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Throughout the medieval period a multitude of monastic organisations owned a large amount of property in and around London, consisting of both buildings and farming land. Almost all of it changed hands within the space of about a decade in what was probably the largest transfer of land in London’s long history. In the latter 1520s Henry VIII, who had been a strong supporter of the Pope and the Catholic Church, sought an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he could marry Anne Boleyn. Catherine was the niece of Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain however so it was not an approval that the pontiff could easily give. In order to exert pressure Henry appointed reformists to key political and religious posts in England and began passing laws to curb the privileges of the Church. After Pope Clement wrote to Henry in 1531 to give his refusal the King took steps to separate the Church in England from Rome. The Act of Succession of 1534 declared Catherine’s daughter Mary a bastard and confirmed Anne’s daughter Elizabeth as Henry’s heir. A few months later the Act of Supremacy appointed Henry and his successors as the highest authority of the Church in England. Clergy and those in significant positions were required to swear an oath of allegiance, recognising Henry’s authority, with punishment by death for those who refused. Henry surrounded himself with those who supported religious reform, most notably Thomas Cromwell who became the King’s chief minister from 1532. They were influenced by the evangelical Protestant philosophy arriving from Germany and Switzerland that was opposed to monasticism. All monarchs tended to require additional funds and the many wealthy religious institutions were an easy target for their new superior. From 1535 a valuation of Church property took place in order to levy taxes efficiently. The following year it was decreed that all institutions with a gross income of less than two hundred pounds would close and their property be taken by the Crown. In 1532 the priory of Holy Trinity, one of London’s famous monasteries, but which had large debts at the time, was forced to hand over its various lands around London. The site of the priory came into the hands of Sir Thomas Audley who, failing to sell the building, had it demolished. In 1534 Cromwell settled in a house near Stepney church and devoted his energies to demolishing the religious houses. Richard Layton, former rector of Stepney, was dispatched around the country to investigate abuses and to require monks to swear allegiance to Henry as head of the Church. When they refused, the house was dissolved and their property seized. If they accepted, other means were found to dissolve their house. The Franciscan Friars Observant, particularly those based at Sheen (modern-day Richmond) and Greenwich, had been critical of the King’s marriage to Anne. In 1534 Henry had the entire order closed throughout England and two hundred friars imprisoned until they died, probably of starvation. A revolt in the north of England against the religious changes by the King’s “low-born” councillors strengthened Henry’s resolve and the pace of closure of monasteries accelerated during 1536 until eventually five hundred and sixty English monasteries had been dissolved. Over fifteen thousand monks and nuns were ejected from their premises and more than two hundred thousand pounds seized. Members of the religious orders who resisted the closures could find themselves tortured and in some cases brutally executed. Those who complied with the King’s wishes and departed their monastic communities were granted a pension by the Crown. The first to close in the immediate area around London was Elsing Spital for the blind at Cripplegate. John Houghton, the prior of Charterhouse priory, along with two others visited Thomas Cromwell to debate Henry’s supremacy, for which the three Carthusian monks were hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn. The remaining members of the Charterhouse community refused to sign the Oath of Supremacy. Four others were executed and nine taken to Newgate prison in 1537 where they were chained upright until they died of starvation. The monastery closed and the building was later acquired by Lord North, a Privy Councillor. The small and ancient Benedictine convent at Bromley stood where the road out of London crossed the River Lea. It dated back to Saxon times and was possibly contemporaneous with Westminster Abbey but was never an influential or wealthy institution. It was dissolved in 1535 and the land granted to Sir Ralph Sadler, who was later to become Henry’s Ambassador to Scotland. Larger monasteries began to be closed from 1538, beginning with Bermondsey Abbey at the start of the year, followed by Blackfriars, Grey Friars in Newgate Street, Whitefriars at Fleet Street, St.Helen’s priory at Bishopsgate (the dormitory of which was acquired by the Leathersellers’ Company), St.Mary’s Priory at Merton, Austin Friars, St.Martin’s le Grand and Stratford Langthorne Abbey. More closures took place the following year: the great St.Bartholomew’s Priory at Smithfield (much of it later coming into the ownership of Sir Richard Rich); Holywell Priory in Shoreditch; St.Mary Spital outside Bishopsgate; The Abbey of St.Clare’s at Minories; Crutched Friars, inside the city walls near Aldgate; St.Mary Graces near the Tower; Southwark Priory; St.Giles’s hospital; St.Mary’s nunnery at Clerkenwell; Syon Abbey; and Sheen Priory. Barking Abbey, in which William the Conqueror had lived almost five hundred years earlier during the construction of the Tower, was another victim. In 1541 all but its curfew tower was demolished and its stones used for repairs at Greenwich Palace. The Order of the Knights of St.John, which could trace its ancestry back to the time of the Crusades, was dissolved in 1540, along with Kilburn Priory, and its premises of St.John’s Gate at Clerkenwell acquired by the King to be used for storage of his hunting tents. The beautiful tower was later blown up by the Earl of Somerset, Protector to Edward VI, to provide materials for his Somerset House. Westminster – St.Peter’s Abbey – was dissolved gradually over a number of years. A new, compliant abbot was appointed by Thomas Cromwell in 1533. Three years later the monastery’s manors of Ebury, Hyde, Toddington, Neyte and Covent Garden were given to the King. Some of its lands were transferred to St.Paul’s Cathedral, hence the expression ‘robbing Peter to pay Paul’. In 1540 the abbot and the remaining twenty four monks agreed to surrender the abbey and the authorities ransacked the building, taking everything of value. St.Katharine’s, outside the City beyond the Tower, had for centuries enjoyed the patronage of the Queen Consort or Queen Dowager. Despite Henry’s annulment of his marriage Catherine continued as the priory’s patron. It was never dissolved and during the following decades became a Protestant establishment. It continues into modern times and is currently based in Stepney. Various groups benefited from the seizures. Firstly there was Henry himself who was able to acquire certain properties that could be used to build new palaces, as well as parks to be used as hunting grounds. He also gained directly or indirectly from land and property that was auctioned, with proceeds going to the royal purse or the Exchequer. Secondly there were former tenants of the religious houses who were sold or granted use of the properties. Urban property was generally released on to the market or given away. A number of royal courtiers and officials who were in favour at the time were granted or were able to acquire properties, particularly those at the Court of Augmentations, which was responsible for the transfers. Sir Thomas Cawarden, Master of the Rolls, gained Blackfriars monastery; and the Lord Treasurer, Sir William Paulet acquired Austin Friars monastery. Bermondsey Abbey came into the ownership of Sir Thomas Pope, Treasurer of the Court of Augmentations. Thomas Audley, one of the King’s most loyal ministers, acquired the Augustinian priory of Holy Trinity at Aldgate, which he partly redeveloped into a row of houses. Many properties simply remained empty for a time, falling into ruin and gradually finding new owners and uses over quite a long period. For example, much of Holy Trinity disintegrated until it was merely a shell. Over forty years later a survey recorded that the Romanesque arches remained but the roof was gone and within its shell a number of houses had been built. Others were simply demolished and built over, with the stonework used to create new buildings. Some properties had been rented out by the monasteries and probably continued with the same tenants but different landlords. A number of the monastic churches were acquired by the local people as parish churches. Some monastic hospitals, such as those for lepers at St.Giles and St.James’s, closed for ever while others such as St.Bartholomew’s and St.Thomas’s continue as secular institutions to this day. St.Mary of Bethlehem near Bishopsgate was by the 16th century primarily a secular hospital for the insane – ‘Bedlam’ – and was therefore never dissolved. The monasteries were liberties, areas outside the control of the City of London, and that privilege continued in some instances into the 19th century even though the ecclesiastic estates were no longer in existence. Many of those areas, such as the former Carmelite (or Whitefriars) Priory south of Fleet Street, became havens for debtors, prostitutes and refugees from the authorities. Several decades after its suppression Holywell was where James Burbage built his theatre at which Shakespeare’s plays were first performed. Norton Folgate, outside of Bishopsgate, later attracted religious dissenters such as Catholics and Quakers. No doubt the price of land fell with so much of it coming on to the market so suddenly. During the 1560s a contemporary historian recorded that: “Fair houses in London are plenteous, and very easy to be had at low and small rents, and by reason of the late dissolution of religious houses many houses in London stood vacant…”. Sources include: John Schofield ‘London 1100-1600’; John Richardson ‘The Annals of London’; Liza Picard ‘Elizabeth’s London’; Sir Hubert Llewellyn Smith ‘The History of East London’. With thanks to Olwen Maynard for help with fact-checking, additional information and proof-reading. < Go back to In Brief: Tudor London Forward to St.Paul’s Cathedral during the Reformation >	<urn:uuid:c78a0cf2-9333-4619-bf44-6e2a32084f83>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.thehistoryoflondon.co.uk/dissolution-of-the-london-monasteries/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604397.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121132900-20200121161900-00096.warc.gz	en	0.983651	2,320	3.8125	4	[ -0.1783558428287506, 0.10026706755161285, 0.1398800015449524, -0.25209110975265503, 0.07948176562786102, -0.4133532643318176, -0.02998349815607071, -0.0333545096218586, 0.2848387360572815, 0.034476637840270996, -0.2941851317882538, -0.4766407608985901, -0.11252310127019882, 0.1581849455833...	3	Throughout the medieval period a multitude of monastic organisations owned a large amount of property in and around London, consisting of both buildings and farming land. Almost all of it changed hands within the space of about a decade in what was probably the largest transfer of land in London’s long history. In the latter 1520s Henry VIII, who had been a strong supporter of the Pope and the Catholic Church, sought an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon so he could marry Anne Boleyn. Catherine was the niece of Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain however so it was not an approval that the pontiff could easily give. In order to exert pressure Henry appointed reformists to key political and religious posts in England and began passing laws to curb the privileges of the Church. After Pope Clement wrote to Henry in 1531 to give his refusal the King took steps to separate the Church in England from Rome. The Act of Succession of 1534 declared Catherine’s daughter Mary a bastard and confirmed Anne’s daughter Elizabeth as Henry’s heir. A few months later the Act of Supremacy appointed Henry and his successors as the highest authority of the Church in England. Clergy and those in significant positions were required to swear an oath of allegiance, recognising Henry’s authority, with punishment by death for those who refused. Henry surrounded himself with those who supported religious reform, most notably Thomas Cromwell who became the King’s chief minister from 1532. They were influenced by the evangelical Protestant philosophy arriving from Germany and Switzerland that was opposed to monasticism. All monarchs tended to require additional funds and the many wealthy religious institutions were an easy target for their new superior. From 1535 a valuation of Church property took place in order to levy taxes efficiently. The following year it was decreed that all institutions with a gross income of less than two hundred pounds would close and their property be taken by the Crown. In 1532 the priory of Holy Trinity, one of London’s famous monasteries, but which had large debts at the time, was forced to hand over its various lands around London. The site of the priory came into the hands of Sir Thomas Audley who, failing to sell the building, had it demolished. In 1534 Cromwell settled in a house near Stepney church and devoted his energies to demolishing the religious houses. Richard Layton, former rector of Stepney, was dispatched around the country to investigate abuses and to require monks to swear allegiance to Henry as head of the Church. When they refused, the house was dissolved and their property seized. If they accepted, other means were found to dissolve their house. The Franciscan Friars Observant, particularly those based at Sheen (modern-day Richmond) and Greenwich, had been critical of the King’s marriage to Anne. In 1534 Henry had the entire order closed throughout England and two hundred friars imprisoned until they died, probably of starvation. A revolt in the north of England against the religious changes by the King’s “low-born” councillors strengthened Henry’s resolve and the pace of closure of monasteries accelerated during 1536 until eventually five hundred and sixty English monasteries had been dissolved. Over fifteen thousand monks and nuns were ejected from their premises and more than two hundred thousand pounds seized. Members of the religious orders who resisted the closures could find themselves tortured and in some cases brutally executed. Those who complied with the King’s wishes and departed their monastic communities were granted a pension by the Crown. The first to close in the immediate area around London was Elsing Spital for the blind at Cripplegate. John Houghton, the prior of Charterhouse priory, along with two others visited Thomas Cromwell to debate Henry’s supremacy, for which the three Carthusian monks were hanged, drawn and quartered at Tyburn. The remaining members of the Charterhouse community refused to sign the Oath of Supremacy. Four others were executed and nine taken to Newgate prison in 1537 where they were chained upright until they died of starvation. The monastery closed and the building was later acquired by Lord North, a Privy Councillor. The small and ancient Benedictine convent at Bromley stood where the road out of London crossed the River Lea. It dated back to Saxon times and was possibly contemporaneous with Westminster Abbey but was never an influential or wealthy institution. It was dissolved in 1535 and the land granted to Sir Ralph Sadler, who was later to become Henry’s Ambassador to Scotland. Larger monasteries began to be closed from 1538, beginning with Bermondsey Abbey at the start of the year, followed by Blackfriars, Grey Friars in Newgate Street, Whitefriars at Fleet Street, St.Helen’s priory at Bishopsgate (the dormitory of which was acquired by the Leathersellers’ Company), St.Mary’s Priory at Merton, Austin Friars, St.Martin’s le Grand and Stratford Langthorne Abbey. More closures took place the following year: the great St.Bartholomew’s Priory at Smithfield (much of it later coming into the ownership of Sir Richard Rich); Holywell Priory in Shoreditch; St.Mary Spital outside Bishopsgate; The Abbey of St.Clare’s at Minories; Crutched Friars, inside the city walls near Aldgate; St.Mary Graces near the Tower; Southwark Priory; St.Giles’s hospital; St.Mary’s nunnery at Clerkenwell; Syon Abbey; and Sheen Priory. Barking Abbey, in which William the Conqueror had lived almost five hundred years earlier during the construction of the Tower, was another victim. In 1541 all but its curfew tower was demolished and its stones used for repairs at Greenwich Palace. The Order of the Knights of St.John, which could trace its ancestry back to the time of the Crusades, was dissolved in 1540, along with Kilburn Priory, and its premises of St.John’s Gate at Clerkenwell acquired by the King to be used for storage of his hunting tents. The beautiful tower was later blown up by the Earl of Somerset, Protector to Edward VI, to provide materials for his Somerset House. Westminster – St.Peter’s Abbey – was dissolved gradually over a number of years. A new, compliant abbot was appointed by Thomas Cromwell in 1533. Three years later the monastery’s manors of Ebury, Hyde, Toddington, Neyte and Covent Garden were given to the King. Some of its lands were transferred to St.Paul’s Cathedral, hence the expression ‘robbing Peter to pay Paul’. In 1540 the abbot and the remaining twenty four monks agreed to surrender the abbey and the authorities ransacked the building, taking everything of value. St.Katharine’s, outside the City beyond the Tower, had for centuries enjoyed the patronage of the Queen Consort or Queen Dowager. Despite Henry’s annulment of his marriage Catherine continued as the priory’s patron. It was never dissolved and during the following decades became a Protestant establishment. It continues into modern times and is currently based in Stepney. Various groups benefited from the seizures. Firstly there was Henry himself who was able to acquire certain properties that could be used to build new palaces, as well as parks to be used as hunting grounds. He also gained directly or indirectly from land and property that was auctioned, with proceeds going to the royal purse or the Exchequer. Secondly there were former tenants of the religious houses who were sold or granted use of the properties. Urban property was generally released on to the market or given away. A number of royal courtiers and officials who were in favour at the time were granted or were able to acquire properties, particularly those at the Court of Augmentations, which was responsible for the transfers. Sir Thomas Cawarden, Master of the Rolls, gained Blackfriars monastery; and the Lord Treasurer, Sir William Paulet acquired Austin Friars monastery. Bermondsey Abbey came into the ownership of Sir Thomas Pope, Treasurer of the Court of Augmentations. Thomas Audley, one of the King’s most loyal ministers, acquired the Augustinian priory of Holy Trinity at Aldgate, which he partly redeveloped into a row of houses. Many properties simply remained empty for a time, falling into ruin and gradually finding new owners and uses over quite a long period. For example, much of Holy Trinity disintegrated until it was merely a shell. Over forty years later a survey recorded that the Romanesque arches remained but the roof was gone and within its shell a number of houses had been built. Others were simply demolished and built over, with the stonework used to create new buildings. Some properties had been rented out by the monasteries and probably continued with the same tenants but different landlords. A number of the monastic churches were acquired by the local people as parish churches. Some monastic hospitals, such as those for lepers at St.Giles and St.James’s, closed for ever while others such as St.Bartholomew’s and St.Thomas’s continue as secular institutions to this day. St.Mary of Bethlehem near Bishopsgate was by the 16th century primarily a secular hospital for the insane – ‘Bedlam’ – and was therefore never dissolved. The monasteries were liberties, areas outside the control of the City of London, and that privilege continued in some instances into the 19th century even though the ecclesiastic estates were no longer in existence. Many of those areas, such as the former Carmelite (or Whitefriars) Priory south of Fleet Street, became havens for debtors, prostitutes and refugees from the authorities. Several decades after its suppression Holywell was where James Burbage built his theatre at which Shakespeare’s plays were first performed. Norton Folgate, outside of Bishopsgate, later attracted religious dissenters such as Catholics and Quakers. No doubt the price of land fell with so much of it coming on to the market so suddenly. During the 1560s a contemporary historian recorded that: “Fair houses in London are plenteous, and very easy to be had at low and small rents, and by reason of the late dissolution of religious houses many houses in London stood vacant…”. Sources include: John Schofield ‘London 1100-1600’; John Richardson ‘The Annals of London’; Liza Picard ‘Elizabeth’s London’; Sir Hubert Llewellyn Smith ‘The History of East London’. With thanks to Olwen Maynard for help with fact-checking, additional information and proof-reading. < Go back to In Brief: Tudor London Forward to St.Paul’s Cathedral during the Reformation >	2,278	ENGLISH	1
