reach this utter state of isolation, he went through a purging process. Where he lost first his kingdom to his two ungrateful daughters. Then Lear lost his knights which were the source of the little power he still possessed.
Once this happens and Lear leaves Gloucester castle the storm is brewing, and Lear is very angry and his anger allows him to not only see his daughter’s true nature, but to also think of others. We first see this when Lear says, “Poor naked wretches, whereso’er you are, /That bide the pelting of this pitiless storm,/How shall your houseless heads and unfed sides,/Your looped and windowed raggedness, defend you”(3. 4. 32-36), Lear now begins to think of those around him.
He also considers himself to now be on the same level as the poor since he himself is being exposed to the same hardships the poor have endured. However, it is important to note that at this point, Lear still sees himself as a victim when he says, I am a man / More sinned against than sinning” (3. 2. 58-9) we can see that even though Lear is beginning to see he still refuses to take responsibility for his choices. It is not until almost the end of the play that Lear is finally able to see and accept the mistakes he has made.
When he wakes up in a state of delusion Lear asks Cordelia ”Pray you now, forget and forgive. I am old and foolish’’ (4. 7. 98-99). This I think symbolizes an awakening of sorts because Lear has a second chance to talk with Cordelia and make things right and he does that here with great humility. The blindness that overtook him in the beginning is now gone and he is able to see more clearly than ever what is truly important. In conclusion, the consequences of Lear’s blindness ended up having far reaching consequences for everyone involved in the play.
I do believe that Lear was able to ultimately see at the end of the play. I say this because in the beginning he was blind to the way of Goneril and Regan’s true intentions, and later came to realization that they had deceived him. Lear also as the play progressed was able to see himself as a powerless man and in turn was able to have compassion for those going through a situation in which they were powerless. In the very end Lear was fully able to overcome his metaphorical blindness and become a better more humble person. | <urn:uuid:32b5055c-087e-4de3-9d68-fe93c61ab406> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://freebooksummary.com/the-blindness-of-king-lear-essay | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607314.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122161553-20200122190553-00322.warc.gz | en | 0.986289 | 1,063 | 3.484375 | 3 | [
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0.105970636010169... | 1 | The Blindness of King Lear
In William Shakespeare’s play, “King Lear,” we shown ways in which Goneril uses her wit to create an elaborate speech to trick Lear into believing she loves him. This is the King’s first act of blindness within the play, and because he is easily deceived by his two eldest daughters, Goneril and Regan, this creates a domino effect of bad choices; one of these being the banishment of Cordelia due to his inability to see the reality of Cordelia’s true love for him.
This I believe also shows us Lear’s inability to think clearly because Lear banishes his loyal servant Kent, for pretty much trying to protect Cordelia from Lear’s blind irrationality. This first act of blindness sets events in motion within the play we begin to see Lear goes through a psychological change, from living in fantasy to a reality that is forced upon him due to his decisions in the beginning of the play. Lear is thrust into this reality by his two daughters who seem to be hell-bent on tormenting Lear throughout the play.
I believe that because of Lear’s inability to see people for who they really are, and their true intentions Lear has managed to isolate himself from everyone that truly cares for him. This in turn makes Lear experience feelings of loneliness, hopelessness, and isolation. Take for example when he is thrown out into the storm Lear says, “O, how this mother swells up toward my heart! Hysterica passio down, thou climbing sorrow” (2. 4. 62-63). Here we can see how Lear starts to lose his grip on reality as well as his sanity.
However through his insanity he begins to gain the insight that has evaded him, and Lear realizes that Goneril and Regan do not love him like they said they did. It is only during this point in time that Lear begins to realize that Cordelia even though her speech was not as elaborate or witty as her sisters was indeed heartfelt. As a reader we can see that up until this point Lear’s blindness has driven him to make many mistakes. Because of these mistakes he has now realized that it has cost him everything he truly cherishes.
As a result of this realization we begin to see Lear by act three really start to change he is no longer the strong, arrogant, and prideful king we saw in the beginning of the play. King Lear has now become a weak, scared, and a confused old man. For him to reach this utter state of isolation, he went through a purging process. Where he lost first his kingdom to his two ungrateful daughters. Then Lear lost his knights which were the source of the little power he still possessed.
Once this happens and Lear leaves Gloucester castle the storm is brewing, and Lear is very angry and his anger allows him to not only see his daughter’s true nature, but to also think of others. We first see this when Lear says, “Poor naked wretches, whereso’er you are, /That bide the pelting of this pitiless storm,/How shall your houseless heads and unfed sides,/Your looped and windowed raggedness, defend you”(3. 4. 32-36), Lear now begins to think of those around him.
He also considers himself to now be on the same level as the poor since he himself is being exposed to the same hardships the poor have endured. However, it is important to note that at this point, Lear still sees himself as a victim when he says, I am a man / More sinned against than sinning” (3. 2. 58-9) we can see that even though Lear is beginning to see he still refuses to take responsibility for his choices. It is not until almost the end of the play that Lear is finally able to see and accept the mistakes he has made.
When he wakes up in a state of delusion Lear asks Cordelia ”Pray you now, forget and forgive. I am old and foolish’’ (4. 7. 98-99). This I think symbolizes an awakening of sorts because Lear has a second chance to talk with Cordelia and make things right and he does that here with great humility. The blindness that overtook him in the beginning is now gone and he is able to see more clearly than ever what is truly important. In conclusion, the consequences of Lear’s blindness ended up having far reaching consequences for everyone involved in the play.
I do believe that Lear was able to ultimately see at the end of the play. I say this because in the beginning he was blind to the way of Goneril and Regan’s true intentions, and later came to realization that they had deceived him. Lear also as the play progressed was able to see himself as a powerless man and in turn was able to have compassion for those going through a situation in which they were powerless. In the very end Lear was fully able to overcome his metaphorical blindness and become a better more humble person. | 1,036 | ENGLISH | 1 |
It is said that planets are continuously moving away from the sun. At one time Mars was just the right distance to support life at least temperature wise? Could Venus be far enough from the sun eventually to cool down?
It's actually the opposite. Venus, Mars and I'll include the Earth as well, are likely getting more solar energy per square meter, not less, over time, even as they slowly move away from the sun.
1.5 cm per year, from the Rob Jeffries' answer to the 2nd question you linked is too slow to make much difference. That's 1 km every 66,000 years and about 70,000 km over the age of the solar-system at that rate. Now, planets may have moved away at different rates, especially when the solar-system was young and orbits were more chaotic and when Jupiter was thought to be doing it's dance in and back out, so it's not precisely known how close Mars was to the sun, say, 3.7 to 4.1 billion years ago, but we do know that the Sun was a little smaller and not as hot at that time, perhaps about 25-30% less luminous overall, though it was also more active with solar storms. But Mars probably got less solar energy 4.1 billion years ago than it gets now, and it will get more solar energy a billion or two billion years in the future, even though it will probably be a little further from the sun.
The primary factor is how much of an atmosphere it had. Planets can't have liquid water oceans without a reasonably thick atmosphere and Mars is believed to have had an atmosphere long ago. How close it was to the sun matters too, but the thickness and composition of the atmosphere matters more. Heat from the planets interior also matters and all the planets had more internal heat after formation, in the 3.7 to 4.1 billion years ago range.
Its also not 100% certain that Mars ever had relatively permanent liquid oceans and what we'd consider moderate temperatures. Mars' geology suggests it had floods, but flooding could have been caused by local or temporary heating from volcanic activity or large meteor impacts. It might also have been driven by a a more extreme axis leading to greater seasonal variation with glacial melt every summer (687 days in a year so summer lasted longer), and perhaps re-freezing every winter.
The Mars Ocean Hypothesis is a good hypothesis, don't get me wrong, but it's worth pointing out that its not a certainty. It's possible that the oceans were ice covered on top but liquid underneath from heat coming from inside the planet. Nobody knows for certain how temperate Mars was 3.7 to 4.1 billion years ago. | <urn:uuid:de6d4aaa-8799-4ee8-ae7c-c5c981f2d889> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/24653/distance-from-the-sun-can-equal-a-hospitable-planet?noredirect=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783000.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128184745-20200128214745-00384.warc.gz | en | 0.981197 | 557 | 3.3125 | 3 | [
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0.19285148... | 4 | It is said that planets are continuously moving away from the sun. At one time Mars was just the right distance to support life at least temperature wise? Could Venus be far enough from the sun eventually to cool down?
It's actually the opposite. Venus, Mars and I'll include the Earth as well, are likely getting more solar energy per square meter, not less, over time, even as they slowly move away from the sun.
1.5 cm per year, from the Rob Jeffries' answer to the 2nd question you linked is too slow to make much difference. That's 1 km every 66,000 years and about 70,000 km over the age of the solar-system at that rate. Now, planets may have moved away at different rates, especially when the solar-system was young and orbits were more chaotic and when Jupiter was thought to be doing it's dance in and back out, so it's not precisely known how close Mars was to the sun, say, 3.7 to 4.1 billion years ago, but we do know that the Sun was a little smaller and not as hot at that time, perhaps about 25-30% less luminous overall, though it was also more active with solar storms. But Mars probably got less solar energy 4.1 billion years ago than it gets now, and it will get more solar energy a billion or two billion years in the future, even though it will probably be a little further from the sun.
The primary factor is how much of an atmosphere it had. Planets can't have liquid water oceans without a reasonably thick atmosphere and Mars is believed to have had an atmosphere long ago. How close it was to the sun matters too, but the thickness and composition of the atmosphere matters more. Heat from the planets interior also matters and all the planets had more internal heat after formation, in the 3.7 to 4.1 billion years ago range.
Its also not 100% certain that Mars ever had relatively permanent liquid oceans and what we'd consider moderate temperatures. Mars' geology suggests it had floods, but flooding could have been caused by local or temporary heating from volcanic activity or large meteor impacts. It might also have been driven by a a more extreme axis leading to greater seasonal variation with glacial melt every summer (687 days in a year so summer lasted longer), and perhaps re-freezing every winter.
The Mars Ocean Hypothesis is a good hypothesis, don't get me wrong, but it's worth pointing out that its not a certainty. It's possible that the oceans were ice covered on top but liquid underneath from heat coming from inside the planet. Nobody knows for certain how temperate Mars was 3.7 to 4.1 billion years ago. | 574 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Tobacco was one of the most important crops in colonial America; it was the main reason that Jamestown and North Carolina remained viable in the 1600s and 1700s.
The American tobacco industry was started by John Rolfe, the eventual husband of Pocahontas. Rolfe brought tobacco seeds to Jamestown from the Caribbean island of Trinidad. In 1612, he harvested his first tobacco crop, which was well-received in England, and which, became the colony's cash crop! Rolfe's tobacco was said to taste milder and less bitter than previous tobaccos. As Jamestown tobacco became more popular in England, more tobacco plantations were planted in Jamestown and surrounding areas. Tobacco became so important, that it was used as currency, to pay taxes, and even to purchase slaves and indentured servants. Because of its burgeoning tobacco industry, African slaves were brought to Jamestown in 1619 to work the plantations. Others worked as indentured servants. Indentured servants came to America to work for seven years. After seven years, they were free to pursue their own interests and were sometimes given parcels of land. Soon, tobacco crops covered most of southeastern Virginia and eastern North Carolina. This led to competition, falling prices, and harsher treatment of slaves and servants.
Those who planted tobacco considered it a form of art and a distinct culture tobacco formed. Planters took great pride in the quality of their tobacco and even developed their own unique seals and signatures to identify their brands. The reputation of each planter was tied to the quality of his product, and those who produced what was considered high-quality tobacco were held in high esteem by those in the community, and often gained political authority and social esteem. Successful planters would often flaunt their prosperity by importing expensive clothing and furniture from England. | <urn:uuid:d6655afa-4777-4777-9a5c-f7ac38c4fd44> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://mrnussbaum.com/tobacco-in-the-southern-colonies | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595282.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119205448-20200119233448-00526.warc.gz | en | 0.989359 | 375 | 4.3125 | 4 | [
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0.2095104306936264... | 1 | Tobacco was one of the most important crops in colonial America; it was the main reason that Jamestown and North Carolina remained viable in the 1600s and 1700s.
The American tobacco industry was started by John Rolfe, the eventual husband of Pocahontas. Rolfe brought tobacco seeds to Jamestown from the Caribbean island of Trinidad. In 1612, he harvested his first tobacco crop, which was well-received in England, and which, became the colony's cash crop! Rolfe's tobacco was said to taste milder and less bitter than previous tobaccos. As Jamestown tobacco became more popular in England, more tobacco plantations were planted in Jamestown and surrounding areas. Tobacco became so important, that it was used as currency, to pay taxes, and even to purchase slaves and indentured servants. Because of its burgeoning tobacco industry, African slaves were brought to Jamestown in 1619 to work the plantations. Others worked as indentured servants. Indentured servants came to America to work for seven years. After seven years, they were free to pursue their own interests and were sometimes given parcels of land. Soon, tobacco crops covered most of southeastern Virginia and eastern North Carolina. This led to competition, falling prices, and harsher treatment of slaves and servants.
Those who planted tobacco considered it a form of art and a distinct culture tobacco formed. Planters took great pride in the quality of their tobacco and even developed their own unique seals and signatures to identify their brands. The reputation of each planter was tied to the quality of his product, and those who produced what was considered high-quality tobacco were held in high esteem by those in the community, and often gained political authority and social esteem. Successful planters would often flaunt their prosperity by importing expensive clothing and furniture from England. | 381 | ENGLISH | 1 |
originated in Spain in the fourth century and was derived from the Gnostic-Manichaean doctrines taught by Marcus, an Egyptian from Memphis. His first adherents were a lady named Agape and a rhetorician named Helpidius, through whose influence Priscillian "a man of noble birth, of great riches, bold, restless, eloquent, learned through much reading, very ready at debate and discussion (Sulpicius Severus, "His. Sac.", II, 46) was also enrolled. His high position and great gifts made him the leader of the party and he became an ardent apostle of the new doctrines. Through his oratorical gifts and reputation for extreme asceticism he attracted a large following. Among those drawn to him were two bishops, Instantius and Salvianus.
The foundation of the doctrines of the Priscillianists was Gnostic-Manichaean Dualism, a belief in the existence of two kingdoms, one of Light and one of Darkness. Angels and the souls of men were said to be severed from the substance of the Deity. Human souls were intended to conquer the Kingdom of Darkness, but fell and were imprisoned in material bodies. Thus both kingdoms were represented in man, and hence a conflict symbolized on the side of Light by the Twelve Patriarchs, heavenly spirits, who corresponded to certain of man's powers, and, on the side of Darkness, by the Signs of the Zodiac, the symbols of matter and the lower kingdom. The salvation of man consists in liberation from the domination of matter. The twelve heavenly spirits having failed to accomplish their release, the Saviour came in a heavenly body which appeared to be like that of other men, and through His doctrine and His apparent death released the souls of the men from the influence of the material.
These doctrines could be harmonized with the teaching of Scripture only by a strange system of exegesis, in which the liberal sense was entirely rejected, and an equally strange theory of personal inspiration. The Old Testament was received, but the narrative of creation was rejected. Several of the apocryphal Scriptures were acknowledged to be genuine and inspired. The ethical side of the Dualism of Priscillian with its low concept of nature gave rise to an indecent system of asceticism as well as to some peculiar liturgical observances, such as fasting on Sundays and on Christmas Day. Because their doctrines were esoteric and exoteric, and because it was believed that men in general could not understand the higher paths, the Priscillianists, or at least those of them who were enlightened, were permitted to tell lies for the sake of a holy end.
SI Moderator - Greg Gordon | <urn:uuid:020d9ca6-e31f-40f7-82b5-26a9a55e1c81> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.sermonindex.net/modules/newbb/viewtopic.php?topic_id=380&forum=40 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687958.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126074227-20200126104227-00401.warc.gz | en | 0.982617 | 545 | 3.34375 | 3 | [
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-0.019172795... | 1 | originated in Spain in the fourth century and was derived from the Gnostic-Manichaean doctrines taught by Marcus, an Egyptian from Memphis. His first adherents were a lady named Agape and a rhetorician named Helpidius, through whose influence Priscillian "a man of noble birth, of great riches, bold, restless, eloquent, learned through much reading, very ready at debate and discussion (Sulpicius Severus, "His. Sac.", II, 46) was also enrolled. His high position and great gifts made him the leader of the party and he became an ardent apostle of the new doctrines. Through his oratorical gifts and reputation for extreme asceticism he attracted a large following. Among those drawn to him were two bishops, Instantius and Salvianus.
The foundation of the doctrines of the Priscillianists was Gnostic-Manichaean Dualism, a belief in the existence of two kingdoms, one of Light and one of Darkness. Angels and the souls of men were said to be severed from the substance of the Deity. Human souls were intended to conquer the Kingdom of Darkness, but fell and were imprisoned in material bodies. Thus both kingdoms were represented in man, and hence a conflict symbolized on the side of Light by the Twelve Patriarchs, heavenly spirits, who corresponded to certain of man's powers, and, on the side of Darkness, by the Signs of the Zodiac, the symbols of matter and the lower kingdom. The salvation of man consists in liberation from the domination of matter. The twelve heavenly spirits having failed to accomplish their release, the Saviour came in a heavenly body which appeared to be like that of other men, and through His doctrine and His apparent death released the souls of the men from the influence of the material.
These doctrines could be harmonized with the teaching of Scripture only by a strange system of exegesis, in which the liberal sense was entirely rejected, and an equally strange theory of personal inspiration. The Old Testament was received, but the narrative of creation was rejected. Several of the apocryphal Scriptures were acknowledged to be genuine and inspired. The ethical side of the Dualism of Priscillian with its low concept of nature gave rise to an indecent system of asceticism as well as to some peculiar liturgical observances, such as fasting on Sundays and on Christmas Day. Because their doctrines were esoteric and exoteric, and because it was believed that men in general could not understand the higher paths, the Priscillianists, or at least those of them who were enlightened, were permitted to tell lies for the sake of a holy end.
SI Moderator - Greg Gordon | 547 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Sir Henry Morgan was a famous Caribbean pirate and privateer. He was one of the most successful pirates of all time. Although very little is known about Morgan's early life, he was supposedly born in 1635. Sometime in the 1650's, Morgan made his way to Jamaica, where his uncle was lieutenant governor. He soon married his uncle's daughter and began a career at sea.
Plundering in Panama, Cuba, and Venezuela
In 1667, Morgan was commissioned by the governor of Jamaica to capture Spanish prisoners in Cuba to learn details of a possible attack planned on Jamaica. With ten ships and over 500 men, Morgan first sailed to Cuba and destroyed the town of Puerto Principe. Morgan then sailed to Panama, where he captured the fortified town of Portobelo. Morgan and his crew only agreed to leave Portobelo, and spare the city from incineration, after the governor offered them a large ransom. Morgan and his crew next sailed to their headquarters in Port Royal, Jamaica, where they celebrated. Morgan's exploits earned him the respect and trust of Jamaica's governor, who subsequently sent him on plundering missions again to Cuba and then to Venezuela. Morgan next planned an attack on the isthmus of Panama.
Morgan's Attack on Puerto Principe
On December 15, 1670, Morgan and over 1,400 soldiers attacked and occupied Santa Catalina Island off the coast of Nicaragua before reaching Panama. On December 27, after a long battle in which 300 Spaniards were killed, Morgan and his men took Chagres Castle and then planned a major attack on Panama. On January 18, 1671, Morgan split his forces in two and routed roughly 1,500 poorly trained Spanish soldiers stationed in Panama. Morgan and his men left Panama with over 100,000 pounds of stolen goods and treasures before burning Panama City to the ground. Residents of the city were tortured until they revealed the locations of more treasure. In 1674, the Queen of England knighted Henry Morgan for his service to the crown. He then returned to Jamaica and became the island's Lieutenant Governor, a post he served for nine years before being suspended in 1683. Morgan died in 1688, possibly of tuberculosis or liver cirrhosis.
Sir Henry Morgan has remained prominent in popular culture well after his death. He is memorialized on the labels of bottles of Captain Morgan's Spiced Rum. In 1926, the famous author John Steinbeck wrote A Cup of Gold, a fictional account of Morgan's life. It was Steinbeck's first novel. Morgan's life was again dramatized in Josephine Tey's 1952 novel The Privateer. | <urn:uuid:1da19b59-116e-436e-8a6a-b82df6417293> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://mrnussbaum.com/sir-henry-morgan-biography | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595282.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119205448-20200119233448-00233.warc.gz | en | 0.983209 | 537 | 3.390625 | 3 | [
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0.31272345781... | 1 | Sir Henry Morgan was a famous Caribbean pirate and privateer. He was one of the most successful pirates of all time. Although very little is known about Morgan's early life, he was supposedly born in 1635. Sometime in the 1650's, Morgan made his way to Jamaica, where his uncle was lieutenant governor. He soon married his uncle's daughter and began a career at sea.
Plundering in Panama, Cuba, and Venezuela
In 1667, Morgan was commissioned by the governor of Jamaica to capture Spanish prisoners in Cuba to learn details of a possible attack planned on Jamaica. With ten ships and over 500 men, Morgan first sailed to Cuba and destroyed the town of Puerto Principe. Morgan then sailed to Panama, where he captured the fortified town of Portobelo. Morgan and his crew only agreed to leave Portobelo, and spare the city from incineration, after the governor offered them a large ransom. Morgan and his crew next sailed to their headquarters in Port Royal, Jamaica, where they celebrated. Morgan's exploits earned him the respect and trust of Jamaica's governor, who subsequently sent him on plundering missions again to Cuba and then to Venezuela. Morgan next planned an attack on the isthmus of Panama.
Morgan's Attack on Puerto Principe
On December 15, 1670, Morgan and over 1,400 soldiers attacked and occupied Santa Catalina Island off the coast of Nicaragua before reaching Panama. On December 27, after a long battle in which 300 Spaniards were killed, Morgan and his men took Chagres Castle and then planned a major attack on Panama. On January 18, 1671, Morgan split his forces in two and routed roughly 1,500 poorly trained Spanish soldiers stationed in Panama. Morgan and his men left Panama with over 100,000 pounds of stolen goods and treasures before burning Panama City to the ground. Residents of the city were tortured until they revealed the locations of more treasure. In 1674, the Queen of England knighted Henry Morgan for his service to the crown. He then returned to Jamaica and became the island's Lieutenant Governor, a post he served for nine years before being suspended in 1683. Morgan died in 1688, possibly of tuberculosis or liver cirrhosis.
Sir Henry Morgan has remained prominent in popular culture well after his death. He is memorialized on the labels of bottles of Captain Morgan's Spiced Rum. In 1926, the famous author John Steinbeck wrote A Cup of Gold, a fictional account of Morgan's life. It was Steinbeck's first novel. Morgan's life was again dramatized in Josephine Tey's 1952 novel The Privateer. | 590 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Salem Witch Trials
The Salem Witch Trials took place in Salem, Massachusetts, during February of 1692 – May of 1693. The Salem Witch Trials were a sequence of prosecutions held due to the accusation of people practicing witchcraft. By the end of these trials a total of twenty five people died, 19 people were hanged (5 men and 14 women) , and five others died while in custody. A man had also been crushed to death beneath large stones due to his refusal to plead. Though it was thought that people would be burned at the stake because they were wrongly accused of being witches, surprisingly enough during these trials no one died in this gruesome fashion.
Witch hunts were put together so that there could be new witches identified, they weren’t really meant to investigate individuals that were previously believed to be witches. People would begin to be investigated and targeted if there were suspicions or rumors. Witches were seen as followers of Satan that sold their souls in order to earn his assistance.
The trials began after Samuel Parris, the pastor of Salem’s Congregational Church, brought his wife, three children, niece, and two slaves, John and Tituba, with him to Salem. In January of 1692 Samuel’s daughter, Betty, who was at the age of 9, and niece, Abigail, who was about 11 years old, began to show strange behavior. Both would have fits in which they would scream, make weird sounds, throw things, contort their bodies, and complain about sensation that felt like they were being bitten and pinched. Now scholars believe that this behavior could be due to a combination of a number of things such as asthma, epilepsy, and delusional psychosis. Yet, with not being able to explain it, the local doctor blamed it on witchcraft.Due to the pressure from Parris to exploit the person who was tormenting them, Betty and Abigail blamed Tituba, Sarah Good, and Sarah Osborn, all and claimed they were bewitching them. All of these women desperately claimed that they were not guilty, but after being pestered, Tituba told them what they wanted to hear and confessed.
After the situation there were several more people, mostly women, who were accused to be witches. The trials had finally come to an end when Governor Phips’ wife had been accused of practicing witchcraft. On January of 1697 the general court of Massachusetts arranged there to be a day of fasting and contemplation of the tragedy that was the Salem Witch Trials. In that month one of the judges publicly admitted that he was ashamed of his place in the trials. The trials had become a devastation that held too many deaths.
Benjamin RayOAH Magazine of HistoryVol. 17, No. 4, Witchcraft (Jul., 2003), pp. 32-36 | <urn:uuid:3677cc66-bd06-467e-84fe-8ff427202fa7> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://nestnews.net/salem-witch-trials/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594101.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119010920-20200119034920-00096.warc.gz | en | 0.992961 | 573 | 3.265625 | 3 | [
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0.35673081874... | 3 | Salem Witch Trials
The Salem Witch Trials took place in Salem, Massachusetts, during February of 1692 – May of 1693. The Salem Witch Trials were a sequence of prosecutions held due to the accusation of people practicing witchcraft. By the end of these trials a total of twenty five people died, 19 people were hanged (5 men and 14 women) , and five others died while in custody. A man had also been crushed to death beneath large stones due to his refusal to plead. Though it was thought that people would be burned at the stake because they were wrongly accused of being witches, surprisingly enough during these trials no one died in this gruesome fashion.
Witch hunts were put together so that there could be new witches identified, they weren’t really meant to investigate individuals that were previously believed to be witches. People would begin to be investigated and targeted if there were suspicions or rumors. Witches were seen as followers of Satan that sold their souls in order to earn his assistance.
The trials began after Samuel Parris, the pastor of Salem’s Congregational Church, brought his wife, three children, niece, and two slaves, John and Tituba, with him to Salem. In January of 1692 Samuel’s daughter, Betty, who was at the age of 9, and niece, Abigail, who was about 11 years old, began to show strange behavior. Both would have fits in which they would scream, make weird sounds, throw things, contort their bodies, and complain about sensation that felt like they were being bitten and pinched. Now scholars believe that this behavior could be due to a combination of a number of things such as asthma, epilepsy, and delusional psychosis. Yet, with not being able to explain it, the local doctor blamed it on witchcraft.Due to the pressure from Parris to exploit the person who was tormenting them, Betty and Abigail blamed Tituba, Sarah Good, and Sarah Osborn, all and claimed they were bewitching them. All of these women desperately claimed that they were not guilty, but after being pestered, Tituba told them what they wanted to hear and confessed.
After the situation there were several more people, mostly women, who were accused to be witches. The trials had finally come to an end when Governor Phips’ wife had been accused of practicing witchcraft. On January of 1697 the general court of Massachusetts arranged there to be a day of fasting and contemplation of the tragedy that was the Salem Witch Trials. In that month one of the judges publicly admitted that he was ashamed of his place in the trials. The trials had become a devastation that held too many deaths.
Benjamin RayOAH Magazine of HistoryVol. 17, No. 4, Witchcraft (Jul., 2003), pp. 32-36 | 598 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Sci. Aging Knowl. Environ., 27 August 2003
The Mouse That Roared
Andrzej Bartke began studying reproductive hormones in dwarf mice as a grad student. Thirty years later, his lab serendipitously discovered that the midget mice are long-lived
Ingfei Chenhttp://sageke.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/sageke;2003/34/nf16 This article comes to you through a collaboration between SAGE KE and Science's career development Web site, Next Wave. The joint venture is supported by the AARP Andrus Foundation. A decade ago, Andrzej Bartke, a Polish-born physiologist at Southern Illinois University (SIU) in Carbondale, was studying reproductive endocrinology in giant mice that had been engineered to overproduce human growth hormone. The brownish-gray rodents quickly grew "big and slick and nice," Bartke says, but he noticed that they started deteriorating early, at 7 months old. They began losing weight, grew sluggish, and developed problems in the spine, and their hair turned gray. Many of them dropped dead early, before age 1. The oversized mice seemed to grow old prematurely.
That observation set Bartke and two postdocs, Holly Brown-Borg and her husband Kurt Borg, wondering: If having too much growth hormone could make an animal age faster, perhaps having no growth hormone would postpone aging. Downstairs, the researchers maintained a colony of mice at the other end of the size spectrum: the Ames dwarf line, which Bartke had been studying since the '60s. The tiny creatures lacked growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). But no one knew whether they lived especially long. "When this question came up, I said, 'Well, I have no idea,' " recalls Bartke, because the mice were always killed in the lab's endocrinology experiments before reaching old age.
To find out the answer, Brown-Borg set aside a bunch of the miniature rodents and allowed them to live out their natural life spans. Three years later, in 1996, the researchers reported in Nature that Ames dwarf mice, which carry a mutation in a gene called Prop1, live 50% longer than normal mice. The paper was a landmark, demonstrating "that a single gene mutation in the mouse could extend life span," says gerontologist Richard Miller of the University of Michigan Geriatrics Center in Ann Arbor. "It was the first time anyone had ever shown that."
The work eventually put IGF-1 on the map as a potentially important player in mammalian aging, Miller says. Earlier studies had revealed that a mutation in roundworms extended their life span, but skeptics questioned the generalizability of those findings. In 1997, however, researchers showed that the mutation was in an insulin/IGF-1 pathway. Having shown that IGF-1-deficient mice also live longer, Bartke's study suggested not only that these pathways are important in mammals, but that they might have been crucial in controlling life span in a range of creatures evolving over hundreds of millions of years from a common ancestor of worms and mammals, says Miller.
It was an impressive debut for someone who had just stepped into the field of aging. The Nature paper marked a new direction for Bartke, a well-respected classical endocrinologist with 30 years of research successes under his belt. Now based at SIU's medical campus in Springfield, Bartke has written 548 scientific articles and book chapters over the course of his career. His investigations have made him one of the world's leading experts on the physiology of how growth hormone influences aging and longevity, says friend and gerontologist George Roth of the National Institute on Aging in Baltimore, Maryland. Before the 1996 Ames dwarf study, scientists knew that growth hormone and IGF-1 help preserve muscle and bone, and that they stimulate brain cell growth as well. But Bartke's work has shown that the hormone has bad as well as good effects with respect to aging and longevity, says Roth. "He's used all of these [mouse] strains very elegantly to show that growth hormone really is a two-edged sword" (see Bartke Viewpoint).
At 64, Bartke is a soft-spoken man with thinning gray hair who wears a ring made from a trilobite fossil. "He's self-effacing and modest," says Roth, and has the manners and charm of an old-fashioned gentleman: He still kisses a woman's hand in greeting. "He could've been a Polish count in an earlier life." Bartke was born in Krakow, Poland, in 1939, the year Hitler invaded, triggering World War II. Times were hard during the Nazi occupation, but as a boy, Bartke found pleasure in gathering beetles and displaying his collection in a glass case. His father, a banker who had a passion for biology and ecology, encouraged the hobby. Biology completely absorbed Bartke, and by the time he was in grammar school, he loved to walk in the woods and observe animals. To this day, he is an avid outdoorsman; when he isn't going on 4-hour-long weekend hikes with his girlfriend, he's swimming or fishing in lakes close to home.
The Iron Curtain Opens Twice
Bartke's scientific inclinations led him to enroll in 1956 at Krakow's Jagiellonian University--where Nicolaus Copernicus studied--and undertake a 5-year program that gave him the equivalent of a master's degree in zoology. Determined to become a biologist, he thought that English skills would be key to succeeding in that profession, so he began taking English lessons and studying on his own with a dictionary. In 1960, his fourth year at Jagiellonian, opportunity knocked. The Polish Academy of Sciences had an agreement with North Vietnam to collaborate on geophysics studies at a field station in the mountains of the Southeast Asian country. The Polish scientists were looking to send someone to set up monitoring of radioactive contaminants in the upper atmosphere, the legacy of atomic-weapons testing by the Soviet Union, the United States, and other countries in the 1950s. But the academy also wanted to broaden its work at the station to include biological research. So it arranged through contacts at Jagiellonian University to send Bartke, a straight-A student, to help with both projects. Bartke was thrilled: "[It] was like a dream come true. I was 21, had never been anywhere, always lived at home." To get ready for field collection work, he asked several biologists in other departments at Jagiellonian for guidance. "Most of them thought that I was an undergraduate nuisance, so they would give me a liter of formalin and a liter of alcohol and wish me good luck," he says.
For a year, in addition to testing air samples for radioactive isotopes, Bartke collected soil organisms, insects and other invertebrates, and a few snakes and lizards, making do with the little equipment and few supplies that he had. "I didn't have specimen bottles, so I made a deal with the local clinic to save me glass bottles from antibiotics," he says. He made his way home to Poland by freighter, arriving after 40 days at sea with a trove of field specimens. Taxonomists at Jagiellonian described several new species of mites and primitive insects from his collection and even named one--a parasitic mite that lives on the bellies of beetles, he recalls--bartkei in his honor. "I don't know how happy I should be about this decision," he says wryly, "but anyway, it was meant as a thank-you." Despite enjoying the research project, Bartke wasn't interested in taxonomy. "Collecting was fine as a hobby and as a diversion, but I really wanted to do something functional. I was [growing] more and more interested in genetics."
Six months after Bartke's return, the Iron Curtain lifted a second time. The head of the comparative anatomy and embryology department, Zygmunt Grodziski, heard from a Polish colleague who had recently returned from a visiting-scientist stint at the University of Kansas, Lawrence. The American school was eager to host a grad student from Poland, and Grodziski thought of Bartke, apparently impressed by the student's work in Vietnam. Grodziski, an excellent but intimidating and demanding scientist, called Bartke into his office.
"Most people in the department were deadly scared of him," Bartke recalls. "He was never wasting any more time than was required, so when I walked in, he just told me, 'There is an opportunity to go to the United States to do graduate work, get a doctoral degree. Why don't you think about it, talk to your parents, and tell me tomorrow if you're interested.' And I hadn't left the room [yet], and he kind of looked at me over his desk like, 'Why are you still [in my office]?' ... And I said, 'Excuse me, but I don't want to think or talk to my parents. I want to go.' " So Bartke applied to the university; with recommendation letters from Grodziski and others, he got in.
It was a rare stroke of luck. At the time, Poland, a satellite of the Soviet Union, permitted foreign exchanges only for university faculty. "In fact, I had a hell of a time convincing the government to give me a passport and let me go, because they thought it was unusual," he says. Bartke finally won permission to leave, but the haggling delayed him; he didn't arrive in Lawrence until a month after the semester had started. "So in addition to having to adapt to coursework in English--which of course was an uphill battle--I also had to catch up," Bartke says.
Life in Lawrence was nothing like what he had anticipated. From books and movies, he had imagined that all American cities were like New York City. "I sort of expected high-pressure, fast, supermodern, urban," he says. "So when I came to Lawrence and I saw single-family dwellings and big trees and quiet streets with no pedestrians, and everything kind of slow and quiet ... this was just a total shock."
From Pint-Sized Mice, a Prolific Career
Bartke had indicated his interest in genetics on his grad school application, and John Weir, a geneticist in the zoology department, was willing to take him on. Weir helped arrange a scholarship to support Bartke's Ph.D. studies. The financial support came from a National Institutes of Health (NIH) training grant that Weir, who was studying the genetics of sex ratios in mice, had won to fund graduate students--a grant, it turned out, that was intended only for American citizens and permanent residents. "I guess Weir was so excited about his training grant that he forgot to read the instructions," Bartke says. When NIH officials saw from the paperwork that Bartke was a foreigner, they called Weir. Weir explained his mistake and told them it would be terrible to have to send Bartke home. "And they said 'OK'!" Bartke recalls. "So I went to graduate school in Kansas on an NIH fellowship for which I shouldn't have even been considered." He received a stipend of $222.22 per month, which freed him from having to teach to make ends meet. "I could just study, do research. So I was lucky again."
In the Weir lab, Bartke worked with a postdoc named Bob Schaible on experiments comparing two mutant strains of midget mice. One was the Snell dwarf, first identified in 1929, which lacks growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The other strain was the Ames dwarf, a new line that Schaible had discovered in 1961 while he was a grad student in geneticist John Gowen's lab at Iowa State University in Ames. The preliminary research from Iowa suggested that Ames dwarves lack only growth hormone, but Bartke's experiments showed that they are also missing TSH. With guidance from Jerome Yochim, a professor who taught his endocrinology class, Bartke was the first to demonstrate that both the Ames and Snell mice are deficient in a hormone called prolactin as well. Females of both strains are infertile, and Bartke's dissertation research established that the problem arose from the absence of this hormone; treating the animals with prolactin restored their ability to have pups. At Yochim's suggestion, Bartke began using the dwarf mice to investigate prolactin's role in male fertility, an unexplored area. That interest led him away from genetics and into reproductive endocrinology.
A workaholic, Bartke finished his Ph.D. in 2 years and 3 months. To make the most of his 3-year visa, he spent the remaining time at the Institute for Cancer Research in Philadelphia, studying the hormones of a different mouse mutant--the lethal yellow mouse--in the lab of geneticist George Wolff. In fall 1965, Bartke went back to Jagiellonian University to take up an assistant professorship. But he soon found himself unhappy. At the time, he says, scientists in Poland had relatively little equipment or funding. They grappled with an inefficient bureaucracy, and their ability to attend scientific meetings and maintain contact with foreign colleagues was tightly restricted by the government. Bartke's salary was so meager that he spent 3 to 4 hours every day tutoring others in English or doing translations to earn extra money. He itched to return to the United States. "Maybe, like my friends and colleagues often told me, I got simply spoiled in the United States and I wanted it easier," he says. But as a researcher in Poland, he felt that he would be "spinning [my] wheels. I couldn't possibly compete with people who worked in the United States or in comparable circumstances."
In 1967, Wolff helped arrange a postdoctoral fellowship for him at the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology, a private research institute in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts. Bartke obtained permission to leave Poland again for the training stint. Because he had dutifully returned home after his previous 3-year visit to the United States, he says, "I guess I had a pretty clean file with [the government] security folks, so they let me go again. This time, they made a mistake, because I went with premeditated intent not to come back. And I did not." After a year and a half in Massachusetts, he applied to the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) for a "green card" conferring permanent resident status, which the agency granted. Bartke was at the time married to an American citizen, and he immediately filed the paperwork to become a naturalized citizen. Bartke was no fan of Communism, but when he wrote to colleagues at Jagiellonian University that he would not be returning, he said he desired to stay in the United States only because of his wife; the INS approved his request several years later in the mid-1970s.
Hooked on Longevity Studies
At the Worcester Foundation, Bartke continued his investigations of prolactin in male reproduction and joined the staff after 2 years. He stayed there for 11 years before moving to the department of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA) in 1978. Although UTHSCSA was a hotbed of research on calorie restriction and aging (see "Hungry for Science"), it wasn't until Bartke moved to SIU in 1984 that questions about aging began percolating in his mind. A few years after he arrived in Carbondale to run SIU's physiology department, he began collaborating with Thomas Wagner, a geneticist at Ohio University in Athens who was a pioneer in engineering transgenic animals. Wagner had created giant mice that churned out growth hormone, and he noticed that the females were infertile. An acquaintance at NIH, who also knew Bartke, suggested that the two scientists study the animals' abnormal reproductive endocrinology together.
Other investigators studying mighty mice that overproduce growth hormone had found that the rodents had shorter lives, but most of their research focused on causes of death from disease. Based on his own observations of how the animals seemed to age quickly, Bartke realized that the mice could provide a wonderful means of studying the biological aging process, and in 1990 his lab began investigating the idea. A year later, a colleague at SIU, endocrinologist Richard Falvo, asked Bartke to help organize an international symposium on some area of biology, to be held every other year at the proposed site of a university satellite campus in Bregenz, Austria. Bartke suggested focusing the conference on aging. The First International Symposium on Neurobiology and Neuroendocrinology of Aging was held in 1992, and Bartke's lab presented some of its findings on aging in the giant mice. He began meeting biogerontologists, including Roth, and learning more about the field. His second research career was under way.
Dogged Pursuits of Aging Mice
Throughout his years of studying reproductive endocrinology, Bartke had obtained major grants from NIH. Among other achievements, he found that an excess of prolactin can suppress sexual behavior in males, and he published some of the earliest work showing that testosterone is released into the blood in pulses. But getting funds for biogerontology studies was a different story. In the early '90s, Bartke wrote a grant application proposing to study the giant, growth-hormone-flooded mouse as an example of accelerated aging. "I got some of the most negative critiques I have ever seen," he says. Reviewers said the rodents were probably just sick from an excess of growth hormone. Although he resubmitted the proposal several times, NIH never funded it.
After publishing the Nature paper on the Ames dwarf's increased longevity, Bartke secured a $50,000, 1-year NIH grant to further investigate aging in the mutant mouse. But he was unable to win a more substantial grant afterward. "I again had an uphill battle," he says. Some reviewers questioned whether dwarves survived longer simply because they were eating less and reaping the life-prolonging benefits of calorie restriction. But in a collaboration with Miller, Roth, and other colleagues, Bartke showed in 2001 that cutting the animals' calorie intake gave them an additional increase in life span, results suggesting that the two mechanisms for achieving longevity act through different pathways (see "Dieting Dwarves Live It Up"). Furthermore, Bartke's work got a boost from two other studies: a 2000 paper by scientists at Ohio University documenting extended longevity in another line of midget rodents called Laron mice, which are engineered to lack growth hormone receptors, and a 2001 report by Miller and colleagues showing that Snell dwarves survive 42% longer than normal mice. In 2001, Bartke finally won a 5-year NIH grant to further investigate the effects of calorie restriction on aging in Ames dwarves and Laron mice.
Colleagues admire his persistence. "I give him real credit for sticking with it for years under conditions in which a less dogged scientist might have just given up," says Miller. Bartke has "really paid his dues" in three different phases of his career, says Roth: grappling with the challenges of doing science during the Cold War in Eastern Europe, building his reputation in endocrinology in the United States, and then making his largely unbacked foray into biogerontology. "Bartke really had to do a lot of this stuff on a shoestring," says Roth. "Now he's starting to get support, and he's carved out this really enviable niche with regard to the [aging and] growth hormone business."
Looking back, Bartke says that if he hadn't had "a rather happy history of funding" in reproductive endocrinology, "I don't know if I would've had it in me to reapply and reapply and reapply. But I kept telling myself that the system had been good to me and has supported my research for all these years; I have to trust the system."
Bartke clearly has an abundance of patience, which he also puts to use when pursuing one of his favorite out-of-the-lab activities: fishing. "When he takes a break from research, which is not often, he's outside and he's either fishing or hiking," says Brown-Borg, now at the University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences in Grand Forks. Every year in Carbondale, Brown-Borg remembers, the lab would enter SIU's annual fishing tournament. "We fished through the rain, we fished through nasty weather, and cooked [the catch] up at the end of the day. [It] was always a lot of fun, and Andrzej was always very much involved ... and very competitive," she says, laughing. Bartke is known for recounting stories of the bluegill and bass beauties that he's caught. But in the grand old tradition of fishermen--and unlike the dwarf mice that have played such a prominent role in his latest career twist--the fish in his tales get bigger with each telling.
August 27, 2003
Ingfei Chen is a SAGE KE contributing editor based in Santa Cruz, California. Her stories get longer with each telling.
Suggested ReadingBack to Top
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The Mouse That Roared
Andrzej Bartke began studying reproductive hormones in dwarf mice as a grad student. Thirty years later, his lab serendipitously discovered that the midget mice are long-lived
Ingfei Chenhttp://sageke.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/sageke;2003/34/nf16 This article comes to you through a collaboration between SAGE KE and Science's career development Web site, Next Wave. The joint venture is supported by the AARP Andrus Foundation. A decade ago, Andrzej Bartke, a Polish-born physiologist at Southern Illinois University (SIU) in Carbondale, was studying reproductive endocrinology in giant mice that had been engineered to overproduce human growth hormone. The brownish-gray rodents quickly grew "big and slick and nice," Bartke says, but he noticed that they started deteriorating early, at 7 months old. They began losing weight, grew sluggish, and developed problems in the spine, and their hair turned gray. Many of them dropped dead early, before age 1. The oversized mice seemed to grow old prematurely.
That observation set Bartke and two postdocs, Holly Brown-Borg and her husband Kurt Borg, wondering: If having too much growth hormone could make an animal age faster, perhaps having no growth hormone would postpone aging. Downstairs, the researchers maintained a colony of mice at the other end of the size spectrum: the Ames dwarf line, which Bartke had been studying since the '60s. The tiny creatures lacked growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). But no one knew whether they lived especially long. "When this question came up, I said, 'Well, I have no idea,' " recalls Bartke, because the mice were always killed in the lab's endocrinology experiments before reaching old age.
To find out the answer, Brown-Borg set aside a bunch of the miniature rodents and allowed them to live out their natural life spans. Three years later, in 1996, the researchers reported in Nature that Ames dwarf mice, which carry a mutation in a gene called Prop1, live 50% longer than normal mice. The paper was a landmark, demonstrating "that a single gene mutation in the mouse could extend life span," says gerontologist Richard Miller of the University of Michigan Geriatrics Center in Ann Arbor. "It was the first time anyone had ever shown that."
The work eventually put IGF-1 on the map as a potentially important player in mammalian aging, Miller says. Earlier studies had revealed that a mutation in roundworms extended their life span, but skeptics questioned the generalizability of those findings. In 1997, however, researchers showed that the mutation was in an insulin/IGF-1 pathway. Having shown that IGF-1-deficient mice also live longer, Bartke's study suggested not only that these pathways are important in mammals, but that they might have been crucial in controlling life span in a range of creatures evolving over hundreds of millions of years from a common ancestor of worms and mammals, says Miller.
It was an impressive debut for someone who had just stepped into the field of aging. The Nature paper marked a new direction for Bartke, a well-respected classical endocrinologist with 30 years of research successes under his belt. Now based at SIU's medical campus in Springfield, Bartke has written 548 scientific articles and book chapters over the course of his career. His investigations have made him one of the world's leading experts on the physiology of how growth hormone influences aging and longevity, says friend and gerontologist George Roth of the National Institute on Aging in Baltimore, Maryland. Before the 1996 Ames dwarf study, scientists knew that growth hormone and IGF-1 help preserve muscle and bone, and that they stimulate brain cell growth as well. But Bartke's work has shown that the hormone has bad as well as good effects with respect to aging and longevity, says Roth. "He's used all of these [mouse] strains very elegantly to show that growth hormone really is a two-edged sword" (see Bartke Viewpoint).
At 64, Bartke is a soft-spoken man with thinning gray hair who wears a ring made from a trilobite fossil. "He's self-effacing and modest," says Roth, and has the manners and charm of an old-fashioned gentleman: He still kisses a woman's hand in greeting. "He could've been a Polish count in an earlier life." Bartke was born in Krakow, Poland, in 1939, the year Hitler invaded, triggering World War II. Times were hard during the Nazi occupation, but as a boy, Bartke found pleasure in gathering beetles and displaying his collection in a glass case. His father, a banker who had a passion for biology and ecology, encouraged the hobby. Biology completely absorbed Bartke, and by the time he was in grammar school, he loved to walk in the woods and observe animals. To this day, he is an avid outdoorsman; when he isn't going on 4-hour-long weekend hikes with his girlfriend, he's swimming or fishing in lakes close to home.
The Iron Curtain Opens Twice
Bartke's scientific inclinations led him to enroll in 1956 at Krakow's Jagiellonian University--where Nicolaus Copernicus studied--and undertake a 5-year program that gave him the equivalent of a master's degree in zoology. Determined to become a biologist, he thought that English skills would be key to succeeding in that profession, so he began taking English lessons and studying on his own with a dictionary. In 1960, his fourth year at Jagiellonian, opportunity knocked. The Polish Academy of Sciences had an agreement with North Vietnam to collaborate on geophysics studies at a field station in the mountains of the Southeast Asian country. The Polish scientists were looking to send someone to set up monitoring of radioactive contaminants in the upper atmosphere, the legacy of atomic-weapons testing by the Soviet Union, the United States, and other countries in the 1950s. But the academy also wanted to broaden its work at the station to include biological research. So it arranged through contacts at Jagiellonian University to send Bartke, a straight-A student, to help with both projects. Bartke was thrilled: "[It] was like a dream come true. I was 21, had never been anywhere, always lived at home." To get ready for field collection work, he asked several biologists in other departments at Jagiellonian for guidance. "Most of them thought that I was an undergraduate nuisance, so they would give me a liter of formalin and a liter of alcohol and wish me good luck," he says.
For a year, in addition to testing air samples for radioactive isotopes, Bartke collected soil organisms, insects and other invertebrates, and a few snakes and lizards, making do with the little equipment and few supplies that he had. "I didn't have specimen bottles, so I made a deal with the local clinic to save me glass bottles from antibiotics," he says. He made his way home to Poland by freighter, arriving after 40 days at sea with a trove of field specimens. Taxonomists at Jagiellonian described several new species of mites and primitive insects from his collection and even named one--a parasitic mite that lives on the bellies of beetles, he recalls--bartkei in his honor. "I don't know how happy I should be about this decision," he says wryly, "but anyway, it was meant as a thank-you." Despite enjoying the research project, Bartke wasn't interested in taxonomy. "Collecting was fine as a hobby and as a diversion, but I really wanted to do something functional. I was [growing] more and more interested in genetics."
Six months after Bartke's return, the Iron Curtain lifted a second time. The head of the comparative anatomy and embryology department, Zygmunt Grodziski, heard from a Polish colleague who had recently returned from a visiting-scientist stint at the University of Kansas, Lawrence. The American school was eager to host a grad student from Poland, and Grodziski thought of Bartke, apparently impressed by the student's work in Vietnam. Grodziski, an excellent but intimidating and demanding scientist, called Bartke into his office.
"Most people in the department were deadly scared of him," Bartke recalls. "He was never wasting any more time than was required, so when I walked in, he just told me, 'There is an opportunity to go to the United States to do graduate work, get a doctoral degree. Why don't you think about it, talk to your parents, and tell me tomorrow if you're interested.' And I hadn't left the room [yet], and he kind of looked at me over his desk like, 'Why are you still [in my office]?' ... And I said, 'Excuse me, but I don't want to think or talk to my parents. I want to go.' " So Bartke applied to the university; with recommendation letters from Grodziski and others, he got in.
It was a rare stroke of luck. At the time, Poland, a satellite of the Soviet Union, permitted foreign exchanges only for university faculty. "In fact, I had a hell of a time convincing the government to give me a passport and let me go, because they thought it was unusual," he says. Bartke finally won permission to leave, but the haggling delayed him; he didn't arrive in Lawrence until a month after the semester had started. "So in addition to having to adapt to coursework in English--which of course was an uphill battle--I also had to catch up," Bartke says.
Life in Lawrence was nothing like what he had anticipated. From books and movies, he had imagined that all American cities were like New York City. "I sort of expected high-pressure, fast, supermodern, urban," he says. "So when I came to Lawrence and I saw single-family dwellings and big trees and quiet streets with no pedestrians, and everything kind of slow and quiet ... this was just a total shock."
From Pint-Sized Mice, a Prolific Career
Bartke had indicated his interest in genetics on his grad school application, and John Weir, a geneticist in the zoology department, was willing to take him on. Weir helped arrange a scholarship to support Bartke's Ph.D. studies. The financial support came from a National Institutes of Health (NIH) training grant that Weir, who was studying the genetics of sex ratios in mice, had won to fund graduate students--a grant, it turned out, that was intended only for American citizens and permanent residents. "I guess Weir was so excited about his training grant that he forgot to read the instructions," Bartke says. When NIH officials saw from the paperwork that Bartke was a foreigner, they called Weir. Weir explained his mistake and told them it would be terrible to have to send Bartke home. "And they said 'OK'!" Bartke recalls. "So I went to graduate school in Kansas on an NIH fellowship for which I shouldn't have even been considered." He received a stipend of $222.22 per month, which freed him from having to teach to make ends meet. "I could just study, do research. So I was lucky again."
In the Weir lab, Bartke worked with a postdoc named Bob Schaible on experiments comparing two mutant strains of midget mice. One was the Snell dwarf, first identified in 1929, which lacks growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The other strain was the Ames dwarf, a new line that Schaible had discovered in 1961 while he was a grad student in geneticist John Gowen's lab at Iowa State University in Ames. The preliminary research from Iowa suggested that Ames dwarves lack only growth hormone, but Bartke's experiments showed that they are also missing TSH. With guidance from Jerome Yochim, a professor who taught his endocrinology class, Bartke was the first to demonstrate that both the Ames and Snell mice are deficient in a hormone called prolactin as well. Females of both strains are infertile, and Bartke's dissertation research established that the problem arose from the absence of this hormone; treating the animals with prolactin restored their ability to have pups. At Yochim's suggestion, Bartke began using the dwarf mice to investigate prolactin's role in male fertility, an unexplored area. That interest led him away from genetics and into reproductive endocrinology.
A workaholic, Bartke finished his Ph.D. in 2 years and 3 months. To make the most of his 3-year visa, he spent the remaining time at the Institute for Cancer Research in Philadelphia, studying the hormones of a different mouse mutant--the lethal yellow mouse--in the lab of geneticist George Wolff. In fall 1965, Bartke went back to Jagiellonian University to take up an assistant professorship. But he soon found himself unhappy. At the time, he says, scientists in Poland had relatively little equipment or funding. They grappled with an inefficient bureaucracy, and their ability to attend scientific meetings and maintain contact with foreign colleagues was tightly restricted by the government. Bartke's salary was so meager that he spent 3 to 4 hours every day tutoring others in English or doing translations to earn extra money. He itched to return to the United States. "Maybe, like my friends and colleagues often told me, I got simply spoiled in the United States and I wanted it easier," he says. But as a researcher in Poland, he felt that he would be "spinning [my] wheels. I couldn't possibly compete with people who worked in the United States or in comparable circumstances."
In 1967, Wolff helped arrange a postdoctoral fellowship for him at the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology, a private research institute in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts. Bartke obtained permission to leave Poland again for the training stint. Because he had dutifully returned home after his previous 3-year visit to the United States, he says, "I guess I had a pretty clean file with [the government] security folks, so they let me go again. This time, they made a mistake, because I went with premeditated intent not to come back. And I did not." After a year and a half in Massachusetts, he applied to the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) for a "green card" conferring permanent resident status, which the agency granted. Bartke was at the time married to an American citizen, and he immediately filed the paperwork to become a naturalized citizen. Bartke was no fan of Communism, but when he wrote to colleagues at Jagiellonian University that he would not be returning, he said he desired to stay in the United States only because of his wife; the INS approved his request several years later in the mid-1970s.
Hooked on Longevity Studies
At the Worcester Foundation, Bartke continued his investigations of prolactin in male reproduction and joined the staff after 2 years. He stayed there for 11 years before moving to the department of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA) in 1978. Although UTHSCSA was a hotbed of research on calorie restriction and aging (see "Hungry for Science"), it wasn't until Bartke moved to SIU in 1984 that questions about aging began percolating in his mind. A few years after he arrived in Carbondale to run SIU's physiology department, he began collaborating with Thomas Wagner, a geneticist at Ohio University in Athens who was a pioneer in engineering transgenic animals. Wagner had created giant mice that churned out growth hormone, and he noticed that the females were infertile. An acquaintance at NIH, who also knew Bartke, suggested that the two scientists study the animals' abnormal reproductive endocrinology together.
Other investigators studying mighty mice that overproduce growth hormone had found that the rodents had shorter lives, but most of their research focused on causes of death from disease. Based on his own observations of how the animals seemed to age quickly, Bartke realized that the mice could provide a wonderful means of studying the biological aging process, and in 1990 his lab began investigating the idea. A year later, a colleague at SIU, endocrinologist Richard Falvo, asked Bartke to help organize an international symposium on some area of biology, to be held every other year at the proposed site of a university satellite campus in Bregenz, Austria. Bartke suggested focusing the conference on aging. The First International Symposium on Neurobiology and Neuroendocrinology of Aging was held in 1992, and Bartke's lab presented some of its findings on aging in the giant mice. He began meeting biogerontologists, including Roth, and learning more about the field. His second research career was under way.
Dogged Pursuits of Aging Mice
Throughout his years of studying reproductive endocrinology, Bartke had obtained major grants from NIH. Among other achievements, he found that an excess of prolactin can suppress sexual behavior in males, and he published some of the earliest work showing that testosterone is released into the blood in pulses. But getting funds for biogerontology studies was a different story. In the early '90s, Bartke wrote a grant application proposing to study the giant, growth-hormone-flooded mouse as an example of accelerated aging. "I got some of the most negative critiques I have ever seen," he says. Reviewers said the rodents were probably just sick from an excess of growth hormone. Although he resubmitted the proposal several times, NIH never funded it.
After publishing the Nature paper on the Ames dwarf's increased longevity, Bartke secured a $50,000, 1-year NIH grant to further investigate aging in the mutant mouse. But he was unable to win a more substantial grant afterward. "I again had an uphill battle," he says. Some reviewers questioned whether dwarves survived longer simply because they were eating less and reaping the life-prolonging benefits of calorie restriction. But in a collaboration with Miller, Roth, and other colleagues, Bartke showed in 2001 that cutting the animals' calorie intake gave them an additional increase in life span, results suggesting that the two mechanisms for achieving longevity act through different pathways (see "Dieting Dwarves Live It Up"). Furthermore, Bartke's work got a boost from two other studies: a 2000 paper by scientists at Ohio University documenting extended longevity in another line of midget rodents called Laron mice, which are engineered to lack growth hormone receptors, and a 2001 report by Miller and colleagues showing that Snell dwarves survive 42% longer than normal mice. In 2001, Bartke finally won a 5-year NIH grant to further investigate the effects of calorie restriction on aging in Ames dwarves and Laron mice.
Colleagues admire his persistence. "I give him real credit for sticking with it for years under conditions in which a less dogged scientist might have just given up," says Miller. Bartke has "really paid his dues" in three different phases of his career, says Roth: grappling with the challenges of doing science during the Cold War in Eastern Europe, building his reputation in endocrinology in the United States, and then making his largely unbacked foray into biogerontology. "Bartke really had to do a lot of this stuff on a shoestring," says Roth. "Now he's starting to get support, and he's carved out this really enviable niche with regard to the [aging and] growth hormone business."
Looking back, Bartke says that if he hadn't had "a rather happy history of funding" in reproductive endocrinology, "I don't know if I would've had it in me to reapply and reapply and reapply. But I kept telling myself that the system had been good to me and has supported my research for all these years; I have to trust the system."
Bartke clearly has an abundance of patience, which he also puts to use when pursuing one of his favorite out-of-the-lab activities: fishing. "When he takes a break from research, which is not often, he's outside and he's either fishing or hiking," says Brown-Borg, now at the University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences in Grand Forks. Every year in Carbondale, Brown-Borg remembers, the lab would enter SIU's annual fishing tournament. "We fished through the rain, we fished through nasty weather, and cooked [the catch] up at the end of the day. [It] was always a lot of fun, and Andrzej was always very much involved ... and very competitive," she says, laughing. Bartke is known for recounting stories of the bluegill and bass beauties that he's caught. But in the grand old tradition of fishermen--and unlike the dwarf mice that have played such a prominent role in his latest career twist--the fish in his tales get bigger with each telling.
August 27, 2003
Ingfei Chen is a SAGE KE contributing editor based in Santa Cruz, California. Her stories get longer with each telling.
Suggested ReadingBack to Top
Science of Aging Knowledge Environment. ISSN 1539-6150 | 4,569 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Founding Fathers: Edmund Randolph
Edmund Randolph was born on August 10, 1753, in Tazewell Hall, Williamsburg, Virginia. His parents were John Randolph and Ariana Jenings. Edmund Randolph attended the College of William and Mary and afterwards continued his education by studying the law under his father.
When the American Revolution broke out, Edmund Randolph and his father followed different paths. His father was a Loyalist who followed Lord Dunmore, the governor, to England in 1775. Afterwards, Edmund Randolph lived with his uncle Peyton Randolph, who was a prominent figure in Virginia politics. During the Revolutionary War, Edmund Randolph was an aide-de-camp to General Washington. He also attended the convention which resulted in the adoption of the first state constitution of Virginia in 1776. Here, 23 year old Edmund Randolph was the youngest member of the convention. In 1776, he married Elizabeth Nicholas.
Edmund Randolph continued to advance in the political sphere in the colonies. He became the mayor of Williamsburg as well as the attorney-general of Virginia. In 1779, Randolph was elected to the Continental Congress. In November 1786, he also became Governor of Virginia. The same year, he was appointed as a delegate to the Annapolis Convention.
On May 29, 1787, only four days after the opening of the Constitutional convention in Philadelphia, Edmund Randolph presented the Virginia Plan to the Convention for setting up a new government. This plan outlined a strong central government made up of three branches of government, executive, legislative, and judicial. The plan also enabled the legislative branch to veto state laws and apply force against any states that failed to fulfill their duties. After many revisions and debates, including eliminating the section permitting force against states, the Virginia Plan became in part the basis of the federal Constitution.
Although Edmund Randolph introduced the highly centralized Virginia Plan, he often switched between the Anti-federalist and federalist points of view. Randolph sat on the Committee of Detail who prepared a draft of the Constitution, but once the document was adopted, he declined to sign it. Randolph thought that the Constitution was not sufficiently republican, and he was worried about creating a one-man executive.
While the old Articles of Confederation were not adequate, he felt that the new plan still had too many flaws. He was also a proponent for the process of amendment. He felt that if the Constitution were sent for ratification without giving the opportunity to amend it to the states, it might be rejected and end hopes for a new government. At the Virginia convention for ratification, Edmund Randolph supported the Constitution and fought to get it approved in Virginia.
Under President George Washington, Edmund Randolph became the Attorney General of the country. After Thomas Jefferson resigned as the Secretary of State, he assumed that position between 1794 and 1795. In 1795, Edmund Randolph retired from politics and resumed his law practice. During his retirement, Randolph wrote a history of Virginia. In 1813, Randolph died at the age of 60 while visiting Carter Hall. He was buried in a graveyard at a nearby chapel. | <urn:uuid:b8d6db7e-413e-4c9d-8c5f-f4f0e5f63f1d> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://kids.laws.com/edmund-randolph | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591763.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118023429-20200118051429-00000.warc.gz | en | 0.98167 | 624 | 3.71875 | 4 | [
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0.0979266166... | 5 | Founding Fathers: Edmund Randolph
Edmund Randolph was born on August 10, 1753, in Tazewell Hall, Williamsburg, Virginia. His parents were John Randolph and Ariana Jenings. Edmund Randolph attended the College of William and Mary and afterwards continued his education by studying the law under his father.
When the American Revolution broke out, Edmund Randolph and his father followed different paths. His father was a Loyalist who followed Lord Dunmore, the governor, to England in 1775. Afterwards, Edmund Randolph lived with his uncle Peyton Randolph, who was a prominent figure in Virginia politics. During the Revolutionary War, Edmund Randolph was an aide-de-camp to General Washington. He also attended the convention which resulted in the adoption of the first state constitution of Virginia in 1776. Here, 23 year old Edmund Randolph was the youngest member of the convention. In 1776, he married Elizabeth Nicholas.
Edmund Randolph continued to advance in the political sphere in the colonies. He became the mayor of Williamsburg as well as the attorney-general of Virginia. In 1779, Randolph was elected to the Continental Congress. In November 1786, he also became Governor of Virginia. The same year, he was appointed as a delegate to the Annapolis Convention.
On May 29, 1787, only four days after the opening of the Constitutional convention in Philadelphia, Edmund Randolph presented the Virginia Plan to the Convention for setting up a new government. This plan outlined a strong central government made up of three branches of government, executive, legislative, and judicial. The plan also enabled the legislative branch to veto state laws and apply force against any states that failed to fulfill their duties. After many revisions and debates, including eliminating the section permitting force against states, the Virginia Plan became in part the basis of the federal Constitution.
Although Edmund Randolph introduced the highly centralized Virginia Plan, he often switched between the Anti-federalist and federalist points of view. Randolph sat on the Committee of Detail who prepared a draft of the Constitution, but once the document was adopted, he declined to sign it. Randolph thought that the Constitution was not sufficiently republican, and he was worried about creating a one-man executive.
While the old Articles of Confederation were not adequate, he felt that the new plan still had too many flaws. He was also a proponent for the process of amendment. He felt that if the Constitution were sent for ratification without giving the opportunity to amend it to the states, it might be rejected and end hopes for a new government. At the Virginia convention for ratification, Edmund Randolph supported the Constitution and fought to get it approved in Virginia.
Under President George Washington, Edmund Randolph became the Attorney General of the country. After Thomas Jefferson resigned as the Secretary of State, he assumed that position between 1794 and 1795. In 1795, Edmund Randolph retired from politics and resumed his law practice. During his retirement, Randolph wrote a history of Virginia. In 1813, Randolph died at the age of 60 while visiting Carter Hall. He was buried in a graveyard at a nearby chapel. | 661 | ENGLISH | 1 |
during history tests: -
1. The greatest writer of the Renaissance was William Shake-
speare. He was born in the 1564, supposedly on his birthday.
He never made much money and is famous only because of his
plays. He wrote tragedies, comedies, and hysterectomies, all
in Islamic pentameter. Romeo and Juliet are an example of a
2. Writing at the same time as Shakespeare was Miguel
Cervantes. He wrote Donkey Hote. The next great author was
John Milton. Milton wrote Paradise Lost. Then his wife died
and he wrote Paradise Regained.
3. Delegates from the original 13 states formed the Contented
Congress. Thomas Jefferson, a virgin, and Benjamin Franklin
were to 2 singers of the Declaration of Independence. Franklin
discovered electricity by rubbing two cats backward and
declared, "a horse divided against itself can not stand."
Franklin died in 1790 and is still dead.
4. Abraham Lincoln was America's greatest precedent. Lincoln's
mother died in infancy, and he was born in a log cabin which
he built with his own hands. Abraham Lincoln freed the slaves
by signing the Emasculation Proclamation . On the night of
April 14, 1865, Lincoln went to the theater and got shot in
his seat by one of the actors in the moving picture show.
They believe the assinator was John Wilkes Booth, a suposingly
insane actor. This ruined Booth's career.
5. Johann Bach wrote a great many musical compositions and
had a large number of children. In between he practiced on
an old spinster which he kept up in his attic. Bach died
from 1750 to the present. Bach was the most famous composer
in the world and so was Handel. Handel was half German, half
Italian, and half English. He was very large.
6. Beethoven wrote music even though he was deaf. He was so
deaf he wrote loud music. He took long walks in the forest
even when everyone was calling for him. Beethoven expired in
1827 and later died from this. | <urn:uuid:9d9b3771-c4d7-4d69-8469-a916214741aa> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://petersheil.livejournal.com/154673.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607596.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122221541-20200123010541-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.986506 | 454 | 3.65625 | 4 | [
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0.054332111030... | 5 | during history tests: -
1. The greatest writer of the Renaissance was William Shake-
speare. He was born in the 1564, supposedly on his birthday.
He never made much money and is famous only because of his
plays. He wrote tragedies, comedies, and hysterectomies, all
in Islamic pentameter. Romeo and Juliet are an example of a
2. Writing at the same time as Shakespeare was Miguel
Cervantes. He wrote Donkey Hote. The next great author was
John Milton. Milton wrote Paradise Lost. Then his wife died
and he wrote Paradise Regained.
3. Delegates from the original 13 states formed the Contented
Congress. Thomas Jefferson, a virgin, and Benjamin Franklin
were to 2 singers of the Declaration of Independence. Franklin
discovered electricity by rubbing two cats backward and
declared, "a horse divided against itself can not stand."
Franklin died in 1790 and is still dead.
4. Abraham Lincoln was America's greatest precedent. Lincoln's
mother died in infancy, and he was born in a log cabin which
he built with his own hands. Abraham Lincoln freed the slaves
by signing the Emasculation Proclamation . On the night of
April 14, 1865, Lincoln went to the theater and got shot in
his seat by one of the actors in the moving picture show.
They believe the assinator was John Wilkes Booth, a suposingly
insane actor. This ruined Booth's career.
5. Johann Bach wrote a great many musical compositions and
had a large number of children. In between he practiced on
an old spinster which he kept up in his attic. Bach died
from 1750 to the present. Bach was the most famous composer
in the world and so was Handel. Handel was half German, half
Italian, and half English. He was very large.
6. Beethoven wrote music even though he was deaf. He was so
deaf he wrote loud music. He took long walks in the forest
even when everyone was calling for him. Beethoven expired in
1827 and later died from this. | 462 | ENGLISH | 1 |
People - Ancient Near East: Sennacherib (Assyrian Sin-Ahhe-Eriba) Ancient Near East
Sennacherib (Assyrian Sin-Ahhe-Eriba) in Wikipedia
Sennacherib (Akkadian: Sîn-ahhī-erība "Sîn has replaced (lost) brothers for me"; Aramaic: ܣܝܼܢ ܐܵܗܝܼ ܐܹܪܝܼܒܵܐ) was the son of Sargon II, whom he succeeded on the throne of Assyria (704 – 681 BC).
Rise to power
As the crown prince, Sennacherib was placed in charge of the Assyrian Empire while his father, Sargon II, was on campaign. Unlike his predecessors, Sennacherib's reign was not largely marked by military campaigns, but mainly by architectural renovations, constructions, and expansions. After the violent death of his father, Sennacherib encountered numerous problems in establishing his power and faced threats to his domain. However, he was able to overcome these power struggles and ultimately carry out his building projects. During his reign, he moved the empire's capital from his father's newly-constructed city of Dur-Sharrukin to the old city and former capital of Nineveh. It is considered striking that Sennacherib not only left his father's city, but also doesn’t name him in any official inscription during his reign.
War with Babylon
Assyrian warriors armed with slings from the palace of Sennacherib, 7th century BCE
During his reign Sennacherib encountered various problems with Babylonia. His first campaign took place in 703 BC against Marduk-apla-iddina II who had seized the throne of Babylon and gathered an alliance supported by Chaldeans, Aramaeans, and Elamites. We can date the visit of Babylonian ambassadors to Hezekiah of Judah in this period. The allies wanted to make use of the unrest that arose at the accession of Sennacherib. Sennacherib split his army and had one part attack the stationed enemy at Kish while he and the rest of the army proceeded to capture the city Cutha. After that was done the king returned swiftly to aid the rest of his army. The rebellion was defeated and Marduk-apla-iddina II fled. Babylon was taken, and its palace plundered but its citizens were left unharmed. The Assyrians searched for Marduk-apla-iddina II, especially in the southern marshes, but he was not found. The rebellion forces in the Babylonian cities were wiped out and a Babylonian named Bel-ibni who was raised at the Assyrian court was placed on the throne. When the Assyrians left, Marduk-apla-iddina II started to prepare another rebellion. In 700 BC the Assyrian army returned to fight the rebels in the marshes again. Not surprisingly, Marduk-apla-iddina II fled again to Elam and died there.