How fast people walk in their 40s is a sign of how much their brains, as well as their bodies, are ageing, scientists have suggested. Using a simple test of gait speed, researchers were able to measure the ageing process. Not only were slower walkers’ bodies ageing more quickly – their faces looked older and they had smaller brains. The international team said the findings were an “amazing surprise”. Doctors often measure gait speed to gauge overall health, particularly in the over-65s, because it is a good indicator of muscle strength, lung function, balance, spine strength and eyesight. Slower walking speeds in old age have also been linked to a higher risk of dementia and decline. In this study, of 1,000 people in New Zealand – born in the 1970s and followed to the age of 45 – the walking speed test was used much earlier, on adults in mid-life. The study participants also had physical tests, brain function tests and brain scans, and during their childhood they had had cognitive tests every couple of years. “This study found that a slow walk is a problem sign decades before old age,” said Prof Terrie E Moffitt, lead author from King’s College London and Duke University in the US. Even at the age of 45, there was a wide variation in walking speeds with the fastest moving at 2m/s at top speed (without running). In general, the slower walkers tended to show signs of “accelerated ageing” with their lungs, teeth and immune systems in worse shape than those who walked faster. The more unexpected finding was that brain scans showed the slower walkers were more likely to have older-looking brains too. And the researchers found they were able to predict the walking speed of 45-year-olds using the results of intelligence, language and motor skills tests from when they were three. The children who grew up to be the slowest walkers (with a mean gait of 1.2m/s) had, on average, an IQ 12 points lower than those who were the fastest walkers (1.75m/s) 40 years later. The international team of researchers, writing in JAMA Network Open, said the differences in health and IQ could be due to lifestyle choices or a reflection of some people having better health at the start of life. But they suggest there are already signs in early life of who is going to fare better in health terms in later life. The researchers said measuring walking speed at a younger age could be a way of testing treatments to slow human ageing. A number of treatments, from low-calorie diets to taking the drug metformin, are currently being investigated. It would also be an early indicator of brain and body health so people can make changes to their lifestyle while still young and healthy, the researchers said.	<urn:uuid:74c2ee23-4757-41cb-adf0-4f27499993ac>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://educationpoints.eu/slow-walking-at-45-a-sign-of-faster-ageing/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778272.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128122813-20200128152813-00433.warc.gz	en	0.982351	604	3.40625	3	[ -0.4987958073616028, -0.11077028512954712, 0.060442060232162476, 0.15437008440494537, -0.39980804920196533, 0.4990076422691345, 0.24240098893642426, -0.0673094391822815, 0.0743507593870163, -0.01825755089521408, 0.20766335725784302, 0.10322659462690353, 0.09496308863162994, 0.1123985052108...	7	How fast people walk in their 40s is a sign of how much their brains, as well as their bodies, are ageing, scientists have suggested. Using a simple test of gait speed, researchers were able to measure the ageing process. Not only were slower walkers’ bodies ageing more quickly – their faces looked older and they had smaller brains. The international team said the findings were an “amazing surprise”. Doctors often measure gait speed to gauge overall health, particularly in the over-65s, because it is a good indicator of muscle strength, lung function, balance, spine strength and eyesight. Slower walking speeds in old age have also been linked to a higher risk of dementia and decline. In this study, of 1,000 people in New Zealand – born in the 1970s and followed to the age of 45 – the walking speed test was used much earlier, on adults in mid-life. The study participants also had physical tests, brain function tests and brain scans, and during their childhood they had had cognitive tests every couple of years. “This study found that a slow walk is a problem sign decades before old age,” said Prof Terrie E Moffitt, lead author from King’s College London and Duke University in the US. Even at the age of 45, there was a wide variation in walking speeds with the fastest moving at 2m/s at top speed (without running). In general, the slower walkers tended to show signs of “accelerated ageing” with their lungs, teeth and immune systems in worse shape than those who walked faster. The more unexpected finding was that brain scans showed the slower walkers were more likely to have older-looking brains too. And the researchers found they were able to predict the walking speed of 45-year-olds using the results of intelligence, language and motor skills tests from when they were three. The children who grew up to be the slowest walkers (with a mean gait of 1.2m/s) had, on average, an IQ 12 points lower than those who were the fastest walkers (1.75m/s) 40 years later. The international team of researchers, writing in JAMA Network Open, said the differences in health and IQ could be due to lifestyle choices or a reflection of some people having better health at the start of life. But they suggest there are already signs in early life of who is going to fare better in health terms in later life. The researchers said measuring walking speed at a younger age could be a way of testing treatments to slow human ageing. A number of treatments, from low-calorie diets to taking the drug metformin, are currently being investigated. It would also be an early indicator of brain and body health so people can make changes to their lifestyle while still young and healthy, the researchers said.	585	ENGLISH	1
Shortly after the “golden age of piracy” dawned in the late 1600s, buccaneers swashbuckled up and down the New England coastline. Far from being treated as outlaws, however, pirates found themselves welcomed with open arms — even in Puritan Boston. As Marblehead author Eric Jay Dolin chronicles in his new book, “Black Flags, Blue Waters: The Epic History of America’s Most Notorious Pirates,” 17th-century sea-bandits propped up colonial economies while preying on ships from a faraway Muslim empire. Not until they started to plunder local merchants in the early 1700s did colonial attitudes toward pirates harden. Dolin spoke with Ideas at a Peabody restaurant about the surprising history of American piracy. Below is an edited excerpt. Why did American colonies give pirates tacit support over the objections of the English government? It was a collaboration of convenience. Pirates allowed colonists to get their hands on desperately needed currency and goods they were being starved of by the mother country. England required the colonies to pay for their products with coins, but it was difficult, if not impossible, to import large amounts of currency. The pirates who trafficked the Indian Ocean brought back silver and gold and essentially acted as black-market middlemen to give the colonies the sustenance that they desired. By trading with and buying from the pirates, the colonists were also able to skirt the restrictive Navigation Acts and obtain East Indian goods at prices far less than if they bought them legally from England. While England saw pirates as threats to the cash cow of the East India Company, the colonies saw them as commercial angels helping their communities survive. How did colonial attitudes toward pirates expose fault lines with England nearly a century before the American Revolution? Even by the late 1600s, the colonies saw themselves as second-class citizens for a variety of reasons, including their lack of representation in Parliament. They also believed that on the frontier of the English world, they had to make do as best they could, including allowing pirates to become part of their economic and social fabric. Even though colonists knew England wanted them to crack down on piracy, they didn’t want to because it benefitted them greatly in those places where the English government had left a void. Puritan Boston was described as “the common receptacle of pirates of all nations,” and John Winthrop described a 1646 visit by pirates to Plymouth as “divine providence.” How did the Puritans and Pilgrims reconcile their support of piracy with their morality? They were no different than any of their fellow colonists in trying to survive any way they could. Plymouth was in dire straits in 1646, and the pirates who visited may have been a bunch of unruly, lusty men who raised hell for a couple of days, but they came with money in their pockets and shared it liberally. When those same pirates came to Boston, they gave Winthrop a stolen sedan chair that had been intended for the ruler of Mexico, so Winthrop got his palms greased a little bit. When pirates came to Boston, the people threw out the red carpet for them because they knew that they would be spending a lot of their plunder at the local grog shops and stores and provide a major jolt to the economy. In the late 1600s, pirates targeted ships sailing from the Muslim Mughal Empire, including convoys taking wealthy pilgrims to Mecca. What role did attitudes toward Islam play into the colonies’ support of piracy? By and large, colonists viewed the pirates of the 1600s as attacking “infidels” despite the fact that the East India Company and the Mughal Empire were valuable trading partners. Colonial governors and elites didn’t view it as a sin to rob non-Christians halfway around the world. The colonists could psychologically disassociate themselves with the victims. The sense I got in reading contemporary documents was that the attitude didn’t necessarily arise out of a fear of Islam. It was more of not giving a second thought about those people. They didn’t feel bad about taking their money and killing them in the process. I think it’s as simple, base, and vicious as that. When pirates started attacking colonial merchant ships with reckless abandon after the War of Spanish Succession, that’s when colonists said enough was enough because piracy was affecting their bottom lines. Few pirates actually became wealthy, so why did they do it? Pirates were like gamblers entering a casino full of confidence that they were going to be the one to hit on the slot machine. It’s human nature to exaggerate the possibility of success and underestimate the chance of failure, which is why people get into risky behavior. This is just another story of people thinking they were going to score big, only to be foiled. And once they became pirates, it was harder to get out and stop trying to get that next score. Many of them were lured by a dream, but more often than not that dream turned into a nightmare. Can you talk about the surprising way in which pirate ships were governed? Crews elected the captain, and if he wasn’t doing a very good job, the pirates could take another vote and elect a new leader. It was a very democratic process. In addition, each crew member was promised nearly equal riches. The pirates didn’t do this because they were democratic philosophers. They did it because they were a floating society shunned by much of the rest of the world, and they had to create a political and social environment in which they could survive. If you had all these money-hungry and bloodthirsty people crowded together on a ship, one of the clearest ways to sow dissension was to create formal hierarchies and have a captain abuse someone beneath him or not share the treasure equally. What are some of the biggest myths about pirates? Along with the misconception that pirates were outlaws from society, the belief that pirates buried their treasures all along the coast — which never happened — feeds this erroneous idea that piracy was a get-rich-quick scheme. Also, I didn’t find a single historical reference to a pirate with a wooden leg, although I did find a few who wore eyepatches. And I didn’t find any references to pirates saying, “Argh!” Christopher Klein is the author of the forthcoming “When the Irish Invaded Canada: The Incredible True Story of the Civil War Veterans Who Fought for Ireland’s Freedom.” He can be reached at email@example.com. Follow him on Twitter @historyauthor.	<urn:uuid:2a8e913b-0c05-472d-87f3-952f313ac70f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2018/09/15/the-surprising-history-american-pirates/fvXiyZWVT5bwU730FxUxlL/story.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250616186.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124070934-20200124095934-00049.warc.gz	en	0.980757	1,383	3.5625	4	[ -0.3693581521511078, 0.015890134498476982, 0.2679339647293091, -0.5701736807823181, 0.05785791575908661, -0.2857631742954254, -0.06070706993341446, -0.006355859339237213, -0.40689483284950256, 0.12842467427253723, 0.2333671599626541, 0.08764797449111938, -0.18282565474510193, 0.16757355630...	5	Shortly after the “golden age of piracy” dawned in the late 1600s, buccaneers swashbuckled up and down the New England coastline. Far from being treated as outlaws, however, pirates found themselves welcomed with open arms — even in Puritan Boston. As Marblehead author Eric Jay Dolin chronicles in his new book, “Black Flags, Blue Waters: The Epic History of America’s Most Notorious Pirates,” 17th-century sea-bandits propped up colonial economies while preying on ships from a faraway Muslim empire. Not until they started to plunder local merchants in the early 1700s did colonial attitudes toward pirates harden. Dolin spoke with Ideas at a Peabody restaurant about the surprising history of American piracy. Below is an edited excerpt. Why did American colonies give pirates tacit support over the objections of the English government? It was a collaboration of convenience. Pirates allowed colonists to get their hands on desperately needed currency and goods they were being starved of by the mother country. England required the colonies to pay for their products with coins, but it was difficult, if not impossible, to import large amounts of currency. The pirates who trafficked the Indian Ocean brought back silver and gold and essentially acted as black-market middlemen to give the colonies the sustenance that they desired. By trading with and buying from the pirates, the colonists were also able to skirt the restrictive Navigation Acts and obtain East Indian goods at prices far less than if they bought them legally from England. While England saw pirates as threats to the cash cow of the East India Company, the colonies saw them as commercial angels helping their communities survive. How did colonial attitudes toward pirates expose fault lines with England nearly a century before the American Revolution? Even by the late 1600s, the colonies saw themselves as second-class citizens for a variety of reasons, including their lack of representation in Parliament. They also believed that on the frontier of the English world, they had to make do as best they could, including allowing pirates to become part of their economic and social fabric. Even though colonists knew England wanted them to crack down on piracy, they didn’t want to because it benefitted them greatly in those places where the English government had left a void. Puritan Boston was described as “the common receptacle of pirates of all nations,” and John Winthrop described a 1646 visit by pirates to Plymouth as “divine providence.” How did the Puritans and Pilgrims reconcile their support of piracy with their morality? They were no different than any of their fellow colonists in trying to survive any way they could. Plymouth was in dire straits in 1646, and the pirates who visited may have been a bunch of unruly, lusty men who raised hell for a couple of days, but they came with money in their pockets and shared it liberally. When those same pirates came to Boston, they gave Winthrop a stolen sedan chair that had been intended for the ruler of Mexico, so Winthrop got his palms greased a little bit. When pirates came to Boston, the people threw out the red carpet for them because they knew that they would be spending a lot of their plunder at the local grog shops and stores and provide a major jolt to the economy. In the late 1600s, pirates targeted ships sailing from the Muslim Mughal Empire, including convoys taking wealthy pilgrims to Mecca. What role did attitudes toward Islam play into the colonies’ support of piracy? By and large, colonists viewed the pirates of the 1600s as attacking “infidels” despite the fact that the East India Company and the Mughal Empire were valuable trading partners. Colonial governors and elites didn’t view it as a sin to rob non-Christians halfway around the world. The colonists could psychologically disassociate themselves with the victims. The sense I got in reading contemporary documents was that the attitude didn’t necessarily arise out of a fear of Islam. It was more of not giving a second thought about those people. They didn’t feel bad about taking their money and killing them in the process. I think it’s as simple, base, and vicious as that. When pirates started attacking colonial merchant ships with reckless abandon after the War of Spanish Succession, that’s when colonists said enough was enough because piracy was affecting their bottom lines. Few pirates actually became wealthy, so why did they do it? Pirates were like gamblers entering a casino full of confidence that they were going to be the one to hit on the slot machine. It’s human nature to exaggerate the possibility of success and underestimate the chance of failure, which is why people get into risky behavior. This is just another story of people thinking they were going to score big, only to be foiled. And once they became pirates, it was harder to get out and stop trying to get that next score. Many of them were lured by a dream, but more often than not that dream turned into a nightmare. Can you talk about the surprising way in which pirate ships were governed? Crews elected the captain, and if he wasn’t doing a very good job, the pirates could take another vote and elect a new leader. It was a very democratic process. In addition, each crew member was promised nearly equal riches. The pirates didn’t do this because they were democratic philosophers. They did it because they were a floating society shunned by much of the rest of the world, and they had to create a political and social environment in which they could survive. If you had all these money-hungry and bloodthirsty people crowded together on a ship, one of the clearest ways to sow dissension was to create formal hierarchies and have a captain abuse someone beneath him or not share the treasure equally. What are some of the biggest myths about pirates? Along with the misconception that pirates were outlaws from society, the belief that pirates buried their treasures all along the coast — which never happened — feeds this erroneous idea that piracy was a get-rich-quick scheme. Also, I didn’t find a single historical reference to a pirate with a wooden leg, although I did find a few who wore eyepatches. And I didn’t find any references to pirates saying, “Argh!” Christopher Klein is the author of the forthcoming “When the Irish Invaded Canada: The Incredible True Story of the Civil War Veterans Who Fought for Ireland’s Freedom.” He can be reached at email@example.com. Follow him on Twitter @historyauthor.	1,356	ENGLISH	1
Russia in the 18th century is dominated by two greats, both of whom lived in the 18th century: firstly Peter who created a naval power, modernised the country in the European style and established an empire with a new capital looking west, and secondly Catherine who continued Peter’s reforms and widened the empire’s borders at the expense of Poland and the Ottoman Empire. Uniquely in Russian history, for a large part of the 17th century the country was ruled by female leaders. Beginnings of the Great Northern War Tsar Peter the Great was not content with the access to the Black Sea he had won with the capture of Azov from the Ottoman Empire, he also wanted access to the Baltic Sea, which was blocked by the Swedish provinces of Karelia, Ingermanland (Ingria), Estland (Estonia) and Livland (Livonia/Latvia). Peter entered into an alliance with Denmark –Norway and Saxony and in 1700 invaded Sweden, laying siege to Narva. However, the Swedish proved too strong and Russia was defeated at the Battle of Narva in 1700. Sweden then turned its attention to Poland, whose king at the time was also elector of Saxony. Peter the Great used this opportunity to attack Ingria once more in 1703 with greater success. The Russians recaptured the Oreshek Fortress in 1702, the Swedish fortress of Nyenschantz, which guarded the mouth of the River Neva, in 1703 and Narva in 1704. King Charles XII of Sweden did have more success in Poland where he managed to have his candidate elected king in 1704. Battle of Lesnaya In 1707 King Charles XII of Sweden invaded Russia from Sweden hoping to capture Moscow. However, the harsh winter and Peter’s appliance of the scorch earth tactics put an end to this plan and the army headed to Ukraine to recover. This plan was hampered in September 1708 when the Russians captured Swedish supplies and reinforcements at the Battle of Lesnaya in modern-day Belarus. In October 1708 Hetman Ivan Mazepa requested more troops from Russia to defend his Hetmanate, and when Peter the Great refused, Mazepa and a group of loyal men rebelled and switched sides to the Swedish, annoyed by what he saw as a snub by Russia after the Cossacks had fought in Peter’s wars in the Baltic. Battle of Poltava In 1709 the Swedish and Russian armies met in battle in Poltava in modern-day Ukraine were Russia won a decisive battle. King Charles and his ally Hetman Mazepa only just managed to escape the battlefield to Turkey. The Battle of Poltava turned the tide of the war to the benefit of Russia. In June 1710 the siege of Vyborg ended with the Swedish surrender and in 1710 the Swedish provinces of Estland and Livland surrendered. Less success was had during the subsequent River Pruth Campaign against the Ottoman Empire which was fought in Moldova. In 1711 the Russian army was surrounded by the Ottomans and Peter had no option but to sue for peace. The resulting Treaty of the Pruth forced Russia to give up Azov and demolish other fortresses in the surrounding area. Window to Europe Back in 1703, Peter ordered the construction of a new fortress on an island on the mouth of the River Neva, close to the site of the old Swedish fortress of Nyenschantz. The fortress was named the Peter and Paul Fortress and the city of St Petersburg was thereby founded while the Great Northern War was still raging in the surrounding area. Tens of thousands of peasants were conscripted to build the new city, which included the draining of swamps. The hard work and unforgiving climate claimed the lives of many. To speed up the construction process, Peter banned all other stone construction work in the empire. In 1712 the new city was decreed to be the capital of Russia and Peter ordered that noble families move there and build palaces on the embankments. Due to its location with easy access to Europe, the foundation of St Petersburg is often described as Peter opening (or