Bel-Ibni proved to be disloyal to Assyria and was taken back a prisoner. Sennacherib tried to solve the problem of the Babylonian rebellion by placing someone loyal to him on the throne, namely his son Ashur-nadin-shumi. It didn’t help. Another campaign was led six years later, in 694 BC, to destroy the Elamite base on the shore of the Persian Gulf. To accomplish this, Sennacherib had obtained Phoenician and Syrian boats which sailed with the rest of his army down the Tigris to the sea. The Phoenicians were not used to the tide of the Persian Gulf which caused a delay. The Assyrians battled the Chaldeans at the river Ulaya and won the day. While the Assyrians were busy at the Persian Gulf, the Elamites invaded northern Babylonia in a complete surprise. Sennacherib's son was captured and taken to Elam and his throne was taken over by Nergal-Ushezib. The Assyrians fought their way back north and captured various cities, in the meanwhile a year had passed as it was now 693 BC.
A large battle was fought against the Babylonian rebels at Nippur, their king was captured and in turn taken to Nineveh. For the loss of his son Sennacherib launched another campaign into Elam where his army started to plunder cities. The Elamite king fled to the mountains and Sennacherib was forced to return home because of the coming winter. Another rebellion leader, named Mushezib-Marduk claimed the Babylonian throne and was supported by Elam. The last great battle was fought in 691 BC with an uncertain result which enabled Mushezib-Marduk to remain on the throne for another two years. This was only a brief respite because shortly afterwards Babylon was besieged which led to its fall in 689 BC. Sennacherib claimed to have destroyed the city and indeed the city was unoccupied for several years.
War with Judah
In 701 BC, a rebellion backed by Egypt and Babylonia broke out in Judah, led by King Hezekiah. In response Sennacherib sacked a number of cities in Judah. He laid siege to Jerusalem, but soon returned to Nineveh, with Jerusalem not having been sacked, in order to put down an attempted coup. This event was recorded by Sennacherib himself, by Herodotus, and by several Biblical writers.
According to the Bible, the siege failed because the angel of YHWH went forth and struck down 185,000 men in the Assyrian camp (2 Kings 19:35).
Some of the Assyrian chronicles, such as the baked-clay Taylor prism now preserved in the British Museum, and the similar Sennacherib prism, preserved in the Oriental Institute, Chicago, date from very close to the time. (see also: Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire) (The Taylor Prism itself bears the date "the month of Tammuz; eponym of Galihu, governor of Hatarikka" which is Tammuz in the year 689 BC, according to the Assyrian Eponym List). Assyrian accounts do not treat it as a disaster, but a great victory - they maintain that the siege was so successful that Hezekiah was forced to give a monetary tribute, and the Assyrians left victoriously, without losses of thousands of men, and without sacking Jerusalem. Part of this is indeed confirmed in the Biblical account, but it is still debated fiercely by historians. In the Taylor Prism, Sennacherib states that he had shut up Hezekiah the Judahite within Jerusalem, his own royal city, like a caged bird.
An artist's impression of Sennacherib's army battling in Lachish against Judea
Sennacherib first recounts several of his previous victories, and how his enemies had become overwhelmed by his presence. He was able to do this to Great Sidon, Little Sidon, Bit-Zitti, Zaribtu, Mahalliba, Ushu, Akzib and Akko. After taking each of these cities, Sennacherib installed a puppet leader named Ethbaal as ruler over the entire region. Sennacherib then turned his attention to Beth-Dagon, Joppa, Banai-Barqa, and Azjuru, cities that were ruled by Sidqia and also fell to Sennacherib.
Egypt and Nubia then came to the aid of the stricken cities. Sennacherib defeated the Egyptians and, by his own account, single-handedly captured the Egyptian and Nubian charioteers. Sennacherib captured and sacked several other cities, including Lachish (the second most-strongly fortified city in the Kingdom of Judah). He punished the "criminal" citizens of the cities, and he reinstalled Padi, their leader, who had been held as a hostage in Jerusalem.
After this, Sennacherib turned to King Hezekiah of Judah, who refused to submit to him. Forty-six of Hezekiah's cities (cities 1st millennium BC terms ranged in size from large modern-day towns to villages) were conquered by Sennacherib, but Jerusalem did not fall. His own account of this invasion, as given in the Taylor prism, is as follows:
" Because Hezekiah, king of Judah, would not submit to my yoke, I came up against him, and by force of arms and by the might of my power I took 46 of his strong fenced cities; and of the smaller towns which were scattered about, I took and plundered a countless number. From these places I took and carried off 200,156 persons, old and young, male and female, together with horses and mules, asses and camels, oxen and sheep, a countless multitude; and Hezekiah himself I shut up in Jerusalem, his capital city, like a bird in a cage, building towers round the city to hem him in, and raising banks of earth against the gates, so as to prevent escape... Then upon Hezekiah there fell the fear of the power of my arms, and he sent out to me the chiefs and the elders of Jerusalem with 30 talents of gold and 800 talents of silver, and diverse treasures, a rich and immense booty... All these things were brought to me at Nineveh, the seat of my government. "
The Biblical account of Sennacherib's siege of Jerusalem begins with the destruction of the Northern Kingdom of Israel and its capital Samaria. This is how the ten northern tribes came to be known as the Ten Lost Tribes, because as recorded in II Kings 17, they were carried off and settled with other peoples as was the Assyrian policy. II Kings 18-19 (and parallel passage II Chronicles 32:1-23) details Sennacherib's attack on Judah and capital Jerusalem. Hezekiah had rebelled against the Assyrians, so they had captured all of the towns in Judah. Hezekiah realized his error and sent great tribute to Sennacherib. But the Assyrians nevertheless marched toward Jerusalem. Sennacherib sent his supreme commander with an army to besiege Jerusalem while he himself went to fight with the Egyptians. The supreme commander met with Hezekiah's officials and threatened them to surrender; while hailing insults so the people of the city could hear, blaspheming Judah and particularly YHWH. When the King Hezekiah heard of this, he tore his clothes (as was the custom of the day for displaying deep anguish) and prayed to YHWH in the Temple. Isaiah the prophet told the king that YHWH would take care of the whole matter and that he would return to his own lands. That night, the angel of YHWH killed 185,000 Assyrian troops. Jewish tradition maintains that archangel Gabriel (along with Michael in the Targum's version) was the angel sent to destroy the Assyrian troops, and that the destruction occurred on Passover night. Sennacherib soon returned to Nineveh in disgrace. Some years later, while Sennacherib was worshiping in the temple of his god Nisroch, two of his sons killed him and fled. Some[who?] suggest that Psalm 46 was composed as a Song of Deliverance that was led by the Korahite Levitical singers and accompanied by the Alamoth (maidens with tambourines) and sung by the inhabitants of Jerusalem after their successful defense of the city from the siege.
Disaster in Egypt according to Herodotus
The Greek historian Herodotus, who wrote his Histories ca. 450 BC, speaks of a divinely-appointed disaster destroying an army of Sennacherib (2:141):
" when Sanacharib, king of the Arabians and Assyrians, marched his vast army into Egypt, the warriors one and all refused to come to his (i.e., the Pharaoh Sethos) aid. On this the monarch, greatly distressed, entered into the inner sanctuary, and, before the image of the god, bewailed the fate which impended over him. As he wept he fell asleep, and dreamed that the god came and stood at his side, bidding him be of good cheer, and go boldly forth to meet the Arabian host, which would do him no hurt, as he himself would send those who should help him. Sethos, then, relying on the dream, collected such of the Egyptians as were willing to follow him, who were none of them warriors, but traders, artisans, and market people; and with these marched to Pelusium, which commands the entrance into Egypt, and there pitched his camp. As the two armies lay here opposite one another, there came in the night, a multitude of field-mice, which devoured all the quivers and bowstrings of the enemy, and ate the thongs by which they managed their shields. Next morning they commenced their fight, and great multitudes fell, as they had no arms with which to defend themselves. There stands to this day in the temple of Vulcan, a stone statue of Sethos, with a mouse in his hand, and an inscription to this effect - 'Look on me, and learn to reverence the gods.' "
According to F. Ll. Griffith, an attractive hypothesis is to identify the Pharaoh as Taharqa before his succession, and Sethos as his Memphitic priestly title, "supposing that he was then governor of Lower Egypt and high-priest of Ptah, and that in his office of governor he prepared to move on the defensive against a threatened attack by Sennacherib. While Taharqa was still in the neighbourhood of Pelusium, some unexpected disaster may have befallen the Assyrian host on the borders of Palestine and arrested their march on Egypt." (Stories of the High Priests of Memphis: The Sethon of Herodotus and the Demotic Tales of Khamuas (1900), p. 11.
During Sennacherib's reign, Nineveh evolved into the leading Metropolis of the empire. His building projects started almost as soon as he became king. Already in 703 BC he had built a palace complete with park and artificial irrigation he called his new home ‘The palace without rival’. For this ambitious project an old palace was torn down to make more room. In addition to his own large gardens, several small gardens were made for the citizens of Nineveh. He also constructed the first ever aqueduct, at Jerwan in 690 BCE, which supplied the large demand of water in Nineveh. The narrow alleys and squares of Nineveh were cleaned up and enlarged, and a royal road and avenue were constructed, which crossed a bridge on its approach to the park gate and which was lined on both sides with stelae. Temples were restored and built during his reign, as is the duty of the king. Most notable is his work on the Assur (god) and the new year (Akitu) temples. He also expanded the city defences which included a moat surrounding the city walls. Some of his city walls have been restored and can still be seen nowadays. The labour for his giant building project was performed by people of Que, Cilicia, Philistia, Tyre, and Chaldeans, Aramaeans, and Mannaeans who were there involuntarily.
Sennacherib has been credited with the invention of the Archimedes screw for the purpose of irrigation, although evidence for this is contentious.
Sennacherib was killed by two of his sons for his desecration of Babylon. One story tells of one of Sennacherib's sons toppling a giant lammasu onto him, crushing him to death. He was ultimately succeeded by another son Esarhaddon.
In popular culture
A 1813 poem by Lord Byron, The Destruction of Sennacherib, commemorates Sennacherib's campaign in Judea from the Hebrew point of view. Written in anapestic tetrameter, the poem was popular in school recitations.
In the 1992 Virgin New Adventures novel Doctor Who: Love and War by Paul Cornell, the human space-ship captain - Shiranka Hall - who discovers the planet Heaven at first briefly considers naming the planet Sennacherib (spelt in the novel "Senacharib") after a character in a book (presumably the Bible) he had read a long time ago. He eventually rejects the idea because the name would be a private joke. | <urn:uuid:705724b7-95a0-4898-88cf-04576e3b6a8a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.bible-history.com/links.php?cat=31&sub=3084&cat_name=People+-+Ancient+Near+East&subcat_name=Sennacherib+%28Assyrian+Sin-Ahhe-Eriba%29 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700988.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127143516-20200127173516-00058.warc.gz | en | 0.982574 | 3,508 | 3.28125 | 3 | [
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0.0579037591814994... | 1 | People - Ancient Near East: Sennacherib (Assyrian Sin-Ahhe-Eriba) Ancient Near East
Sennacherib (Assyrian Sin-Ahhe-Eriba) in Wikipedia
Sennacherib (Akkadian: Sîn-ahhī-erība "Sîn has replaced (lost) brothers for me"; Aramaic: ܣܝܼܢ ܐܵܗܝܼ ܐܹܪܝܼܒܵܐ) was the son of Sargon II, whom he succeeded on the throne of Assyria (704 – 681 BC).
Rise to power
As the crown prince, Sennacherib was placed in charge of the Assyrian Empire while his father, Sargon II, was on campaign. Unlike his predecessors, Sennacherib's reign was not largely marked by military campaigns, but mainly by architectural renovations, constructions, and expansions. After the violent death of his father, Sennacherib encountered numerous problems in establishing his power and faced threats to his domain. However, he was able to overcome these power struggles and ultimately carry out his building projects. During his reign, he moved the empire's capital from his father's newly-constructed city of Dur-Sharrukin to the old city and former capital of Nineveh. It is considered striking that Sennacherib not only left his father's city, but also doesn’t name him in any official inscription during his reign.
War with Babylon
Assyrian warriors armed with slings from the palace of Sennacherib, 7th century BCE
During his reign Sennacherib encountered various problems with Babylonia. His first campaign took place in 703 BC against Marduk-apla-iddina II who had seized the throne of Babylon and gathered an alliance supported by Chaldeans, Aramaeans, and Elamites. We can date the visit of Babylonian ambassadors to Hezekiah of Judah in this period. The allies wanted to make use of the unrest that arose at the accession of Sennacherib. Sennacherib split his army and had one part attack the stationed enemy at Kish while he and the rest of the army proceeded to capture the city Cutha. After that was done the king returned swiftly to aid the rest of his army. The rebellion was defeated and Marduk-apla-iddina II fled. Babylon was taken, and its palace plundered but its citizens were left unharmed. The Assyrians searched for Marduk-apla-iddina II, especially in the southern marshes, but he was not found. The rebellion forces in the Babylonian cities were wiped out and a Babylonian named Bel-ibni who was raised at the Assyrian court was placed on the throne. When the Assyrians left, Marduk-apla-iddina II started to prepare another rebellion. In 700 BC the Assyrian army returned to fight the rebels in the marshes again. Not surprisingly, Marduk-apla-iddina II fled again to Elam and died there.
Bel-Ibni proved to be disloyal to Assyria and was taken back a prisoner. Sennacherib tried to solve the problem of the Babylonian rebellion by placing someone loyal to him on the throne, namely his son Ashur-nadin-shumi. It didn’t help. Another campaign was led six years later, in 694 BC, to destroy the Elamite base on the shore of the Persian Gulf. To accomplish this, Sennacherib had obtained Phoenician and Syrian boats which sailed with the rest of his army down the Tigris to the sea. The Phoenicians were not used to the tide of the Persian Gulf which caused a delay. The Assyrians battled the Chaldeans at the river Ulaya and won the day. While the Assyrians were busy at the Persian Gulf, the Elamites invaded northern Babylonia in a complete surprise. Sennacherib's son was captured and taken to Elam and his throne was taken over by Nergal-Ushezib. The Assyrians fought their way back north and captured various cities, in the meanwhile a year had passed as it was now 693 BC.
A large battle was fought against the Babylonian rebels at Nippur, their king was captured and in turn taken to Nineveh. For the loss of his son Sennacherib launched another campaign into Elam where his army started to plunder cities. The Elamite king fled to the mountains and Sennacherib was forced to return home because of the coming winter. Another rebellion leader, named Mushezib-Marduk claimed the Babylonian throne and was supported by Elam. The last great battle was fought in 691 BC with an uncertain result which enabled Mushezib-Marduk to remain on the throne for another two years. This was only a brief respite because shortly afterwards Babylon was besieged which led to its fall in 689 BC. Sennacherib claimed to have destroyed the city and indeed the city was unoccupied for several years.
War with Judah
In 701 BC, a rebellion backed by Egypt and Babylonia broke out in Judah, led by King Hezekiah. In response Sennacherib sacked a number of cities in Judah. He laid siege to Jerusalem, but soon returned to Nineveh, with Jerusalem not having been sacked, in order to put down an attempted coup. This event was recorded by Sennacherib himself, by Herodotus, and by several Biblical writers.
According to the Bible, the siege failed because the angel of YHWH went forth and struck down 185,000 men in the Assyrian camp (2 Kings 19:35).
Some of the Assyrian chronicles, such as the baked-clay Taylor prism now preserved in the British Museum, and the similar Sennacherib prism, preserved in the Oriental Institute, Chicago, date from very close to the time. (see also: Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire) (The Taylor Prism itself bears the date "the month of Tammuz; eponym of Galihu, governor of Hatarikka" which is Tammuz in the year 689 BC, according to the Assyrian Eponym List). Assyrian accounts do not treat it as a disaster, but a great victory - they maintain that the siege was so successful that Hezekiah was forced to give a monetary tribute, and the Assyrians left victoriously, without losses of thousands of men, and without sacking Jerusalem. Part of this is indeed confirmed in the Biblical account, but it is still debated fiercely by historians. In the Taylor Prism, Sennacherib states that he had shut up Hezekiah the Judahite within Jerusalem, his own royal city, like a caged bird.
An artist's impression of Sennacherib's army battling in Lachish against Judea
Sennacherib first recounts several of his previous victories, and how his enemies had become overwhelmed by his presence. He was able to do this to Great Sidon, Little Sidon, Bit-Zitti, Zaribtu, Mahalliba, Ushu, Akzib and Akko. After taking each of these cities, Sennacherib installed a puppet leader named Ethbaal as ruler over the entire region. Sennacherib then turned his attention to Beth-Dagon, Joppa, Banai-Barqa, and Azjuru, cities that were ruled by Sidqia and also fell to Sennacherib.
Egypt and Nubia then came to the aid of the stricken cities. Sennacherib defeated the Egyptians and, by his own account, single-handedly captured the Egyptian and Nubian charioteers. Sennacherib captured and sacked several other cities, including Lachish (the second most-strongly fortified city in the Kingdom of Judah). He punished the "criminal" citizens of the cities, and he reinstalled Padi, their leader, who had been held as a hostage in Jerusalem.
After this, Sennacherib turned to King Hezekiah of Judah, who refused to submit to him. Forty-six of Hezekiah's cities (cities 1st millennium BC terms ranged in size from large modern-day towns to villages) were conquered by Sennacherib, but Jerusalem did not fall. His own account of this invasion, as given in the Taylor prism, is as follows:
" Because Hezekiah, king of Judah, would not submit to my yoke, I came up against him, and by force of arms and by the might of my power I took 46 of his strong fenced cities; and of the smaller towns which were scattered about, I took and plundered a countless number. From these places I took and carried off 200,156 persons, old and young, male and female, together with horses and mules, asses and camels, oxen and sheep, a countless multitude; and Hezekiah himself I shut up in Jerusalem, his capital city, like a bird in a cage, building towers round the city to hem him in, and raising banks of earth against the gates, so as to prevent escape... Then upon Hezekiah there fell the fear of the power of my arms, and he sent out to me the chiefs and the elders of Jerusalem with 30 talents of gold and 800 talents of silver, and diverse treasures, a rich and immense booty... All these things were brought to me at Nineveh, the seat of my government. "
The Biblical account of Sennacherib's siege of Jerusalem begins with the destruction of the Northern Kingdom of Israel and its capital Samaria. This is how the ten northern tribes came to be known as the Ten Lost Tribes, because as recorded in II Kings 17, they were carried off and settled with other peoples as was the Assyrian policy. II Kings 18-19 (and parallel passage II Chronicles 32:1-23) details Sennacherib's attack on Judah and capital Jerusalem. Hezekiah had rebelled against the Assyrians, so they had captured all of the towns in Judah. Hezekiah realized his error and sent great tribute to Sennacherib. But the Assyrians nevertheless marched toward Jerusalem. Sennacherib sent his supreme commander with an army to besiege Jerusalem while he himself went to fight with the Egyptians. The supreme commander met with Hezekiah's officials and threatened them to surrender; while hailing insults so the people of the city could hear, blaspheming Judah and particularly YHWH. When the King Hezekiah heard of this, he tore his clothes (as was the custom of the day for displaying deep anguish) and prayed to YHWH in the Temple. Isaiah the prophet told the king that YHWH would take care of the whole matter and that he would return to his own lands. That night, the angel of YHWH killed 185,000 Assyrian troops. Jewish tradition maintains that archangel Gabriel (along with Michael in the Targum's version) was the angel sent to destroy the Assyrian troops, and that the destruction occurred on Passover night. Sennacherib soon returned to Nineveh in disgrace. Some years later, while Sennacherib was worshiping in the temple of his god Nisroch, two of his sons killed him and fled. Some[who?] suggest that Psalm 46 was composed as a Song of Deliverance that was led by the Korahite Levitical singers and accompanied by the Alamoth (maidens with tambourines) and sung by the inhabitants of Jerusalem after their successful defense of the city from the siege.
Disaster in Egypt according to Herodotus
The Greek historian Herodotus, who wrote his Histories ca. 450 BC, speaks of a divinely-appointed disaster destroying an army of Sennacherib (2:141):
" when Sanacharib, king of the Arabians and Assyrians, marched his vast army into Egypt, the warriors one and all refused to come to his (i.e., the Pharaoh Sethos) aid. On this the monarch, greatly distressed, entered into the inner sanctuary, and, before the image of the god, bewailed the fate which impended over him. As he wept he fell asleep, and dreamed that the god came and stood at his side, bidding him be of good cheer, and go boldly forth to meet the Arabian host, which would do him no hurt, as he himself would send those who should help him. Sethos, then, relying on the dream, collected such of the Egyptians as were willing to follow him, who were none of them warriors, but traders, artisans, and market people; and with these marched to Pelusium, which commands the entrance into Egypt, and there pitched his camp. As the two armies lay here opposite one another, there came in the night, a multitude of field-mice, which devoured all the quivers and bowstrings of the enemy, and ate the thongs by which they managed their shields. Next morning they commenced their fight, and great multitudes fell, as they had no arms with which to defend themselves. There stands to this day in the temple of Vulcan, a stone statue of Sethos, with a mouse in his hand, and an inscription to this effect - 'Look on me, and learn to reverence the gods.' "
According to F. Ll. Griffith, an attractive hypothesis is to identify the Pharaoh as Taharqa before his succession, and Sethos as his Memphitic priestly title, "supposing that he was then governor of Lower Egypt and high-priest of Ptah, and that in his office of governor he prepared to move on the defensive against a threatened attack by Sennacherib. While Taharqa was still in the neighbourhood of Pelusium, some unexpected disaster may have befallen the Assyrian host on the borders of Palestine and arrested their march on Egypt." (Stories of the High Priests of Memphis: The Sethon of Herodotus and the Demotic Tales of Khamuas (1900), p. 11.
During Sennacherib's reign, Nineveh evolved into the leading Metropolis of the empire. His building projects started almost as soon as he became king. Already in 703 BC he had built a palace complete with park and artificial irrigation he called his new home ‘The palace without rival’. For this ambitious project an old palace was torn down to make more room. In addition to his own large gardens, several small gardens were made for the citizens of Nineveh. He also constructed the first ever aqueduct, at Jerwan in 690 BCE, which supplied the large demand of water in Nineveh. The narrow alleys and squares of Nineveh were cleaned up and enlarged, and a royal road and avenue were constructed, which crossed a bridge on its approach to the park gate and which was lined on both sides with stelae. Temples were restored and built during his reign, as is the duty of the king. Most notable is his work on the Assur (god) and the new year (Akitu) temples. He also expanded the city defences which included a moat surrounding the city walls. Some of his city walls have been restored and can still be seen nowadays. The labour for his giant building project was performed by people of Que, Cilicia, Philistia, Tyre, and Chaldeans, Aramaeans, and Mannaeans who were there involuntarily.
Sennacherib has been credited with the invention of the Archimedes screw for the purpose of irrigation, although evidence for this is contentious.
Sennacherib was killed by two of his sons for his desecration of Babylon. One story tells of one of Sennacherib's sons toppling a giant lammasu onto him, crushing him to death. He was ultimately succeeded by another son Esarhaddon.
In popular culture
A 1813 poem by Lord Byron, The Destruction of Sennacherib, commemorates Sennacherib's campaign in Judea from the Hebrew point of view. Written in anapestic tetrameter, the poem was popular in school recitations.
In the 1992 Virgin New Adventures novel Doctor Who: Love and War by Paul Cornell, the human space-ship captain - Shiranka Hall - who discovers the planet Heaven at first briefly considers naming the planet Sennacherib (spelt in the novel "Senacharib") after a character in a book (presumably the Bible) he had read a long time ago. He eventually rejects the idea because the name would be a private joke. | 3,537 | ENGLISH | 1 |
If I asked you what colours were prominent in your wardrobe, you would probably tell me it is your favourite colour. But did you know that had you been born a few centuries ago, the colour of your clothes would have been dictated by monarchical or feudal laws? In Elizabethan and Renaissance Europe, men, women or children were required to dress according to their position in life, race, and religion so that it was easy to stick to the social group one belonged to and also, segregate.
This edict was put into place by the Sumptuary Laws which attempted to regulate luxury or extravagance in the way of food, clothing and lifestyle choices. These laws were put into place to reinforce social hierarchies and also allow the authorities to control almost every aspect of a "commoner's" life.
A logical reason for the origin of these laws is that in the olden times, dyes such as crimson and deep indigo were very expensive and thus could only be afforded by the royalty and nobility. Merchants and rich members of the bourgeoisie would attempt to imitate their clothing by dyeing their clothes a more affordable rust or orange. Another reason for the laws is that they were used to put into place moral restrictions too and forbid anyone to live or attempt to live beyond their means.
Not only did colours vary, but materials and styles did too. The so called lowest classes, such as labourers would wear coarse wool or linen. The upper class preferred wearing silk, satin, brocade or velvet. Since the Industrial Revolution had not taken place yet, dying, weaving, etc. was all hand done thereby increasing the price a lot.
During the reign of Henry the VIII, penalties were imposed on those who broke the sumptuary laws. It was believed that a society based on a class system would not work if class lines were blurred and every effort was taken to put into place rules and regulations enforcing rigidity. His daughter, Elizabeth I, took his rules ahead and further imposed clear instructions on not just the colour, but the cut and cloth to be used for every citizen of England.
For example, purple silk and sable furs were reserved strictly for the monarchs and members of the royal family. Crimson and scarlet velvet clothes were reserved for the upper class nobility such as dukes, marquises and earls. Viscounts and barons wore clothes embroidered with gold or silver to mark their station. Embroidery too was reserved for the upper classes of nobility only. Certain adornments like enamelled buttons, lynx fur, satin, silk and damask for underclothes was allowed only for wives and daughters of the nobility and certain knights according to rank.
So the next time you think your wardrobe lacks diversity or could do with more colour, spare a thought to all those living in Renaissance England. Old, apparently, isn't always gold. | <urn:uuid:b4415bd8-44cb-44f5-817d-a46b7db8fee5> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.bergerpaints.com/colour-magazine/november/2016/article/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694071.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126230255-20200127020255-00141.warc.gz | en | 0.987278 | 589 | 3.59375 | 4 | [
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0.3139184117... | 7 | If I asked you what colours were prominent in your wardrobe, you would probably tell me it is your favourite colour. But did you know that had you been born a few centuries ago, the colour of your clothes would have been dictated by monarchical or feudal laws? In Elizabethan and Renaissance Europe, men, women or children were required to dress according to their position in life, race, and religion so that it was easy to stick to the social group one belonged to and also, segregate.
This edict was put into place by the Sumptuary Laws which attempted to regulate luxury or extravagance in the way of food, clothing and lifestyle choices. These laws were put into place to reinforce social hierarchies and also allow the authorities to control almost every aspect of a "commoner's" life.
A logical reason for the origin of these laws is that in the olden times, dyes such as crimson and deep indigo were very expensive and thus could only be afforded by the royalty and nobility. Merchants and rich members of the bourgeoisie would attempt to imitate their clothing by dyeing their clothes a more affordable rust or orange. Another reason for the laws is that they were used to put into place moral restrictions too and forbid anyone to live or attempt to live beyond their means.
Not only did colours vary, but materials and styles did too. The so called lowest classes, such as labourers would wear coarse wool or linen. The upper class preferred wearing silk, satin, brocade or velvet. Since the Industrial Revolution had not taken place yet, dying, weaving, etc. was all hand done thereby increasing the price a lot.
During the reign of Henry the VIII, penalties were imposed on those who broke the sumptuary laws. It was believed that a society based on a class system would not work if class lines were blurred and every effort was taken to put into place rules and regulations enforcing rigidity. His daughter, Elizabeth I, took his rules ahead and further imposed clear instructions on not just the colour, but the cut and cloth to be used for every citizen of England.
For example, purple silk and sable furs were reserved strictly for the monarchs and members of the royal family. Crimson and scarlet velvet clothes were reserved for the upper class nobility such as dukes, marquises and earls. Viscounts and barons wore clothes embroidered with gold or silver to mark their station. Embroidery too was reserved for the upper classes of nobility only. Certain adornments like enamelled buttons, lynx fur, satin, silk and damask for underclothes was allowed only for wives and daughters of the nobility and certain knights according to rank.
So the next time you think your wardrobe lacks diversity or could do with more colour, spare a thought to all those living in Renaissance England. Old, apparently, isn't always gold. | 583 | ENGLISH | 1 |
How did Australia's geography impact social, political, and economic patterns?
Australia is very large and very remote from most of the rest of the world.
Both of those things may seem kind of obvious, but they had profound implications for how Australia developed.
For thousands of years, Aborigine populations were basically isolated from the rest of the world. We're not sure exactly how they got there in the first place, but what we do know is that they had very little contact with anyone else once they did. As a result their language and culture is very distinctive.
Fast forward to the early 17th century, when Dutch explorers found this huge island continent nobody had any records of. But no European settlements were established there for over a century; it was simply too far away.
Then in the late 18th century, Great Britain decided that this huge island continent would be a great place to leave the criminals they didn't know what else to do with. The fact that Australia was huge meant that they could easily fit as many people as necessary. The fact that it was...
(The entire section contains 588 words.)
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0.390734672546386... | 1 | How did Australia's geography impact social, political, and economic patterns?
Australia is very large and very remote from most of the rest of the world.
Both of those things may seem kind of obvious, but they had profound implications for how Australia developed.
For thousands of years, Aborigine populations were basically isolated from the rest of the world. We're not sure exactly how they got there in the first place, but what we do know is that they had very little contact with anyone else once they did. As a result their language and culture is very distinctive.
Fast forward to the early 17th century, when Dutch explorers found this huge island continent nobody had any records of. But no European settlements were established there for over a century; it was simply too far away.
Then in the late 18th century, Great Britain decided that this huge island continent would be a great place to leave the criminals they didn't know what else to do with. The fact that Australia was huge meant that they could easily fit as many people as necessary. The fact that it was...
(The entire section contains 588 words.)
check Approved by eNotes Editorial | 235 | ENGLISH | 1 |
On 5 December , Nelson Mandela, the first President of South Africa to be elected in a fully . It's just that (on that day) he did not sign what was expected of him. The South African news broadcaster eNCA alleges that between and . Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader, . Although he did not see his mother again for many years, Mandela felt that . In late , Jongintaba visited Johannesburg—there forgiving Mandela for running away—before returning to Thembuland, where he died in the. Some people say they remember Nelson Mandela dying in prison in the “And then what we did was we were able to artificially turn that.
what did nelson mandela do
On December 5, , Nelson Mandela, the former activist who overcame a But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.. Nelson Mandela died in prison, long before his loss on December 5th, There must be something more logical at work like he did die, and the that notes that Nelson Mandela died today, December 5, (CNN) -- Nelson Mandela's willingness to forgive and forget helped lack of bitterness and the way he did not only talk about reconciliation, but he made.
Nelson Mandela became South Africa's first black president in , following a When Did Nelson Mandela Die? Nelson Mandela died on December 5, , at the age of 95 in his home in Johannesburg, South Africa. How did Nelson Mandela change the world? (born July 18, , Mvezo, South Africa—died December 5, , Johannesburg), black nationalist and the first. When did Nelson Mandela's parents die? His father died in when Mr Mandela was 12 and his mother died in when he was in prison. While the.
Nelson Mandela, South Africa's first black president who led the peaceful As he did in life, his passing has brought unity amongst South. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, the father of the nation, died on December 5 at the age of President Jacob Zuma made the. In pictures- The world reacts to the death of Nelson Mandela, the global statesman who delivered South Africa from the dark days of apartheid, he was aged
Nelson Mandela, the revered statesman who emerged from prison after 27 years to lead South Africa out of decades of apartheid, has died. reconciled South Africa after the end of apartheid, died on December 5, In , Mandela did not seek a second term as president, keeping his promise to. Nelson Mandela, the towering figure of Africa's struggle for freedom and a hero to millions around the world, has died at the age of When did Nelson Mandela die? From , he lived a quiet life with his wife Graca. Following a lung infection, Nelson Mandela sadly died in December , . Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born on 18 July in the small village of The History Place, 'Nelson Mandela: I am prepared to die', [online], available at. All you need to know about Winnie Mandela after her death at the age of 81 – Nelson Mandela's former wife became a figurehead of the anti-apartheid. Today the flags in South Africa fly at half-mast as we mourn the passing of the father of our nation. Nelson Mandela passed away last night at the age of 95, one . Learn about Nelson Mandela, Human Rights champion and Nobel Peace Prize recipient, who But if need be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.”. He died at the age of 95 after battling a recurring lung infection. FILE: Former South African President Nelson Mandela pays tribute to his. When did Nelson Mandela die, why was he called Madiba, why was he Nelson Mandela died at his home in Johannesburg on December 5, , aged On the centennial of Nelson Mandela's birth, he is remembered as a symbol of peace—but he a bombing at a bar in Durban that left three dead and more than 60 wounded, and a car But why did the change take so long?.
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- How to get red cheeks without makeup | <urn:uuid:71056fcd-6fdd-4f6c-aa3a-c68118845867> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://noce77.com/casual/when-did-nelson-mandela-die.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608295.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123041345-20200123070345-00083.warc.gz | en | 0.98201 | 934 | 3.34375 | 3 | [
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0.... | 1 | On 5 December , Nelson Mandela, the first President of South Africa to be elected in a fully . It's just that (on that day) he did not sign what was expected of him. The South African news broadcaster eNCA alleges that between and . Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader, . Although he did not see his mother again for many years, Mandela felt that . In late , Jongintaba visited Johannesburg—there forgiving Mandela for running away—before returning to Thembuland, where he died in the. Some people say they remember Nelson Mandela dying in prison in the “And then what we did was we were able to artificially turn that.
what did nelson mandela do
On December 5, , Nelson Mandela, the former activist who overcame a But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.. Nelson Mandela died in prison, long before his loss on December 5th, There must be something more logical at work like he did die, and the that notes that Nelson Mandela died today, December 5, (CNN) -- Nelson Mandela's willingness to forgive and forget helped lack of bitterness and the way he did not only talk about reconciliation, but he made.
Nelson Mandela became South Africa's first black president in , following a When Did Nelson Mandela Die? Nelson Mandela died on December 5, , at the age of 95 in his home in Johannesburg, South Africa. How did Nelson Mandela change the world? (born July 18, , Mvezo, South Africa—died December 5, , Johannesburg), black nationalist and the first. When did Nelson Mandela's parents die? His father died in when Mr Mandela was 12 and his mother died in when he was in prison. While the.
Nelson Mandela, South Africa's first black president who led the peaceful As he did in life, his passing has brought unity amongst South. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, the father of the nation, died on December 5 at the age of President Jacob Zuma made the. In pictures- The world reacts to the death of Nelson Mandela, the global statesman who delivered South Africa from the dark days of apartheid, he was aged
Nelson Mandela, the revered statesman who emerged from prison after 27 years to lead South Africa out of decades of apartheid, has died. reconciled South Africa after the end of apartheid, died on December 5, In , Mandela did not seek a second term as president, keeping his promise to. Nelson Mandela, the towering figure of Africa's struggle for freedom and a hero to millions around the world, has died at the age of When did Nelson Mandela die? From , he lived a quiet life with his wife Graca. Following a lung infection, Nelson Mandela sadly died in December , . Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born on 18 July in the small village of The History Place, 'Nelson Mandela: I am prepared to die', [online], available at. All you need to know about Winnie Mandela after her death at the age of 81 – Nelson Mandela's former wife became a figurehead of the anti-apartheid. Today the flags in South Africa fly at half-mast as we mourn the passing of the father of our nation. Nelson Mandela passed away last night at the age of 95, one . Learn about Nelson Mandela, Human Rights champion and Nobel Peace Prize recipient, who But if need be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.”. He died at the age of 95 after battling a recurring lung infection. FILE: Former South African President Nelson Mandela pays tribute to his. When did Nelson Mandela die, why was he called Madiba, why was he Nelson Mandela died at his home in Johannesburg on December 5, , aged On the centennial of Nelson Mandela's birth, he is remembered as a symbol of peace—but he a bombing at a bar in Durban that left three dead and more than 60 wounded, and a car But why did the change take so long?.
- What is the meaning of arianne
- How to buy skype credit for someone else
- How to cook the best steak of your life
- How to copy black ops 2 emblems xbox 360
- What kind of whale is free willy
- What is the best body wash for itchy skin
- How to use philips jet clean solution hq200
- What causes thick yellow toenails
- How to get red cheeks without makeup | 948 | ENGLISH | 1 |
A computer in its simplest definition is a device for computation or a Digital signature. There are many discrepancies in answering the question of which was the first computer invented. If a historian is asked they might tell you that the first device for computation was developed in Asia about 5000 years ago, which aided is and is known as the Abacus. However, the first modern computer, as we know it, was invented during World Ward II.
The very first programmable computer (the Z1) was built by Konrad Zuse in 1938 after resigning from his job as an engineer for and aircraft factory in Germany. The Z1 had all the basics of our modern-day machines, such as the use of the binary system and separation of storage and control. The Z1 had memory for 64 words, which meant that each word contained 22 bits and a clock speed of 1 Hz. In order for a user to program the Z1, it was required that the user insert punch tape, a long strip of paper with holes that were used to store data, into a punch tape reader. Though this test model never functioned for any practical use due to imperfections it was the beginning of the development of a series of Z machines that soon led to the Digital signature online of the Z3, which was the first computer that was both freely programmable and fully automatic.
Like the Z1 the Z3 read programs off a punched film. The Z3 was built with over 2,000 relays (electrically operated switches), had a clock speed of about 5 to 10 Hz, and also had a word length of 22 bits. The computer used binary numbers as well as floating-point arithmetic and could convert decimal to binary and back again. The Z3 was completed and successfully presented to the scientist in 1941 in Berlin. Unfortunately, the original Z3 was destroyed by an Allied attack in 1945 (In the 1960s a replica was built by Zuse’s company and is on display permanently at the Deutsches Museum).
Another first in computers was the ENIAC (Electronic Numerator, Integrator, Analyzer, and Computer), invented by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly between 1943-1946. The ENIAC was the first digital computer. This computer was massive in size, it was about 1,800 square feet and used about 18,000 vacuum tubes, and weighed between 30-50 tons. The ENIAC capable of adding 5,000 ten-digit decimal numbers per second, contained 7,200 crystal diodes, 1,500 relays, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors, and around 5 million hand-soldered joints. | <urn:uuid:aba25cd4-5aa6-4234-9288-6871d7cc97da> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://devices-led.com/first-computer-invented.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599718.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120165335-20200120194335-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.984235 | 552 | 3.796875 | 4 | [
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-0.20118704438209... | 13 | A computer in its simplest definition is a device for computation or a Digital signature. There are many discrepancies in answering the question of which was the first computer invented. If a historian is asked they might tell you that the first device for computation was developed in Asia about 5000 years ago, which aided is and is known as the Abacus. However, the first modern computer, as we know it, was invented during World Ward II.
The very first programmable computer (the Z1) was built by Konrad Zuse in 1938 after resigning from his job as an engineer for and aircraft factory in Germany. The Z1 had all the basics of our modern-day machines, such as the use of the binary system and separation of storage and control. The Z1 had memory for 64 words, which meant that each word contained 22 bits and a clock speed of 1 Hz. In order for a user to program the Z1, it was required that the user insert punch tape, a long strip of paper with holes that were used to store data, into a punch tape reader. Though this test model never functioned for any practical use due to imperfections it was the beginning of the development of a series of Z machines that soon led to the Digital signature online of the Z3, which was the first computer that was both freely programmable and fully automatic.
Like the Z1 the Z3 read programs off a punched film. The Z3 was built with over 2,000 relays (electrically operated switches), had a clock speed of about 5 to 10 Hz, and also had a word length of 22 bits. The computer used binary numbers as well as floating-point arithmetic and could convert decimal to binary and back again. The Z3 was completed and successfully presented to the scientist in 1941 in Berlin. Unfortunately, the original Z3 was destroyed by an Allied attack in 1945 (In the 1960s a replica was built by Zuse’s company and is on display permanently at the Deutsches Museum).
Another first in computers was the ENIAC (Electronic Numerator, Integrator, Analyzer, and Computer), invented by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly between 1943-1946. The ENIAC was the first digital computer. This computer was massive in size, it was about 1,800 square feet and used about 18,000 vacuum tubes, and weighed between 30-50 tons. The ENIAC capable of adding 5,000 ten-digit decimal numbers per second, contained 7,200 crystal diodes, 1,500 relays, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors, and around 5 million hand-soldered joints. | 605 | ENGLISH | 1 |
“One, two, three, four, five,” the child said as she moved her game piece along the squares of a game board. “Your turn!” she exclaimed to a friend. The other child excitedly rolled the dice and they proceeded to play the traditional children’s counting game, Snakes and Ladders. The game has been a very popular math work this week. The children are not only enhancing their counting skills with this activity, they are also practicing patience and taking turns.
Snakes and Ladders is one of several games we currently have in the preschool classroom. Other games include Sneaky, Snacky Squirrel (another game which involves numbers, as well as color matching), Fall Bingo and Animal Memory. We find that games are a great way for young children to develop many social skills, as well as helping them to boost their language skills, lengthen their attention span, practice following instructions, and how to act like a good sport. | <urn:uuid:ed3b14ea-4841-41e0-8aa0-e0de8bba9dce> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.pinegrovecenter.com/single-post/2019/12/05/Preschool-Snakes-and-Ladders | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595282.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119205448-20200119233448-00167.warc.gz | en | 0.98514 | 201 | 3.75 | 4 | [
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0.15572826564311... | 3 | “One, two, three, four, five,” the child said as she moved her game piece along the squares of a game board. “Your turn!” she exclaimed to a friend. The other child excitedly rolled the dice and they proceeded to play the traditional children’s counting game, Snakes and Ladders. The game has been a very popular math work this week. The children are not only enhancing their counting skills with this activity, they are also practicing patience and taking turns.
Snakes and Ladders is one of several games we currently have in the preschool classroom. Other games include Sneaky, Snacky Squirrel (another game which involves numbers, as well as color matching), Fall Bingo and Animal Memory. We find that games are a great way for young children to develop many social skills, as well as helping them to boost their language skills, lengthen their attention span, practice following instructions, and how to act like a good sport. | 191 | ENGLISH | 1 |
October 21, 2019History of Medicine
George Huntington (April 9, 1850 - March 3, 1916) was an American physician who contributed a classic clinical description of the disease that bears his name - Huntington's disease. Huntington described this condition in the first of only two scientific papers he ever wrote. He wrote this paper when he was 22, a year after receiving his medical degree from Columbia University in New York. He first read the paper before the Meigs and Mason Academy of Medicine in Middleport, Ohio on February 15, 1872 and then published it in the Medical and Surgical Reporter of Philadelphia on April 13, 1872. In a 1908 review, the eminent physician William Osler said of this paper: In the history of medicine, there are few instances in which a disease has been more accurately, more graphically or more briefly described.
Huntington's father and grandfather, George Lee Huntington (1811-1881) and Abel Huntington (1778-1858), were also physicians in the same family practice. Their longitudinal observations combined with his own were invaluable in precisely describing this hereditary disease in multiple generations of a family in East Hampton on Long Island.
In 1874 George Huntington returned to Dutchess County, New York to practice medicine. He joined a number of medical associations and started working for the Matteawan General Hospital. In 1908 the scientific journal Neurograph dedicated him a special edition.
Probably the most famous person to suffer from Huntington's was Woody Guthrie, the prolific folk singer who died in 1967 at age 55. Woodrow Wilson Guthrie, better known as Woody Guthrie, he was born in Okemah, Oklahoma, on July 14, 1912. The folk singer, activist and songwriter recorded album after album of beloved and socially important songs, including This Land is Your Land. Guthrie was brought up by middle-class parents in Okemah, Oklahoma, until he was 14, when his mother Mary was hospitalized as a consequence of Huntington's disease, a fatal hereditary neurological disorder. His father moved to Pampa, Texas, to repay debts from unsuccessful real estate deals. During his early teens, Guthrie learned folk and blues songs from his parents' friends. He married at 19, but with the advent of the dust storms that marked the Dust Bowl period, he left his wife and three children to join the thousands of Okies who were migrating to California looking for employment. He worked at Los Angeles radio station KFVD, achieving some fame from playing hillbilly music; made friends with Will Geer and John Steinbeck. Guthrie also wrote a wonderful series of songs he called The Dust Bowl Ballads, which included Do Re Mi, (a song about experiences of the Dust Bowl migrants, often known as Okies, with the famous refrain, Oh if you ain't got the do re mi, folks, you ain't got the do re mi?), Tom Joad (inspired by the main character in Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath), and Pretty Boy Floyd, (a song celebrating the famous gangster and some of his criminal exploits in Oklahoma).
Steinbeck and Guthrie knew each other well; Guthrie named one of his sons Joady, after the novelist's protagonist. In 1943, Guthrie even penned a partially fictionalized, semi-autobiography called Bound for Glory, which many have compared in power to Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath. (It was later made into a film in 1976 starring Keith Carradine.)
By almost everyone's measure, including his own, Guthrie suffered from active alcoholism for most of his adult life. But he was dealt an extra blow - inheriting Huntington's disease (HD), from his mother, Nora Belle Guthrie. HD is primarily an autosomal dominant genetic disorder, meaning a child has a 50-percent chance of inheriting the dominant trait and, hence, the disease from the affected parent. In rare cases, HD may be due to a new mutation. Most Huntington's patients do not develop obvious symptoms until between the ages of 30 and 50. HD sets in motion the production of an abnormal protein that destroys brain cells, leading to serious mood disorders, followed by uncoordinated and involuntary body movements (known as chorea), balance problems, psychotic breaks, dementia and death, roughly 15 to 20 years after the diagnosis is first made.
This terrible malady was first described in a paper entitled On Chorea, which appeared in the April 13, 1872, issue of the Philadelphia Medical and Surgical Reporter. It was written by George Huntington, the American physician who was practicing in Ohio at the time he presented his paper to the Meigs and Mason Academy of Medicine located in Middleport, Ohio. A brief quote from his remarkable essay is merited:
The hereditary chorea, as I shall call it, is confined to certain and fortunately a few families, and has been transmitted to them, an heirloom from generations away back in the dim past. It is spoken of by those in whose veins the seeds of the disease are known to exist, with a kind of horror, and not at all alluded to except through dire necessity, when it is mentioned as that disorder. It is attended generally by all the symptoms of common chorea, only in an aggravated degree, hardly ever manifesting itself until adult or middle life, and then coming on gradually but surely, increasing by degrees, and often occupying years in its development, until the hapless sufferer is but a quivering wreck of his former self. There are three marked peculiarities in this disease: 1) Its hereditary nature. 2) A tendency to insanity and suicide. 3) Its manifesting itself as a grave disease only in adult life.
In 1908, the great Johns Hopkins physician William Osler applauded Huntington's paper with a glowing review: In the history of medicine, there are few instances in which a disease has been more accurately, more graphically or more briefly described.
Chronic alcoholism, itself, can cause a host of neurologic and cognition problems and can add much fuel to the fire that is HD. As a result, when Guthrie was beginning to show classic symptoms of HD in the late 1940s, he and his doctors blamed his health issues on booze. Adding to the confusion was that fact that back in the mid-20th century HD was a rare and difficult-to-diagnose disease. Chorea keeps me just as dizzy [as whiskey] and [was] a good bit cheaper.
In 1952, Woody was committed to the Brooklyn State Hospital and his doctors told his wife Marjorie to divorce him and take custody of his children because of Woody's raging paranoia and occasional violent acts against family members. Despite the divorce, she remained close to Woody for the rest of his life and supervised all of his complex health needs. When he was discharged in September of 1952, Woody wrote his friend Pete Seeger that he was suffering from the mental disease my mother had, Huntington's Chorea and that the chorea keeps me just as dizzy as whiskey and was a good bit cheaper. I feel a thousand million times better now that I'm an old dry drunk AA Alcoholic's Anonymous man. By 1965, Guthrie was unable to talk and could only communicate to Marjorie by flailing his arm at flash cards she made saying No and Yes. All too soon, he could not even do that, but appeared to blink his eyes purposefully when Marjorie entered the room.
Woody died at age 55 on Oct. 3, 1967 at the Creedmoor State Hospital in Queens, New York. That same year, Marjorie founded the Committee to Combat Huntington Disease (CCHD), which offered care and information to afflicted families and raised funds for discovering research and medical treatments. For years, she lobbied state legislatures and the U.S. Congress to allocate more money for research on this terrible disease. Only a few months after Marjorie's death, in 1983, scientists discovered the gene that causes HD, known as HTT, on the short arm of chromosome 4. HD caused by the abnormal and multiple (36 or more) repeats of an unstable Cytosine-Adenosine-Guanine sequence in the HTT gene coding for a cytoplasmic protein known as huntingtin. Thanks to his remarkable body of work, the splendid songs and searching prose, Woody Guthrie's legacy remains vibrant and continues to grow. His musical influence inspired numerous songsmiths of our era, including his son, Arlo Guthrie, Bruce Springsteen and, perhaps most famously, Nobel laureate Bob Dylan. Long after he sang his anthems for the everyman, Woody's legacy is also alive in the organization founded in his honor, now called Huntington's Disease Society of America, that continues its important work in this land, and by similar groups around the world
Sources: Wikipedia; PBS.org | <urn:uuid:f6854c79-5244-404a-ac1e-1469b286338e> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.targethealth.com/post/george-huntingdon-md-1850-1916 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598217.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120081337-20200120105337-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.981227 | 1,821 | 3.328125 | 3 | [
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0.486241340637207... | 3 | October 21, 2019History of Medicine
George Huntington (April 9, 1850 - March 3, 1916) was an American physician who contributed a classic clinical description of the disease that bears his name - Huntington's disease. Huntington described this condition in the first of only two scientific papers he ever wrote. He wrote this paper when he was 22, a year after receiving his medical degree from Columbia University in New York. He first read the paper before the Meigs and Mason Academy of Medicine in Middleport, Ohio on February 15, 1872 and then published it in the Medical and Surgical Reporter of Philadelphia on April 13, 1872. In a 1908 review, the eminent physician William Osler said of this paper: In the history of medicine, there are few instances in which a disease has been more accurately, more graphically or more briefly described.
Huntington's father and grandfather, George Lee Huntington (1811-1881) and Abel Huntington (1778-1858), were also physicians in the same family practice. Their longitudinal observations combined with his own were invaluable in precisely describing this hereditary disease in multiple generations of a family in East Hampton on Long Island.
In 1874 George Huntington returned to Dutchess County, New York to practice medicine. He joined a number of medical associations and started working for the Matteawan General Hospital. In 1908 the scientific journal Neurograph dedicated him a special edition.
Probably the most famous person to suffer from Huntington's was Woody Guthrie, the prolific folk singer who died in 1967 at age 55. Woodrow Wilson Guthrie, better known as Woody Guthrie, he was born in Okemah, Oklahoma, on July 14, 1912. The folk singer, activist and songwriter recorded album after album of beloved and socially important songs, including This Land is Your Land. Guthrie was brought up by middle-class parents in Okemah, Oklahoma, until he was 14, when his mother Mary was hospitalized as a consequence of Huntington's disease, a fatal hereditary neurological disorder. His father moved to Pampa, Texas, to repay debts from unsuccessful real estate deals. During his early teens, Guthrie learned folk and blues songs from his parents' friends. He married at 19, but with the advent of the dust storms that marked the Dust Bowl period, he left his wife and three children to join the thousands of Okies who were migrating to California looking for employment. He worked at Los Angeles radio station KFVD, achieving some fame from playing hillbilly music; made friends with Will Geer and John Steinbeck. Guthrie also wrote a wonderful series of songs he called The Dust Bowl Ballads, which included Do Re Mi, (a song about experiences of the Dust Bowl migrants, often known as Okies, with the famous refrain, Oh if you ain't got the do re mi, folks, you ain't got the do re mi?), Tom Joad (inspired by the main character in Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath), and Pretty Boy Floyd, (a song celebrating the famous gangster and some of his criminal exploits in Oklahoma).
Steinbeck and Guthrie knew each other well; Guthrie named one of his sons Joady, after the novelist's protagonist. In 1943, Guthrie even penned a partially fictionalized, semi-autobiography called Bound for Glory, which many have compared in power to Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath. (It was later made into a film in 1976 starring Keith Carradine.)
By almost everyone's measure, including his own, Guthrie suffered from active alcoholism for most of his adult life. But he was dealt an extra blow - inheriting Huntington's disease (HD), from his mother, Nora Belle Guthrie. HD is primarily an autosomal dominant genetic disorder, meaning a child has a 50-percent chance of inheriting the dominant trait and, hence, the disease from the affected parent. In rare cases, HD may be due to a new mutation. Most Huntington's patients do not develop obvious symptoms until between the ages of 30 and 50. HD sets in motion the production of an abnormal protein that destroys brain cells, leading to serious mood disorders, followed by uncoordinated and involuntary body movements (known as chorea), balance problems, psychotic breaks, dementia and death, roughly 15 to 20 years after the diagnosis is first made.
This terrible malady was first described in a paper entitled On Chorea, which appeared in the April 13, 1872, issue of the Philadelphia Medical and Surgical Reporter. It was written by George Huntington, the American physician who was practicing in Ohio at the time he presented his paper to the Meigs and Mason Academy of Medicine located in Middleport, Ohio. A brief quote from his remarkable essay is merited:
The hereditary chorea, as I shall call it, is confined to certain and fortunately a few families, and has been transmitted to them, an heirloom from generations away back in the dim past. It is spoken of by those in whose veins the seeds of the disease are known to exist, with a kind of horror, and not at all alluded to except through dire necessity, when it is mentioned as that disorder. It is attended generally by all the symptoms of common chorea, only in an aggravated degree, hardly ever manifesting itself until adult or middle life, and then coming on gradually but surely, increasing by degrees, and often occupying years in its development, until the hapless sufferer is but a quivering wreck of his former self. There are three marked peculiarities in this disease: 1) Its hereditary nature. 2) A tendency to insanity and suicide. 3) Its manifesting itself as a grave disease only in adult life.
In 1908, the great Johns Hopkins physician William Osler applauded Huntington's paper with a glowing review: In the history of medicine, there are few instances in which a disease has been more accurately, more graphically or more briefly described.
Chronic alcoholism, itself, can cause a host of neurologic and cognition problems and can add much fuel to the fire that is HD. As a result, when Guthrie was beginning to show classic symptoms of HD in the late 1940s, he and his doctors blamed his health issues on booze. Adding to the confusion was that fact that back in the mid-20th century HD was a rare and difficult-to-diagnose disease. Chorea keeps me just as dizzy [as whiskey] and [was] a good bit cheaper.
In 1952, Woody was committed to the Brooklyn State Hospital and his doctors told his wife Marjorie to divorce him and take custody of his children because of Woody's raging paranoia and occasional violent acts against family members. Despite the divorce, she remained close to Woody for the rest of his life and supervised all of his complex health needs. When he was discharged in September of 1952, Woody wrote his friend Pete Seeger that he was suffering from the mental disease my mother had, Huntington's Chorea and that the chorea keeps me just as dizzy as whiskey and was a good bit cheaper. I feel a thousand million times better now that I'm an old dry drunk AA Alcoholic's Anonymous man. By 1965, Guthrie was unable to talk and could only communicate to Marjorie by flailing his arm at flash cards she made saying No and Yes. All too soon, he could not even do that, but appeared to blink his eyes purposefully when Marjorie entered the room.
Woody died at age 55 on Oct. 3, 1967 at the Creedmoor State Hospital in Queens, New York. That same year, Marjorie founded the Committee to Combat Huntington Disease (CCHD), which offered care and information to afflicted families and raised funds for discovering research and medical treatments. For years, she lobbied state legislatures and the U.S. Congress to allocate more money for research on this terrible disease. Only a few months after Marjorie's death, in 1983, scientists discovered the gene that causes HD, known as HTT, on the short arm of chromosome 4. HD caused by the abnormal and multiple (36 or more) repeats of an unstable Cytosine-Adenosine-Guanine sequence in the HTT gene coding for a cytoplasmic protein known as huntingtin. Thanks to his remarkable body of work, the splendid songs and searching prose, Woody Guthrie's legacy remains vibrant and continues to grow. His musical influence inspired numerous songsmiths of our era, including his son, Arlo Guthrie, Bruce Springsteen and, perhaps most famously, Nobel laureate Bob Dylan. Long after he sang his anthems for the everyman, Woody's legacy is also alive in the organization founded in his honor, now called Huntington's Disease Society of America, that continues its important work in this land, and by similar groups around the world
Sources: Wikipedia; PBS.org | 1,925 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Researchers have discovered for the first time that Neanderthals made tools from seashells, not just from those lying on the shore, but may have also gone diving to collect them from the seabed. According to a study, published in the journal PLOS on Thursday, Neanderthals, often thought to be the inferior cousins to modern humans, may have retrieved seashells to make tools from waters as deep as 13 feet.
Researchers, including those from the University of Colorado at Boulder in the US, assessed more than 170 shell tools found in an Italian cave. Based on patterned abrasions found on the surface of these shells, the scientists could distinguish between those which were picked up by the Neanderthals from the seashore, and those that were collected from under water.
Taking a closer look at the tools, they found that nearly three-quarters of the shells had opaque and slightly abraded exteriors, as if they had been sanded down over time, indicating that these had washed up on a sandy beach.
The rest of the shells, the study noted, had a shiny and smooth exterior. According to the scientists the shiny shells, which were also a little bit bigger, may have been plucked directly from the seafloor as live animals.
"It's quite possible that the Neanderthals were collecting shells as far down as two to four metres. Of course, they did not have scuba equipment," said study co-author Paola Villa of the University of Colorado at Boulder.
"The fact they were exploiting marine resources was something that was known. But until recently, no one really paid much attention to it," Villa said. The cave site, Grotta dei Moscerini, located on the western coast of Italy, was discovered in the late 1930s, the study noted.
In 1949, archaeologists unearthed dozens of seashells in this place, and subsequent research revealed that the cave's Neanderthal inhabitants had sharpened or modified many of the shells into thin cutting tools, with some dating back to more than 90,000 years ago.
"At Moscerini 23.9 per cent of the specimens were gathered directly from the sea floor as live animals by skin diving Neanderthals," the scientists wrote in the study. According to Villa, the human cousins may have had a much closer connection to the sea than many scientists thought.
She said the Neanderthals used stone hammers to chip away at the shells, belonging to a local species of mollusk called the smooth clam, forming edges that would have stayed thin and sharp for a long time.
"No matter how many times you retouch a clam shell, its cutting edge will remain very thin and sharp," Villa explained. The findings of the current study strengthens the hypothesis that some Neanderthal's may have known to swim.
An earlier study had identified bony growths on the ears of a few Neanderthal skeletons, the researchers said. These features, called "swimmer's ear," are seen even in modern-day humans who practice aquatic sports, the study noted.
Put together, the findings of the two studies add to the evidence that Neanderthals may have been as flexible and creative as their human relatives -- a contrast to their representation in popular culture as crude cave-dwelling people who lived by hunting or scavenging mammoths, the researchers said. | <urn:uuid:0503918b-f338-41ef-a045-166fa64f45ba> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.indiatvnews.com/science/neanderthals-may-have-gone-diving-find-shells-sea-floor-580048 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251678287.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125161753-20200125190753-00227.warc.gz | en | 0.985641 | 691 | 4.1875 | 4 | [
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0.4118870794773102... | 2 | Researchers have discovered for the first time that Neanderthals made tools from seashells, not just from those lying on the shore, but may have also gone diving to collect them from the seabed. According to a study, published in the journal PLOS on Thursday, Neanderthals, often thought to be the inferior cousins to modern humans, may have retrieved seashells to make tools from waters as deep as 13 feet.
Researchers, including those from the University of Colorado at Boulder in the US, assessed more than 170 shell tools found in an Italian cave. Based on patterned abrasions found on the surface of these shells, the scientists could distinguish between those which were picked up by the Neanderthals from the seashore, and those that were collected from under water.
Taking a closer look at the tools, they found that nearly three-quarters of the shells had opaque and slightly abraded exteriors, as if they had been sanded down over time, indicating that these had washed up on a sandy beach.
The rest of the shells, the study noted, had a shiny and smooth exterior. According to the scientists the shiny shells, which were also a little bit bigger, may have been plucked directly from the seafloor as live animals.
"It's quite possible that the Neanderthals were collecting shells as far down as two to four metres. Of course, they did not have scuba equipment," said study co-author Paola Villa of the University of Colorado at Boulder.
"The fact they were exploiting marine resources was something that was known. But until recently, no one really paid much attention to it," Villa said. The cave site, Grotta dei Moscerini, located on the western coast of Italy, was discovered in the late 1930s, the study noted.
In 1949, archaeologists unearthed dozens of seashells in this place, and subsequent research revealed that the cave's Neanderthal inhabitants had sharpened or modified many of the shells into thin cutting tools, with some dating back to more than 90,000 years ago.
"At Moscerini 23.9 per cent of the specimens were gathered directly from the sea floor as live animals by skin diving Neanderthals," the scientists wrote in the study. According to Villa, the human cousins may have had a much closer connection to the sea than many scientists thought.
She said the Neanderthals used stone hammers to chip away at the shells, belonging to a local species of mollusk called the smooth clam, forming edges that would have stayed thin and sharp for a long time.
"No matter how many times you retouch a clam shell, its cutting edge will remain very thin and sharp," Villa explained. The findings of the current study strengthens the hypothesis that some Neanderthal's may have known to swim.
An earlier study had identified bony growths on the ears of a few Neanderthal skeletons, the researchers said. These features, called "swimmer's ear," are seen even in modern-day humans who practice aquatic sports, the study noted.
Put together, the findings of the two studies add to the evidence that Neanderthals may have been as flexible and creative as their human relatives -- a contrast to their representation in popular culture as crude cave-dwelling people who lived by hunting or scavenging mammoths, the researchers said. | 702 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Daniel Boone (November 2, 1734 – September 26, 1820) was an American pioneer, explorer, woodsman, and frontiersman whose frontier exploits made him one of the first folk heroes of the United States. Although he also became a businessman, soldier and politician who represented three different counties in the Virginia General Assembly following the American Revolutionary War, Boone is most famous for his exploration and settlement of what is now Kentucky. Although on the western side of the Appalachian Mountains from most European-American settlements, Kentucky remained part of Virginia until it became a state in 1791.
In putting together the various pieces of this blog, I was surprised to find that Daniel Boone was a slave owner. I understand history and that it was (for lack of a better word) commonplace “in those days” but I find it startling to read just the same.
This is the second blog in a series I am working on after spending New Year’s Day walking along Pt Pleasant West Virginia Riverfront Park and the area surrounding Tu Endie Wei (WV) State Park.
The mural and statue above are located along the Riverfront Park. I was able to walk the entire area (while taking a copious amount of photos) in under two hours. The pathways are graveled or paved and, in all, I walked aprox two miles to cover the whole area. I highly recommend this as a stop if you are in the area or if you like historical points of reference. The Battle of Pt Pleasant (though contested by some) was the first battle in the American Revolution.
I hope to have a few more posts regarding the artwork, area and historical references. Thank you for taking the time to read.
According to Clendeninleader.com (https://clendeninleader.com/pioneer-daniel-boones-connection-to-clendenin/):
After the Revolution, Boone resettled in Limestone (renamed Maysville, Kentucky in 1786), then a booming Ohio River port. In 1787, he was elected to the Virginia state assembly as a representative from Bourbon County. In Maysville, he kept a tavern and worked as a surveyor, horse trader, and land speculator. He was initially prosperous, owning seven slaves by 1787, a relatively large number for Kentucky at the time. Boone became a celebrity while living in Maysville. In 1784, on his 50th birthday, historian John Filson published The Discovery, Settlement And present State of Kentucke, a book which included a chronicle of Boone’s adventures.
Frustrated with the legal hassles that went with land speculation, in 1788, Boone moved upriver to Point Pleasant, Virginia (now West Virginia). There he operated a trading post and occasionally worked as a surveyor’s assistant. When Virginia created Kanawha County in 1789, Boone was appointed lieutenant colonel of the county militia. In 1791, he was elected to the Virginia legislature for the third time. He contracted to provide supplies for the Kanawha militia, but his debts prevented him from buying goods on credit, so he closed his store and returned to hunting and trapping.
The new county of Kanawha was entitled to two representatives in the Legislature. At the first election, in 1790, George Clendenin (Clendenin, WV namesake) and Andrew Donnally were elected; in 1791, George Clendenin and Daniel Boone were elected.
WV Archives and History
August 24, 1924
Daniel Boone In The Kanawha Valley
By Joe W. Savage
From the eleventh edition of the encyclopaedia Britannica is found the following extract on the life of Daniel Boone. “Having lost all his land through his carelessness in regard to titles, he removed in 1788 to Point Pleasant, Virginia, now West Virginia, whence about 1799 he removed to a place in what is now Missouri, about 45 miles west of St. Louis in territory then owned by Spain.” The fact that this early pioneer was for 12 years a resident of the Kanawha valley seems to have been entirely overlooked.
State Life Little Known
Daniel Boone’s Kentucky experiences that won for him the renown that exists to the present day were from 1769 to about 1785. Little has been written about the 30 years of his life after 1785, except that he settled in western Virginia in 1788 and in 1799 removed to Missouri. From an early deed recorded in the court house of Fayette county, Ky., dated April 28, 1786, it is found that the paper was signed by Boone and his wife at Point Pleasant, where they were residing. From Point Pleasant, Boone and his family moved up the Kanawha river in 1789 and settled on the south side of the river almost opposite the mouth of Campbell’s creek, where they lived until 1799.
Son Takes House
The house that was located about four miles above this city was of rough hewn logs and was built in two parts of one room each. There was a passage between the rooms and a long porch in front. After Boone left for Missouri, his son, Jesse Boone, lived in it until 1816. ___time, while living in this vicinity, up the Kanawha valley was about 1787 on a hunting and trapping expedition. He travelled alone with rifle and pack and finally stopped at the home of John Paddy Huddleston on the opposite side of Kanawh river from the mouth of Loop creek. Huddleston lived with his family in a two-story log house that was kept as a sort of roadside tavern. Boone presented himself at dusk one evening, spent the night there, and when the Huddlestons arose the next morning they found him missing. Later he returned and asked for a beaver trap and, in company with Mr. Huddleston, set out for the lower shoals of Kanawha Falls. In a few days the two men exterminated a whole colony of beaver there. The incident was related by Mr. Jared Huddleston, a son of the innkeeper, and was published by Dr. John P. Hale in 1886.
Daniel Boone spent most of his time, while living in this vicinity, at surveying. His party was composed of George Arnold, Edmund Price, Thomas Upton and Andrew Hatfield. In 1795 they ran two surveys of one hundred thousand acres each from the site of Madison, the county seat of Boone county, to the Kentucky line. In 1791 he made the report of the survey accompanying this story, the original of which is still preserved in the department of archives and history in the capitol annex. Boone’s last survey, before leaving the Kanawha valley, was made on September 8, 1798 with Daniel Boone, Jr., as marker and Mathias Van Bibber as chainman.
The holdings of Boone while a resident of the county were not many. Nearly all historians agree that his nature was too nomadic to acquire any large tracts of land. An early perusal made some years ago of the assessors’ books showed that he was taxed with two horses, one negro and 500 acres of land.
Shortly after the county of Kanawha was formed by the legislature of Virginia, Boone was elected in 1789 as lieutenant-colonel of the Kanawha militia and made numerous reports through Colonel George Clendennin to the governor of Virginia. The next year he was elected to succeed Andrew Donnally as the county’s delegate to the Virginia legislature. He shouldered his pack, took his gun, and made the entire trip to Richmond and return on foot. Boone served in the legislature with George Clendennin, the founder of Charleston.
One of Boone’s adventures while a resident of this valley resulted in Boone county being named for him. About 1795 there was a family of Flinns living on Cabin creek. The Flinn home was attacked by Indians, the mother and father killed, and a daughter named Cloe Flinn was taken prisoner. Some time later Boone learned of the tragedy. He knew the location of the Indians and finally succeeded in rescuing her from their camp. Being an orphan, Boone took the girl to his own home where she was made a member of the family.
In 1847, about 50 years later, a proposal came before the Virginia legislature to form two counties from Logan county. St. Clair Ballard, a grandson of the Cloe Flinn who was rescued by Daniel Boone from the Indians, was a member of this legislature from Logan county. When the present limits of Boone county were decided upon and the question of a name had to be dealt with, Mr. Ballard told of the capture and recovery of Cloe Finn and moved by way of acknowledgment to Boone’s services, that the county be given his name. The motion was unanimously passed.
The departure of Daniel Boone for Missouri in 1799 is best described by the following paragraph from “Trans-Allegheny Pioneers”: “His starting was the occasion of the gathering of his friends and admirers, from all the region round about, to bid him a friendly adieu and Godspeed. They came by land and water – on boats, by horseback and in canoes – and, at the final leave-taking, it is said there was many a dimmed eye and moistened cheek among those hardy, weather-beaten warriors, hunters and pioneers. Boone started from here by water, in canoes, embraking [sic] at the junction of Elk and Kanawha rivers. His friend and companion, Tice Van Bibber, went with him to Missouri, but returned to Kanawha.”
Died in 1820
Daniel Boone died at the house of his youngest son, Nathan Boone, on September 26, 1820, on the Feme- Osage river, Missouri. It is interesting to note that during the 86 years of his life, his residence of __ years in the Kanawha valley ___ the longest period Boone ever stayed in the same home. | <urn:uuid:3c64d7f3-fa81-4f8f-af00-e7677c4f8eae> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://seletyn.com/2020/01/09/wv-history-daniel-boone/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783000.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128184745-20200128214745-00250.warc.gz | en | 0.983043 | 2,099 | 3.546875 | 4 | [
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0.16978374123573... | 14 | Daniel Boone (November 2, 1734 – September 26, 1820) was an American pioneer, explorer, woodsman, and frontiersman whose frontier exploits made him one of the first folk heroes of the United States. Although he also became a businessman, soldier and politician who represented three different counties in the Virginia General Assembly following the American Revolutionary War, Boone is most famous for his exploration and settlement of what is now Kentucky. Although on the western side of the Appalachian Mountains from most European-American settlements, Kentucky remained part of Virginia until it became a state in 1791.
In putting together the various pieces of this blog, I was surprised to find that Daniel Boone was a slave owner. I understand history and that it was (for lack of a better word) commonplace “in those days” but I find it startling to read just the same.
This is the second blog in a series I am working on after spending New Year’s Day walking along Pt Pleasant West Virginia Riverfront Park and the area surrounding Tu Endie Wei (WV) State Park.
The mural and statue above are located along the Riverfront Park. I was able to walk the entire area (while taking a copious amount of photos) in under two hours. The pathways are graveled or paved and, in all, I walked aprox two miles to cover the whole area. I highly recommend this as a stop if you are in the area or if you like historical points of reference. The Battle of Pt Pleasant (though contested by some) was the first battle in the American Revolution.
I hope to have a few more posts regarding the artwork, area and historical references. Thank you for taking the time to read.