even beating through) a window to Europe. Peter the Great has gone down in history as a tsar-reformer who modernised and westernised Russia. His first reforms were connected with military matters; overhauling the system of recruitment and of course creating a Russian fleet. This, in turn, led to industrial reforms to supply the army and navy, education reforms to teach Russians the required skills of mathematics, science and navigation and wide-scale construction projects, including the first, unsuccessful, attempt to build a canal between the Volga and the Don. Peter also wished to improve the system of state administration. In 1708 an edict was passed which divided the country into eight governorates: Moscow, Ingermanland with it centre in Shlisselburg (later renamed the St Petersburg Governorate), Kiev, Smolensk, Arkhangelsk, Kazan, Azov and Siberian with its centre in Tobolsk. Each governorate had its own governor and was further divided into districts. In later years more governorates were created. In 1722 in an attempt to break the heredity system of the boyar nobility Peter introduced the Table of Ranks which created three types of service (military, civil and court) each divided into 14 ranks. Depending on a person’s service he could move up the ranks, regardless of his birth (although this system did not apply to serfs). Back in 1711 Peter permanently established a government body known as the Senate to rule the country while the tsar was on campaign. In 1721 the Boyar Duma was officially disbanded and its functions were transferred to the Senate. The former government department known as Prikazi were also replaced from 1717 onwards with organs known as collegia, later renamed ministries in the 19th century. The running of the Orthodox Church even was even included within the remit of Peter’s Reforms. In 1700 Patriarch Adrian died. Peter had had a difficult relationship with Adrian who often criticised the tsar’s plans for modernisation, especially Peter’s decision to divorce his wife in 1698 and his stance on shaving beards off – which went against Orthodox teaching. Therefore Peter was in no hurry to appoint a successor to Adrian and the position remained vacant. Peter instead established in 1721 a council known as the Holy Synod which would perform the functions of the patriarch. He also put restrictions on young men joining monasteries and thereby escaping their military duties. Peter’s stance in relation to the church even led to some fanatics believing him to be the Anti-Christ, this view was especially shared by the Old Believers. Peter had never enjoyed a good relationship with his son from his first marriage Aleksey. From childhood, Aleksey was brought up by his mother who had a great deal of disdain for her husband. The subsequent divorce of his parents and his mother’s removal to a convent in Suzdal made matters worse. Upon his father’s orders, Aleksey had to serve in the army and he was married off to a German bride whom he did not like. The unhappy marriage did, however, produce two children. Aleksey did not share his father’s views for modernising Russia and adopting Russia traditions, which made him a potential ally to those who shared his views. Aleksey made several threats to become a monk in order to escape his overbearing father. In 1716 Peter ordered his son to join him with the army, instead, Aleksey fled the country to Austria. The scandal proved to be the final straw and once Aleksey was tricked into returning to Russia he was put on trial, tortured and eventually died in prison. In 1721 the Treaty of Nystad was signed between Russia and Sweden which brought the Great Northern War to an end. Russia was the main benefactor under the agreement as Sweden formally recognised Russia’s claim to the whole of Ingria, Estonia and Livonia, plus Priozersk and Vyborg. Following the treaty and the incorporation of the new territories, Peter proclaimed the beginning of the Russian Empire and he adopted the title of emperor rather than tsar, although the word ‘tsar’ is still commonly used to refer to the ruler of the Russian Empire. In 1722 Peter launched a naval campaign against Persia with the support of fellow Orthodox leaders of Georgia and Armenia. The newly established Caspian Flotilla from Astrakhan was joined by the Russian Army and Cossacks along with Georgian and Armenian support and were able to capture Persian territory in the Caucasus, including Derbent and Baku, from the Persians who were forced to sue for peace and recognise Russia's gains in the Caucasus in 1723 when the Ottomans invaded Persia. Death of Peter the Great Peter suffered bouts of ill health throughout his life and in the winter of 1725 he once again fell ill with bladder problems. He died in February 1725 while allegedly trying to write a note on a scrap of paper, what he managed to complete was “Leave all to”. The great reformer and first emperor was dead, but he left behind an empire facing Europe from its new capital of St Petersburg; the old ways of Muscovite Russia were a thing of the past. Reign of Catherine I Back in 1704 while on campaign in Livonia Peter had met a beautiful peasant called Marta Skavronskaya. In 1707 Peter and Marta were secretly married with Marta adopting Orthodoxy and the name Yekaterina Alekseevna. Yekaterina had a soothing influence on Peter and bore him several children although only two daughters survived into adulthood: Anna and Yelizaveta. An official marriage ceremony took place in 1712 in St Petersburg’s St Isaac’s Cathedral and in 1721 Peter named her empress consort of Russia. She is generally known in English as Catherine I. After Peter’s death Catherine was named the new empress, largely thanks to the manoeuvrings of Peter the Great’s closest friend and advisor - Prince Aleksandr Menshikov who sought to rule Russia in her name as the head of the newly created Supreme Privy Council. Menshikov’s schemes went to plan and he retained his important position throughout Catherine’s reign which allowed him to continue his corrupt ways. One personal policy of Catherine though was the reducing of military spending which in turn brought down taxes which earned the first empress popularity. Catherine is also remembered for the Catherine Palace which she had constructed on the outskirts of St Petersburg in Tsarskoe Selo. Reign of Peter II After Catherine I's death in 1727, the throne passed to the only male-line grandson of Peter the Great - Pyotr Alekseevich who became Emperor Peter II. Menshikov hoped to keep his influence by marrying his daughter Maria to the new emperor. However when Menshikov fell ill Peter and his advisors seized their moment and stripped Menshikov his rank and had him exiled to Siberia. Peter II moved the capital back to Moscow after his coronation in the city in 1728. In 1730 on the day he was supposed to marry Yekaterina Dolgorukova - an attempt by the Dolgorukovs to secure their own position in court - Peter II died aged just 14. After Peter II, the Supreme Privy Council hoped to pull off a coup by offering Peter the Great's half-niece Anna the crown. Anna was the daughter of Tsar Ivan V and a widow of the duke of Courland where she was ruling. Anna accepted the offer and even signed a list of conditions limiting her powers in favour of the Privy Council. The Privy Council, however, was mistaken in their belief that Anna would feel indebted to them for offering her the throne and upon becoming empress she proceeded to disband the council and ignore the conditions she had agreed to, thereby confirming the autocratic rule. Anna also returned the capital back to St Petersburg. Anna's reign is remembered rather unfavourably and for the influence of ethnic Germans at the imperial court as Anna brought with her from the Duchy of Courland (now in modern-day Latvia) several ethnic German advisors including Ernst Johann Biron who was possibly her lover. Biron became the most powerful man in the country. Under Biron and Anna, a secret police service was established which resulted in over 1000 people being executed and tens of thousands of people being exiled to Siberia, while others were subject to cruel and degrading punishments. In addition, Anna seemed to enjoy humiliating her subjects, including the disabled and high-ranking Russian nobility. On a plus note Anna was a great supporter of art and culture and continued to fund the Academy of Sciences. War of Polish Succession Russia was drawn into the War of Polish Succession in 1733 supporting the claim of Elector Friedrich August II of Saxony, the eventual victor in the war becoming King August III of Poland. For its support King August III allowed Anna to name Biron the new duke of Courland in 1737 following the extinction of the ruling house of Kettler. In 1735, in response to Crimean raids on Ukraine, Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire, the suzerain of the Crimean Khanate. Beforehand Russia gave back the Caucasian possessions it had won from Persia in order to keep Persia from allying with the Ottoman Empire. Russia hoped to win back Azov and increase its territory providing access to the Black Sea. Russia initially saw success and occupied the Crimean capital of Bakhchisarai but was subsequently forced to retreat back to Ukraine due to a lack of supplies. The Russians were later though able to capture Azov in 1736. Russia's ally of Austria was forced to sue for peace after losing the Balkans to the Ottomans and in October 1739 signed a treaty with the Turks who recognised Russia's possession of Azov, although Crimea and Moldova remained under Ottoman control. Both the Polish and Ottoman wars proved immensely costly for Russia. An Infant Emperor Empress Anna died in 1740. Previous to this, in an attempt to secure the throne for the descendants of her father Ivan V, rather than those of Peter the Great, Anna named her grand-nephew Ivan her heir. Ivan was the son of Duke Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick and Princess Elisabeth of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (the daughter of Anna's sister Grand Duchess Yekaterina Ivanovna), who converted to Orthodoxy in 1733 and took the name Grand Duchess Anna Leopoldovna of Russia. He was only a few months old when he was named Emperor Ivan VI of Russia. Originally Biron was named his regent but in just over a week Biron was ousted and Ivan's mother Anna Leopoldovna became regent and ruled along with the vice-chancellor Andrey Osterman. Coup of Grand Duchess Yelizaveta Petrovna In December 1741 the oldest surviving daughter of Peter the Great, Grand Duchess Yelizaveta Petrovna, saw her chance to take the throne of her father after having been gathering support for her cause since the reign of her cousin Anna. Yelizaveta enjoyed special popularity among the Preobrazhensky Regiment whose support would prove vital. Yelizaveta led the regiment to the Winter Palace where the infant Ivan VI was arrested along with his parents. Without any bloodshed Yelizaveta took the throne and was crowned empress in Moscow the following year, commonly known in English as Empress Elizabeth. Reign of Elizabeth Empress Elizabeth had a reputation of being vain and jealous and is remembered for her love of high-society and balls, where she frequently wore male clothing, but she also had the sense to put able advisors in place to assist her with ruling the country. Upon coming to power Elizabeth acknowledged the end of the influence of ethnic Germans and installed ethnic Russians of the Orthodox faith in positions of power and reinstated the Senate. Seven Years War In 1757 Russia entered the Seven Years War on the side of France and Austria against Prussia. The Russian army marched on Königsberg and inflicted a crushing defeat on King Frederick the Great of Prussia's troops at the battle of Kunersdorf in 1759. Elizabeth was a committed supporter of the arts, especially of the theatre and music. She also had a love for architecture and commissioned the building of many new churches. One of her favourite architects was the Italian Bartolomeo Rastrelli who was responsible for the construction of St Petersburg's Smolny Convent and the renovation of the Winter Palace in St Petersburg and the Catherine Palace in Tsarskoe Selo. The style of architecture popular during Elizabeth's reign has since become known as Elizabethan baroque. Elizabeth is also remembered for promising not to apply the death penalty during her reign and for keeping her word, although torture and other brutal forms of punishment were still used. Although there are reasons to believe Elizabeth married a Cossack by the name of Aleksey Razumovsky, who was famed for his beautiful singing voice, and possibly even had a child with him, Elizabeth never officially married and left no legitimate heirs. Fearing a plot to return Ivan VI to the throne, who was still imprisoned in Schlisselburg, Elizabeth took steps to resolve the matter of her succession by bringing her nephew Duke Charles Peter Ulrich of Holstein-Gottorp to Russia in 1742. She also found a wife for him in the form of Princess Sophia Augusta Frederica of Anhalt-Zerbst. Peter converted to Orthodoxy (in an official sense at least) and took the name Pyotr Fyodorovich, while Sophia took the name Yekaterina Alekseevna. Reign of Peter III Elizabeth died in 1761 (1762 in the new style of dates) and was succeeded by her designated heir - her German-born nephew, who became Emperor Peter III. From the very outset, Peter was unpopular with almost everybody due to his character, often being described as a Russophobe, an idiot and a drunk. He was especially unpopular with his educated and Russophile wife Catherine, who was forced to put up with his erratic and childish behaviour. Peter’s domestic reforms were by the standards of the time democratic and progressive which in turn led to further unpopularity among the ruling elite. His foreign policies proved even more divisive as immediately in his reign in January 1762 Peter decided to make peace with his hero Frederick the Great of Prussia as Russian troops were approaching Berlin and ultimate victory. Overthrow of Peter III From the very beginning, the days of Peter’s reign were numbered. The inevitable plot to overthrow him came in July 1762 and was led by Aleksey Orlov of the Imperial Guards and who was also the lover of Peter’s wife Catherine. Catherine played a part in the plot fearing that unless she acted she would most likely be sent to a convent by her husband or worse. The coup was successful and Peter was forced to abdicate and was imprisoned in the palace at Ropsha, before being murdered a few days later. In his place, Catherine, despite not having a drop of Romanov or even Russian blood, was named empress. Catherine the Great Catherine II has gone down in history as Catherine the Great and as the most enlightened of rulers of Russia, whose reign is seen as a golden age as the empire grew in size, population and influence. As well as being a great supporter of the arts, sciences and education, Catherine was also a brilliant administrator. In 1776 administrative-territorial reforms begun which saw the country divided into governorates and vice-royalties. Many settlements were also awarded city status and granted coats of arms and regulated city plans were approved. Another reason which led to Catherine being known as the Great is that her reign saw massive territorial expansion. Catherine also has a skill for selecting talented men to help her in ruling the country, several of them also became her lovers, most famously Grigory Potyomkin whom she may have even secretly married. Much is made of Catherine’s lovers, but in reality, it was not unusual for monarchs to take a string of lovers, what is different is that usually, the monarchs were male. More of the deprived stories about Catherine’s sexual appetite were fabricated by here enemies, including by her son who never forgave her for her role in the murder of her husband, his father. However, Catherine can only really be described as an enlightened despot as her liberal ideas were not always put into practice. This is especially clear with the status of the serfs. Although the idea of abolishing serfdom was explored during Catherine’s reign, nothing came of it as the prospect of liberating the uneducated serfs and removing the free labour of the landed gentry proved too big an issue to handle. Catherine was also ruthless in terms of her competition. In 1764 a plot to free Ivan VI from his prison in Schlisselburg was foiled which resulted in the death of the 23-year old former emperor, who had spent most of his life locked away. Later in her reign, Catherine also had a woman who was claiming to be the daughter of Empress Elizabeth brought to Russia and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress where she is said to have drowned in 1775 (although other theories say that she was actually allowed to live out the rest of her life in secret at a convent). The full facts of this story remain unknown and this mysterious woman has gone down in history as Princess Tarakanova, after the Russian word for cockroach. Partition of Poland Under Catherine’s reign, Russia extended her borders to the west at the cost of Poland where Catherine was successful in having her former lover Stanisław Poniatowski elected king in 1764. Poland was subsequently ruled by the Russian ambassador which led to protests and then the First, Second and Third Partitions of Poland in 1772, 1793 and 1795 respectively. As a result of the partitions, Poland lost its independence and Russian gained the territory consisting of modern-day Belarus, the Baltic States and Western Ukraine with the exception of Galicia. This expansion meant that the Russian Empire gained large populations of Poles, Ukrainians, Lithuanians and Jews, in respect of whom a law was enacted in 1792 which only permitted Jews to live in the western part of the empire which became known as the Pale of Settlement. In 1768 the Russo-Turkish War broke out and Russia’s success in the war, especially the decisive Russian victories at the Battle of Kagul in 1770 and the Battle of Chesma in 1771, culminated in a peace treaty in 1774 which was beneficial for Russia and saw Russia increasing its influence over South Ukraine and Crimea. In 1783 Catherine went a step further and annexed the Crimean Khanate which eventually sparked another war with the Ottoman Empire in 1787. The second Russo-Turkish war during Catherine’s reign was equally successful for Russia and remembered for the successful siege of Ochakov in 1788 and the capture of the Izmail Fortress by famous Russian commander Aleksandr Suvorov in 1790. Peace was reached in 1792 which saw the Ottoman Empire recognising Russia’s incorporation of South Ukraine and Crimea. However, Catherine’s dream of liberating Constantinople from the Turks was never realised. The biggest threat to Catherine’s reign came in the form of a disgruntled Cossack named Yemelian Pugachev. In 1770, after being refused permission for home leave from the army, Pugachev fled to join a group of independent Cossacks. He was arrested several times but always managed to escape and became a fugitive among the Yaik Cossacks and was sheltered by Old Believers. Pugachev was able to unite a large group of Cossacks, peasants, Old Believers, Bashkirs, Tatars and Kalmyks, who were all dissatisfied with Russian rule. By claiming to be Peter III who had somehow survived the coup of his wife, Pugachev became the leader which turned widespread dissatisfaction into a full-scale uprising in 1773. The uprising was hugely successful and whole sways of Russia’s lower Volga region and parts of Western Siberian, including large cities such as Penza, Samara, Saratov, Tsaritsyn, Orenburg, Ufa and Yekaterinburg, supported Pugachev, who in turn set up his own alternative form of government. The state response to the threat was so harsh and brutal that it proved counter affected and caused more people to turn to Pugachev who promised freedom for serfs and minorities. In July 1774 Pugachev achieved his greatest victory when his troops captured the major city of Kazan, with the exception of the kremlin. However, upon taking Kazan, Pugachev had overstretched himself. Government troops were able to recapture the city and Pugachev was forced to flee. The tide had now turned in favour of the Russian army led by General Pyotr Panin and General Ivan Michelson. Pugachev and his men attempted to regroup in Tsaritsyn where the government troops inflicted a crushing defeat on them in August 1774. In September 1774 Pugachev’s own men betrayed him and delivered him to the Russians. He was placed in a metal cage and delivered firstly to Simbirsk and then to Moscow where in January 1775 he was beheaded then drawn and quartered on Bolotnaya Ploschad. Death of Catherine Catherine the Great died in 1796 and was succeeded by her son Pavel – known as Paul in English. Catherine and Paul both detested and distrusted each other, Catherine even alleged that Paul’s father was not Peter III and it is thought she intended to name Paul’s eldest son Aleksandr Pavlovich (the future Alexander I) as her successor. The mutual dislike for one another is often explained by the fact that as a baby Paul was taken for his mother by Empress Elizabeth. One of Paul’s first acts was to destroy his mother’s testament and introduce a new law establishing the principle of primogeniture where an emperor is survived by his next male heir, and women can only be considered if there are no surviving male Romanov heirs. As an act of revenge, Paul had his father reburied in the Ss Peter and Paul Cathedral next to his mother and ordered that Count Aleksey Orlov (Peter III’s probable murderer) carry the coffin. Military Reforms of Paul Although it was claimed that Paul was not the son of Peter III, the fact that he resembled him and shared his eccentricities and love for military pomp and ceremony suggests that the claim was false. In turn, he shared no characteristics or interests with his mother, practically opposing everything she supported. He quickly brought an end to the Persian Campaigns supported by his mother to extend the empire southwards, in order to concentrate more on Europe. Upon becoming emperor, Paul reorganised the army along Prussian lines and introduced new uniforms which although may have looked impressive were uncomfortable and impractical. Even the distinguished general Aleksandr Suvorov criticised the reforms which earned him dismissal from the army. Italian and Swiss Campaigns In the face of the rise of the French Republic and anti-monarchy sentiment, Russia joined a coalition against France. In 1799, outraged at the French capture of Malta (Paul was obsessed with the Knights Hospitaller and was even made grandmaster in 1798), Russia declared war and met the French in the Italian and Swiss campaigns of the French Revolutionary awards. For this Paul was forced to bring back Suvorov who continued his record of never losing a single battle – an almost unique feat in history. The campaign famously included a Hannibal-like crossing of the Alps by Suvorov and his men to escape destruction by a much larger and stronger French force. Despite the heroic feats of Suvorov, overall the Italian and Swiss campaigns remained fruitless for Russia and the scene was set for a further confrontation between Russian and France.	