According to Clendeninleader.com (https://clendeninleader.com/pioneer-daniel-boones-connection-to-clendenin/):
After the Revolution, Boone resettled in Limestone (renamed Maysville, Kentucky in 1786), then a booming Ohio River port. In 1787, he was elected to the Virginia state assembly as a representative from Bourbon County. In Maysville, he kept a tavern and worked as a surveyor, horse trader, and land speculator. He was initially prosperous, owning seven slaves by 1787, a relatively large number for Kentucky at the time. Boone became a celebrity while living in Maysville. In 1784, on his 50th birthday, historian John Filson published The Discovery, Settlement And present State of Kentucke, a book which included a chronicle of Boone’s adventures.
Frustrated with the legal hassles that went with land speculation, in 1788, Boone moved upriver to Point Pleasant, Virginia (now West Virginia). There he operated a trading post and occasionally worked as a surveyor’s assistant. When Virginia created Kanawha County in 1789, Boone was appointed lieutenant colonel of the county militia. In 1791, he was elected to the Virginia legislature for the third time. He contracted to provide supplies for the Kanawha militia, but his debts prevented him from buying goods on credit, so he closed his store and returned to hunting and trapping.
The new county of Kanawha was entitled to two representatives in the Legislature. At the first election, in 1790, George Clendenin (Clendenin, WV namesake) and Andrew Donnally were elected; in 1791, George Clendenin and Daniel Boone were elected.
WV Archives and History
August 24, 1924
Daniel Boone In The Kanawha Valley
By Joe W. Savage
From the eleventh edition of the encyclopaedia Britannica is found the following extract on the life of Daniel Boone. “Having lost all his land through his carelessness in regard to titles, he removed in 1788 to Point Pleasant, Virginia, now West Virginia, whence about 1799 he removed to a place in what is now Missouri, about 45 miles west of St. Louis in territory then owned by Spain.” The fact that this early pioneer was for 12 years a resident of the Kanawha valley seems to have been entirely overlooked.
State Life Little Known
Daniel Boone’s Kentucky experiences that won for him the renown that exists to the present day were from 1769 to about 1785. Little has been written about the 30 years of his life after 1785, except that he settled in western Virginia in 1788 and in 1799 removed to Missouri. From an early deed recorded in the court house of Fayette county, Ky., dated April 28, 1786, it is found that the paper was signed by Boone and his wife at Point Pleasant, where they were residing. From Point Pleasant, Boone and his family moved up the Kanawha river in 1789 and settled on the south side of the river almost opposite the mouth of Campbell’s creek, where they lived until 1799.
Son Takes House
The house that was located about four miles above this city was of rough hewn logs and was built in two parts of one room each. There was a passage between the rooms and a long porch in front. After Boone left for Missouri, his son, Jesse Boone, lived in it until 1816. ___time, while living in this vicinity, up the Kanawha valley was about 1787 on a hunting and trapping expedition. He travelled alone with rifle and pack and finally stopped at the home of John Paddy Huddleston on the opposite side of Kanawh river from the mouth of Loop creek. Huddleston lived with his family in a two-story log house that was kept as a sort of roadside tavern. Boone presented himself at dusk one evening, spent the night there, and when the Huddlestons arose the next morning they found him missing. Later he returned and asked for a beaver trap and, in company with Mr. Huddleston, set out for the lower shoals of Kanawha Falls. In a few days the two men exterminated a whole colony of beaver there. The incident was related by Mr. Jared Huddleston, a son of the innkeeper, and was published by Dr. John P. Hale in 1886.
Daniel Boone spent most of his time, while living in this vicinity, at surveying. His party was composed of George Arnold, Edmund Price, Thomas Upton and Andrew Hatfield. In 1795 they ran two surveys of one hundred thousand acres each from the site of Madison, the county seat of Boone county, to the Kentucky line. In 1791 he made the report of the survey accompanying this story, the original of which is still preserved in the department of archives and history in the capitol annex. Boone’s last survey, before leaving the Kanawha valley, was made on September 8, 1798 with Daniel Boone, Jr., as marker and Mathias Van Bibber as chainman.
The holdings of Boone while a resident of the county were not many. Nearly all historians agree that his nature was too nomadic to acquire any large tracts of land. An early perusal made some years ago of the assessors’ books showed that he was taxed with two horses, one negro and 500 acres of land.
Shortly after the county of Kanawha was formed by the legislature of Virginia, Boone was elected in 1789 as lieutenant-colonel of the Kanawha militia and made numerous reports through Colonel George Clendennin to the governor of Virginia. The next year he was elected to succeed Andrew Donnally as the county’s delegate to the Virginia legislature. He shouldered his pack, took his gun, and made the entire trip to Richmond and return on foot. Boone served in the legislature with George Clendennin, the founder of Charleston.
One of Boone’s adventures while a resident of this valley resulted in Boone county being named for him. About 1795 there was a family of Flinns living on Cabin creek. The Flinn home was attacked by Indians, the mother and father killed, and a daughter named Cloe Flinn was taken prisoner. Some time later Boone learned of the tragedy. He knew the location of the Indians and finally succeeded in rescuing her from their camp. Being an orphan, Boone took the girl to his own home where she was made a member of the family.
In 1847, about 50 years later, a proposal came before the Virginia legislature to form two counties from Logan county. St. Clair Ballard, a grandson of the Cloe Flinn who was rescued by Daniel Boone from the Indians, was a member of this legislature from Logan county. When the present limits of Boone county were decided upon and the question of a name had to be dealt with, Mr. Ballard told of the capture and recovery of Cloe Finn and moved by way of acknowledgment to Boone’s services, that the county be given his name. The motion was unanimously passed.
The departure of Daniel Boone for Missouri in 1799 is best described by the following paragraph from “Trans-Allegheny Pioneers”: “His starting was the occasion of the gathering of his friends and admirers, from all the region round about, to bid him a friendly adieu and Godspeed. They came by land and water – on boats, by horseback and in canoes – and, at the final leave-taking, it is said there was many a dimmed eye and moistened cheek among those hardy, weather-beaten warriors, hunters and pioneers. Boone started from here by water, in canoes, embraking [sic] at the junction of Elk and Kanawha rivers. His friend and companion, Tice Van Bibber, went with him to Missouri, but returned to Kanawha.”
Died in 1820
Daniel Boone died at the house of his youngest son, Nathan Boone, on September 26, 1820, on the Feme- Osage river, Missouri. It is interesting to note that during the 86 years of his life, his residence of __ years in the Kanawha valley ___ the longest period Boone ever stayed in the same home. | 2,164 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The elevation of a building is the two-dimensional look at one side. Usually, when a person sees the picture of the outside of a building, they are looking at the elevation of it. There may be more than one elevation of a building. They are labeled by direction. Related to the elevation is the façade. The façade is the outside of one side of a building. Most of the time it is the front of the building that is the façade.
The floor plan is the layout of the levels of a building. This would be on the inside of the building though. The landscape would be on the outside of a building, but it would be the layout of the land. The plants and sidewalks would be part of the landscape. | <urn:uuid:f12d846d-3f1a-48c6-81ce-b817e0d78fef> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.proprofs.com/discuss/q/718431/what-is-the-name-for-an-architectural-drawing-of-buildings-e | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594705.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119180644-20200119204644-00150.warc.gz | en | 0.980213 | 155 | 3.328125 | 3 | [
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0.284437447... | 1 | The elevation of a building is the two-dimensional look at one side. Usually, when a person sees the picture of the outside of a building, they are looking at the elevation of it. There may be more than one elevation of a building. They are labeled by direction. Related to the elevation is the façade. The façade is the outside of one side of a building. Most of the time it is the front of the building that is the façade.
The floor plan is the layout of the levels of a building. This would be on the inside of the building though. The landscape would be on the outside of a building, but it would be the layout of the land. The plants and sidewalks would be part of the landscape. | 150 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Comstock Lode was discovered in the summer of 1859 in Nevada. This discovery of ore resulted in about $400 million worth of gold and silver and was the reason that Virginia City boomed for the following 20 years. The lode was named after Henry Comstock who partially owned the land that is was found on. Production peaked between 1876-1878, but declined shortly after and Virginia City and the other boomtowns were practically deserted. In 1864, the Comstock Lode was the reason that Nevada became a part of the Union. It also contributed to the Gold Rush and ignited a newer, Silver Rush.
The discovery of the Comstock Lode was the first major silver deposit found. It contained gold too, but silver was easier to obtain and more abundant. It was found by the Grosh brothers, Evan and Hosea, but they both died before claiming their find. Henry Comstock was a caretaker of the brother’s, and when they died he had possession of their cabin and set out to look for what they had found. There were four smaller sections claimed, but it was Peter O’Riley and Patrick McLaughlin who found the best spot for the mining. Comstock found out about their discovery and threatened them, and the agreement was to pay him interest. When it was claimed, the “Rush to Washoe” started, bringing thousands of hopeful miners as a part of the Gold Rush.
One result of the Comstock Lode was the establishment of boomtowns, one being Virginia City, the capital of the lode. New technology was also developed in order to mine the most ore as possible. The Sutro Tunnel allowed the drainage of excess water found in the mines. Another technological advancement was the building of a railroad. Along with technological advancements, came literary developments and television adaptations. It was in Virginia City, in 1862, that Mark Twain got his start. He began working for the local newspaper and wrote weekly columns, and he wrote about the lifestyle of the miner and the process of the Comstock Lode in one of his books. The television show, Bonanza, was inspired by Virginia City and the Comstock Lode during this time period.
The mines were a dangerous place for workers. There were cave-ins, flooding, fires, and there was mercury contamination. The levels of mercury there today are 26 times the federal standard (Digital History). By 1877, the population of Virginia City began to decline, and all of the Nevada mines began declining, except Delamar, by 1880. By the early 20th century, the population of Virginia City had dropped down to 3,500, and by 1930, 500 people remained. The mines had exhausted their ore resources and the value of silver was declining, driving people away.
The discovery of gold and silver ore in the Comstock Lode brought thousands of people to the state of Nevada. The lode produced hundreds of millions of dollars, and lead to Nevada becoming a state and entering the Union, helped fund the Civil War, and built the boomtown, Virginia City. In addition, there were technological and literary advancements, and became the inspiration for works later on, such as Bonanza. The mines eventually exhausted their resources and people began to leave the area, causing the decline of the Comstock Lode, and Virginia City became one of the Ghost Towns. | <urn:uuid:aa10b45a-37a8-47cd-84b9-a47098b7495b> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.theclio.com/entry/68971 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251779833.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128153713-20200128183713-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.98822 | 690 | 3.578125 | 4 | [
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0.152691274... | 2 | The Comstock Lode was discovered in the summer of 1859 in Nevada. This discovery of ore resulted in about $400 million worth of gold and silver and was the reason that Virginia City boomed for the following 20 years. The lode was named after Henry Comstock who partially owned the land that is was found on. Production peaked between 1876-1878, but declined shortly after and Virginia City and the other boomtowns were practically deserted. In 1864, the Comstock Lode was the reason that Nevada became a part of the Union. It also contributed to the Gold Rush and ignited a newer, Silver Rush.
The discovery of the Comstock Lode was the first major silver deposit found. It contained gold too, but silver was easier to obtain and more abundant. It was found by the Grosh brothers, Evan and Hosea, but they both died before claiming their find. Henry Comstock was a caretaker of the brother’s, and when they died he had possession of their cabin and set out to look for what they had found. There were four smaller sections claimed, but it was Peter O’Riley and Patrick McLaughlin who found the best spot for the mining. Comstock found out about their discovery and threatened them, and the agreement was to pay him interest. When it was claimed, the “Rush to Washoe” started, bringing thousands of hopeful miners as a part of the Gold Rush.
One result of the Comstock Lode was the establishment of boomtowns, one being Virginia City, the capital of the lode. New technology was also developed in order to mine the most ore as possible. The Sutro Tunnel allowed the drainage of excess water found in the mines. Another technological advancement was the building of a railroad. Along with technological advancements, came literary developments and television adaptations. It was in Virginia City, in 1862, that Mark Twain got his start. He began working for the local newspaper and wrote weekly columns, and he wrote about the lifestyle of the miner and the process of the Comstock Lode in one of his books. The television show, Bonanza, was inspired by Virginia City and the Comstock Lode during this time period.
The mines were a dangerous place for workers. There were cave-ins, flooding, fires, and there was mercury contamination. The levels of mercury there today are 26 times the federal standard (Digital History). By 1877, the population of Virginia City began to decline, and all of the Nevada mines began declining, except Delamar, by 1880. By the early 20th century, the population of Virginia City had dropped down to 3,500, and by 1930, 500 people remained. The mines had exhausted their ore resources and the value of silver was declining, driving people away.
The discovery of gold and silver ore in the Comstock Lode brought thousands of people to the state of Nevada. The lode produced hundreds of millions of dollars, and lead to Nevada becoming a state and entering the Union, helped fund the Civil War, and built the boomtown, Virginia City. In addition, there were technological and literary advancements, and became the inspiration for works later on, such as Bonanza. The mines eventually exhausted their resources and people began to leave the area, causing the decline of the Comstock Lode, and Virginia City became one of the Ghost Towns. | 724 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Claudius Galen was a Greek physician who went to Rome and revived the ideas of Hippocrates and other Greek doctors. The Romans had shown little interest in the work of Hippocrates and it took Galen to push it forward in Rome.
Galen was born in 131 AD. He was a gifted intellect who studied at the famous medical school in Alexandria in Egypt. At the age of 28, Galen became the surgeon to a school of gladiators but in 161 AD he moved to Rome apparently with the sole intention of seeking fame and fortune. He certainly achieved his fame but for some Romans this became too much. As a Greek, many Romans viewed Galen with suspicion and in 166 AD, he was forced to flee the city. Two years later he went back to the city in response to an invitation by the emperor. With this protection, Galen remained in the city until his death, aged about 70, in 201 AD.
Galen revived the methods favoured by Hippocrates and other Greek doctors who lived at the time of Hippocrates. He put great emphasis on clinical observation – examining a patient very thoroughly and noting their symptoms. Galen also accepted the view that disease was the result of an imbalance between blood, phlegm, yellow bile and blood bile. Galen also believed in the healing power of nature and he developed treatments to restore the balance of the four humours. Galen believed in the use of opposites – if a man appeared to have a fever, he treated it with something cold; if a man appeared to have a cold, he would be treated with heat. People who were weak were given hard physical exercises to do to build up their muscles. People who had breathing problems due to a weak chest were given singing exercises.
Galen extended his knowledge of anatomy by dissecting pigs and apes and studying their bone structure and muscles. Galen was also interested in human anatomy but there is no evidence that he dissected human bodies – though rumours persisted that he did. In “On Anatomical Procedures”, Galen advised his students to dissect apes but take whatever opportunities that existed to study the human body. Galen also studied how the body worked, concentrating on the movement of blood and the working of the nervous system. For the latter, he experimented with the spinal cords of pigs.
Galen’s influence was great. Protected by the emperors, he could work free from his jealous rivals in Rome. Galen also believed that his knowledge should be shared and he was a prodigious writer of books. These books were still being used in the Middle Ages and, for many medical students, they were the primary source of information on medicine. | <urn:uuid:620778c8-1ce1-4f99-b537-b7fe7854eff2> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/a-history-of-medicine/claudius-galen/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597458.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120052454-20200120080454-00330.warc.gz | en | 0.990053 | 548 | 4.0625 | 4 | [
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0.52098619937... | 11 | Claudius Galen was a Greek physician who went to Rome and revived the ideas of Hippocrates and other Greek doctors. The Romans had shown little interest in the work of Hippocrates and it took Galen to push it forward in Rome.
Galen was born in 131 AD. He was a gifted intellect who studied at the famous medical school in Alexandria in Egypt. At the age of 28, Galen became the surgeon to a school of gladiators but in 161 AD he moved to Rome apparently with the sole intention of seeking fame and fortune. He certainly achieved his fame but for some Romans this became too much. As a Greek, many Romans viewed Galen with suspicion and in 166 AD, he was forced to flee the city. Two years later he went back to the city in response to an invitation by the emperor. With this protection, Galen remained in the city until his death, aged about 70, in 201 AD.
Galen revived the methods favoured by Hippocrates and other Greek doctors who lived at the time of Hippocrates. He put great emphasis on clinical observation – examining a patient very thoroughly and noting their symptoms. Galen also accepted the view that disease was the result of an imbalance between blood, phlegm, yellow bile and blood bile. Galen also believed in the healing power of nature and he developed treatments to restore the balance of the four humours. Galen believed in the use of opposites – if a man appeared to have a fever, he treated it with something cold; if a man appeared to have a cold, he would be treated with heat. People who were weak were given hard physical exercises to do to build up their muscles. People who had breathing problems due to a weak chest were given singing exercises.
Galen extended his knowledge of anatomy by dissecting pigs and apes and studying their bone structure and muscles. Galen was also interested in human anatomy but there is no evidence that he dissected human bodies – though rumours persisted that he did. In “On Anatomical Procedures”, Galen advised his students to dissect apes but take whatever opportunities that existed to study the human body. Galen also studied how the body worked, concentrating on the movement of blood and the working of the nervous system. For the latter, he experimented with the spinal cords of pigs.
Galen’s influence was great. Protected by the emperors, he could work free from his jealous rivals in Rome. Galen also believed that his knowledge should be shared and he was a prodigious writer of books. These books were still being used in the Middle Ages and, for many medical students, they were the primary source of information on medicine. | 556 | ENGLISH | 1 |
In some animals males harm their mates during mating, either physically or with toxic seminal fluids. Harming the mother of your future offspring seems like a bad idea, but it may benefit males if injured females refrain from mating again with a different male (because they can’t risk additional injuries) or if females perceive the injuries as a threat to their survival and try and rapidly produce as many offspring as possible before they die. In both cases, males benefit through the increased number of eggs fertilized by their sperm before the females remate and their sperm have to compete with sperm from other males.
Males of the bruchid beetle Callosobruchus maculatus have spines on their genitalia that puncture the female reproductive tract during mating. Females kick their mates during copulation and sustain more extensive injuries if kicking is prevented. We found that these injuries are costly to females since they produced fewer offspring over their lifetimes when they were prevented from kicking. However, we could find no evidence that males benefited from harming their mates. Females that were prevented from kicking did not respond to the extra harm by delaying remating or increasing their rate of egg laying.
Our study suggests that the injuries inflicted by males are simply side effects of another function of the spines such as serving as an anchor during copulation. To males, avoiding being dislodged by other males may outweigh the costs of reducing the offspring production of their mates by harming them. | <urn:uuid:c3eb5647-f3a1-429f-bb4f-fe38950fb9d6> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://wikifindings.net/findings/5ad5f89cc55ce80029172241 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607118.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122131612-20200122160612-00341.warc.gz | en | 0.982787 | 293 | 3.796875 | 4 | [
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0.361615061759... | 2 | In some animals males harm their mates during mating, either physically or with toxic seminal fluids. Harming the mother of your future offspring seems like a bad idea, but it may benefit males if injured females refrain from mating again with a different male (because they can’t risk additional injuries) or if females perceive the injuries as a threat to their survival and try and rapidly produce as many offspring as possible before they die. In both cases, males benefit through the increased number of eggs fertilized by their sperm before the females remate and their sperm have to compete with sperm from other males.
Males of the bruchid beetle Callosobruchus maculatus have spines on their genitalia that puncture the female reproductive tract during mating. Females kick their mates during copulation and sustain more extensive injuries if kicking is prevented. We found that these injuries are costly to females since they produced fewer offspring over their lifetimes when they were prevented from kicking. However, we could find no evidence that males benefited from harming their mates. Females that were prevented from kicking did not respond to the extra harm by delaying remating or increasing their rate of egg laying.
Our study suggests that the injuries inflicted by males are simply side effects of another function of the spines such as serving as an anchor during copulation. To males, avoiding being dislodged by other males may outweigh the costs of reducing the offspring production of their mates by harming them. | 292 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Saint Lawrence or Laurence was a Christian religious figure from the 3rd century. He served as one of the seven deacons of the city of Rome during the tenure of Pope Sixtus II. All of the deacons, along with Sixtus II, were martyred during the persecution of the Christians that took place under the order of the Roman Emperor Valerian in 258. Originally from the region that the Romans called Hispania, Lawrence met Sixtus II for the first time in Caesaraugusta, and the two subsequently relocated to Rome. According to Saint Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, the Roman authorities had introduced a norm that allowed them to seize the property of all convicted Christians and execute them. In August 258, Valerian ordered the execution of all bishops, priests, and deacons. Being a deacon of Rome, Lawrence’s duties included looking after the material goods of the church and giving away alms to the poor. Ambrose of Milan states that when Lawrence was asked to surrender the treasures of the church, he showed the poor to whom he had given alms. Lawrence was executed at what later would be known as San Lorenzo in Panisperna. Throughout the ensuing centuries, multiple churches have sprung up in Rome and elsewhere that are dedicated to Saint Lawrence.
- It is generally believed that Saint Lawrence was originally from Valencia, or less likely, Osca (present-day Huesca), and his birth date was December 31, 225. His parents, presumably martyrs Orentius and Patientia, were natives of Osca but later relocated to the region of Aragon, which, at the time, was part of the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis.The first meeting between Lawrence and Sixtus II occurred in Caesaraugusta (modern-day Zaragoza). By then, Sixtus II, who was Greek, had established himself as one of the most prominent teachers of his fledgling religion. They both later moved to Rome. In 257, Sixtus II was appointed the pope, and he subsequently made Lawrence a deacon.He was the first among the seven deacons of the cathedral church to be appointed in that position. This earned him the byname, "archdeacon of Rome", a post that allocated to him great responsibility and reverence. He was in charge of looking after the treasury and riches of the church and administration of the alms allocated to the poor people.Saint Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, reveals that the Roman authorities had created a norm that enabled them to put the condemned Christians to death. Furthermore, their properties were seized by the imperial treasury.In early august 258, Emperor Valerian introduced a decree in which he ordered the deaths of all bishops, priests, and deacons. On August 6, 258, Pope Sixtus II was arrested at the cemetery of St Callixtus while participating in the celebration of the liturgy and was subsequently put to death.Following Sixtus’ execution, the prefect of Rome told Lawrence that he had to hand over the treasures of the church. The earliest source on what transpired next is Saint Ambrose. Lawrence requested for three days to comply with the order. He quickly gave away as much of the church’s wealth as he could to the poor people, so he could stop the confiscation by the prefect.On the third day, he positioned himself as the leader of a small delegation and went to meet the prefect. After he was instructed to bring forth the treasures of the church, he showed the indigent, the crippled, the blind, and the suffering that had come with him and announced that those people were the real wealth of the church.According to one account, Lawrence said to the prefect, “The Church is truly rich, far richer than your emperor." This was seen as dissent and led to his martyrdom. Lawrence’s story is similar to the parallel Roman tale of the jewels of Cornelia. Lawrence, the first deacon of Rome, also became its final deacon when he was killed on August 10, 258.Continue Reading BelowRecommended Lists:
Recommended Lists:Becoming a Martyr
- During his tenure as the deacon of Rome, Saint Lawrence’s main duties were to supervise the church’s treasury and give away alms to the poor. Ambrose of Milan notes that when the prefect of Rome asked Lawrence to hand over the church’s wealth, he pointed at the indigent among whom he had dispersed the treasures.The incensed prefect ordered a great gridiron to be heated over hot coals and Lawrence to be put on top of it. Because of this, a gridiron has become part of Lawrence’s tale. The torture lasted for a long time. However, according to the legends, he light-heartedly remarked, “I'm well done on this side. Turn me over!" This has led to Lawrence becoming the patron of cooks, chefs, and comedians.His sentence was given to him at the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina, which later became San Lorenzo in Miranda. He was kept at a prison located at a place where San Lorenzo in Fonte now stands. During his short time there, he baptised fellow inmates.He was executed on 10 August. The church San Lorenzo in Panisperna was erected at the place where Lawrence was martyred.Emperor Constantine I, the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity, built a small oratory over the plot where, according to tradition, Lawrence was interred. Since then, San Lorenzo fuori le Mura has been constructed there.The Almanac of Filocalus or the Chronograph of 354 states that he was laid to rest in the Catacomb of Cyriaca on the Via Tiburtina by Hippolytus and Presbyter Justin the Confessor.One of the initial pieces of literature that provided an account of Saint Lawrence’s martyrdom was Aurelius Prudentius Clemens' 'Peristephanon'. Historian Patrick J. Healy holds the view that the legend surrounding the martyrdom of Lawrence is likely not true.According to him, the slow, lingering death described by the tradition directly contradicts "with the express command contained in the edict regarding bishops, priests, and deacons (animadvertantur) which ordinarily meant decapitation."Miracles Attributed to Saint Lawrence
- The now-lost ‘The Acts of St Lawrence’ was a compilation of his life and miracles. Gregory of Tours was the first writer to document his miracles. The relics of Saint Lawrence (a little bit of his blood, a piece of his flesh, some fat, and ashes) are kept in the renowned reliquary of the ampulla in the mediaeval Church of St Mary Assumed in Amaseno, Lazio, Italy.The Perceptions of Various Denominations
- Saint Lawrence is one of the most revered saints of Roman Catholicism. The date of his death, 10 August, is annually celebrated as his feast day. He is regarded as the third patron of Rome, following Saint Peter and Saint John.According to Anglicanism, the spelling of his name is Laurence or Lawrence. As with the Roman Catholic Church, Anglicanism celebrates his feast day on 10 August. He is also honoured by the Anglo-Catholics.In Rome, several churches have been constructed throughout the centuries that are associated with him, including Basilica Minore di San Lorenzo in Damaso (built where Lawrence conducted his work as a deacon), Basilica Minore di Santa Maria in Domnicaalla Navicella (constructed where he gave away alms to the poor), Basilica Minore di San Lorenzo in Lucina, and Church of St Lawrence in Piscibus.The Anglo-Catholics have set up numerous churches all over the world honouring him. Just England has 228 of them. The Christ Church St Laurence is a prominent church in Sydney, Australia. Brotherhood of St Laurence, the Anglican charitable society, was named after him.
How To CiteArticle Title- Saint Lawrence BiographyAuthor- Editors, TheFamousPeople.comWebsite- TheFamousPeople.comURL- https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/saint-lawrence-38488.phpLast Updated- January 10, 2020
People Also Viewed | <urn:uuid:f537363a-0f3f-4ab0-a8b8-f0a293ccb993> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/saint-lawrence-38488.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594101.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119010920-20200119034920-00240.warc.gz | en | 0.980021 | 1,728 | 3.859375 | 4 | [
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0.0285397116094827... | 1 | Saint Lawrence or Laurence was a Christian religious figure from the 3rd century. He served as one of the seven deacons of the city of Rome during the tenure of Pope Sixtus II. All of the deacons, along with Sixtus II, were martyred during the persecution of the Christians that took place under the order of the Roman Emperor Valerian in 258. Originally from the region that the Romans called Hispania, Lawrence met Sixtus II for the first time in Caesaraugusta, and the two subsequently relocated to Rome. According to Saint Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, the Roman authorities had introduced a norm that allowed them to seize the property of all convicted Christians and execute them. In August 258, Valerian ordered the execution of all bishops, priests, and deacons. Being a deacon of Rome, Lawrence’s duties included looking after the material goods of the church and giving away alms to the poor. Ambrose of Milan states that when Lawrence was asked to surrender the treasures of the church, he showed the poor to whom he had given alms. Lawrence was executed at what later would be known as San Lorenzo in Panisperna. Throughout the ensuing centuries, multiple churches have sprung up in Rome and elsewhere that are dedicated to Saint Lawrence.
- It is generally believed that Saint Lawrence was originally from Valencia, or less likely, Osca (present-day Huesca), and his birth date was December 31, 225. His parents, presumably martyrs Orentius and Patientia, were natives of Osca but later relocated to the region of Aragon, which, at the time, was part of the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis.The first meeting between Lawrence and Sixtus II occurred in Caesaraugusta (modern-day Zaragoza). By then, Sixtus II, who was Greek, had established himself as one of the most prominent teachers of his fledgling religion. They both later moved to Rome. In 257, Sixtus II was appointed the pope, and he subsequently made Lawrence a deacon.He was the first among the seven deacons of the cathedral church to be appointed in that position. This earned him the byname, "archdeacon of Rome", a post that allocated to him great responsibility and reverence. He was in charge of looking after the treasury and riches of the church and administration of the alms allocated to the poor people.Saint Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, reveals that the Roman authorities had created a norm that enabled them to put the condemned Christians to death. Furthermore, their properties were seized by the imperial treasury.In early august 258, Emperor Valerian introduced a decree in which he ordered the deaths of all bishops, priests, and deacons. On August 6, 258, Pope Sixtus II was arrested at the cemetery of St Callixtus while participating in the celebration of the liturgy and was subsequently put to death.Following Sixtus’ execution, the prefect of Rome told Lawrence that he had to hand over the treasures of the church. The earliest source on what transpired next is Saint Ambrose. Lawrence requested for three days to comply with the order. He quickly gave away as much of the church’s wealth as he could to the poor people, so he could stop the confiscation by the prefect.On the third day, he positioned himself as the leader of a small delegation and went to meet the prefect. After he was instructed to bring forth the treasures of the church, he showed the indigent, the crippled, the blind, and the suffering that had come with him and announced that those people were the real wealth of the church.According to one account, Lawrence said to the prefect, “The Church is truly rich, far richer than your emperor." This was seen as dissent and led to his martyrdom. Lawrence’s story is similar to the parallel Roman tale of the jewels of Cornelia. Lawrence, the first deacon of Rome, also became its final deacon when he was killed on August 10, 258.Continue Reading BelowRecommended Lists:
Recommended Lists:Becoming a Martyr
- During his tenure as the deacon of Rome, Saint Lawrence’s main duties were to supervise the church’s treasury and give away alms to the poor. Ambrose of Milan notes that when the prefect of Rome asked Lawrence to hand over the church’s wealth, he pointed at the indigent among whom he had dispersed the treasures.The incensed prefect ordered a great gridiron to be heated over hot coals and Lawrence to be put on top of it. Because of this, a gridiron has become part of Lawrence’s tale. The torture lasted for a long time. However, according to the legends, he light-heartedly remarked, “I'm well done on this side. Turn me over!" This has led to Lawrence becoming the patron of cooks, chefs, and comedians.His sentence was given to him at the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina, which later became San Lorenzo in Miranda. He was kept at a prison located at a place where San Lorenzo in Fonte now stands. During his short time there, he baptised fellow inmates.He was executed on 10 August. The church San Lorenzo in Panisperna was erected at the place where Lawrence was martyred.Emperor Constantine I, the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity, built a small oratory over the plot where, according to tradition, Lawrence was interred. Since then, San Lorenzo fuori le Mura has been constructed there.The Almanac of Filocalus or the Chronograph of 354 states that he was laid to rest in the Catacomb of Cyriaca on the Via Tiburtina by Hippolytus and Presbyter Justin the Confessor.One of the initial pieces of literature that provided an account of Saint Lawrence’s martyrdom was Aurelius Prudentius Clemens' 'Peristephanon'. Historian Patrick J. Healy holds the view that the legend surrounding the martyrdom of Lawrence is likely not true.According to him, the slow, lingering death described by the tradition directly contradicts "with the express command contained in the edict regarding bishops, priests, and deacons (animadvertantur) which ordinarily meant decapitation."Miracles Attributed to Saint Lawrence
- The now-lost ‘The Acts of St Lawrence’ was a compilation of his life and miracles. Gregory of Tours was the first writer to document his miracles. The relics of Saint Lawrence (a little bit of his blood, a piece of his flesh, some fat, and ashes) are kept in the renowned reliquary of the ampulla in the mediaeval Church of St Mary Assumed in Amaseno, Lazio, Italy.The Perceptions of Various Denominations
- Saint Lawrence is one of the most revered saints of Roman Catholicism. The date of his death, 10 August, is annually celebrated as his feast day. He is regarded as the third patron of Rome, following Saint Peter and Saint John.According to Anglicanism, the spelling of his name is Laurence or Lawrence. As with the Roman Catholic Church, Anglicanism celebrates his feast day on 10 August. He is also honoured by the Anglo-Catholics.In Rome, several churches have been constructed throughout the centuries that are associated with him, including Basilica Minore di San Lorenzo in Damaso (built where Lawrence conducted his work as a deacon), Basilica Minore di Santa Maria in Domnicaalla Navicella (constructed where he gave away alms to the poor), Basilica Minore di San Lorenzo in Lucina, and Church of St Lawrence in Piscibus.The Anglo-Catholics have set up numerous churches all over the world honouring him. Just England has 228 of them. The Christ Church St Laurence is a prominent church in Sydney, Australia. Brotherhood of St Laurence, the Anglican charitable society, was named after him.
How To CiteArticle Title- Saint Lawrence BiographyAuthor- Editors, TheFamousPeople.comWebsite- TheFamousPeople.comURL- https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/saint-lawrence-38488.phpLast Updated- January 10, 2020
People Also Viewed | 1,735 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Joseph Arthur Comte de Gobineau (July 14, 1816 — October 13, 1882) was a French aristocrat, novelist and man of letters who became famous for advocating White Supremacy and developing the racialist theory of the Aryan master race in his book An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (1853-1855).
To Bahá'ís, Gobineau is known as the person who obtained the only complete manuscript of the early history of the Bábí religious movement of Persia, written by Hâjji Mirza Jân of Kashan, who was put to death by the Persian authorities in c.1852. The manuscript now is in the Bibliothèque nationale at Paris.
Gobineau also wrote novels, notably Les Pléiades (1874). His study La Renaissance (1877) also was admired in his day. Both of these works strongly expressed his reactionary aristocratic politics, and his hatred of democratic mass culture.
Gobineau believed himself to be the descendant of Nordic Vikings and Condottieri.
Gobineau was a successful diplomat for the French Second Empire. Initially he was posted to Persia, before working in Brazil and other countries. He came to believe that race created culture, arguing that distinctions between the three "black", "white", and "yellow" races were natural barriers, and that "race-mixing" breaks those barriers and leads to chaos. The Middle East, Central Asia, the Indian Subcontinent, North Africa and southern France he classificed as being racially mixed.
He believed the "white race" to be superior to the others. He thought it corresponds to the ancient Indo-European culture also known as "Aryan". He saw Germany as having just enough of the Aryan strain to revive the white race. Gobineau, among early anthropologists, was not alone in his belief in racial superiority.
Hitler and Nazism borrowed much of Gobineau's ideology, though Gobineau himself was not particularly anti-semitic. On the contrary, Gobineau saw Jews as intelligent people who were very much a part of the superior race and who, if anything, stimulated industry and culture. As such, when the Nazis adopted Gobineau's theories, they were forced to extensively edit his work; much as they did in the case of Nietzsche.
In Gobineau's view, the development of empires ultimately was destructive to the "superior races" that created them, since they led to the mixing of distinct races. This he saw as a degenerative process.
Gobineau visited Bayreuth, home of Richard Wagner shortly before his death. There he influenced the development of the anti-Semitic "Bayreuth circle".
According to his definitions and the map shown below, the people of Spain, most of France, most of Germany, southern and western Iran as well as Switzerland, Austria, northern Italy and a large part of Britain, consist of a degenerative race arising from miscegenation. Also the whole of north India consist of a yellow race. | <urn:uuid:e0b01491-81a0-4566-a5f7-fee0b27e138f> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.bookyards.com/en/author/page/3359/Arthur-De-Gobineau | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589861.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117152059-20200117180059-00311.warc.gz | en | 0.982601 | 644 | 3.3125 | 3 | [
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0.3948548138141... | 14 | Joseph Arthur Comte de Gobineau (July 14, 1816 — October 13, 1882) was a French aristocrat, novelist and man of letters who became famous for advocating White Supremacy and developing the racialist theory of the Aryan master race in his book An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (1853-1855).
To Bahá'ís, Gobineau is known as the person who obtained the only complete manuscript of the early history of the Bábí religious movement of Persia, written by Hâjji Mirza Jân of Kashan, who was put to death by the Persian authorities in c.1852. The manuscript now is in the Bibliothèque nationale at Paris.
Gobineau also wrote novels, notably Les Pléiades (1874). His study La Renaissance (1877) also was admired in his day. Both of these works strongly expressed his reactionary aristocratic politics, and his hatred of democratic mass culture.
Gobineau believed himself to be the descendant of Nordic Vikings and Condottieri.
Gobineau was a successful diplomat for the French Second Empire. Initially he was posted to Persia, before working in Brazil and other countries. He came to believe that race created culture, arguing that distinctions between the three "black", "white", and "yellow" races were natural barriers, and that "race-mixing" breaks those barriers and leads to chaos. The Middle East, Central Asia, the Indian Subcontinent, North Africa and southern France he classificed as being racially mixed.
He believed the "white race" to be superior to the others. He thought it corresponds to the ancient Indo-European culture also known as "Aryan". He saw Germany as having just enough of the Aryan strain to revive the white race. Gobineau, among early anthropologists, was not alone in his belief in racial superiority.
Hitler and Nazism borrowed much of Gobineau's ideology, though Gobineau himself was not particularly anti-semitic. On the contrary, Gobineau saw Jews as intelligent people who were very much a part of the superior race and who, if anything, stimulated industry and culture. As such, when the Nazis adopted Gobineau's theories, they were forced to extensively edit his work; much as they did in the case of Nietzsche.
In Gobineau's view, the development of empires ultimately was destructive to the "superior races" that created them, since they led to the mixing of distinct races. This he saw as a degenerative process.
Gobineau visited Bayreuth, home of Richard Wagner shortly before his death. There he influenced the development of the anti-Semitic "Bayreuth circle".
According to his definitions and the map shown below, the people of Spain, most of France, most of Germany, southern and western Iran as well as Switzerland, Austria, northern Italy and a large part of Britain, consist of a degenerative race arising from miscegenation. Also the whole of north India consist of a yellow race. | 659 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Roy E. Finkenbine
Douglass, Frederick ( February 1818–20 February 1895), abolitionist, civil rights activist, and reform journalist, was born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey near Easton, Maryland, the son of Harriet Bailey, a slave, and an unidentified white man. Although a slave, he spent the first six years of his life in the cabin of his maternal grandparents, with only a few stolen nighttime visits by his mother. His real introduction to bondage came in 1824, when he was brought to the nearby wheat plantation of Colonel ...
Jeffrey B. Perry
Harrison, Hubert Henry (27 April 1883–17 December 1927), black intellectual and radical political activist, was born in Concordia, St. Croix, Danish West Indies (now U.S. Virgin Islands), the son of William Adolphus Harrison and Cecilia Elizabeth Haines. Little is known of his father. His mother had at least three other children and, in 1889, married a laborer. Harrison received a primary education in St. Croix. In September 1900, after his mother died, he immigrated to New York City, where he worked low-paying jobs, attended evening high school, did some writing, editing, and lecturing, and read voraciously. In 1907 he obtained postal employment and moved to Harlem. The following year he taught at the White Rose Home, where he was deeply influenced by social worker Frances Reynolds Keyser, a future founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). In 1909 he married Irene Louise Horton, with whom he had five children.... | <urn:uuid:0d3b6d42-cb3b-4da6-a62f-d50f46274c24> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.anb.org/browse?btog=chap&gender=Male&isQuickSearch=true&pageSize=20&sort=titlesort&t_0=OccupationsAndRealmsOfRenownANB%3A1582&t_1=OccupationsAndRealmsOfRenownANB%3A547&t_2=OccupationsAndRealmsOfRenownANB%3A1815&t_3=OccupationsAndRealmsOfRenownANB%3A1838 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594101.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119010920-20200119034920-00389.warc.gz | en | 0.980831 | 335 | 3.265625 | 3 | [
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Douglass, Frederick ( February 1818–20 February 1895), abolitionist, civil rights activist, and reform journalist, was born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey near Easton, Maryland, the son of Harriet Bailey, a slave, and an unidentified white man. Although a slave, he spent the first six years of his life in the cabin of his maternal grandparents, with only a few stolen nighttime visits by his mother. His real introduction to bondage came in 1824, when he was brought to the nearby wheat plantation of Colonel ...
Jeffrey B. Perry
Harrison, Hubert Henry (27 April 1883–17 December 1927), black intellectual and radical political activist, was born in Concordia, St. Croix, Danish West Indies (now U.S. Virgin Islands), the son of William Adolphus Harrison and Cecilia Elizabeth Haines. Little is known of his father. His mother had at least three other children and, in 1889, married a laborer. Harrison received a primary education in St. Croix. In September 1900, after his mother died, he immigrated to New York City, where he worked low-paying jobs, attended evening high school, did some writing, editing, and lecturing, and read voraciously. In 1907 he obtained postal employment and moved to Harlem. The following year he taught at the White Rose Home, where he was deeply influenced by social worker Frances Reynolds Keyser, a future founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). In 1909 he married Irene Louise Horton, with whom he had five children.... | 367 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Originating from the two Latin words paene (meaning almost) and insula (meaning island), a peninsula can be simply defined as a piece of land that is almost completely surrounded by water. In other words, it is a piece of land that is almost an island with a connection to a mainland. The water around it may be continuous or made up of a number of different water bodies. An example of a peninsula is the Kassandra Peninsula (or simply Kassandra) located in Chalkidiki, Greece. The peninsula is renowned for a number of things including diversity in wildlife, beautiful nature, and a wide array of entertainment opportunities, and other things.
The Kassandra Peninsula is located in Chalkidiki, also known by Khalkidhiki, Halkidike, Chalcidice, and Chalkidiki. Located in the western region of the municipality, the peninsula also doubles up as a municipality whose seat is located in the town of Kassandreia. The municipality itself was formed recently back in 2011 after two municipalities were merged. The two municipalities that were joined were called Kassandra and Pallini. The combined peninsula municipality has a total area of about 129 square miles and an approximate population of 19,231 people as of 2011.
In the past, the peninsula was known as Pallene and it was among the three headlands in the region that ran into the Aegean Sea. Legend has it that Pallene was once a region that was known as Phlegra, which was a place that had the legendary battle between Greek gods and giants. During its time, Pallene was a place that was made up of a number of towns including Neapolis, Scione, Aege, Sane, and Aphytis. In 43 BCE, the Roman colony of Cassandreia, which included the peninsula, was formed.
In the period known as Late Antiquity, Cassandreia was the peninsula’s capital of sorts until the Huns destroyed it in either 539 CE or 540 CE. Following its destruction, it was renovated by Emperor Justinian I although it did not see a sizeable population until the 10th century. In that time, it experienced a period of prosperity due to its fertility and a growing monk community.
After that, the city changed ownership a number of times. For example, the Byzantine’s Catalan Company captured it in the winter between 1307 and 1308. In 1423, the Venetians controlled it briefly while the Ottomans captured it later on in 1430. After rebelling against Ottoman rule in 1821, it was completely razed by rebels such that it became inhabitable for at least 30 years. The peninsula was not inhabited until the early stages of the 20th century when it became part of Greece.
Today, the peninsula is a prosperous region that is known for the production of things like honey, wax, silkworms, grain, and wool.
One of the most important sectors is tourism due to the beauty and the sites on the peninsula. Visitors touring the peninsula can enjoy the sandy beaches and the beautiful nature. In addition, there are several accommodation facilities to suit all classes of people.
Festivals are also numerous such as the Kassandra festival in Siviri. Other sites include the villages of Sani and Afitos.
Where Is The Kassandra Peninsula?
The Kassandra Peninsula is located in Greece.
About the Author
Ferdinand graduated in 2016 with a Bsc. Project Planning and Management. He enjoys writing about pretty much anything and has a soft spot for technology and advocating for world peace.
Your MLA Citation
Your APA Citation
Your Chicago Citation
Your Harvard CitationRemember to italicize the title of this article in your Harvard citation. | <urn:uuid:fe4547d6-bcd9-4339-9376-152194d02b35> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/where-is-the-kassandra-peninsula.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251788528.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129041149-20200129071149-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.980073 | 767 | 3.5 | 4 | [
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0.425099611282... | 2 | Originating from the two Latin words paene (meaning almost) and insula (meaning island), a peninsula can be simply defined as a piece of land that is almost completely surrounded by water. In other words, it is a piece of land that is almost an island with a connection to a mainland. The water around it may be continuous or made up of a number of different water bodies. An example of a peninsula is the Kassandra Peninsula (or simply Kassandra) located in Chalkidiki, Greece. The peninsula is renowned for a number of things including diversity in wildlife, beautiful nature, and a wide array of entertainment opportunities, and other things.
The Kassandra Peninsula is located in Chalkidiki, also known by Khalkidhiki, Halkidike, Chalcidice, and Chalkidiki. Located in the western region of the municipality, the peninsula also doubles up as a municipality whose seat is located in the town of Kassandreia. The municipality itself was formed recently back in 2011 after two municipalities were merged. The two municipalities that were joined were called Kassandra and Pallini. The combined peninsula municipality has a total area of about 129 square miles and an approximate population of 19,231 people as of 2011.
In the past, the peninsula was known as Pallene and it was among the three headlands in the region that ran into the Aegean Sea. Legend has it that Pallene was once a region that was known as Phlegra, which was a place that had the legendary battle between Greek gods and giants. During its time, Pallene was a place that was made up of a number of towns including Neapolis, Scione, Aege, Sane, and Aphytis. In 43 BCE, the Roman colony of Cassandreia, which included the peninsula, was formed.
In the period known as Late Antiquity, Cassandreia was the peninsula’s capital of sorts until the Huns destroyed it in either 539 CE or 540 CE. Following its destruction, it was renovated by Emperor Justinian I although it did not see a sizeable population until the 10th century. In that time, it experienced a period of prosperity due to its fertility and a growing monk community.
After that, the city changed ownership a number of times. For example, the Byzantine’s Catalan Company captured it in the winter between 1307 and 1308. In 1423, the Venetians controlled it briefly while the Ottomans captured it later on in 1430. After rebelling against Ottoman rule in 1821, it was completely razed by rebels such that it became inhabitable for at least 30 years. The peninsula was not inhabited until the early stages of the 20th century when it became part of Greece.
Today, the peninsula is a prosperous region that is known for the production of things like honey, wax, silkworms, grain, and wool.
One of the most important sectors is tourism due to the beauty and the sites on the peninsula. Visitors touring the peninsula can enjoy the sandy beaches and the beautiful nature. In addition, there are several accommodation facilities to suit all classes of people.
Festivals are also numerous such as the Kassandra festival in Siviri. Other sites include the villages of Sani and Afitos.
Where Is The Kassandra Peninsula?
The Kassandra Peninsula is located in Greece.
About the Author
Ferdinand graduated in 2016 with a Bsc. Project Planning and Management. He enjoys writing about pretty much anything and has a soft spot for technology and advocating for world peace.
Your MLA Citation
Your APA Citation
Your Chicago Citation
Your Harvard CitationRemember to italicize the title of this article in your Harvard citation. | 806 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Disability can’t be defined purely in biomedical terms because social arrangements and expectations make essential contributions to disability, and to its absence. According to Wendell (1968) the biological reality of a disability and the social construction of a disability cannot be made sharply, because the biological and the social are interactive in creating disability, they are interactive not only in that complex interaction of social factors and our bodies affect health and functioning, but also in that social arrangements can make a biological condition more or less relevant to almost any situation. Social workers call the interaction of the biological and the social to create (or prevent) disability “the social construction of disability” (Wendell, 1968).
Wendell (1968) also states it is easy to recognize that social conditions affect people’s bodies by creating or failing to prevent sickness and injury although, since disability is relative to a person’s physical, social, and cultural environment, none of the resulting physical conditions is necessarily disabling, many do in fact cause disability given the demands and lack of support in the environments of the people affected.
Wendell, Susan (1996). The Rejected Body: The Social Construction of Disability. New York: Routledge
Please finish the above paper according to the instructions.
No title page or header or specific length. Actually, the fewer the words to get the point across the better.
Post an analysis of the implications of the social construction of disability. Describe how disability can be defined as a social construct. Explain how that relates to the perception of disability-(This much I already did) (Finish from here)- Be specific and draw on examples from the Parker case to illustrate your thoughts. Also, describe the intersection of Stephanie’s mental illness with other characteristics of her identity. Explain how those intersections could serve to further marginalize Stephanie’s place and experiences in society. Finally, explain how such marginalization impacts her ability to make choices, use self-determination, and be an active agent with equitable status in her interactions with other professionals.
Plummer, S.-B., Makris, S., & Brocksen S. M. (Eds.). (2014). Sessions: Case histories. Baltimore, MD: Laureate International Universities Publishing. [Vital Source e-reader] “The Parker Family”
Sara is a 72-year-old widowed Caucasian female who lives in a two-bedroom apartment with her 48-year-old daughter, Stephanie, and six cats. Sara and her daughter have lived together for the past 10 years, since Stephanie returned home after a failed relationship and was unable to live independently. Stephanie has a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, and her overall physical health is good. Stephanie has no history of treatment for alcohol or substance abuse; during her teens she drank and smoked marijuana but no longer uses these substances. When she was 16 years old, Stephanie was hospitalized after her first bipolar episode. She had attempted suicide by swallowing a handful of Tylenol® and drinking half a bottle of vodka after her first boyfriend broke up with her. She has been hospitalized three times in the past 4 years when she stopped taking her medications and experienced suicidal ideation. Stephanie’s current medications are Lithium, Paxil®, Abilify®, and Klonopin®.
Stephanie recently had a brief hospitalization as a result of depressive symptoms. She attends a mental health drop-in center twice a week to socialize with friends and receives outpatient psychiatric treatment at a local mental health clinic for medication management and weekly therapy. She is maintaining a part-time job at a local supermarket where she bags groceries and is currently being trained to become a cashier. Stephanie currently has active Medicare and receives Social Security Disability (SSD).
Sara has recently been hospitalized for depression and has some physical issues. She has documented high blood pressure and hyperthyroidism, she is slightly underweight, and she is displaying signs of dementia. Sara has no history of alcohol or substance abuse. Her current medications are Lexapro® and Zyprexa®. Sara has Medicare and receives Social Security benefits and a small pension. She attends a day treatment program for seniors that is affiliated with a local hospital in her neighborhood. Sara attends the program 3 days a week from 9:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m., and van service is provided free of charge.
A telephone call was made to Adult Protective Services (APS) by the senior day treatment social worker when Sara presented with increased confusion, poor attention to daily living skills, and statements made about Stephanie’s behavior. Sara told the social worker at the senior day treatment program that, “My daughter is very argumentative and is throwing all of my things out.” She reported, “We are fighting like cats and dogs; I’m afraid of her and of losing all my stuff.”
During the home visit, the APS worker observed that the living room was very cluttered, but that the kitchen was fairly clean, with food in the refrigerator and cabinets. Despite the clutter, all of the doorways, including the front door, had clear egress. The family lives on the first floor of the apartment building and could exit the building without difficulty in case of emergency. The litter boxes were also fairly clean, and there was no sign of vermin in the home.
Upon questioning by the APS worker, Sara denied that she was afraid of her daughter or that her daughter had been physically abusive. In fact, the worker observed that Stephanie had a noticeable bruise on her forearm, which appeared defensive in nature. When asked about the bruise, Stephanie reported that she had gotten it when her mother tried to grab some items out of her arms that she was about to throw out. Stephanie admitted to throwing things out to clean up the apartment, telling the APS worker, “I’m tired of my mother’s hoarding.” Sara agreed with the description of the incident. Both Sara and Stephanie admitted to an increase in arguing, but denied physical violence. Sara stated, “I didn’t mean to hurt Stephanie. I was just trying to get my things back.”
The APS worker observed that Sara’s appearance was unkempt and disheveled, but her overall hygiene was adequate (i.e., clean hair and clothes). Stephanie was neatly groomed with good hygiene. The APS worker determined that no one was in immediate danger to warrant removal from the home but that the family was in need of a referral for Intensive Case Management (ICM) services. It was clear there was some conflict in the home that had led to physical confrontations. Further, the house had hygiene issues, including trash and items stacked in the living room and Sara’s room, which needed to be addressed. The APS worker indicated in her report that if not adequately addressed, the hoarding might continue to escalate and create an unsafe and unhygienic environment, thus leading to a possible eviction or recommendation for separation and relocation for both women.
As the ICM worker, I visited the family to assess the situation and the needs of the clients. Stephanie said she was very angry with her mother and sick of her compulsive shopping and hoarding. Stephanie complained that they did not have any visitors and she was ashamed to invite friends to the home due to the condition of the apartment. When I asked Sara if she saw a problem with so many items littering the apartment, Sara replied, “I need all of these things.” Stephanie complained that when she tried to clean up and throw things out, her mother went outside and brought it all back in again. We discussed the need to clean up the apartment and make it habitable for them to remain in their home, based on the recommendations of the APS worker. I also discussed possible housing alternatives, such as senior housing for Sara and a supportive apartment complex for Stephanie. Sara and Stephanie both stated they wanted to remain in their apartment together, although Stephanie questioned whether her mother would cooperate with cleaning up the apartment. Sara was adamant that she did not want to be removed from their apartment and would try to accept what needed to be done so they would not be forced to move.
The Parker Family
Sara Parker: mother, 72
Stephanie Parker: daughter, 48
Jane Rodgers: daughter, 45
Stephanie reported her mother is estranged from her younger sister, Jane, because of the hoarding. Stephanie also mentioned she was dissatisfied with her mother’s psychiatric treatment and felt she was not getting the help she needed. She reported that her mother was very anxious and was having difficulty sleeping, staying up until all hours of the night, and buying items from a televised shopping network. Sara’s psychiatrist had recently increased her Zyprexa prescription dosage to help reduce her agitation and possible bipolar disorder (as evidenced by the compulsive shopping), but Stephanie did not feel this had been helpful and actually wondered if it was contributing to her mother’s confusion. I asked for permission to contact Jane and both of their outpatient treatment teams, and both requests were granted.
I immediately contacted Jane, who initially was uncooperative and stated she was unwilling to assist. Jane is married, with three children, and lives 3 hours away. At the beginning of our phone call, Jane said, “I’ve been through this before and I’m not helping this time.” When I asked if I could at least keep in touch with her to keep her informed of the situation and any decisions that might need to be made, Jane agreed. After a few more minutes of discussion around my role and responsibilities, I was able to establish a bit of rapport with Jane. She then started to ask me questions and share some insight into what was going on in her mother and sister’s home.
Jane informed me that she was very angry with her mother and had not brought her children to the apartment in years because of its condition. She said that her mother started compulsively shopping and hoarding when she and Stephanie were in high school, and while her father had tried to contain it as best he could, the apartment was always cluttered. She said this had been a source of conflict and embarrassment for her and Stephanie all of their lives. She said that after her father died of a heart attack, the hoarding got worse, and neither she nor Stephanie could control it. Jane also told me she felt her mother was responsible for Stephanie’s relapses. Jane reported that Stephanie had been compliant with her medication and treatment in the past, and that up until a few years ago, had not been hospitalized for several years. Jane had told Stephanie in the past to move out.
Jane also told me that she “is angry with the mental health system.” Sara had been recently hospitalized for depression, and Jane took pictures of the apartment to show the inpatient treatment team what her mother was going home to. Jane felt they did not treat the situation seriously because they discharged her mother back to the apartment. Stephanie had been hospitalized at the same time as her mother, but in a different hospital, and Jane had shown the pictures to her sister’s treatment team as well. Initially the social worker recommended that Stephanie not return to the apartment because of the state of the home, but when that social worker was replaced with someone new, Stephanie was also sent back home.
When I inquired if there were any friends or family members who might be available and willing to assist in clearing out the apartment, Jane said her mother had few friends and was not affiliated with a church group or congregation. However, she acknowledged that there were two cousins who might help, and she offered to contact them and possibly help herself. She said that she would ask her husband to help as well, but she wanted assurance that her mother would cooperate. I explained that while I could not promise that her mother would cooperate completely, her mother had stated that she was willing to do whatever it took to keep living in her home. Jane seemed satisfied with this response and pleased with the plan.
I then arranged to meet with Sara and her psychiatrist to discuss her increased anxiety and confusion and the compulsive shopping. I requested a referral for neuropsychiatric testing to assess possible cognitive changes or decline in functioning. A test was scheduled, and it indicated some cognitive deficits, but at the end of testing, Sara told the psychologist who administered the tests she had stopped taking her medications for depression. It was determined Sara’s depression and discontinuation of medication could have affected her test performance and it was recommended she be retested in 6 months. I suggested a referral to a geriatric psychiatrist for Sara, as she appeared to need more specialized treatment. Sara’s psychologist was in agreement.
Because they had both stated that they did not want to be removed from their home, I worked with Sara and Stephanie as a team to address cleaning the apartment. All agreed that they would begin working together to clean the house for 1 hour a day until arrangements were made for additional help from family members. In an attempt to alleviate Sara’s anxiety around throwing out the items, I suggested using three bags for the initial cleanup: one bag was for items she could throw out, the second bag was for “maybes,” and the third was for “not ready yet.” I scheduled home visits at the designated cleanup time to provide support and encouragement and to intervene in disputes. I also contacted Sara’s treatment team to inform them of the cleanup plans and suggested that Sara might need additional support and observation as it progressed. Jane notified me that her two cousins were willing to assist with the cleanup, make minor repairs, and paint the apartment. Jane offered to schedule a date that would be convenient for her and her cousins to come and help out.
Key to Acronyms
APS: Adult Protective Services
ICM: Intensive Case Management services
SSD: Social Security Disability
We then discussed placement for at least some of the cats, because six seemed too many for a small apartment. Sara and Stephanie were at first adamant that they could not give up their cats, but with further discussion admitted it had become extremely difficult to manage caring for them all. They both eventually agreed to each keep their favorite cat and find homes for the other four. Sara and Stephanie made fliers and brought them to their respective treatment programs to hand out. Stephanie also brought fliers about the cats to her place of employment. Three of the four cats were adopted within a week.
During one home visit, Stephanie pulled me aside and said she had changed her mind—she did not want to continue to live with her mother. She requested that I complete a housing application for supportive housing stating, “I want to get on with my life.” Stephanie had successfully completed cashier training, and the manager of the supermarket was pleased with her performance and was prepared to hire her as a part-time cashier soon. She expressed concern about how her mother would react to this decision and asked me for assistance telling her.
We all met together to discuss Stephanie’s decision to apply for an apartment. Sara was initially upset and had some difficulty accepting this decision. Sara said she had fears about living alone, but when we discussed senior living alternatives, Sara was adamant she wanted to remain in her apartment. Sara said she had lived alone for a number of years after her husband died and felt she could adjust again. I offered to help her stay in her apartment and explore home care services and programs available that will meet her current needs to remain at home.
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0.0389449186623096... | 4 | Disability can’t be defined purely in biomedical terms because social arrangements and expectations make essential contributions to disability, and to its absence. According to Wendell (1968) the biological reality of a disability and the social construction of a disability cannot be made sharply, because the biological and the social are interactive in creating disability, they are interactive not only in that complex interaction of social factors and our bodies affect health and functioning, but also in that social arrangements can make a biological condition more or less relevant to almost any situation. Social workers call the interaction of the biological and the social to create (or prevent) disability “the social construction of disability” (Wendell, 1968).
Wendell (1968) also states it is easy to recognize that social conditions affect people’s bodies by creating or failing to prevent sickness and injury although, since disability is relative to a person’s physical, social, and cultural environment, none of the resulting physical conditions is necessarily disabling, many do in fact cause disability given the demands and lack of support in the environments of the people affected.
Wendell, Susan (1996). The Rejected Body: The Social Construction of Disability. New York: Routledge
Please finish the above paper according to the instructions.
No title page or header or specific length. Actually, the fewer the words to get the point across the better.
Post an analysis of the implications of the social construction of disability. Describe how disability can be defined as a social construct. Explain how that relates to the perception of disability-(This much I already did) (Finish from here)- Be specific and draw on examples from the Parker case to illustrate your thoughts. Also, describe the intersection of Stephanie’s mental illness with other characteristics of her identity. Explain how those intersections could serve to further marginalize Stephanie’s place and experiences in society. Finally, explain how such marginalization impacts her ability to make choices, use self-determination, and be an active agent with equitable status in her interactions with other professionals.
Plummer, S.-B., Makris, S., & Brocksen S. M. (Eds.). (2014). Sessions: Case histories. Baltimore, MD: Laureate International Universities Publishing. [Vital Source e-reader] “The Parker Family”
Sara is a 72-year-old widowed Caucasian female who lives in a two-bedroom apartment with her 48-year-old daughter, Stephanie, and six cats. Sara and her daughter have lived together for the past 10 years, since Stephanie returned home after a failed relationship and was unable to live independently. Stephanie has a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, and her overall physical health is good. Stephanie has no history of treatment for alcohol or substance abuse; during her teens she drank and smoked marijuana but no longer uses these substances. When she was 16 years old, Stephanie was hospitalized after her first bipolar episode. She had attempted suicide by swallowing a handful of Tylenol® and drinking half a bottle of vodka after her first boyfriend broke up with her. She has been hospitalized three times in the past 4 years when she stopped taking her medications and experienced suicidal ideation. Stephanie’s current medications are Lithium, Paxil®, Abilify®, and Klonopin®.
Stephanie recently had a brief hospitalization as a result of depressive symptoms. She attends a mental health drop-in center twice a week to socialize with friends and receives outpatient psychiatric treatment at a local mental health clinic for medication management and weekly therapy. She is maintaining a part-time job at a local supermarket where she bags groceries and is currently being trained to become a cashier. Stephanie currently has active Medicare and receives Social Security Disability (SSD).
Sara has recently been hospitalized for depression and has some physical issues. She has documented high blood pressure and hyperthyroidism, she is slightly underweight, and she is displaying signs of dementia. Sara has no history of alcohol or substance abuse. Her current medications are Lexapro® and Zyprexa®. Sara has Medicare and receives Social Security benefits and a small pension. She attends a day treatment program for seniors that is affiliated with a local hospital in her neighborhood. Sara attends the program 3 days a week from 9:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m., and van service is provided free of charge.
A telephone call was made to Adult Protective Services (APS) by the senior day treatment social worker when Sara presented with increased confusion, poor attention to daily living skills, and statements made about Stephanie’s behavior. Sara told the social worker at the senior day treatment program that, “My daughter is very argumentative and is throwing all of my things out.” She reported, “We are fighting like cats and dogs; I’m afraid of her and of losing all my stuff.”
During the home visit, the APS worker observed that the living room was very cluttered, but that the kitchen was fairly clean, with food in the refrigerator and cabinets. Despite the clutter, all of the doorways, including the front door, had clear egress. The family lives on the first floor of the apartment building and could exit the building without difficulty in case of emergency. The litter boxes were also fairly clean, and there was no sign of vermin in the home.
Upon questioning by the APS worker, Sara denied that she was afraid of her daughter or that her daughter had been physically abusive. In fact, the worker observed that Stephanie had a noticeable bruise on her forearm, which appeared defensive in nature. When asked about the bruise, Stephanie reported that she had gotten it when her mother tried to grab some items out of her arms that she was about to throw out. Stephanie admitted to throwing things out to clean up the apartment, telling the APS worker, “I’m tired of my mother’s hoarding.” Sara agreed with the description of the incident. Both Sara and Stephanie admitted to an increase in arguing, but denied physical violence. Sara stated, “I didn’t mean to hurt Stephanie. I was just trying to get my things back.”
The APS worker observed that Sara’s appearance was unkempt and disheveled, but her overall hygiene was adequate (i.e., clean hair and clothes). Stephanie was neatly groomed with good hygiene. The APS worker determined that no one was in immediate danger to warrant removal from the home but that the family was in need of a referral for Intensive Case Management (ICM) services. It was clear there was some conflict in the home that had led to physical confrontations. Further, the house had hygiene issues, including trash and items stacked in the living room and Sara’s room, which needed to be addressed. The APS worker indicated in her report that if not adequately addressed, the hoarding might continue to escalate and create an unsafe and unhygienic environment, thus leading to a possible eviction or recommendation for separation and relocation for both women.
As the ICM worker, I visited the family to assess the situation and the needs of the clients. Stephanie said she was very angry with her mother and sick of her compulsive shopping and hoarding. Stephanie complained that they did not have any visitors and she was ashamed to invite friends to the home due to the condition of the apartment. When I asked Sara if she saw a problem with so many items littering the apartment, Sara replied, “I need all of these things.” Stephanie complained that when she tried to clean up and throw things out, her mother went outside and brought it all back in again. We discussed the need to clean up the apartment and make it habitable for them to remain in their home, based on the recommendations of the APS worker. I also discussed possible housing alternatives, such as senior housing for Sara and a supportive apartment complex for Stephanie. Sara and Stephanie both stated they wanted to remain in their apartment together, although Stephanie questioned whether her mother would cooperate with cleaning up the apartment. Sara was adamant that she did not want to be removed from their apartment and would try to accept what needed to be done so they would not be forced to move.
The Parker Family
Sara Parker: mother, 72
Stephanie Parker: daughter, 48
Jane Rodgers: daughter, 45
Stephanie reported her mother is estranged from her younger sister, Jane, because of the hoarding. Stephanie also mentioned she was dissatisfied with her mother’s psychiatric treatment and felt she was not getting the help she needed. She reported that her mother was very anxious and was having difficulty sleeping, staying up until all hours of the night, and buying items from a televised shopping network. Sara’s psychiatrist had recently increased her Zyprexa prescription dosage to help reduce her agitation and possible bipolar disorder (as evidenced by the compulsive shopping), but Stephanie did not feel this had been helpful and actually wondered if it was contributing to her mother’s confusion. I asked for permission to contact Jane and both of their outpatient treatment teams, and both requests were granted.
I immediately contacted Jane, who initially was uncooperative and stated she was unwilling to assist. Jane is married, with three children, and lives 3 hours away. At the beginning of our phone call, Jane said, “I’ve been through this before and I’m not helping this time.” When I asked if I could at least keep in touch with her to keep her informed of the situation and any decisions that might need to be made, Jane agreed. After a few more minutes of discussion around my role and responsibilities, I was able to establish a bit of rapport with Jane. She then started to ask me questions and share some insight into what was going on in her mother and sister’s home.
Jane informed me that she was very angry with her mother and had not brought her children to the apartment in years because of its condition. She said that her mother started compulsively shopping and hoarding when she and Stephanie were in high school, and while her father had tried to contain it as best he could, the apartment was always cluttered. She said this had been a source of conflict and embarrassment for her and Stephanie all of their lives. She said that after her father died of a heart attack, the hoarding got worse, and neither she nor Stephanie could control it. Jane also told me she felt her mother was responsible for Stephanie’s relapses. Jane reported that Stephanie had been compliant with her medication and treatment in the past, and that up until a few years ago, had not been hospitalized for several years. Jane had told Stephanie in the past to move out.
Jane also told me that she “is angry with the mental health system.” Sara had been recently hospitalized for depression, and Jane took pictures of the apartment to show the inpatient treatment team what her mother was going home to. Jane felt they did not treat the situation seriously because they discharged her mother back to the apartment. Stephanie had been hospitalized at the same time as her mother, but in a different hospital, and Jane had shown the pictures to her sister’s treatment team as well. Initially the social worker recommended that Stephanie not return to the apartment because of the state of the home, but when that social worker was replaced with someone new, Stephanie was also sent back home.
When I inquired if there were any friends or family members who might be available and willing to assist in clearing out the apartment, Jane said her mother had few friends and was not affiliated with a church group or congregation. However, she acknowledged that there were two cousins who might help, and she offered to contact them and possibly help herself. She said that she would ask her husband to help as well, but she wanted assurance that her mother would cooperate. I explained that while I could not promise that her mother would cooperate completely, her mother had stated that she was willing to do whatever it took to keep living in her home. Jane seemed satisfied with this response and pleased with the plan.
I then arranged to meet with Sara and her psychiatrist to discuss her increased anxiety and confusion and the compulsive shopping. I requested a referral for neuropsychiatric testing to assess possible cognitive changes or decline in functioning. A test was scheduled, and it indicated some cognitive deficits, but at the end of testing, Sara told the psychologist who administered the tests she had stopped taking her medications for depression. It was determined Sara’s depression and discontinuation of medication could have affected her test performance and it was recommended she be retested in 6 months. I suggested a referral to a geriatric psychiatrist for Sara, as she appeared to need more specialized treatment. Sara’s psychologist was in agreement.
Because they had both stated that they did not want to be removed from their home, I worked with Sara and Stephanie as a team to address cleaning the apartment. All agreed that they would begin working together to clean the house for 1 hour a day until arrangements were made for additional help from family members. In an attempt to alleviate Sara’s anxiety around throwing out the items, I suggested using three bags for the initial cleanup: one bag was for items she could throw out, the second bag was for “maybes,” and the third was for “not ready yet.” I scheduled home visits at the designated cleanup time to provide support and encouragement and to intervene in disputes. I also contacted Sara’s treatment team to inform them of the cleanup plans and suggested that Sara might need additional support and observation as it progressed. Jane notified me that her two cousins were willing to assist with the cleanup, make minor repairs, and paint the apartment. Jane offered to schedule a date that would be convenient for her and her cousins to come and help out.
Key to Acronyms
APS: Adult Protective Services
ICM: Intensive Case Management services
SSD: Social Security Disability
We then discussed placement for at least some of the cats, because six seemed too many for a small apartment. Sara and Stephanie were at first adamant that they could not give up their cats, but with further discussion admitted it had become extremely difficult to manage caring for them all. They both eventually agreed to each keep their favorite cat and find homes for the other four. Sara and Stephanie made fliers and brought them to their respective treatment programs to hand out. Stephanie also brought fliers about the cats to her place of employment. Three of the four cats were adopted within a week.
During one home visit, Stephanie pulled me aside and said she had changed her mind—she did not want to continue to live with her mother. She requested that I complete a housing application for supportive housing stating, “I want to get on with my life.” Stephanie had successfully completed cashier training, and the manager of the supermarket was pleased with her performance and was prepared to hire her as a part-time cashier soon. She expressed concern about how her mother would react to this decision and asked me for assistance telling her.
We all met together to discuss Stephanie’s decision to apply for an apartment. Sara was initially upset and had some difficulty accepting this decision. Sara said she had fears about living alone, but when we discussed senior living alternatives, Sara was adamant she wanted to remain in her apartment. Sara said she had lived alone for a number of years after her husband died and felt she could adjust again. I offered to help her stay in her apartment and explore home care services and programs available that will meet her current needs to remain at home.
Plummer, S.-B., Makris, S., & Brocksen S. M. (Eds.). (2014). Sessions: Case histories. Baltimore, MD: Laureate International Universities Publishing. [Vital Source e-reader]. | 3,169 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Self-esteem refers to how we view ourselves and the value we place upon our worth. Having low self-esteem involves having an overall negative view of ourselves. A person with low self-esteem may experience self-critical thoughts, such as:
- I’m not good enough
- I’m a failure
- I’m not worthwhile
- I’m inadequate
- I’m unlovable
The self-critical thoughts above are experienced and often believed to be the absolute truth. People may worry that others are holding these same negative views of them. People with low self-esteem also have a tendency to compare themselves with others in an unfair and biased way. For example, they may hold others in an overly high positive regard, only focus on the positive qualities of others and mainly compare themselves to others who are perceived to be highly intelligence/attractive/socially adept. Flaws in others are overlooked, yet their own perceived flaws are amplified and their own positive qualities are dismissed. Receiving compliments may be difficult and these also tend to get dismissed. When good achievements are made these are often downplayed, perhaps being put down to luck or the person considers the achievement to not be that impressive anyway. Situations that require a decision to be made can raise anxiety levels in someone who has low self-esteem as they may fear they will make a bad decision and/or perhaps worry that they will be negatively judged for the decision they make. If things go wrong around them a person with low self-esteem has the tendency to take full responsibility and blame themselves.