<urn:uuid:2a57e877-e7fe-4d0e-a63f-e597eafb2ef5>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://rusmania.com/history-of-russia/18th-century	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250619323.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124100832-20200124125832-00435.warc.gz	en	0.983542	5,859	3.921875	4	[ -0.08890898525714874, 0.1546608805656433, 0.14405810832977295, 0.06261015683412552, 0.050168536603450775, -0.20333151519298553, -0.14689034223556519, 0.4833078980445862, -0.18807360529899597, -0.02380647137761116, -0.14176270365715027, -0.30603116750717163, 0.05351951718330383, 0.263551086...	5	Russia in the 18th century is dominated by two greats, both of whom lived in the 18th century: firstly Peter who created a naval power, modernised the country in the European style and established an empire with a new capital looking west, and secondly Catherine who continued Peter’s reforms and widened the empire’s borders at the expense of Poland and the Ottoman Empire. Uniquely in Russian history, for a large part of the 17th century the country was ruled by female leaders. Beginnings of the Great Northern War Tsar Peter the Great was not content with the access to the Black Sea he had won with the capture of Azov from the Ottoman Empire, he also wanted access to the Baltic Sea, which was blocked by the Swedish provinces of Karelia, Ingermanland (Ingria), Estland (Estonia) and Livland (Livonia/Latvia). Peter entered into an alliance with Denmark –Norway and Saxony and in 1700 invaded Sweden, laying siege to Narva. However, the Swedish proved too strong and Russia was defeated at the Battle of Narva in 1700. Sweden then turned its attention to Poland, whose king at the time was also elector of Saxony. Peter the Great used this opportunity to attack Ingria once more in 1703 with greater success. The Russians recaptured the Oreshek Fortress in 1702, the Swedish fortress of Nyenschantz, which guarded the mouth of the River Neva, in 1703 and Narva in 1704. King Charles XII of Sweden did have more success in Poland where he managed to have his candidate elected king in 1704. Battle of Lesnaya In 1707 King Charles XII of Sweden invaded Russia from Sweden hoping to capture Moscow. However, the harsh winter and Peter’s appliance of the scorch earth tactics put an end to this plan and the army headed to Ukraine to recover. This plan was hampered in September 1708 when the Russians captured Swedish supplies and reinforcements at the Battle of Lesnaya in modern-day Belarus. In October 1708 Hetman Ivan Mazepa requested more troops from Russia to defend his Hetmanate, and when Peter the Great refused, Mazepa and a group of loyal men rebelled and switched sides to the Swedish, annoyed by what he saw as a snub by Russia after the Cossacks had fought in Peter’s wars in the Baltic. Battle of Poltava In 1709 the Swedish and Russian armies met in battle in Poltava in modern-day Ukraine were Russia won a decisive battle. King Charles and his ally Hetman Mazepa only just managed to escape the battlefield to Turkey. The Battle of Poltava turned the tide of the war to the benefit of Russia. In June 1710 the siege of Vyborg ended with the Swedish surrender and in 1710 the Swedish provinces of Estland and Livland surrendered. Less success was had during the subsequent River Pruth Campaign against the Ottoman Empire which was fought in Moldova. In 1711 the Russian army was surrounded by the Ottomans and Peter had no option but to sue for peace. The resulting Treaty of the Pruth forced Russia to give up Azov and demolish other fortresses in the surrounding area. Window to Europe Back in 1703, Peter ordered the construction of a new fortress on an island on the mouth of the River Neva, close to the site of the old Swedish fortress of Nyenschantz. The fortress was named the Peter and Paul Fortress and the city of St Petersburg was thereby founded while the Great Northern War was still raging in the surrounding area. Tens of thousands of peasants were conscripted to build the new city, which included the draining of swamps. The hard work and unforgiving climate claimed the lives of many. To speed up the construction process, Peter banned all other stone construction work in the empire. In 1712 the new city was decreed to be the capital of Russia and Peter ordered that noble families move there and build palaces on the embankments. Due to its location with easy access to Europe, the foundation of St Petersburg is often described as Peter opening (or even beating through) a window to Europe. Peter the Great has gone down in history as a tsar-reformer who modernised and westernised Russia. His first reforms were connected with military matters; overhauling the system of recruitment and of course creating a Russian fleet. This, in turn, led to industrial reforms to supply the army and navy, education reforms to teach Russians the required skills of mathematics, science and navigation and wide-scale construction projects, including the first, unsuccessful, attempt to build a canal between the Volga and the Don. Peter also wished to improve the system of state administration. In 1708 an edict was passed which divided the country into eight governorates: Moscow, Ingermanland with it centre in Shlisselburg (later renamed the St Petersburg Governorate), Kiev, Smolensk, Arkhangelsk, Kazan, Azov and Siberian with its centre in Tobolsk. Each governorate had its own governor and was further divided into districts. In later years more governorates were created. In 1722 in an attempt to break the heredity system of the boyar nobility Peter introduced the Table of Ranks which created three types of service (military, civil and court) each divided into 14 ranks. Depending on a person’s service he could move up the ranks, regardless of his birth (although this system did not apply to serfs). Back in 1711 Peter permanently established a government body known as the Senate to rule the country while the tsar was on campaign. In 1721 the Boyar Duma was officially disbanded and its functions were transferred to the Senate. The former government department known as Prikazi were also replaced from 1717 onwards with organs known as collegia, later renamed ministries in the 19th century. The running of the Orthodox Church even was even included within the remit of Peter’s Reforms. In 1700 Patriarch Adrian died. Peter had had a difficult relationship with Adrian who often criticised the tsar’s plans for modernisation, especially Peter’s decision to divorce his wife in 1698 and his stance on shaving beards off – which went against Orthodox teaching. Therefore Peter was in no hurry to appoint a successor to Adrian and the position remained vacant. Peter instead established in 1721 a council known as the Holy Synod which would perform the functions of the patriarch. He also put restrictions on young men joining monasteries and thereby escaping their military duties. Peter’s stance in relation to the church even led to some fanatics believing him to be the Anti-Christ, this view was especially shared by the Old Believers. Peter had never enjoyed a good relationship with his son from his first marriage Aleksey. From childhood, Aleksey was brought up by his mother who had a great deal of disdain for her husband. The subsequent divorce of his parents and his mother’s removal to a convent in Suzdal made matters worse. Upon his father’s orders, Aleksey had to serve in the army and he was married off to a German bride whom he did not like. The unhappy marriage did, however, produce two children. Aleksey did not share his father’s views for modernising Russia and adopting Russia traditions, which made him a potential ally to those who shared his views. Aleksey made several threats to become a monk in order to escape his overbearing father. In 1716 Peter ordered his son to join him with the army, instead, Aleksey fled the country to Austria. The scandal proved to be the final straw and once Aleksey was tricked into returning to Russia he was put on trial, tortured and eventually died in prison. In 1721 the Treaty of Nystad was signed between Russia and Sweden which brought the Great Northern War to an end. Russia was the main benefactor under the agreement as Sweden formally recognised Russia’s claim to the whole of Ingria, Estonia and Livonia, plus Priozersk and Vyborg. Following the treaty and the incorporation of the new territories, Peter proclaimed the beginning of the Russian Empire and he adopted the title of emperor rather than tsar, although the word ‘tsar’ is still commonly used to refer to the ruler of the Russian Empire. In 1722 Peter launched a naval campaign against Persia with the support of fellow Orthodox leaders of Georgia and Armenia. The newly established Caspian Flotilla from Astrakhan was joined by the Russian Army and Cossacks along with Georgian and Armenian support and were able to capture Persian territory in the Caucasus, including Derbent and Baku, from the Persians who were forced to sue for peace and recognise Russia's gains in the Caucasus in 1723 when the Ottomans invaded Persia. Death of Peter the Great Peter suffered bouts of ill health throughout his life and in the winter of 1725 he once again fell ill with bladder problems. He died in February 1725 while allegedly trying to write a note on a scrap of paper, what he managed to complete was “Leave all to”. The great reformer and first emperor was dead, but he left behind an empire facing Europe from its new capital of St Petersburg; the old ways of Muscovite Russia were a thing of the past. Reign of Catherine I Back in 1704 while on campaign in Livonia Peter had met a beautiful peasant called Marta Skavronskaya. In 1707 Peter and Marta were secretly married with Marta adopting Orthodoxy and the name Yekaterina Alekseevna. Yekaterina had a soothing influence on Peter and bore him several children although only two daughters survived into adulthood: Anna and Yelizaveta. An official marriage ceremony took place in 1712 in St Petersburg’s St Isaac’s Cathedral and in 1721 Peter named her empress consort of Russia. She is generally known in English as Catherine I. After Peter’s death Catherine was named the new empress, largely thanks to the manoeuvrings of Peter the Great’s closest friend and advisor - Prince Aleksandr Menshikov who sought to rule Russia in her name as the head of the newly created Supreme Privy Council. Menshikov’s schemes went to plan and he retained his important position throughout Catherine’s reign which allowed him to continue his corrupt ways. One personal policy of Catherine though was the reducing of military spending which in turn brought down taxes which earned the first empress popularity. Catherine is also remembered for the Catherine Palace which she had constructed on the outskirts of St Petersburg in Tsarskoe Selo. Reign of Peter II After Catherine I's death in 1727, the throne passed to the only male-line grandson of Peter the Great - Pyotr Alekseevich who became Emperor Peter II. Menshikov hoped to keep his influence by marrying his daughter Maria to the new emperor. However when Menshikov fell ill Peter and his advisors seized their moment and stripped Menshikov his rank and had him exiled to Siberia. Peter II moved the capital back to Moscow after his coronation in the city in 1728. In 1730 on the day he was supposed to marry Yekaterina Dolgorukova - an attempt by the Dolgorukovs to secure their own position in court - Peter II died aged just 14. After Peter II, the Supreme Privy Council hoped to pull off a coup by offering Peter the Great's half-niece Anna the crown. Anna was the daughter of Tsar Ivan V and a widow of the duke of Courland where she was ruling. Anna accepted the offer and even signed a list of conditions limiting her powers in favour of the Privy Council. The Privy Council, however, was mistaken in their belief that Anna would feel indebted to them for offering her the throne and upon becoming empress she proceeded to disband the council and ignore the conditions she had agreed to, thereby confirming the autocratic rule. Anna also returned the capital back to St Petersburg. Anna's reign is remembered rather unfavourably and for the influence of ethnic Germans at the imperial court as Anna brought with her from the Duchy of Courland (now in modern-day Latvia) several ethnic German advisors including Ernst Johann Biron who was possibly her lover. Biron became the most powerful man in the country. Under Biron and Anna, a secret police service was established which resulted in over 1000 people being executed and tens of thousands of people being exiled to Siberia, while others were subject to cruel and degrading punishments. In addition, Anna seemed to enjoy humiliating her subjects, including the disabled and high-ranking Russian nobility. On a plus note Anna was a great supporter of art and culture and continued to fund the Academy of Sciences. War of Polish Succession Russia was drawn into the War of Polish Succession in 1733 supporting the claim of Elector Friedrich August II of Saxony, the eventual victor in the war becoming King August III of Poland. For its support King August III allowed Anna to name Biron the new duke of Courland in 1737 following the extinction of the ruling house of Kettler. In 1735, in response to Crimean raids on Ukraine, Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire, the suzerain of the Crimean Khanate. Beforehand Russia gave back the Caucasian possessions it had won from Persia in order to keep Persia from allying with the Ottoman Empire. Russia hoped to win back Azov and increase its territory providing access to the Black Sea. Russia initially saw success and occupied the Crimean capital of Bakhchisarai but was subsequently forced to retreat back to Ukraine due to a lack of supplies. The Russians were later though able to capture Azov in 1736. Russia's ally of Austria was forced to sue for peace after losing the Balkans to the Ottomans and in October 1739 signed a treaty with the Turks who recognised Russia's possession of Azov, although Crimea and Moldova remained under Ottoman control. Both the Polish and Ottoman wars proved immensely costly for Russia. An Infant Emperor Empress Anna died in 1740. Previous to this, in an attempt to secure the throne for the descendants of her father Ivan V, rather than those of Peter the Great, Anna named her grand-nephew Ivan her heir. Ivan was the son of Duke Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick and Princess Elisabeth of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (the daughter of Anna's sister Grand Duchess Yekaterina Ivanovna), who converted to Orthodoxy in 1733 and took the name Grand Duchess Anna Leopoldovna of Russia. He was only a few months old when he was named Emperor Ivan VI of Russia. Originally Biron was named his regent but in just over a week Biron was ousted and Ivan's mother Anna Leopoldovna became regent and ruled along with the vice-chancellor Andrey Osterman. Coup of Grand Duchess Yelizaveta Petrovna In December 1741 the oldest surviving daughter of Peter the Great, Grand Duchess Yelizaveta Petrovna, saw her chance to take the throne of her father after having been gathering support for her cause since the reign of her cousin Anna. Yelizaveta enjoyed special popularity among the Preobrazhensky Regiment whose support would prove vital. Yelizaveta led the regiment to the Winter Palace where the infant Ivan VI was arrested along with his parents. Without any bloodshed Yelizaveta took the throne and was crowned empress in Moscow the following year, commonly known in English as Empress Elizabeth. Reign of Elizabeth Empress Elizabeth had a reputation of being vain and jealous and is remembered for her love of high-society and balls, where she frequently wore male clothing, but she also had the sense to put able advisors in place to assist her with ruling the country. Upon coming to power Elizabeth acknowledged the end of the influence of ethnic Germans and installed ethnic Russians of the Orthodox faith in positions of power and reinstated the Senate. Seven Years War In 1757 Russia entered the Seven Years War on the side of France and Austria against Prussia. The Russian army marched on Königsberg and inflicted a crushing defeat on King Frederick the Great of Prussia's troops at the battle of Kunersdorf in 1759. Elizabeth was a committed supporter of the arts, especially of the theatre and music. She also had a love for architecture and commissioned the building of many new churches. One of her favourite architects was the Italian Bartolomeo Rastrelli who was responsible for the construction of St Petersburg's Smolny Convent and the renovation of the Winter Palace in St Petersburg and the Catherine Palace in Tsarskoe Selo. The style of architecture popular during Elizabeth's reign has since become known as Elizabethan baroque. Elizabeth is also remembered for promising not to apply the death penalty during her reign and for keeping her word, although torture and other brutal forms of punishment were still used. Although there are reasons to believe Elizabeth married a Cossack by the name of Aleksey Razumovsky, who was famed for his beautiful singing voice, and possibly even had a child with him, Elizabeth never officially married and left no legitimate heirs. Fearing a plot to return Ivan VI to the throne, who was still imprisoned in Schlisselburg, Elizabeth took steps to resolve the matter of her succession by bringing her nephew Duke Charles Peter Ulrich of Holstein-Gottorp to Russia in 1742. She also found a wife for him in the form of Princess Sophia Augusta Frederica of Anhalt-Zerbst. Peter converted to Orthodoxy (in an official sense at least) and took the name Pyotr Fyodorovich, while Sophia took the name Yekaterina Alekseevna. Reign of Peter III Elizabeth died in 1761 (1762 in the new style of dates) and was succeeded by her designated heir - her German-born nephew, who became Emperor Peter III. From the very outset, Peter was unpopular with almost everybody due to his character, often being described as a Russophobe, an idiot and a drunk. He was especially unpopular with his educated and Russophile wife Catherine, who was forced to put up with his erratic and childish behaviour. Peter’s domestic reforms were by the standards of the time democratic and progressive which in turn led to further unpopularity among the ruling elite. His foreign policies proved even more divisive as immediately in his reign in January 1762 Peter decided to make peace with his hero Frederick the Great of Prussia as Russian troops were approaching Berlin and ultimate victory. Overthrow of Peter III From the very beginning, the days of Peter’s reign were numbered. The inevitable plot to overthrow him came in July 1762 and was led by Aleksey Orlov of the Imperial Guards and who was also the lover of Peter’s wife Catherine. Catherine played a part in the plot fearing that unless she acted she would most likely be sent to a convent by her husband or worse. The coup was successful and Peter was forced to abdicate and was imprisoned in the palace at Ropsha, before being murdered a few days later. In his place, Catherine, despite not having a drop of Romanov or even Russian blood, was named empress. Catherine the Great Catherine II has gone down in history as Catherine the Great and as the most enlightened of rulers of Russia, whose reign is seen as a golden age as the empire grew in size, population and influence. As well as being a great supporter of the arts, sciences and education, Catherine was also a brilliant administrator. In 1776 administrative-territorial reforms begun which saw the country divided into governorates and vice-royalties. Many settlements were also awarded city status and granted coats of arms and regulated city plans were approved. Another reason which led to Catherine being known as the Great is that her reign saw massive territorial expansion. Catherine also has a skill for selecting talented men to help her in ruling the country, several of them also became her lovers, most famously Grigory Potyomkin whom she may have even secretly married. Much is made of Catherine’s lovers, but in reality, it was not unusual for monarchs to take a string of lovers, what is different is that usually, the monarchs were male. More of the deprived stories about Catherine’s sexual appetite were fabricated by here enemies, including by her son who never forgave her for her role in the murder of her husband, his father. However, Catherine can only really be described as an enlightened despot as her liberal ideas were not always put into practice. This is especially clear with the status of the serfs. Although the idea of abolishing serfdom was explored during Catherine’s reign, nothing came of it as the prospect of liberating the uneducated serfs and removing the free labour of the landed gentry proved too big an issue to handle. Catherine was also ruthless in terms of her competition. In 1764 a plot to free Ivan VI from his prison in Schlisselburg was foiled which resulted in the death of the 23-year old former emperor, who had spent most of his life locked away. Later in her reign, Catherine also had a woman who was claiming to be the daughter of Empress Elizabeth brought to Russia and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress where she is said to have drowned in 1775 (although other theories say that she was actually allowed to live out the rest of her life in secret at a convent). The full facts of this story remain unknown and this mysterious woman has gone down in history as Princess Tarakanova, after the Russian word for cockroach. Partition of Poland Under Catherine’s reign, Russia extended her borders to the west at the cost of Poland where Catherine was successful in having her former lover Stanisław Poniatowski elected king in 1764. Poland was subsequently ruled by the Russian ambassador which led to protests and then the