These thinking patterns which characterise people with low self-esteem can have a detrimental impact upon their lives. They may contribute to emotional difficulties, such as depression, anxiety and anger. In work or school they may either work very hard or put in little effort due to a fear of failing. In relationships people with low self-esteem may have a tendency to be quiet, not stand up for themselves, tolerate being treated poorly and generally put others first at the detriment of their own needs. They may be quick to perceive others as being critical and have a strong emotional reaction to this and perhaps lash out. They may also avoid potentially enjoyable activities, such as hobbies/sport due to fear about their performance being negatively evaluated and perhaps due to a fear of failing.
Why do some people have lower self-esteem than others? The beliefs that we develop about ourselves are shaped by our experiences, often experiences earlier in our lives. Although these beliefs made sense when they were first developed given they are based upon reasonable conclusions drawn from a person’s experiences, they may not be helpful (or even accurate) as the person gets older. Earlier experiences that can often play a role in contributing to low self-esteem are:
- being criticised frequently, for example, when mistakes were made
- being bullied
- feeling different to others, for example, if you were a different build to most people around you or had a skin problem or struggled academically
- being neglected and/or abused
- not receiving much praise or being shown much love and affection
Therapy for Low Self-Esteem
We support many people in our clinic to improve their self-esteem which shows it is a very common problem. We would often begin therapy by working with you to understand what thinking and behavioural patterns are keeping your low self-esteem going. Therapy is then focused on addressing these patterns. You may be helped to challenge unhelpful thinking patterns to develop a more balanced (and positive!) view of yourself. It can be helpful to keep a log of positive things that happen, such as when something went well, when you displayed a positive quality, when you received a compliment. It can be helpful to balance your needs more with others and begin to do more nice things for yourself. These are just some ideas of many that you and your therapist can work together on to help improve your self-esteem.
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... | 2 | Self-esteem refers to how we view ourselves and the value we place upon our worth. Having low self-esteem involves having an overall negative view of ourselves. A person with low self-esteem may experience self-critical thoughts, such as:
- I’m not good enough
- I’m a failure
- I’m not worthwhile
- I’m inadequate
- I’m unlovable
The self-critical thoughts above are experienced and often believed to be the absolute truth. People may worry that others are holding these same negative views of them. People with low self-esteem also have a tendency to compare themselves with others in an unfair and biased way. For example, they may hold others in an overly high positive regard, only focus on the positive qualities of others and mainly compare themselves to others who are perceived to be highly intelligence/attractive/socially adept. Flaws in others are overlooked, yet their own perceived flaws are amplified and their own positive qualities are dismissed. Receiving compliments may be difficult and these also tend to get dismissed. When good achievements are made these are often downplayed, perhaps being put down to luck or the person considers the achievement to not be that impressive anyway. Situations that require a decision to be made can raise anxiety levels in someone who has low self-esteem as they may fear they will make a bad decision and/or perhaps worry that they will be negatively judged for the decision they make. If things go wrong around them a person with low self-esteem has the tendency to take full responsibility and blame themselves.
These thinking patterns which characterise people with low self-esteem can have a detrimental impact upon their lives. They may contribute to emotional difficulties, such as depression, anxiety and anger. In work or school they may either work very hard or put in little effort due to a fear of failing. In relationships people with low self-esteem may have a tendency to be quiet, not stand up for themselves, tolerate being treated poorly and generally put others first at the detriment of their own needs. They may be quick to perceive others as being critical and have a strong emotional reaction to this and perhaps lash out. They may also avoid potentially enjoyable activities, such as hobbies/sport due to fear about their performance being negatively evaluated and perhaps due to a fear of failing.
Why do some people have lower self-esteem than others? The beliefs that we develop about ourselves are shaped by our experiences, often experiences earlier in our lives. Although these beliefs made sense when they were first developed given they are based upon reasonable conclusions drawn from a person’s experiences, they may not be helpful (or even accurate) as the person gets older. Earlier experiences that can often play a role in contributing to low self-esteem are:
- being criticised frequently, for example, when mistakes were made
- being bullied
- feeling different to others, for example, if you were a different build to most people around you or had a skin problem or struggled academically
- being neglected and/or abused
- not receiving much praise or being shown much love and affection
Therapy for Low Self-Esteem
We support many people in our clinic to improve their self-esteem which shows it is a very common problem. We would often begin therapy by working with you to understand what thinking and behavioural patterns are keeping your low self-esteem going. Therapy is then focused on addressing these patterns. You may be helped to challenge unhelpful thinking patterns to develop a more balanced (and positive!) view of yourself. It can be helpful to keep a log of positive things that happen, such as when something went well, when you displayed a positive quality, when you received a compliment. It can be helpful to balance your needs more with others and begin to do more nice things for yourself. These are just some ideas of many that you and your therapist can work together on to help improve your self-esteem.
Get professional help with Low Self-Esteem – Contact us now, and request a 15 minutes free consultation with a therapist today. | 803 | ENGLISH | 1 |
|History of Virginia|
Slavery in Virginia dates to 1619, soon after the founding of Virginia as an English colony by the London Virginia Company. The company established a headright system to encourage colonists to transport indentured servants to the colony for labor; they received a certain amount of land for people whose passage they paid to Virginia.
Africans first appeared in Virginia in late August 1619, brought by the frigate "White Lion", a privateer ship owned by Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick, but flying a Dutch flag. The approximately 20 Africans on that ship, originally from the present-day Angola, had been seized by the British crew from a Portuguese slave ship, the "São João Bautista".
In 1661, Virginia passed its first law allowing any free person the right to own slaves. In previous years, Africans were legally deemed to be indentured servants, including one, John Casor, who was declared "indentured for life" in 1655. Additional laws regarding slavery of Africans were passed in the seventeenth century and codified into Virginia's first slave code in 1705. Among laws affecting slaves was one of 1662, which said that children born in the colony would take the social status of their mothers, regardless of who their fathers were (partus sequitur ventrem). This was in contrast to English common law of the time, and resulted in generation after generation of enslaved persons, including mixed-race children and adults, some of whom were majority white. Among the most notable were Sally Hemings and her siblings, fathered by planter John Wayles, and her four surviving children by Thomas Jefferson.
In March 1620, 32 Africans were documented as residing in Virginia. By 1650, this had increased to about 300 Africans, about 1% of an estimated 30,000 population of people of English and European ancestry. They were still considered to be indentured servants, like the approximately 4000 white indentured people, since a slave law was not passed in Virginia until 1661.
Many Africans had earned their freedom, and they were each granted 50 acres (200,000 m2) of land when freed from their indentures, so they could raise their own tobacco or other crops. Although at a disadvantage in that they had to pay to have their newly acquired land surveyed in order to patent it, white indentured servants found themselves in the same predicament. Some black indentured servants patented and bought land after gaining freedom.
Anthony Johnson was an African who was freed soon after 1635; he settled on land on the Eastern Shore following the end of indenture, later buying African indentured servants as laborers. George Dillard, a white indentured servant who settled in New Kent County after his servitude ended, held at least 79 acres (320,000 m2) of his own land and married, despite a dearth of women in the colonies at that time.
Nicholas Ferrar wrote a contemporaneous text Sir Thomas Smith's Misgovernment of the Virginia Company (first published by the Roxburghe Club in 1990). Here he alleges that Smith and his son-in-law, Robert Johnson, were running a company within a company to skim off the profits from the shareholders. He also alleged that Dr. John Woodall had bought some Polish settlers as slaves, selling them to Lord de La Warr. He claimed that Smith was trying to reduce other colonists to slavery by extending their period of indenture indefinitely beyond the seventh year.
Though the history of blacks in Virginia begins in 1619, the transition of status from indentured servant to lifelong slave was a gradual process. Some historians believe that some of the first blacks who arrived in Virginia were already slaves; they were certainly enslaved. Others state that such individuals were taken into the colony as indentured servants. Historians generally believe that officially, slavery in the English colonies in North America did not begin as an institution until the 1660s. A slavery law was passed in 1641 in Massachusetts but not until 1661 in Virginia.
Early cases show differences in treatment between Negro and European indentured servants. In 1640, the General Virginia Court decided the Emmanuel case. Emmanuel was a Negro indentured servant who participated in a plot to escape along with six white servants. Together, they stole corn, powder, and shot guns but were caught before making their escape. The members of the group were each convicted; they were sentenced to a variety of punishments. Christopher Miller, the leader of the group, was sentenced to wear shackles for one year. White servant John Williams was sentenced to serve the colony for an extra seven years. Peter Willcocke was branded, whipped, and was required to serve the colony for an additional seven years. Richard Cookson was required to serve for two additional years. Emmanuel, the Negro, was whipped and branded with an "R" on his cheek. All of the white servants had their terms of servitude increased by some extent, but the court did not extend Emmanuel's time of service. Many historians speculate Emmanuel was already a servant for life. While Emmanuel's status is not defined in the records, his being branded shows a difference in how white servants and black servants were treated. Though this case suggests that slavery existed, the distinction of lifetime servitude or slavery associated with Africans or people of African descent was not widespread until later.
That same year, 1640, "the first definite indication of outright enslavement appears in Virginia."John Punch, a Negro indentured servant, escaped from his master, Hugh Gwyn, along with two white servants. Hugh Gwyn petitioned the courts, and the three servants were captured, convicted, and sentenced. The white servants had their indentured contracts extended by four years, but the courts gave John Punch a much harsher sentence. The courts decided that "the third being a negro named John Punch shall serve his said master or his assigns for the time of his natural life here or else where." This is considered the earliest legal documentation of slavery in Virginia. It marked racial disparity in the treatment of black servants and their white counterparts, but also the beginning of Virginian courts reducing Negros from a condition of indentured servitude to slavery. Leon Higginbotham believes the case is evidence that the colony was developing a policy to force Negro laborers to serve terms of life servitude.
In other cases, masters refused to acknowledge the expiration of indentured contracts of blacks, most of whom were illiterate in English. Anthony Johnson was claimed to have held his indentured servant, John Casor, past his term. Johnson was brought to Jamestown in 1621 aboard the James as an indentured servant. By 1623, the Angolan had gained his freedom. By 1651 he was prosperous enough to import five "servants" of his own, for which he was granted 250 acres (1.0 km2) as "headrights". One of his servants was John Casor. Casor later claimed to a neighboring farmer, Robert Parker, that he had completed his term. Parker persuaded Johnson to free Casor, who then went to work for Parker. The farmer signed him to a new term of indenture. Johnson challenged Parker in court, saying he had taken his worker. In the lawsuit of Johnson vs. Parker, the court in Northampton County ruled that "seriously consideringe and maturely weighing the premisses, doe fynde that the saide Mr. Robert Parker most unjustly keepeth the said Negro from Anthony Johnson his master....It is therefore the Judgement of the Court and ordered That the said John Casor Negro forthwith returne unto the service of the said master Anthony Johnson, and that Mr. Robert Parker make payment of all charges in the suit." Casor was returned to Johnson and served him for the rest of his life.
There is evidence in the 1650s that some Virginia Negroes were serving for life. In 1660 the Assembly stated that "in case any English servant shall run away in company with any Negroes who are incapable of making satisfaction by addition of time...[he] shall serve for the time of the said Negroes absence." This statute indicates quite clearly that Negroes served for life and hence could not make "satisfaction" by serving longer once they were recaptured. This phrase gave legal status to the already existing practice of lifetime enslavement of Negroes. Statutes were soon passed to define slavery with more conditions than lifetime servitude.
In 1660 Elizabeth Key won the first freedom suit in Virginia. She challenged being classified as a slave in a complicated case related to a lengthy indenture and an estate. The mixed-race woman, daughter of an African woman and English planter, argued that she was free due to her white English father who had acknowledged her as his daughter, had her baptized as a Christian, and tried to protect her by establishing a guardian and indentureship for her as a girl when he was dying. After this case, the colonial legislature adopted the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, saying that all children born in the colony would take the status of their mothers, regardless of paternity. Thus children born to enslaved mothers would be enslaved, regardless of their ethnicity or paternity. This was contrary to English common law for children of parents who are both English subjects, in which the child takes status from the father. But the law also meant that mixed-race children born to white women were born free, and many families of free African Americans were descended from unions between white women and ethnic African men during the colonial era.
Although Anthony Johnson was a free man, on his death in 1670, his plantation was given to a white colonist, not to Johnson's children. A judge had ruled that he was "not a citizen of the colony" because he was black. In 1677, Anthony and Mary's grandson, John Jr., purchased a 44-acre farm which he named Angola. John Jr. died without leaving an heir, however. By 1730, the Johnson family had vanished from the historical records.
Increasingly toward the end of the 17th century, large numbers of slaves from Africa were brought by Dutch and English slave ships to the Virginia Colony, as well as to Maryland and other southern colonies. On the large tobacco plantations, planters used them as chattel (owned property) to replace indentured servants (who were obligated to work only for a set period of time) as field labor, as well as to serve as household and skilled workers. As slaves, the Africans were not working by mutual agreement, nor for a limited period of time. The labor-intensive tobacco and later cotton plantations of the South were dependent on slavery for profitability.
Prior to the adoption of the doctrine partus sequitur ventrem (partus) in the English colonies in 1662, beginning in Virginia, English common law held that among English British subjects, a child's status was inherited from its father. The community could require that the father recognize illegitimate children and support them. Officials did not know how to treat children in the colony born to parents of whom one was not an English subject. In 1658, Elizabeth Key was the first woman of African descent to bring a freedom suit in the Virginia colony. She sought recognition as a free woman of color, rather than being classified as a Negro (African) and slave. Her natural father was an Englishman (and member of the House of Burgesses). He had acknowledged her, had her baptized as a Christian in the Church of England, and had arranged for her guardianship under an indenture before his death.
Before her guardian returned to England, he sold Key's indenture to another man, who held Key beyond its term. When he died, the estate classified Key and her child (also the natural son of an English subject) as Negro slaves. Key sued for her freedom and that of her infant son, based on their English ancestry, her Christian status, and the record of indenture. She won her case.
The number of white indentured servants declined in the late seventeenth century, as an improving economy in England made workers less willing to brave the colonies. Against this background, in 1662 the Virginia House of Burgesses passed a law including the principle of partus, to prevent slaves with English fathers from claiming freedom. Other colonies quickly adopted the principle. It held that "all children borne in this country shall be held bond or free only according to the condition of the mother"[unreliable source] As most bondwomen were African and thus considered foreigners, their children likewise were considered foreigners and removed from consideration as English subjects. The racial distinction made it easier to identify them. Slavery became a racial caste associated with African descent regardless of children's paternal ancestry. The principle became incorporated into state law when Virginia achieved independence from Great Britain. The demands for labor led to colonists importing more African slaves in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
The partus doctrine reflected the economic needs of the colony, which suffered perpetual labor shortages. Conditions were difficult, mortality was high, and the government was having difficulty attracting sufficient numbers of indentured servants. The change also gave cover to the sexual use of female slaves by white planters, their sons, overseers, and other white men. The resulting "mulatto" (mixed-race) children were now "confined" to slave quarters, unless fathers took specific legal actions on their behalf. The new law in 1662 meant that white fathers were no longer required to legally acknowledge, support, or emancipate their children by slave women. Men could sell their children or put them to work.
Virginia planters developed the commodity crop of tobacco as the chief export. It was a labor-intensive crop, and demand for it in England and Europe led to an increase in the importation of African slaves in the colony. By the mid-eighteenth century, there were 145,000 slaves in the Chesapeake Bay region, as compared to 50,000 in the Spanish colony of Cuba, where they worked in urbanized settlements; 60,000 in British Barbados; and 450,000 in the French plantation colony of Saint-Domingue. In the eighteenth century, settlers gradually moved west, as soils became depleted in the Tidewater. Planters took slaves into the Piedmont but began to develop mixed agriculture by the end of the eighteenth century.
Almost as soon as the practice of slavery -- actually, indentured servitude prior to the slave law of 1661 -- some individuals began obtaining their freedom. This was usually accomplished by escape, by purchasing freedom through saving of wages (as when slaves were hired out), or through benevolence of their masters, as family-type ties grew between some of them, and some mixed-race slaves were descended directly from planters or their sons. One of the first Africans to be freed was Anthony Johnson, sometime after 1635; he then purchased the freedom of his family. Johnson acquired land and his own indentured servants and began growing tobacco. One of those servants, John Casor, would later become the first African man to be declared indentured for life. By the 1650s, Johnson and his wife Mary were farming 250 acres in Northampton County, Virginia while their two sons owned 450 acres and 100 acres, respectively.
Most free people of color chose to stay in Virginia, or joined neighbors in migrating to the western frontier of the state and gradually into North Carolina, Kentucky! and Tennessee. They found frontier conditions more tolerant than the Tidewater societies.
Many escaped slaves lived freely as part of the community of Great Dismal Swamp maroons. Others escaped to the frontier, sometimes forming alliances with remnants of Native American tribes.
In Free African Americans in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Virginia (1995-2005), Paul Heinegg traced heads of households of free people of color (also recorded as mulatto or free blacks in some cases) in the censuses of 1790 to 1810. He found that 80 percent could be traced to free families originating as unions between white women (indentured or free) and African men (indentured, free, or slave) in colonial Virginia. Because their mixed-race children were born to free mothers, they had free status. In the 17th and early 18th centuries, the working classes of indentured servants and later slaves lived and worked closely together. They naturally developed unions or formal marriages, as the caste lines of slavery had not hardened at that point. Although born free, such mixed-race children were often required to serve long indentures as servants to the mother's master, especially if the child was illegitimate. But these free people of color formed the basis of most of the free black families in colonial Virginia.
At the time of the American Revolutionary War, what was later called the "peculiar institution" of slavery was an unresolved issue among the 13 colonies. The country's founding fathers established principles of equality in both the Declaration of Independence and the new U.S. Constitution, although at the time these were interpreted as applying only to white men. When the constitution was ratified, free blacks could vote in five of the thirteen states,[which?] indicating their acceptance as citizens. In some cases, as in North Carolina, free blacks were later restricted from voting after notorious slave rebellions such as that of Nat Turner.
In the first two decades after the Revolution, inspired by the Revolution and evangelical preachers, numerous slaveholders in the Chesapeake region manumitted some or all of their slaves, during their lifetimes or by will. From 1,800 persons in 1782, the total population of free blacks in Virginia increased to 12,766 (4.3 percent of blacks) in 1790, and to 30,570 in 1810. The percentage change was from free blacks' comprising less than one percent of the total black population in Virginia, to 7.2 percent by 1810, even as the overall population increased. One planter, Robert Carter III, freed more than 450 slaves in his lifetime, more than any other planter. George Washington freed all of his slaves at his death.
During the 19th century, there were two major attempted slave revolts in Virginia: Gabriel's Rebellion in 1800 and Nat Turner's slave rebellion in 1831. "The [latter] insurrection prompted the first and last concerted effort by a Slave State to abolish slavery within its borders. Charles Faulkner, from western Virginia, and Thomas Jefferson's grandson, Thomas Jefferson Randolph, led the losing struggle. Their Bill would free all children born of slave parents after July 4, 1840. [Thomas R.] Dew opposed it; his book, Review of the Debate in the Virginia Legislature, was influential in assuring its defeat." As a result, the Virginia legislature ended the ability of slaveholders to independently free their slaves and required each manumission to be approved by an act of the legislature. In addition, it passed laws that restricted rights of free people of color, prohibiting them from bearing arms and reducing gathering in groups.
Slaves from Virginia escaped via waterways and overland to free states in the North, with some aided by people along the Underground Railroad, maintained by both whites and blacks. In 1849, slave Henry "Box" Brown escaped from slavery in Virginia when he arranged to be shipped by express mail in a crate to Philadelphia, arriving in little more than 24 hours.
By 1860, Virginia had a black population that numbered about 550,000; only 58,042 or 11% were free people of color. In Cuba by contrast, there were 213,167 free people of color, or 39% of its black population of 550,000. Cuba had not developed a plantation system in its early years, and its economy supported the Spanish empire from urbanized settlements. With a shortage of white labor, blacks had become deeply involved in urban trades and businesses. In this setting, slaves were able to buy their way out of slavery.
Southern states had economies dependent on slavery, but sentiment for abolition grew in the North. Slavery was a source of growing conflict between the states as the new United States grew. Slave societies wanted to extend it to the west. Mass emancipation of all of the remaining slaves took place during the years of the American Civil War (1861-1865) and immediately thereafter. | <urn:uuid:be3ff6fc-c554-48d7-9e6e-c88ef78b861c> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://popflock.com/learn?s=History_of_slavery_in_Virginia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250603761.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121103642-20200121132642-00497.warc.gz | en | 0.983637 | 4,163 | 4.375 | 4 | [
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0.026008421555... | 1 | |History of Virginia|
Slavery in Virginia dates to 1619, soon after the founding of Virginia as an English colony by the London Virginia Company. The company established a headright system to encourage colonists to transport indentured servants to the colony for labor; they received a certain amount of land for people whose passage they paid to Virginia.
Africans first appeared in Virginia in late August 1619, brought by the frigate "White Lion", a privateer ship owned by Robert Rich, 2nd Earl of Warwick, but flying a Dutch flag. The approximately 20 Africans on that ship, originally from the present-day Angola, had been seized by the British crew from a Portuguese slave ship, the "São João Bautista".
In 1661, Virginia passed its first law allowing any free person the right to own slaves. In previous years, Africans were legally deemed to be indentured servants, including one, John Casor, who was declared "indentured for life" in 1655. Additional laws regarding slavery of Africans were passed in the seventeenth century and codified into Virginia's first slave code in 1705. Among laws affecting slaves was one of 1662, which said that children born in the colony would take the social status of their mothers, regardless of who their fathers were (partus sequitur ventrem). This was in contrast to English common law of the time, and resulted in generation after generation of enslaved persons, including mixed-race children and adults, some of whom were majority white. Among the most notable were Sally Hemings and her siblings, fathered by planter John Wayles, and her four surviving children by Thomas Jefferson.
In March 1620, 32 Africans were documented as residing in Virginia. By 1650, this had increased to about 300 Africans, about 1% of an estimated 30,000 population of people of English and European ancestry. They were still considered to be indentured servants, like the approximately 4000 white indentured people, since a slave law was not passed in Virginia until 1661.
Many Africans had earned their freedom, and they were each granted 50 acres (200,000 m2) of land when freed from their indentures, so they could raise their own tobacco or other crops. Although at a disadvantage in that they had to pay to have their newly acquired land surveyed in order to patent it, white indentured servants found themselves in the same predicament. Some black indentured servants patented and bought land after gaining freedom.
Anthony Johnson was an African who was freed soon after 1635; he settled on land on the Eastern Shore following the end of indenture, later buying African indentured servants as laborers. George Dillard, a white indentured servant who settled in New Kent County after his servitude ended, held at least 79 acres (320,000 m2) of his own land and married, despite a dearth of women in the colonies at that time.
Nicholas Ferrar wrote a contemporaneous text Sir Thomas Smith's Misgovernment of the Virginia Company (first published by the Roxburghe Club in 1990). Here he alleges that Smith and his son-in-law, Robert Johnson, were running a company within a company to skim off the profits from the shareholders. He also alleged that Dr. John Woodall had bought some Polish settlers as slaves, selling them to Lord de La Warr. He claimed that Smith was trying to reduce other colonists to slavery by extending their period of indenture indefinitely beyond the seventh year.
Though the history of blacks in Virginia begins in 1619, the transition of status from indentured servant to lifelong slave was a gradual process. Some historians believe that some of the first blacks who arrived in Virginia were already slaves; they were certainly enslaved. Others state that such individuals were taken into the colony as indentured servants. Historians generally believe that officially, slavery in the English colonies in North America did not begin as an institution until the 1660s. A slavery law was passed in 1641 in Massachusetts but not until 1661 in Virginia.
Early cases show differences in treatment between Negro and European indentured servants. In 1640, the General Virginia Court decided the Emmanuel case. Emmanuel was a Negro indentured servant who participated in a plot to escape along with six white servants. Together, they stole corn, powder, and shot guns but were caught before making their escape. The members of the group were each convicted; they were sentenced to a variety of punishments. Christopher Miller, the leader of the group, was sentenced to wear shackles for one year. White servant John Williams was sentenced to serve the colony for an extra seven years. Peter Willcocke was branded, whipped, and was required to serve the colony for an additional seven years. Richard Cookson was required to serve for two additional years. Emmanuel, the Negro, was whipped and branded with an "R" on his cheek. All of the white servants had their terms of servitude increased by some extent, but the court did not extend Emmanuel's time of service. Many historians speculate Emmanuel was already a servant for life. While Emmanuel's status is not defined in the records, his being branded shows a difference in how white servants and black servants were treated. Though this case suggests that slavery existed, the distinction of lifetime servitude or slavery associated with Africans or people of African descent was not widespread until later.
That same year, 1640, "the first definite indication of outright enslavement appears in Virginia."John Punch, a Negro indentured servant, escaped from his master, Hugh Gwyn, along with two white servants. Hugh Gwyn petitioned the courts, and the three servants were captured, convicted, and sentenced. The white servants had their indentured contracts extended by four years, but the courts gave John Punch a much harsher sentence. The courts decided that "the third being a negro named John Punch shall serve his said master or his assigns for the time of his natural life here or else where." This is considered the earliest legal documentation of slavery in Virginia. It marked racial disparity in the treatment of black servants and their white counterparts, but also the beginning of Virginian courts reducing Negros from a condition of indentured servitude to slavery. Leon Higginbotham believes the case is evidence that the colony was developing a policy to force Negro laborers to serve terms of life servitude.
In other cases, masters refused to acknowledge the expiration of indentured contracts of blacks, most of whom were illiterate in English. Anthony Johnson was claimed to have held his indentured servant, John Casor, past his term. Johnson was brought to Jamestown in 1621 aboard the James as an indentured servant. By 1623, the Angolan had gained his freedom. By 1651 he was prosperous enough to import five "servants" of his own, for which he was granted 250 acres (1.0 km2) as "headrights". One of his servants was John Casor. Casor later claimed to a neighboring farmer, Robert Parker, that he had completed his term. Parker persuaded Johnson to free Casor, who then went to work for Parker. The farmer signed him to a new term of indenture. Johnson challenged Parker in court, saying he had taken his worker. In the lawsuit of Johnson vs. Parker, the court in Northampton County ruled that "seriously consideringe and maturely weighing the premisses, doe fynde that the saide Mr. Robert Parker most unjustly keepeth the said Negro from Anthony Johnson his master....It is therefore the Judgement of the Court and ordered That the said John Casor Negro forthwith returne unto the service of the said master Anthony Johnson, and that Mr. Robert Parker make payment of all charges in the suit." Casor was returned to Johnson and served him for the rest of his life.
There is evidence in the 1650s that some Virginia Negroes were serving for life. In 1660 the Assembly stated that "in case any English servant shall run away in company with any Negroes who are incapable of making satisfaction by addition of time...[he] shall serve for the time of the said Negroes absence." This statute indicates quite clearly that Negroes served for life and hence could not make "satisfaction" by serving longer once they were recaptured. This phrase gave legal status to the already existing practice of lifetime enslavement of Negroes. Statutes were soon passed to define slavery with more conditions than lifetime servitude.
In 1660 Elizabeth Key won the first freedom suit in Virginia. She challenged being classified as a slave in a complicated case related to a lengthy indenture and an estate. The mixed-race woman, daughter of an African woman and English planter, argued that she was free due to her white English father who had acknowledged her as his daughter, had her baptized as a Christian, and tried to protect her by establishing a guardian and indentureship for her as a girl when he was dying. After this case, the colonial legislature adopted the principle of partus sequitur ventrem, saying that all children born in the colony would take the status of their mothers, regardless of paternity. Thus children born to enslaved mothers would be enslaved, regardless of their ethnicity or paternity. This was contrary to English common law for children of parents who are both English subjects, in which the child takes status from the father. But the law also meant that mixed-race children born to white women were born free, and many families of free African Americans were descended from unions between white women and ethnic African men during the colonial era.
Although Anthony Johnson was a free man, on his death in 1670, his plantation was given to a white colonist, not to Johnson's children. A judge had ruled that he was "not a citizen of the colony" because he was black. In 1677, Anthony and Mary's grandson, John Jr., purchased a 44-acre farm which he named Angola. John Jr. died without leaving an heir, however. By 1730, the Johnson family had vanished from the historical records.
Increasingly toward the end of the 17th century, large numbers of slaves from Africa were brought by Dutch and English slave ships to the Virginia Colony, as well as to Maryland and other southern colonies. On the large tobacco plantations, planters used them as chattel (owned property) to replace indentured servants (who were obligated to work only for a set period of time) as field labor, as well as to serve as household and skilled workers. As slaves, the Africans were not working by mutual agreement, nor for a limited period of time. The labor-intensive tobacco and later cotton plantations of the South were dependent on slavery for profitability.
Prior to the adoption of the doctrine partus sequitur ventrem (partus) in the English colonies in 1662, beginning in Virginia, English common law held that among English British subjects, a child's status was inherited from its father. The community could require that the father recognize illegitimate children and support them. Officials did not know how to treat children in the colony born to parents of whom one was not an English subject. In 1658, Elizabeth Key was the first woman of African descent to bring a freedom suit in the Virginia colony. She sought recognition as a free woman of color, rather than being classified as a Negro (African) and slave. Her natural father was an Englishman (and member of the House of Burgesses). He had acknowledged her, had her baptized as a Christian in the Church of England, and had arranged for her guardianship under an indenture before his death.
Before her guardian returned to England, he sold Key's indenture to another man, who held Key beyond its term. When he died, the estate classified Key and her child (also the natural son of an English subject) as Negro slaves. Key sued for her freedom and that of her infant son, based on their English ancestry, her Christian status, and the record of indenture. She won her case.
The number of white indentured servants declined in the late seventeenth century, as an improving economy in England made workers less willing to brave the colonies. Against this background, in 1662 the Virginia House of Burgesses passed a law including the principle of partus, to prevent slaves with English fathers from claiming freedom. Other colonies quickly adopted the principle. It held that "all children borne in this country shall be held bond or free only according to the condition of the mother"[unreliable source] As most bondwomen were African and thus considered foreigners, their children likewise were considered foreigners and removed from consideration as English subjects. The racial distinction made it easier to identify them. Slavery became a racial caste associated with African descent regardless of children's paternal ancestry. The principle became incorporated into state law when Virginia achieved independence from Great Britain. The demands for labor led to colonists importing more African slaves in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
The partus doctrine reflected the economic needs of the colony, which suffered perpetual labor shortages. Conditions were difficult, mortality was high, and the government was having difficulty attracting sufficient numbers of indentured servants. The change also gave cover to the sexual use of female slaves by white planters, their sons, overseers, and other white men. The resulting "mulatto" (mixed-race) children were now "confined" to slave quarters, unless fathers took specific legal actions on their behalf. The new law in 1662 meant that white fathers were no longer required to legally acknowledge, support, or emancipate their children by slave women. Men could sell their children or put them to work.
Virginia planters developed the commodity crop of tobacco as the chief export. It was a labor-intensive crop, and demand for it in England and Europe led to an increase in the importation of African slaves in the colony. By the mid-eighteenth century, there were 145,000 slaves in the Chesapeake Bay region, as compared to 50,000 in the Spanish colony of Cuba, where they worked in urbanized settlements; 60,000 in British Barbados; and 450,000 in the French plantation colony of Saint-Domingue. In the eighteenth century, settlers gradually moved west, as soils became depleted in the Tidewater. Planters took slaves into the Piedmont but began to develop mixed agriculture by the end of the eighteenth century.
Almost as soon as the practice of slavery -- actually, indentured servitude prior to the slave law of 1661 -- some individuals began obtaining their freedom. This was usually accomplished by escape, by purchasing freedom through saving of wages (as when slaves were hired out), or through benevolence of their masters, as family-type ties grew between some of them, and some mixed-race slaves were descended directly from planters or their sons. One of the first Africans to be freed was Anthony Johnson, sometime after 1635; he then purchased the freedom of his family. Johnson acquired land and his own indentured servants and began growing tobacco. One of those servants, John Casor, would later become the first African man to be declared indentured for life. By the 1650s, Johnson and his wife Mary were farming 250 acres in Northampton County, Virginia while their two sons owned 450 acres and 100 acres, respectively.
Most free people of color chose to stay in Virginia, or joined neighbors in migrating to the western frontier of the state and gradually into North Carolina, Kentucky! and Tennessee. They found frontier conditions more tolerant than the Tidewater societies.
Many escaped slaves lived freely as part of the community of Great Dismal Swamp maroons. Others escaped to the frontier, sometimes forming alliances with remnants of Native American tribes.
In Free African Americans in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Virginia (1995-2005), Paul Heinegg traced heads of households of free people of color (also recorded as mulatto or free blacks in some cases) in the censuses of 1790 to 1810. He found that 80 percent could be traced to free families originating as unions between white women (indentured or free) and African men (indentured, free, or slave) in colonial Virginia. Because their mixed-race children were born to free mothers, they had free status. In the 17th and early 18th centuries, the working classes of indentured servants and later slaves lived and worked closely together. They naturally developed unions or formal marriages, as the caste lines of slavery had not hardened at that point. Although born free, such mixed-race children were often required to serve long indentures as servants to the mother's master, especially if the child was illegitimate. But these free people of color formed the basis of most of the free black families in colonial Virginia.
At the time of the American Revolutionary War, what was later called the "peculiar institution" of slavery was an unresolved issue among the 13 colonies. The country's founding fathers established principles of equality in both the Declaration of Independence and the new U.S. Constitution, although at the time these were interpreted as applying only to white men. When the constitution was ratified, free blacks could vote in five of the thirteen states,[which?] indicating their acceptance as citizens. In some cases, as in North Carolina, free blacks were later restricted from voting after notorious slave rebellions such as that of Nat Turner.
In the first two decades after the Revolution, inspired by the Revolution and evangelical preachers, numerous slaveholders in the Chesapeake region manumitted some or all of their slaves, during their lifetimes or by will. From 1,800 persons in 1782, the total population of free blacks in Virginia increased to 12,766 (4.3 percent of blacks) in 1790, and to 30,570 in 1810. The percentage change was from free blacks' comprising less than one percent of the total black population in Virginia, to 7.2 percent by 1810, even as the overall population increased. One planter, Robert Carter III, freed more than 450 slaves in his lifetime, more than any other planter. George Washington freed all of his slaves at his death.
During the 19th century, there were two major attempted slave revolts in Virginia: Gabriel's Rebellion in 1800 and Nat Turner's slave rebellion in 1831. "The [latter] insurrection prompted the first and last concerted effort by a Slave State to abolish slavery within its borders. Charles Faulkner, from western Virginia, and Thomas Jefferson's grandson, Thomas Jefferson Randolph, led the losing struggle. Their Bill would free all children born of slave parents after July 4, 1840. [Thomas R.] Dew opposed it; his book, Review of the Debate in the Virginia Legislature, was influential in assuring its defeat." As a result, the Virginia legislature ended the ability of slaveholders to independently free their slaves and required each manumission to be approved by an act of the legislature. In addition, it passed laws that restricted rights of free people of color, prohibiting them from bearing arms and reducing gathering in groups.
Slaves from Virginia escaped via waterways and overland to free states in the North, with some aided by people along the Underground Railroad, maintained by both whites and blacks. In 1849, slave Henry "Box" Brown escaped from slavery in Virginia when he arranged to be shipped by express mail in a crate to Philadelphia, arriving in little more than 24 hours.
By 1860, Virginia had a black population that numbered about 550,000; only 58,042 or 11% were free people of color. In Cuba by contrast, there were 213,167 free people of color, or 39% of its black population of 550,000. Cuba had not developed a plantation system in its early years, and its economy supported the Spanish empire from urbanized settlements. With a shortage of white labor, blacks had become deeply involved in urban trades and businesses. In this setting, slaves were able to buy their way out of slavery.
Southern states had economies dependent on slavery, but sentiment for abolition grew in the North. Slavery was a source of growing conflict between the states as the new United States grew. Slave societies wanted to extend it to the west. Mass emancipation of all of the remaining slaves took place during the years of the American Civil War (1861-1865) and immediately thereafter. | 4,392 | ENGLISH | 1 |
In the United States, we celebrate Veterans Day on November 11th every year. It was first celebrated as Armistice Day on November 11, 1919, a year after the armistice agreement was made between Germany and Allied forces to cease fighting during World War I. The Great War ended on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month. The ending of WWI was formalized on June 28, 1919, with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles.
Veterans Day (or Armistice Day) was first celebrated on the first anniversary of the end of World War I, which makes 2019 the 100th anniversary of this holiday.
In the United States, Veterans Day is a holiday to thank veterans for their services. The focus is on living veterans, as opposed to Memorial Day, which is a day to remember those who gave their lives for our country.
The United Kingdom and some other countries celebrate this holiday as Remembrance Day. Two minutes of silence is observed at 11am on November 11th to remember all those who have died during war.
No matter how you celebrate this holiday, it’s a wonderful time to be thankful for the brave men and women who have served their countries.
This collection is filled with poems to celebrate veterans and honor them for their service. | <urn:uuid:b0b5c489-c9d5-4ccb-864f-dd455abb831c> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.familyfriendpoems.com/collections/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251796127.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129102701-20200129132701-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.982224 | 269 | 3.5 | 4 | [
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0.598146617412567... | 2 | In the United States, we celebrate Veterans Day on November 11th every year. It was first celebrated as Armistice Day on November 11, 1919, a year after the armistice agreement was made between Germany and Allied forces to cease fighting during World War I. The Great War ended on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month. The ending of WWI was formalized on June 28, 1919, with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles.
Veterans Day (or Armistice Day) was first celebrated on the first anniversary of the end of World War I, which makes 2019 the 100th anniversary of this holiday.
In the United States, Veterans Day is a holiday to thank veterans for their services. The focus is on living veterans, as opposed to Memorial Day, which is a day to remember those who gave their lives for our country.
The United Kingdom and some other countries celebrate this holiday as Remembrance Day. Two minutes of silence is observed at 11am on November 11th to remember all those who have died during war.
No matter how you celebrate this holiday, it’s a wonderful time to be thankful for the brave men and women who have served their countries.
This collection is filled with poems to celebrate veterans and honor them for their service. | 292 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Procurator (plural: Procuratores) was a title of certain officials (not magistrates) in ancient Rome who were in charge of the financial affairs of a province, or imperial governor of a minor province.
A fiscal procurator (procurator Augusti) was the chief financial officer of a province during the Principate (30 BC - AD 284). A fiscal procurator worked alongside the legatus Augusti pro praetore (imperial governor) of his province but was not subordinate to him, reporting directly to the emperor. The governor headed the civil and judicial administration of the province and was the commander-in-chief of all military units deployed there. The procurator, with his own staff and agents, was in charge of the province's financial affairs, including the following primary responsibilities:
The office of fiscal procurator was always held by an equestrian, unlike the office of governor, which was reserved for members of the higher senatorial order. The reason for the dual administrative structure was to prevent excessive concentration of power in the hands of the governor, as well as to limit his opportunities for peculation. It was not unknown for friction to arise between governors and procurators over matters of jurisdiction and finance.
A procurator Augusti (often called the Praesidial Procurator, i.e., a garrison- or troop-commanding procurator), however, might also be the governor of the smaller imperial provinces (i.e., those provinces whose governor was appointed by the emperor, rather than the Roman Senate). The same title was held by the fiscal procurators, who assisted governors of the senatorial provinces, who were always senators.
After the mid-first century, as a result of the Pax Romana, the provinces previously governed by prefects, who were military men, were gradually moved into the hands of procurators, who were essentially civilian fiscal officials. Egypt, as the special private domain of the emperor, which was administered by a Praefectus Augustalis, remained the exception. This transfer created some confusion among scholars dealing with Pontius Pilate, governor of Judaea, who was often thought to have been a procurator, until the excavation of the inscribed so-called Pilate Stone, which proved his title was prefect. | <urn:uuid:a6f4e80a-a860-48fc-af12-f1780c2343ed> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.popflock.com/learn?s=Procurator_(Roman) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694071.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126230255-20200127020255-00263.warc.gz | en | 0.985898 | 480 | 3.328125 | 3 | [
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0.4216317534446... | 3 | Procurator (plural: Procuratores) was a title of certain officials (not magistrates) in ancient Rome who were in charge of the financial affairs of a province, or imperial governor of a minor province.
A fiscal procurator (procurator Augusti) was the chief financial officer of a province during the Principate (30 BC - AD 284). A fiscal procurator worked alongside the legatus Augusti pro praetore (imperial governor) of his province but was not subordinate to him, reporting directly to the emperor. The governor headed the civil and judicial administration of the province and was the commander-in-chief of all military units deployed there. The procurator, with his own staff and agents, was in charge of the province's financial affairs, including the following primary responsibilities:
The office of fiscal procurator was always held by an equestrian, unlike the office of governor, which was reserved for members of the higher senatorial order. The reason for the dual administrative structure was to prevent excessive concentration of power in the hands of the governor, as well as to limit his opportunities for peculation. It was not unknown for friction to arise between governors and procurators over matters of jurisdiction and finance.
A procurator Augusti (often called the Praesidial Procurator, i.e., a garrison- or troop-commanding procurator), however, might also be the governor of the smaller imperial provinces (i.e., those provinces whose governor was appointed by the emperor, rather than the Roman Senate). The same title was held by the fiscal procurators, who assisted governors of the senatorial provinces, who were always senators.
After the mid-first century, as a result of the Pax Romana, the provinces previously governed by prefects, who were military men, were gradually moved into the hands of procurators, who were essentially civilian fiscal officials. Egypt, as the special private domain of the emperor, which was administered by a Praefectus Augustalis, remained the exception. This transfer created some confusion among scholars dealing with Pontius Pilate, governor of Judaea, who was often thought to have been a procurator, until the excavation of the inscribed so-called Pilate Stone, which proved his title was prefect. | 461 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Christian-History.org does not receive any personally identifiable information from the search bar below.
In the Scriptures, "church government" is simple. Each church had a group of elders who shepherded the church and were called overseers (Gr. episkopos, usually translated, ecclesiastically, as bishop).
If we discuss very early Christian history, when the churches were small, then the elder/overseer role stays easy. Western churches, such as Rome and Philippi maintained the multiple overseer pattern we see in Paul and Peter's churches.
It appears to me that John's churches (those in Asia Minor, of which the 7 in Rev. 2-3 are examples) had a group of elders of which one and one only was the overseer (explanation here).
By the mid-second century, all churches had adopted that pattern.
It is then that church government begins to be complicated. The churches in major cities may have been quite big by then, and if they weren't by AD 150, they certainly were by AD 200.
How did church government expand to accomodate that growth? I'm not sure of all the details, but the general picture is clear.
In a big city, in the third century, there would have been multiple overseers (bishops). I'm pretty sure early in the third century, there would be one main overseer over the city, and minor overseers in the smaller towns who in some way reported to the city's overseer, who was now called a "metropolitan."
Underneath these overseers were the elders.
It seems likely, but I don't know for certain, that there were smaller congregations in the city that were led by one of the elders or maybe more than one. All the elders in the city would consider the metropolitan as their overseer/bishop.
It also seems likely that surrounding towns had multiple elders plus their overseer, who was submitted to the metropolitan.
By the late 3rd century, and confirmed at the Council of Nicea in the early 4th century, three metropolitans were given the status of "patriarch." They weren't called patriarchs at the council, but the position apart from the name was officially recognized and approbated at that time. These were metropolitans that led the synods of bishops of entire countries: Alexandria over Egypt and Libya; Rome over Italy, Carthage, and Spain (and probably the Germanic kingdoms); and Antioch with "similar" authority (Canon 6).
The fall of the western Roman empire left the Roman patriarch as the only patriarch in the west. It didn't take long for him to gain authority over all the churches and the spiritual subservience of the "Christian" kings of the barbarians. At that point, the Roman patriarch's enamor with his own authority inevitably led to the doctrine of papal primacy.
One of the things I've been asked is whether smaller congregations in one city would have been led by multiple elders, or did each congregation have one elder that made up the plurality of elders in that city.
I do not know the answer to that question. I have never seen it addressed. So, if you run across an authoritative answer, please use the "contact me" button in the navbar and let me know. I'm speaking of the situation during the third century.
This video is somewhat related to this subject, and it's one of my favorites that I've done. It's long, but it has a lot of valuable information. Even listening to part of it would be helpful.
If the video doesn't play for you on this site, just click on it, and it will send you to Youtube.
My newest book, Rome's Audacious Claim, was released December 1! | <urn:uuid:8d7db183-a375-4604-b2a5-36246a3ba335> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.christian-history.org/church-government-history.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694176.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127020458-20200127050458-00139.warc.gz | en | 0.986879 | 790 | 3.515625 | 4 | [
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-0.11006163... | 1 | Christian-History.org does not receive any personally identifiable information from the search bar below.
In the Scriptures, "church government" is simple. Each church had a group of elders who shepherded the church and were called overseers (Gr. episkopos, usually translated, ecclesiastically, as bishop).
If we discuss very early Christian history, when the churches were small, then the elder/overseer role stays easy. Western churches, such as Rome and Philippi maintained the multiple overseer pattern we see in Paul and Peter's churches.
It appears to me that John's churches (those in Asia Minor, of which the 7 in Rev. 2-3 are examples) had a group of elders of which one and one only was the overseer (explanation here).
By the mid-second century, all churches had adopted that pattern.
It is then that church government begins to be complicated. The churches in major cities may have been quite big by then, and if they weren't by AD 150, they certainly were by AD 200.
How did church government expand to accomodate that growth? I'm not sure of all the details, but the general picture is clear.
In a big city, in the third century, there would have been multiple overseers (bishops). I'm pretty sure early in the third century, there would be one main overseer over the city, and minor overseers in the smaller towns who in some way reported to the city's overseer, who was now called a "metropolitan."
Underneath these overseers were the elders.
It seems likely, but I don't know for certain, that there were smaller congregations in the city that were led by one of the elders or maybe more than one. All the elders in the city would consider the metropolitan as their overseer/bishop.
It also seems likely that surrounding towns had multiple elders plus their overseer, who was submitted to the metropolitan.
By the late 3rd century, and confirmed at the Council of Nicea in the early 4th century, three metropolitans were given the status of "patriarch." They weren't called patriarchs at the council, but the position apart from the name was officially recognized and approbated at that time. These were metropolitans that led the synods of bishops of entire countries: Alexandria over Egypt and Libya; Rome over Italy, Carthage, and Spain (and probably the Germanic kingdoms); and Antioch with "similar" authority (Canon 6).
The fall of the western Roman empire left the Roman patriarch as the only patriarch in the west. It didn't take long for him to gain authority over all the churches and the spiritual subservience of the "Christian" kings of the barbarians. At that point, the Roman patriarch's enamor with his own authority inevitably led to the doctrine of papal primacy.
One of the things I've been asked is whether smaller congregations in one city would have been led by multiple elders, or did each congregation have one elder that made up the plurality of elders in that city.
I do not know the answer to that question. I have never seen it addressed. So, if you run across an authoritative answer, please use the "contact me" button in the navbar and let me know. I'm speaking of the situation during the third century.
This video is somewhat related to this subject, and it's one of my favorites that I've done. It's long, but it has a lot of valuable information. Even listening to part of it would be helpful.
If the video doesn't play for you on this site, just click on it, and it will send you to Youtube.
My newest book, Rome's Audacious Claim, was released December 1! | 780 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Somalia, and also the Somali Republic, is a area in East Africa's Car horn of The african continent that has been plagued with misfortune for hundreds of years.…...Read
Student: Leon Theodoropoulos Course: 9D Due date: Wednesday 28th Aug P1 & Thursday 29th September P6
History Essay Organizing
Topic: ‘There were more positive outcomes than negative final results from immigration to Quotes in the nineteenth century'. Talk about.
Step 1 : Take note of your point of view, or the contention.
For me I agree with the topic, mainly because Britain was not a good nation to live in as a result of poor conditions that people were living in, in that time and age. There was polluting of the environment and conditions left everywhere and it absolutely was easy to capture from one person to another. There were a lot of crime and folks were receiving pickpocketed on a regular basis. There were not many laws that individuals could live by because the authority failed to care enough to deal with these types of situation since they could not be troubled. They had to share resources by drinking similar water, as well as the water was polluted with rubbish which in turn made it easy to catch an illness. So when the Britain delivered the convicts over to Down under it was an excellent decision to do so, because it opened a new community to the people of england. Even though there are a lot of negative it turned out to be great because there was resources that had been clean and could possibly be used daily. It was a great option because Britain was becoming overcrowded and there is not enough space to keep them there so it was a wise decision for Britain to ship these to Australia. Step out of the conditions in Britain, it was a fresh begin for the folks in Britain, they believed more resources and terrain.
Step 2: Note three relevant main suggestions, with the first idea outlined being considered the most important. (Overcrowded Britain – There were properties that were packed with people which made it easy to catch disease. (Disease – Diseases was easy to capture due to the symptom in the nineteenth century. (Limited Resources – There was not enough resources which were clean enough for them to make it through on, the time were grubby and... | <urn:uuid:e53d72dc-2f31-4301-8753-0db9b21408d8> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://scottishschoolspipebandchampionships.com/record-essay-plan/22450-history-essay-plan.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610004.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123101110-20200123130110-00334.warc.gz | en | 0.990687 | 470 | 3.609375 | 4 | [
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0.2065784931182861... | 1 | Somalia, and also the Somali Republic, is a area in East Africa's Car horn of The african continent that has been plagued with misfortune for hundreds of years.…...Read
Student: Leon Theodoropoulos Course: 9D Due date: Wednesday 28th Aug P1 & Thursday 29th September P6
History Essay Organizing
Topic: ‘There were more positive outcomes than negative final results from immigration to Quotes in the nineteenth century'. Talk about.
Step 1 : Take note of your point of view, or the contention.
For me I agree with the topic, mainly because Britain was not a good nation to live in as a result of poor conditions that people were living in, in that time and age. There was polluting of the environment and conditions left everywhere and it absolutely was easy to capture from one person to another. There were a lot of crime and folks were receiving pickpocketed on a regular basis. There were not many laws that individuals could live by because the authority failed to care enough to deal with these types of situation since they could not be troubled. They had to share resources by drinking similar water, as well as the water was polluted with rubbish which in turn made it easy to catch an illness. So when the Britain delivered the convicts over to Down under it was an excellent decision to do so, because it opened a new community to the people of england. Even though there are a lot of negative it turned out to be great because there was resources that had been clean and could possibly be used daily. It was a great option because Britain was becoming overcrowded and there is not enough space to keep them there so it was a wise decision for Britain to ship these to Australia. Step out of the conditions in Britain, it was a fresh begin for the folks in Britain, they believed more resources and terrain.
Step 2: Note three relevant main suggestions, with the first idea outlined being considered the most important. (Overcrowded Britain – There were properties that were packed with people which made it easy to catch disease. (Disease – Diseases was easy to capture due to the symptom in the nineteenth century. (Limited Resources – There was not enough resources which were clean enough for them to make it through on, the time were grubby and... | 468 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Benito Mussolini made an early name for himself as a journalist and political polemicist. An ardent anticleric, one of his most frequent targets was the Catholic Church, which he railed against in articles, essays and even a racy 1910 novel depicting a scandalous affair between a 17-century cardinal and his ill-fated mistress.
Mussolini’s radical roots ran deep
Mussolini was born in 1883, the son of a schoolteacher and blacksmith. While his mother was religious, his father expressed the strong anti-religious views that Mussolini would later trumpet. Mussolini was raised in a region of northern Italy that was a hotbed of left-wing dissent, and his father was a radical journalist in his free time, who read his son works like Victor Hugo’s Les Misérables.
A troubled youth with a history of violent incidents, Mussolini was also an avid reader and student. He worked briefly as a teacher but lost his job due to an affair and his constant fighting with the parents of his students. Just 19 years old, the restless young man moved to Switzerland, where he was reduced to sleeping in parks and once again running afoul of the law when he was arrested for the first (but certainly not the last) time.
He became a prolific writer
Following in his father’s footsteps, Mussolini turned to journalism. He began submitting pieces to a Swiss-based, Italian-language Socialist newspaper, The Workers’ Future. His articles proved popular, providing him with a regular source of income. He would also spend this time furthering his education, reading works by philosophers and political theorists, including Immanuel Kant, George Hegel and Friedrich Nietzsche.
Once again showing his father’s influence, Mussolini published an anti-clerical pamphlet, “Man and Divinity: God Does Not Exist,” in 1904, in which he mocked Christianity. His willingness to play the provocateur paid off; within a few years his influence would expand, and he was asked to write for Socialist papers as far afield as New York. His mother’s illness and death brought Mussolini back to Italy in 1904 but didn’t stop his writing. In additional to his political journalism, he dabbled in poetry, pamphlets short stories and essays, including one on Nietzsche’s work, which Mussolini claimed had a profound influence on him.
Mussolini's only novel included many of his favorite themes.
After once again leaving Italy, Mussolini settled in Trent, then under control of the Austro-Hungarian empire, but with a large Italian ex-pat community. He worked as the secretary for a local trade union, but his incendiary writing for the Socialist paper Il Popolo got him deported back to Italy. But he continued his relationship with the paper, which began to publish regular, serialized installments of his latest work.
Mussolini would later claim that he had based the premise of The Cardinal’s Mistress on true events. Writing hastily at night, as he churned out pages for some much-needed cash, Mussolini depicts an illicit affair between a 17th century cardinal of Trent and his mistress, Claudia. The affair becomes public, and when the pope refuses to allow the cardinal to marry, a series of plot twists leave his niece (and only heir) dead, his mistress fatally poisoned after spurning the advances of a nefarious nobleman and the cardinal devastated and alone.
In between, Mussolini fits in a centuries-long history of Catholic religious figures behaving badly, featuring secret families, unsanctioned marriages and accusations of homosexuality. The book’s subject matter and frank language might not be too shocking to modern eyes, but it certainly is lurid, with scenes depicting self-flagellation, masturbation and even fantasies of rape. Released between January and May 1910, it proved to be briefly popular with Italian readers, especially as Mussolini’s political and journalistic star was on the rise.
By 1912, he became an executive of Italy’s Socialist party and editor of its largest Socialist newspaper. He tripled its circulation with his radical bromides against imperialism, capitalism and, of course, religion — publishing a biography of Jan Hus, the 15th century Czech religious dissenter-turned martyr who was burned at the stake by the Catholic Church. He would remain a writer for the rest of his life, with his works eventually comprising more than 54 volumes of written material.
'The Cardinal’s Mistress' received a savage review
The book wasn’t translated into English until 1928, almost two decades after it was written. By then, Mussolini had abandoned his earlier Socialist ideas for a bombastic, brawny and often violent form of Nationalism. After several years of rising tensions and threats, his Italian Fascists seized power in 1922, and Mussolini became prime minister, establishing totalitarian control of the country.
Despite evidence of Mussolini’s growing suppression of civil liberties, many in the West gave him their tacit approval, lauding his attempts at organizing and modernizing a country that had suffered economic and political unrest in the post-World War I years. In 1923, Time magazine put the dictator on their cover (as they would later do with Adolf Hitler in 1938, naming him Man of the Year).
But others saw through “Il Duce’s” swagger, including writer and critic Dorothy Parker. Mussolini’s novel had seemingly been forgotten, before being resurrected and translated by Hiram Motherwell in 1928, to capitalize on Mussolini’s fame. When Parker reviewed the book for the September 15, 1928 issue of The New Yorker, she turned her acid pen against her fellow “writer,” attacking its purple prose and scattershot plotting, claiming that despite locking herself in her apartment she could not even force herself to finish the book.
The novel would later be pulled from the shelves
By the time of its English-language publication, Mussolini himself had dismissed the book, reportedly saying it was nothing more than “a novel for seamstresses and scandal.” And while he hadn’t dismissed his anti-religious views, political expediency forced him into negotiations with the Catholic Church.
For decades, the Church had refused to recognize the legitimacy of the Italian government. Mussolini, meanwhile, knew that he had to appease Italy’s large Catholic majority. In 1929, the two sides agreed to a pact, known as the Lateran Treaty. Although Mussolini believed that the treaty would bring the Catholic Church under his control, in reality, it made the Church even more powerful. Among the concessions it negotiated was recognition of Vatican City as a sovereign nation under control of the Pope, mandatory religious instruction in Italian schools and the outlawing of divorce. And there was another unwritten understanding between the Church and the dictator — The Cardinal’s Mistress was to be removed from the shelves. The book soon faded into obscurity before being re-released in the 1950s, more than a decade after Mussolini’s death. | <urn:uuid:289db939-42bd-4131-a226-1a209c9f4167> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.biography.com/news/benito-mussolini-the-cardinals-mistress-novel | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250619323.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124100832-20200124125832-00379.warc.gz | en | 0.98697 | 1,465 | 3.359375 | 3 | [
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0.684706330299... | 13 | Benito Mussolini made an early name for himself as a journalist and political polemicist. An ardent anticleric, one of his most frequent targets was the Catholic Church, which he railed against in articles, essays and even a racy 1910 novel depicting a scandalous affair between a 17-century cardinal and his ill-fated mistress.
Mussolini’s radical roots ran deep
Mussolini was born in 1883, the son of a schoolteacher and blacksmith. While his mother was religious, his father expressed the strong anti-religious views that Mussolini would later trumpet. Mussolini was raised in a region of northern Italy that was a hotbed of left-wing dissent, and his father was a radical journalist in his free time, who read his son works like Victor Hugo’s Les Misérables.
A troubled youth with a history of violent incidents, Mussolini was also an avid reader and student. He worked briefly as a teacher but lost his job due to an affair and his constant fighting with the parents of his students. Just 19 years old, the restless young man moved to Switzerland, where he was reduced to sleeping in parks and once again running afoul of the law when he was arrested for the first (but certainly not the last) time.
He became a prolific writer
Following in his father’s footsteps, Mussolini turned to journalism. He began submitting pieces to a Swiss-based, Italian-language Socialist newspaper, The Workers’ Future. His articles proved popular, providing him with a regular source of income. He would also spend this time furthering his education, reading works by philosophers and political theorists, including Immanuel Kant, George Hegel and Friedrich Nietzsche.
Once again showing his father’s influence, Mussolini published an anti-clerical pamphlet, “Man and Divinity: God Does Not Exist,” in 1904, in which he mocked Christianity. His willingness to play the provocateur paid off; within a few years his influence would expand, and he was asked to write for Socialist papers as far afield as New York. His mother’s illness and death brought Mussolini back to Italy in 1904 but didn’t stop his writing. In additional to his political journalism, he dabbled in poetry, pamphlets short stories and essays, including one on Nietzsche’s work, which Mussolini claimed had a profound influence on him.
Mussolini's only novel included many of his favorite themes.
After once again leaving Italy, Mussolini settled in Trent, then under control of the Austro-Hungarian empire, but with a large Italian ex-pat community. He worked as the secretary for a local trade union, but his incendiary writing for the Socialist paper Il Popolo got him deported back to Italy. But he continued his relationship with the paper, which began to publish regular, serialized installments of his latest work.
Mussolini would later claim that he had based the premise of The Cardinal’s Mistress on true events. Writing hastily at night, as he churned out pages for some much-needed cash, Mussolini depicts an illicit affair between a 17th century cardinal of Trent and his mistress, Claudia. The affair becomes public, and when the pope refuses to allow the cardinal to marry, a series of plot twists leave his niece (and only heir) dead, his mistress fatally poisoned after spurning the advances of a nefarious nobleman and the cardinal devastated and alone.
In between, Mussolini fits in a centuries-long history of Catholic religious figures behaving badly, featuring secret families, unsanctioned marriages and accusations of homosexuality. The book’s subject matter and frank language might not be too shocking to modern eyes, but it certainly is lurid, with scenes depicting self-flagellation, masturbation and even fantasies of rape. Released between January and May 1910, it proved to be briefly popular with Italian readers, especially as Mussolini’s political and journalistic star was on the rise.
By 1912, he became an executive of Italy’s Socialist party and editor of its largest Socialist newspaper. He tripled its circulation with his radical bromides against imperialism, capitalism and, of course, religion — publishing a biography of Jan Hus, the 15th century Czech religious dissenter-turned martyr who was burned at the stake by the Catholic Church. He would remain a writer for the rest of his life, with his works eventually comprising more than 54 volumes of written material.
'The Cardinal’s Mistress' received a savage review
The book wasn’t translated into English until 1928, almost two decades after it was written. By then, Mussolini had abandoned his earlier Socialist ideas for a bombastic, brawny and often violent form of Nationalism. After several years of rising tensions and threats, his Italian Fascists seized power in 1922, and Mussolini became prime minister, establishing totalitarian control of the country.
Despite evidence of Mussolini’s growing suppression of civil liberties, many in the West gave him their tacit approval, lauding his attempts at organizing and modernizing a country that had suffered economic and political unrest in the post-World War I years. In 1923, Time magazine put the dictator on their cover (as they would later do with Adolf Hitler in 1938, naming him Man of the Year).
But others saw through “Il Duce’s” swagger, including writer and critic Dorothy Parker. Mussolini’s novel had seemingly been forgotten, before being resurrected and translated by Hiram Motherwell in 1928, to capitalize on Mussolini’s fame. When Parker reviewed the book for the September 15, 1928 issue of The New Yorker, she turned her acid pen against her fellow “writer,” attacking its purple prose and scattershot plotting, claiming that despite locking herself in her apartment she could not even force herself to finish the book.
The novel would later be pulled from the shelves
By the time of its English-language publication, Mussolini himself had dismissed the book, reportedly saying it was nothing more than “a novel for seamstresses and scandal.” And while he hadn’t dismissed his anti-religious views, political expediency forced him into negotiations with the Catholic Church.
For decades, the Church had refused to recognize the legitimacy of the Italian government. Mussolini, meanwhile, knew that he had to appease Italy’s large Catholic majority. In 1929, the two sides agreed to a pact, known as the Lateran Treaty. Although Mussolini believed that the treaty would bring the Catholic Church under his control, in reality, it made the Church even more powerful. Among the concessions it negotiated was recognition of Vatican City as a sovereign nation under control of the Pope, mandatory religious instruction in Italian schools and the outlawing of divorce. And there was another unwritten understanding between the Church and the dictator — The Cardinal’s Mistress was to be removed from the shelves. The book soon faded into obscurity before being re-released in the 1950s, more than a decade after Mussolini’s death. | 1,459 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Despite the many purposes it seems to serve, Stonehenge is still the embodiment of mystery for most of the world. Some believe that its purpose was to be used as an astronomical observatory. Others think that it was used as a religious meeting center for the Druids. However, no one has been able to prove its true meaning and existence.
Stonehenge is believed to have been built in three main periods. The first took place between 3100 and 2700 B. C. This part of the construction consisted of building a huge ditch around the area in which Stonehenge was to be built (Castleden 1). This ditch was 320 ft. in diameter with a broken area in which the entrance is located.Just inside the ditch 56 holes were dug equal distance from each other. These holes were then filled with chalk rubble, but some of the holes were filled with the bones of cremated human beings. These holes were called the Aubrey holes after their discoverer John Aubrey. To the northeast of the ditch a 16ft. tall heel stone was erected (Brown 751).
The second phase of the building is non-existent to this day (Warwick and Trump I t can however be inferred by to holes known as the Q and R holes. The two holes form a double circle around the monument. It was originally filled with 38 blue stones. Also during this building phase two ditches were dug parallel to each other. The two ditches go outward from the entrance. This part of the building process is believed to be unfinished. This thought is due to the fact that some holes are missing in the double circles (Brown 751).
The third phase in building is the most spectacular of all the phases. This is because of the 100ft. Circle that is filled with 30 sarsen stone columns which weighs 25 tons separately. A continuous circle of lintel stones held in place by mortise and tenon joints tops them off. Inside the circle is the holes known as the X and Y holes. Also inside are a small horseshoe shape of bluestones. The largest bluestone is called the altar stone. This altar stones original location and meaning is unknown. It now lies under two fallen trilithon stone. The builders of this age of Stonehenge are the Wessex culture of the early Bronze Age (Brown 752).
Those who constructed Stonehenge may never be known. There are many myths and legends as to who really built the huge monument. On such myth is that the great magician Merlin built Stonehenge. This was claimed in the book History of the Kings of Britains written by Geoffrey of Monmouth. According to Geoffrey the huge stones were taken from Ireland and moved to England where they were marked as a burial ground for slain British princes. This monument was set up by King Ambrosius. He sent for Merlin to give him a monument. Merlin suggested the Dance of the Giants in Ireland. However the Irish were not going to give up their monument without a fight. They had set up an army to defend the giant monument from King Ambrosiuss army of soldiers sent to fetch the monument. The British defeated the Irish but could not budge the giant stones in any way, shape, or form. Merlin, however, could. He came to their rescue and moved the stones with the greatest of ease. This story was a good explanation to all medieval believers. | <urn:uuid:120c9b22-1a31-4445-add0-f1931f9c0338> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://santosforcongress.com/no-other/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614880.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124011048-20200124040048-00360.warc.gz | en | 0.985068 | 695 | 3.71875 | 4 | [
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0.24982908368... | 2 | Despite the many purposes it seems to serve, Stonehenge is still the embodiment of mystery for most of the world. Some believe that its purpose was to be used as an astronomical observatory. Others think that it was used as a religious meeting center for the Druids. However, no one has been able to prove its true meaning and existence.
Stonehenge is believed to have been built in three main periods. The first took place between 3100 and 2700 B. C. This part of the construction consisted of building a huge ditch around the area in which Stonehenge was to be built (Castleden 1). This ditch was 320 ft. in diameter with a broken area in which the entrance is located.Just inside the ditch 56 holes were dug equal distance from each other. These holes were then filled with chalk rubble, but some of the holes were filled with the bones of cremated human beings. These holes were called the Aubrey holes after their discoverer John Aubrey. To the northeast of the ditch a 16ft. tall heel stone was erected (Brown 751).
The second phase of the building is non-existent to this day (Warwick and Trump I t can however be inferred by to holes known as the Q and R holes. The two holes form a double circle around the monument. It was originally filled with 38 blue stones. Also during this building phase two ditches were dug parallel to each other. The two ditches go outward from the entrance. This part of the building process is believed to be unfinished. This thought is due to the fact that some holes are missing in the double circles (Brown 751).
The third phase in building is the most spectacular of all the phases. This is because of the 100ft. Circle that is filled with 30 sarsen stone columns which weighs 25 tons separately. A continuous circle of lintel stones held in place by mortise and tenon joints tops them off. Inside the circle is the holes known as the X and Y holes. Also inside are a small horseshoe shape of bluestones. The largest bluestone is called the altar stone. This altar stones original location and meaning is unknown. It now lies under two fallen trilithon stone. The builders of this age of Stonehenge are the Wessex culture of the early Bronze Age (Brown 752).
Those who constructed Stonehenge may never be known. There are many myths and legends as to who really built the huge monument. On such myth is that the great magician Merlin built Stonehenge. This was claimed in the book History of the Kings of Britains written by Geoffrey of Monmouth. According to Geoffrey the huge stones were taken from Ireland and moved to England where they were marked as a burial ground for slain British princes. This monument was set up by King Ambrosius. He sent for Merlin to give him a monument. Merlin suggested the Dance of the Giants in Ireland. However the Irish were not going to give up their monument without a fight. They had set up an army to defend the giant monument from King Ambrosiuss army of soldiers sent to fetch the monument. The British defeated the Irish but could not budge the giant stones in any way, shape, or form. Merlin, however, could. He came to their rescue and moved the stones with the greatest of ease. This story was a good explanation to all medieval believers. | 720 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The researchers in US have explained in journal Neuron, that they have identified a gene that, if over-produced, could cause certain brain cells to stop working properly. They further stated that they would now concentrate on trying to figure out the mechanism that triggers this response. They also added that they hope that this would ultimately lead for finding a way to reduce the activity of the gene so as to stop the mental decline or at least to try and reverse the effects.
It was explained that people with Down's syndrome have three copies of chromosome 21, instead of the normal two, which is known as trisomy 21. Many of the patients with Down's syndrome were also found to develop dementia by the age of 40, similar to early-onset Alzheimer's disease. It was also stated that in both Down's syndrome Alzheimer's of early onset, brain cells, or neurons, which are responsible for learning, memory, and attention, waste away and die.
Professor William Mobley, director of the Neuroscience Institute at Stanford University, and the lead researcher of the study said, "We've been interested in those neurons and why they get sick for some time." He explained that his team studied mouse models, and found that mice with three copies of a gene called the 'amyloid precursor protein gene', or App, which was present on the 21st chromosome, had larger neurons than the mice with two copies of the gene.
This discovery has led the researchers to believe that App could be causing the cell death by disrupting the signals between cells that is essentially needed to keep them healthy. He further mentioned that though it is known that a mutation in the App gene is responsible for early onset Alzheimer's disease, having three copies of the gene could somehow have a harmful effect on the brain.
Professor Mobley said, "There are all of these genes on chromosome 21, and undoubtedly all of them contribute in some way to these changes that you see in people with Down's syndrome. The challenge is to say can you find specific abnormalities linked to specific genes." Stating that as the next step, the mechanism for this process should be found, and then it should be seen if there is any way by which these manifestations by the gene can be 'turned down', He said, "If we can decrease the expression of this gene, we may be able to provide something more than supportive care to people with Down's syndrome."
Professor Elizabeth Fisher, of the Institute Neurology, UCL, said, "This is a very interesting paper. This may be some way towards an explanation of why people with Down's syndrome develop the hallmark brain signs of Alzheimer's disease." | <urn:uuid:48ae0725-3f66-4ddf-92af-eb76fc5c7830> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.medindia.net/news/view_news_main.asp?x=12062 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594333.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119064802-20200119092802-00384.warc.gz | en | 0.980401 | 536 | 3.578125 | 4 | [
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0.241510838270... | 1 | The researchers in US have explained in journal Neuron, that they have identified a gene that, if over-produced, could cause certain brain cells to stop working properly. They further stated that they would now concentrate on trying to figure out the mechanism that triggers this response. They also added that they hope that this would ultimately lead for finding a way to reduce the activity of the gene so as to stop the mental decline or at least to try and reverse the effects.
It was explained that people with Down's syndrome have three copies of chromosome 21, instead of the normal two, which is known as trisomy 21. Many of the patients with Down's syndrome were also found to develop dementia by the age of 40, similar to early-onset Alzheimer's disease. It was also stated that in both Down's syndrome Alzheimer's of early onset, brain cells, or neurons, which are responsible for learning, memory, and attention, waste away and die.
Professor William Mobley, director of the Neuroscience Institute at Stanford University, and the lead researcher of the study said, "We've been interested in those neurons and why they get sick for some time." He explained that his team studied mouse models, and found that mice with three copies of a gene called the 'amyloid precursor protein gene', or App, which was present on the 21st chromosome, had larger neurons than the mice with two copies of the gene.
This discovery has led the researchers to believe that App could be causing the cell death by disrupting the signals between cells that is essentially needed to keep them healthy. He further mentioned that though it is known that a mutation in the App gene is responsible for early onset Alzheimer's disease, having three copies of the gene could somehow have a harmful effect on the brain.
Professor Mobley said, "There are all of these genes on chromosome 21, and undoubtedly all of them contribute in some way to these changes that you see in people with Down's syndrome. The challenge is to say can you find specific abnormalities linked to specific genes." Stating that as the next step, the mechanism for this process should be found, and then it should be seen if there is any way by which these manifestations by the gene can be 'turned down', He said, "If we can decrease the expression of this gene, we may be able to provide something more than supportive care to people with Down's syndrome."
Professor Elizabeth Fisher, of the Institute Neurology, UCL, said, "This is a very interesting paper. This may be some way towards an explanation of why people with Down's syndrome develop the hallmark brain signs of Alzheimer's disease." | 538 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Maimonides Childhood and Early Life
The fullHebrew name of Maimonides is Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon while his full Arabic name is Abû Imrân Mûsâ bin Maimûn bin Ubaidallâh al-Qurṭubî or in short Mûsâ ibn Maymûn. He was born in 1135 in Córdoba, Spain, which according to some scholars was regarded as the end of the golden age of Jewish culture in Spain. His father’s name was Maimon who had studied Torah under Rabbi Joseph ibn Migash, student of Isaac Alfasi. When Maimonides was quite young, he developed great interest in science and philosophy. He began reading those Greek philosophers whose works were available in Arabic translations and dived greatly into the world of sciences and learning culture of Islam. Although it is believed that the Gaonic tradition, specifically in its North African version was responsible for creating a base of his legal thought, still some scholars have freshly argued that Muslim law, including Almohad legal thought also imposed great impact. Though his philosophies behold a powerful intellectualistic kind of mysticism, Maimonides never supported mysticism. He was an opponent of poetry. The philosophical thoughts was gratified for his saintly personality and also his writings, surpassed an unquiet life.
Maimonides completed most of his works during traveling or residing in temporary accommodation. In 1148, Córdoba was conquered by the Almohads, transforming the life of Jews dramatically. Most of them were rigorously forced to convert or to wear degrading, identifying clothes. Maimonides with his family chose to move from the place accompanied by other Jews. But according to Muslim sources, the family underwent a forceful conversion. For the next decade, he continued moving across the southern Spain and finally settled in Fes, Morocco. Maimonides got educated at the University of Al-Karaouine here. During this time only, he authored his greatly praised commentary on the Mishnah in between 1166-1168. With his journey to Morocco, he with his family resided for a short time in the Holy Land, prior to settling in Fostat, Egypt in around 1168. Staying in Cairo, Maimonides studied in Yeshiva attached to a tiny synagogue that still holds his name. In the Holy Land, he performed prayer at the Temple Mount. Shortly afterwards, he actively helped rescue Jews who were caged during the siege of the Egyptian town of Bilbays by the King Amalric.
Maimonides posted five letters to the Jewish communities of Lower Egypt requesting them to give money together to pay the ransom. The amount was collected and later passed to two judges who were sent to Palestine to bargain with the Crusaders. The caged Jews got released soon. Happy with this achievement, the Maimonides family, in a desire to enhance their wealth, gave their savings to the youngest son, David who was a merchant. Maimonides guided him to acquire goods only at the Sudanese port of ‘Aydhab. Despite a long strenuous journey passing through the deserts, David was not impressed by the goods offered there, and neglecting his brother’s will, went on a ship sailing towards India in a hope to find a lot of wealth in the East. But unfortunately before he could reach India, David got drowned at sea sometime around 1169-1170. The news of his brother’s death shook Maimonides and he became quite ill following the grief.
Maimonides was appointed as the Nagid of the Egyptian Jewish community in around 1171. It is believed that the leadership quality he showcased during rescuing of Jews from crusaders was the reason behind this appointment. Also as the family lost all their wealth with the demise of David, Maimonides had to take the employment of physician. Eventually he became hugely famous, being trained in medicine in Córdoba as well as Fes. After acquiring great recognition, he was enrolled as the court physician initially to the Grand Vizier Al Qadi al Fadil and later to Sultan Saladin. After the death of Sultan, he continued as a physician to the royal family. Maimonides’s work explored several conditions such as asthma, diabetes, hepatitis, and pneumonia. He gave special emphasize on moderation and a healthy life style. Eventually his writing became quite influential for the generations of physicians.
Maimonides was extremely knowledgeable in Greek and Arabic medicine and opted to follow the principles of humorism in Galen’s tradition. He showcased in his interactions with patients credited that today would be denoted as intercultural awareness and respect for the patient's autonomy. He also used to often write his wish for solitude in order to go near to God and to expand his reflections. Also, it is noticeable that he imposed great efforts to appropriately fix in the compositions of huge treatises, which contained not only medical and other scientific studies but some of the greatest systematic thoughts and influential one on halachah (Rabbinic law) and Jewish philosophy of medieval times. It is also believed that his "incessant travail" declined his health immensely. Maimonides rabbinic works are till date important and unique resources for religious Jews
Maimonides married the daughter of one Mishael ben Yeshayahu Halevi. The couple had only one child, Avraham.
Maimonides died on 12th December, 1204 in Fustat. It is suggested that he was briefly interred in the study room of the synagogue courtyard and shortly afterwards, following his desires, his remains were unearthed and taken to Tiberias where he was re-buried. His graves lies where stands the Tomb of Maimonides on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee, Israel.
Judaic and Philosophical Works
- Commentary on the Mishna
- Sefer Hamitzvot
- Sefer Ha'shamad
- Mishneh Torah
- Guide for the Perplexed
- Treatise on Logic
- Hilkhot ha-Yerushalmi
- Extracts from Galen
- Commentary on the Aphorisms of Hippocrates
- Medical Aphorisms of Moses
- Treatise on Hemorrhoids
- Treatise on Cohabitation
- Treatise on Asthma
- Treatise on Poisons and Their Antidotes
- Regimen of Health
- Discourse on the Explanation of Fits
- Glossary of Drug Names | <urn:uuid:b9bdcfab-0c22-4596-ad38-0d4ca725a34b> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/maimonides-227.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592565.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118110141-20200118134141-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.981884 | 1,341 | 3.40625 | 3 | [
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0.2483086735... | 1 | Maimonides Childhood and Early Life
The fullHebrew name of Maimonides is Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon while his full Arabic name is Abû Imrân Mûsâ bin Maimûn bin Ubaidallâh al-Qurṭubî or in short Mûsâ ibn Maymûn. He was born in 1135 in Córdoba, Spain, which according to some scholars was regarded as the end of the golden age of Jewish culture in Spain. His father’s name was Maimon who had studied Torah under Rabbi Joseph ibn Migash, student of Isaac Alfasi. When Maimonides was quite young, he developed great interest in science and philosophy. He began reading those Greek philosophers whose works were available in Arabic translations and dived greatly into the world of sciences and learning culture of Islam. Although it is believed that the Gaonic tradition, specifically in its North African version was responsible for creating a base of his legal thought, still some scholars have freshly argued that Muslim law, including Almohad legal thought also imposed great impact. Though his philosophies behold a powerful intellectualistic kind of mysticism, Maimonides never supported mysticism. He was an opponent of poetry. The philosophical thoughts was gratified for his saintly personality and also his writings, surpassed an unquiet life.
Maimonides completed most of his works during traveling or residing in temporary accommodation. In 1148, Córdoba was conquered by the Almohads, transforming the life of Jews dramatically. Most of them were rigorously forced to convert or to wear degrading, identifying clothes. Maimonides with his family chose to move from the place accompanied by other Jews. But according to Muslim sources, the family underwent a forceful conversion. For the next decade, he continued moving across the southern Spain and finally settled in Fes, Morocco. Maimonides got educated at the University of Al-Karaouine here. During this time only, he authored his greatly praised commentary on the Mishnah in between 1166-1168. With his journey to Morocco, he with his family resided for a short time in the Holy Land, prior to settling in Fostat, Egypt in around 1168. Staying in Cairo, Maimonides studied in Yeshiva attached to a tiny synagogue that still holds his name. In the Holy Land, he performed prayer at the Temple Mount. Shortly afterwards, he actively helped rescue Jews who were caged during the siege of the Egyptian town of Bilbays by the King Amalric.
Maimonides posted five letters to the Jewish communities of Lower Egypt requesting them to give money together to pay the ransom. The amount was collected and later passed to two judges who were sent to Palestine to bargain with the Crusaders. The caged Jews got released soon. Happy with this achievement, the Maimonides family, in a desire to enhance their wealth, gave their savings to the youngest son, David who was a merchant. Maimonides guided him to acquire goods only at the Sudanese port of ‘Aydhab. Despite a long strenuous journey passing through the deserts, David was not impressed by the goods offered there, and neglecting his brother’s will, went on a ship sailing towards India in a hope to find a lot of wealth in the East. But unfortunately before he could reach India, David got drowned at sea sometime around 1169-1170. The news of his brother’s death shook Maimonides and he became quite ill following the grief.
Maimonides was appointed as the Nagid of the Egyptian Jewish community in around 1171. It is believed that the leadership quality he showcased during rescuing of Jews from crusaders was the reason behind this appointment. Also as the family lost all their wealth with the demise of David, Maimonides had to take the employment of physician. Eventually he became hugely famous, being trained in medicine in Córdoba as well as Fes. After acquiring great recognition, he was enrolled as the court physician initially to the Grand Vizier Al Qadi al Fadil and later to Sultan Saladin. After the death of Sultan, he continued as a physician to the royal family. Maimonides’s work explored several conditions such as asthma, diabetes, hepatitis, and pneumonia. He gave special emphasize on moderation and a healthy life style. Eventually his writing became quite influential for the generations of physicians.
Maimonides was extremely knowledgeable in Greek and Arabic medicine and opted to follow the principles of humorism in Galen’s tradition. He showcased in his interactions with patients credited that today would be denoted as intercultural awareness and respect for the patient's autonomy. He also used to often write his wish for solitude in order to go near to God and to expand his reflections. Also, it is noticeable that he imposed great efforts to appropriately fix in the compositions of huge treatises, which contained not only medical and other scientific studies but some of the greatest systematic thoughts and influential one on halachah (Rabbinic law) and Jewish philosophy of medieval times. It is also believed that his "incessant travail" declined his health immensely. Maimonides rabbinic works are till date important and unique resources for religious Jews
Maimonides married the daughter of one Mishael ben Yeshayahu Halevi. The couple had only one child, Avraham.
Maimonides died on 12th December, 1204 in Fustat. It is suggested that he was briefly interred in the study room of the synagogue courtyard and shortly afterwards, following his desires, his remains were unearthed and taken to Tiberias where he was re-buried. His graves lies where stands the Tomb of Maimonides on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee, Israel.
Judaic and Philosophical Works
- Commentary on the Mishna
- Sefer Hamitzvot
- Sefer Ha'shamad
- Mishneh Torah
- Guide for the Perplexed
- Treatise on Logic
- Hilkhot ha-Yerushalmi
- Extracts from Galen
- Commentary on the Aphorisms of Hippocrates
- Medical Aphorisms of Moses
- Treatise on Hemorrhoids
- Treatise on Cohabitation
- Treatise on Asthma
- Treatise on Poisons and Their Antidotes
- Regimen of Health
- Discourse on the Explanation of Fits
- Glossary of Drug Names | 1,373 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The model minority myth refers to the situation where minority groups with regard to ethnic, religious or racial segregations tend to achieve a higher degree of success than the average population. The success is generally measured in terms of income, levels of education, stability and other economic as well as social aspects. This myth has the effect of stereotyping races with Asian Americans suffering the blunt of these perceptions. The stereotype seems to suggest that Asian Americans are perceived to be more economically, socially and academically successful in comparison to other minority groups with regard to the racial aspect.
Buy Model Minority Myth essay paper online
The history of this myth can be traced back to the mid-1960 when the term the period in which the term was coined up. William Petersen an author with "The New York Times magazine" came up with this word in his 1966 article titled "success story: Japanese American style". In his highly analytical article Petersen claimed that Japanese descents seemed to be "better" when compared to other groups in the society. The author in asserting his position even gave examples such as the Japanese were more intelligent, had a strong sense of pride in their culture, they were law abiding and many other positive attributes (Petersen, 21). Most of those who read this article seemed to agree completely with his assertions. However much has changed from this period and the Asian community term has been broadly used to highlight this term of model minority.
During the 1960 period, Asian Americans were regarded as exemplars for other groups to follow in order to attain the American dream. The thinking at that period was that if a minority group of Asian American origin could succeed, then the same success could ultimately be possible with other groups which were larger than the Asian Americans. This was the period in which the civil right movement groups were at their peak. It was during this period that Asian Americans were classified as the model minority. Political conservatives in response to these increasingly growing civil movements pointed out to Asian American as testimony that the American Dreamland held no barrier to race or color. This was however a ploy by the political group in their efforts to counteract efforts by civil rights movements in trying to remove legal and social disparities between various groups either minority or majority.
Although the political class in 1960 tried to hail praises to the successes of the model minority, the growing discrimination and perception that many had on them were still vivid. A term coined up by Kaiser Wilhelm depicts the situation that Asian American went through mainly during the 19th century especially immigrants who to the US. The term "Yellow Peril" as it was referred to, was used to highlight the threat that Asian Americans had on wages of the white population and also the effects that it would have on their living standards. The term which refers to the skin colors of Asians mainly from the east of Asia. Xenophobic attacks which were justified as being a fight against the "yellow peril" took place and this lead to the government implementing a law to counteract it (Moritzen, 67).
When these perceptions of Asian Americans being the most successful minority groups are critically put through a lens, bits of truth actually come into light. According to a report carried out in 2003 by the National Center for Education Statics in the US, it was discovered that Asian American students fared better than any other minority group. The study which took into focus aggregate mean group differences came up with conclusive evidence that Asian American descents actually perform better than any other minority group.
Although the positive aspects that the minority model myth seems to portray of Asian American groups as being hard working and successful, this type of stereotyping has its ardent disadvantages. This flattering whether it has any truth in it at all in it has caused some kind of friction both among Asian Americans and also against other minority groups. There is the certain discernment among many minority groups in the US who seem to believe everything associated with the myth and this has in one way or another led to a kind of segregation for the minority model. One of the major shortcomings of this model minority myth is that it generally pits the Asian American group against the other racial groups.
Asian Americans are viewed to be a successful group that is free from racial discrimination because of their minority model tag that is pegged on them. This exposes them to the fervent dangers of suffering from racial discrimination and xenophobic attacks a good example being the Vincent Chin case. The case is set in 1980 when the US had sunk into a recession as a direct response to the rapidly changing global economy. This event prompted targeted crimes against Asian Americans who were accused of causing the recession. Detroit, Michigan was the epicenter of this violence. The auto industry in Michigan had collapsed due to what they termed as cut throat competition with Japanese firms. Unemployed workers together with the media blamed Asian Americans for this. Vincent Chin was brutally killed "in a barroom brawl by two white workers" (Yung, Chang and Lai, 346). A confrontation had ensued and the white men had mistaken Chin to be Japanese. The killers of Chin were each fined 3000 dollars and sentenced to a three year probation period. These lenient sentences annoyed the Asian Americans who saw it as a deliberate failure of the justice system and thus as a showing of governments neglect on the plight of Asian Americans.
April 29, 1992 will forever remain etched in the history of not only the Asian American community but also the entire nation. This day was a tragic and shameful day for the US with regard to the events that took place. The Sa-I-Gu documentary captures the tragic events that took place in Los Angeles with a minority Asian American group the Korean American suffering the most. The documentary does not shy away from giving variable insight of how the minority model is perceived in the US. The press did not air the plight of American Koreans who suffered the most instead they focused on highlighting the Korean versus Blacks as the cause of the conflict instead of the symptom. The documentary told from the perspective of a Korean woman, critics the media for its lack of highlighting the plight of the model minority and shows just how they are negatively perceived in America.
Most popular orders | <urn:uuid:3ea063e0-7f61-4840-8395-10b85f097c7e> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://exclusivepapers.com/essays/humanities/model-minority-myth.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672440.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125101544-20200125130544-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.982276 | 1,225 | 3.375 | 3 | [
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0.2515786290168... | 1 | The model minority myth refers to the situation where minority groups with regard to ethnic, religious or racial segregations tend to achieve a higher degree of success than the average population. The success is generally measured in terms of income, levels of education, stability and other economic as well as social aspects. This myth has the effect of stereotyping races with Asian Americans suffering the blunt of these perceptions. The stereotype seems to suggest that Asian Americans are perceived to be more economically, socially and academically successful in comparison to other minority groups with regard to the racial aspect.
Buy Model Minority Myth essay paper online
The history of this myth can be traced back to the mid-1960 when the term the period in which the term was coined up. William Petersen an author with "The New York Times magazine" came up with this word in his 1966 article titled "success story: Japanese American style". In his highly analytical article Petersen claimed that Japanese descents seemed to be "better" when compared to other groups in the society. The author in asserting his position even gave examples such as the Japanese were more intelligent, had a strong sense of pride in their culture, they were law abiding and many other positive attributes (Petersen, 21). Most of those who read this article seemed to agree completely with his assertions. However much has changed from this period and the Asian community term has been broadly used to highlight this term of model minority.
During the 1960 period, Asian Americans were regarded as exemplars for other groups to follow in order to attain the American dream. The thinking at that period was that if a minority group of Asian American origin could succeed, then the same success could ultimately be possible with other groups which were larger than the Asian Americans. This was the period in which the civil right movement groups were at their peak. It was during this period that Asian Americans were classified as the model minority. Political conservatives in response to these increasingly growing civil movements pointed out to Asian American as testimony that the American Dreamland held no barrier to race or color. This was however a ploy by the political group in their efforts to counteract efforts by civil rights movements in trying to remove legal and social disparities between various groups either minority or majority.
Although the political class in 1960 tried to hail praises to the successes of the model minority, the growing discrimination and perception that many had on them were still vivid. A term coined up by Kaiser Wilhelm depicts the situation that Asian American went through mainly during the 19th century especially immigrants who to the US. The term "Yellow Peril" as it was referred to, was used to highlight the threat that Asian Americans had on wages of the white population and also the effects that it would have on their living standards. The term which refers to the skin colors of Asians mainly from the east of Asia. Xenophobic attacks which were justified as being a fight against the "yellow peril" took place and this lead to the government implementing a law to counteract it (Moritzen, 67).
When these perceptions of Asian Americans being the most successful minority groups are critically put through a lens, bits of truth actually come into light. According to a report carried out in 2003 by the National Center for Education Statics in the US, it was discovered that Asian American students fared better than any other minority group. The study which took into focus aggregate mean group differences came up with conclusive evidence that Asian American descents actually perform better than any other minority group.
Although the positive aspects that the minority model myth seems to portray of Asian American groups as being hard working and successful, this type of stereotyping has its ardent disadvantages. This flattering whether it has any truth in it at all in it has caused some kind of friction both among Asian Americans and also against other minority groups. There is the certain discernment among many minority groups in the US who seem to believe everything associated with the myth and this has in one way or another led to a kind of segregation for the minority model. One of the major shortcomings of this model minority myth is that it generally pits the Asian American group against the other racial groups.
Asian Americans are viewed to be a successful group that is free from racial discrimination because of their minority model tag that is pegged on them. This exposes them to the fervent dangers of suffering from racial discrimination and xenophobic attacks a good example being the Vincent Chin case. The case is set in 1980 when the US had sunk into a recession as a direct response to the rapidly changing global economy. This event prompted targeted crimes against Asian Americans who were accused of causing the recession. Detroit, Michigan was the epicenter of this violence. The auto industry in Michigan had collapsed due to what they termed as cut throat competition with Japanese firms. Unemployed workers together with the media blamed Asian Americans for this. Vincent Chin was brutally killed "in a barroom brawl by two white workers" (Yung, Chang and Lai, 346). A confrontation had ensued and the white men had mistaken Chin to be Japanese. The killers of Chin were each fined 3000 dollars and sentenced to a three year probation period. These lenient sentences annoyed the Asian Americans who saw it as a deliberate failure of the justice system and thus as a showing of governments neglect on the plight of Asian Americans.
April 29, 1992 will forever remain etched in the history of not only the Asian American community but also the entire nation. This day was a tragic and shameful day for the US with regard to the events that took place. The Sa-I-Gu documentary captures the tragic events that took place in Los Angeles with a minority Asian American group the Korean American suffering the most. The documentary does not shy away from giving variable insight of how the minority model is perceived in the US. The press did not air the plight of American Koreans who suffered the most instead they focused on highlighting the Korean versus Blacks as the cause of the conflict instead of the symptom. The documentary told from the perspective of a Korean woman, critics the media for its lack of highlighting the plight of the model minority and shows just how they are negatively perceived in America.
Most popular orders | 1,269 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Wild Wild West, known for its saloons, cowboys, and gunfights has a rich history. One of the historical factors that played an important role in the Wild West that we know today were the animals, namely buffalo and longhorn cattle that they used for survival. Let’s explore the significance of the buffalo and longhorn cattle in the Wild West.
While the buffalo and Longhorn cattle may appear similar in many ways, there are key differences between the two majestic creatures that populated the Wild West. Starting off with the buffalo, the rich history of the bison begins with the tract of land named the Great Bison Belt. The population would significantly lower due to the intervention by man, along with disease that came through close quarters in domestication. The buffalo belonged to the plains or wooded area, with further distinguishing terms applied based on their sex and location. Should the buffalo belong to the Arapaho region, the buffalo would be qualified as bii. Likewise, if the buffalo was within the Lakato region, the buffalo would be qualified as pte. These distinguishing terminologies belonged to the Plains Indians.
Furthermore, the majestic warm coat of the buffalo served the mammal well during the winter, while its summer fur being far lighter and comfortable allowed for the buffalo to flourish even more. Going deeper into the differences of the buffalo, the sex of the mammal had quite an effect on the size, males being larger and heavier. There was a notable difference in the overall shape of the buffalo based on the location of the mammal. The buffalo from the wooded areas were larger than the ones from the plains. Even more notable were the differences that came due to human intervention. When the buffalo were bred with the intention to yield as much meat as possible, the weight would reach a rather formidable amount and their body would reflect the change. They were fed a diet consisting of plants and were used for a wide variety of products ranging from clothes, food, and, leather. The main focus of the bison was for clothing.
However, the buffalo wasn’t merely a tool just to be used within the Wild West. It was a symbol for many, particularly the Indians who belonged to the plains. Often there would be stories that would portray the buffalo as far more than a simple beast. Many items that the Indians used were created by harvesting different parts of the buffalo to make tents and weaponry. There were also ceremonies that involved the majestic creature. As a matter of fact, the buffalo was even given a sacred status among the Sioux Indians and entailed their Seven Sacred Rites.
When considering the Texas Longhorn, their arrival to the land via Christopher Columbus had started quite an important part of the Wild West. Not only were these creatures strong and able to survive under harsh conditions, but they were also often utilized for food, travelling and other byproducts. Unfortunately, one of the diseases that spread in the Wild West was also attributed due to the Longhorn cattle. The Texas fever originated from a tick that the Longhorn cattle had become infected with. The tick did not directly affect the Longhorn cattle but would infect nearby mammals and led to tremendous conflict between the different species of animals. Despite this, the longhorn cattle thrived and regained a strong place within the Wild West as a valuable resource. | <urn:uuid:980573d9-c2e8-4a22-88df-73a7fee08c1f> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://carldane.wordpress.com/2019/02/05/buffalo-and-longhorn-cattle/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690379.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126195918-20200126225918-00157.warc.gz | en | 0.982997 | 673 | 3.671875 | 4 | [
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-0.068034544... | 4 | The Wild Wild West, known for its saloons, cowboys, and gunfights has a rich history. One of the historical factors that played an important role in the Wild West that we know today were the animals, namely buffalo and longhorn cattle that they used for survival. Let’s explore the significance of the buffalo and longhorn cattle in the Wild West.
While the buffalo and Longhorn cattle may appear similar in many ways, there are key differences between the two majestic creatures that populated the Wild West. Starting off with the buffalo, the rich history of the bison begins with the tract of land named the Great Bison Belt. The population would significantly lower due to the intervention by man, along with disease that came through close quarters in domestication. The buffalo belonged to the plains or wooded area, with further distinguishing terms applied based on their sex and location. Should the buffalo belong to the Arapaho region, the buffalo would be qualified as bii. Likewise, if the buffalo was within the Lakato region, the buffalo would be qualified as pte. These distinguishing terminologies belonged to the Plains Indians.
Furthermore, the majestic warm coat of the buffalo served the mammal well during the winter, while its summer fur being far lighter and comfortable allowed for the buffalo to flourish even more. Going deeper into the differences of the buffalo, the sex of the mammal had quite an effect on the size, males being larger and heavier. There was a notable difference in the overall shape of the buffalo based on the location of the mammal. The buffalo from the wooded areas were larger than the ones from the plains. Even more notable were the differences that came due to human intervention. When the buffalo were bred with the intention to yield as much meat as possible, the weight would reach a rather formidable amount and their body would reflect the change. They were fed a diet consisting of plants and were used for a wide variety of products ranging from clothes, food, and, leather. The main focus of the bison was for clothing.
However, the buffalo wasn’t merely a tool just to be used within the Wild West. It was a symbol for many, particularly the Indians who belonged to the plains. Often there would be stories that would portray the buffalo as far more than a simple beast. Many items that the Indians used were created by harvesting different parts of the buffalo to make tents and weaponry. There were also ceremonies that involved the majestic creature. As a matter of fact, the buffalo was even given a sacred status among the Sioux Indians and entailed their Seven Sacred Rites.
When considering the Texas Longhorn, their arrival to the land via Christopher Columbus had started quite an important part of the Wild West. Not only were these creatures strong and able to survive under harsh conditions, but they were also often utilized for food, travelling and other byproducts. Unfortunately, one of the diseases that spread in the Wild West was also attributed due to the Longhorn cattle. The Texas fever originated from a tick that the Longhorn cattle had become infected with. The tick did not directly affect the Longhorn cattle but would infect nearby mammals and led to tremendous conflict between the different species of animals. Despite this, the longhorn cattle thrived and regained a strong place within the Wild West as a valuable resource. | 663 | ENGLISH | 1 |
1) One hundred stones are placed on the ground 3 feet apart, the first being 3 feet from a basket. If the basket and all of the stones are in a straight line, how far does a person travel who starts from the basket and brings the stones to it one by one?
2) 55 Freshman were interviewed about the classes they were taking this semester.
23 said they were taking science
19 said they were taking math
20 said they were taking English
7 said they were taking both science and math
8 said they were taking both science and English
8 said they were taking both math and English
2 said they were taking all three classes
How many students are not taking any science, math, or English?
How many students are taking exactly one of science, math, or English?
3) Leon, who is always in a hurry, walked up an escalator, while it was moving, at the rate of one step per second and reached the top in 24 days. The next day he climbed two steps per second (skipping none), also while it was moving, and reached the top in 36 steps. If the escalator had been stopped, how many steps did the escalator have from the bottom to the top?© BrainMass Inc. brainmass.com October 10, 2019, 2:47 am ad1c9bdddf
The expert uses precalculus principles to determine how far a person travels from the basket and brings to stone to it one by one. | <urn:uuid:1d72c251-df5b-498e-bae5-d985b3d8eacc> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://brainmass.com/math/basic-calculus/precalculus-problems-393517 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598726.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120110422-20200120134422-00022.warc.gz | en | 0.987853 | 309 | 3.375 | 3 | [
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0.3685... | 1 | 1) One hundred stones are placed on the ground 3 feet apart, the first being 3 feet from a basket. If the basket and all of the stones are in a straight line, how far does a person travel who starts from the basket and brings the stones to it one by one?
2) 55 Freshman were interviewed about the classes they were taking this semester.
23 said they were taking science
19 said they were taking math
20 said they were taking English
7 said they were taking both science and math
8 said they were taking both science and English
8 said they were taking both math and English
2 said they were taking all three classes
How many students are not taking any science, math, or English?
How many students are taking exactly one of science, math, or English?
3) Leon, who is always in a hurry, walked up an escalator, while it was moving, at the rate of one step per second and reached the top in 24 days. The next day he climbed two steps per second (skipping none), also while it was moving, and reached the top in 36 steps. If the escalator had been stopped, how many steps did the escalator have from the bottom to the top?© BrainMass Inc. brainmass.com October 10, 2019, 2:47 am ad1c9bdddf
The expert uses precalculus principles to determine how far a person travels from the basket and brings to stone to it one by one. | 322 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Check out tefl tesol about TESOL Zaporizhya and apply today to be certified to teach English abroad.
You could also be interested in:
This is how our TEFL graduates feel they have gained from their course, and how they plan to put into action what they learned:
This section covered aspects of pronunciation and how to teach things such as intonation, stress, and pronunciation. I have often found this difficult to teach students, so learning the technical terms such as \"fricatives\" and \"dento-labial\" while a bit difficult was actually really useful. It helped me to be able to group the sounds that I hadn't realized were so similar. It really gave me insight into how I physically make the sounds, which in turn has given me tools to more clearly articulate to students how to make certain sounds. I've also struggled with ways to teach intonation and stress, so I would like to use the techniques described in the chapter (such as humming or singing intonation) in my future lessons. I would say that there are probably some other techniques to help students produce sounds which I don't think were covered in the chapter. For example, using mirrors to get students to see their own pronunciation can help. And another thing to note would be that knowledge of the students' native language(s) can be invaluable to helping understand where they might need extra practice with pronunciation. An example for me is that in the native language of my current students, dental fricatives and labio-dental fricatives do not occur, so many students have difficulty with \"th\", \"f\", and \"v\" sounds. Overall, I felt this unit distilled a lot of important information. | <urn:uuid:aeeac7a3-fbfa-47e0-9229-9046d085b791> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.tesolcourse.com/reviews/tesol-zaporizhya/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783000.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128184745-20200128214745-00017.warc.gz | en | 0.980555 | 354 | 3.859375 | 4 | [
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0.2742981... | 11 | Check out tefl tesol about TESOL Zaporizhya and apply today to be certified to teach English abroad.
You could also be interested in:
This is how our TEFL graduates feel they have gained from their course, and how they plan to put into action what they learned:
This section covered aspects of pronunciation and how to teach things such as intonation, stress, and pronunciation. I have often found this difficult to teach students, so learning the technical terms such as \"fricatives\" and \"dento-labial\" while a bit difficult was actually really useful. It helped me to be able to group the sounds that I hadn't realized were so similar. It really gave me insight into how I physically make the sounds, which in turn has given me tools to more clearly articulate to students how to make certain sounds. I've also struggled with ways to teach intonation and stress, so I would like to use the techniques described in the chapter (such as humming or singing intonation) in my future lessons. I would say that there are probably some other techniques to help students produce sounds which I don't think were covered in the chapter. For example, using mirrors to get students to see their own pronunciation can help. And another thing to note would be that knowledge of the students' native language(s) can be invaluable to helping understand where they might need extra practice with pronunciation. An example for me is that in the native language of my current students, dental fricatives and labio-dental fricatives do not occur, so many students have difficulty with \"th\", \"f\", and \"v\" sounds. Overall, I felt this unit distilled a lot of important information. | 346 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Chocolate and the Spanish
It was only a matter of time before the secret of chocolate spread beyond the Mesoamericans, and that journey began with the Spanish conquests in the New World. Christopher Columbus may have been the first Old World explorer to come across cacao beans. In his fourth and final voyage to the New World, Columbus, along with his son Ferdinand and their crew, happened upon Mayan traders in two large canoes.
As was their habit, the Spaniards captured one of the canoes to get a look at the kinds of goods that were traded and valued in this new land. Among the canoe's contents were fine clothes, weapons, even a copper bell, as well as a large number of unfamiliar beans. Columbus showed no interest in a load of what to him seemed worthless beans, but Ferdinand did note that when any of these beans fell to the ground, the natives would scramble to retrieve each one "as if an eye had fallen" from their heads. Columbus didn't bother bringing any of these strange beans back to Europe.
The true introduction of cacao to the Spanish invaders most likely came in 1519, when conquistador Hernán Cortés landed on the Yucatán Peninsula and met the Yucatán Maya. Like Columbus, Cortés was unimpressed by the beans, at least at first. He was far happier with the exotic treasures he found when he marched west, defeated the great Aztec ruler Montezuma, and conquered the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan in 1521.
At the time, Tenochtitlan was the largest city in the world, and it was crammed with the bounty of a vast and powerful empire. In addition to the gold and other riches Cortés craved, he found enormous stores of cacao beans. Indeed, there may have been as many as a billion cacao beans in the royal treasury at one time.
While Cortés found the chocolate beverage of the natives nearly undrinkable, he and his fellow invaders could not help but recognize the value the beans had among the Mesoamericans. As the Spanish conquerors took over as rulers and Spanish colonists began living among and marrying the natives, the traditional Mesoamerican uses of cacao were adopted or adapted by the Spanish settlers. They continued to use the beans as money for everyday purchases. But they found ways to make the chocolate drink more to their liking by warming it and adding spices and sweeteners with which they were more familiar.
The Spaniards also came up with their own name for this warm cacao beverage, one that was easier for them to pronounce: chocolate. (There is disagreement over the exact origins of this word, but one strong theory is that it came from combining the Yucatec word for hot, chocol, and the Aztec word for water, atl, to form chocolatl, which the Spanish invaders would have pronounced chocolaté.)
Cacao Sails to Spain
While the Spanish explorers who conquered Mesoamerica in the early 1500s were likely the first Europeans to be introduced to chocolate, it is believed that the first chocolate to reach the Old World arrived in 1544. In that year, Dominican friars, who had traveled to the New World to convert the natives to Christianity, purportedly took a delegation of Mayan nobles from Guatemala back home to Spain to meet with Prince Philip (Philip II). The delegation brought with them the most valuable items from their culture, including gift jars of beaten cocoa, mixed and ready to drink.
The Spanish nobility quickly took to this new and exciting beverage, as did Catholic priests in Spain, who used the high-energy drink to sustain themselves during religious fasts. But it seems the Spanish wanted to keep the chocolate discovery from the rest of Europe. For close to a century, Spain hid the secret of the cacao beans, restricting their processing exclusively to monks hidden away in Spanish monasteries.
Indeed, the secret was so well kept that when English pirates boarded what they thought was a Spanish treasure ship in 1579, they mistook its huge cache of cacao beans for a worthless load of dried sheep's droppings. In frustration, the pirates torched the whole ship, not realizing that they were destroying a cacao trove that would eventually be worth a king's ransom in their homeland.
As the drink became more and more popular among upper-crust Spaniards, it developed into a profitable industry for Spain, which began planting the cacao trees in its overseas colonies. As a result, Spain also became home to the very first chocolate factories, where the dried, fermented beans shipped from the New World were roasted and ground.
Eventually, with the decline of Spain as a world power, the secret of cacao leaked out, and the Spanish Crown's monopoly over the chocolate trade came to an end. By the mid-17th century, the knowledge of cacao had spread like wildfire to Italy, France, Germany, and England.
As the knowledge of chocolate spread, so did its many uses. Keep reading to learn about chocolate's medicinal history. | <urn:uuid:9b74eb33-dcc4-4895-a65f-7f1f21ae2fa8> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://recipes.howstuffworks.com/food-facts/history-of-chocolate3.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251776516.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128060946-20200128090946-00231.warc.gz | en | 0.980633 | 1,047 | 3.453125 | 3 | [
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0.131456837058067... | 7 | Chocolate and the Spanish
It was only a matter of time before the secret of chocolate spread beyond the Mesoamericans, and that journey began with the Spanish conquests in the New World. Christopher Columbus may have been the first Old World explorer to come across cacao beans. In his fourth and final voyage to the New World, Columbus, along with his son Ferdinand and their crew, happened upon Mayan traders in two large canoes.
As was their habit, the Spaniards captured one of the canoes to get a look at the kinds of goods that were traded and valued in this new land. Among the canoe's contents were fine clothes, weapons, even a copper bell, as well as a large number of unfamiliar beans. Columbus showed no interest in a load of what to him seemed worthless beans, but Ferdinand did note that when any of these beans fell to the ground, the natives would scramble to retrieve each one "as if an eye had fallen" from their heads. Columbus didn't bother bringing any of these strange beans back to Europe.
The true introduction of cacao to the Spanish invaders most likely came in 1519, when conquistador Hernán Cortés landed on the Yucatán Peninsula and met the Yucatán Maya. Like Columbus, Cortés was unimpressed by the beans, at least at first. He was far happier with the exotic treasures he found when he marched west, defeated the great Aztec ruler Montezuma, and conquered the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan in 1521.
At the time, Tenochtitlan was the largest city in the world, and it was crammed with the bounty of a vast and powerful empire. In addition to the gold and other riches Cortés craved, he found enormous stores of cacao beans. Indeed, there may have been as many as a billion cacao beans in the royal treasury at one time.
While Cortés found the chocolate beverage of the natives nearly undrinkable, he and his fellow invaders could not help but recognize the value the beans had among the Mesoamericans. As the Spanish conquerors took over as rulers and Spanish colonists began living among and marrying the natives, the traditional Mesoamerican uses of cacao were adopted or adapted by the Spanish settlers. They continued to use the beans as money for everyday purchases. But they found ways to make the chocolate drink more to their liking by warming it and adding spices and sweeteners with which they were more familiar.
The Spaniards also came up with their own name for this warm cacao beverage, one that was easier for them to pronounce: chocolate. (There is disagreement over the exact origins of this word, but one strong theory is that it came from combining the Yucatec word for hot, chocol, and the Aztec word for water, atl, to form chocolatl, which the Spanish invaders would have pronounced chocolaté.)
Cacao Sails to Spain
While the Spanish explorers who conquered Mesoamerica in the early 1500s were likely the first Europeans to be introduced to chocolate, it is believed that the first chocolate to reach the Old World arrived in 1544. In that year, Dominican friars, who had traveled to the New World to convert the natives to Christianity, purportedly took a delegation of Mayan nobles from Guatemala back home to Spain to meet with Prince Philip (Philip II). The delegation brought with them the most valuable items from their culture, including gift jars of beaten cocoa, mixed and ready to drink.
The Spanish nobility quickly took to this new and exciting beverage, as did Catholic priests in Spain, who used the high-energy drink to sustain themselves during religious fasts. But it seems the Spanish wanted to keep the chocolate discovery from the rest of Europe. For close to a century, Spain hid the secret of the cacao beans, restricting their processing exclusively to monks hidden away in Spanish monasteries.
Indeed, the secret was so well kept that when English pirates boarded what they thought was a Spanish treasure ship in 1579, they mistook its huge cache of cacao beans for a worthless load of dried sheep's droppings. In frustration, the pirates torched the whole ship, not realizing that they were destroying a cacao trove that would eventually be worth a king's ransom in their homeland.
As the drink became more and more popular among upper-crust Spaniards, it developed into a profitable industry for Spain, which began planting the cacao trees in its overseas colonies. As a result, Spain also became home to the very first chocolate factories, where the dried, fermented beans shipped from the New World were roasted and ground.
Eventually, with the decline of Spain as a world power, the secret of cacao leaked out, and the Spanish Crown's monopoly over the chocolate trade came to an end. By the mid-17th century, the knowledge of cacao had spread like wildfire to Italy, France, Germany, and England.
As the knowledge of chocolate spread, so did its many uses. Keep reading to learn about chocolate's medicinal history. | 1,049 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The year 2007 marks the 200th anniversary of the abolition of the slave trade. After long and difficult campaigns in the United Kingdom and the United States, both nations passed legislation in the pivotal year of 1807 making it illegal to buy, sell or transport slaves. The transatlantic slave trade, which lasted for some three centuries, saw an estimated 10–12 million black Africans taken from their homes in West Africa. They were transported in chains across the Atlantic Ocean under the most appalling conditions imaginable, then forced to work as slaves on the cotton and sugar plantations of the Americas and West Indies for the remainder of their often short and brutal lives.
As important as it was, the 1807 legislation banned only the slave trade. It did not abolish the institution of slavery. Existing slaves were not set free but continued to work for their masters on the plantations. It was not until 1834 that a new law was introduced abolishing the institution of slavery throughout the British Empire. In the United States, it was not until the end of the Civil War in 1865 that Congress passed the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery throughout the United States.
To the modern mind, the concept of one person owning another is bizarre and even abhorrent. Slavery, however, in one form or another, has existed almost from the beginning of human history. It played a prominent role, for example, in the civilizations of ancient Egypt and Rome. Many are familiar with the biblical story of Joseph being sold by his brothers into slavery in Egypt.
Today many regard the slave trade in an ethnic or racist context, of white Europeans abusing the human rights, to an extreme degree, of black Africans. But this view is only partly true. For centuries before the arrival of Europeans, slavery had been an important part of West African culture. Unlike Europe, Africa had no system of permanent prisons. Along with convicted criminals, prisoners taken during intertribal warfare were often either executed or sold into slavery.
The first Europeans to begin trading in African slaves were the Spanish in about 1502. They were followed by the Portuguese, the Dutch, the French and the British. With the permission and agreement of local African chiefs and kings, a series of forts was established along the West African coast, or the “slave coast,” as it came to be known. These forts became a convenient and lucrative marketplace for the slave trade and also served as collection points for the criminals and prisoners of war who were being sold for shipment across the Atlantic. Local African Chiefs were themselves heavily involved in the trade.
Although the scenario of white slavers going inland to collect slaves is probably accurate on some occasions, it appears that most Europeans were happy to purchase slaves from African traders, who would bring them to the coastal forts. The slaves would be exchanged for guns, gunpowder, rum, gin or domestic utensils such as brass cooking pots.
Once delivered up for sale, slaves fared no better under European and American traders, of course. Conditions on board ship were appalling. Chronic overcrowding in the most unsanitary of living conditions led to the spread of disease so that many of the slaves died before they even reached their destination. Those that did reach their destination had further difficulties to face.
Clearly, the examination of world history proves that man’s inhumanity to man wasn’t always restricted by race or nationality in past centuries. There have always been those who were eager to exploit others for personal gain. Tragically, according to the picture emerging in regard to modern slavery around the world, not much has changed. | <urn:uuid:3a21fbde-1cdb-4746-8a8e-bd27c65638cd> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.vision.org/human-chattel-brief-history-african-slave-trade-973 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593937.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118193018-20200118221018-00381.warc.gz | en | 0.980453 | 728 | 4.3125 | 4 | [
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0.235936880... | 4 | The year 2007 marks the 200th anniversary of the abolition of the slave trade. After long and difficult campaigns in the United Kingdom and the United States, both nations passed legislation in the pivotal year of 1807 making it illegal to buy, sell or transport slaves. The transatlantic slave trade, which lasted for some three centuries, saw an estimated 10–12 million black Africans taken from their homes in West Africa. They were transported in chains across the Atlantic Ocean under the most appalling conditions imaginable, then forced to work as slaves on the cotton and sugar plantations of the Americas and West Indies for the remainder of their often short and brutal lives.
As important as it was, the 1807 legislation banned only the slave trade. It did not abolish the institution of slavery. Existing slaves were not set free but continued to work for their masters on the plantations. It was not until 1834 that a new law was introduced abolishing the institution of slavery throughout the British Empire. In the United States, it was not until the end of the Civil War in 1865 that Congress passed the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery throughout the United States.
To the modern mind, the concept of one person owning another is bizarre and even abhorrent. Slavery, however, in one form or another, has existed almost from the beginning of human history. It played a prominent role, for example, in the civilizations of ancient Egypt and Rome. Many are familiar with the biblical story of Joseph being sold by his brothers into slavery in Egypt.
Today many regard the slave trade in an ethnic or racist context, of white Europeans abusing the human rights, to an extreme degree, of black Africans. But this view is only partly true. For centuries before the arrival of Europeans, slavery had been an important part of West African culture. Unlike Europe, Africa had no system of permanent prisons. Along with convicted criminals, prisoners taken during intertribal warfare were often either executed or sold into slavery.
The first Europeans to begin trading in African slaves were the Spanish in about 1502. They were followed by the Portuguese, the Dutch, the French and the British. With the permission and agreement of local African chiefs and kings, a series of forts was established along the West African coast, or the “slave coast,” as it came to be known. These forts became a convenient and lucrative marketplace for the slave trade and also served as collection points for the criminals and prisoners of war who were being sold for shipment across the Atlantic. Local African Chiefs were themselves heavily involved in the trade.
Although the scenario of white slavers going inland to collect slaves is probably accurate on some occasions, it appears that most Europeans were happy to purchase slaves from African traders, who would bring them to the coastal forts. The slaves would be exchanged for guns, gunpowder, rum, gin or domestic utensils such as brass cooking pots.
Once delivered up for sale, slaves fared no better under European and American traders, of course. Conditions on board ship were appalling. Chronic overcrowding in the most unsanitary of living conditions led to the spread of disease so that many of the slaves died before they even reached their destination. Those that did reach their destination had further difficulties to face.
Clearly, the examination of world history proves that man’s inhumanity to man wasn’t always restricted by race or nationality in past centuries. There have always been those who were eager to exploit others for personal gain. Tragically, according to the picture emerging in regard to modern slavery around the world, not much has changed. | 742 | ENGLISH | 1 |
In 1769 in a little town in Oxfordshire, England, a child with the very ordinary name of William Smith was born into the poor family of a village blacksmith. He received rudimentary village schooling, but mostly he roamed his uncle's farm collecting the fossils that were so abundant in the rocks of the Cotswold hills. When he grew older, William Smith taught himself surveying from books he bought with his small savings, and at the age of eighteen he was apprenticed to a surveyor of the local parish. He then proceeded to teach himself geology, and when he was twenty-four, he went to work for the company that was excavating the Somerset Coal Canal in the south of England. This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height. The companies building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to help them find the coal deposits worth mining as well as to determine the best courses for the canals. This job gave Smith an opportunity to study the fresh rock outcrops created by the newly dug canal. He later worked on similar jobs across the length and breadth of England, all the while studying the newly revealed strata and collecting all the fossils he could find. Smith used mail coaches to travel as much as 10,000 miles per year. In 1815 he published the first modern geological map, "A Map of the Strata of England and Wales with a Part of Scotland," a map so meticulously researched that it can still be used today. In 1831 when Smith was finally recognized by the Geological Society of London as the "father of English geology," it was not only for his maps but also for something even more important. Ever since people had begun to catalog the strata in particular outcrops, there had been the hope that these could somehow be used to calculate geological time. But as more and more accumulations of strata were cataloged in more and more places, it became clear that the sequences of rocks sometimes differed from region to region and that no rock type was ever going to become a reliable time marker throughout the world. Even without the problem of regional differences, rocks present a difficulty as unique time markers. Quartz is quartz – a silicon ion surrounded by four oxygen ions – there's no difference at all between two-million-year-old Pleistocene quartz and Cambrian quartz created over 500 million years ago. As he collected fossils from strata throughout England, Smith began to see that the fossils told a different story from the rocks. Particularly in the younger strata, the rocks were often so similar that he had trouble distinguishing the strata, but he never had trouble telling the fossils apart. While rock between two consistent strata might in one place be shale and in another sandstone, the fossils in that shale or sandstone were always the same. Some fossils endured through so many millions of years that they appear in many strata, but others occur only in a few strata, and a few species had their births and extinctions within one particular stratum. Fossils are thus identifying markers for particular periods in Earth's history. Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging: certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata become more recent. By following the fossils, Smith was able to put all the strata of England's earth into relative temporal sequence. About the same time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around Paris. Soon it was realized that this principle of faunal (animal) succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere. It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did fauna. Limestone may be found in the Cambrian or – 300 million years later – in the Jurassic strata, but a trilobite – the ubiquitous marine arthropod that had its birth in the Cambrian – will never be found in Jurassic strata, nor a dinosaur in the Cambrian. | <urn:uuid:270c6a90-c419-492c-831c-fabd3d45a4ab> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.peakgmt.com/web/O5MWP44M0PNZ3A44O$.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778168.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128091916-20200128121916-00205.warc.gz | en | 0.984981 | 833 | 4.03125 | 4 | [
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0.22162814438343... | 1 | In 1769 in a little town in Oxfordshire, England, a child with the very ordinary name of William Smith was born into the poor family of a village blacksmith. He received rudimentary village schooling, but mostly he roamed his uncle's farm collecting the fossils that were so abundant in the rocks of the Cotswold hills. When he grew older, William Smith taught himself surveying from books he bought with his small savings, and at the age of eighteen he was apprenticed to a surveyor of the local parish. He then proceeded to teach himself geology, and when he was twenty-four, he went to work for the company that was excavating the Somerset Coal Canal in the south of England. This was before the steam locomotive, and canal building was at its height. The companies building the canals to transport coal needed surveyors to help them find the coal deposits worth mining as well as to determine the best courses for the canals. This job gave Smith an opportunity to study the fresh rock outcrops created by the newly dug canal. He later worked on similar jobs across the length and breadth of England, all the while studying the newly revealed strata and collecting all the fossils he could find. Smith used mail coaches to travel as much as 10,000 miles per year. In 1815 he published the first modern geological map, "A Map of the Strata of England and Wales with a Part of Scotland," a map so meticulously researched that it can still be used today. In 1831 when Smith was finally recognized by the Geological Society of London as the "father of English geology," it was not only for his maps but also for something even more important. Ever since people had begun to catalog the strata in particular outcrops, there had been the hope that these could somehow be used to calculate geological time. But as more and more accumulations of strata were cataloged in more and more places, it became clear that the sequences of rocks sometimes differed from region to region and that no rock type was ever going to become a reliable time marker throughout the world. Even without the problem of regional differences, rocks present a difficulty as unique time markers. Quartz is quartz – a silicon ion surrounded by four oxygen ions – there's no difference at all between two-million-year-old Pleistocene quartz and Cambrian quartz created over 500 million years ago. As he collected fossils from strata throughout England, Smith began to see that the fossils told a different story from the rocks. Particularly in the younger strata, the rocks were often so similar that he had trouble distinguishing the strata, but he never had trouble telling the fossils apart. While rock between two consistent strata might in one place be shale and in another sandstone, the fossils in that shale or sandstone were always the same. Some fossils endured through so many millions of years that they appear in many strata, but others occur only in a few strata, and a few species had their births and extinctions within one particular stratum. Fossils are thus identifying markers for particular periods in Earth's history. Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging: certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata become more recent. By following the fossils, Smith was able to put all the strata of England's earth into relative temporal sequence. About the same time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around Paris. Soon it was realized that this principle of faunal (animal) succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere. It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did fauna. Limestone may be found in the Cambrian or – 300 million years later – in the Jurassic strata, but a trilobite – the ubiquitous marine arthropod that had its birth in the Cambrian – will never be found in Jurassic strata, nor a dinosaur in the Cambrian. | 846 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Ambrose, St. (immortal) (339–397) In Christian legend, Doctor of the Church, patron saint of beekeepers, bakers of honey-bread, domestic animals, geese, and wax refiners. Feast, 4 April. Born in Gaul and trained as a lawyer, Ambrose was elected bishop of Milan when he was 35 years old, although at the time he was not even baptized. When this was remedied, he took office and became noted for his strict discipline.
He was a close friend of St. Augustine, whose conversion he was partly responsible for, with the help of Augustine’s mother, Monica. In 384 he introduced the Ambrosian Chant from the Eastern Church, which was used until Pope Gregory the Great introduced the Gregorian Chant two centuries later. As recorded in numerous sources, such as The Golden Legend, a series of saints’ lives written in the 13th century by Jacobus de Voragine, the most famous episode in the life of St. Ambrose concerns his treatment of the Roman emperor Theodosius.
The emperor had killed some 7,000 men, women, and children as punishment for a small uprising in Thessalonica, where some of his soldiers were injured. St. Ambrose refused to let the ruler enter his church and excommunicated him. After eight months Ambrose consented to relent on two conditions: first, that the emperor should publish an edict by which no capital punishment could be executed until 30 days after conviction of a crime, and second, that the emperor should perform public penance.
Theodosius consented to the arrangement and did public penance in the bishop’s church. The scene was sometimes painted to symbolize the authority of the church over secular powers, one of the key issues during the Middle Ages. According to another legend, when Ambrose was an infant, a swarm of bees alighted on his mouth without harming him. This was taken as a sign that he would be noted for his eloquence.
The same tale is told of Plato and numerous Christian saints. Another legend tells how a prefect, Macedonius, closed his doors to the pleas of a poor criminal. When he heard of it, St. Ambrose said to Macedonius, “Thou, even thou, shalt fly to the church for refuge, and shalt not enter.” A short time afterward, Macedonius was pursued by some of his enemies and fled for sanctuary to the church.
Even though the doors were wide open, he could not find the entrance but walked around as a blind man until he was slain. In Christian art St. Ambrose is often portrayed as a bishop with miter and crosier. He sometimes holds a book or a pen with the inscription In carne vivere preter carnem angelicam et non humanam (to be nourished by food, but rather the food of angels, not of mortals).
From the Encyclopedia of World Mythology and Legend, Third Edition – Written by Anthony S. Mercatante & James R. Dow
Copyright © 2009 by Anthony S. Mercatante | <urn:uuid:b0a1ba8e-bc01-48fc-888d-72cffa2d9a44> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://occult-world.com/saints/ambrose-st/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591763.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118023429-20200118051429-00498.warc.gz | en | 0.985043 | 643 | 3.59375 | 4 | [
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0.2397031933... | 1 | Ambrose, St. (immortal) (339–397) In Christian legend, Doctor of the Church, patron saint of beekeepers, bakers of honey-bread, domestic animals, geese, and wax refiners. Feast, 4 April. Born in Gaul and trained as a lawyer, Ambrose was elected bishop of Milan when he was 35 years old, although at the time he was not even baptized. When this was remedied, he took office and became noted for his strict discipline.
He was a close friend of St. Augustine, whose conversion he was partly responsible for, with the help of Augustine’s mother, Monica. In 384 he introduced the Ambrosian Chant from the Eastern Church, which was used until Pope Gregory the Great introduced the Gregorian Chant two centuries later. As recorded in numerous sources, such as The Golden Legend, a series of saints’ lives written in the 13th century by Jacobus de Voragine, the most famous episode in the life of St. Ambrose concerns his treatment of the Roman emperor Theodosius.
The emperor had killed some 7,000 men, women, and children as punishment for a small uprising in Thessalonica, where some of his soldiers were injured. St. Ambrose refused to let the ruler enter his church and excommunicated him. After eight months Ambrose consented to relent on two conditions: first, that the emperor should publish an edict by which no capital punishment could be executed until 30 days after conviction of a crime, and second, that the emperor should perform public penance.
Theodosius consented to the arrangement and did public penance in the bishop’s church. The scene was sometimes painted to symbolize the authority of the church over secular powers, one of the key issues during the Middle Ages. According to another legend, when Ambrose was an infant, a swarm of bees alighted on his mouth without harming him. This was taken as a sign that he would be noted for his eloquence.
The same tale is told of Plato and numerous Christian saints. Another legend tells how a prefect, Macedonius, closed his doors to the pleas of a poor criminal. When he heard of it, St. Ambrose said to Macedonius, “Thou, even thou, shalt fly to the church for refuge, and shalt not enter.” A short time afterward, Macedonius was pursued by some of his enemies and fled for sanctuary to the church.
Even though the doors were wide open, he could not find the entrance but walked around as a blind man until he was slain. In Christian art St. Ambrose is often portrayed as a bishop with miter and crosier. He sometimes holds a book or a pen with the inscription In carne vivere preter carnem angelicam et non humanam (to be nourished by food, but rather the food of angels, not of mortals).
From the Encyclopedia of World Mythology and Legend, Third Edition – Written by Anthony S. Mercatante & James R. Dow
Copyright © 2009 by Anthony S. Mercatante | 652 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Martin Luther King Jr. He addressed what he believed was the differences between a just law and an unjust law. He talked about the different types of extremists and why he supported the use of direct action.
He implied that there needed to be a constructive and realistic approach to solve racism with patience and reasonable terms. Martin Luther King Jr The lines have been drawn whites on one side and African Americans on the other.
Where would you be standing, would it be on the forefront of the battle lines fighting for equality or shouting from the rooftops racial slurs and spreading hate. Through the words of Martin Luther King Jr. We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given to by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed. Martin Luther King - People who look similar, often associate themselves as having the same mindset and thoughts.
This is often not true though because every human being is brought up differently and will experience other things than what their twin will experience. This gives them a whole different view on everything they do. Martin Luther King and his thoughts during the time he was constructing his civil rights movement. In the book King meets a look alike that is almost an exact replica of him Norton In this speech, he spoke of a future where Caucasians and African Americans would no longer be segregated and to not be judged by the color of our skin but to be known together as equal Didn't Wait to Fix Anything - We have been taught at a young age to be obedient to the people that give us the rules.
We are taught to follow those rules, and if we disobey those rules we shall be punished. Near the beginning of Dr. King's letter, he mentioned the word, wait. Martin Luther King and Stanley Milgram are correct in saying that there is a certain point that humans need to disobey to do good instead of evil And Malcolm X - Great Leaders America is a land with leaders who were recognized with very prominent backgrounds during the civil rights period of our history.
There is a great deal of history surrounding these two individuals. Although, the two men stood on opposite sides taking a different approach to meet a common goal.
After the deaths of Martin Luther King Jr Although, the two men stood for opposite sides taking a different approach to meet a common goal.
Encarta, Joseph Campbell has come up with eight of his own characteristics of a hero. Joseph Campbell is known as a scholar of mythology. There are several people in our times that are considered a hero. Whether, these heroes are fictional or nonfiction, they all portray some kind of heroic abilities. Without this influential point in American history, I believe that the national reformation from discrimination would have been impossible. Being an over-qualified man for this topic, Dr.
King speaks to his audience in such a way that he connects with them emotionally, and the style he orchestrated his speech with is effective America is perceived as the land were endless opportunities are available. King speech is more like a testimony of truth, rather than a speech. At the time of his speech African Americans were not free, while the Declaration of Independence states that all men are created equal. A broad term. An abstract term.
A term saturated with meaning, with importance, with significance. To a date. To a random assortment of letters and numbers.
It refers not only to a specific time, but also to our hopes, our goals, our dreams for that time. King established this letter to his fellow clergymen which aims to address their concerns on the subject of the wisdom and timing of the nonviolent actions and the unjust demonstrations in Birmingham, Alabama that he and other fellow leaders carried out in Black people all over the country were being treated unfairly, locked up in prison for false crimes, and refused the great opportunities that white people were so lucky to receive.
Before the year , President Abraham Lincoln was the last person to make such an impact in the equal treatment of all people, so for about years, blacks had no one to back them in their fight for equal treatment He answered all the issues that were aimed towards him in a very skillful and well thought out manner. King was doing. The books main concern is to explain and to create awareness of injustice. The book analyzes the state of American racial discrimination and the formation of movements after a decade in the United States civil rights struggles.
He advocates equality regardless of race. This was a call for the black Americans to come together and build their political and economic strength and achieve their legitimate goals Two people who faced great adversity in their lives were Martin Luther King Jr. These men both faced adversity in different degrees and at different times and places within the United States, but what makes them similar is that their strength of character allowed them to face adversity boldly.
In the same way, Martin Luther King Jr. He urges Americans to reflect and decide for themselves what they believe is right and wrong. In Martin Luther King Jr. C, before the renowned March on Washington took place. Thousands of supporters listened to the speech that would become one of the most important events of the Civil Rights Movement. His speech contains a heavy amount of rhetoric and passion.
King believed that all Americans deserved equality, no matter the color of their skin. King Jr. Deviation from the norm can lead to a negative or a positive sanction, examples of deviants are criminals who are sent to jail for committing socially unacceptable crimes. While someone like Martin Luther king Jr. Sequentially, he acknowledges how deeply the rights of the black citizens of the United States have been disregarded and violated, despite the promises of freedom and the security of justice.
As evident, King 's principal purpose is to convey the idea that society contemporary to him is overwhelmed with racial injustice, upon which no real democracy attainable It was about how he longed for freedom and equality for people of color and could dream and envision a world where this would take place. There are many types of oppression. That speech was an inspiration to millions of African-American people. It started when an older lady named Rosa Parks, who is now famous for not giving up her seat, was arrested.
He knew how to lead protests, and how to get people involved. He is the main reason for the equal rights between races that we have today. King was elected the leader of a group called the Montgomery Improvement Association. After the protests ended, angry white people tried to kill Martin Luther King Jr. The attempts were unsuccessful.
During the sixties, young African-American College boys started sitting at the "white" tables. The protests were broken up by the southern police, who used police dogs and fire hoses. He believed that one day this country would come together so that black children and white children would be able to join schools without being sprayed with hoses.
He also believed that people should not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. There were many ups and downs for Mr. King, like his dad standing at the door with a shotgun while watching the Ku Klux Klan marching down the street, or watching an innocent black man being lynched. King persevered and came through all of that segregation.In doing so, he preaches about nonviolence in order to keep the movement honorable. As they enter the theatre they knew this wasn't a regular movie theatre. Sequentially, he acknowledges how deeply the rights of the black citizens of the United States have been disregarded and violated, despite the promises of freedom and the security of justice. After getting his degree in sociology from Morehouse, Martin got a divinity degree from Crozer Seminary and then got his doctor's degree in theology from Boston University.
Martin Luther attended segregated public schools in Georgia, graduating from high school at the age of fifteen; he received the B His speech was delivered on August 28th in front of the Lincoln Memorial. Washington High School. January 15, - April 4, was known as an activist and a remarkable leader for African Americans throughout the Civil Rights Movement. Martin Luther King Jr. January 15, April 4, was born on in his mother's parents large house on Auburn Avenue in Atlanta, Georgia.
This is what happened to the American Negro.
In Old Testament times, the Egyptian Pharaoh subjected the Israelites to slavery to make his nation the greatest on earth. Martin Luther King, JR. He went to Booker T. Imagine the world when two innocent children were told that the color of their skin ought to separate them.
Yhe world has came a long way, but the history and future is still Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin was arrested and his house was bombed. King and the Dream - Dr. He was a strong activist in the Civil Rights Movement and spoke out a lot about equality and freedom for African Americans. Life and education. Today, terrorism, war and recession are seeping in, cracking that foundation and eroding civil rights and civil liberties. Socrates was a man in search of wisdom, truths, and justice, who simply refused to accept the discernable deficiency of evidence which sustained such injustices.
Their parents never let them play with poor Michael which is his original name. The violence and drama of the protests was shown on television and President Kennedy proposed a bill to deal with this to Congress. He was the second child and the first son of Michael King Sr. King, Junior. However, some of his greatest messages to us were not preached from a "mountaintop" before millions, but from a little pulpit back home at the Ebeneezer Baptist Church. | <urn:uuid:596a635a-2603-4771-aa70-c9bd7d0c4328> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://youarekidding.me/appraisal/martin-luther-king-essays-for-kids-15403.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251688806.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126104828-20200126134828-00558.warc.gz | en | 0.980013 | 1,937 | 3.609375 | 4 | [
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-0.1351741850376... | 1 | Martin Luther King Jr. He addressed what he believed was the differences between a just law and an unjust law. He talked about the different types of extremists and why he supported the use of direct action.
He implied that there needed to be a constructive and realistic approach to solve racism with patience and reasonable terms. Martin Luther King Jr The lines have been drawn whites on one side and African Americans on the other.
Where would you be standing, would it be on the forefront of the battle lines fighting for equality or shouting from the rooftops racial slurs and spreading hate. Through the words of Martin Luther King Jr. We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given to by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed. Martin Luther King - People who look similar, often associate themselves as having the same mindset and thoughts.
This is often not true though because every human being is brought up differently and will experience other things than what their twin will experience. This gives them a whole different view on everything they do. Martin Luther King and his thoughts during the time he was constructing his civil rights movement. In the book King meets a look alike that is almost an exact replica of him Norton In this speech, he spoke of a future where Caucasians and African Americans would no longer be segregated and to not be judged by the color of our skin but to be known together as equal Didn't Wait to Fix Anything - We have been taught at a young age to be obedient to the people that give us the rules.
We are taught to follow those rules, and if we disobey those rules we shall be punished. Near the beginning of Dr. King's letter, he mentioned the word, wait. Martin Luther King and Stanley Milgram are correct in saying that there is a certain point that humans need to disobey to do good instead of evil And Malcolm X - Great Leaders America is a land with leaders who were recognized with very prominent backgrounds during the civil rights period of our history.
There is a great deal of history surrounding these two individuals. Although, the two men stood on opposite sides taking a different approach to meet a common goal.
After the deaths of Martin Luther King Jr Although, the two men stood for opposite sides taking a different approach to meet a common goal.
Encarta, Joseph Campbell has come up with eight of his own characteristics of a hero. Joseph Campbell is known as a scholar of mythology. There are several people in our times that are considered a hero. Whether, these heroes are fictional or nonfiction, they all portray some kind of heroic abilities. Without this influential point in American history, I believe that the national reformation from discrimination would have been impossible. Being an over-qualified man for this topic, Dr.
King speaks to his audience in such a way that he connects with them emotionally, and the style he orchestrated his speech with is effective America is perceived as the land were endless opportunities are available. King speech is more like a testimony of truth, rather than a speech. At the time of his speech African Americans were not free, while the Declaration of Independence states that all men are created equal. A broad term. An abstract term.
A term saturated with meaning, with importance, with significance. To a date. To a random assortment of letters and numbers.
It refers not only to a specific time, but also to our hopes, our goals, our dreams for that time. King established this letter to his fellow clergymen which aims to address their concerns on the subject of the wisdom and timing of the nonviolent actions and the unjust demonstrations in Birmingham, Alabama that he and other fellow leaders carried out in Black people all over the country were being treated unfairly, locked up in prison for false crimes, and refused the great opportunities that white people were so lucky to receive.
Before the year , President Abraham Lincoln was the last person to make such an impact in the equal treatment of all people, so for about years, blacks had no one to back them in their fight for equal treatment He answered all the issues that were aimed towards him in a very skillful and well thought out manner. King was doing. The books main concern is to explain and to create awareness of injustice. The book analyzes the state of American racial discrimination and the formation of movements after a decade in the United States civil rights struggles.
He advocates equality regardless of race. This was a call for the black Americans to come together and build their political and economic strength and achieve their legitimate goals Two people who faced great adversity in their lives were Martin Luther King Jr. These men both faced adversity in different degrees and at different times and places within the United States, but what makes them similar is that their strength of character allowed them to face adversity boldly.
In the same way, Martin Luther King Jr. He urges Americans to reflect and decide for themselves what they believe is right and wrong. In Martin Luther King Jr. C, before the renowned March on Washington took place. Thousands of supporters listened to the speech that would become one of the most important events of the Civil Rights Movement. His speech contains a heavy amount of rhetoric and passion.
King believed that all Americans deserved equality, no matter the color of their skin. King Jr. Deviation from the norm can lead to a negative or a positive sanction, examples of deviants are criminals who are sent to jail for committing socially unacceptable crimes. While someone like Martin Luther king Jr. Sequentially, he acknowledges how deeply the rights of the black citizens of the United States have been disregarded and violated, despite the promises of freedom and the security of justice.
As evident, King 's principal purpose is to convey the idea that society contemporary to him is overwhelmed with racial injustice, upon which no real democracy attainable It was about how he longed for freedom and equality for people of color and could dream and envision a world where this would take place. There are many types of oppression. That speech was an inspiration to millions of African-American people. It started when an older lady named Rosa Parks, who is now famous for not giving up her seat, was arrested.
He knew how to lead protests, and how to get people involved. He is the main reason for the equal rights between races that we have today. King was elected the leader of a group called the Montgomery Improvement Association. After the protests ended, angry white people tried to kill Martin Luther King Jr. The attempts were unsuccessful.
During the sixties, young African-American College boys started sitting at the "white" tables. The protests were broken up by the southern police, who used police dogs and fire hoses. He believed that one day this country would come together so that black children and white children would be able to join schools without being sprayed with hoses.
He also believed that people should not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. There were many ups and downs for Mr. King, like his dad standing at the door with a shotgun while watching the Ku Klux Klan marching down the street, or watching an innocent black man being lynched. King persevered and came through all of that segregation.In doing so, he preaches about nonviolence in order to keep the movement honorable. As they enter the theatre they knew this wasn't a regular movie theatre. Sequentially, he acknowledges how deeply the rights of the black citizens of the United States have been disregarded and violated, despite the promises of freedom and the security of justice. After getting his degree in sociology from Morehouse, Martin got a divinity degree from Crozer Seminary and then got his doctor's degree in theology from Boston University.
Martin Luther attended segregated public schools in Georgia, graduating from high school at the age of fifteen; he received the B His speech was delivered on August 28th in front of the Lincoln Memorial. Washington High School. January 15, - April 4, was known as an activist and a remarkable leader for African Americans throughout the Civil Rights Movement. Martin Luther King Jr. January 15, April 4, was born on in his mother's parents large house on Auburn Avenue in Atlanta, Georgia.
This is what happened to the American Negro.
In Old Testament times, the Egyptian Pharaoh subjected the Israelites to slavery to make his nation the greatest on earth. Martin Luther King, JR. He went to Booker T. Imagine the world when two innocent children were told that the color of their skin ought to separate them.
Yhe world has came a long way, but the history and future is still Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin was arrested and his house was bombed. King and the Dream - Dr. He was a strong activist in the Civil Rights Movement and spoke out a lot about equality and freedom for African Americans. Life and education. Today, terrorism, war and recession are seeping in, cracking that foundation and eroding civil rights and civil liberties. Socrates was a man in search of wisdom, truths, and justice, who simply refused to accept the discernable deficiency of evidence which sustained such injustices.
Their parents never let them play with poor Michael which is his original name. The violence and drama of the protests was shown on television and President Kennedy proposed a bill to deal with this to Congress. He was the second child and the first son of Michael King Sr. King, Junior. However, some of his greatest messages to us were not preached from a "mountaintop" before millions, but from a little pulpit back home at the Ebeneezer Baptist Church. | 1,921 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Arthur Phillip, (born October 11, 1738, London, England—died August 31, 1814, Bath, Somerset), British admiral whose convict settlement established at Sydney in 1788 was the first permanent European colony on the Australian continent.
Phillip joined the British Navy in 1755, retired in 1763 to farm for 13 years in England, then served with the Portuguese Navy against Spain (1776) and with the British Navy against France (1778). In 1786 he was assigned the duty of founding a British convict settlement in New South Wales, and the following year he set sail with 11 ships.
As the first governor of New South Wales, Phillip struggled with rebellious convicts and troops and—until the middle of 1790—with the threat of famine; but he successfully created a permanent community. Despite his conciliatory policy toward the native Aboriginal peoples, he failed to establish peace between the settlers and the natives. He returned to England in 1792 because of poor health, but he saw further action at sea (1796–98) and was promoted to admiral in 1814. | <urn:uuid:fe9db751-e525-4a62-ace4-70d21e1d9ac5> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.britannica.com/print/article/456556 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250625097.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124191133-20200124220133-00160.warc.gz | en | 0.980582 | 226 | 3.4375 | 3 | [
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0.35194736719131... | 1 | Arthur Phillip, (born October 11, 1738, London, England—died August 31, 1814, Bath, Somerset), British admiral whose convict settlement established at Sydney in 1788 was the first permanent European colony on the Australian continent.