First, Second and Third Partitions of Poland in 1772, 1793 and 1795 respectively. As a result of the partitions, Poland lost its independence and Russian gained the territory consisting of modern-day Belarus, the Baltic States and Western Ukraine with the exception of Galicia. This expansion meant that the Russian Empire gained large populations of Poles, Ukrainians, Lithuanians and Jews, in respect of whom a law was enacted in 1792 which only permitted Jews to live in the western part of the empire which became known as the Pale of Settlement. In 1768 the Russo-Turkish War broke out and Russia’s success in the war, especially the decisive Russian victories at the Battle of Kagul in 1770 and the Battle of Chesma in 1771, culminated in a peace treaty in 1774 which was beneficial for Russia and saw Russia increasing its influence over South Ukraine and Crimea. In 1783 Catherine went a step further and annexed the Crimean Khanate which eventually sparked another war with the Ottoman Empire in 1787. The second Russo-Turkish war during Catherine’s reign was equally successful for Russia and remembered for the successful siege of Ochakov in 1788 and the capture of the Izmail Fortress by famous Russian commander Aleksandr Suvorov in 1790. Peace was reached in 1792 which saw the Ottoman Empire recognising Russia’s incorporation of South Ukraine and Crimea. However, Catherine’s dream of liberating Constantinople from the Turks was never realised. The biggest threat to Catherine’s reign came in the form of a disgruntled Cossack named Yemelian Pugachev. In 1770, after being refused permission for home leave from the army, Pugachev fled to join a group of independent Cossacks. He was arrested several times but always managed to escape and became a fugitive among the Yaik Cossacks and was sheltered by Old Believers. Pugachev was able to unite a large group of Cossacks, peasants, Old Believers, Bashkirs, Tatars and Kalmyks, who were all dissatisfied with Russian rule. By claiming to be Peter III who had somehow survived the coup of his wife, Pugachev became the leader which turned widespread dissatisfaction into a full-scale uprising in 1773. The uprising was hugely successful and whole sways of Russia’s lower Volga region and parts of Western Siberian, including large cities such as Penza, Samara, Saratov, Tsaritsyn, Orenburg, Ufa and Yekaterinburg, supported Pugachev, who in turn set up his own alternative form of government. The state response to the threat was so harsh and brutal that it proved counter affected and caused more people to turn to Pugachev who promised freedom for serfs and minorities. In July 1774 Pugachev achieved his greatest victory when his troops captured the major city of Kazan, with the exception of the kremlin. However, upon taking Kazan, Pugachev had overstretched himself. Government troops were able to recapture the city and Pugachev was forced to flee. The tide had now turned in favour of the Russian army led by General Pyotr Panin and General Ivan Michelson. Pugachev and his men attempted to regroup in Tsaritsyn where the government troops inflicted a crushing defeat on them in August 1774. In September 1774 Pugachev’s own men betrayed him and delivered him to the Russians. He was placed in a metal cage and delivered firstly to Simbirsk and then to Moscow where in January 1775 he was beheaded then drawn and quartered on Bolotnaya Ploschad. Death of Catherine Catherine the Great died in 1796 and was succeeded by her son Pavel – known as Paul in English. Catherine and Paul both detested and distrusted each other, Catherine even alleged that Paul’s father was not Peter III and it is thought she intended to name Paul’s eldest son Aleksandr Pavlovich (the future Alexander I) as her successor. The mutual dislike for one another is often explained by the fact that as a baby Paul was taken for his mother by Empress Elizabeth. One of Paul’s first acts was to destroy his mother’s testament and introduce a new law establishing the principle of primogeniture where an emperor is survived by his next male heir, and women can only be considered if there are no surviving male Romanov heirs. As an act of revenge, Paul had his father reburied in the Ss Peter and Paul Cathedral next to his mother and ordered that Count Aleksey Orlov (Peter III’s probable murderer) carry the coffin. Military Reforms of Paul Although it was claimed that Paul was not the son of Peter III, the fact that he resembled him and shared his eccentricities and love for military pomp and ceremony suggests that the claim was false. In turn, he shared no characteristics or interests with his mother, practically opposing everything she supported. He quickly brought an end to the Persian Campaigns supported by his mother to extend the empire southwards, in order to concentrate more on Europe. Upon becoming emperor, Paul reorganised the army along Prussian lines and introduced new uniforms which although may have looked impressive were uncomfortable and impractical. Even the distinguished general Aleksandr Suvorov criticised the reforms which earned him dismissal from the army. Italian and Swiss Campaigns In the face of the rise of the French Republic and anti-monarchy sentiment, Russia joined a coalition against France. In 1799, outraged at the French capture of Malta (Paul was obsessed with the Knights Hospitaller and was even made grandmaster in 1798), Russia declared war and met the French in the Italian and Swiss campaigns of the French Revolutionary awards. For this Paul was forced to bring back Suvorov who continued his record of never losing a single battle – an almost unique feat in history. The campaign famously included a Hannibal-like crossing of the Alps by Suvorov and his men to escape destruction by a much larger and stronger French force. Despite the heroic feats of Suvorov, overall the Italian and Swiss campaigns remained fruitless for Russia and the scene was set for a further confrontation between Russian and France.	6,036	ENGLISH	1
The workhouses of Hull were dark foreboding places, catering for thousands of the poor from all walks of life, but is largely shrouded in mystery, with many stories of inmates romanticised. Sadly, while many personal records of inmates have been lost, there are, however, records showing what went on at these institutions across Hull. Together these records, coupled with the historical newspaper accounts, give us an idea about the daily running of the workhouse. During the Victorian period the British press, aided by authors such as Charles Dickens, regularly featured yearly updates on how Christmas was celebrated in the workhouses. These reports were packed full of information and provide us with a valuable record of how the poor of Hull spent their Christmas Day. The working day The typical day of a workhouse inmate in Hull differed from workhouse to workhouse and depending upon the life skills of those who were staying there, but the usual working day seven days a week would include rising at 6 o’clock in the morning, having breakfast between 6.30am and 7am then working from 7am until 12pm. At 12pm they would break for lunch until 1pm, but at 1pm return to work until 6pm in the evening. Between 6pm and 7pm they would eat, before doing another hour of work, before going to bed at 8pm. The working day would be carried out in silence, although by 1842, this was changed and inmates were allowed to talk to each other during the working day. The old workhouse on Whitefriargate had rooms in which the inmates could work, but by the time the Sculcoates Workhouse and the Anlaby Road Workhouse were erected, much larger properties were created enabling inmates to work inside and outside on a range of projects from sewing and knitting, to rock breaking, metalworking, and woodworking. The typical diet The inmates had to be fed well according to the Poor Law, this enabled them to do their work, and remain healthy, but the meals were less than appetising. In the run up to Christmas the typical diet of an inmate would consist of milk, oatmeal and 6ozs of bread for breakfast, dinner would vary depending upon what was unavailable, with peas, rice, and stew usually given to inmates. On the evening, after the work had been completed, supper would be served which usually consisted of 6ozs of bread, usually with either milk or a pint of beer. Christmas Day was a break from the regular routines in the Hull Workhouses, but the strict timing and food were set out so that the tight finances could be established and adhered to. The workhouse bell would be run at 8am in the morning with inmates required to line up for a roll call; they would then be given their typical breakfast, before heading out to the church or staying in the main hall for Christmas carols. In 1910 the Hull Daily Mail reported that Christmas in Hull was spent with great rejoicing, especially at the Anlaby Road Workhouse, where inmates were treated to a lavish Christmas dinner, dancing, and presents for the children. A similar event took place at the Sculcoates Workhouse. Christmas meals for the inmates would often include roast beef, chicken, turkey, boiled legs of mutton or lamb, followed by a bowl of plum pudding, or 1lb of spiced cake, and a pint of porter per person. Whilst much of the food was paid for by the workhouse funds or the Hull Board of Guardians, many of the meals were provided by local philanthropists. In 1834 the Poor Law Amendment Act put a stop to alcohol being served to inmates. The only time this rule was allowed to be changed was if the attending medical officer saw fit for certain inmates to partake in drinking alcohol. Despite this the contemporary reports show that all the inmates were reported to have had a lovely time. In 1906 the Hull Daily Mail reported that at the Hull Workhouse, on Anlaby Road, Christmas dinner was delivered by a choir of nurses, at Sculcoates Workhouse, the inmates were treated to eight hind quarters of beef, poultry, and a quarter of a ton of mashed potatoes, with gravy. Forty stones of plum pudding were also delivered. At the Spring Bank Orphanage the children were taken to church before going back to the orphanage where their return was heralded by three trumpeters. Throughout the year subscription funds were set up by business owners, philanthropists and various churches to ensure that come Christmas Day every inmate in the Hull Workhouses had at least one gift to open. These would include books, toys, clothes, through to a single penny per inmate, or the traditional orange. In 1887 the Hull Daily Mail reported that Mr Barrett, a Hull businessman, had been in touch with the workhouses, and arranged for 100poor children to be taken to the Imperial Hotel, Hull. Each child was presented with a card, bag of sweets, oranges, and a new three penny piece. They were also treated to Christmas dinner all out of Mr Barrett’s own pockets. Father Christmas in the workhouse In some of the workhouses in Hull Father Christmas would attend, giving out the presents himself and the children would be assembled to receive their gifts. Children were usually gathered in the main halls of the workhouses, which seat anywhere between 200 and 400 inmates, and they would file past Father Christmas who would sit them down on his knee and present them with their presents. Well known Hull citizens such as Alfred Gelder, Thomas Ferens, the Wilson family, and other notable philanthropists would provide the presents. Each time those who donated the gifts would receive their mention in the press. From 1847, the Poor Law Board changed the rules meaning that the Poor Law Commissioners could sanction more funds to be devoted to Christmas in the workhouses. This meant that more luxuries could be provided, and as such many of the Hull workhouses opted to purchase Christmas Trees. It would be another decade before the Hull workhouses took on these trees, however, and usually these trees would be donated to the workhouses by local philanthropists. Watch: This is what Hull looked like 100 years ago Many of the workhouses in Hull were close to local churches, so the workhouse would usually arrange for the inmates to appear at the church in the morning or in the afternoon, between regular services. This was to enable the workhouse inmates to have their own service, and so that the upper classes did not have to mix with the inmates. For those unable to arrange this, the inmates would remain at the workhouse and the service held there. Services usually consisted of Christmas carols, and in some cases local musicians would be paid to turn up and play music. Christmas with the family Many of the inmates in Hull workhouses included whole families, but because of the working day, these families never got the chance to see each other. Personal time was few and far between, often with males and females segregated, and children would be in their own section of the workhouse, so on Christmas Day it was arranged that families in the workhouse could spend the day together. After Christmas Dinner was eaten the workhouses in Hull would, therefore, allow their families to gather in rooms set aside so that they might share some rare family time together. Such were the moving scenes of these meetings, the Hull press were eager to report on them. It wasn’t all fun and games during the festive period, as there were many reports of incidents taking place at the Hull workhouses during this period. On Friday December 24th 1847, John Smith visited the Hull Workhouse and knocked on the front gates, asking to be admitted. May Ann Peacock, the wife of the gate-keeper at the workhouse went to the gate but refused Smith admission. Smith ran past her into the workhouse yard, assaulting her as he passed. His reason was so that he could be in the workhouse over Christmas. It transpired that Smith had been released from Hull Prison a day before the incident, but he pleaded worked, as he was sentenced to 14 days back in Hull Prison. Christmas Day in the workhouses of Hull were a mixture of good and bad, happy and sad, but it was always amazing to see how the city pulled together to provide for those less fortunate for them. A wonderful movement that still takes place today with the various charities, business owners, and kind hearted individuals that still provide Christmas Day for those in need. Join the Christmas in Hull Facebook group! Follow Hull Live Our daily newsletter - To get the latest headlines direct to your email inbox every day, click here . Follow Hull Live on Facebook - Like our Facebook page to get the latest news in your feed and join in the lively discussions in the comments. Click here to give it a like! Follow us on Twitter - For breaking news and the latest stories, click here to follow Hull Live on Twitter. Follow us on Instagram - On the Hull Live Instagram page we share gorgeous pictures of our stunning city - and if you tag us in your posts, we could repost your picture on our page! We also put the latest news in our Instagram Stories. Click here to follow Hull Live on Instagram .	<urn:uuid:3e598320-56a4-4a13-869a-b5743c52a7d7>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.hulldailymail.co.uk/news/hull-east-yorkshire-news/hull-victorian-history-nostalgia-christmas-3646039	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593937.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118193018-20200118221018-00520.warc.gz	en	0.982109	1,934	3.40625	3	[ 0.3358706533908844, -0.25113409757614136, 0.3262583911418915, 0.08253001421689987, 0.2727898359298706, -0.482543408870697, -0.08467481285333633, -0.16595594584941864, -0.1228799819946289, -0.016933392733335495, 0.32242655754089355, 0.10143430531024933, -0.25499093532562256, 0.1626215577125...	5	The workhouses of Hull were dark foreboding places, catering for thousands of the poor from all walks of life, but is largely shrouded in mystery, with many stories of inmates romanticised. Sadly, while many personal records of inmates have been lost, there are, however, records showing what went on at these institutions across Hull. Together these records, coupled with the historical newspaper accounts, give us an idea about the daily running of the workhouse. During the Victorian period the British press, aided by authors such as Charles Dickens, regularly featured yearly updates on how Christmas was celebrated in the workhouses. These reports were packed full of information and provide us with a valuable record of how the poor of Hull spent their Christmas Day. The working day The typical day of a workhouse inmate in Hull differed from workhouse to workhouse and depending upon the life skills of those who were staying there, but the usual working day seven days a week would include rising at 6 o’clock in the morning, having breakfast between 6.30am and 7am then working from 7am until 12pm. At 12pm they would break for lunch until 1pm, but at 1pm return to work until 6pm in the evening. Between 6pm and 7pm they would eat, before doing another hour of work, before going to bed at 8pm. The working day would be carried out in silence, although by 1842, this was changed and inmates were allowed to talk to each other during the working day. The old workhouse on Whitefriargate had rooms in which the inmates could work, but by the time the Sculcoates Workhouse and the Anlaby Road Workhouse were erected, much larger properties were created enabling inmates to work inside and outside on a range of projects from sewing and knitting, to rock breaking, metalworking, and woodworking. The typical diet The inmates had to be fed well according to the Poor Law, this enabled them to do their work, and remain healthy, but the meals were less than appetising. In the run up to Christmas the typical diet of an inmate would consist of milk, oatmeal and 6ozs of bread for breakfast, dinner would vary depending upon what was unavailable, with peas, rice, and stew usually given to inmates. On the evening, after the work had been completed, supper would be served which usually consisted of 6ozs of bread, usually with either milk or a pint of beer. Christmas Day was a break from the regular routines in the Hull Workhouses, but the strict timing and food were set out so that the tight finances could be established and adhered to. The workhouse bell would be run at 8am in the morning with inmates required to line up for a roll call; they would then be given their typical breakfast, before heading out to the church or staying in the main hall for Christmas carols. In 1910 the Hull Daily Mail reported that Christmas in Hull was spent with great rejoicing, especially at the Anlaby Road Workhouse, where inmates were treated to a lavish Christmas dinner, dancing, and presents for the children. A similar event took place at the Sculcoates Workhouse. Christmas meals for the inmates would often include roast beef, chicken, turkey, boiled legs of mutton or lamb, followed by a bowl of plum pudding, or 1lb of spiced cake, and a pint of porter per person. Whilst much of the food was paid for by the workhouse funds or the Hull Board of Guardians, many of the meals were provided by local philanthropists. In 1834 the Poor Law Amendment Act put a stop to alcohol being served to inmates. The only time this rule was allowed to be changed was if the attending medical officer saw fit for certain inmates to partake in drinking alcohol. Despite this the contemporary reports show that all the inmates were reported to have had a lovely time. In 1906 the Hull Daily Mail reported that at the Hull Workhouse, on Anlaby Road, Christmas dinner was delivered by a choir of nurses, at Sculcoates Workhouse, the inmates were treated to eight hind quarters of beef, poultry, and a quarter of a ton of mashed potatoes, with gravy. Forty stones of plum pudding were also delivered. At the Spring Bank Orphanage the children were taken to church before going back to the orphanage where their return was heralded by three trumpeters. Throughout the year subscription funds were set up by business owners, philanthropists and various churches to ensure that come Christmas Day every inmate in the Hull Workhouses had at least one gift to open. These would include books, toys, clothes, through to a single penny per inmate, or the traditional orange. In 1887 the Hull Daily Mail reported that Mr Barrett, a Hull businessman, had been in touch with the workhouses, and arranged for 100poor children to be taken to the Imperial Hotel, Hull. Each child was presented with a card, bag of sweets, oranges, and a new three penny piece. They were also treated to Christmas dinner all out of Mr Barrett’s own pockets. Father Christmas in the workhouse In some of the workhouses in Hull Father Christmas would attend, giving out the presents himself and the children would be assembled to receive their gifts. Children were usually gathered in the main halls of the workhouses, which seat anywhere between 200 and 400 inmates, and they would file past Father Christmas who would sit them down on his knee and present them with their presents. Well known Hull citizens such as Alfred Gelder, Thomas Ferens, the Wilson family, and other notable philanthropists would provide the presents. Each time those who donated the gifts would receive their mention in the press. From 1847, the Poor Law Board changed the rules meaning that the Poor Law Commissioners could sanction more funds to be devoted to Christmas in the workhouses. This meant that more luxuries could be provided, and as such many of the Hull workhouses opted to purchase Christmas Trees. It would be another decade before the Hull workhouses took on these trees, however, and usually these trees would be donated to the workhouses by local philanthropists. Watch: This is what Hull looked like 100 years ago Many of the workhouses in Hull were close to local churches, so the workhouse would usually arrange for the inmates to appear at the church in the morning or in the afternoon, between regular services. This was to enable the workhouse inmates to have their own service, and so that the upper classes did not have to mix with the inmates. For those unable to arrange this, the inmates would remain at the workhouse and the service held there. Services usually consisted of Christmas carols, and in some cases local musicians would be paid to turn up and play music. Christmas with the family Many of the inmates in Hull workhouses included whole families, but because of the working day, these families never got the chance to see each other. Personal time was few and far between, often with males and females segregated, and children would be in their own section of the workhouse, so on Christmas Day it was arranged that families in the workhouse could spend the day together. After Christmas Dinner was eaten the workhouses in Hull would, therefore, allow their families to gather in rooms set aside so that they might share some rare family time together. Such were the moving scenes of these meetings, the Hull press were eager to report on them. It wasn’t all fun and games during the festive period, as there were many reports of incidents taking place at the Hull workhouses during this period. On Friday December 24th 1847, John Smith visited the Hull Workhouse and knocked on the front gates, asking to be admitted. May Ann Peacock, the wife of the gate-keeper at the workhouse went to the gate but refused Smith admission. Smith ran past her into the workhouse yard, assaulting her as he passed. His reason was so that he could be in the workhouse over Christmas. It transpired that Smith had been released from Hull Prison a day before the incident, but he pleaded worked, as he was sentenced to 14 days back in Hull Prison. Christmas Day in the workhouses of Hull were a mixture of good and bad, happy and sad, but it was always amazing to see how the city pulled together to provide for those less fortunate for them. A wonderful movement that still takes place today with the various charities, business owners, and kind hearted individuals that still provide Christmas Day for those in need. Join the Christmas in Hull Facebook group! Follow Hull Live Our daily newsletter - To get the latest headlines direct to your email inbox every day, click here . Follow Hull Live on Facebook - Like our Facebook page to get the latest news in your feed and join in the lively discussions in the comments. Click here to give it a like! Follow us on Twitter - For breaking news and the latest stories, click here to follow Hull Live on Twitter. Follow us on Instagram - On the Hull Live Instagram page we share gorgeous pictures of our stunning city - and if you tag us in your posts, we could repost your picture on our page! We also put the latest news in our Instagram Stories. Click here to follow Hull Live on Instagram .	1,936	ENGLISH	1