Phillip joined the British Navy in 1755, retired in 1763 to farm for 13 years in England, then served with the Portuguese Navy against Spain (1776) and with the British Navy against France (1778). In 1786 he was assigned the duty of founding a British convict settlement in New South Wales, and the following year he set sail with 11 ships.
As the first governor of New South Wales, Phillip struggled with rebellious convicts and troops and—until the middle of 1790—with the threat of famine; but he successfully created a permanent community. Despite his conciliatory policy toward the native Aboriginal peoples, he failed to establish peace between the settlers and the natives. He returned to England in 1792 because of poor health, but he saw further action at sea (1796–98) and was promoted to admiral in 1814. | 266 | ENGLISH | 1 |
In 1919, when Langston Hughes was seventeen years old, he spent the summer with his father, Jim Hughes, in Toluca, Mexico. Langston had not seen his father since he was a small child, and he was excited about making the trip. However, during this visit, no affectionate bond would develop between Langston and Jim. Jim Hughes was a cold, difficult man, who was driven by ambition to make money and achieve respect. He had moved to Mexico to avoid segregation and racial injustice in the United States.
convinced of the importance of children’s books.’ That similar statements are still being made two hundred years later shows us how much children’s books have always had to prove in England. And it has been harder still for children’s fantasy, since it supposedly goes against that hearty empiricism which has been as much the hallmark of the standard Englishman as once was his roast beef. Bloomfi eld, after all, was talking about ‘realistic’ children’s books which could be made useful by being directed
appropriate page within text. Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material
together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subject of organisational theory. Whilst their writing is accessible and engaging, their approach is scholarly and serious. It is so easy for students (and indeed others who should know better) to trivialize this very problematic and challenging subject. This is not the case with the present book. This is a book that deserves to achieve a wide readership. Professor Stephen Ackroyd, Lancaster University, UK This new textbook | <urn:uuid:9a55ea10-6108-4265-b5ef-aaff26d4dc81> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.bartleby.com/essay/William-Blake-Had-A-Strict-Standard-On-F3VYWR3L8E7W | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610004.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123101110-20200123130110-00233.warc.gz | en | 0.983882 | 419 | 3.4375 | 3 | [
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0.3462986350059... | 1 | In 1919, when Langston Hughes was seventeen years old, he spent the summer with his father, Jim Hughes, in Toluca, Mexico. Langston had not seen his father since he was a small child, and he was excited about making the trip. However, during this visit, no affectionate bond would develop between Langston and Jim. Jim Hughes was a cold, difficult man, who was driven by ambition to make money and achieve respect. He had moved to Mexico to avoid segregation and racial injustice in the United States.
convinced of the importance of children’s books.’ That similar statements are still being made two hundred years later shows us how much children’s books have always had to prove in England. And it has been harder still for children’s fantasy, since it supposedly goes against that hearty empiricism which has been as much the hallmark of the standard Englishman as once was his roast beef. Bloomfi eld, after all, was talking about ‘realistic’ children’s books which could be made useful by being directed
appropriate page within text. Copyright © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material
together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subject of organisational theory. Whilst their writing is accessible and engaging, their approach is scholarly and serious. It is so easy for students (and indeed others who should know better) to trivialize this very problematic and challenging subject. This is not the case with the present book. This is a book that deserves to achieve a wide readership. Professor Stephen Ackroyd, Lancaster University, UK This new textbook | 433 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The martial paradigm in the nineteenth century was exponentially different than what it is today. Historically, marriage was more of a business contract between a wealthy man and a beautiful woman, rather than the coming together of two equals. Therefore, if these standards weren’t followed, the woman was always to blame. The irony in “The Story of an Hour” by Kate Chopin emphasizes how marital standards caused emotional repression of women of the nineteenth century.
It’s no surprise that women who lived through this time period would choose to keep their feelings to themselves. After the news of her husband’s death broke, Mrs. Mallard was described as “drinking in a very elixir of life through an open window.” To the public, losing a husband was seen as a genuine loss, that the woman would no longer have someone to provide for her. To the woman herself, depending on the situation, this may not have always been the case. Like Mrs. Mallard’s situation, many women were in unfulfilling relationships due to these standards and lack of heart in these marriages. During this time period, it was abnormal for a woman to feel reborn at the loss of her husband. Consequently, the irony in this sentence disobeys the emotion Mrs. Mallard would’ve been expected to feel during this tragedy, and highlights the relief of her imprisonment.
Being repressed during the long duration of her marriage, Mrs. Mallard did not get to enjoy her freedom for very long. It is important to note that within an hour’s time, Mrs. Mallard went from being liberated, to experiencing the catharsis of realizing her husband had survived the accident. Described by her friends, she had “died of heart disease-of joy that kills.” Mrs. Mallard had forgotten how to live a life of freedom. However, this liberty only lasted a few short minutes. While descending the stairs, Mrs. Mallard saw the front door creak open. It was her captor: Brently Mallard. The situational irony in this scene accentuates the restrained feelings of Mrs. Mallard. Everyone around her believes that she had died of joy. That her heart couldn’t handle the adrenaline rush of seeing her thought-to-be late husband. However, no one around her saw the genuine reason as to why her heart couldn’t handle the sight of seeing him again. The phrase “of joy that kills” in this sentence is an overstatement, the thing that killed Mrs. Mallard is disappointment.
The marital standards of the nineteenth century substantially affected women. Many of these women withheld their emotions to avoid criticism from the public eye. Like Mrs. Mallard in “The Story of an Hour,” many women were imprisoned in their own marriages due to the materialistic benefits. This emotional repression in this short story caused multiple ironic situations between the characters, thus helping it emphasize the severity of this issue during this time period.
This essay can be used as a great template for your paper. It was made by help write a research paper - an academic help service. | <urn:uuid:54c8c4a0-4d0c-44d9-89a0-6beaba8f51ed> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://desporteo.com/irony-and-marital-standards-in-the-story-of-an-hour.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604397.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121132900-20200121161900-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.980556 | 649 | 3.484375 | 3 | [
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0.2236309349536895... | 2 | The martial paradigm in the nineteenth century was exponentially different than what it is today. Historically, marriage was more of a business contract between a wealthy man and a beautiful woman, rather than the coming together of two equals. Therefore, if these standards weren’t followed, the woman was always to blame. The irony in “The Story of an Hour” by Kate Chopin emphasizes how marital standards caused emotional repression of women of the nineteenth century.
It’s no surprise that women who lived through this time period would choose to keep their feelings to themselves. After the news of her husband’s death broke, Mrs. Mallard was described as “drinking in a very elixir of life through an open window.” To the public, losing a husband was seen as a genuine loss, that the woman would no longer have someone to provide for her. To the woman herself, depending on the situation, this may not have always been the case. Like Mrs. Mallard’s situation, many women were in unfulfilling relationships due to these standards and lack of heart in these marriages. During this time period, it was abnormal for a woman to feel reborn at the loss of her husband. Consequently, the irony in this sentence disobeys the emotion Mrs. Mallard would’ve been expected to feel during this tragedy, and highlights the relief of her imprisonment.
Being repressed during the long duration of her marriage, Mrs. Mallard did not get to enjoy her freedom for very long. It is important to note that within an hour’s time, Mrs. Mallard went from being liberated, to experiencing the catharsis of realizing her husband had survived the accident. Described by her friends, she had “died of heart disease-of joy that kills.” Mrs. Mallard had forgotten how to live a life of freedom. However, this liberty only lasted a few short minutes. While descending the stairs, Mrs. Mallard saw the front door creak open. It was her captor: Brently Mallard. The situational irony in this scene accentuates the restrained feelings of Mrs. Mallard. Everyone around her believes that she had died of joy. That her heart couldn’t handle the adrenaline rush of seeing her thought-to-be late husband. However, no one around her saw the genuine reason as to why her heart couldn’t handle the sight of seeing him again. The phrase “of joy that kills” in this sentence is an overstatement, the thing that killed Mrs. Mallard is disappointment.
The marital standards of the nineteenth century substantially affected women. Many of these women withheld their emotions to avoid criticism from the public eye. Like Mrs. Mallard in “The Story of an Hour,” many women were imprisoned in their own marriages due to the materialistic benefits. This emotional repression in this short story caused multiple ironic situations between the characters, thus helping it emphasize the severity of this issue during this time period.
This essay can be used as a great template for your paper. It was made by help write a research paper - an academic help service. | 617 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Hamlet has been performed so often in almost every language that there should be no secrets left to uncover in Shakespeare’s best-known play.
However, an error in dating it may have caused theatregoers and scholars to overlook a message that has hidden in plain sight for centuries.
Although the story of royal corruption and murder has mass appeal, its playwright may have been using it as a vehicle to curry favour with one person: the newly crowned king.
Until recently, academics believed that Shakespeare wrote Hamlet in early 1601, when Elizabeth I was still on the throne after more than 42 years.
The New Oxford Shakespeare, an authoritative collection of all of his work, has declared that this is the wrong date, however, and that… | <urn:uuid:461347f8-7ea5-48b2-b780-f512a117dd77> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/alas-poor-hamlet-we-didn-t-date-him-well-jjqs9bwwt | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687725.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126043644-20200126073644-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.98168 | 153 | 3.453125 | 3 | [
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0.03911668434... | 1 | Hamlet has been performed so often in almost every language that there should be no secrets left to uncover in Shakespeare’s best-known play.
However, an error in dating it may have caused theatregoers and scholars to overlook a message that has hidden in plain sight for centuries.
Although the story of royal corruption and murder has mass appeal, its playwright may have been using it as a vehicle to curry favour with one person: the newly crowned king.
Until recently, academics believed that Shakespeare wrote Hamlet in early 1601, when Elizabeth I was still on the throne after more than 42 years.
The New Oxford Shakespeare, an authoritative collection of all of his work, has declared that this is the wrong date, however, and that… | 151 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Kimberley Road was laid out between 1904-5. It is named after the 124-day Siege – or as likely the relief – of Kimberley which took place between October 14, 1899 – February 15, 1900 during the Second Boer War. The city was, and remains, a major centre of diamond mining in South Africa. When war broke out, Boer forces from the Orange Free State and the Transvaal besieged the British enclave. The defenders organised an energetic and effective improvised defence that was able to prevent it from being taken. Cecil Rhodes, who had made his fortune there, and who controlled all the mining activities, moved into the town at the onset of the siege. Many blamed him for starting the war following an incursion on Boer land. The siege was finally relieved by a cavalry division under Lieutenant-General John French, part of a larger force under Lord Roberts. Many roads were named after famous battles by patriotic developers.
79 total views, 1 views today | <urn:uuid:f6955bc4-816b-48d9-9208-5d0244199b4e> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://londonstreetguide.com/kimberley-road-br3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251669967.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125041318-20200125070318-00000.warc.gz | en | 0.98365 | 199 | 3.59375 | 4 | [
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0.0995068550109... | 1 | Kimberley Road was laid out between 1904-5. It is named after the 124-day Siege – or as likely the relief – of Kimberley which took place between October 14, 1899 – February 15, 1900 during the Second Boer War. The city was, and remains, a major centre of diamond mining in South Africa. When war broke out, Boer forces from the Orange Free State and the Transvaal besieged the British enclave. The defenders organised an energetic and effective improvised defence that was able to prevent it from being taken. Cecil Rhodes, who had made his fortune there, and who controlled all the mining activities, moved into the town at the onset of the siege. Many blamed him for starting the war following an incursion on Boer land. The siege was finally relieved by a cavalry division under Lieutenant-General John French, part of a larger force under Lord Roberts. Many roads were named after famous battles by patriotic developers.
79 total views, 1 views today | 218 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Few students consider literacy as anything more than a subject they must struggle to master, but mastering it well enough to read what they want is truly a gift when seen at the correct angles. Parents have been urged for years to read to their children, and they are giving them the gift of a story as well as time with them. For children, learning a story well is a way to help stimulate their imagination, and they often act out the parts of their favorite characters. Learning to read is truly a gift because it gives in so many different ways.
Literacy Begins at Home
When a child is born today, many parents are eager to find books to read to their children. Giving expectant parents books appropriate for small children has become fashionable in some social circles, and parents look forward to the opportunity to share these stories with their children. It is time they can spend together, but it is a good way to introduce children to reading. Many of those who have parents read to them tend to be eager to learn how to read so they can choose their own books and stories.
Traveling the Universe
One of the beauties of books is that stories can take a reader many places, and it can be right next door or the far end of the universe. Children and adults can lose themselves in a story, and a good author can take them on the trip of a lifetime with characters that seem real. There are non-fiction books that can also transport their readers to other times and places, and history can come alive for those interested in the subject. Places that are far away can be brought into the home when described well, and the gift of travel without leaving home is one that has sustained many people throughout the years.
Teaching children to read is a long process, but it is one that will culminate in their ability to understand many subjects on their own. Rather than having a teacher feed them the information, students who can read have the ability to explore a subject on their own. History, geography, science and religion are just a few of the subjects where a student who reads well will benefit. Even mathematics uses word problems, so it requires the ability to read.
Lessons in Reading
Students often struggle when they first learn to read, and falling behind the class can be an issue for some of them. Teachers have many different ways to get their subject across, but adding even one or two more tools to their lesson plan can make a huge difference for their students. In English KS2 Powerpoints classes, visual presentations are often an effective way to help capture the attention of all students, and Primary Teaching Resources has packages available for this reason.
While it can be a struggle for young students to learn to read, it is a worthwhile endeavor that will remain with them for life. Their ability to read will take them many places, or it can help them learn other subjects on their own. The gift of reading is a vehicle that can take them in almost any direction in life. | <urn:uuid:5becf576-d766-4744-89cc-35d7cb429be2> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.pastlifecourses.com/the-great-gift-of-literacy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250628549.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125011232-20200125040232-00129.warc.gz | en | 0.980976 | 605 | 3.875 | 4 | [
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Literacy Begins at Home
When a child is born today, many parents are eager to find books to read to their children. Giving expectant parents books appropriate for small children has become fashionable in some social circles, and parents look forward to the opportunity to share these stories with their children. It is time they can spend together, but it is a good way to introduce children to reading. Many of those who have parents read to them tend to be eager to learn how to read so they can choose their own books and stories.
Traveling the Universe
One of the beauties of books is that stories can take a reader many places, and it can be right next door or the far end of the universe. Children and adults can lose themselves in a story, and a good author can take them on the trip of a lifetime with characters that seem real. There are non-fiction books that can also transport their readers to other times and places, and history can come alive for those interested in the subject. Places that are far away can be brought into the home when described well, and the gift of travel without leaving home is one that has sustained many people throughout the years.
Teaching children to read is a long process, but it is one that will culminate in their ability to understand many subjects on their own. Rather than having a teacher feed them the information, students who can read have the ability to explore a subject on their own. History, geography, science and religion are just a few of the subjects where a student who reads well will benefit. Even mathematics uses word problems, so it requires the ability to read.
Lessons in Reading
Students often struggle when they first learn to read, and falling behind the class can be an issue for some of them. Teachers have many different ways to get their subject across, but adding even one or two more tools to their lesson plan can make a huge difference for their students. In English KS2 Powerpoints classes, visual presentations are often an effective way to help capture the attention of all students, and Primary Teaching Resources has packages available for this reason.
While it can be a struggle for young students to learn to read, it is a worthwhile endeavor that will remain with them for life. Their ability to read will take them many places, or it can help them learn other subjects on their own. The gift of reading is a vehicle that can take them in almost any direction in life. | 599 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Depictions of the sacred are everywhere in modern American society: a white, bearded, and haloed Jesus on the cartoon South Park; a painting of The Last Supper in your grandmother's living room; Mel Gibson detailing the crucifixion in The Passion of the Christ.
But America is not removed from conflict over representations of sacred figures. Turmoil has been present since the country's settlement and continues today in disputes over God's race and gender.
And so, as Americans stand aghast at the horrors of the deaths surrounding depictions of Muhammad in the online video "The Innocence of Muslims," one must also recall that the fight over God's image is not only an ancient one, but one not limited to any single faith.
Paul Harvey is a professor of history at the University of Colorado, and the co-author of "The Color of Christ: The Son of God and the Saga of Race in America," and the author of a recent op-ed on the subject in our partner The New York Times.
"Because America, in part, was founded by puritans who did not believe in imaging God or Jesus, it took a long time for images of the sacred to take hold in American history – it was really in the 19th century when that happened," Paul Harvey explains. When these images did take hold, Jesus did not look much like someone who had been born in the Middle East – he was depicted as being white, and of European origin. These appearances actually were derived from a medieval forgery, which described what Jesus looked like. "It was taken over in the 19th century, even though people knew it was a forgery, and gradually it worked its way from forgery, into folklore, into something that people more or less thought was true."
Harvey said that, in light of recent events in the Middle East, he hopes that his book will give people a new understanding of the long history of violence over images of God. "It's not just something that has happened – that is happening – over there, and that we have always been immune to in our history." With this new historical perspective, perhaps we can understand a bit better how images of God could cause such conflict. | <urn:uuid:2602a494-1b74-449f-a560-0777b51f3ac8> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.pri.org/stories/2012-09-28/trouble-depicting-god | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593994.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118221909-20200119005909-00418.warc.gz | en | 0.981391 | 451 | 3.359375 | 3 | [
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0.175261169672012... | 1 | Depictions of the sacred are everywhere in modern American society: a white, bearded, and haloed Jesus on the cartoon South Park; a painting of The Last Supper in your grandmother's living room; Mel Gibson detailing the crucifixion in The Passion of the Christ.
But America is not removed from conflict over representations of sacred figures. Turmoil has been present since the country's settlement and continues today in disputes over God's race and gender.
And so, as Americans stand aghast at the horrors of the deaths surrounding depictions of Muhammad in the online video "The Innocence of Muslims," one must also recall that the fight over God's image is not only an ancient one, but one not limited to any single faith.
Paul Harvey is a professor of history at the University of Colorado, and the co-author of "The Color of Christ: The Son of God and the Saga of Race in America," and the author of a recent op-ed on the subject in our partner The New York Times.
"Because America, in part, was founded by puritans who did not believe in imaging God or Jesus, it took a long time for images of the sacred to take hold in American history – it was really in the 19th century when that happened," Paul Harvey explains. When these images did take hold, Jesus did not look much like someone who had been born in the Middle East – he was depicted as being white, and of European origin. These appearances actually were derived from a medieval forgery, which described what Jesus looked like. "It was taken over in the 19th century, even though people knew it was a forgery, and gradually it worked its way from forgery, into folklore, into something that people more or less thought was true."
Harvey said that, in light of recent events in the Middle East, he hopes that his book will give people a new understanding of the long history of violence over images of God. "It's not just something that has happened – that is happening – over there, and that we have always been immune to in our history." With this new historical perspective, perhaps we can understand a bit better how images of God could cause such conflict. | 450 | ENGLISH | 1 |
A new study says that babies conceived in the cooler months are more likely to grow up slim and have fewer weight struggles than those in warmer months.
Scientists conducting the study found a link between cold weather conception and larger amounts of brown adipose tissue (BAT) or brown fat, in both humans and mice.
Unlike white fat which is much more common in humans and which is linked to illness including heart disease, cancer and diabetes, BAT burns calories by generating heat and is seen as beneficial in reducing weight and developing metabolic disorders, reports The Telegraph.
The study looked at 8,400 adults, breaking them into two groups: those born between July and November and those born between January and June.
Using CT (computed tomography) scans they were able to tell that the first group, born at cooler times of the year (in the Northern Hemisphere) had higher levels of brown fat that the second.
Previous studies have also backed this up, suggesting that people living in colder regions tend to have higher levels of brown fat.
"Until now, the assumption was that this had something to do with the temperatures people experienced during their lifetime,” said Professor Christian Wolfrum at Zurich’s ETH university who led the research. “But our observations suggest that temperatures prior to conception might also affect later levels of brown fat."
"We need to study the correlation in people more closely,” continued Professor Wolfrum. “But it is likely that the exposure to cold needs to persist over a longer period for it to have an effect on epigenetic programming.”
"Taking a plunge in cold water or spending a short time lying on a block of ice probably won't be enough."
Something to think about on those long, cold winter nights... | <urn:uuid:f8bffc10-9e0a-49e6-9e1a-53b240256b8d> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.marieclaire.com.au/winter-conception-skinnier-babies-study | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251776516.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128060946-20200128090946-00172.warc.gz | en | 0.981822 | 359 | 3.703125 | 4 | [
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0.2241613417863845... | 5 | A new study says that babies conceived in the cooler months are more likely to grow up slim and have fewer weight struggles than those in warmer months.
Scientists conducting the study found a link between cold weather conception and larger amounts of brown adipose tissue (BAT) or brown fat, in both humans and mice.
Unlike white fat which is much more common in humans and which is linked to illness including heart disease, cancer and diabetes, BAT burns calories by generating heat and is seen as beneficial in reducing weight and developing metabolic disorders, reports The Telegraph.
The study looked at 8,400 adults, breaking them into two groups: those born between July and November and those born between January and June.
Using CT (computed tomography) scans they were able to tell that the first group, born at cooler times of the year (in the Northern Hemisphere) had higher levels of brown fat that the second.
Previous studies have also backed this up, suggesting that people living in colder regions tend to have higher levels of brown fat.
"Until now, the assumption was that this had something to do with the temperatures people experienced during their lifetime,” said Professor Christian Wolfrum at Zurich’s ETH university who led the research. “But our observations suggest that temperatures prior to conception might also affect later levels of brown fat."
"We need to study the correlation in people more closely,” continued Professor Wolfrum. “But it is likely that the exposure to cold needs to persist over a longer period for it to have an effect on epigenetic programming.”
"Taking a plunge in cold water or spending a short time lying on a block of ice probably won't be enough."
Something to think about on those long, cold winter nights... | 344 | ENGLISH | 1 |
This theme focuses on people who have migrated and aged in a host country, those who have fled their countries in older age and those who are left behind without necessary support.
We often tend to think of migration as a phenomenon mainly affecting younger populations. But this assumption makes us ignore the numbers of older people that leave their countries either alone or with their families as well as the impact for those who remain in their place of origin while their families move away. Yet, while several disadvantages are common to all migrants and asylum seekers, some may be more common or have a more significant impact on older people.
Studies show that the needs of older people during emergency situations, conflicts and humanitarian crises that often lead to waves of refugees and forced displacement are more likely to be ignored. For example, they may have trouble accessing humanitarian assistance due to mobility problems. In addition, sometimes older people are left behind because their family and friends cannot carry them. There is even some evidence that older people can become targets of violent attacks in conflict zones. In addition, older people have been shown to suffer from greater levels of psychological distress, health issues, injuries and exacerbated frailty when they move. Their increased needs for support are rarely met.
In addition, refugee and migration policies prioritize the influx of younger people in order to meet the host country’s labour market needs and to avoid the exacerbation of demographic ageing. Since older people are perceived as a burden rather than as an economic asset, they encounter additional barriers when they try to enter a new country or reunite with their families. In fact, most countries use age as one of the criteria on the basis of which they determine whether to allow migrants enter their country. As a result, older people face additional barriers regardless of their skills, educational level and income. Additionally, according to Human Rights Watch family reunification policies prioritize children and parents, often separating older people from their families for prolonged periods of time. In some cases, older people have died before they were able to meet again their family and friends. Moreover, when older people move to another country they often lose their rights to pension and other welfare entitlements.
Finally, according to research migrants who have aged in another country are more likely to face social isolation, poverty and worsened health because – due to their migrant or refugee status and older age – they have more limited access to welfare provisions and services and are ignored in mainstream ageing and migration policies. But overall, we still lack adequate information about the situation of older migrants and refugees due to the absence of relevant data. | <urn:uuid:d7911f95-964e-4532-82e1-639c05bc6900> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://ageing-equal.org/ageism-and-migration/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606975.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122101729-20200122130729-00529.warc.gz | en | 0.980141 | 513 | 3.6875 | 4 | [
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0.11476735025644... | 6 | This theme focuses on people who have migrated and aged in a host country, those who have fled their countries in older age and those who are left behind without necessary support.
We often tend to think of migration as a phenomenon mainly affecting younger populations. But this assumption makes us ignore the numbers of older people that leave their countries either alone or with their families as well as the impact for those who remain in their place of origin while their families move away. Yet, while several disadvantages are common to all migrants and asylum seekers, some may be more common or have a more significant impact on older people.
Studies show that the needs of older people during emergency situations, conflicts and humanitarian crises that often lead to waves of refugees and forced displacement are more likely to be ignored. For example, they may have trouble accessing humanitarian assistance due to mobility problems. In addition, sometimes older people are left behind because their family and friends cannot carry them. There is even some evidence that older people can become targets of violent attacks in conflict zones. In addition, older people have been shown to suffer from greater levels of psychological distress, health issues, injuries and exacerbated frailty when they move. Their increased needs for support are rarely met.
In addition, refugee and migration policies prioritize the influx of younger people in order to meet the host country’s labour market needs and to avoid the exacerbation of demographic ageing. Since older people are perceived as a burden rather than as an economic asset, they encounter additional barriers when they try to enter a new country or reunite with their families. In fact, most countries use age as one of the criteria on the basis of which they determine whether to allow migrants enter their country. As a result, older people face additional barriers regardless of their skills, educational level and income. Additionally, according to Human Rights Watch family reunification policies prioritize children and parents, often separating older people from their families for prolonged periods of time. In some cases, older people have died before they were able to meet again their family and friends. Moreover, when older people move to another country they often lose their rights to pension and other welfare entitlements.
Finally, according to research migrants who have aged in another country are more likely to face social isolation, poverty and worsened health because – due to their migrant or refugee status and older age – they have more limited access to welfare provisions and services and are ignored in mainstream ageing and migration policies. But overall, we still lack adequate information about the situation of older migrants and refugees due to the absence of relevant data. | 508 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The foundation of the British Empire was when England and Scotland were separate kingdoms. The Brits were a sea-faring nation and were key players in the voyages of discovery of the 15th century onwards. As land was discovered it was claimed for the crown, as in this case; Australia, New Zealand and parts of Africa – although they ended up having to fight for territory in the Boer War. They lost the American colonies after a tea party in Boston. India was a slightly different case as it was colonized by the East India Company, a private commercial concern, but eventually the expanding British Empire took it over as part of the empire.
The main reason why Britain chose to create an empire was because at the time that the empire began, the riches of the world were up for grabs – gold and diamond mines, slaves, ivory, tea and coffee, silk, anything the fashion required. In most cases Britain got there first and was able to get everything and anything they wanted. However, other countries (who were not part of the empire) soon began trading and shipping which also began causing trouble. Overall there are as many negative reasons of having an empire as much as there is positive. That is why I will be evaluating whether having an empire was good or bad.
Starting with the positive points, one is that just by having an empire was a huge advantage as Britain could easily trade with its colonies like India for cotton and tea, with Jamaica for tobacco, etc. Buying primary products for cheap and selling the tertiary product for a far higher price back to the same countries meant that they earn money to spend on improving the military forces, the navy, the government and other necessary things. Britain’s Empire covered one quarter of the land on the whole globe and one fifth of the world’s population.
Some of Britain’s many colonies were India, Canada, Australia, Jamaica, about a third of Africa and many others. This made it really hard to fight back against the British because they had powerful armies made up of soldiers throughout the world. Britain was extremely proud of its empire and enjoyed the fact that it made the country very important internationally. The leader of Germany for example was very impressed by the British Empire and wanted to make Germany more like Britain. This is an advantage because the other countries took Britain seriously and treated it with respect because of its Empire.
However, the negative points are as just important as the positive. As Britain was a demanding country and many British people felt they were superior to most other races. They felt they had a right to rule over other people, such as the hundreds and millions of people living in India. This meant that there was a constant threat that a country could decide to fight for its independence. Another negative point was that other countries, particularly Germany, were jealous of the Empire and by 1910 there was a growing threat that Britain would be forced to go to war to defend its empire.
That would disrupt the main benefit of empire: being able to make a large profit from trading. Overall I think the British Empire was a good thing and affected the world in a good way; brought medicine, a democratic parliamentary system of government, law and order to the countries that needed it the most, as we can see today most countries that Britain has ruled over, are more developed than others for example in India, Britain created the railway which today without it, people would have poorer lives as they wouldn’t be able to get around to buy the most simple things like food in the nearest city as there is a lot of rural areas.
The British created a strong bond with Australia, the laws are still very similar today, they drive on the left side of the road and brought rabbits to Australia; however they caused a massive deforestation they cut down nearly half of New South Wales’s trees and drove the Tasmanian tiger to extinction. The British had also created a lasting effect in Jamaica; it had successfully maintained the sugar plantations even after slavery was abolished in 1838. | <urn:uuid:938dee98-69c9-46fa-832f-198ef7338ba9> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://lagas.org/research-on-the-british-empire-during-ww1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778272.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128122813-20200128152813-00184.warc.gz | en | 0.988957 | 816 | 3.5625 | 4 | [
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0.20523580908775... | 2 | The foundation of the British Empire was when England and Scotland were separate kingdoms. The Brits were a sea-faring nation and were key players in the voyages of discovery of the 15th century onwards. As land was discovered it was claimed for the crown, as in this case; Australia, New Zealand and parts of Africa – although they ended up having to fight for territory in the Boer War. They lost the American colonies after a tea party in Boston. India was a slightly different case as it was colonized by the East India Company, a private commercial concern, but eventually the expanding British Empire took it over as part of the empire.
The main reason why Britain chose to create an empire was because at the time that the empire began, the riches of the world were up for grabs – gold and diamond mines, slaves, ivory, tea and coffee, silk, anything the fashion required. In most cases Britain got there first and was able to get everything and anything they wanted. However, other countries (who were not part of the empire) soon began trading and shipping which also began causing trouble. Overall there are as many negative reasons of having an empire as much as there is positive. That is why I will be evaluating whether having an empire was good or bad.
Starting with the positive points, one is that just by having an empire was a huge advantage as Britain could easily trade with its colonies like India for cotton and tea, with Jamaica for tobacco, etc. Buying primary products for cheap and selling the tertiary product for a far higher price back to the same countries meant that they earn money to spend on improving the military forces, the navy, the government and other necessary things. Britain’s Empire covered one quarter of the land on the whole globe and one fifth of the world’s population.
Some of Britain’s many colonies were India, Canada, Australia, Jamaica, about a third of Africa and many others. This made it really hard to fight back against the British because they had powerful armies made up of soldiers throughout the world. Britain was extremely proud of its empire and enjoyed the fact that it made the country very important internationally. The leader of Germany for example was very impressed by the British Empire and wanted to make Germany more like Britain. This is an advantage because the other countries took Britain seriously and treated it with respect because of its Empire.
However, the negative points are as just important as the positive. As Britain was a demanding country and many British people felt they were superior to most other races. They felt they had a right to rule over other people, such as the hundreds and millions of people living in India. This meant that there was a constant threat that a country could decide to fight for its independence. Another negative point was that other countries, particularly Germany, were jealous of the Empire and by 1910 there was a growing threat that Britain would be forced to go to war to defend its empire.
That would disrupt the main benefit of empire: being able to make a large profit from trading. Overall I think the British Empire was a good thing and affected the world in a good way; brought medicine, a democratic parliamentary system of government, law and order to the countries that needed it the most, as we can see today most countries that Britain has ruled over, are more developed than others for example in India, Britain created the railway which today without it, people would have poorer lives as they wouldn’t be able to get around to buy the most simple things like food in the nearest city as there is a lot of rural areas.
The British created a strong bond with Australia, the laws are still very similar today, they drive on the left side of the road and brought rabbits to Australia; however they caused a massive deforestation they cut down nearly half of New South Wales’s trees and drove the Tasmanian tiger to extinction. The British had also created a lasting effect in Jamaica; it had successfully maintained the sugar plantations even after slavery was abolished in 1838. | 809 | ENGLISH | 1 |
During the First World War TNT was being purified at a factory in East London, close to the Royal Victoria Dock, to use in munitions for combat use. The disaster that occurred there in January 1917 holds the record of being the largest single explosion in London.
Silvertown and North Woolwich is an area three miles from east to west. The districts became virtually an island on the north bank of the River Thames after the creation of the Victoria and Albert Docks in the 19th century that separated them from the rest of East London.
At the start of the 20th century Silvertown was an industrial part of London. Together with neighbouring Canning Town and West Ham it formed the largest manufacturing area in the south of England, its residents employed in the local factories. It was said that every household in the country owned at least one item manufactured in Silvertown. The district was named after the S.W. Silver & Co. India rubber factory established there in the 19th century. Other businesses included soap-makers, flour mills, oil storage, dye works and timber yards. The sugar-refiner Tate & Lyle was, and remains, at Silvertown.
Brunner Mond & Co. opened a chemical factory at Crescent Wharf in 1893, producing soda crystals. A separate section of the plant manufactured caustic soda but that was discontinued in 1912 and the building lay idle two years later at the start of the First World War. There was a great need for high explosive shells and new factories for their production were in short supply at the beginning of the war. The disused part of the Brunner Mond works was ideal for that purpose. The company were reluctant for such a use, however, because it was surrounded by other businesses containing highly combustible materials such as oil, creosote, flour, and wood, and only 200 yards from dense rows of workers’ houses. However, such was the shortage of other suitable sites that they eventually consented to the request from the Department of Munitions.
Production of TNT began at Brunner Mond in September 1915, with 63 workers in three shifts of 21 to ensure continuous round-the-clock production. Seventy tons of TNT were purified each week. After crude TNT arrived it was unpacked by hand and loaded into a large melting pot. At the end of the process ‘flake TNT’ was collected in cotton bags ready for dispatch.
On the evening of Friday 19th January 1917 ten men and ten women were working in the TNT factory at Brunner Mond, as well as two coopers. Outside the building railway wagons were filled with TNT waiting to be transported. Shortly after 6.45 pm a fire began in the melt-pot room, or the room above it. It was noticed by two workers who ran from the building shouting “fire” and several other workers quickly followed. A police constable on guard outside the building did what he could to evacuate the factory.
People in the street watched as events unfolded, not realising the danger they faced. The local fire-station was located across the street. The seven officers on duty were alerted to the danger by a boy in the street. The fire-fighters rushed over to tackle the blaze but by then the building was burning fiercely. There was then a mighty explosion, completely destroying the factory. Large pieces of machinery, some weighing many tons, flew through the air, crushing nearby factories and workers’ cottages. A huge mass of iron, weighing 15 tons, which had been the factory’s boiler, landed in the roadway. Bodies lay on the streets. Children were separated from their parents and mothers were frantically looking for their offspring, some of whom were buried in rubble.
The blast could be heard across London and as far as Cambridgeshire and Norfolk. People in the capital noticed a momentary failure of the electric lights. Windows a great distance away were broken by the violent displacement of air. The organist at the Finsbury Park Empire, many miles away, was said to have been blown across his seat. Buildings in the immediate area were demolished, including the fire-station, several streets of small houses, and the local church. The fire-engine was found a quarter of a mile away and damaged beyond recognition. Two nearby oil tanks caught fire and a gas-holder on the other side of the Thames was destroyed. Flying hot metal set alight two major flour mills, one of which was gutted. Thirty-two local schools had varying degrees of damage. Between 60,000 and 70,000 properties were affected. There was extensive damage to the nearby Royal Victoria Docks and it would take two years for the Port of London Authority to clear debris and re-erect or repair buildings.
Fire-engines from all parts of London converged on Silvertown. Millions of tiny, burning grains of wheat from the flour mills fell from the air. Fires continued for several days but rescue workers were still finding burning embers weeks later.
While fire-fighters fought the blaze a large army of volunteers helped to search for the dead and injured. The 1st Battalion Volunteer Regiment soon arrived, under the command of their captain. Members of the St. John Ambulance Brigade arrived within 15 minutes. St. Barnabas church became a dressing station for the injured. The police reported that between 500 and 600 people who received cuts and bruises were treated in the street or by private practitioners. Most of the volunteers worked through the night, and then from midday until midnight the following day. The district was sealed off by a military guard and the police to prevent looting. Soldiers called in to help included some from other parts of the Empire and it was the first time some local residents had seen men wearing turbans. One hundred injured were taken to Queen Mary’s Hospital for the East End and a mortuary was set up in a school. | <urn:uuid:5554b791-1afb-49af-a66f-2f700f40c8aa> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.thehistoryoflondon.co.uk/the-silvertown-explosion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604397.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121132900-20200121161900-00193.warc.gz | en | 0.986472 | 1,205 | 3.265625 | 3 | [
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0.49600809... | 6 | During the First World War TNT was being purified at a factory in East London, close to the Royal Victoria Dock, to use in munitions for combat use. The disaster that occurred there in January 1917 holds the record of being the largest single explosion in London.
Silvertown and North Woolwich is an area three miles from east to west. The districts became virtually an island on the north bank of the River Thames after the creation of the Victoria and Albert Docks in the 19th century that separated them from the rest of East London.
At the start of the 20th century Silvertown was an industrial part of London. Together with neighbouring Canning Town and West Ham it formed the largest manufacturing area in the south of England, its residents employed in the local factories. It was said that every household in the country owned at least one item manufactured in Silvertown. The district was named after the S.W. Silver & Co. India rubber factory established there in the 19th century. Other businesses included soap-makers, flour mills, oil storage, dye works and timber yards. The sugar-refiner Tate & Lyle was, and remains, at Silvertown.
Brunner Mond & Co. opened a chemical factory at Crescent Wharf in 1893, producing soda crystals. A separate section of the plant manufactured caustic soda but that was discontinued in 1912 and the building lay idle two years later at the start of the First World War. There was a great need for high explosive shells and new factories for their production were in short supply at the beginning of the war. The disused part of the Brunner Mond works was ideal for that purpose. The company were reluctant for such a use, however, because it was surrounded by other businesses containing highly combustible materials such as oil, creosote, flour, and wood, and only 200 yards from dense rows of workers’ houses. However, such was the shortage of other suitable sites that they eventually consented to the request from the Department of Munitions.
Production of TNT began at Brunner Mond in September 1915, with 63 workers in three shifts of 21 to ensure continuous round-the-clock production. Seventy tons of TNT were purified each week. After crude TNT arrived it was unpacked by hand and loaded into a large melting pot. At the end of the process ‘flake TNT’ was collected in cotton bags ready for dispatch.
On the evening of Friday 19th January 1917 ten men and ten women were working in the TNT factory at Brunner Mond, as well as two coopers. Outside the building railway wagons were filled with TNT waiting to be transported. Shortly after 6.45 pm a fire began in the melt-pot room, or the room above it. It was noticed by two workers who ran from the building shouting “fire” and several other workers quickly followed. A police constable on guard outside the building did what he could to evacuate the factory.
People in the street watched as events unfolded, not realising the danger they faced. The local fire-station was located across the street. The seven officers on duty were alerted to the danger by a boy in the street. The fire-fighters rushed over to tackle the blaze but by then the building was burning fiercely. There was then a mighty explosion, completely destroying the factory. Large pieces of machinery, some weighing many tons, flew through the air, crushing nearby factories and workers’ cottages. A huge mass of iron, weighing 15 tons, which had been the factory’s boiler, landed in the roadway. Bodies lay on the streets. Children were separated from their parents and mothers were frantically looking for their offspring, some of whom were buried in rubble.
The blast could be heard across London and as far as Cambridgeshire and Norfolk. People in the capital noticed a momentary failure of the electric lights. Windows a great distance away were broken by the violent displacement of air. The organist at the Finsbury Park Empire, many miles away, was said to have been blown across his seat. Buildings in the immediate area were demolished, including the fire-station, several streets of small houses, and the local church. The fire-engine was found a quarter of a mile away and damaged beyond recognition. Two nearby oil tanks caught fire and a gas-holder on the other side of the Thames was destroyed. Flying hot metal set alight two major flour mills, one of which was gutted. Thirty-two local schools had varying degrees of damage. Between 60,000 and 70,000 properties were affected. There was extensive damage to the nearby Royal Victoria Docks and it would take two years for the Port of London Authority to clear debris and re-erect or repair buildings.
Fire-engines from all parts of London converged on Silvertown. Millions of tiny, burning grains of wheat from the flour mills fell from the air. Fires continued for several days but rescue workers were still finding burning embers weeks later.
While fire-fighters fought the blaze a large army of volunteers helped to search for the dead and injured. The 1st Battalion Volunteer Regiment soon arrived, under the command of their captain. Members of the St. John Ambulance Brigade arrived within 15 minutes. St. Barnabas church became a dressing station for the injured. The police reported that between 500 and 600 people who received cuts and bruises were treated in the street or by private practitioners. Most of the volunteers worked through the night, and then from midday until midnight the following day. The district was sealed off by a military guard and the police to prevent looting. Soldiers called in to help included some from other parts of the Empire and it was the first time some local residents had seen men wearing turbans. One hundred injured were taken to Queen Mary’s Hospital for the East End and a mortuary was set up in a school. | 1,235 | ENGLISH | 1 |
In 209 BC, Marcellus was named as a proconsul and retained control of his army. During that year, the [[Roman Army]] under Marcellus faced Hannibal's forces in a series of skirmishes and raids, without being drawn into open battle. Marcellus defended his actions and tactics in front of the senate and he was named a consul for the fifth time for the year 208 BC. After entering his fifth consulship Marcellus, re-entered the field and took command of the army at [[Venusia]]. While on a reconnaissance mission with his colleague, Titus Quinctius Crispinus, and a small band of 220 horsemen, the group was ambushed and nearly completely slaughtered by a much larger Carthaginian force of Numidian horsemen.<ref name=Plutarch/><ref name=Smith/> Marcellus was impaled by a spear and died on the field.<ref name=Smith/> In the following days, Crispinus died of his wounds.
== Historical significance == | <urn:uuid:632d832e-e694-4e4e-966e-3e1988c77183> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://conceptmap.cfapps.io/wikipage?lang=en&name=Special:MobileDiff/767442110 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250609478.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123071220-20200123100220-00124.warc.gz | en | 0.984056 | 214 | 3.921875 | 4 | [
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0.1067845448851585... | 1 | In 209 BC, Marcellus was named as a proconsul and retained control of his army. During that year, the [[Roman Army]] under Marcellus faced Hannibal's forces in a series of skirmishes and raids, without being drawn into open battle. Marcellus defended his actions and tactics in front of the senate and he was named a consul for the fifth time for the year 208 BC. After entering his fifth consulship Marcellus, re-entered the field and took command of the army at [[Venusia]]. While on a reconnaissance mission with his colleague, Titus Quinctius Crispinus, and a small band of 220 horsemen, the group was ambushed and nearly completely slaughtered by a much larger Carthaginian force of Numidian horsemen.<ref name=Plutarch/><ref name=Smith/> Marcellus was impaled by a spear and died on the field.<ref name=Smith/> In the following days, Crispinus died of his wounds.
== Historical significance == | 220 | ENGLISH | 1 |
LENIN"S ROLE IN THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION.
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, known famously as Lenin, died on the 21st of January in 1924 after having suffered many strokes. The sweeping state funeral followed in Moscow where his embalmed corpse was laid to rest in a mausoleum built outside the Kremlin's walls. The cult that surrounded him was phenomenal and his teachings and theories are still widely taught and discerned today. His political tactics and revolutionary ideas gave rise to his somewhat meteoric fame. In 1917 after emerging as premier of the Soviet Government his fame and fortune grew overnight. It was not long before people were hypnotized by his speeches and peasants as well as workers would bow in his presence. Lenin can be seen as the backbone and driver in the events now referred to as the October revolution, where the Bolshevik's (Lenin's party) took over the Russian government in St Petersburg and were not only successful in seizing power but able to hang onto the position during a long civil war and thereafter. The revolution is a crucial event in our modern times. It transformed Russia and its effects are still felt around the globe today. Lenin was the main precursor who helped achieve and maintain this political order. Some may argue that Trotsky also held a main role but he was not a member of the party at the time were Lenin wrote and constructed his theses and therefore during the pre-condition phase was not as vital in Lenin's initial success. Although throughout the civil war and the critical phase in general, Lenin relied upon Trotsky's brilliant mind and military organizational skills to achieve greatness, it was Lenin's drive and the conviction along with his unfailing commitment which struck those around him and drew them into the orbit that was Lenin. .
Lenin's emergence as a revolutionary leader was during the pre-condition phase of the revolution, in1903. Here as the second congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, (RSDLP), he already showed signs of being a powerful, convincing leader. | <urn:uuid:a41aacc0-de15-44df-a24c-acdee192ce76> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/64872.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251802249.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129194333-20200129223333-00255.warc.gz | en | 0.992853 | 412 | 3.640625 | 4 | [
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0.3749961256980896,... | 7 | LENIN"S ROLE IN THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION.
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, known famously as Lenin, died on the 21st of January in 1924 after having suffered many strokes. The sweeping state funeral followed in Moscow where his embalmed corpse was laid to rest in a mausoleum built outside the Kremlin's walls. The cult that surrounded him was phenomenal and his teachings and theories are still widely taught and discerned today. His political tactics and revolutionary ideas gave rise to his somewhat meteoric fame. In 1917 after emerging as premier of the Soviet Government his fame and fortune grew overnight. It was not long before people were hypnotized by his speeches and peasants as well as workers would bow in his presence. Lenin can be seen as the backbone and driver in the events now referred to as the October revolution, where the Bolshevik's (Lenin's party) took over the Russian government in St Petersburg and were not only successful in seizing power but able to hang onto the position during a long civil war and thereafter. The revolution is a crucial event in our modern times. It transformed Russia and its effects are still felt around the globe today. Lenin was the main precursor who helped achieve and maintain this political order. Some may argue that Trotsky also held a main role but he was not a member of the party at the time were Lenin wrote and constructed his theses and therefore during the pre-condition phase was not as vital in Lenin's initial success. Although throughout the civil war and the critical phase in general, Lenin relied upon Trotsky's brilliant mind and military organizational skills to achieve greatness, it was Lenin's drive and the conviction along with his unfailing commitment which struck those around him and drew them into the orbit that was Lenin. .
Lenin's emergence as a revolutionary leader was during the pre-condition phase of the revolution, in1903. Here as the second congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, (RSDLP), he already showed signs of being a powerful, convincing leader. | 418 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Leaders of the Civil Rights Movement
In Martin Luther Kingââ¬Ës speech he speaks with such passion and determination, you can tell in his voice that he means everything he says and his hope reaches out to people and the way he emphases his words captures the audienceââ¬â¢s attention. He believed that every person should be equal despite their skin color. In Malcolm X's speech he talks more about himself and he thought it would be best for everyone to keep their religion to themselves. He believed that the black people were trapped by the white people. He thought of white people as the enemy and he mostly spoke negatively about them. He made jokes throughout his speech and to me he didnââ¬â¢t sound at serious as Martin Luther. For example Martin said ââ¬Å"Violence as a way of achieving racial justice is both impractical and immoral. It is impractical because it is a descending spiral ending in destruction for all. It is immoral because it seeks to humiliate the opponent rather than win his understanding; it seeks to annihilate rather than to convert. Violence is immoral because it thrives on hatred rather than love. As opposed to Malcolm X, who stated in his speech ââ¬Å"There is nothing in our book, the Koran, which teaches us to suffer peacefully. Our religion teaches us to be intelligent. Be peaceful, be courteous, obey the law, respect everyone; but if someone puts his hand on you, send him to the cemetery. That's a good religion. â⬠Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. wanted a more peaceful approach. He hoped that with sit -ins and peace marches to appeal to the ideals of dignity and justice in the white people of the time. To show them the wrong they were doing so that they would want to correct it in themselves out of their own personal honor. Malcolm X on the other hand believed that white people would never give up their power, at least early on in his career as a civil rights leader. He believed they would only give it up if forced to do so, and that meant through militant means. He eventually give this idea up in favor of more peaceful means after finding white Muslims who treated him and other black men as brothers; and black men who treated white people as brothers as well. And with this he began to realize that they could live in peace, and so he switched to a more peaceful style in his protests in the end. Personally, I believe that Martin Lutherââ¬â¢s approach to gaining equality among people worked best. When taking a forceful approach, such as Malcolm Xââ¬â¢s you take a risk that your enemy will not fear you but that they could possibly fight back and over power you. This could possibly be said for a peaceful approach as well but itââ¬â¢s less likely. | <urn:uuid:a33e859a-f8d0-4ab8-be21-50251bf38692> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://andiisthe-essay.blogspot.com/2019/10/leaders-of-civil-rights-movement.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251678287.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125161753-20200125190753-00060.warc.gz | en | 0.9879 | 614 | 3.609375 | 4 | [
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0.0237527769058942... | 1 | Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Leaders of the Civil Rights Movement
In Martin Luther Kingââ¬Ës speech he speaks with such passion and determination, you can tell in his voice that he means everything he says and his hope reaches out to people and the way he emphases his words captures the audienceââ¬â¢s attention. He believed that every person should be equal despite their skin color. In Malcolm X's speech he talks more about himself and he thought it would be best for everyone to keep their religion to themselves. He believed that the black people were trapped by the white people. He thought of white people as the enemy and he mostly spoke negatively about them. He made jokes throughout his speech and to me he didnââ¬â¢t sound at serious as Martin Luther. For example Martin said ââ¬Å"Violence as a way of achieving racial justice is both impractical and immoral. It is impractical because it is a descending spiral ending in destruction for all. It is immoral because it seeks to humiliate the opponent rather than win his understanding; it seeks to annihilate rather than to convert. Violence is immoral because it thrives on hatred rather than love. As opposed to Malcolm X, who stated in his speech ââ¬Å"There is nothing in our book, the Koran, which teaches us to suffer peacefully. Our religion teaches us to be intelligent. Be peaceful, be courteous, obey the law, respect everyone; but if someone puts his hand on you, send him to the cemetery. That's a good religion. â⬠Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. wanted a more peaceful approach. He hoped that with sit -ins and peace marches to appeal to the ideals of dignity and justice in the white people of the time. To show them the wrong they were doing so that they would want to correct it in themselves out of their own personal honor. Malcolm X on the other hand believed that white people would never give up their power, at least early on in his career as a civil rights leader. He believed they would only give it up if forced to do so, and that meant through militant means. He eventually give this idea up in favor of more peaceful means after finding white Muslims who treated him and other black men as brothers; and black men who treated white people as brothers as well. And with this he began to realize that they could live in peace, and so he switched to a more peaceful style in his protests in the end. Personally, I believe that Martin Lutherââ¬â¢s approach to gaining equality among people worked best. When taking a forceful approach, such as Malcolm Xââ¬â¢s you take a risk that your enemy will not fear you but that they could possibly fight back and over power you. This could possibly be said for a peaceful approach as well but itââ¬â¢s less likely. | 605 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Archaeologists found an ancient Mayan palace that was probably used by elite members of society over 1,000 years ago. The palace was discovered in the ancient city of Kuluba which is not far from Cancun, Mexico.
The large structure was found in the eastern part of the Kuluba archaeological zone which is a pre-Hispanic site located in the Yucatán state. Excavations at the site revealed the large palace that measured 180 feet long by 50 feet wide and 20 feet in height. According to the Mexican National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH), it was inhabited by locals during two lengthy time periods between 600 and 1050 A.D.
In addition to the palace, four other structures were discovered. They found an altar, remains of two residential buildings, and a round shaped structure which they think was an oven. There is still much more work that needs to be done, though. “This work is the beginning, we’ve barely began uncovering one of the most voluminous structures on the site,” archaeologist Alfredo Barrera said in a video statement.
According to the INAH, conservationists are looking to reforest certain parts of Kuluba in order to protect the site against sun and wind damage.
The ancient city of Kuluba had very important connections with other Maya cities like Ek’ Balam and Chichen Itza as it was part of their network of trade and territory.
The Mayan civilization prospered in Central America for approximately 3,000 years – reaching their peak between 250 and 900 A.D. Today, their descendants still live throughout different Maya areas. The Mayans created very advanced architecture and art in addition to having the only completely developed written language in that area during that time.
They are also famously known for their astronomical and mathematical systems. In fact, they had extensive knowledge of the stars and relied on astrological cycles in order to figure out when to plant their crops. It is believed that they even built their cities to coincide with the stars. The pyramid at Chichen Itza, for example, was constructed in accordance to the position of the sun during the spring and fall equinoxes. When the sun sets on those two days, the pyramid casts a shadow upon itself which aligns perfectly with the head carving of the Mayan’s serpent god. The serpent’s body is created by the shadow which makes it look as though it’s crawling towards the ground during the setting of the sun.
This new discovery of a Mayan palace is just one of the many astonishing remains that have been found throughout the years created by an incredibly fascinating civilization. Pictures of the palace can be seen here. | <urn:uuid:2dfbede4-6f58-4490-93ce-9ae46acc6885> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://mysteriousuniverse.org/2019/12/ancient-mayan-palace-discovered-in-eastern-mexico/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251669967.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125041318-20200125070318-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.983619 | 556 | 3.265625 | 3 | [
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0.24281106889247... | 8 | Archaeologists found an ancient Mayan palace that was probably used by elite members of society over 1,000 years ago. The palace was discovered in the ancient city of Kuluba which is not far from Cancun, Mexico.
The large structure was found in the eastern part of the Kuluba archaeological zone which is a pre-Hispanic site located in the Yucatán state. Excavations at the site revealed the large palace that measured 180 feet long by 50 feet wide and 20 feet in height. According to the Mexican National Institute of Anthropology and History (INAH), it was inhabited by locals during two lengthy time periods between 600 and 1050 A.D.
In addition to the palace, four other structures were discovered. They found an altar, remains of two residential buildings, and a round shaped structure which they think was an oven. There is still much more work that needs to be done, though. “This work is the beginning, we’ve barely began uncovering one of the most voluminous structures on the site,” archaeologist Alfredo Barrera said in a video statement.
According to the INAH, conservationists are looking to reforest certain parts of Kuluba in order to protect the site against sun and wind damage.
The ancient city of Kuluba had very important connections with other Maya cities like Ek’ Balam and Chichen Itza as it was part of their network of trade and territory.
The Mayan civilization prospered in Central America for approximately 3,000 years – reaching their peak between 250 and 900 A.D. Today, their descendants still live throughout different Maya areas. The Mayans created very advanced architecture and art in addition to having the only completely developed written language in that area during that time.
They are also famously known for their astronomical and mathematical systems. In fact, they had extensive knowledge of the stars and relied on astrological cycles in order to figure out when to plant their crops. It is believed that they even built their cities to coincide with the stars. The pyramid at Chichen Itza, for example, was constructed in accordance to the position of the sun during the spring and fall equinoxes. When the sun sets on those two days, the pyramid casts a shadow upon itself which aligns perfectly with the head carving of the Mayan’s serpent god. The serpent’s body is created by the shadow which makes it look as though it’s crawling towards the ground during the setting of the sun.
This new discovery of a Mayan palace is just one of the many astonishing remains that have been found throughout the years created by an incredibly fascinating civilization. Pictures of the palace can be seen here. | 558 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Bancroft, Nebraska facts for kids
John G. Neihardt study in Bancroft
|Motto: "Where Quality Of Life Is Still Cherished"|
Location of Bancroft, Nebraska
|• Total||0.37 sq mi (0.96 km2)|
|• Land||0.37 sq mi (0.96 km2)|
|• Water||0 sq mi (0 km2)|
|Elevation||1,339 ft (408 m)|
|• Estimate (2012)||489|
|• Density||1,337.8/sq mi (516.5/km2)|
|Time zone||Central (CST) (UTC-6)|
|• Summer (DST)||CDT (UTC-5)|
|GNIS feature ID||0827170|
John Neihardt, who later became Nebraska's poet laureate, lived in Bancroft for twenty years and wrote many of his works there. His study is preserved at the John G. Neihardt State Historic Site in the village.
Succeeding cultures of indigenous peoples lived in the area for thousands of years before European encounter. By the mid-eighteenth century, the Omaha tribe lived on the west side of the Missouri River throughout this area.
The settlement was originally known as Unashta Zinga, meaning "little stopping place" in a Native American language. The site that became Bancroft was homesteaded in the mid-1870s by Ford Bella Barber and Deborah (Watson) Barber, who came from Maine to settle in Nebraska. In 1880, when the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railway began planning a line through the area, the Barbers deeded 80 acres (32 ha) of land to the railway for the platting of a town. At that time, the approximately 25 residents were of mostly German, Irish, and Scandinavian descent; some were immigrants. When the village was platted, townspeople named it Barbersville, but the couple refused the honor. The village was named after George Bancroft. Sources differ on who this was. In her 1925 Nebraska Place-Names, Lilian Linder Fitzpatrick says that it was historian George Bancroft. However, more recent sources say that the Bancroft whose name was used was "a well-liked civil engineer with the railroad".
In 1884, 50,000 acres (20,000 ha) of the Omaha Reservation was sold to "actual residents". This brought an influx of white settlers to that portion of the reservation; and Bancroft, located at the southern edge of the reservation, profited from the increased business. The population grew until 1910, when it reached a peak of 742. The Great Depression drove many of Bancroft's residents away to larger cities; but the onset of World War II brought a revival of prosperity.
In 1900, the 19-year-old John G. Neihardt and his family moved to Bancroft, where he worked as assistant to a trader with the Omaha. He learned about the Omaha traditions and customs while working with them. Neihardt had already begun writing; he had published his first book, The Divine Enchantment, in 1897. His experiences among the Omaha strongly influenced his subsequent work.
In September 1903, Neihardt became co-owner and editor of the weekly Bancroft Blade. He resigned this position in January 1905; he had enjoyed writing editorials, but could not maintain interest in the stuff of local news. From that point, he devoted himself to writing fiction and poetry, quickly winning national recognition.
In 1911, Neihardt rented a one-room building for a study. In 1912, he began his epic Cycle of the West there. He continued to work in the study until 1920, when he moved to Branson, Missouri. In the following year, the Nebraska Legislature named him "Poet Laureate of Nebraska and the Plains".
Neihardt's study was restored in 1967; in 1970, it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places. In 1976, the John G. Neihardt State Historic Site was opened. Beside the studio, this includes a museum, a library, and the restored Sacred Hoop Prayer Garden. This was designed based on symbolism in Niehardt's Black Elk Speaks (1932). This has become his best-known work, based on the oral history and spiritual teachings of Black Elk, a prominent Oglala Lakota sachem or medicine man. It was translated into German in 1953, and published in five more editions in the US starting in 1961. In 2008 a premier annotated edition was published by the State University of New York at Stony Brook.
Bancroft is located at 42°0'40" North, 96°34'24" West (42.011235, -96.573327). It is 19 miles (31 km) northeast of the county seat of West Point, Nebraska.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.37 square miles (0.96 km2), all land.
As of the census of 2010, there were 495 people, 210 households, and 137 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,337.8 inhabitants per square mile (516.5/km2). There were 232 housing units at an average density of 627.0 per square mile (242.1/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 92.9% White, 1.8% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 2.4% from other races, and 2.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.4% of the population.
There were 210 households of which 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.7% were married couples living together, 6.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.8% were non-families. 30.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.99.
The median age in the village was 40.9 years. 26.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.9% were from 25 to 44; 27.8% were from 45 to 64; and 18.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48.1% male and 51.9% female.
As of the census of 2000, there were 520 people, 227 households, and 138 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,417.7 people per square mile (542.6/km²). There were 252 housing units at an average density of 687.1 per square mile (263.0/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 97.69% White, 0.96% Native American, 0.58% Pacific Islander, and 0.77% from two or more races.
There were 227 households, of which 33.5% included children under the age of 18, 48.0% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.8% were non-families. 37.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 27.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 3.04.
The median age in Bancroft was 39 years. 28.8% of the inhabitants were under the age of 18; 4.0% were between 18 and 24; 23.1% were between 25 and 44; 18.1% were between 45 and 64; and 26.0% were aged 65 years or older. For every 100 females, there were 97.7 males; for every 100 females aged 18 or over, there were 88.8 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $28,500, and the median income for a family was $36,667. Males had a median income of $31,250 versus $20,385 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,244. About 11.1% of families and 10.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.3% of those under the age of 18 and 22.1% of those 65 and older.
Images for kids
Bancroft, Nebraska Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia. | <urn:uuid:b2e1fa19-e50c-4747-91f1-c6ef069e9618> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://kids.kiddle.co/Bancroft,_Nebraska | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592394.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118081234-20200118105234-00302.warc.gz | en | 0.982094 | 1,867 | 3.3125 | 3 | [
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0.4170264601707... | 1 | Bancroft, Nebraska facts for kids
John G. Neihardt study in Bancroft
|Motto: "Where Quality Of Life Is Still Cherished"|
Location of Bancroft, Nebraska
|• Total||0.37 sq mi (0.96 km2)|
|• Land||0.37 sq mi (0.96 km2)|
|• Water||0 sq mi (0 km2)|
|Elevation||1,339 ft (408 m)|
|• Estimate (2012)||489|
|• Density||1,337.8/sq mi (516.5/km2)|
|Time zone||Central (CST) (UTC-6)|
|• Summer (DST)||CDT (UTC-5)|
|GNIS feature ID||0827170|
John Neihardt, who later became Nebraska's poet laureate, lived in Bancroft for twenty years and wrote many of his works there. His study is preserved at the John G. Neihardt State Historic Site in the village.
Succeeding cultures of indigenous peoples lived in the area for thousands of years before European encounter. By the mid-eighteenth century, the Omaha tribe lived on the west side of the Missouri River throughout this area.
The settlement was originally known as Unashta Zinga, meaning "little stopping place" in a Native American language. The site that became Bancroft was homesteaded in the mid-1870s by Ford Bella Barber and Deborah (Watson) Barber, who came from Maine to settle in Nebraska. In 1880, when the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railway began planning a line through the area, the Barbers deeded 80 acres (32 ha) of land to the railway for the platting of a town. At that time, the approximately 25 residents were of mostly German, Irish, and Scandinavian descent; some were immigrants. When the village was platted, townspeople named it Barbersville, but the couple refused the honor. The village was named after George Bancroft. Sources differ on who this was. In her 1925 Nebraska Place-Names, Lilian Linder Fitzpatrick says that it was historian George Bancroft. However, more recent sources say that the Bancroft whose name was used was "a well-liked civil engineer with the railroad".
In 1884, 50,000 acres (20,000 ha) of the Omaha Reservation was sold to "actual residents". This brought an influx of white settlers to that portion of the reservation; and Bancroft, located at the southern edge of the reservation, profited from the increased business. The population grew until 1910, when it reached a peak of 742. The Great Depression drove many of Bancroft's residents away to larger cities; but the onset of World War II brought a revival of prosperity.
In 1900, the 19-year-old John G. Neihardt and his family moved to Bancroft, where he worked as assistant to a trader with the Omaha. He learned about the Omaha traditions and customs while working with them. Neihardt had already begun writing; he had published his first book, The Divine Enchantment, in 1897. His experiences among the Omaha strongly influenced his subsequent work.
In September 1903, Neihardt became co-owner and editor of the weekly Bancroft Blade. He resigned this position in January 1905; he had enjoyed writing editorials, but could not maintain interest in the stuff of local news. From that point, he devoted himself to writing fiction and poetry, quickly winning national recognition.
In 1911, Neihardt rented a one-room building for a study. In 1912, he began his epic Cycle of the West there. He continued to work in the study until 1920, when he moved to Branson, Missouri. In the following year, the Nebraska Legislature named him "Poet Laureate of Nebraska and the Plains".
Neihardt's study was restored in 1967; in 1970, it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places. In 1976, the John G. Neihardt State Historic Site was opened. Beside the studio, this includes a museum, a library, and the restored Sacred Hoop Prayer Garden. This was designed based on symbolism in Niehardt's Black Elk Speaks (1932). This has become his best-known work, based on the oral history and spiritual teachings of Black Elk, a prominent Oglala Lakota sachem or medicine man. It was translated into German in 1953, and published in five more editions in the US starting in 1961. In 2008 a premier annotated edition was published by the State University of New York at Stony Brook.
Bancroft is located at 42°0'40" North, 96°34'24" West (42.011235, -96.573327). It is 19 miles (31 km) northeast of the county seat of West Point, Nebraska.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.37 square miles (0.96 km2), all land.
As of the census of 2010, there were 495 people, 210 households, and 137 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,337.8 inhabitants per square mile (516.5/km2). There were 232 housing units at an average density of 627.0 per square mile (242.1/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 92.9% White, 1.8% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 2.4% from other races, and 2.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.4% of the population.
There were 210 households of which 30.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.7% were married couples living together, 6.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.8% were non-families. 30.5% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.99.
The median age in the village was 40.9 years. 26.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 20.9% were from 25 to 44; 27.8% were from 45 to 64; and 18.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 48.1% male and 51.9% female.
As of the census of 2000, there were 520 people, 227 households, and 138 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,417.7 people per square mile (542.6/km²). There were 252 housing units at an average density of 687.1 per square mile (263.0/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 97.69% White, 0.96% Native American, 0.58% Pacific Islander, and 0.77% from two or more races.
There were 227 households, of which 33.5% included children under the age of 18, 48.0% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.8% were non-families. 37.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 27.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 3.04.
The median age in Bancroft was 39 years. 28.8% of the inhabitants were under the age of 18; 4.0% were between 18 and 24; 23.1% were between 25 and 44; 18.1% were between 45 and 64; and 26.0% were aged 65 years or older. For every 100 females, there were 97.7 males; for every 100 females aged 18 or over, there were 88.8 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $28,500, and the median income for a family was $36,667. Males had a median income of $31,250 versus $20,385 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,244. About 11.1% of families and 10.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.3% of those under the age of 18 and 22.1% of those 65 and older.
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Bancroft, Nebraska Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia. | 2,152 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Booker T. Washington was a great influence for the black community. The efforts he made to become such a wonderful leader were incredible. Booker T. Washington was a man that started up from scratch. He grew up as a Black slave, who did not have many choices in life. He was born on April 5, 1856 in Virginia and he had a white father and a black mother. When he was still a child he went to work in a coal mine after the Emancipation Proclamation. When Booker was seventeen he went to Hampton Normal Agricultural Institute to work as a janitor.
He would then use this job to help pay for tuition and attend the school. After all of the struggles and hard work that Booker T Washington went through in his life he ended up becoming a very influential speaker and great leader for the black community. Booker T. Washington had several different qualities that made him a great leader. The first quality is that he was very charismatic. People from all over would follow Booker and listen to what he had to say. He gained a lot of attention at his Atlanta Address of 1895 where he tried to get southern whites and black slaves to work together.
The black slaves would listen to the political white views and in exchange get to work weekly and get a basic education. After this is when he became a main leader for African Americans and their movement while also drawing the attention of politicians and philanthropist. Pragmatism was another quality that Booker possessed. He always tried to take what he was preaching and connect it to the real world. He always stated that the best way for African Americans to get equality is through education so he teamed up with several wealthy philanthropists who helped him fund thousands of small schools to help educate blacks in the south.
Even after he died these efforts still went on to try and influence people to become more intellectual. Booker preached that blacks should accept that they were inferior to whites. He told them that we have to prove to them that we are socially capable of taking care of ourselves. He said the way we do this is make successful businesses we get educated and get into politics. For these beliefs, Booker was called "The Great Compromiser. " Many white ex-slave owners began to respect Booker’s notions. Not only was he becoming acknowledged by the Blacks but now also by the whites. Booker T.
Washington was being secretly funded by great industrialists like Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller. He did face some obstacles along the way though. People like W. E. B. Du Bois did not agree with Booker in the fact that Du Bois wanted African Americans to be stronger and fight more for civil rights. Some people thought that Booker’s message was coming across as segregation being okay and something that did not need to be changed but accepted. Booker T Washington accomplished a lot throughout his life. He received a master’s degree from Harvard University and an honorary doctorate from Dartmouth College.
Booker was the first African American ever invited to the White House. The President at the time was Theodore Roosevelt and he invited him in 1901. He just so happened to also be the first African American to be put on a United States postage stamp and the first to be honored on a coin. The house that he grew up in Virginia was made into the Booker T. Washington National Monument and he had a state park named in his honor. He influenced many people around the United States and his push for education is seen by the number of schools across the country that is named after him.
Agitation was used all throughout Booker’s Protest movement. Promulgation which is to recruit members, includes informational picketing, use of posters, bumper stickers, painting messages in prominent locations, passing out leaflets and mass protest meetings. Booker gained a lot of his followers and attention by being very vocal and speaking to large groups of people. Another strategy of agitation is polarization which once they have enough members they force people to choose between the agitator and the establishment.
He would flag the issues of how African Americans needed to be more educated and get a basic education if they wanted to fight for civil rights. He had control over a large group of people including whites and blacks from people who had no money at all to knowing and being funded by some of the richest men in America at the time. He used this control to help his movement and put forth what he believed. Booker T. Washington led a difficult but admirable life. He grew up with little promise in his life yet he would go on to persevere and not let his skin color hold him back.
He got an education, a job and influenced thousands of people in the United States to follow what he was preaching. Some people did not like how he went about his protest but Booker was quoted saying, "Excellence is to do a common thing in an uncommon way. " Works Cited " Booker T. Washington. " 2012. Biography. com 06 Oct 2012, 11:27 http://www. biography. com/people/booker-t-washington-9524663 ushistory. org, . "Booker T. Washington. " U. S. History Online Textbook. Independence Hall Association, 2012. Web. 6 Oct 2012. . Wormser, Richard. "Jim Crow Stories. " PBS. Educational Broadcasting Corporation, 2002. Web. 6 Oct 2012. . | <urn:uuid:a48ddc89-7d66-430f-889b-fe46e8b147b2> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://lawaspect.com/booker-t-washington/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251801423.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129164403-20200129193403-00161.warc.gz | en | 0.989537 | 1,098 | 3.625 | 4 | [
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0.18748274445... | 1 | Booker T. Washington was a great influence for the black community. The efforts he made to become such a wonderful leader were incredible. Booker T. Washington was a man that started up from scratch. He grew up as a Black slave, who did not have many choices in life. He was born on April 5, 1856 in Virginia and he had a white father and a black mother. When he was still a child he went to work in a coal mine after the Emancipation Proclamation. When Booker was seventeen he went to Hampton Normal Agricultural Institute to work as a janitor.
He would then use this job to help pay for tuition and attend the school. After all of the struggles and hard work that Booker T Washington went through in his life he ended up becoming a very influential speaker and great leader for the black community. Booker T. Washington had several different qualities that made him a great leader. The first quality is that he was very charismatic. People from all over would follow Booker and listen to what he had to say. He gained a lot of attention at his Atlanta Address of 1895 where he tried to get southern whites and black slaves to work together.
The black slaves would listen to the political white views and in exchange get to work weekly and get a basic education. After this is when he became a main leader for African Americans and their movement while also drawing the attention of politicians and philanthropist. Pragmatism was another quality that Booker possessed. He always tried to take what he was preaching and connect it to the real world. He always stated that the best way for African Americans to get equality is through education so he teamed up with several wealthy philanthropists who helped him fund thousands of small schools to help educate blacks in the south.