That very nice example of Neo-classic architecture is the headhouse of the old Curzon Street station in Birmingham. It was in railroad use for 128 years starting in 1838, and it wouldn’t surprise me if that was some kind of record for longevity among railroad buildings. Originally, it was the front of a dead-end station that had tracks under an open iron shed. After 1893, it was converted to freight use – and that made it one of the fancier freight around – and then it was finally closed for train use in 1966. If you simply look at the building now, in isolation, “railroad station” is probably not what would come to mind. It’s not the architectural style, as there have been plenty of Roman-inspired stations. It’s the overall size and generally human scale of the building that, to us, masks its purpose. If you click on the second link above, there’s a drawing of the rear of the Buidling showing the platforms and shed, which were wider than the headhouse. Later station design would have made the headhouse bigger, both to hide the tracks and shed and to allow direct access from the interior space to each track. That’s one of the reasons station buildings were generally large: to span across the tracks. At the time Curzon Street Station was built, railroads were new and designers (architects and, often, engineers who designed stations without architects’ involvement) were still figuring out what the requirements were for station buildings. This was a totally new type of use, where large numbers of strangers would collect and then leave, and would arrive as a group and then rapidly disperse. The ancient building types for large numbers of strangers were places they stayed, like theaters and churches. When faced with a new use, it took some time for architects to figure out what was needed for functionality, a process of design evolution made more difficult by the fact that rail traffic kept increasing, so the needs kept increasing. The earliest examples of any new building type are often functionally awkward, regardless of their formal aesthetic designs, as designers struggle to understand the use requirements.	<urn:uuid:562887f2-0607-4f44-a952-c7708e4d36b3>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://oldstructures.nyc/2020/01/16/something-actually-new/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601628.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121074002-20200121103002-00430.warc.gz	en	0.986414	444	3.265625	3	[ 0.022550512105226517, -0.07068522274494171, 0.3915681540966034, 0.2741735875606537, -0.23983444273471832, 0.18151122331619263, -0.34462791681289673, 0.042034707963466644, -0.45998096466064453, -0.25339436531066895, 0.12178009748458862, 0.29891157150268555, -0.18042661249637604, 0.168399393...	2	That very nice example of Neo-classic architecture is the headhouse of the old Curzon Street station in Birmingham. It was in railroad use for 128 years starting in 1838, and it wouldn’t surprise me if that was some kind of record for longevity among railroad buildings. Originally, it was the front of a dead-end station that had tracks under an open iron shed. After 1893, it was converted to freight use – and that made it one of the fancier freight around – and then it was finally closed for train use in 1966. If you simply look at the building now, in isolation, “railroad station” is probably not what would come to mind. It’s not the architectural style, as there have been plenty of Roman-inspired stations. It’s the overall size and generally human scale of the building that, to us, masks its purpose. If you click on the second link above, there’s a drawing of the rear of the Buidling showing the platforms and shed, which were wider than the headhouse. Later station design would have made the headhouse bigger, both to hide the tracks and shed and to allow direct access from the interior space to each track. That’s one of the reasons station buildings were generally large: to span across the tracks. At the time Curzon Street Station was built, railroads were new and designers (architects and, often, engineers who designed stations without architects’ involvement) were still figuring out what the requirements were for station buildings. This was a totally new type of use, where large numbers of strangers would collect and then leave, and would arrive as a group and then rapidly disperse. The ancient building types for large numbers of strangers were places they stayed, like theaters and churches. When faced with a new use, it took some time for architects to figure out what was needed for functionality, a process of design evolution made more difficult by the fact that rail traffic kept increasing, so the needs kept increasing. The earliest examples of any new building type are often functionally awkward, regardless of their formal aesthetic designs, as designers struggle to understand the use requirements.	442	ENGLISH	1
Christopher Columbus wanted to set up colonies for Spain and to find riches in the Far East. He promised the King and Queen of Spain that he would bring back gold, spices and silks. He sailed from Spain in 1492 with three ships. Here are some of the things that happened to Columbus: On his second voyage he discovered some islands including Jamaica. He set up the colony of Hispaniola. Columbus’ crew was cruel to the Indians who lived there. On his third voyage Columbus discovered South America. He went back to Hispaniola and found the people who lived in the colony were short of food and ready to rebel. The King of Spain heard about it and Columbus was arrested and sent back to Spain in chains. Columbus wanted to show the King and Queen of Spain that he was a good man. He went on a fourth voyage. Columbus arrived at Panama. They found some gold there and set up a trading post. The Indians who lived there did not like Columbus and his men being there. They forced them to run away. Columbus was disappointed because he did not find a new route to the East. He returned to Spain in 1504. He hoped the king and queen would ask him to lead another expedition but they did not. He died in 1506, disappointed that he had not found a new route to the Far East. Historians say that he was not the first man to discover America because the Vikings had been there before him. However, he did open up a new pathway from the Old World (Spain, Italy, etc) to the New (America) and changed life forever on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Facts PDF Worksheet: - Aimed at Students studying at UK Year 8/9 or equivalent - Free to download - Use as you wish in the classroom or home environment - Structured study guide and challenging tasks.	<urn:uuid:d9305755-796d-445b-8be2-ecf2544e3107>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://schoolhistory.co.uk/early-modern/european-explorers/was-christopher-columbus-a-success-or-failure/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681412.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125191854-20200125221854-00454.warc.gz	en	0.987586	387	3.6875	4	[ -0.09687069803476334, 0.17166292667388916, 0.37226343154907227, -0.007590185850858688, -0.13287606835365295, -0.1753268837928772, -0.17860309779644012, 0.11162307113409042, -0.10921535640954971, -0.28237247467041016, 0.4243890941143036, -0.24038159847259521, -0.6892591118812561, 0.26995924...	1	Christopher Columbus wanted to set up colonies for Spain and to find riches in the Far East. He promised the King and Queen of Spain that he would bring back gold, spices and silks. He sailed from Spain in 1492 with three ships. Here are some of the things that happened to Columbus: On his second voyage he discovered some islands including Jamaica. He set up the colony of Hispaniola. Columbus’ crew was cruel to the Indians who lived there. On his third voyage Columbus discovered South America. He went back to Hispaniola and found the people who lived in the colony were short of food and ready to rebel. The King of Spain heard about it and Columbus was arrested and sent back to Spain in chains. Columbus wanted to show the King and Queen of Spain that he was a good man. He went on a fourth voyage. Columbus arrived at Panama. They found some gold there and set up a trading post. The Indians who lived there did not like Columbus and his men being there. They forced them to run away. Columbus was disappointed because he did not find a new route to the East. He returned to Spain in 1504. He hoped the king and queen would ask him to lead another expedition but they did not. He died in 1506, disappointed that he had not found a new route to the Far East. Historians say that he was not the first man to discover America because the Vikings had been there before him. However, he did open up a new pathway from the Old World (Spain, Italy, etc) to the New (America) and changed life forever on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Facts PDF Worksheet: - Aimed at Students studying at UK Year 8/9 or equivalent - Free to download - Use as you wish in the classroom or home environment - Structured study guide and challenging tasks.	388	ENGLISH	1
New England and the Chesapeake regions were both settled largely by people of English origin, yet their family status, affected their economic status, which was highly based around land ownership, which then lead to geographical separations, therefore forming two distinct societies in colonial America. When looking at list of immigrants in the Ship’s List of Emigrants bound for New England John Porter, Deputy Clerk to Edward Thorough good you can see that majority of the Immigrants bound for New England on March 20th, 1635 had families, as well as indentured slaves. For example Joseph Hall, a minister of age 40 came with his wife, his five daughters, his two sons, and his three servants, this would make him one of the more wealthy people in the New England region because of the headright system. The headright system was a legal grant of land to the settlers. Most headrights were 50 acres per head in the household, and two 50 acre headrights were granted to people already living in the area, as well as 50 acres were granted every time someone paid for another person to come to America, and this was were the division between the wealthy and the poor increased. In the list of immigrants in the Ship’s List of Emigrants bound for Virginia, unlike the immigrants bound for New England, none of the nomads came with families, leading to an idea that they most likely came in search of a new personal life more of than those whom came with families, who may have been looking to improve their families wealth, the people bound for Virginia were most likely looking for gold, good jobs, and wives. They were almost all at a young age in their teens and 20s, save two men who were in their early 50s, leaving them in a perfect time to jump start their lives, and do this by moving to a new land of opportunities. Such as in Captain John Smith, History Of Virginia, 1624 it says, “The worst [among us were the gold seekers who] with their golden promises made all men their slaves in hope of recompenses” which leads into the topic of indentured slaves roles, and placement in the colonies. Some people had their trip paid for by a settler, and then paid them back by being indentured servants for a certain amount of time (in Captain John Smith, History of Virginia,1624's case, in hopes new opportunity), and this was how the people got separated into two societies through geographical placement. When the indentured servants had paid their time, they ended up living in the inner part of the land, which was in closer proximity to the native tribes, which caused conflict. This was one of the reasons for Bacon’s rebellion. Nathaniel Bacon who was a wealthy man and cousin by marriage to Governor Berkeley but when one of his laborers was killed by a Native American tribe (this laborer was part of the working class, they lived in the inner region, closer to the Natives) he gathered men to approach Berkeley to get rid of the Natives in the area, and when this proposal was rejected he gathered slaves, and servants and burned down Jamestown. In Bacon’s “manifesto”, justifying his rebellion against Virginia Governor Berkeley in 1676 Bacon said “Now let us compare these things together and see what sponges have sucked up the public treasure and whether it has not been privately contrived away by unworthy favorites and juggling parasites whose tottering fortunes have been repaired and supported by the public charge” this quote really shows a different in the two societies, by comparing those who are wealthy to a sponge that soaked up everything the poor people had worked for, as in the poor work and the rich simply take. This rebellion specifically gave temporary power to the majority, which was the poor laborers and farmers, and took power from the wealthy minority. This describes how the public had to feed to the wealth of the minority,but eventually gained power which caused even more of a difference in development of the two societies. Going back… The characteristics of individuals have a large impact on the development of a society. The New England and Chesapeake regions were settled primarily by people of English origin; however, by the 1700s the regions had developed into two distinct societies. The distinctions of these societies can be accredited partly to varying motives of the English settlers. The composition of the settlers can also account for the contrast of these two societies. Varying ideals of these settlers affected the political… Reform movements developed during the 19th century and early 20th century to address specific problems. These included the Woman’s rights movement, the temperance movement, and the Movement to end child labor. These movements met with varying degrees of success. Using information from the documents and my knowledge of United States history I will write an essay in which I will discuss two reform movements mentioned in the historical context. For each I will describe the problem… DBQ 1- New England and Chesapeake Bay In 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered the New World while attempting to discover a route to India. This accidental discovery revealed a land full of rich resources, and through a series of wars between nations, Great Britain would control this new territory. People from all across Europe flocked to this New World for a chance at a new beginning. Despite a similar European background, the people of this new territory separated and lived in two distinct… In the start of 1700s slavery was a huge population in America. Americans (especially southern colonies) wanted more slaves to make more profit, but they couldn’t make profit if Indentured servants could be free at an extended time period. Colonies decided to bring more slaves to North America that they could work for them without being free from them. As slavery increase in North America, people say that the North has more slaves than the South but actually… Maya & Aztec Civilization DBQ Throughout history each civilization has adapted to their environment in many different ways. The changes each person made, had a negative and a positive effect on themselves and their environment. An example is in the Mayan civilization they built elevated fields near river to protect their crops from annual flood. Also they used their resources of the river for watering. Another example of this is the way that the Aztecs transformed their swampy marsh of an island… Democracy in Colonial America was a work in progress. Some would say that we as a country would have not progressed as far as we have now without the use of slave labor. But does that make owning another person right? Colonial America had its democratic features too. Eventually all of the 13 colonies had a legislature made up of representatives who were elected by popular vote. In the colonies general courts were created and the fact that “the choice for governor shall be decided by vote” was established… Ben Webb 3rd hour Africans reacted to the European Scramble for Africa with horror, submission, and in some cases, rebellion. One reaction to the Europeans taking control over Africa was conforming or submitting to the Europeans. One document that showed this was a contract from the Royal Niger Company that was commissioned by the British and was sent to every African chief in the Niger River Delta. This contract allowed the British to take the rights to the African chief’s land and it… Although New England and the Chesapeake region were both settled mostly by the English, by the year 1700, the regions were two different very distinct societies. This difference can be traced to a couple of different reasons such as the reasons for founding, the different types of settlers the regions attracted, and the contrast in economies. In 1607, Virginia was founded by the Virginia Company of London. Since the colony was originally founded by this company instead of the crown as… DBQ: Impact of Westward Expansion on Native Americans and the Role of Government Directions The following question requires you to construct a coherent essay that integrates your interpretation of Documents A–H and your knowledge of the period referred to in the question. High scores will be earned only for essays that both cite key pieces of evidence from the documents and draw on outside knowledge of the period. 1. Analyze the extent to which western expansion affected the lives of Native Americans… September 24, 2012 Question: Although New England and the Chesapeake region were both settled largely by of English origin, by 1700 the region had evolved into two different societies. Why did this difference in development occur? Thesis Statement: When talking about New England and the Chesapeake region, you have to consider the differences in motives and geography. Consider economic situations (reasons for settling where they did, reasons why they came to…	<urn:uuid:3b04ce98-8310-4b36-a835-576cd37d4ac8>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.majortests.com/essay/Chesapeake-Dbq-563880.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251799918.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129133601-20200129163601-00011.warc.gz	en	0.980684	1,787	4.40625	4	[ -0.08587908744812012, 0.13834623992443085, 0.3217810392379761, -0.38477611541748047, 0.11291813105344772, -0.09161759912967682, -0.046553514897823334, -0.47907981276512146, -0.2817409932613373, 0.03410361707210541, 0.18879805505275726, 0.08985888212919235, -0.22927191853523254, -0.04990771...	1	New England and the Chesapeake regions were both settled largely by people of English origin, yet their family status, affected their economic status, which was highly based around land ownership, which then lead to geographical separations, therefore forming two distinct societies in colonial America. When looking at list of immigrants in the Ship’s List of Emigrants bound for New England John Porter, Deputy Clerk to Edward Thorough good you can see that majority of the Immigrants bound for New England on March 20th, 1635 had families, as well as indentured slaves. For example Joseph Hall, a minister of age 40 came with his wife, his five daughters, his two sons, and his three servants, this would make him one of the more wealthy people in the New England region because of the headright system. The headright system was a legal grant of land to the settlers. Most headrights were 50 acres per head in the household, and two 50 acre headrights were granted to people already living in the area, as well as 50 acres were granted every time someone paid for another person to come to America, and this was were the division between the wealthy and the poor increased. In the list of immigrants in the Ship’s List of Emigrants bound for Virginia, unlike the immigrants bound for New England, none of the nomads came with families, leading to an idea that they most likely came in search of a new personal life more of than those whom came with families, who may have been looking to improve their families wealth, the people bound for Virginia were most likely looking for gold, good jobs, and wives. They were almost all at a young age in their teens and 20s, save two men who were in their early 50s, leaving them in a perfect time to jump start their lives, and do this by moving to a new land of opportunities. Such as in Captain John Smith, History Of Virginia, 1624 it says, “The worst [among us were the gold seekers who] with their golden promises made all men their slaves in hope of recompenses” which leads into the topic of indentured slaves roles, and placement in the colonies. Some people had their trip paid for by a settler, and then paid them back by being indentured servants for a certain amount of time (in Captain John Smith, History of Virginia,1624's case, in hopes new opportunity), and this was how the people got separated into two societies through geographical placement. When the indentured servants had paid their time, they ended up living in the inner part of the land, which was in closer proximity to the native tribes, which caused conflict. This was one of the reasons for Bacon’s rebellion. Nathaniel Bacon who was a wealthy man and cousin by marriage to Governor Berkeley but when one of his laborers was killed by a Native American tribe (this laborer was part of the working class, they lived in the inner region, closer to the Natives) he gathered men to approach Berkeley to get rid of the Natives in the area, and when this proposal was rejected he gathered slaves, and servants and burned down Jamestown. In Bacon’s “manifesto”, justifying his rebellion against Virginia Governor Berkeley in 1676 Bacon said “Now let us compare these things together and see what sponges have sucked up the public treasure and whether it has not been privately contrived away by unworthy favorites and juggling parasites whose tottering fortunes have been repaired and supported by the public charge” this quote really shows a different in the two societies, by comparing those who are wealthy to a sponge that soaked up everything the poor people had worked for, as in the poor work and the rich simply take. This rebellion specifically gave temporary power to the majority, which was the poor laborers and farmers, and took power from the wealthy minority. This describes how the public had to feed to the wealth of the minority,but eventually gained power which caused even more of a difference in development of the two societies. Going back… The characteristics of individuals have a large impact on the development of a society. The New England and Chesapeake regions were settled primarily by people of English origin; however, by the 1700s the regions had developed into two distinct societies. The distinctions of these societies can be accredited partly to varying motives of the English settlers. The composition of the settlers can also account for the contrast of these two societies. Varying ideals of these settlers affected the political… Reform movements developed during the 19th century and early 20th century to address specific problems. These included the Woman’s rights movement, the temperance movement, and the Movement to end child labor. These movements met with varying degrees of success. Using information from the documents and my knowledge of United States history I will write an essay in which I will discuss two reform movements mentioned in the historical context. For each I will describe the problem… DBQ 1- New England and Chesapeake Bay In 1492, Christopher Columbus discovered the New World while attempting to discover a route to India. This accidental discovery revealed a land full of rich resources, and through a series of wars between nations, Great Britain would control this new territory. People from all across Europe flocked to this New World for a chance at a new beginning. Despite a similar European background, the people of this new territory separated and lived in two distinct… In the start of 1700s slavery was a huge population in America. Americans (especially southern colonies) wanted more slaves to make more profit, but they couldn’t make profit if Indentured servants could be free at an extended time period. Colonies decided to bring more slaves to North America that they could work for them without being free from them. As slavery increase in North America, people say that the North has more slaves than the South but actually… Maya & Aztec Civilization DBQ Throughout history each civilization has adapted to their environment in many different ways. The changes each person made, had a negative and a positive effect on themselves and their environment. An example is in the Mayan civilization they built elevated fields near river to protect their crops from annual flood. Also they used their resources of the river for watering. Another example of this is the way that the Aztecs transformed their swampy marsh of an island… Democracy in Colonial America was a work in progress. Some would say that we as a country would have not progressed as far as we have now without the use of slave labor. But does that make owning another person right? Colonial America had its democratic features too. Eventually all of the 13 colonies had a legislature made up of representatives who were elected by popular vote. In the colonies general courts were created and the fact that “the choice for governor shall be decided by vote” was established… Ben Webb 3rd hour Africans reacted to the European Scramble for Africa with horror, submission, and in some cases, rebellion. One reaction to the Europeans taking control over Africa was conforming or submitting to the Europeans. One document that showed this was a contract from the Royal Niger Company that was commissioned by the British and was sent to every African chief in the Niger River Delta. This contract allowed the British to take the rights to the African chief’s land and it… Although New England and the Chesapeake region were both settled mostly by the English, by the year 1700, the regions were two different very distinct societies. This difference can be traced to a couple of different reasons such as the reasons for founding, the different types of settlers the regions attracted, and the contrast in economies. In 1607, Virginia was founded by the Virginia Company of London. Since the colony was originally founded by this company instead of the crown as… DBQ: Impact of Westward Expansion on Native Americans and the Role of Government Directions The following question requires you to construct a coherent essay that integrates your interpretation of Documents A–H and your knowledge of the period referred to in the question. High scores will be earned only for essays that both cite key pieces of evidence from the documents and draw on outside knowledge of the period. 1. Analyze the extent to which western expansion affected the lives of Native Americans… September 24, 2012 Question: Although New England and the Chesapeake region were both settled largely by of English origin, by 1700 the region had evolved into two different societies. Why did this difference in development occur? Thesis Statement: When talking about New England and the Chesapeake region, you have to consider the differences in motives and geography. Consider economic situations (reasons for settling where they did, reasons why they came to…	1,816	ENGLISH	1
The earliest incident was when he was asked to question Hester on the scaffold as to who the father of her child was: "I charge thee to speak out the name of the thy fellow-sinner and fellow sufferer! Neither the austere Puritan citizens nor the hypocritical Puritan government officials are willing to forgive her and move on, so Hester has no one to turn to. Characters in this novel go through their lives struggling with themselves trying to cope with the guilt and shame associated with their actions. Without an honorable reputation a person is not worthy of respect from others in their society. There have been debates on exactly who is the biggest sinner, but in Hawthorne's case, I think he believes that the sins were equal and throughout the novel he develops each of them, trying to get the reader to understand is reasoning Arthur Dimmesdale was a praiseworthy character throughout the book, even though his sin brought so much discomfort to him. The way sin affects the lives of the characters in the book, and the way they each deal with it is both enlightening and unsettling. Search our content:. By indirectly dealing with his sense of guilt through fictional circumstances, he shows his viewpoint as being highly critical of the Puritans while teaching a strong moral lesson in the process After a while, it gets to the point where he uses a cane to walk, and people are afraid for his life. The stanzas do have a rhyme scheme which adds a musical effect to the poem.	<urn:uuid:204d5956-3713-4a35-9d19-987e003589d5>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://piduqibodijahynu.oberonlife.com/effects-of-sin-in-the-scarlet60222825ij.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251678287.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125161753-20200125190753-00533.warc.gz	en	0.986717	308	3.53125	4	[ -0.10556741058826447, 0.2618480324745178, 0.14993175864219666, -0.261782705783844, -0.13593825697898865, 0.1535702496767044, 0.5527962446212769, -0.06036647409200668, 0.0646924301981926, -0.18484853208065033, -0.1941518485546112, 0.14927683770656586, 0.106354258954525, 0.2533043920993805, ...	2	The earliest incident was when he was asked to question Hester on the scaffold as to who the father of her child was: "I charge thee to speak out the name of the thy fellow-sinner and fellow sufferer! Neither the austere Puritan citizens nor the hypocritical Puritan government officials are willing to forgive her and move on, so Hester has no one to turn to. Characters in this novel go through their lives struggling with themselves trying to cope with the guilt and shame associated with their actions. Without an honorable reputation a person is not worthy of respect from others in their society. There have been debates on exactly who is the biggest sinner, but in Hawthorne's case, I think he believes that the sins were equal and throughout the novel he develops each of them, trying to get the reader to understand is reasoning Arthur Dimmesdale was a praiseworthy character throughout the book, even though his sin brought so much discomfort to him. The way sin affects the lives of the characters in the book, and the way they each deal with it is both enlightening and unsettling. Search our content:. By indirectly dealing with his sense of guilt through fictional circumstances, he shows his viewpoint as being highly critical of the Puritans while teaching a strong moral lesson in the process After a while, it gets to the point where he uses a cane to walk, and people are afraid for his life. The stanzas do have a rhyme scheme which adds a musical effect to the poem.	303	ENGLISH	1
While the Germans and the rest of the world were focusing on World War I, many innocent people experiencing a different type of nature. They were subjected to being publicly humiliated, shaved and branded, and placed in tormenting concentration camps. Persecution and Emigration, Origins of the Holocaust, Fighting Back and Anne Frank are all big roles during this time period. No one will ever know the exact feeling of the trauma people were facing and how many people were actually killed. During the time of the Holocaust, Jews were not the only victims of murder. Homosexuals, Communists, people with mental disabilities, Gypsies and Slavs, Russians and Poles. The killing started in 1941 to 1945. The Jews feared leaving and being separated …show more content… Hitler States in his book Mein Kampf “At the beginning of World War I, or even during the war, if twelve or fifteen thousand of these Jews who were corrupting the nation had been forced to submit to poison-gas, just as hundreds of our best German workers from every social stratum and every trade and calling had to face it in the field, then the millions of sacrifices made at the battle front would not have been in vain.” (Origins of the Holocaust 34). Hitler wanted perfect people with blonde hair and blue eyes everyone else he wanted dead. The Nazi policy was to kill all Jews of Europe. From 1941 to 1944 millions of Jews were deported from Germany by the Nazi authorities. They then went to many killing centers known as extermination camps, where they were then murdered in gassing facilities. (“Holocaust Encyclopedia”). Jews during this time period were absolutely miserable they knew when they were found, if they were hiding out, that they were going to die in a painful way. Jews believed in Judaism which meant they only believed in one God. Judaism believes that Jews are uniquely connected with each other regardless of where they lived in the world, to Hitler it mattered. Escaping from the concentration camps was very possible even though there was constant watch over all the fences. The main people who tried to Escape were	<urn:uuid:d9e4fa0f-2797-471e-8205-b8d1ab55d7bc>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.cram.com/essay/the-victims-of-the-holocaust/F3UX442SC	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601241.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121014531-20200121043531-00249.warc.gz	en	0.986618	429	3.359375	3	[ -0.1327146738767624, 0.7471497654914856, -0.05262155085802078, 0.031893014907836914, 0.20168958604335785, 0.4524482488632202, 0.31780949234962463, 0.16037748754024506, 0.1995994597673416, -0.11894252896308899, 0.3162011504173279, -0.03610808774828911, -0.1250571608543396, 0.401767462491989...	1	While the Germans and the rest of the world were focusing on World War I, many innocent people experiencing a different type of nature. They were subjected to being publicly humiliated, shaved and branded, and placed in tormenting concentration camps. Persecution and Emigration, Origins of the Holocaust, Fighting Back and Anne Frank are all big roles during this time period. No one will ever know the exact feeling of the trauma people were facing and how many people were actually killed. During the time of the Holocaust, Jews were not the only victims of murder. Homosexuals, Communists, people with mental disabilities, Gypsies and Slavs, Russians and Poles. The killing started in 1941 to 1945. The Jews feared leaving and being separated …show more content… Hitler States in his book Mein Kampf “At the beginning of World War I, or even during the war, if twelve or fifteen thousand of these Jews who were corrupting the nation had been forced to submit to poison-gas, just as hundreds of our best German workers from every social stratum and every trade and calling had to face it in the field, then the millions of sacrifices made at the battle front would not have been in vain.” (Origins of the Holocaust 34). Hitler wanted perfect people with blonde hair and blue eyes everyone else he wanted dead. The Nazi policy was to kill all Jews of Europe. From 1941 to 1944 millions of Jews were deported from Germany by the Nazi authorities. They then went to many killing centers known as extermination camps, where they were then murdered in gassing facilities. (“Holocaust Encyclopedia”). Jews during this time period were absolutely miserable they knew when they were found, if they were hiding out, that they were going to die in a painful way. Jews believed in Judaism which meant they only believed in one God. Judaism believes that Jews are uniquely connected with each other regardless of where they lived in the world, to Hitler it mattered. Escaping from the concentration camps was very possible even though there was constant watch over all the fences. The main people who tried to Escape were	441	ENGLISH	1
Almost 500 years ago Queen Elizabeth was struck down with a violent fever. What happened next would change the course of history. When Queen Elizabeth I was 29, in 1562, she was struck down with what was believed to be a violent fever. Ordered by doctors to remain in her bed at Hampton Court Palace, it was soon clear that her illness was more than just a fever — she had the dreaded smallpox. Smallpox was a feared, deadly, viral disease that was highly contagious. There was no cure and no treatment. As recently as the 1960s, around 12 million people caught the disease and around two million people died every year. Small pox was eventually eradicated by immunisation in 1980 but the story behind the vaccine is fascinating. What began as an illness led to a rash that developed in small blisters or pustules that would split before drying and forming a scab that left scars. It was 457 years ago that Elizabeth came close to death but the aftermath of the disease that nearly killed her led to the iconic makeup style, that makes Queen Elizabeth one of the most recognisable monarchs of British royal history. The Dreaded Pox In the early stages of smallpox, the Queen refused to believe that she could possibly have contracted such a dreadful disease. Author Anna Whitelock wrote in The Queen’s Bed: An intimate history of Elizabeth’s court that a notable German physician, Dr Burcot, was invited to the Queen’s sick bed. When he diagnosed smallpox, the Queen sent him away, accusing him of being incompetent. Apparently the word “fool” was uttered from the royal lips too. However, as Elizabeth’s health declined further, Dr Burcot was asked to make another visit to the Queen where he diagnosed small pox a second time. “’Tis the pox,” he replied, at which Elizabeth moaned, “God’s pestilence! Which is better? To have the pox in the hand or in the face or in the heart and kill the whole body?’” Eventually, the Queen became so ill she could barely speak and seven days into her sickness, it was feared the she was going to die. Her ministers hastily discussed a succession plan. Since the Queen had no children, there was great concern about succession if Elizabeth suddenly died. The risk of Elizabeth losing her battle with smallpox was high, as around 30 per cent of those with the disease would die from it and very few escaped the illness without dreadful scarring from the skin lesions. At the time of her illness, Elizabeth’s most likely heir was Mary, Queen of Scots. But due to Mary being a Catholic, many British Protestants were concerned about the repercussions of having a Catholic on the throne. But the issue of succession was put aside for another time, as Elizabeth did recover. And, while her face was scarred, she wasn’t terribly disfigured. Spare a thought for her loyal lady-in-waiting Mary Sidney, who spent hours by the Queen’s sick bed, making sure she had plenty of water and tea and being a constant comfort for her. It was no surprise that Sidney caught “the dreaded pox”, leaving her disfigured for life. Restoring the Queen’s beauty When she eventually rose from her sick bed, Elizabeth set about ensuring her beauty was restored. She had always been celebrated for her glamour, her elaborate clothing and her white flawless skin. But, after her brush with death via smallpox, the Queen was left with a lifelong reminder of her illness; she was devastated when she realised that her skin would always bare the scars of the disease that almost took her life. It must have been soul destroying for a woman who believed that much of her power was due to her beauty. So, she began by covering her pockmarks with heavy white makeup. She used what was known as the “venetian ceruse”, a mixture of vinegar and lead; a potential killer. Author Lisa Eldridge wrote in her book Face Paint that archaeologists have found traces of white lead in the graves of upper-class women who lived as far back as ancient Greece. It’s also believed ceruse was used in China in the ancient Shang Dynasty (1600–1046 B.C.) At the time of Queen Elizabeth’s reign, women strived for a totally white face because it symbolised youth and fertility. It’s been argued that the desire for a white face had nothing to do with racism and everything to do with class — if a woman had a white face, it was a clear sign that she has never had to work outdoors. So how did the ladies achieve the look that writer Inkoo Kang described as being “perilously close to Ronald McDonald cosplay”? Most ladies slathered the Venetian Ceruse across the face, neck and décolletage. Clearly, the major problem with this makeup was due to the lead ingredient and, if used over an extended period of time, caused illness and/or death. Here’s a popular YouTube makeup tutorial that recreates the Queen’s iconic look: If the makeup didn’t kill you or make you ill, it would make your skin appear grey and wrinkled once the makeup was removed. To make it worse, the white makeup was left on the skin for a very long time without being washed. Ladies left it on their face for at least a week before cleaning themselves. But, even the ingredients in the commonly used facial cleanser had the potential to kill — rosewater, mercury, honey and even eggshells were used. The ladies might have felt this concoction left their skin feeling soft and smooth, but the mercury meant that the cleanser was actually eating away their skin. To top off the look, Elizabeth also used bright red pigments on her lips that contained additional heavy metals. It was also fashionable to line your eyes with black kohl, and use special eyedrops known as “belladonna” which dilated the pupils. Eyebrows were plucked until they were thin and arched, creating the appearance of a high forehead, which supposedly made women look not only intelligent but from the upper class. Plants and animal dyes were used for rouge, making the cheeks glow. Public image of the Queen Elizabeth was highly aware of the importance of her appearance in public and went to great pains to achieve the look she believed suited her the best, making her not only attractive but clearly regal. She also insisted on being in control of her official portraits which is why a recent exhibition at London’s Queen’s House in Greenwich has found a way to undo Elizabeth’s carefully crafted image. The art installation explores the “other face” of the Queen, showing her face stripped of makeup. It’s the face of a woman looking vulnerable as she exists in a patriarchal world where she was only safe if she could hold onto her power. It’s fascinating to see what she looked like without her mask of makeup and many believe it was the lead in her foundation that led to her death at the age of 69, on March 24, 1603. While the exact cause of Elizabeth’s death is debatable — possible causes include blood poisoning, pneumonia, or cancer — she lost most of her hair and was said to be highly fatigued as well as suffering from memory loss and digestive problems; symptoms of lead poisoning. What’s not up for debate is the fact that, as she aged, she applied more and more layers of makeup to her face; the never-ending bid to disguise oneself using the deadly “mask of youth”. All Rights Reserved for Libby-Jane Charleston	<urn:uuid:25c5ef9d-5077-4dd7-8aa4-0bb520f6d9fc>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://productivityhub.org/2019/09/25/the-truth-behind-queen-elizabeths-white-clown-face-makeup/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250611127.