Even after he died these efforts still went on to try and influence people to become more intellectual. Booker preached that blacks should accept that they were inferior to whites. He told them that we have to prove to them that we are socially capable of taking care of ourselves. He said the way we do this is make successful businesses we get educated and get into politics. For these beliefs, Booker was called "The Great Compromiser. " Many white ex-slave owners began to respect Booker’s notions. Not only was he becoming acknowledged by the Blacks but now also by the whites. Booker T.
Washington was being secretly funded by great industrialists like Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller. He did face some obstacles along the way though. People like W. E. B. Du Bois did not agree with Booker in the fact that Du Bois wanted African Americans to be stronger and fight more for civil rights. Some people thought that Booker’s message was coming across as segregation being okay and something that did not need to be changed but accepted. Booker T Washington accomplished a lot throughout his life. He received a master’s degree from Harvard University and an honorary doctorate from Dartmouth College.
Booker was the first African American ever invited to the White House. The President at the time was Theodore Roosevelt and he invited him in 1901. He just so happened to also be the first African American to be put on a United States postage stamp and the first to be honored on a coin. The house that he grew up in Virginia was made into the Booker T. Washington National Monument and he had a state park named in his honor. He influenced many people around the United States and his push for education is seen by the number of schools across the country that is named after him.
Agitation was used all throughout Booker’s Protest movement. Promulgation which is to recruit members, includes informational picketing, use of posters, bumper stickers, painting messages in prominent locations, passing out leaflets and mass protest meetings. Booker gained a lot of his followers and attention by being very vocal and speaking to large groups of people. Another strategy of agitation is polarization which once they have enough members they force people to choose between the agitator and the establishment.
He would flag the issues of how African Americans needed to be more educated and get a basic education if they wanted to fight for civil rights. He had control over a large group of people including whites and blacks from people who had no money at all to knowing and being funded by some of the richest men in America at the time. He used this control to help his movement and put forth what he believed. Booker T. Washington led a difficult but admirable life. He grew up with little promise in his life yet he would go on to persevere and not let his skin color hold him back.
He got an education, a job and influenced thousands of people in the United States to follow what he was preaching. Some people did not like how he went about his protest but Booker was quoted saying, "Excellence is to do a common thing in an uncommon way. " Works Cited " Booker T. Washington. " 2012. Biography. com 06 Oct 2012, 11:27 http://www. biography. com/people/booker-t-washington-9524663 ushistory. org, . "Booker T. Washington. " U. S. History Online Textbook. Independence Hall Association, 2012. Web. 6 Oct 2012. . Wormser, Richard. "Jim Crow Stories. " PBS. Educational Broadcasting Corporation, 2002. Web. 6 Oct 2012. . | 1,127 | ENGLISH | 1 |
When it comes to thinking about the human race, Mark Twain has a different opinion about us. According to Twain, everyone has their own perception of things, everyone has their own opinion and it is our opinion that distinguishes us from others. With Twain’s point of view, media such as newspapers, movies and television play a major role in our perception and have a greater effect on our thinking process. The depiction of crimes in modern-day movies has been affecting our daily lives. It is supposedly pushing us towards the edge. Also, every time a news channel is switched on one would always find stories of crimes committed around us with their graphic reporting. This is definitely affecting our daily lives and thinking process.
Also, there are examples of different kinds of literature that explain our thinking process and reasoning. Any mistake that occurs in our process of reasoning is called logical fallacy and the human race is full of such examples. The world wars I and II, several love stories depict these logical fallacies and explain how human behavior and reasoning can be affected in different situations. These situations also depict that human reasoning and the ability of humans to think to depend on the situation they are being pushed in.
In a nutshell, Human race has evolved throughout time and considering the events that took place in history, for example, Romeo and Juliet and the events of Salem, We conclude that their thinking and reasoning have been quite different from the point of view of a normal American. | <urn:uuid:67e57b2f-b941-44a0-af72-902873acc8fa> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://freebookessay.com/free-essay-examples/mark-twains-the-damned-human-race-essay/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591763.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118023429-20200118051429-00512.warc.gz | en | 0.981913 | 292 | 3.75 | 4 | [
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0.54137152433395... | 2 | When it comes to thinking about the human race, Mark Twain has a different opinion about us. According to Twain, everyone has their own perception of things, everyone has their own opinion and it is our opinion that distinguishes us from others. With Twain’s point of view, media such as newspapers, movies and television play a major role in our perception and have a greater effect on our thinking process. The depiction of crimes in modern-day movies has been affecting our daily lives. It is supposedly pushing us towards the edge. Also, every time a news channel is switched on one would always find stories of crimes committed around us with their graphic reporting. This is definitely affecting our daily lives and thinking process.
Also, there are examples of different kinds of literature that explain our thinking process and reasoning. Any mistake that occurs in our process of reasoning is called logical fallacy and the human race is full of such examples. The world wars I and II, several love stories depict these logical fallacies and explain how human behavior and reasoning can be affected in different situations. These situations also depict that human reasoning and the ability of humans to think to depend on the situation they are being pushed in.
In a nutshell, Human race has evolved throughout time and considering the events that took place in history, for example, Romeo and Juliet and the events of Salem, We conclude that their thinking and reasoning have been quite different from the point of view of a normal American. | 292 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Charan Singh with an unspecified number of MPs agreed to take outside support from the Congress, which had 154 seats, and the Congress (U) . The only Indian prime minister to have ruled for six months without ever facing Parliament. Resigned on August 20, 1979.
V.P. Singh, who rode to power on the Bofors issue in the 1989 elections, formed a Janata Dal government. Ironically, his then arch-rival Congress was the single largest party with 197 seats and 40 per cent of the total votes cast in its favour but Rajiv Gandhi declined on grounds that the mandate was not for the party. The National Front, with 148 MPs, had the support of both the Right and the Left—88 BJP MPs and 44 members of the Left Front.
Chandra Shekhar with his splinter Janata Dal (S) group of 54 MPs along with regional parties formed the government with outside support from the Congress (197), after the fall of the V.P. Singh government. He, however, lasted no more than seven months.
Atal Behari Vajpayee’s government of May 16, 1996, became the shortest-lived government ever when it resigned on the floor of the House, unable to get a majority. It lasted for exactly 13 days.
H.D. Deve Gowda assumed charge as prime minister heading a 14-party United Front of 171 members with just 43 of his own Janata Dal MPs. Congress propped up his ministry with 140 members from the outside. | <urn:uuid:4ff01058-2056-441f-b1ba-247112a9fb4a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/bizzare-but-true/223917/?next | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604397.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121132900-20200121161900-00378.warc.gz | en | 0.980226 | 312 | 3.375 | 3 | [
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-0.040756393224... | 3 | Charan Singh with an unspecified number of MPs agreed to take outside support from the Congress, which had 154 seats, and the Congress (U) . The only Indian prime minister to have ruled for six months without ever facing Parliament. Resigned on August 20, 1979.
V.P. Singh, who rode to power on the Bofors issue in the 1989 elections, formed a Janata Dal government. Ironically, his then arch-rival Congress was the single largest party with 197 seats and 40 per cent of the total votes cast in its favour but Rajiv Gandhi declined on grounds that the mandate was not for the party. The National Front, with 148 MPs, had the support of both the Right and the Left—88 BJP MPs and 44 members of the Left Front.
Chandra Shekhar with his splinter Janata Dal (S) group of 54 MPs along with regional parties formed the government with outside support from the Congress (197), after the fall of the V.P. Singh government. He, however, lasted no more than seven months.
Atal Behari Vajpayee’s government of May 16, 1996, became the shortest-lived government ever when it resigned on the floor of the House, unable to get a majority. It lasted for exactly 13 days.
H.D. Deve Gowda assumed charge as prime minister heading a 14-party United Front of 171 members with just 43 of his own Janata Dal MPs. Congress propped up his ministry with 140 members from the outside. | 348 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Edmund Spenser is best known as an English poet (author of the Faerie Queen), but was also connected to Elizabeth’s conquest of Ireland. He first went to Ireland in 1580, as part an English expedition of internal colonization, which intended to eliminate local sources of power and impose English crown authority over the kingdom. This work was written at the end of his career, as Spenser attempted to sum up the lingering problems within the mission of internal colonization. This document can also be read as a prospectus on overseas colonization, as Spenser was part of a circle of proponents of overseas colonies, including many of the men involved in the first English colonies in North America.
The text consists of a made up dialogue between two characters named Eudoxus and Irenaeus. Eudoxus is meant to represent an ordinary Englishman who is not especially well informed about Ireland. Irenaeus is meant to represent a New English settler from Ireland, who has gained knowledge and common sense about the island through living there. It is generally agreed that Irenaeus is supposed to represent Spenser’s own opinions.
Irenaeus: [The Irish] keep their Cattle, and live themselves the most part of the year… upon the mountains and waste wild places; and removing still to fresh land, as they have depastured the former days….
Eudoxus: What fault can you find with this custom? For… it is behooveful in this country of Ireland, where there are great mountains, and waste deserts full of grass, that the same should be eaten down, and nourish many thousands of cattle for the good of the whole Realm….
Irenaeus: But by this custom… there grew in the meantime many great enormities unto that commonwealth. For first, if there be any outlaws, or loose people, as they are never without some, which live upon the stealths and spoils, they are evermore succored and find relief only in those… waste places, where else they should be driven shortly to starve, or to come down to the towns to seek relief, where, by one means or another, they would soon be caught…. Moreover, the people that live thus… grow thereby more barbarous, and live more licentiously then they would in towns, using what means they list, and practicing what mischiefs and villainies they will, either against the government there, generally by their combinations, or against private men, whom they malign, by stealing their goods, or murdering [them]. For there they think themselves half exempted from law and obedience…
Irenaeus: They have another custom, that is the wearing of mantles…. The inconveniences that thereby doe arise are much more many: for it is a fit house for an outlaw, a meet bed for a rebel, and apt cloak for a thief. First the outlaw being for his many crimes and villainies banished from the towns and houses of honest men, and wandering in waste places, far from danger of law, makes his mantle his house, and under it covers himself from the wrath of heaven, from the offense of the earth, and from the sight of men. When it rains it is his penthouse, when it blows it is his tent; when it freezes it is his tabernacle…. Likewise for a rebel it is as serviceable; for [when he]… lurks in the thick woods and straight passages, waiting for advantages, it is his bed, yea, and almost all his household stuff. For the [woods are] his house against all weathers, and his mantle is his cave to sleep in…. Lastly, for a thief it is so handsome, as it may seem it was first invented for him; for under it he can cleanly convey any fit pillage that cometh handsomely in his way, and when he goes abroad in the night in free-booting, it is his best and surest friend… he can in his mantle pass through any town or company, being close hooded over his head… [and] may under his mantle go privily armed without suspicion of any: carry his headpiece, his skene or pistol if he please, to be always in a readiness.
Eudoxus: [Asks about the “Old” English settlers who had come to Ireland in the 13th century with the intention of abolishing Irish customs] … I do not think that you shall have much to find fault with any, considering that by the English most of the old bad Irish customs were abolished, and more civil fashions brought in their stead.
Irenaeus: You think otherwise, Eudoxus, than I do; for… the English… are now much more lawless and licentious than the very wild Irish….
Eudoxus: That seems very strange which you say, that men should so much degenerate from their first natures as to grow wild.
Irenaeus: …the English Lords and Gentlemen, who then had great possessions in Ireland, began thorough pride and insolence, to make private wars one against another, and, when the other parte was weak, they would wage and draw in the Irish to take their part, by which means they both greatly encouraged and enabled the Irish….
Eudoxus: Is it possible that any should so far grow out of frame that they should in so short space, quite forget their country and their own names? That is a most dangerous lethargy…
Irenaeus: At the beginning of these wars, and when the garrisons are well planted and fortified, I would wish a proclamation were made generally to come to their knowledge, that what persons soever would within twenty days absolutely submit themselves, excepting only the very principal and ringleaders, should find grace…. [Those who submit will] be not suffered to remain any longer in those parts, no nor about the garrison, but sent away into the inner parts of the realm, and dispersed in such sort as they shall not come together, nor easily return if they would. For if they might be suffered to remain about the garrison, and there inhabit, as shall offer to till the ground, and yield a great part of the profit thereof, and of their cattle, to the coronel, wherewith they have heretofore tempted many, they would (as I have by experience known) be ever after such a gall and inconvenience to them, as that their profit should not recompense their hurt; for they will privily relieve their friends that are forth; they will send the enemy secret advertisement of all their purposes and journeys which they mean to make upon them; they will also not stick to draw the enemy upon them, yea and to betray the fort itself, by discovery of all defects and disadvantages if any be, to the cutting of all their throats. For avoiding whereof and many other inconveniences, I wish that they should be carried far from thence into some other parts, so as I said, they come and submit themselves, upon the first summons: but afterwards I would have none received, but left to their fortune and miserable end: my reason is, for that those which afterwards remain without, are stout and obstinate rebels, such as will never be made dutiful and obedient, nor brought to labor or civil conversation, having once tasted the licentious life, and being acquainted with spoil and outrages, will ever after be ready for the like occasions, so as there is no hope of their amendment of recovery, and therefore needful to be cut off.
Eudoxus: Surely of such desperate persons, as will follow the course of their own folly, there is no comparison to be had, and for the others ye have purposed a merciful means, much more then they have deserved: but what shall be the conclusion of this war? For you have prefixed a short time of their countenance.
Irenaeus: The end I assure me will be very short, and much sooner then can be, in so great trouble (as it seems) hoped for, although there should none of them fall by the sword, nor be slain by the soldier, yet thus being kept from manurance, and their cattle from running abroad, by this hard restraint, they would quickly consume themselves, and devour one another. The proof whereof I saw sufficiently ensampled in those late wars in Munster; for notwithstanding that the same was a most rich and plentiful country, full of corn and cattle, that you would have thought they could have been able to stand long, yet ere one year and a half they were brought to such wretchedness, as that any stony heart would have rued the same. Out of every corner of the wood and glens they came creeping forth upon their hands, for their legs could not bear them; they looked anatomies [of] death, they spoke like ghosts, crying out of their graves; they did eat of the carrions, happy where they could find them, yea, and one another soon after, in so much as the very carcasses they spared not to scrape out of their graves. And if they found a plot of water-cresses or shamrocks, there they flocked as to a feast for the time, yet not able long to continue therewithal; that in a short space there were none almost left, and a most populous and plentiful country suddenly left void of man or beast: yet sure in all that war, there perished not many by the sword, but all by the extremity of famine which they themselves had wrought.
Edmund Spenser, A View of the Present State of Ireland (1596)
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0.38947755098342... | 11 | Edmund Spenser is best known as an English poet (author of the Faerie Queen), but was also connected to Elizabeth’s conquest of Ireland. He first went to Ireland in 1580, as part an English expedition of internal colonization, which intended to eliminate local sources of power and impose English crown authority over the kingdom. This work was written at the end of his career, as Spenser attempted to sum up the lingering problems within the mission of internal colonization. This document can also be read as a prospectus on overseas colonization, as Spenser was part of a circle of proponents of overseas colonies, including many of the men involved in the first English colonies in North America.
The text consists of a made up dialogue between two characters named Eudoxus and Irenaeus. Eudoxus is meant to represent an ordinary Englishman who is not especially well informed about Ireland. Irenaeus is meant to represent a New English settler from Ireland, who has gained knowledge and common sense about the island through living there. It is generally agreed that Irenaeus is supposed to represent Spenser’s own opinions.
Irenaeus: [The Irish] keep their Cattle, and live themselves the most part of the year… upon the mountains and waste wild places; and removing still to fresh land, as they have depastured the former days….
Eudoxus: What fault can you find with this custom? For… it is behooveful in this country of Ireland, where there are great mountains, and waste deserts full of grass, that the same should be eaten down, and nourish many thousands of cattle for the good of the whole Realm….
Irenaeus: But by this custom… there grew in the meantime many great enormities unto that commonwealth. For first, if there be any outlaws, or loose people, as they are never without some, which live upon the stealths and spoils, they are evermore succored and find relief only in those… waste places, where else they should be driven shortly to starve, or to come down to the towns to seek relief, where, by one means or another, they would soon be caught…. Moreover, the people that live thus… grow thereby more barbarous, and live more licentiously then they would in towns, using what means they list, and practicing what mischiefs and villainies they will, either against the government there, generally by their combinations, or against private men, whom they malign, by stealing their goods, or murdering [them]. For there they think themselves half exempted from law and obedience…
Irenaeus: They have another custom, that is the wearing of mantles…. The inconveniences that thereby doe arise are much more many: for it is a fit house for an outlaw, a meet bed for a rebel, and apt cloak for a thief. First the outlaw being for his many crimes and villainies banished from the towns and houses of honest men, and wandering in waste places, far from danger of law, makes his mantle his house, and under it covers himself from the wrath of heaven, from the offense of the earth, and from the sight of men. When it rains it is his penthouse, when it blows it is his tent; when it freezes it is his tabernacle…. Likewise for a rebel it is as serviceable; for [when he]… lurks in the thick woods and straight passages, waiting for advantages, it is his bed, yea, and almost all his household stuff. For the [woods are] his house against all weathers, and his mantle is his cave to sleep in…. Lastly, for a thief it is so handsome, as it may seem it was first invented for him; for under it he can cleanly convey any fit pillage that cometh handsomely in his way, and when he goes abroad in the night in free-booting, it is his best and surest friend… he can in his mantle pass through any town or company, being close hooded over his head… [and] may under his mantle go privily armed without suspicion of any: carry his headpiece, his skene or pistol if he please, to be always in a readiness.
Eudoxus: [Asks about the “Old” English settlers who had come to Ireland in the 13th century with the intention of abolishing Irish customs] … I do not think that you shall have much to find fault with any, considering that by the English most of the old bad Irish customs were abolished, and more civil fashions brought in their stead.
Irenaeus: You think otherwise, Eudoxus, than I do; for… the English… are now much more lawless and licentious than the very wild Irish….
Eudoxus: That seems very strange which you say, that men should so much degenerate from their first natures as to grow wild.
Irenaeus: …the English Lords and Gentlemen, who then had great possessions in Ireland, began thorough pride and insolence, to make private wars one against another, and, when the other parte was weak, they would wage and draw in the Irish to take their part, by which means they both greatly encouraged and enabled the Irish….
Eudoxus: Is it possible that any should so far grow out of frame that they should in so short space, quite forget their country and their own names? That is a most dangerous lethargy…
Irenaeus: At the beginning of these wars, and when the garrisons are well planted and fortified, I would wish a proclamation were made generally to come to their knowledge, that what persons soever would within twenty days absolutely submit themselves, excepting only the very principal and ringleaders, should find grace…. [Those who submit will] be not suffered to remain any longer in those parts, no nor about the garrison, but sent away into the inner parts of the realm, and dispersed in such sort as they shall not come together, nor easily return if they would. For if they might be suffered to remain about the garrison, and there inhabit, as shall offer to till the ground, and yield a great part of the profit thereof, and of their cattle, to the coronel, wherewith they have heretofore tempted many, they would (as I have by experience known) be ever after such a gall and inconvenience to them, as that their profit should not recompense their hurt; for they will privily relieve their friends that are forth; they will send the enemy secret advertisement of all their purposes and journeys which they mean to make upon them; they will also not stick to draw the enemy upon them, yea and to betray the fort itself, by discovery of all defects and disadvantages if any be, to the cutting of all their throats. For avoiding whereof and many other inconveniences, I wish that they should be carried far from thence into some other parts, so as I said, they come and submit themselves, upon the first summons: but afterwards I would have none received, but left to their fortune and miserable end: my reason is, for that those which afterwards remain without, are stout and obstinate rebels, such as will never be made dutiful and obedient, nor brought to labor or civil conversation, having once tasted the licentious life, and being acquainted with spoil and outrages, will ever after be ready for the like occasions, so as there is no hope of their amendment of recovery, and therefore needful to be cut off.
Eudoxus: Surely of such desperate persons, as will follow the course of their own folly, there is no comparison to be had, and for the others ye have purposed a merciful means, much more then they have deserved: but what shall be the conclusion of this war? For you have prefixed a short time of their countenance.
Irenaeus: The end I assure me will be very short, and much sooner then can be, in so great trouble (as it seems) hoped for, although there should none of them fall by the sword, nor be slain by the soldier, yet thus being kept from manurance, and their cattle from running abroad, by this hard restraint, they would quickly consume themselves, and devour one another. The proof whereof I saw sufficiently ensampled in those late wars in Munster; for notwithstanding that the same was a most rich and plentiful country, full of corn and cattle, that you would have thought they could have been able to stand long, yet ere one year and a half they were brought to such wretchedness, as that any stony heart would have rued the same. Out of every corner of the wood and glens they came creeping forth upon their hands, for their legs could not bear them; they looked anatomies [of] death, they spoke like ghosts, crying out of their graves; they did eat of the carrions, happy where they could find them, yea, and one another soon after, in so much as the very carcasses they spared not to scrape out of their graves. And if they found a plot of water-cresses or shamrocks, there they flocked as to a feast for the time, yet not able long to continue therewithal; that in a short space there were none almost left, and a most populous and plentiful country suddenly left void of man or beast: yet sure in all that war, there perished not many by the sword, but all by the extremity of famine which they themselves had wrought.
Edmund Spenser, A View of the Present State of Ireland (1596)
Original source: http://pages.uoregon.edu/rbear/veue1.html | 2,018 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Indiana painted the fresco Pilate Washing His Hands during the summer of 1953, which he spent studying at the Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture. There Indiana elected to enroll in a fresco course offered by Henry Varnum Poor, and he completed two frescos, which were later destroyed by fire. Pilate Washing His Hands, a panel under a tier of windows, was the smaller of the two works, and depicted Pilate washing his hands, a literal and symbolic washing his hands of his duty to judge Christ. In a 1965 interview with Arthur Carr Indiana noted this subject’s connection to the Crucifixion. Indiana developed an interest in the Crucifixion while working at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, where he proofed Edward N. West’s The History of the Cross, and in 1958 he completed his Crucifixion mural, Stavrosis. | <urn:uuid:e4fff9fc-3ef9-46c2-becf-fbbd672c4dc8> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://robertindiana.com/works/1018/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601615.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121044233-20200121073233-00263.warc.gz | en | 0.98216 | 189 | 3.3125 | 3 | [
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0.600781679153442... | 1 | Indiana painted the fresco Pilate Washing His Hands during the summer of 1953, which he spent studying at the Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture. There Indiana elected to enroll in a fresco course offered by Henry Varnum Poor, and he completed two frescos, which were later destroyed by fire. Pilate Washing His Hands, a panel under a tier of windows, was the smaller of the two works, and depicted Pilate washing his hands, a literal and symbolic washing his hands of his duty to judge Christ. In a 1965 interview with Arthur Carr Indiana noted this subject’s connection to the Crucifixion. Indiana developed an interest in the Crucifixion while working at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, where he proofed Edward N. West’s The History of the Cross, and in 1958 he completed his Crucifixion mural, Stavrosis. | 191 | ENGLISH | 1 |
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More about Ludwig van Beethoven
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) ushered in the Romantic era in music, and remains one of the most influential, best recognized and best loved of composers. His talent for music was evident as a child. When he was 21 he left his native Bonn for Vienna, where he studied with Haydn and also gained a reputation, firstly as a virtuoso pianist, and then as a composer. Over the next few years he began to be spoken of as a successor to the recently deceased Mozart.
His early works were undeniably influenced by both Mozart and Haydn, but his use of melody, texture, and emotion was his own. Over time his compositions became grander and more ambitious; his work from 1802 onwards has been referred to as his "heroic" period. It includes the Third Symphony ("Eroica"), initially dedicated to Napoleon but later re-dedicated when the Emperor fell from Beethoven's favor; the Fourth through Eighth Symphonies; his only opera, Fidelio; a wealth of sonatas, most notably for piano; and many other works.
In 1798 Beethoven is reported to have suffered a fit of rage at an interruption of his work, which struck him deaf. His hearing partially recovered, but then deteriorated throughout the rest of his life. The medical cause of his deafness remains unclear. At times it drove him to despair; he contemplated suicide as a result. By the time of the premiere of his Ninth Symphony in 1824, he had to be turned around to see the enthusiastically applauding crowd.
A commoner who moved in the aristocratic circles of his patrons, Beethoven became contemptuous of social rank. He was so irascible in polite society that the Archduke Rudolph eventually issued a decree that the usual rules of court etiquette did not apply to the composer. At the same time, he was attracted to the Enlightenment ideals, particularly of universal brotherhood. The final movement of his Ninth Symphony features a choral setting of Schiller's Ode to Joy, essentially an Enlightenment hymn.
His later works were seen as difficult and inaccessible at the time, but have been re-assessed since his death. Beethoven died in March 1827 at the age of 56 – during a thunderstorm, which seems somehow fitting – with his later works, particularly a series of quartets, little understood by his peers. It took later geniuses, including Richard Wagner and Béla Bartók, to uncover their value. Beethoven's most popular works, however, remain a staple of performance to this day.
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Personalize with intuitive tools | <urn:uuid:9cec3e50-4596-471a-b542-687a517d4a60> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.nkoda.com/sheet-music/ludwig-van-beethoven | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690095.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126165718-20200126195718-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.985646 | 634 | 3.4375 | 3 | [
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-0.15907262265... | 3 | Why subscribe to nkoda?
- Access millions of pages of sheet music
- View and mark-up across 7 devices
- Only $9.99 a month, cancel anytime
More about Ludwig van Beethoven
Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) ushered in the Romantic era in music, and remains one of the most influential, best recognized and best loved of composers. His talent for music was evident as a child. When he was 21 he left his native Bonn for Vienna, where he studied with Haydn and also gained a reputation, firstly as a virtuoso pianist, and then as a composer. Over the next few years he began to be spoken of as a successor to the recently deceased Mozart.
His early works were undeniably influenced by both Mozart and Haydn, but his use of melody, texture, and emotion was his own. Over time his compositions became grander and more ambitious; his work from 1802 onwards has been referred to as his "heroic" period. It includes the Third Symphony ("Eroica"), initially dedicated to Napoleon but later re-dedicated when the Emperor fell from Beethoven's favor; the Fourth through Eighth Symphonies; his only opera, Fidelio; a wealth of sonatas, most notably for piano; and many other works.
In 1798 Beethoven is reported to have suffered a fit of rage at an interruption of his work, which struck him deaf. His hearing partially recovered, but then deteriorated throughout the rest of his life. The medical cause of his deafness remains unclear. At times it drove him to despair; he contemplated suicide as a result. By the time of the premiere of his Ninth Symphony in 1824, he had to be turned around to see the enthusiastically applauding crowd.
A commoner who moved in the aristocratic circles of his patrons, Beethoven became contemptuous of social rank. He was so irascible in polite society that the Archduke Rudolph eventually issued a decree that the usual rules of court etiquette did not apply to the composer. At the same time, he was attracted to the Enlightenment ideals, particularly of universal brotherhood. The final movement of his Ninth Symphony features a choral setting of Schiller's Ode to Joy, essentially an Enlightenment hymn.
His later works were seen as difficult and inaccessible at the time, but have been re-assessed since his death. Beethoven died in March 1827 at the age of 56 – during a thunderstorm, which seems somehow fitting – with his later works, particularly a series of quartets, little understood by his peers. It took later geniuses, including Richard Wagner and Béla Bartók, to uncover their value. Beethoven's most popular works, however, remain a staple of performance to this day.
Our library of sheet music
Popular Ludwig van Beethoven sheet music
The digital sheet music app
Tens of thousands of titles
Unlimited access on 7 devices
Play the best editions
Personalize with intuitive tools | 641 | ENGLISH | 1 |
After joining the Northampton association, her career as an orator took off. Although a captivating orator, Truth was illiterate had her grandson Sammy Banks accompany her on her travels to assist with reading and writing. In 1850, she dictated her autobiography to an acquaintance from the now disbanded Northhampton Association, Olive Gilbert. It was titled The Narrative of Sojourner Truth, A Northern Slave. In 1851 at a women’s rights convention in Akron, Ohio, she gave one of her most famous speeches, “And Ain’t I a Woman?” at the Universalist Stone Church, which is now a vacant building entitled the “Sojourner Truth Building.”
Although the most famous version of this speech is still referenced today by writers and figures such as Toni Morrison, there is much controversy surrounding its publication. There was no original copy written by Truth since she could not write and the speech had impromptu references to ministers who had spoken before her. The two published references to her speech provide two very different accounts that differ in tone and dialect. The president of the convention, Frances Gage, published a version of the speech twelve years after it was given. This version, which is the one commonly used now, contains a southern dialect. Problematically, Sojourner Truth was born in New York and spoke Dutch until she was nine years old. It is unlikely she would have spoken with a Southern dialect. A second version, published by a reporter only a few months after, seems to present a more accurate version containing more of a northern dialect.
Although it can never be proven which version rings truest, the speech is still an important piece of literature, used over centuries, to advocate for the equality and strength of African-American women. This marker was created in 1981 with the help of the Akron Women's Alliance, Alpha Phi Alpha, The Summit County Historical Society, The Dinner Party Board, and The Ohio Historical Society. It can be found on the empty Sojourner Truth Building that stands in the place that used to hold the Universalist Stone Church, where Truth's historic speech was given. | <urn:uuid:29c26aef-0028-4873-9724-1f8498d9a836> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.theclio.com/entry/52523 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251773463.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128030221-20200128060221-00009.warc.gz | en | 0.981477 | 440 | 3.265625 | 3 | [
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0.0704937577... | 1 | After joining the Northampton association, her career as an orator took off. Although a captivating orator, Truth was illiterate had her grandson Sammy Banks accompany her on her travels to assist with reading and writing. In 1850, she dictated her autobiography to an acquaintance from the now disbanded Northhampton Association, Olive Gilbert. It was titled The Narrative of Sojourner Truth, A Northern Slave. In 1851 at a women’s rights convention in Akron, Ohio, she gave one of her most famous speeches, “And Ain’t I a Woman?” at the Universalist Stone Church, which is now a vacant building entitled the “Sojourner Truth Building.”
Although the most famous version of this speech is still referenced today by writers and figures such as Toni Morrison, there is much controversy surrounding its publication. There was no original copy written by Truth since she could not write and the speech had impromptu references to ministers who had spoken before her. The two published references to her speech provide two very different accounts that differ in tone and dialect. The president of the convention, Frances Gage, published a version of the speech twelve years after it was given. This version, which is the one commonly used now, contains a southern dialect. Problematically, Sojourner Truth was born in New York and spoke Dutch until she was nine years old. It is unlikely she would have spoken with a Southern dialect. A second version, published by a reporter only a few months after, seems to present a more accurate version containing more of a northern dialect.
Although it can never be proven which version rings truest, the speech is still an important piece of literature, used over centuries, to advocate for the equality and strength of African-American women. This marker was created in 1981 with the help of the Akron Women's Alliance, Alpha Phi Alpha, The Summit County Historical Society, The Dinner Party Board, and The Ohio Historical Society. It can be found on the empty Sojourner Truth Building that stands in the place that used to hold the Universalist Stone Church, where Truth's historic speech was given. | 433 | ENGLISH | 1 |
At the beginning of the reign of Gustav III, a large reward was announced for anyone who could invent a way of improving the ways in which gunpowder was handled. This involved both the barrels in which gunpowder was stored and the cartouches, which were a kind of paper or cloth bag that contained the powder charge inside the cannons. It was crucial that the barrels and the cartouches provided the gunpowder with adequate protection against both moisture and heat. For the cartouches, it was also vital that they did not cause a blockage or leave any residue inside the bore once the shot had been fired.
Maria Christina Bruhn (1732–1808) ran a tapestry and wallpaper workshop and was accustomed to working with paper, fabrics and varnish – knowledge that could easily be applied to the manufacturing of cartouches. Her sister had married the engineer Hieronymus von der Burg, who had studied under Carl Linnaeus and knew many influential scholars in Stockholm. Through him, Bruhn came into contact with Nils Lindholm and Pehr Lehnberg. Aside from being professors working for the military, they were also members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, which was to assess the entries to the competition announced by the king. It is likely that this is how Bruhn first heard about the competition. She left the manufacture of gunpowder barrels to others, but she believed that her background with wall coverings would make it possible for her to improve the design of cartouches.
Test-firing and skulduggery
On 2nd March 1774, Maria Christina Bruhn presented her invention to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences: the waterproof and fireproof varnished cartouche. The Academy organised a test-firing of her cartouches. The test-firing had creditable results but, unfortunately, the cartouche had left some residue inside the cannon, resulting in the bore becoming blocked.
Her main competitor was Reinhold von Anrep, who was General of the Artillery. The test-firing of his cartouches was even less successful. As neither submission was fully satisfactory, both were rejected, and the competition ground to a halt.
Bruhn began to modify her invention by adding a thin piece of fabric to one end of the cartouche. At her own expense, she supplied her cartouches to the cadet corps for their military exercises until 1780, without experiencing any problems.
Now, however, others began to take credit for her cartouches. One person who had been present at the test-firing of Bruhn’s cartouches was Major Per Gustaf Wagenfelt. He now presented the cartouches as his own, for which he received a royal reward of 500 riksdaler. When this became known, a certain Captain Lindfeldt – who knew that the cartouches were not Wagenfelt’s own invention – protested, and the whole affair subsequently became known to Bruhn.
In 1783, she wrote to the War Office to claim her rightful credit as well as the prize money. The wheels of bureaucracy turned slowly, but she did not give up. Not wishing to be seen to cast aspersions on the reputation of important figures, most of those involved attempted to wash their hands of the matter, but Bruhn persisted and eventually the truth about her cartouches could no longer be ignored.
After many letters, claims and counterclaims, the final decision came three years later. In August 1786, the War College ruled that it was Maria Christina Bruhn’s cartouches that were both the best and the cheapest, and that she was the true winner of the competition. On 8th May 1787, she received her reward. She then closed her tapestry and wallpaper workshop and returned to her private life. Maria Christina Bruhn died in 1808.
The size of the prize
It has often been claimed that Maria Christina Bruhn received only a fraction of the prize money to which she was truly entitled. This is, however, untrue. The total sum of the prize in 1773 (when the competition was announced) was 6,000 daler kopparmynt for the development of both the gunpowder barrel and the cartouche – i.e. 3,000 daler kopparmynt for the development of the barrel and 3,000 daler kopparmynt for the development of the cartouche.
Following the monetary reform of 1777, riksdaler (specie) became the main currency, which was worth 18 daler kopparmynt. One riksdaler was equivalent to 48 skilling. After the monetary reform, the total prize sum was stated to be 333 riksdaler and 16 skilling. On 8th May 1787, Maria Christina Bruhn accepted her half of the prize, which amounted to 166 riksdaler and 32 skilling (specie).
Text and research: Peter Du Rietz | <urn:uuid:75431a51-96c2-4eb6-a91a-b5747c0fc3af> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://kulturnav.org/1e9db3ee-d85c-4907-9781-668148bb8572 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250603761.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121103642-20200121132642-00221.warc.gz | en | 0.982249 | 1,039 | 3.8125 | 4 | [
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0.2045991420... | 3 | At the beginning of the reign of Gustav III, a large reward was announced for anyone who could invent a way of improving the ways in which gunpowder was handled. This involved both the barrels in which gunpowder was stored and the cartouches, which were a kind of paper or cloth bag that contained the powder charge inside the cannons. It was crucial that the barrels and the cartouches provided the gunpowder with adequate protection against both moisture and heat. For the cartouches, it was also vital that they did not cause a blockage or leave any residue inside the bore once the shot had been fired.
Maria Christina Bruhn (1732–1808) ran a tapestry and wallpaper workshop and was accustomed to working with paper, fabrics and varnish – knowledge that could easily be applied to the manufacturing of cartouches. Her sister had married the engineer Hieronymus von der Burg, who had studied under Carl Linnaeus and knew many influential scholars in Stockholm. Through him, Bruhn came into contact with Nils Lindholm and Pehr Lehnberg. Aside from being professors working for the military, they were also members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, which was to assess the entries to the competition announced by the king. It is likely that this is how Bruhn first heard about the competition. She left the manufacture of gunpowder barrels to others, but she believed that her background with wall coverings would make it possible for her to improve the design of cartouches.
Test-firing and skulduggery
On 2nd March 1774, Maria Christina Bruhn presented her invention to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences: the waterproof and fireproof varnished cartouche. The Academy organised a test-firing of her cartouches. The test-firing had creditable results but, unfortunately, the cartouche had left some residue inside the cannon, resulting in the bore becoming blocked.
Her main competitor was Reinhold von Anrep, who was General of the Artillery. The test-firing of his cartouches was even less successful. As neither submission was fully satisfactory, both were rejected, and the competition ground to a halt.
Bruhn began to modify her invention by adding a thin piece of fabric to one end of the cartouche. At her own expense, she supplied her cartouches to the cadet corps for their military exercises until 1780, without experiencing any problems.
Now, however, others began to take credit for her cartouches. One person who had been present at the test-firing of Bruhn’s cartouches was Major Per Gustaf Wagenfelt. He now presented the cartouches as his own, for which he received a royal reward of 500 riksdaler. When this became known, a certain Captain Lindfeldt – who knew that the cartouches were not Wagenfelt’s own invention – protested, and the whole affair subsequently became known to Bruhn.
In 1783, she wrote to the War Office to claim her rightful credit as well as the prize money. The wheels of bureaucracy turned slowly, but she did not give up. Not wishing to be seen to cast aspersions on the reputation of important figures, most of those involved attempted to wash their hands of the matter, but Bruhn persisted and eventually the truth about her cartouches could no longer be ignored.
After many letters, claims and counterclaims, the final decision came three years later. In August 1786, the War College ruled that it was Maria Christina Bruhn’s cartouches that were both the best and the cheapest, and that she was the true winner of the competition. On 8th May 1787, she received her reward. She then closed her tapestry and wallpaper workshop and returned to her private life. Maria Christina Bruhn died in 1808.
The size of the prize
It has often been claimed that Maria Christina Bruhn received only a fraction of the prize money to which she was truly entitled. This is, however, untrue. The total sum of the prize in 1773 (when the competition was announced) was 6,000 daler kopparmynt for the development of both the gunpowder barrel and the cartouche – i.e. 3,000 daler kopparmynt for the development of the barrel and 3,000 daler kopparmynt for the development of the cartouche.
Following the monetary reform of 1777, riksdaler (specie) became the main currency, which was worth 18 daler kopparmynt. One riksdaler was equivalent to 48 skilling. After the monetary reform, the total prize sum was stated to be 333 riksdaler and 16 skilling. On 8th May 1787, Maria Christina Bruhn accepted her half of the prize, which amounted to 166 riksdaler and 32 skilling (specie).
Text and research: Peter Du Rietz | 1,073 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Julius Streicher has become one of the most notorious Nazi leaders despite the fact that he played little part in World War Two and lost a great deal of power during the war. Julius Streicher is infamous for his publication “Der Stűrmer”, a virulent anti-Semitic magazine/newspaper, and for his anti-Semitic speeches.
Julius Streicher was born on February 12th 1885 in Bavaria. Like his father, Streicher became a school teacher. He also started to get involved in politics when he joined the German Democratic Party. When he later wrote for “Der Stűrmer”, Streicher made the point that it was when he involved himself in local politics for the first time that he first came into contact with Jews. He wrote that it was then that he started to develop his anti-Semitic beliefs.
Streicher fought all through World War One winning the Iron Cross and being promoted to the rank of lieutenant. It was not an insignificant achievement.
Post-war Germany infuriated Streicher. He viewed the Weimar government as weak and thought that Germany was under the threat of a communist takeover. He only tolerated Ebert because he was seen as being the least worst of two evils – Ebert’s government or communism. Pre-war Germany had been economically and militarily strong and a major power in Europe. Now the nation was defeated and economically ruined. The Treaty of Versailles had greatly reduced Germany’s military strength. Streicher came to the conclusion that communists and Jews were conspiring against Germany. He initially joined the German Socialist Party and tried to turn it into an anti-Jewish party. His speeches met with such hostility among some in the party that he was forced to leave it. However, he took with him those who supported his views.
In 1921, Streicher heard Hitler speak in Munich. His experience of this left him deeply moved and he joined the fledgling National Socialist German Workers Party. His followers also joined the Nazi Party. From that moment Streicher became a loyal and devoted follower of Hitler. He stood with Hitler in the failed Beer Hall Putsch. It was an act that Hitler always remembered; Streicher was seen by Hitler as a man who had been willing to die for the movement and he became a member of Hitler’s inner circle – something many top Nazis could not claim. While Streicher made enemies in the constant infighting that was a common theme in the senior ranks of the Nazi Party, he could always rely on the protection of Hitler.
From 1925 until 1933, Hitler rewarded Streicher’s loyalty by appointing him Gauleiter of Franconia. It was a fairly meaningless title and position as it only had any influence among Nazis in Franconia. From 1925 to 1929 the party remained a small if noisy political party. The 1929 Wall Street Crash transformed the party and by January 1933, Hitler had been appointed Chancellor. It was now that those named as Gauleiters started to wield huge power within their designated regions. Streicher was also elected to the Bavarian parliament where he could voice his racist views protected by parliamentary immunity. His position as Gauleiter also gave him a great deal of protection from the law.
Protected in this manner, Streicher continued with his anti-Semitic campaign except on a much broader scale free from any thought of prosecution. In the early years of the Nazi Party few people bought “Der Stűrmer”. Its views would only have interested members of what was then a small political party. Now, protected by Hitler, Streicher could do as he wished with regards to his publication which had as its slogan ‘The Jews are our misfortune’. Some publications bordered on the obscene and pornographic in terms of the images it printed. But its one incessant theme was how the Jews were undermining all things that were German. Most of what was written was total nonsense but such was the fear of the Nazi state post-1933 that few dared to complain. The Jews were openly accused of slavery and forcing German women into prostitution. They were accused of tax evasion and the murder of German children. Jewish men were accused of luring young girls into depravity. But with no one capable of stopping Streicher, “Der Stűrmer” continued to be printed. Hitler announced that it was his favourite publication and this seal of approval allowed Streicher to continue his work unabated and free from interference. At its peak, 600,000 copies were bought each week.
Ironically, some senior Nazis loathed “Der Stűrmer” because it was so crude. Men like Göering wanted the world to see Nazi Germany as the pinnacle of culture and a semi-pornographic publication did not fit in with this. Göering was one of Streicher’s harshest critics but even he could do nothing to stop him despite his seniority within the Nazi ranks and his long relationship with Hitler. Streicher was aware of Göering’s antipathy towards him and attacked him in “Der Stűrmer” making numerous false accusations against him and his family.
Streicher’s position started to unravel as Germany headed towards World War Two. He held no military position and as Europe drifted into almost certain conflict Streicher had less and less power and influence as Hitler was more concerned with his military commanders. It was during this drift to war that his enemies realised that they had the opportunity to get at Streicher. He was accused of keeping Jewish property in Nuremberg that was meant to have been confiscated for the state after the ‘Night of theBroken Glass’. They also exposed his adultery. In February 1940, with Hitler’s attention solely focussed on war in Europe, all of Streicher’s party offices were taken from him. He withdrew from public view but occasionally published “Der Stűrmer”.
Streicher was arrested in May 1945. While other Nazis were charged with crimes against humanity, crimes against peace and plotting war in Europe, Streicher was charged with inciting hatred against the Jewish people of Germany. His behaviour at the Nuremberg Trials hardly helped his case, especially as he faced the death penalty. He verbally attacked the Jews and on occasions had to be silenced by court officials because his attacks were so abhorrent. Nick-named ‘Jew Baiter Number 1’, Streicher was found guilty and sentenced to death. He continued his diatribe against the Jews even as he was led to the gallows and at the bottom of the steps that took him up to the gallows he shouted “Heil Hitler”. He was hanged on October 16th 1946 along with other senior Nazi figures.
- Adolf Hitler led Germany throughout World War Two. His desire to create an aryan race was paramount in his ethos and political campaigns. Hitler had no…
- Adolf Hitler 1918 to 1924 Adolf Hitler remained in the German Army after World War One ended in November 1918. Seething with anger at Germany's… | <urn:uuid:ea4aa77b-b4a4-44d6-b351-a2fe71abeda5> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/nazi-germany/nazi-leaders/julius-streicher/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597458.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120052454-20200120080454-00371.warc.gz | en | 0.992666 | 1,480 | 3.578125 | 4 | [
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0.1192076280713... | 1 | Julius Streicher has become one of the most notorious Nazi leaders despite the fact that he played little part in World War Two and lost a great deal of power during the war. Julius Streicher is infamous for his publication “Der Stűrmer”, a virulent anti-Semitic magazine/newspaper, and for his anti-Semitic speeches.
Julius Streicher was born on February 12th 1885 in Bavaria. Like his father, Streicher became a school teacher. He also started to get involved in politics when he joined the German Democratic Party. When he later wrote for “Der Stűrmer”, Streicher made the point that it was when he involved himself in local politics for the first time that he first came into contact with Jews. He wrote that it was then that he started to develop his anti-Semitic beliefs.
Streicher fought all through World War One winning the Iron Cross and being promoted to the rank of lieutenant. It was not an insignificant achievement.
Post-war Germany infuriated Streicher. He viewed the Weimar government as weak and thought that Germany was under the threat of a communist takeover. He only tolerated Ebert because he was seen as being the least worst of two evils – Ebert’s government or communism. Pre-war Germany had been economically and militarily strong and a major power in Europe. Now the nation was defeated and economically ruined. The Treaty of Versailles had greatly reduced Germany’s military strength. Streicher came to the conclusion that communists and Jews were conspiring against Germany. He initially joined the German Socialist Party and tried to turn it into an anti-Jewish party. His speeches met with such hostility among some in the party that he was forced to leave it. However, he took with him those who supported his views.
In 1921, Streicher heard Hitler speak in Munich. His experience of this left him deeply moved and he joined the fledgling National Socialist German Workers Party. His followers also joined the Nazi Party. From that moment Streicher became a loyal and devoted follower of Hitler. He stood with Hitler in the failed Beer Hall Putsch. It was an act that Hitler always remembered; Streicher was seen by Hitler as a man who had been willing to die for the movement and he became a member of Hitler’s inner circle – something many top Nazis could not claim. While Streicher made enemies in the constant infighting that was a common theme in the senior ranks of the Nazi Party, he could always rely on the protection of Hitler.
From 1925 until 1933, Hitler rewarded Streicher’s loyalty by appointing him Gauleiter of Franconia. It was a fairly meaningless title and position as it only had any influence among Nazis in Franconia. From 1925 to 1929 the party remained a small if noisy political party. The 1929 Wall Street Crash transformed the party and by January 1933, Hitler had been appointed Chancellor. It was now that those named as Gauleiters started to wield huge power within their designated regions. Streicher was also elected to the Bavarian parliament where he could voice his racist views protected by parliamentary immunity. His position as Gauleiter also gave him a great deal of protection from the law.
Protected in this manner, Streicher continued with his anti-Semitic campaign except on a much broader scale free from any thought of prosecution. In the early years of the Nazi Party few people bought “Der Stűrmer”. Its views would only have interested members of what was then a small political party. Now, protected by Hitler, Streicher could do as he wished with regards to his publication which had as its slogan ‘The Jews are our misfortune’. Some publications bordered on the obscene and pornographic in terms of the images it printed. But its one incessant theme was how the Jews were undermining all things that were German. Most of what was written was total nonsense but such was the fear of the Nazi state post-1933 that few dared to complain. The Jews were openly accused of slavery and forcing German women into prostitution. They were accused of tax evasion and the murder of German children. Jewish men were accused of luring young girls into depravity. But with no one capable of stopping Streicher, “Der Stűrmer” continued to be printed. Hitler announced that it was his favourite publication and this seal of approval allowed Streicher to continue his work unabated and free from interference. At its peak, 600,000 copies were bought each week.
Ironically, some senior Nazis loathed “Der Stűrmer” because it was so crude. Men like Göering wanted the world to see Nazi Germany as the pinnacle of culture and a semi-pornographic publication did not fit in with this. Göering was one of Streicher’s harshest critics but even he could do nothing to stop him despite his seniority within the Nazi ranks and his long relationship with Hitler. Streicher was aware of Göering’s antipathy towards him and attacked him in “Der Stűrmer” making numerous false accusations against him and his family.
Streicher’s position started to unravel as Germany headed towards World War Two. He held no military position and as Europe drifted into almost certain conflict Streicher had less and less power and influence as Hitler was more concerned with his military commanders. It was during this drift to war that his enemies realised that they had the opportunity to get at Streicher. He was accused of keeping Jewish property in Nuremberg that was meant to have been confiscated for the state after the ‘Night of theBroken Glass’. They also exposed his adultery. In February 1940, with Hitler’s attention solely focussed on war in Europe, all of Streicher’s party offices were taken from him. He withdrew from public view but occasionally published “Der Stűrmer”.
Streicher was arrested in May 1945. While other Nazis were charged with crimes against humanity, crimes against peace and plotting war in Europe, Streicher was charged with inciting hatred against the Jewish people of Germany. His behaviour at the Nuremberg Trials hardly helped his case, especially as he faced the death penalty. He verbally attacked the Jews and on occasions had to be silenced by court officials because his attacks were so abhorrent. Nick-named ‘Jew Baiter Number 1’, Streicher was found guilty and sentenced to death. He continued his diatribe against the Jews even as he was led to the gallows and at the bottom of the steps that took him up to the gallows he shouted “Heil Hitler”. He was hanged on October 16th 1946 along with other senior Nazi figures.
- Adolf Hitler led Germany throughout World War Two. His desire to create an aryan race was paramount in his ethos and political campaigns. Hitler had no…
- Adolf Hitler 1918 to 1924 Adolf Hitler remained in the German Army after World War One ended in November 1918. Seething with anger at Germany's… | 1,462 | ENGLISH | 1 |
A hole or depression dug for the purpose of collecting water. A well was constructed by digging into the ground or by curbing surface springs. Wells, together with cisterns, were the major source of water in ancient Palestine. Digging a well in this semiarid land was an occasion for rejoicing (Num 21:17), but also for strife (Gen 21:25-26; Gen 26:15; Gen 26:18; Exod 2:16-17). Wells were located in the wilderness (Gen 16:7; Gen 16:14), in fields (Gen 29:2), and in towns (2Sam 23:15) and supplied both human and animal needs. The city well, which was usually located outside the gate (Neh 2:13; John 4:6-8), served as a meeting place, especially for the women, who had the daily task of drawing water for the household (Gen 24:11). The well is used figuratively to describe the beloved as a source of pleasure (Prov 5:15; Song 4:1) and to characterize a wicked city that keeps its wickedness “fresh” as a well keeps its water (Jer 6:7).
17Then Israel sang this song:
“Spring up, O well!—Sing to it!—
25When Abraham complained to Abimelech about a well of water that Abimelech's servants had seized,26Abimelech said, “I do not know who has done this; you did no ... View more
15(Now the Philistines had stopped up and filled with earth all the wells that his father's servants had dug in the days of his father Abraham.)
18Isaac dug again the wells of water that had been dug in the days of his father Abraham; for the Philistines had stopped them up after the death of Abraham; an ... View more
16The priest of Midian had seven daughters. They came to draw water, and filled the troughs to water their father's flock.17But some shepherds came and drove th ... View more
7The angel of the Lord found her by a spring of water in the wilderness, the spring on the way to Shur.
14Therefore the well was called Beer-lahai-roi; it lies between Kadesh and Bered.
2As he looked, he saw a well in the field and three flocks of sheep lying there beside it; for out of that well the flocks were watered. The stone on the well's ... View more
15David said longingly, “O that someone would give me water to drink from the well of Bethlehem that is by the gate!”
13I went out by night by the Valley Gate past the Dragon's Spring and to the Dung Gate, and I inspected the walls of Jerusalem that had been broken down and its ... View more
6Jacob's well was there, and Jesus, tired out by his journey, was sitting by the well. It was about noon.7A Samaritan woman came to draw water, and Jesus said t ... View more
11He made the camels kneel down outside the city by the well of water; it was toward evening, the time when women go out to draw water.
15Drink water from your own cistern,
flowing water from your own well.
The Bride's Beauty Extolled
1How beautiful you are, my love,
how very beautiful!
Your eyes are doves
behind your veil.
Your hair is like a flock of goats,
movin ... View more
7As a well keeps its water fresh,
so she keeps fresh her wickedness;
violence and destruction are heard within her;
sickness and wounds are ever before me. | <urn:uuid:6fcb8297-173f-4f58-aefe-56a50c4d7a4d> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.bibleodyssey.com/en/HarperCollinsBibleDictionary/w/well | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251728207.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127205148-20200127235148-00131.warc.gz | en | 0.980092 | 791 | 3.46875 | 3 | [
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-0.10440967977046... | 9 | A hole or depression dug for the purpose of collecting water. A well was constructed by digging into the ground or by curbing surface springs. Wells, together with cisterns, were the major source of water in ancient Palestine. Digging a well in this semiarid land was an occasion for rejoicing (Num 21:17), but also for strife (Gen 21:25-26; Gen 26:15; Gen 26:18; Exod 2:16-17). Wells were located in the wilderness (Gen 16:7; Gen 16:14), in fields (Gen 29:2), and in towns (2Sam 23:15) and supplied both human and animal needs. The city well, which was usually located outside the gate (Neh 2:13; John 4:6-8), served as a meeting place, especially for the women, who had the daily task of drawing water for the household (Gen 24:11). The well is used figuratively to describe the beloved as a source of pleasure (Prov 5:15; Song 4:1) and to characterize a wicked city that keeps its wickedness “fresh” as a well keeps its water (Jer 6:7).
17Then Israel sang this song:
“Spring up, O well!—Sing to it!—
25When Abraham complained to Abimelech about a well of water that Abimelech's servants had seized,26Abimelech said, “I do not know who has done this; you did no ... View more
15(Now the Philistines had stopped up and filled with earth all the wells that his father's servants had dug in the days of his father Abraham.)
18Isaac dug again the wells of water that had been dug in the days of his father Abraham; for the Philistines had stopped them up after the death of Abraham; an ... View more
16The priest of Midian had seven daughters. They came to draw water, and filled the troughs to water their father's flock.17But some shepherds came and drove th ... View more
7The angel of the Lord found her by a spring of water in the wilderness, the spring on the way to Shur.
14Therefore the well was called Beer-lahai-roi; it lies between Kadesh and Bered.
2As he looked, he saw a well in the field and three flocks of sheep lying there beside it; for out of that well the flocks were watered. The stone on the well's ... View more
15David said longingly, “O that someone would give me water to drink from the well of Bethlehem that is by the gate!”
13I went out by night by the Valley Gate past the Dragon's Spring and to the Dung Gate, and I inspected the walls of Jerusalem that had been broken down and its ... View more
6Jacob's well was there, and Jesus, tired out by his journey, was sitting by the well. It was about noon.7A Samaritan woman came to draw water, and Jesus said t ... View more
11He made the camels kneel down outside the city by the well of water; it was toward evening, the time when women go out to draw water.
15Drink water from your own cistern,
flowing water from your own well.
The Bride's Beauty Extolled
1How beautiful you are, my love,
how very beautiful!
Your eyes are doves
behind your veil.
Your hair is like a flock of goats,
movin ... View more
7As a well keeps its water fresh,
so she keeps fresh her wickedness;
violence and destruction are heard within her;
sickness and wounds are ever before me. | 818 | ENGLISH | 1 |
September 11th, 2019 Last Updated on: September 12th, 2019
Richard Oakes impact on Native American issues is still being felt today.
November 9, 2019, will mark the 50th Anniversary of the Alcatraz occupation led by Richard Oakes. The occupation is remembered each year with a sunrise ceremony.
He was a Mohawk Native American activist who had a massive impact on the rights of Native Americans and helped pioneer Native American studies in college curriculums around the country. He is best known for playing an integral role in the occupation of Alcatraz when Native American protestors took control over the former penitentiary to protest abusive government policies.
Keep reading to learn about Richard's life, legacy, and the impact he had in the United States.
Who was Richard Oakes?
He was born on May 22, 1942, on St. Regis Mohawk Reservation, on the border of Canada and New York State. Richard Oakes spent most of his early childhood years fishing and farming, which was typical for children living on the reservation at that time.
From age sixteen, Oakes quit school and worked as a high steelworker, a job that enabled him to travel. In 1968, he married and had a son with a woman he met while working in the steel industry. Shortly after his son was born he headed out west.
Leaving his wife and small child behind, Oakes left the East Coast to begin studying at San Francisco State University. It was during his time here that he worked as a bartender in the Mission District of San Francisco and he met many of the local Native Americans living in the area. He became well known around the city, and it was at the university where he would begin to notice something was missing.
Native America Studies
While he was enrolled at SFSU, he realized the gross lack of Native American studies. He teamed up with a professor in the university to help create the very first curriculum for Native American studies in the country. He became very friendly with the local Native American community and heavily encouraged others to also enroll in the university. He even brought some of the elders of the community to teach classes. Other universities followed suit and more Native American studies programs began to emerge, thanks to Richard.
Unfair Policies in the United States
Before the occupation, Native American issues in the US were not given the attention they deserved. Many were treated poorly in schools and seen as ‘less than' in too many communities around America at the time. From the 1940s to the 1960s, the American policy of Indian termination was practiced by the US government. The policy was created to try and integrate Native Americans into mainstream American society.
What is the problem with that you may ask?
Well, think of it like having your government tell you that you must forget all of your family's traditions, stop living life the way as you knew it and start living like all of the “other Americans.” As one can imagine, this policy is detrimental for Native Americans, but with their great desire to preserve their culture and history, they began to protest the policy. In the mid-1960s the termination policy was changed, the influential activists who didn't give up can be thanked for the change in the system.
The Alcatraz Occupation
The Alcatraz Occupation was a nineteen-month long protest. American Indians and supporters occupied the famous island for over a year.
On November 9, 1969, Richard Oakes (Mohawk), Jim Vaughn (Cherokee), Joe Bill (Eskimo), and Ross Harden (Ho-Chunk) made their way as close to the island as possible. Richard led this group of fellow Native Americans along with other activists to the infamous Alcatraz Prison, located on an island in the middle of the San Francisco Bay. On the way, their boats were stopped by the coast guard, but that did not stop Oakes from reaching the island, legend says he jumped off the boat and swam to the island.
By 1969, the prison was unused, the last prisoners were escorted off the island in 1963, and the island was declared by the US as surplus federal property.
Richard and the other activists created a safe haven for Indian Americans. They wanted a place where all Native Americans felt secure, and it was here that the group began to work on protests. Their ultimate goal was to transform the island into a Native American cultural center and school. The group named themselves Indians of All Tribes (IOAT). The group of protesters was made up of students, married couples, and there were even a few children on board. Indians of All Tribes claimed the island by right of discovery, citing the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) between the US and the Sioux.
They also accused the US government of breaking numerous Indian treaties. To announce their actions to the rest of the world, the group issued the ‘Alcatraz Proclamation.” It was sent to “The Great White Father And All His People.” Many of the protestors were also members of the ‘Red Power' movement, an organization that fought for Native American civil rights beginning in the 1960s.
The famous Alcatraz water tower was shortly graffitied with the words “Peace and Freedom. Welcome. Home of the Free Indian Land,” and other slogans like “Red Power” were seen all over various buildings on the island.
During the peak of the occupation, over 400 people were living on Alcatraz Island. Native and non-native protests and supporters would bring food, clothing, and other necessities to the people on the island. The coast guard, of course, was trying to discourage folks from bringing them goods, so they made it more and more difficult with blockades.
As the occupation continued, more buzz surrounding their efforts began to make waves around the country. One of the inhabitants on the island started doing daily radio broadcast, and the occupiers started creating newsletters from the island.
Top actors in Hollywood like Marlon Brando, Jane Fonda, Anthony Quinn showed their support by not only visiting the island but bringing the protestors some much-needed supplies. The famous rock band ‘Creedence Clearwater Revival' even made a staggering $15,000 donation to the cause. It was eventually used to purchase a boat named ‘Clearwater.”
Below is a message Richard Oakes sent to the San Francisco Department of the Interior:
“We invite the United States to acknowledge the justice of our claim. The choice now lies with the leaders of the American government – to use violence upon us as before to remove us from our Great Spirit's land or to institute a real change in its dealing with the American Indian. We do not fear your threat to charge us with crimes on our land. We and all other oppressed peoples would welcome spectacle of proof before the world of your title by genocide. Nevertheless, we seek peace.” – Richard Oakes
It's crucial to take notice during the entire occupation that this was a peaceful protest. Richard and the other activists were far from violent; they simply wanted the rights they deserved as American citizens. They peacefully fought for American Indians to have control over their lands. The belief that Indians should have control over their area and acts was not seen as a fundamental human right for them. The protestors fought day and night to change the unfair US government policies.
The End of Alcatraz
Oakes ended up leaving the island after a tragic accident involving his stepdaughter in January of 1970. Many of the original occupants left to return to university, and there was an increasing drug issue among the new protestors. The living situation on the island was beginning to dwindle, supplies were sparse, the shelter was falling apart, and the food was running out.
The Nixon administration ended up cutting power to Alcatraz and all telephone communications to force out the remaining people on the island. Only a few weeks after, a massive fire tore through the island, damaging some of the historic buildings. To this day, no one knows if the fire was an accident or intentional, but it was a massive blow to the morale of the people on the island.
On June 11, 1971, armed government officials made their way onto the island to remove the last few Indian residents. While the occupation was ended forcefully, the impact it had on Native Americans in the United States will forever be remembered.
In 1973, Alcatraz opened as a national park. Today, thousands of visitors visit the island each year to see the graffiti left behind during the occupation. Not only is the graffiti celebrated, but in 2012 the park officials allowed the famous words on the water tower to be restored. They recreated the graffiti perfectly as an effort to help preserve one of the last remaining remnants of the occupation. The painting on the water tower is one of the few remaining remnants of the occupation that are in areas open to the general public,” said Picavet
Each year during November a sunrise ceremony is held on the island.
Richard Oake's Untimely Death
On September 20, 1972, Richard Oakes passed. At this point in his life, he was making waves across the country, people knew who he was, and they wanted to hear what he had to say. Richard was shot and killed by a man named Michael Morgan, a YMCA camp worker.
Michael was a known white supremacist and was rumored to always be harder on Native American children who attended the camps. During an alleged violent confrontation with Oakes, Morgan claims he was in fear for his life and responded by fatally shooting him. At the time of his death, Oakes was completely unarmed. After being charged for voluntary manslaughter, Morgan was acquitted by a jury who were in agreement that it was an act of self-defense.
Many Oakes supporters were not happy with the news and claimed a racially motivated jury supported Morgan. Richard Oakes died at the very young age of thirty.
The Legacy He Left Behind
After his unfortunate death, his legacy has been making an impact on the lives of Native Americans ever since. To think he was able to accomplish such a great deal on behalf of Native Americans in just 30 short years of his life is pretty incredible.
We can only imagine what he could have accomplished if his life didn't tragically come to an end. While he was unable to hold Alcatraz permanently, the occupation did shed light on the cause. Media attention was buzzing, and hundreds of other protests were staged around the country.
Richard Oake's idea was that Native Americans are in control of their own destiny. He promoted this idea around the county, giving other Native Americans a voice to stand up for themselves and be heard by government leaders.
After the occupation ended, then-President Richard Nixon granted back 48,000 acres of land to the Taos Indians. His life was devoted to improving the lives of Native Americans. Today, San Francisco University is home to the Richard Oakes Multicultural Center, a place where his memory is honored.
10 Fun Facts About Richard Oakes
- He was a talented fisherman as a child
- Oakes is originally from New York
- It was said that he is very photogenic, and some believe that helped him gain popularity
- He has a son named Byran Oakes who he left on the East Coast when he went out west
- Google honored his memory in 2017 with a ‘Google Doodle'
- Many of his fellow protesters on Alcatraz were also SFSU students
- Richard Oakes was always a peaceful protestor
- He had a stepdaughter who tragically died at age 13 due to an accident
- He was chosen to be the ‘Mayor of Alcatraz' by his fellow demonstrators
- There is a ballet inspired by his life called ‘Song for Dead Warriors'
Featured image courtesy of National Parks Service.
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... | 4 | September 11th, 2019 Last Updated on: September 12th, 2019
Richard Oakes impact on Native American issues is still being felt today.
November 9, 2019, will mark the 50th Anniversary of the Alcatraz occupation led by Richard Oakes. The occupation is remembered each year with a sunrise ceremony.
He was a Mohawk Native American activist who had a massive impact on the rights of Native Americans and helped pioneer Native American studies in college curriculums around the country. He is best known for playing an integral role in the occupation of Alcatraz when Native American protestors took control over the former penitentiary to protest abusive government policies.
Keep reading to learn about Richard's life, legacy, and the impact he had in the United States.
Who was Richard Oakes?
He was born on May 22, 1942, on St. Regis Mohawk Reservation, on the border of Canada and New York State. Richard Oakes spent most of his early childhood years fishing and farming, which was typical for children living on the reservation at that time.
From age sixteen, Oakes quit school and worked as a high steelworker, a job that enabled him to travel. In 1968, he married and had a son with a woman he met while working in the steel industry. Shortly after his son was born he headed out west.
Leaving his wife and small child behind, Oakes left the East Coast to begin studying at San Francisco State University. It was during his time here that he worked as a bartender in the Mission District of San Francisco and he met many of the local Native Americans living in the area. He became well known around the city, and it was at the university where he would begin to notice something was missing.
Native America Studies
While he was enrolled at SFSU, he realized the gross lack of Native American studies. He teamed up with a professor in the university to help create the very first curriculum for Native American studies in the country. He became very friendly with the local Native American community and heavily encouraged others to also enroll in the university. He even brought some of the elders of the community to teach classes. Other universities followed suit and more Native American studies programs began to emerge, thanks to Richard.
Unfair Policies in the United States
Before the occupation, Native American issues in the US were not given the attention they deserved. Many were treated poorly in schools and seen as ‘less than' in too many communities around America at the time. From the 1940s to the 1960s, the American policy of Indian termination was practiced by the US government. The policy was created to try and integrate Native Americans into mainstream American society.
What is the problem with that you may ask?
Well, think of it like having your government tell you that you must forget all of your family's traditions, stop living life the way as you knew it and start living like all of the “other Americans.” As one can imagine, this policy is detrimental for Native Americans, but with their great desire to preserve their culture and history, they began to protest the policy. In the mid-1960s the termination policy was changed, the influential activists who didn't give up can be thanked for the change in the system.
The Alcatraz Occupation
The Alcatraz Occupation was a nineteen-month long protest. American Indians and supporters occupied the famous island for over a year.
On November 9, 1969, Richard Oakes (Mohawk), Jim Vaughn (Cherokee), Joe Bill (Eskimo), and Ross Harden (Ho-Chunk) made their way as close to the island as possible. Richard led this group of fellow Native Americans along with other activists to the infamous Alcatraz Prison, located on an island in the middle of the San Francisco Bay. On the way, their boats were stopped by the coast guard, but that did not stop Oakes from reaching the island, legend says he jumped off the boat and swam to the island.
By 1969, the prison was unused, the last prisoners were escorted off the island in 1963, and the island was declared by the US as surplus federal property.
Richard and the other activists created a safe haven for Indian Americans. They wanted a place where all Native Americans felt secure, and it was here that the group began to work on protests. Their ultimate goal was to transform the island into a Native American cultural center and school. The group named themselves Indians of All Tribes (IOAT). The group of protesters was made up of students, married couples, and there were even a few children on board. Indians of All Tribes claimed the island by right of discovery, citing the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) between the US and the Sioux.
They also accused the US government of breaking numerous Indian treaties. To announce their actions to the rest of the world, the group issued the ‘Alcatraz Proclamation.” It was sent to “The Great White Father And All His People.” Many of the protestors were also members of the ‘Red Power' movement, an organization that fought for Native American civil rights beginning in the 1960s.
The famous Alcatraz water tower was shortly graffitied with the words “Peace and Freedom. Welcome. Home of the Free Indian Land,” and other slogans like “Red Power” were seen all over various buildings on the island.
During the peak of the occupation, over 400 people were living on Alcatraz Island. Native and non-native protests and supporters would bring food, clothing, and other necessities to the people on the island. The coast guard, of course, was trying to discourage folks from bringing them goods, so they made it more and more difficult with blockades.
As the occupation continued, more buzz surrounding their efforts began to make waves around the country. One of the inhabitants on the island started doing daily radio broadcast, and the occupiers started creating newsletters from the island.
Top actors in Hollywood like Marlon Brando, Jane Fonda, Anthony Quinn showed their support by not only visiting the island but bringing the protestors some much-needed supplies. The famous rock band ‘Creedence Clearwater Revival' even made a staggering $15,000 donation to the cause. It was eventually used to purchase a boat named ‘Clearwater.”
Below is a message Richard Oakes sent to the San Francisco Department of the Interior:
“We invite the United States to acknowledge the justice of our claim. The choice now lies with the leaders of the American government – to use violence upon us as before to remove us from our Great Spirit's land or to institute a real change in its dealing with the American Indian. We do not fear your threat to charge us with crimes on our land. We and all other oppressed peoples would welcome spectacle of proof before the world of your title by genocide. Nevertheless, we seek peace.” – Richard Oakes
It's crucial to take notice during the entire occupation that this was a peaceful protest. Richard and the other activists were far from violent; they simply wanted the rights they deserved as American citizens. They peacefully fought for American Indians to have control over their lands. The belief that Indians should have control over their area and acts was not seen as a fundamental human right for them. The protestors fought day and night to change the unfair US government policies.
The End of Alcatraz
Oakes ended up leaving the island after a tragic accident involving his stepdaughter in January of 1970. Many of the original occupants left to return to university, and there was an increasing drug issue among the new protestors. The living situation on the island was beginning to dwindle, supplies were sparse, the shelter was falling apart, and the food was running out.
The Nixon administration ended up cutting power to Alcatraz and all telephone communications to force out the remaining people on the island. Only a few weeks after, a massive fire tore through the island, damaging some of the historic buildings. To this day, no one knows if the fire was an accident or intentional, but it was a massive blow to the morale of the people on the island.
On June 11, 1971, armed government officials made their way onto the island to remove the last few Indian residents. While the occupation was ended forcefully, the impact it had on Native Americans in the United States will forever be remembered.
In 1973, Alcatraz opened as a national park. Today, thousands of visitors visit the island each year to see the graffiti left behind during the occupation. Not only is the graffiti celebrated, but in 2012 the park officials allowed the famous words on the water tower to be restored. They recreated the graffiti perfectly as an effort to help preserve one of the last remaining remnants of the occupation. The painting on the water tower is one of the few remaining remnants of the occupation that are in areas open to the general public,” said Picavet
Each year during November a sunrise ceremony is held on the island.
Richard Oake's Untimely Death
On September 20, 1972, Richard Oakes passed. At this point in his life, he was making waves across the country, people knew who he was, and they wanted to hear what he had to say. Richard was shot and killed by a man named Michael Morgan, a YMCA camp worker.
Michael was a known white supremacist and was rumored to always be harder on Native American children who attended the camps. During an alleged violent confrontation with Oakes, Morgan claims he was in fear for his life and responded by fatally shooting him. At the time of his death, Oakes was completely unarmed. After being charged for voluntary manslaughter, Morgan was acquitted by a jury who were in agreement that it was an act of self-defense.
Many Oakes supporters were not happy with the news and claimed a racially motivated jury supported Morgan. Richard Oakes died at the very young age of thirty.
The Legacy He Left Behind
After his unfortunate death, his legacy has been making an impact on the lives of Native Americans ever since. To think he was able to accomplish such a great deal on behalf of Native Americans in just 30 short years of his life is pretty incredible.
We can only imagine what he could have accomplished if his life didn't tragically come to an end. While he was unable to hold Alcatraz permanently, the occupation did shed light on the cause. Media attention was buzzing, and hundreds of other protests were staged around the country.
Richard Oake's idea was that Native Americans are in control of their own destiny. He promoted this idea around the county, giving other Native Americans a voice to stand up for themselves and be heard by government leaders.
After the occupation ended, then-President Richard Nixon granted back 48,000 acres of land to the Taos Indians. His life was devoted to improving the lives of Native Americans. Today, San Francisco University is home to the Richard Oakes Multicultural Center, a place where his memory is honored.
10 Fun Facts About Richard Oakes
- He was a talented fisherman as a child
- Oakes is originally from New York
- It was said that he is very photogenic, and some believe that helped him gain popularity
- He has a son named Byran Oakes who he left on the East Coast when he went out west
- Google honored his memory in 2017 with a ‘Google Doodle'
- Many of his fellow protesters on Alcatraz were also SFSU students
- Richard Oakes was always a peaceful protestor
- He had a stepdaughter who tragically died at age 13 due to an accident
- He was chosen to be the ‘Mayor of Alcatraz' by his fellow demonstrators
- There is a ballet inspired by his life called ‘Song for Dead Warriors'
Featured image courtesy of National Parks Service.
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Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (October 16, 1854 - November 30, 1900) was an Irish writer who wrote in English and French and spent most of his working life in London. Wilde was one of the most famous people of his time, well known not only for his writings but also for his sparkling conversation, biting wit and the flamboyant manner in which he dressed. Oscar Wilde is best known today as a playwright, his most famous play being the comedy The Importance of Being Earnest. However, during his writing career Wilde also wrote poetry, essays, a novel (The Picture of Dorian Gray) and short stories for adults and children. Wilde wrote several articles for The Pall Mall Gazette and other London newspapers and was the editor of The Woman's World magazine.
In 1895, while Wilde was at the height of his success and fame and The Importance of Being Earnest was still being performed on the London stage, he was arrested on charges of gross indecency. Wilde was found guilty of gross indecency and homosexuality (a criminal offense in Britain at the time) and sentenced to two years hard labor. After his release from prison, Wilde went into exile in France and spent the remaining few years of his life in ill-health and poverty.
Oscar Wilde was born in Dublin to intellectual parents. His father Sir William Wilde was Ireland's leading eye and ear surgeon and was knighted for his services to medicine. His mother Jane Francesca Wilde was a lifelong supporter of Irish independence and wrote poetry in support of Irish nationhood under the pseudonym Speranza (Italian for hope). Wilde was educated at home until he was nine years old, a German tutor and a French maid taught him their languages which he learnt to speak fluently.
Wilde studied Greek and Latin literature at Trinity College, Dublin and later at Magdalen College, Oxford. After his graduation form Oxford, Wilde moved to London and began his writing career. He eventually found great success with his comic plays.
In 1884, Wilde married Constance Lloyd. The couple had two sons; Vyvyan and Cyril.
In 1891, Wilde was introduced to Lord Alfred Douglas, known to his friends as Bosie. Wilde had had homosexual relationships with men in the past but it was Lord Alfred Douglas who introduced him to Victorian England's gay sub-culture and the availability of male prostitutes. Lord Alfred Douglas' father, the Marquess of Queensberry, disapproved of his son's lifestyle and his friendship with Wilde, suspecting that the two were lovers.
On February 18, 1895, the Marquess of Queensberry left a calling card for Wilde at a London private gentleman's club. Written on the back of the card was the message For Oscar Wilde, Posing Somdomite (an incorrect spelling of the word sodomite). Wilde sued the Marquess for libel. However, Queensberry's lawyers persuaded the jury that there had been no libel because Wilde was, in fact, homosexual. The Marquess of Queensberry was found not guilty. Wilde was forced to pay Queensberry's legal fees, which left him bankrupt.
Following his unsuccessful libel case, Wilde was arrested on April 6, 1895 on charges of gross indecency. He was found guilty of gross indecency and homosexuality and sentenced to two years hard labor. Wilde served time in Wandsworth and Pentonville prisons in London and was later transferred to Reading Gaol. While in prison Wilde wrote a letter of fifty thousand words, known as De Profundis to Lord Alfred Douglas. After Wilde was found guilty, his wife Constance changed her surname and that of her children to Holland and left England, settling in Switzerland.
Wilde was released from prison on May 18, 1897. He left England for France and never returned to Britain or Ireland again. In France Wilde wrote the lengthy poem The Ballad of Reading Gaol, originally published under the pseudonym C 33, Wilde's serial number in Reading Gaol. The poem was well received but Wilde failed to make much money from it. Wilde spent his final days in a cheap, dirty hotel in Paris.
- Vera; or The Nihilists (1880)
- The Duchess of Padua (1883)
- Lady Windermere's Fan (1892)
- A Woman of No Importance (1893)
- Salome (1894), originally written in French in 1891, translated into English by Lord Alfred Douglas
- An Ideal Husband (1895)
- The Importance of Being Earnest (1895)
- A Florentine Tragedy (1908), published posthumously, unfinished
- La Sainte Courtisane (1908), published posthumously, unfinished
Wilde, who studied Ancient Greek at Trinity College and Oxford, is the presumed anonymous translator of eleven plays by the 4th century BCE Greek playwright Aristophanes that appear in the book Aristophanes: The Eleven Comedies, published by the London Athenian Society in 1912.
- The Picture of Dorian Gray (1890, revised 1891)
The anonymous gay pornographic novels Teleny, or The Reverse of the Medal (published privately in 1893) and Des Grieux, the Prelude to "Teleny" (published privately in 1895) are widely attributed to Oscar Wilde. It is likely that Wilde was one of several authors who contributed to those works.
- The Happy Prince and Other Tales (1888)
- House of Pomegranates (1891)
- Lord Arthur Savile's Crime and Other Stories (1891)
- The book contains the following short stories:
- Intentions (1891)
- The book contains the following essays:
- "The Decay of Lying"
- "The Critic as Artist"
- "Pen, Pencil and Poison"
- "The Truth of Masks"
- The book contains the following essays:
- The Soul of Man Under Socialism (1891)
- Phrases and Philosophies for the Use of the Young (1894)
- A Few Maxims For the Instruction of the Over Educated (1894)
- De Profundis (written in 1897, published posthumously in 1905)
Volumes of poetry
- Ravenna (1878)
- Poems (1881)
- The Sphinx (1894)
- Poems in Prose (1894)
- The Ballad of Reading Gaol (1898) | <urn:uuid:9b187b41-0a01-4a87-814f-7bcd1cbb8985> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://literature.fandom.com/wiki/Oscar_Wilde | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250628549.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125011232-20200125040232-00221.warc.gz | en | 0.980221 | 1,346 | 3.34375 | 3 | [
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0.1021125... | 1 | Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde (October 16, 1854 - November 30, 1900) was an Irish writer who wrote in English and French and spent most of his working life in London. Wilde was one of the most famous people of his time, well known not only for his writings but also for his sparkling conversation, biting wit and the flamboyant manner in which he dressed. Oscar Wilde is best known today as a playwright, his most famous play being the comedy The Importance of Being Earnest. However, during his writing career Wilde also wrote poetry, essays, a novel (The Picture of Dorian Gray) and short stories for adults and children. Wilde wrote several articles for The Pall Mall Gazette and other London newspapers and was the editor of The Woman's World magazine.
In 1895, while Wilde was at the height of his success and fame and The Importance of Being Earnest was still being performed on the London stage, he was arrested on charges of gross indecency. Wilde was found guilty of gross indecency and homosexuality (a criminal offense in Britain at the time) and sentenced to two years hard labor. After his release from prison, Wilde went into exile in France and spent the remaining few years of his life in ill-health and poverty.
Oscar Wilde was born in Dublin to intellectual parents. His father Sir William Wilde was Ireland's leading eye and ear surgeon and was knighted for his services to medicine. His mother Jane Francesca Wilde was a lifelong supporter of Irish independence and wrote poetry in support of Irish nationhood under the pseudonym Speranza (Italian for hope). Wilde was educated at home until he was nine years old, a German tutor and a French maid taught him their languages which he learnt to speak fluently.
Wilde studied Greek and Latin literature at Trinity College, Dublin and later at Magdalen College, Oxford. After his graduation form Oxford, Wilde moved to London and began his writing career. He eventually found great success with his comic plays.
In 1884, Wilde married Constance Lloyd. The couple had two sons; Vyvyan and Cyril.
In 1891, Wilde was introduced to Lord Alfred Douglas, known to his friends as Bosie. Wilde had had homosexual relationships with men in the past but it was Lord Alfred Douglas who introduced him to Victorian England's gay sub-culture and the availability of male prostitutes. Lord Alfred Douglas' father, the Marquess of Queensberry, disapproved of his son's lifestyle and his friendship with Wilde, suspecting that the two were lovers.
On February 18, 1895, the Marquess of Queensberry left a calling card for Wilde at a London private gentleman's club. Written on the back of the card was the message For Oscar Wilde, Posing Somdomite (an incorrect spelling of the word sodomite). Wilde sued the Marquess for libel. However, Queensberry's lawyers persuaded the jury that there had been no libel because Wilde was, in fact, homosexual. The Marquess of Queensberry was found not guilty. Wilde was forced to pay Queensberry's legal fees, which left him bankrupt.
Following his unsuccessful libel case, Wilde was arrested on April 6, 1895 on charges of gross indecency. He was found guilty of gross indecency and homosexuality and sentenced to two years hard labor. Wilde served time in Wandsworth and Pentonville prisons in London and was later transferred to Reading Gaol. While in prison Wilde wrote a letter of fifty thousand words, known as De Profundis to Lord Alfred Douglas. After Wilde was found guilty, his wife Constance changed her surname and that of her children to Holland and left England, settling in Switzerland.
Wilde was released from prison on May 18, 1897. He left England for France and never returned to Britain or Ireland again. In France Wilde wrote the lengthy poem The Ballad of Reading Gaol, originally published under the pseudonym C 33, Wilde's serial number in Reading Gaol. The poem was well received but Wilde failed to make much money from it. Wilde spent his final days in a cheap, dirty hotel in Paris.
- Vera; or The Nihilists (1880)
- The Duchess of Padua (1883)
- Lady Windermere's Fan (1892)
- A Woman of No Importance (1893)
- Salome (1894), originally written in French in 1891, translated into English by Lord Alfred Douglas
- An Ideal Husband (1895)
- The Importance of Being Earnest (1895)
- A Florentine Tragedy (1908), published posthumously, unfinished
- La Sainte Courtisane (1908), published posthumously, unfinished
Wilde, who studied Ancient Greek at Trinity College and Oxford, is the presumed anonymous translator of eleven plays by the 4th century BCE Greek playwright Aristophanes that appear in the book Aristophanes: The Eleven Comedies, published by the London Athenian Society in 1912.
- The Picture of Dorian Gray (1890, revised 1891)
The anonymous gay pornographic novels Teleny, or The Reverse of the Medal (published privately in 1893) and Des Grieux, the Prelude to "Teleny" (published privately in 1895) are widely attributed to Oscar Wilde. It is likely that Wilde was one of several authors who contributed to those works.
- The Happy Prince and Other Tales (1888)
- House of Pomegranates (1891)
- Lord Arthur Savile's Crime and Other Stories (1891)
- The book contains the following short stories:
- Intentions (1891)
- The book contains the following essays:
- "The Decay of Lying"
- "The Critic as Artist"
- "Pen, Pencil and Poison"
- "The Truth of Masks"
- The book contains the following essays:
- The Soul of Man Under Socialism (1891)
- Phrases and Philosophies for the Use of the Young (1894)
- A Few Maxims For the Instruction of the Over Educated (1894)
- De Profundis (written in 1897, published posthumously in 1905)
Volumes of poetry
- Ravenna (1878)
- Poems (1881)
- The Sphinx (1894)
- Poems in Prose (1894)
- The Ballad of Reading Gaol (1898) | 1,420 | ENGLISH | 1 |
There are four main characteristics of autosomal dominant traits in passing down genetic mutations carrying diseases on them. An affected person on average will also have an affected parent and has a 50% chance of passing the trait to their own child. Males and females are equally likely to inherit the disease from their parents and dominant traits are normally seen in multiple, successive generations rather than one isolated case in a family.
In the dragon DNA lab these characteristics are supported in a number of ways in how mutations are passed down from parent genes. The father’s genes had misplaced alleles and as a result the child had those missing alleles as well. Knowing that dominant traits are typically seen in successive generations then it can be related to the sickle-cell anemia case study where the two parents carried the disease and the child ended up having it as well although the parents did not have the active gene that caused the disease to actually affect them. This is due to the characteristics that there is a 50% chance that a carrier parent will pass the genetic mutation onto his or her offspring so it was only likely that the two parents who were both carriers would produce a child that has the active disease. If two parents have a lethal allele in their DNA then they are even more likely to pass on that allele to their child and continue the line of the genetic mutation. | <urn:uuid:0ada50f3-d807-4d2f-848b-8dd8e2529c2f> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://portfolio.gdrsd.org/mollyg2015/2015/05/06/autosomal-dominant-traits/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251705142.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127174507-20200127204507-00262.warc.gz | en | 0.982192 | 270 | 3.375 | 3 | [
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-0.096638813614845... | 3 | There are four main characteristics of autosomal dominant traits in passing down genetic mutations carrying diseases on them. An affected person on average will also have an affected parent and has a 50% chance of passing the trait to their own child. Males and females are equally likely to inherit the disease from their parents and dominant traits are normally seen in multiple, successive generations rather than one isolated case in a family.
In the dragon DNA lab these characteristics are supported in a number of ways in how mutations are passed down from parent genes. The father’s genes had misplaced alleles and as a result the child had those missing alleles as well. Knowing that dominant traits are typically seen in successive generations then it can be related to the sickle-cell anemia case study where the two parents carried the disease and the child ended up having it as well although the parents did not have the active gene that caused the disease to actually affect them. This is due to the characteristics that there is a 50% chance that a carrier parent will pass the genetic mutation onto his or her offspring so it was only likely that the two parents who were both carriers would produce a child that has the active disease. If two parents have a lethal allele in their DNA then they are even more likely to pass on that allele to their child and continue the line of the genetic mutation. | 269 | ENGLISH | 1 |
7ABC Geo East Asia History (pg 560)
- What separated ancient China from other civilizations?
- What other people did ancient China affect? How did they do it?
3. How do we know about the ancient Chinese civilization?
- Describe the key features of an early Chinese settlement:
- What was the Mandate of Heaven?
- Who were two important Chinese philosophers? What did they teach?
- Who was China’s first emperor? What were some of his legacy?
- Who was Genghis Khan? Where was he from? What was he known for or accomplished?
- In modern times (after 1911) what political change took place that ended the ancient dynasties? What forging powers influenced this? How was China split politically?
10. How long is the Great Wall?
- Where did the early Japanese probably come from?
- What are clans?
- What were some ways China influenced Japan?
- Who were the Samurai? What was their function?
- What was a Shogun?
- What did Tokugawa do in 1603 to unite Japan?
- Critical Thinking: What were two causes for the fall of empires in East Asia? | <urn:uuid:d4d4b6cd-ae32-4ff8-8140-6b5173954906> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://mrpatrickgalileo.wordpress.com/2015/11/18/7abc-e-asia-history-worksheet/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700675.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127112805-20200127142805-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.989175 | 249 | 4 | 4 | [
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0.29239287972450... | 1 | 7ABC Geo East Asia History (pg 560)
- What separated ancient China from other civilizations?
- What other people did ancient China affect? How did they do it?
3. How do we know about the ancient Chinese civilization?
- Describe the key features of an early Chinese settlement:
- What was the Mandate of Heaven?
- Who were two important Chinese philosophers? What did they teach?
- Who was China’s first emperor? What were some of his legacy?
- Who was Genghis Khan? Where was he from? What was he known for or accomplished?
- In modern times (after 1911) what political change took place that ended the ancient dynasties? What forging powers influenced this? How was China split politically?
10. How long is the Great Wall?
- Where did the early Japanese probably come from?
- What are clans?
- What were some ways China influenced Japan?
- Who were the Samurai? What was their function?
- What was a Shogun?
- What did Tokugawa do in 1603 to unite Japan?
- Critical Thinking: What were two causes for the fall of empires in East Asia? | 243 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Today’s FlexFriday continued with themes of racism, discrimination and genocide. Bob emphasized that we study history because we try not to repeat it, but that unfortunately we often do. In discussing genocide in Armenia, we learned about the Caucus mountains and how Caucasians typically dominated. We learned how Europe did not come to the assistance of Armenia, partially because of its geographical location and because many European countries’ resources were being depleted because of the concurrent war. There was a conflict between the Christians (Armenians) and Muslims (Turks). The Ottoman Empire was on the decline and the Young Turks were plotting a coup. The Turkish triumvirate (three dictators) came into power and initiated a purge in 1915, when the Armenian intelligentsia–professors and the educated in general–were rounded up by the Turks and executed. A variety of brutal atrocities against Armenians continued, including marching families into the Syrian desert to their deaths, seizing their villages, and attacking the women. Bob talked about how some of his ancestors, including his grandparents, had experienced the genocide but did not tend to talk about it. In total, 1.5 million (out of 2 million) Armenians perished during the genocide.
The students continued to discuss prejudice and discrimination and how it reverberates in America today. For the second half of today’s lecture, we watched a film on Emmett Till, a young black boy who was killed in America during the 1950s. The two white men who were indicted in his murder were found not guilty, then set free; they eventually sold their story, in which they freely admitted to killing Emmett. Emmett’s mother had an open casket because she could not put into words what had happened to her young son: he had been beaten, shot in the head, and then his body thrown in a river weighted down by a 75 pound machinery part.
In addition Bob showed the students a traditional Turkish hand-made wedding gown. He continued talking about Middle Eastern culture and gave us samples of literature from Kahlil Gibran, the early 20th century Lebanese-American poet, philosopher and author of The Prophet. We examined such truisms, as “Generosity is not in giving me that which I need more than you do, but it is in in giving me that which you need more than I do” and “Those who give you a serpent when you ask for a fish, may have nothing but serpents to give. It is then generosity on their part.”
Our series concluded with two of the students talking about the gay rights movement and the discrimination endured by this population in the US and in other countries. Finally, Bob treated everyone again with some Middle Eastern cuisine for lunch: Chicken Kabobs! We learned that people used to use swords or knives as the skewers…don’t worry; they took the food off before eating it. Next week the students will have a career forum with our college counselors. At FlexSchool, we balance academics with real-world career readiness skills.
Click here to see images from this event and more on our FlexSchool gallery.
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0.309641689... | 1 | Today’s FlexFriday continued with themes of racism, discrimination and genocide. Bob emphasized that we study history because we try not to repeat it, but that unfortunately we often do. In discussing genocide in Armenia, we learned about the Caucus mountains and how Caucasians typically dominated. We learned how Europe did not come to the assistance of Armenia, partially because of its geographical location and because many European countries’ resources were being depleted because of the concurrent war. There was a conflict between the Christians (Armenians) and Muslims (Turks). The Ottoman Empire was on the decline and the Young Turks were plotting a coup. The Turkish triumvirate (three dictators) came into power and initiated a purge in 1915, when the Armenian intelligentsia–professors and the educated in general–were rounded up by the Turks and executed. A variety of brutal atrocities against Armenians continued, including marching families into the Syrian desert to their deaths, seizing their villages, and attacking the women. Bob talked about how some of his ancestors, including his grandparents, had experienced the genocide but did not tend to talk about it. In total, 1.5 million (out of 2 million) Armenians perished during the genocide.
The students continued to discuss prejudice and discrimination and how it reverberates in America today. For the second half of today’s lecture, we watched a film on Emmett Till, a young black boy who was killed in America during the 1950s. The two white men who were indicted in his murder were found not guilty, then set free; they eventually sold their story, in which they freely admitted to killing Emmett. Emmett’s mother had an open casket because she could not put into words what had happened to her young son: he had been beaten, shot in the head, and then his body thrown in a river weighted down by a 75 pound machinery part.
In addition Bob showed the students a traditional Turkish hand-made wedding gown. He continued talking about Middle Eastern culture and gave us samples of literature from Kahlil Gibran, the early 20th century Lebanese-American poet, philosopher and author of The Prophet. We examined such truisms, as “Generosity is not in giving me that which I need more than you do, but it is in in giving me that which you need more than I do” and “Those who give you a serpent when you ask for a fish, may have nothing but serpents to give. It is then generosity on their part.”
Our series concluded with two of the students talking about the gay rights movement and the discrimination endured by this population in the US and in other countries. Finally, Bob treated everyone again with some Middle Eastern cuisine for lunch: Chicken Kabobs! We learned that people used to use swords or knives as the skewers…don’t worry; they took the food off before eating it. Next week the students will have a career forum with our college counselors. At FlexSchool, we balance academics with real-world career readiness skills.
Click here to see images from this event and more on our FlexSchool gallery.
At FlexSchool, we build our curriculum around providing all around high-quality educational experiences for our students. Visit https://flexschool.net. | 665 | ENGLISH | 1 |
(CNN) - Smoke from the fires in Australia is expected to make one "full circuit" around the world and return to the skies over the country, NASA officials are warning.
The space agency has been using a fleet of satellites to analyze the smoke and aerosols coming from the Australia fires. The enhanced image above, created by NASA, shows an RGB “true-color” view of the smoke combined with the UV aerosol index.
After studying smoke plumes from late December, they were able to conclude that the smoke had traveled "halfway across Earth" and has also affected air quality in other countries.
Australia has seen its worst wildfires in decades since the fire season began in late July 2019.
At least 28 people have died and more than 2,000 homes have burned.
Nearly half a billion animals have been impacted by the fires. | <urn:uuid:ddd1fe64-65db-4353-a641-606ea53e083a> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.knoe.com/content/news/NASA-Smoke-from-Australia-fire-will-go-around-the-world-566981681.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606975.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122101729-20200122130729-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.981519 | 176 | 3.40625 | 3 | [
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0.6648457050323... | 1 | (CNN) - Smoke from the fires in Australia is expected to make one "full circuit" around the world and return to the skies over the country, NASA officials are warning.
The space agency has been using a fleet of satellites to analyze the smoke and aerosols coming from the Australia fires. The enhanced image above, created by NASA, shows an RGB “true-color” view of the smoke combined with the UV aerosol index.
After studying smoke plumes from late December, they were able to conclude that the smoke had traveled "halfway across Earth" and has also affected air quality in other countries.
Australia has seen its worst wildfires in decades since the fire season began in late July 2019.
At least 28 people have died and more than 2,000 homes have burned.
Nearly half a billion animals have been impacted by the fires. | 177 | ENGLISH | 1 |
U.S. History Online
July 6, 2015
4.06 Honors Assessment
In Florida there was some effects of the new deal taking place, around 1930’s. Roosevelt new deal plan took place in all of America trying to recover our nation from the Great depression. The Civilian Conservation Corps also known as the CCC, was one of the programs that was needed in the state of Florida at this time. One of the reasons we needed the CCC in
Florida was to get people back on their feet and gain new ideas of how to get people jobs. Lots of the people in Florida had lost their jobs and their home during this time. SO they needed a job to get food and shelter for their families. The CCC employed young men on public work projects and tasks.
In Florida the Civilian Conservation Corps did many things to help the state and serve to do its job. Millions of men were going back to work, and lots of men were living in work camps.
Approximately 350,000 or more Floridians were in the Civilian Conservation Corps, Because of their new jobs, they worked and received food and clothing then their paychecks were sent to their families. Some of their work consisted of cutting trees, preserving the forests and sometimes building communities. The CCC planted and grew up to 10 million trees in Florida and helped build many parks.
When the Civilian Conservation Corps first came to Florida they made sudden improvements in the state. First and the most important thing is that they gave men many jobs and a place to live in work camps. They also gave the men’s families their paychecks so that they
could still survive while the men are at work. The CCC helped Florida build many… | <urn:uuid:90f0dd48-1f88-4a27-a869-e12180431771> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.majortests.com/essay/Great-Depression-And-Civilian-Conservation-Corps-586881.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783621.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129010251-20200129040251-00451.warc.gz | en | 0.99079 | 356 | 3.578125 | 4 | [
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July 6, 2015
4.06 Honors Assessment
In Florida there was some effects of the new deal taking place, around 1930’s. Roosevelt new deal plan took place in all of America trying to recover our nation from the Great depression. The Civilian Conservation Corps also known as the CCC, was one of the programs that was needed in the state of Florida at this time. One of the reasons we needed the CCC in
Florida was to get people back on their feet and gain new ideas of how to get people jobs. Lots of the people in Florida had lost their jobs and their home during this time. SO they needed a job to get food and shelter for their families. The CCC employed young men on public work projects and tasks.
In Florida the Civilian Conservation Corps did many things to help the state and serve to do its job. Millions of men were going back to work, and lots of men were living in work camps.
Approximately 350,000 or more Floridians were in the Civilian Conservation Corps, Because of their new jobs, they worked and received food and clothing then their paychecks were sent to their families. Some of their work consisted of cutting trees, preserving the forests and sometimes building communities. The CCC planted and grew up to 10 million trees in Florida and helped build many parks.
When the Civilian Conservation Corps first came to Florida they made sudden improvements in the state. First and the most important thing is that they gave men many jobs and a place to live in work camps. They also gave the men’s families their paychecks so that they
could still survive while the men are at work. The CCC helped Florida build many… | 360 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Chongqing, Sep 8 (): Third world’s longest river Yangtze River has turned its color to reddish-orange in China. Officials are examining the river’s change, as they have no idea what caused the change.
The residents staying along the shores on the Yangtze River which is the largest river in China, called as Golden Watercourse, noticed the change this week as the water was not its normal hue as the water had changed to red.
The river is called “golden” as it receives heavy rain throughout the year and runs through China’s largest commercial and industrial center Chongqing.
Chongqing is called as mountain city as its many factories and buildings stand upon the hills. The officials have not yet determined the cause, but the environment officials attribute it to industrial pollution.
Some residents nearby have collected the strange coloured water from the river in bottles and saved it. Fishermen and workers who rely on this river for income however kept going about their business.
Emily Stanley, a professor of limnology in the University of Wisconsin explained that red colour could have developed because of color-producing microorganisms. Fresh water occasionally turns blood-red due to biological reasons during the drought season.
Last summer, a lake turned red in colour during a drought season in Texas. But this happens only when water has less oxygen than normal. But the rivers move constantly, rarely ever get oxygen deficiencies necessary for a life-based red dye job.
After reviewing few pictures of Chongqing’s red river, Stanley concludes the reason behind to be a man-made cause. She told that water bodies turned red very fast as people had dumped some dyes into them.
It is not the first time a Chinese river changed to red, another river Jian changed its colour last December as it was polluted by man-made dye which was illegally dumped in a factory. Officials forced the factory responsible to shut. | <urn:uuid:e67ef781-9a5d-4a3f-8be8-da3bc8de9d17> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://truthdive.com/2012/09/08/yangtze-river-turns-red-in-china/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608062.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123011418-20200123040418-00106.warc.gz | en | 0.982833 | 402 | 3.390625 | 3 | [
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-0.05087838694453... | 6 | Chongqing, Sep 8 (): Third world’s longest river Yangtze River has turned its color to reddish-orange in China. Officials are examining the river’s change, as they have no idea what caused the change.
The residents staying along the shores on the Yangtze River which is the largest river in China, called as Golden Watercourse, noticed the change this week as the water was not its normal hue as the water had changed to red.
The river is called “golden” as it receives heavy rain throughout the year and runs through China’s largest commercial and industrial center Chongqing.
Chongqing is called as mountain city as its many factories and buildings stand upon the hills. The officials have not yet determined the cause, but the environment officials attribute it to industrial pollution.
Some residents nearby have collected the strange coloured water from the river in bottles and saved it. Fishermen and workers who rely on this river for income however kept going about their business.
Emily Stanley, a professor of limnology in the University of Wisconsin explained that red colour could have developed because of color-producing microorganisms. Fresh water occasionally turns blood-red due to biological reasons during the drought season.
Last summer, a lake turned red in colour during a drought season in Texas. But this happens only when water has less oxygen than normal. But the rivers move constantly, rarely ever get oxygen deficiencies necessary for a life-based red dye job.
After reviewing few pictures of Chongqing’s red river, Stanley concludes the reason behind to be a man-made cause. She told that water bodies turned red very fast as people had dumped some dyes into them.
It is not the first time a Chinese river changed to red, another river Jian changed its colour last December as it was polluted by man-made dye which was illegally dumped in a factory. Officials forced the factory responsible to shut. | 375 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Common Sense, according to Kumashiro, is simply basic knowledge that everyone should know. Based on Kumashiro’s experience, it shows how common sense is all relative to what is normalized in a given place. To the people of Nepal, “the lecture-practice-exam approach to teaching had become so ingrained in the practices of Nepal’s schools as to have become a part of ‘common sense.” This means to say that common sense is more than just manners, and that it is pretty well every aspect that is seen as normal and what most people do day to day. For example in most North American society: Go to school, get a job, and have kids that will eventually take care of you. This would usually be considered common sense to a lot of Canadian families for sure.
It is so important to pay attention to common sense because it varies depending where you are from, and how you were raised. According to Kumashiro, “different assumptions, expectations, and values to school” are the main reasons why common sense is so relative especially with regard to teaching in a foreign place. For future teachers, it is more important to simply understand that common sense is different for different people; you don’t have to understand how/why, just that it is there or starters. | <urn:uuid:78fb0928-b6c9-419b-9e3a-32d08481b692> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://jakemacleod31245780.wordpress.com/2020/01/08/importance-of-common-sense/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607118.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122131612-20200122160612-00053.warc.gz | en | 0.984018 | 273 | 3.609375 | 4 | [
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0.5521439909934... | 2 | Common Sense, according to Kumashiro, is simply basic knowledge that everyone should know. Based on Kumashiro’s experience, it shows how common sense is all relative to what is normalized in a given place. To the people of Nepal, “the lecture-practice-exam approach to teaching had become so ingrained in the practices of Nepal’s schools as to have become a part of ‘common sense.” This means to say that common sense is more than just manners, and that it is pretty well every aspect that is seen as normal and what most people do day to day. For example in most North American society: Go to school, get a job, and have kids that will eventually take care of you. This would usually be considered common sense to a lot of Canadian families for sure.
It is so important to pay attention to common sense because it varies depending where you are from, and how you were raised. According to Kumashiro, “different assumptions, expectations, and values to school” are the main reasons why common sense is so relative especially with regard to teaching in a foreign place. For future teachers, it is more important to simply understand that common sense is different for different people; you don’t have to understand how/why, just that it is there or starters. | 260 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Animal Farm by George Orwell has been banned in countless countries and is seen as a very controversial novel. Animal farm is a allegory of the Russian Revolution and the Stalin era. It uses animals as a way to show how a totalitarian state operates and distributes its power. Orwell was a sharp critic of both capitalism and communism, and is remembered chiefly as an advocate of freedom and a committed opponent of communist oppression (Sparknotes). For this essay I will be examining How and Why is the Russian Revolution, specifically the major players and their actions, represented in the book Animal Farm by George Orwell. When Orwell first began writing Animal Farm, in his head he knew he wanted to portray the Russian Revolution as a government that took a drastic violent change turning totalitarian. Many of the characters and events of Orwell’s novel are loosely based on people who had major roles in the Russian Revolution. For example the Farm where all the animals live is meant to be Russia, and characters such as Old major, Mr. Jones, Napoleon, and Snowball each represent major players in the Russian Revolution. One of the First characters we meet in the book is Mr. Jones who is based on Tsar Nicholas II, the last Russian emperor. The other Character Old Major portrays Vladimir Lenin, the leader of the Bolshevik Party that took over after Tsar Nicholas II during the Revolution. Old Major is also aligned with Karl Marx as he constantly mentions the principles of animalism, a theory where all animals are equal and must defeat their oppressors while Karl Marx’s theory of communism urges the people to unite against their economic oppressors. As Animalism imagines a world where all animals share in the prosperity of the farm, Communism argues that a “communal” way of life will allow all people to live lives of economic equality (Sparknotes). The Character Napoleon Represents Joseph Stalin Napoleon and Stalin are almost identical. Both were cunning, and had an extreme thirst of power and bloodshed. Napoleon got rid of any opposition to his regime, just as Stalin did. He also had 9 guard dogs that were used to dispose of his enemies, much like Stalin and his NKVD. Both Stalin and Napoleon also liked to bend the truth, manipulating the media and information in their societies. An example of this is how Napoleon tries to hide the farm’s lack of food to the other farmers, in the same way how Stalin tried to hide the fact that his country was in a massive famine. Snowball is an emulation of Leon Trotsky. Stalin and Trotsky were enemies and constantly disagreed just like Snowball and Napoleon who both disagreed constantly, and both had vital roles on the farm. Like Trotsky, Snowball was exiled by secret police in order to get rid of the only threat to Napoleon’s reign in the area. Vyacheslav Molotov was one of Stalin’s most loyal supporters. He was Stalin’s Prime Minister in the 1930’s, and signed many of the documents that sent Russians away to exile or death. His loyalty can no doubt be related to Squealer, both of them were supportive of their leaders, even during tough times. They were also both involved with dealing with people outside their jurisdiction, Molotov was eventually made Commissioner of Foreign Affairs, and Squealer frequently dealt with other farms. Orwell uses a single Character to represent the different classes of society in Russia during this time. The Character Boxer is affiliated to the working class and Mollie to the Upper class. Like the working class in Russia, Boxer is strong, and persevering. He is hardworking, and unquestionably loyal to Napoleon’s regime. Without Boxer, the Battle of the Cowshed could possibly not have been won, nor would the windmill have been built without his relentless work ethic. In the same way, the Russian Revolution could not have happened without the huge push from the working class. However, just like with the working class in Russia, once Boxer outlived his usefulness, he was sent to die. Mollie on the other hand was the exact opposite of Boxer. Whereas the working class was fully devoted to the revolutionary cause, the same cannot be said for the upper class in Russia. They contributed very little to the actual revolution; and as long as their lifestyle didn’t change, they would be happy. Eventually though, some sacrifices had to be made, so some the bourgeois and upper class fled Russia in hopes of maintaining their comfortable lifestyle. This is a direct parallel to Mollie, as she was more concerned with lumps of sugar and ribbons, rather than the equality of animals. She eventually fled the farm, as did the bourgeois in Russia. The connections between Animal Farm and the Russian Revolution are clear, but why did George Orwell choose to write such a prominent novel. Orwell was extremely against communism and totalitarian governments and simply just wanted to write a book displaying the flaws of this way of life. It took awhile for the book to be published due to it being anti stalin as the west still supported the Soviet Union. Orwell’s Animal Farm was banned in the soviet union for obvious reasons and is banned in several countries today. By containing the social functions of an entire country into a small area, and using animals to show human foible, George Orwell is able to show the inevitable collapse of a utopian Marxist society. | <urn:uuid:760806ad-a4e5-41de-a2f4-77bde4f54a01> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://codepost.org/animal-to-live-lives-of-economic-equality-sparknotes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251788528.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129041149-20200129071149-00036.warc.gz | en | 0.983172 | 1,093 | 3.328125 | 3 | [
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0.23025478422... | 2 | Animal Farm by George Orwell has been banned in countless countries and is seen as a very controversial novel. Animal farm is a allegory of the Russian Revolution and the Stalin era. It uses animals as a way to show how a totalitarian state operates and distributes its power. Orwell was a sharp critic of both capitalism and communism, and is remembered chiefly as an advocate of freedom and a committed opponent of communist oppression (Sparknotes). For this essay I will be examining How and Why is the Russian Revolution, specifically the major players and their actions, represented in the book Animal Farm by George Orwell. When Orwell first began writing Animal Farm, in his head he knew he wanted to portray the Russian Revolution as a government that took a drastic violent change turning totalitarian. Many of the characters and events of Orwell’s novel are loosely based on people who had major roles in the Russian Revolution. For example the Farm where all the animals live is meant to be Russia, and characters such as Old major, Mr. Jones, Napoleon, and Snowball each represent major players in the Russian Revolution. One of the First characters we meet in the book is Mr. Jones who is based on Tsar Nicholas II, the last Russian emperor. The other Character Old Major portrays Vladimir Lenin, the leader of the Bolshevik Party that took over after Tsar Nicholas II during the Revolution. Old Major is also aligned with Karl Marx as he constantly mentions the principles of animalism, a theory where all animals are equal and must defeat their oppressors while Karl Marx’s theory of communism urges the people to unite against their economic oppressors. As Animalism imagines a world where all animals share in the prosperity of the farm, Communism argues that a “communal” way of life will allow all people to live lives of economic equality (Sparknotes). The Character Napoleon Represents Joseph Stalin Napoleon and Stalin are almost identical. Both were cunning, and had an extreme thirst of power and bloodshed. Napoleon got rid of any opposition to his regime, just as Stalin did. He also had 9 guard dogs that were used to dispose of his enemies, much like Stalin and his NKVD. Both Stalin and Napoleon also liked to bend the truth, manipulating the media and information in their societies. An example of this is how Napoleon tries to hide the farm’s lack of food to the other farmers, in the same way how Stalin tried to hide the fact that his country was in a massive famine. Snowball is an emulation of Leon Trotsky. Stalin and Trotsky were enemies and constantly disagreed just like Snowball and Napoleon who both disagreed constantly, and both had vital roles on the farm. Like Trotsky, Snowball was exiled by secret police in order to get rid of the only threat to Napoleon’s reign in the area. Vyacheslav Molotov was one of Stalin’s most loyal supporters. He was Stalin’s Prime Minister in the 1930’s, and signed many of the documents that sent Russians away to exile or death. His loyalty can no doubt be related to Squealer, both of them were supportive of their leaders, even during tough times. They were also both involved with dealing with people outside their jurisdiction, Molotov was eventually made Commissioner of Foreign Affairs, and Squealer frequently dealt with other farms. Orwell uses a single Character to represent the different classes of society in Russia during this time. The Character Boxer is affiliated to the working class and Mollie to the Upper class. Like the working class in Russia, Boxer is strong, and persevering. He is hardworking, and unquestionably loyal to Napoleon’s regime. Without Boxer, the Battle of the Cowshed could possibly not have been won, nor would the windmill have been built without his relentless work ethic. In the same way, the Russian Revolution could not have happened without the huge push from the working class. However, just like with the working class in Russia, once Boxer outlived his usefulness, he was sent to die. Mollie on the other hand was the exact opposite of Boxer. Whereas the working class was fully devoted to the revolutionary cause, the same cannot be said for the upper class in Russia. They contributed very little to the actual revolution; and as long as their lifestyle didn’t change, they would be happy. Eventually though, some sacrifices had to be made, so some the bourgeois and upper class fled Russia in hopes of maintaining their comfortable lifestyle. This is a direct parallel to Mollie, as she was more concerned with lumps of sugar and ribbons, rather than the equality of animals. She eventually fled the farm, as did the bourgeois in Russia. The connections between Animal Farm and the Russian Revolution are clear, but why did George Orwell choose to write such a prominent novel. Orwell was extremely against communism and totalitarian governments and simply just wanted to write a book displaying the flaws of this way of life. It took awhile for the book to be published due to it being anti stalin as the west still supported the Soviet Union. Orwell’s Animal Farm was banned in the soviet union for obvious reasons and is banned in several countries today. By containing the social functions of an entire country into a small area, and using animals to show human foible, George Orwell is able to show the inevitable collapse of a utopian Marxist society. | 1,075 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The Nazis’ youth policies had mixed results.
There were some successes.
Overall, young people were the most easily attracted to the regimes and became some of its most active supporters.
But not all young people complied with Nazi demands.
Some even established their own rival groups, such as the Edelweiss Pirates, the Jazz Group and the Swing Group.
Indoctrination was not totally effective. It reinforced existing beliefs but was less successful in getting young people to accept new ideas. The Nazis had less success indoctrinating university students.
Young people became more disillusioned with the youth movements as the years passed. The repetitive marching and monotonous propaganda took the fun out of it, and eventually made young people disinterested in taking part. | <urn:uuid:9ca8974b-69d2-4f03-969c-deaa30d569b8> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z897pbk/revision/4 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594333.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119064802-20200119092802-00141.warc.gz | en | 0.983268 | 154 | 3.40625 | 3 | [
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0.0219263602048... | 1 | The Nazis’ youth policies had mixed results.
There were some successes.
Overall, young people were the most easily attracted to the regimes and became some of its most active supporters.
But not all young people complied with Nazi demands.
Some even established their own rival groups, such as the Edelweiss Pirates, the Jazz Group and the Swing Group.
Indoctrination was not totally effective. It reinforced existing beliefs but was less successful in getting young people to accept new ideas. The Nazis had less success indoctrinating university students.
Young people became more disillusioned with the youth movements as the years passed. The repetitive marching and monotonous propaganda took the fun out of it, and eventually made young people disinterested in taking part. | 148 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Archaeologists Discover Nearly 5,000 Cave Paintings in Mexico
Archaeologists in Mexico have found 4,926 cave paintings in north-east Mexico in Burgos providing new information about the presence of pre-Hispanic people in a region which was previously believed to be uninhabited.
The well-preserved rock art found at 11 different sites, with the walls of one cave covered with 1,550 separate paintings. The images in red, yellow, black and white depict humans, animals, insects, skyscapes and abstract scenes. They also found paintings of a pre-Hispanic hunting weapon called the atlatl, which had not been seen in any other paintings in the region.
Until now, very little was known about the cultures that dwelled in Tamaulipas state but this latest discovery is changing our understanding of Mexican history. The most significant aspect of the finding is that the area in which they were found was previously thought not to have been inhabited by ancient cultures and this provides a new understanding about ancient humans in Mexico.
The age of the paintings is not yet known but the rock art suggests that at least three groups of hunter-gatherers dwelled in the San Carlos mountain range. | <urn:uuid:fafa9c14-5f71-4196-a258-a3f9a9812271> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/archaeologists-discover-nearly-5000-cave-paintings-mexico-00479 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593994.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118221909-20200119005909-00378.warc.gz | en | 0.982534 | 247 | 3.328125 | 3 | [
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0.17847134172... | 7 | Archaeologists Discover Nearly 5,000 Cave Paintings in Mexico
Archaeologists in Mexico have found 4,926 cave paintings in north-east Mexico in Burgos providing new information about the presence of pre-Hispanic people in a region which was previously believed to be uninhabited.
The well-preserved rock art found at 11 different sites, with the walls of one cave covered with 1,550 separate paintings. The images in red, yellow, black and white depict humans, animals, insects, skyscapes and abstract scenes. They also found paintings of a pre-Hispanic hunting weapon called the atlatl, which had not been seen in any other paintings in the region.
Until now, very little was known about the cultures that dwelled in Tamaulipas state but this latest discovery is changing our understanding of Mexican history. The most significant aspect of the finding is that the area in which they were found was previously thought not to have been inhabited by ancient cultures and this provides a new understanding about ancient humans in Mexico.
The age of the paintings is not yet known but the rock art suggests that at least three groups of hunter-gatherers dwelled in the San Carlos mountain range. | 254 | ENGLISH | 1 |
The follow-up to Bloody April 1917 continues fifteen months later into World War I. Much had happened over this period. More battles had been fought, won and lost on both sides, but now the American strength was feeding in to France with both men and material. With the mighty push on the French/American Front at St Mihiel on 12 September and then along the Meuse-Argonne Front from the 26th, once more masses of men and aircraft were put into the air. They were opposed by no less a formidable German fighter force than had the squadrons in April 1917 although the numbers were not in their favour. Nevertheless, the German fighter pilots were able to inflict an even larger toll of British, French and American aircraft shot down, making this the worst month for the Allied flyers during the whole of World War I and this just a mere six weeks from the war’s bloody finale.
BLACK SEPTEMBER 1918 WWI’s Darkest Month in the Air
As with their previous book, the authors of Black September 1918 have analysed the daily events throughout September with the use of lists of casualties and claims from both sides. The book also contains seven detailed appendices examining the victory claims of all the air forces that fought during September 1918. Although it is difficult to pin-point exactly who was fighting who high above the trenches, by pouring over maps and carefully studying almost all the surviving records, the picture of ‘who got who’ in the air slowly begins to emerge with deadly accuracy. Black September 1918 is an essential reference piece to understanding one of the crucial months of war in the skies.
Only 9 left in stock | <urn:uuid:1066f94e-381c-43c8-b793-c27a61e97218> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.naval-military-press.com/product/black-september-1918wwis-darkest-month-in-the-air/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592394.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118081234-20200118105234-00344.warc.gz | en | 0.981738 | 337 | 3.265625 | 3 | [
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0.686503... | 1 | The follow-up to Bloody April 1917 continues fifteen months later into World War I. Much had happened over this period. More battles had been fought, won and lost on both sides, but now the American strength was feeding in to France with both men and material. With the mighty push on the French/American Front at St Mihiel on 12 September and then along the Meuse-Argonne Front from the 26th, once more masses of men and aircraft were put into the air. They were opposed by no less a formidable German fighter force than had the squadrons in April 1917 although the numbers were not in their favour. Nevertheless, the German fighter pilots were able to inflict an even larger toll of British, French and American aircraft shot down, making this the worst month for the Allied flyers during the whole of World War I and this just a mere six weeks from the war’s bloody finale.
BLACK SEPTEMBER 1918 WWI’s Darkest Month in the Air
As with their previous book, the authors of Black September 1918 have analysed the daily events throughout September with the use of lists of casualties and claims from both sides. The book also contains seven detailed appendices examining the victory claims of all the air forces that fought during September 1918. Although it is difficult to pin-point exactly who was fighting who high above the trenches, by pouring over maps and carefully studying almost all the surviving records, the picture of ‘who got who’ in the air slowly begins to emerge with deadly accuracy. Black September 1918 is an essential reference piece to understanding one of the crucial months of war in the skies.
Only 9 left in stock | 354 | ENGLISH | 1 |
Genoa, inside the 11th century, Genoese and Pisans captured Almadia and Subelia in Africa. Inside the 15th 100 years, the hundred year conflict ended coming from a frightening time from the Europeans. The 15th 100 years was a time of change and Europe and Spain produced the effort to move to the American lands. Spain and Europe did not really know what to expect in regards to traveling to the new world. Soon came of Chistoforo Columbo or Cristobal Colon, given birth to in 1446. Columbus when he is known following his loss of life in 1506 changed the world for The european countries, Spain and the New World.
In the moments of Europe various difficulties came upon. The operate to the fresh word became a transact boom in the 15th century. There was importance demand on the companies plus the rising export supply became too much intended for the local people to handle. Inside the rise of exports the supplies needed to be shipped from Asia for the Americans. In the American area, where the many Europeans planned to sail to, the new sailors that came were not accepted since Americans, even though non-e had been truly regarded as Americans till later inside the time of America. " The ocean trade acquired multiplied by leaps and bounds" (Hale, John Ur. 513). The road of trade was soon taken by Italy and some from the ships were entering to the brand new world. There was clearly a demand to get food in Europe during the time of Columbus plus the main marine route intended for trade was between the North Sea and the Mediterranean. While the transact increased, The european union began to get products including, pepper, this kind of gave Europe the better of a opportunity to cruise to the new world. The transact in European countries made Europeans richer in the sense of knowledge and began to deliver Europeans to another level of connection with the different lands.
Europe was never a lot aware of their surroundings, that they only understood of close lands such as the Mediterranean. Ferdinand and Isabella were not happy to negotiate with Columbus until the fall of Granada. Columbus then acquired no potential for bringing the persons of Europe to the Fresh Land due to lack of cash support via Ferdinand and Isabella. In Europe around the time of 1492, the people of Europe were striving to access a new property where they will could live out their religion and live freely. The Mediterranean supplied Europe using a basis of a self included geographical product. As the Europeans became more aware about their environment, people became more troubled to find the new world that nobody knew of. In the year 1492, the people of Europe started to gather with each other and cruise to the fresh lands, not being aware of of where these people were headed. The navigation from the Europeans started to increase while Columbus started to change the world for them. Europe's knowledge improvised to all different ones and started to spread drastically as Europeans fled to the new world.
Europe's change in the year 1492 was a change of going from Medieval to modern day. Most people inside the medieval regarding Europe stayed strictly in church and their only authority was the scriptures. When Columbus was born there are about fifty-five million persons in Europe, at that time persons would only treasure close belongings right up until Columbus arrived. The people of Europe began to change the way that they considered the world beyond them and just how they were changing. When books came to European countries in regarding 1490, there was a change that made The european countries discover more than they thought they would at any time know. Though Columbus was looked at still like a ancient man, those of The european union looked towards him since changing many ways of their lives. The Europeans knew that their community was changing some pertaining to the good and several for the bad when in 1481; this is when the Europeans turned to horrible. Around that period there were three hundred heretics had been burned to death and then there were 3 thousand even more that were then simply burnt once again in the next a decade. The Europeans made their change from Medieval to Modern and began to take control of their needs by using the most modern information current help of Columbus some of them... | <urn:uuid:d1f48e92-2f4c-4319-89f3-bd69d8fe6929> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://natronaschoolsblog.org/how-christopher-columbus/32019-how-christopher-columbus-was-influential-to.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591763.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118023429-20200118051429-00093.warc.gz | en | 0.981983 | 853 | 3.625 | 4 | [
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0.32756048440933... | 1 | Genoa, inside the 11th century, Genoese and Pisans captured Almadia and Subelia in Africa. Inside the 15th 100 years, the hundred year conflict ended coming from a frightening time from the Europeans. The 15th 100 years was a time of change and Europe and Spain produced the effort to move to the American lands. Spain and Europe did not really know what to expect in regards to traveling to the new world. Soon came of Chistoforo Columbo or Cristobal Colon, given birth to in 1446. Columbus when he is known following his loss of life in 1506 changed the world for The european countries, Spain and the New World.
In the moments of Europe various difficulties came upon. The operate to the fresh word became a transact boom in the 15th century. There was importance demand on the companies plus the rising export supply became too much intended for the local people to handle. Inside the rise of exports the supplies needed to be shipped from Asia for the Americans. In the American area, where the many Europeans planned to sail to, the new sailors that came were not accepted since Americans, even though non-e had been truly regarded as Americans till later inside the time of America. " The ocean trade acquired multiplied by leaps and bounds" (Hale, John Ur. 513). The road of trade was soon taken by Italy and some from the ships were entering to the brand new world. There was clearly a demand to get food in Europe during the time of Columbus plus the main marine route intended for trade was between the North Sea and the Mediterranean. While the transact increased, The european union began to get products including, pepper, this kind of gave Europe the better of a opportunity to cruise to the new world. The transact in European countries made Europeans richer in the sense of knowledge and began to deliver Europeans to another level of connection with the different lands.
Europe was never a lot aware of their surroundings, that they only understood of close lands such as the Mediterranean. Ferdinand and Isabella were not happy to negotiate with Columbus until the fall of Granada. Columbus then acquired no potential for bringing the persons of Europe to the Fresh Land due to lack of cash support via Ferdinand and Isabella. In Europe around the time of 1492, the people of Europe were striving to access a new property where they will could live out their religion and live freely. The Mediterranean supplied Europe using a basis of a self included geographical product. As the Europeans became more aware about their environment, people became more troubled to find the new world that nobody knew of. In the year 1492, the people of Europe started to gather with each other and cruise to the fresh lands, not being aware of of where these people were headed. The navigation from the Europeans started to increase while Columbus started to change the world for them. Europe's knowledge improvised to all different ones and started to spread drastically as Europeans fled to the new world.
Europe's change in the year 1492 was a change of going from Medieval to modern day. Most people inside the medieval regarding Europe stayed strictly in church and their only authority was the scriptures. When Columbus was born there are about fifty-five million persons in Europe, at that time persons would only treasure close belongings right up until Columbus arrived. The people of Europe began to change the way that they considered the world beyond them and just how they were changing. When books came to European countries in regarding 1490, there was a change that made The european countries discover more than they thought they would at any time know. Though Columbus was looked at still like a ancient man, those of The european union looked towards him since changing many ways of their lives. The Europeans knew that their community was changing some pertaining to the good and several for the bad when in 1481; this is when the Europeans turned to horrible. Around that period there were three hundred heretics had been burned to death and then there were 3 thousand even more that were then simply burnt once again in the next a decade. The Europeans made their change from Medieval to Modern and began to take control of their needs by using the most modern information current help of Columbus some of them... | 881 | ENGLISH | 1 |
To begin the lesson today, I gather the students as show them the video clip below, which depicts an electromagnet at work, in a real life situation. The beginning of the video looks like a giant magnet lifting tire rims. The second half shows the metal falling from the magnet. Due to the research the students have done in lessons 1 and 2, they understand that this is because there is an electromagnet at work.
I ask them to discuss with their shoulder partner how they think they might build their own electromagnet and what materials they would need to use.
After the students discuss their ideas with their peers, I show them the science counter. On it I have wires, long and short, batteries, rivets, light bulbs, motors, circuit boards, small metal washers, switches, magnets, tin foil, and string.
I explain that each team should discuss how they will build an electromagnet and what supplies they will "check out" of the science counter for their work trays.
I then give each team 5 minutes to discuss and plan before "checking out" their materials.
While students create their models, I circulate, and help if asked, question and prompt thinking. Many of the students did not have electromagnets that worked at the beginning, but I was very impressed that no one had string, foil, or magnets on their tray!
In this clip, the students had a model that worked, but was hard to use. However, they could explain how they built it and showed me the success of the model. My next move with them was to rebuild it so that they could move the rivet around freely and move the washers from one end of the tray to the other. They were still working on it when today's session ended!
In this clip, the same group was working on my challenge. Their first try was to just pick up part of the circuit and move it! Finally I made a suggestion, which went unnoticed. I also challenged them to pick up the washers and have them placed into a receptacle without using their hands. After all, electromagnets can be turned on and off.
In order to close, review, and pre teach for tomorrow, I asked the students to discuss, as a class what was successful and challenging.
I then asked the group to share with, each other, what they might try tomorrow and how they revised during today's session.
This type of review and discussion is simple, yet very effective, as it causes the students to remain in the "invention" phase of the science. They need to evaluate their techniques, outcomes, critique other's success, and learn from failures. Sounds like Edison and Einstein to me! | <urn:uuid:9e692586-4573-4c4d-a3c0-aec362f8b6c4> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://betterlesson.com/lesson/641164/electromagnets-3-3?from=master_teacher_curriculum | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607407.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122191620-20200122220620-00232.warc.gz | en | 0.980411 | 559 | 3.734375 | 4 | [
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0.05432106181979... | 1 | To begin the lesson today, I gather the students as show them the video clip below, which depicts an electromagnet at work, in a real life situation. The beginning of the video looks like a giant magnet lifting tire rims. The second half shows the metal falling from the magnet. Due to the research the students have done in lessons 1 and 2, they understand that this is because there is an electromagnet at work.
I ask them to discuss with their shoulder partner how they think they might build their own electromagnet and what materials they would need to use.
After the students discuss their ideas with their peers, I show them the science counter. On it I have wires, long and short, batteries, rivets, light bulbs, motors, circuit boards, small metal washers, switches, magnets, tin foil, and string.
I explain that each team should discuss how they will build an electromagnet and what supplies they will "check out" of the science counter for their work trays.
I then give each team 5 minutes to discuss and plan before "checking out" their materials.
While students create their models, I circulate, and help if asked, question and prompt thinking. Many of the students did not have electromagnets that worked at the beginning, but I was very impressed that no one had string, foil, or magnets on their tray!
In this clip, the students had a model that worked, but was hard to use. However, they could explain how they built it and showed me the success of the model. My next move with them was to rebuild it so that they could move the rivet around freely and move the washers from one end of the tray to the other. They were still working on it when today's session ended!
In this clip, the same group was working on my challenge. Their first try was to just pick up part of the circuit and move it! Finally I made a suggestion, which went unnoticed. I also challenged them to pick up the washers and have them placed into a receptacle without using their hands. After all, electromagnets can be turned on and off.
In order to close, review, and pre teach for tomorrow, I asked the students to discuss, as a class what was successful and challenging.
I then asked the group to share with, each other, what they might try tomorrow and how they revised during today's session.
This type of review and discussion is simple, yet very effective, as it causes the students to remain in the "invention" phase of the science. They need to evaluate their techniques, outcomes, critique other's success, and learn from failures. Sounds like Edison and Einstein to me! | 547 | ENGLISH | 1 |
People often act pleasant and smile, when talking to another person, but what they are saying is really cutting and hurts the other person. Haven't you seen people feeling sad, yet they are smiling? Subtext can be used with people acting differently from what they're feeling. "Pretend your happy when you're blue," is a line from a song, which illustrates how most of us live.
In fact, this is how your characters should behave in your script. When you write subtext in your screenplay you may either involve both characters who know what's really going on, but neither is being honest. You could say they both are playing a role to avoid being hurt. A good example of this could be when you're writing about a romantic relationship which is about to end. "It isn't you, it's me," is a great line of subtext, when the one who's breaking up tries not to hurt the other.
You also may use subtext involving only just one character, while the other has no idea what's really going on. Let's say a man has just gotten fired from his job. He comes home to his wife and family but doesn't say a word about getting fired. However, he just begins yelling at his kids to put away their toys, Then he starts an argument with his wife about her being a terrible housekeeper. Finally, he kicks the dog.
This is an example of a character acting one way but feeling another. He's taking out his frustration at losing his job on his family and his dog. His wife and his children don't know what's really going on with him. He probably feels ashamed, low self-esteem and fear about how he's going to support his family. But he's the only one who knows the real reason he's behaving in such a mean way. He's the only one involved with the subtext of his actions and words, since nobody else is aware he was fired. Subtext is the undercurrent behind his actions and words. It is the emotional truth he's really feeling underneath his surface, ranging from fear, guilt and insecurity.
Most of us hide who we really are behind our masks, especially when it comes from our need to survive. We learn how to hide our real feelings when we are children. Our feelings go underground and we live in subtext just to get along in school, at home and with friends.
Was this article helpful? | <urn:uuid:78b9aaf5-f3c8-4880-992e-b5c87fd7d9ee> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.bookshep.com/creative/actions-speak-louder-than-words.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250628549.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125011232-20200125040232-00493.warc.gz | en | 0.993725 | 497 | 3.265625 | 3 | [
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0.1820016801357269... | 1 | People often act pleasant and smile, when talking to another person, but what they are saying is really cutting and hurts the other person. Haven't you seen people feeling sad, yet they are smiling? Subtext can be used with people acting differently from what they're feeling. "Pretend your happy when you're blue," is a line from a song, which illustrates how most of us live.
In fact, this is how your characters should behave in your script. When you write subtext in your screenplay you may either involve both characters who know what's really going on, but neither is being honest. You could say they both are playing a role to avoid being hurt. A good example of this could be when you're writing about a romantic relationship which is about to end. "It isn't you, it's me," is a great line of subtext, when the one who's breaking up tries not to hurt the other.
You also may use subtext involving only just one character, while the other has no idea what's really going on. Let's say a man has just gotten fired from his job. He comes home to his wife and family but doesn't say a word about getting fired. However, he just begins yelling at his kids to put away their toys, Then he starts an argument with his wife about her being a terrible housekeeper. Finally, he kicks the dog.
This is an example of a character acting one way but feeling another. He's taking out his frustration at losing his job on his family and his dog. His wife and his children don't know what's really going on with him. He probably feels ashamed, low self-esteem and fear about how he's going to support his family. But he's the only one who knows the real reason he's behaving in such a mean way. He's the only one involved with the subtext of his actions and words, since nobody else is aware he was fired. Subtext is the undercurrent behind his actions and words. It is the emotional truth he's really feeling underneath his surface, ranging from fear, guilt and insecurity.
Most of us hide who we really are behind our masks, especially when it comes from our need to survive. We learn how to hide our real feelings when we are children. Our feelings go underground and we live in subtext just to get along in school, at home and with friends.
Was this article helpful? | 491 | ENGLISH | 1 |
On January 22nd, 1521, the new Emperor Charles V opened his first Imperial Diet at Worms. As King of Spain, he had had domestic matters to attend to between the time of his election (June, 1519) and his coronation (October), but now the Lutheran heresy was to come before him at Worms.
The Bondage of the Will, by Martin Luther; translation and introduction by J. I. Packer & O. R. Johnston
Aleander, armed with the Papal Bull of excommunication, was hoping for condemnation without a trial. Charles, knowing that there was strong support for Luther in Germany, understood that there would be bloodshed if Luther was condemned without a hearing.
Luther arrived under an Imperial safe-conduct. He was shown his books and asked to recant them all; he asked for a day to consider. The following day he attempted to make a distinction between his various works and to secure a debate from Scripture on them. This request was refused – he was ordered to recant. Luther could not do so unless convinced from Scripture or plain reason.
Luther left Worms, still under safe-conduct. On the return to Wittenberg he disappeared. Rumors of his death spread; instead, he was in hiding in one of Frederick’s castles in Wartburg – spending several months in disguise. He would spend the time studying and thinking, all the while his hatred of the Roman doctrine would increase.
Aleander was the sworn enemy of Erasmus – calling Erasmus the great cornerstone of the Lutheran heresy; he worked to drag Erasmus into the matter. Erasmus feared that Luther’s burning was at hand. Yet both Luther and Erasmus came to understand that confrontation between the two of them was inevitable.
Erasmus preferred peace; Luther preferred the cross (as he saw it). Erasmus was not ignorant of the dilemma: he rightly saw that virtually any solution to the crisis would be a bad one. As much as Luther would flee from moderation, Erasmus saw that the Church would do the same.
Meanwhile Erasmus moved to Basel, hoping to avoid the confrontation. The new Pope, Adrian VI, was an old school friend of Erasmus. The Pope urged Erasmus to come to Rome and write against Luther; Erasmus politely refused. However, he did counsel moderation and urged Adrian to attempt real reform. Even through 1522, Erasmus urged caution and moderation, urging against the burning of Luther’s books and against heated, polemical writing. A counsel of serious and dispassionate scholars should be established to decide what to do.
Then in 1523, the king of England would urge Erasmus to write against Luther; the walls were closing in on Erasmus to take sides. The first martyrs of the Reformation had died at Brussels. Erasmus never ceased to deplore the situation, writing “What Luther wrote of the tyranny, avarice, and iniquity of the Roman curia – would that it were false!”
Erasmus would show the evils of Rome, yet would not write of the good – at least according to Luther. By the end of the year, Erasmus decides he must write something on free-will, but does not want it published until he leaves Germany. In 1524, Luther suggests to Erasmus that neither should write against the other, counseling Erasmus to remain a spectator to the tragedy.
Erasmus would reply with bitterness. Satan might delude Luther’s mind, with broken friendships and bloodshed the result. In September 1524, his book on free will was published – a result, no doubt, of the constant pressure on Erasmus by both friends and enemies to take a stand.
The Pope, the Emperor, and Henry VIII all praised the work. Melanchthon noted that there remained many points of agreement between Erasmus and Luther. Erasmus would go on to write that he saw Luther as one in a long line that God used to chastise the chosen people for their own good.
Luther would respond to Erasmus’s book on free will. He would write On the Enslaved Will – four times the length of Erasmus’s work, strongly controversial in tone and considerably blunter than Erasmus had been. Luther wrote to Erasmus to explain his tone (it was nasty); Erasmus would reply in a terse, bitter letter in April 1526.
Erasmus sees Luther as a destroyer of civil, religious and cultural harmony and order. In later years, Erasmus would cool, noting that freedom of the will is a thorny issue which profits little to debate:
‘…let us leave it to professed theologians. But we can agree that man of his own power can do nothing and is wholly dependent on the mercy of God; that faith is of great value, a gift of the Holy Spirit, though we may have differences of opinion as to the precise mode of its operation’
Luther saw Erasmus as an enemy of God, an Epicurean and a serpent. And he was not afraid to say so. And we know the rest of the history.
The authors close the introduction with an expansion of just what Luther meant by free will. It had nothing to do with the daily choices people make – although many would paint Luther with this brush.
It was man’s total inability to save himself, and the sovereignty of Divine grace in his salvation, that Luther was affirming when he denied ‘free-will’…The ‘free-will’ in question was ‘free-will’ in relation to God and the things of God. …The whole work of man’s salvation, first to last, is God’s; and all the glory for it must be God’s also.
While I have my own thoughts on the matter, I will keep these to myself. As you know, for purposes of this blog such things are secondary. The important matter here was that Christendom – with all of the good and not-so-good that came with it – was to be fractured, leading to war and, ultimately, the Enlightenment. Neither a good outcome for liberty.
Erasmus offered an approach that, if followed early on and before Luther became so hard-headed, could have led to some proper end – proper reforms in Church practices and a proper hearing for the theological questions. Unfortunately, too many people stood against such a path.
After the introduction comes the translation of Luther’s work – his reply to Erasmus. I could only read a few pages – not that I was planning to write on any of it. Luther is nasty – truly nasty:
…your book…struck me as so worthless and poor…
…what kept me from rushing in with an answer to you was…simply disgust, disinclination, and distaste – which, if I may say so, express my judgement of your Diatribe.
Luther ends his introduction by hoping that one day he and Erasmus can again meet as loving brothers. His tone and arrogance ensured that this could never be the case. | <urn:uuid:c27815a8-4fe9-47b4-925b-0932c17d5ba4> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://bionicmosquito.blogspot.com/2020/01/the-final-divide.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251788528.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129041149-20200129071149-00376.warc.gz | en | 0.980897 | 1,517 | 3.390625 | 3 | [
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0.094012618064... | 4 | On January 22nd, 1521, the new Emperor Charles V opened his first Imperial Diet at Worms. As King of Spain, he had had domestic matters to attend to between the time of his election (June, 1519) and his coronation (October), but now the Lutheran heresy was to come before him at Worms.
The Bondage of the Will, by Martin Luther; translation and introduction by J. I. Packer & O. R. Johnston
Aleander, armed with the Papal Bull of excommunication, was hoping for condemnation without a trial. Charles, knowing that there was strong support for Luther in Germany, understood that there would be bloodshed if Luther was condemned without a hearing.
Luther arrived under an Imperial safe-conduct. He was shown his books and asked to recant them all; he asked for a day to consider. The following day he attempted to make a distinction between his various works and to secure a debate from Scripture on them. This request was refused – he was ordered to recant. Luther could not do so unless convinced from Scripture or plain reason.
Luther left Worms, still under safe-conduct. On the return to Wittenberg he disappeared. Rumors of his death spread; instead, he was in hiding in one of Frederick’s castles in Wartburg – spending several months in disguise. He would spend the time studying and thinking, all the while his hatred of the Roman doctrine would increase.
Aleander was the sworn enemy of Erasmus – calling Erasmus the great cornerstone of the Lutheran heresy; he worked to drag Erasmus into the matter. Erasmus feared that Luther’s burning was at hand. Yet both Luther and Erasmus came to understand that confrontation between the two of them was inevitable.
Erasmus preferred peace; Luther preferred the cross (as he saw it). Erasmus was not ignorant of the dilemma: he rightly saw that virtually any solution to the crisis would be a bad one. As much as Luther would flee from moderation, Erasmus saw that the Church would do the same.
Meanwhile Erasmus moved to Basel, hoping to avoid the confrontation. The new Pope, Adrian VI, was an old school friend of Erasmus. The Pope urged Erasmus to come to Rome and write against Luther; Erasmus politely refused. However, he did counsel moderation and urged Adrian to attempt real reform. Even through 1522, Erasmus urged caution and moderation, urging against the burning of Luther’s books and against heated, polemical writing. A counsel of serious and dispassionate scholars should be established to decide what to do.
Then in 1523, the king of England would urge Erasmus to write against Luther; the walls were closing in on Erasmus to take sides. The first martyrs of the Reformation had died at Brussels. Erasmus never ceased to deplore the situation, writing “What Luther wrote of the tyranny, avarice, and iniquity of the Roman curia – would that it were false!”
Erasmus would show the evils of Rome, yet would not write of the good – at least according to Luther. By the end of the year, Erasmus decides he must write something on free-will, but does not want it published until he leaves Germany. In 1524, Luther suggests to Erasmus that neither should write against the other, counseling Erasmus to remain a spectator to the tragedy.
Erasmus would reply with bitterness. Satan might delude Luther’s mind, with broken friendships and bloodshed the result. In September 1524, his book on free will was published – a result, no doubt, of the constant pressure on Erasmus by both friends and enemies to take a stand.
The Pope, the Emperor, and Henry VIII all praised the work. Melanchthon noted that there remained many points of agreement between Erasmus and Luther. Erasmus would go on to write that he saw Luther as one in a long line that God used to chastise the chosen people for their own good.
Luther would respond to Erasmus’s book on free will. He would write On the Enslaved Will – four times the length of Erasmus’s work, strongly controversial in tone and considerably blunter than Erasmus had been. Luther wrote to Erasmus to explain his tone (it was nasty); Erasmus would reply in a terse, bitter letter in April 1526.
Erasmus sees Luther as a destroyer of civil, religious and cultural harmony and order. In later years, Erasmus would cool, noting that freedom of the will is a thorny issue which profits little to debate:
‘…let us leave it to professed theologians. But we can agree that man of his own power can do nothing and is wholly dependent on the mercy of God; that faith is of great value, a gift of the Holy Spirit, though we may have differences of opinion as to the precise mode of its operation’
Luther saw Erasmus as an enemy of God, an Epicurean and a serpent. And he was not afraid to say so. And we know the rest of the history.
The authors close the introduction with an expansion of just what Luther meant by free will. It had nothing to do with the daily choices people make – although many would paint Luther with this brush.
It was man’s total inability to save himself, and the sovereignty of Divine grace in his salvation, that Luther was affirming when he denied ‘free-will’…The ‘free-will’ in question was ‘free-will’ in relation to God and the things of God. …The whole work of man’s salvation, first to last, is God’s; and all the glory for it must be God’s also.
While I have my own thoughts on the matter, I will keep these to myself. As you know, for purposes of this blog such things are secondary. The important matter here was that Christendom – with all of the good and not-so-good that came with it – was to be fractured, leading to war and, ultimately, the Enlightenment. Neither a good outcome for liberty.
Erasmus offered an approach that, if followed early on and before Luther became so hard-headed, could have led to some proper end – proper reforms in Church practices and a proper hearing for the theological questions. Unfortunately, too many people stood against such a path.
After the introduction comes the translation of Luther’s work – his reply to Erasmus. I could only read a few pages – not that I was planning to write on any of it. Luther is nasty – truly nasty:
…your book…struck me as so worthless and poor…
…what kept me from rushing in with an answer to you was…simply disgust, disinclination, and distaste – which, if I may say so, express my judgement of your Diatribe.
Luther ends his introduction by hoping that one day he and Erasmus can again meet as loving brothers. His tone and arrogance ensured that this could never be the case. | 1,449 | ENGLISH | 1 |
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