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123160903-20200123185903-00549.warc.gz	en	0.985175	1,643	3.703125	4	[ -0.09409956634044647, 0.2678733468055725, 0.7771550416946411, 0.17461057007312775, 0.24575001001358032, 0.05813988670706749, 0.3476412296295166, 0.2591191828250885, 0.009241839870810509, -0.02726946398615837, -0.032666437327861786, -0.5470619797706604, 0.2847549319267273, 0.045811872929334...	1	Almost 500 years ago Queen Elizabeth was struck down with a violent fever. What happened next would change the course of history. When Queen Elizabeth I was 29, in 1562, she was struck down with what was believed to be a violent fever. Ordered by doctors to remain in her bed at Hampton Court Palace, it was soon clear that her illness was more than just a fever — she had the dreaded smallpox. Smallpox was a feared, deadly, viral disease that was highly contagious. There was no cure and no treatment. As recently as the 1960s, around 12 million people caught the disease and around two million people died every year. Small pox was eventually eradicated by immunisation in 1980 but the story behind the vaccine is fascinating. What began as an illness led to a rash that developed in small blisters or pustules that would split before drying and forming a scab that left scars. It was 457 years ago that Elizabeth came close to death but the aftermath of the disease that nearly killed her led to the iconic makeup style, that makes Queen Elizabeth one of the most recognisable monarchs of British royal history. The Dreaded Pox In the early stages of smallpox, the Queen refused to believe that she could possibly have contracted such a dreadful disease. Author Anna Whitelock wrote in The Queen’s Bed: An intimate history of Elizabeth’s court that a notable German physician, Dr Burcot, was invited to the Queen’s sick bed. When he diagnosed smallpox, the Queen sent him away, accusing him of being incompetent. Apparently the word “fool” was uttered from the royal lips too. However, as Elizabeth’s health declined further, Dr Burcot was asked to make another visit to the Queen where he diagnosed small pox a second time. “’Tis the pox,” he replied, at which Elizabeth moaned, “God’s pestilence! Which is better? To have the pox in the hand or in the face or in the heart and kill the whole body?’” Eventually, the Queen became so ill she could barely speak and seven days into her sickness, it was feared the she was going to die. Her ministers hastily discussed a succession plan. Since the Queen had no children, there was great concern about succession if Elizabeth suddenly died. The risk of Elizabeth losing her battle with smallpox was high, as around 30 per cent of those with the disease would die from it and very few escaped the illness without dreadful scarring from the skin lesions. At the time of her illness, Elizabeth’s most likely heir was Mary, Queen of Scots. But due to Mary being a Catholic, many British Protestants were concerned about the repercussions of having a Catholic on the throne. But the issue of succession was put aside for another time, as Elizabeth did recover. And, while her face was scarred, she wasn’t terribly disfigured. Spare a thought for her loyal lady-in-waiting Mary Sidney, who spent hours by the Queen’s sick bed, making sure she had plenty of water and tea and being a constant comfort for her. It was no surprise that Sidney caught “the dreaded pox”, leaving her disfigured for life. Restoring the Queen’s beauty When she eventually rose from her sick bed, Elizabeth set about ensuring her beauty was restored. She had always been celebrated for her glamour, her elaborate clothing and her white flawless skin. But, after her brush with death via smallpox, the Queen was left with a lifelong reminder of her illness; she was devastated when she realised that her skin would always bare the scars of the disease that almost took her life. It must have been soul destroying for a woman who believed that much of her power was due to her beauty. So, she began by covering her pockmarks with heavy white makeup. She used what was known as the “venetian ceruse”, a mixture of vinegar and lead; a potential killer. Author Lisa Eldridge wrote in her book Face Paint that archaeologists have found traces of white lead in the graves of upper-class women who lived as far back as ancient Greece. It’s also believed ceruse was used in China in the ancient Shang Dynasty (1600–1046 B.C.) At the time of Queen Elizabeth’s reign, women strived for a totally white face because it symbolised youth and fertility. It’s been argued that the desire for a white face had nothing to do with racism and everything to do with class — if a woman had a white face, it was a clear sign that she has never had to work outdoors. So how did the ladies achieve the look that writer Inkoo Kang described as being “perilously close to Ronald McDonald cosplay”? Most ladies slathered the Venetian Ceruse across the face, neck and décolletage. Clearly, the major problem with this makeup was due to the lead ingredient and, if used over an extended period of time, caused illness and/or death. Here’s a popular YouTube makeup tutorial that recreates the Queen’s iconic look: If the makeup didn’t kill you or make you ill, it would make your skin appear grey and wrinkled once the makeup was removed. To make it worse, the white makeup was left on the skin for a very long time without being washed. Ladies left it on their face for at least a week before cleaning themselves. But, even the ingredients in the commonly used facial cleanser had the potential to kill — rosewater, mercury, honey and even eggshells were used. The ladies might have felt this concoction left their skin feeling soft and smooth, but the mercury meant that the cleanser was actually eating away their skin. To top off the look, Elizabeth also used bright red pigments on her lips that contained additional heavy metals. It was also fashionable to line your eyes with black kohl, and use special eyedrops known as “belladonna” which dilated the pupils. Eyebrows were plucked until they were thin and arched, creating the appearance of a high forehead, which supposedly made women look not only intelligent but from the upper class. Plants and animal dyes were used for rouge, making the cheeks glow. Public image of the Queen Elizabeth was highly aware of the importance of her appearance in public and went to great pains to achieve the look she believed suited her the best, making her not only attractive but clearly regal. She also insisted on being in control of her official portraits which is why a recent exhibition at London’s Queen’s House in Greenwich has found a way to undo Elizabeth’s carefully crafted image. The art installation explores the “other face” of the Queen, showing her face stripped of makeup. It’s the face of a woman looking vulnerable as she exists in a patriarchal world where she was only safe if she could hold onto her power. It’s fascinating to see what she looked like without her mask of makeup and many believe it was the lead in her foundation that led to her death at the age of 69, on March 24, 1603. While the exact cause of Elizabeth’s death is debatable — possible causes include blood poisoning, pneumonia, or cancer — she lost most of her hair and was said to be highly fatigued as well as suffering from memory loss and digestive problems; symptoms of lead poisoning. What’s not up for debate is the fact that, as she aged, she applied more and more layers of makeup to her face; the never-ending bid to disguise oneself using the deadly “mask of youth”. All Rights Reserved for Libby-Jane Charleston	1,577	ENGLISH	1
Year 3 took part in an investigation into why woolly mammoth bones are regularly found by fishing boats in the middle of the North Sea. We learned that, in the Stone Age, there was land connecting Britain to Europe called 'Doggerland'. We discussed the 3 main theories about why the land was wiped out. Discussing melting Ice, Isostatic Rebounding and a megatsunami. Stone Age Day Today, Year 3 had a Stone Age day to launch our new topic. We built shelters outside after learning about how communities were nomadic, living in temporary shelters. We took part in archery after learning about how Stone Age people hunted for their food. We also learned about how Beakers were introduced to Britain by the Beaker people and made Stone Age beakers. Year 3 are lucky enough to have professional coaches from Newcastle Falcons come in and lead our P.E. sessions this half term. We had a great time learning to run with the ball and pass the ball this week! P.E. - Circuits Year 3 have been doing circuits in P.E. They have loved working hard and learning about the body, health and fitness.	<urn:uuid:7c1fdebe-9a36-4c55-93b0-f8bbe3c006e9>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.stcuthbertsk.newcastle.sch.uk/website/year_3_4/201695	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251671078.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125071430-20200125100430-00122.warc.gz	en	0.980708	240	3.421875	3	[ -0.1608959436416626, -0.03790675103664398, 0.3117485046386719, -0.10911553353071213, 0.1706586480140686, -0.11657746136188507, -0.21863631904125214, -0.06658504158258438, -0.5635719895362854, 0.2395683228969574, 0.24188865721225739, -0.8421816229820251, -0.08144500106573105, 0.105125695466...	1	Year 3 took part in an investigation into why woolly mammoth bones are regularly found by fishing boats in the middle of the North Sea. We learned that, in the Stone Age, there was land connecting Britain to Europe called 'Doggerland'. We discussed the 3 main theories about why the land was wiped out. Discussing melting Ice, Isostatic Rebounding and a megatsunami. Stone Age Day Today, Year 3 had a Stone Age day to launch our new topic. We built shelters outside after learning about how communities were nomadic, living in temporary shelters. We took part in archery after learning about how Stone Age people hunted for their food. We also learned about how Beakers were introduced to Britain by the Beaker people and made Stone Age beakers. Year 3 are lucky enough to have professional coaches from Newcastle Falcons come in and lead our P.E. sessions this half term. We had a great time learning to run with the ball and pass the ball this week! P.E. - Circuits Year 3 have been doing circuits in P.E. They have loved working hard and learning about the body, health and fitness.	238	ENGLISH	1
Get Full Access to Lumos StepUp - Grade 7 Language Arts Literacy Currently, you have limited access to Lumos StepUp - Grade 7 Language Arts Literacy. The Full Program includes, Buy Practice ResourcesOnline Program Reading Task 2 Chess is a Girl’s Game Laszlo Polgar is a Hungarian man with two notable passions. He loves chess. He not only likes to play, he also is a collector with a huge personal library of old chess magazines, books, puzzles, and game boards. Polgar’s other passion is education. He wrote a thesis describing the best pedagogy to teach students chess. He has also written chess theory and puzzle books. Polgar married a woman who shared his interests, and they had three daughters: Susan, Sophia, and Judit. From an early age – as young as four – Susan became interested in her father’s game, chess. In any other family, she might have been discouraged from pursuing competitive chess. After all, of the thousand top-ranked chess players in the world, only 11 are women. But Laszlo Polgar believed that “geniuses are made, not born.” He encouraged all three of his daughters to pursue chess, and the results were astonishing. At one point all three sisters were ranked in the top twenty of all players in the world, including men and women. The outstanding results began early for the Polgar sisters. Six months after Susan first learned the rules of chess, she went into a local men’s chess club and beat everyone. When Susan was 21 years old, she became the first woman to earn the highly coveted title of Grandmaster, which is the top level in chess. If that wasn’t amazing enough, Judit earned the same title the same year as her sister, but she was only fifteen. Bobby Fischer, who is sometimes considered the greatest player ever, earned the title of Grandmaster at a slightly older age than Judit did. When the sisters were 19, 14 and 12, they were the representatives sent by Hungary to the Women’s Chess Olympiad, a competition of the best women players in the world. They beat the best teams in the world, which Hungary had never done before, and brought home the gold for their country. The success of the sisters brings up some interesting questions. After all, many people who pay attention to chess assume that it is a skill that men simply have, and women do not. How else can we explain the fact that only 11 of the top 1,000 players in the world are women? It turns out that the explanation may be environmental, rather than biological. In other words, the real reason why women haven’t succeeded at chess may be due to not having the opportunity to learn the game, or not having been encouraged to do well at it. The Polgar sisters seem to be proof of what can happen when girls are encouraged to do well at the game. On the other hand, some people argue, there is the possibility that the Polgar sisters merely provide one more piece of evidence for the biological theory. Maybe their father, who is an excellent player, passed on his genes to his daughters. The success of the sisters suggests that anyone can learn to do well at the game, but the sisters themselves disagree with that. They see their success as a result not just of the educational opportunity they had with such a motivated father, but also as a result of their own hard work. Sophia, who has always been the weakest of the three, readily acknowledges that she has never been willing to put in as much hard work as her sisters. She is considered an “artistic” chess player, meaning that she tries fancy moves that may prove suddenly successful, or may go down to defeat just as quickly. As they have grown, two of the sisters have found other interests. Judit, however, continues to play chess internationally. She has been for some time the top-ranked woman in the world, and has been ranked as high as eighth overall player in the world. She has beaten world champion Garry Kasparov, who earlier said that “women by nature are not exceptional chess players.” It seems like the Polgar sisters might make him – and many other people around the world – want to reconsider their opinions. Which is the most accurate description of how this essay is organized? Videos Related to RI.7.5more.. Pins Related to RI.7.5 more.. 0 Ratings & 0 Reviews	<urn:uuid:e4cc757f-6ad5-470e-9629-60435efb4f2d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.lumoslearning.com/llwp/resources/common-core-practice-tests-and-sample-questions/practice-test.html?cid=551&lid=7479&qid=144214	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250609478.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123071220-20200123100220-00552.warc.gz	en	0.984294	946	3.3125	3	[ -0.672073245048523, 0.2109023928642273, 0.14528149366378784, -0.6180004477500916, -0.5320991277694702, 0.32592442631721497, 0.35275012254714966, 0.2117033451795578, -0.14869515597820282, -0.40192803740501404, -0.15732181072235107, -0.10128884762525558, -0.06545265763998032, 0.3983140289783...	1	Get Full Access to Lumos StepUp - Grade 7 Language Arts Literacy Currently, you have limited access to Lumos StepUp - Grade 7 Language Arts Literacy. The Full Program includes, Buy Practice ResourcesOnline Program Reading Task 2 Chess is a Girl’s Game Laszlo Polgar is a Hungarian man with two notable passions. He loves chess. He not only likes to play, he also is a collector with a huge personal library of old chess magazines, books, puzzles, and game boards. Polgar’s other passion is education. He wrote a thesis describing the best pedagogy to teach students chess. He has also written chess theory and puzzle books. Polgar married a woman who shared his interests, and they had three daughters: Susan, Sophia, and Judit. From an early age – as young as four – Susan became interested in her father’s game, chess. In any other family, she might have been discouraged from pursuing competitive chess. After all, of the thousand top-ranked chess players in the world, only 11 are women. But Laszlo Polgar believed that “geniuses are made, not born.” He encouraged all three of his daughters to pursue chess, and the results were astonishing. At one point all three sisters were ranked in the top twenty of all players in the world, including men and women. The outstanding results began early for the Polgar sisters. Six months after Susan first learned the rules of chess, she went into a local men’s chess club and beat everyone. When Susan was 21 years old, she became the first woman to earn the highly coveted title of Grandmaster, which is the top level in chess. If that wasn’t amazing enough, Judit earned the same title the same year as her sister, but she was only fifteen. Bobby Fischer, who is sometimes considered the greatest player ever, earned the title of Grandmaster at a slightly older age than Judit did. When the sisters were 19, 14 and 12, they were the representatives sent by Hungary to the Women’s Chess Olympiad, a competition of the best women players in the world. They beat the best teams in the world, which Hungary had never done before, and brought home the gold for their country. The success of the sisters brings up some interesting questions. After all, many people who pay attention to chess assume that it is a skill that men simply have, and women do not. How else can we explain the fact that only 11 of the top 1,000 players in the world are women? It turns out that the explanation may be environmental, rather than biological. In other words, the real reason why women haven’t succeeded at chess may be due to not having the opportunity to learn the game, or not having been encouraged to do well at it. The Polgar sisters seem to be proof of what can happen when girls are encouraged to do well at the game. On the other hand, some people argue, there is the possibility that the Polgar sisters merely provide one more piece of evidence for the biological theory. Maybe their father, who is an excellent player, passed on his genes to his daughters. The success of the sisters suggests that anyone can learn to do well at the game, but the sisters themselves disagree with that. They see their success as a result not just of the educational opportunity they had with such a motivated father, but also as a result of their own hard work. Sophia, who has always been the weakest of the three, readily acknowledges that she has never been willing to put in as much hard work as her sisters. She is considered an “artistic” chess player, meaning that she tries fancy moves that may prove suddenly successful, or may go down to defeat just as quickly. As they have grown, two of the sisters have found other interests. Judit, however, continues to play chess internationally. She has been for some time the top-ranked woman in the world, and has been ranked as high as eighth overall player in the world. She has beaten world champion Garry Kasparov, who earlier said that “women by nature are not exceptional chess players.” It seems like the Polgar sisters might make him – and many other people around the world – want to reconsider their opinions. Which is the most accurate description of how this essay is organized? Videos Related to RI.7.5more.. Pins Related to RI.7.5 more.. 0 Ratings & 0 Reviews	922	ENGLISH	1
Lebensborn was introduced into Nazi Germany in December 1935. Lebensborn was part of the Nazi belief in a ‘Master Race’ – the creation of a superior race that would dominate Europe as part of Hitler’s ‘Thousand Year Reich’. The initial success experienced by the Germans in World War Two gave the regime the opportunity to expand Lebensborn throughout Nazi-occupied Europe. The idea of creating a ‘Master Race’ was supported by Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS and one of Hitler’s closest confidantes. Lebensborn was Himmler’s idea. Lebensborn – meaning the ‘Fountain of Life’ – was meant to provide Nazi Germany with elite generations for decades and centuries to come. Between 1935 and 1939, Lebensborn was restricted only to Nazi Germany. If a woman wanted to participate she had to prove her Aryan background as far back as her grandfathers and only 40% of those who applied to join Lebensborn passed this racial purity test. Lebensborn enabled women to get pregnant though they were not married and the Lebensborn clinics also acted as adoption centres and they ran homes for children born as a result of Lebensborn. By 1940, about 70% of those women involved in Lebensborn were unmarried. In total, ten Lebensborn homes were created in Nazi Germany with the first built just outside of Munich. However, it was World War Two that gave Himmler the real opportunity to expand Lebensborn. The SS invariably followed the German military into a war zone. The SS had a variety of roles to fulfil after an area had been overrun. Its participation in the ‘Final Solution’ has been well documented. However, another role given to it by Himmler was to search out for young children who fitted his idea of Aryan supremacy. Norway was occupied in 1940. This country especially interested Himmler because of its Viking past. Himmler had a great interest in the warriors the Vikings produced and their success as fighters. Norwegian women were encouraged or forced into sexual liaisons with SS officers regardless of whether they were married or not and nine Lebensborn homes were established in the country. Children born as a result of such liaisons were brought up in Germany by approved Nazi parents. They were baptised in a SS ceremony where their adoptive parents swore that the child would have a lifelong allegiance to Nazi beliefs. Other Lebensborn clinics were established in Western Europe – France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark and Luxemburg all had one home built. The SS scoured occupied Eastern Europe in search of Himmler’s ideal young child – blonde hair and blue eyes. Here, children were literally taken from their parents and sent to Germany where they were brought up by approved Nazi parents who also had to fit the Nazi ideal. It is thought that as many as 250,000 children were taken from Eastern Europe but the actual figure is not known as much documentation was either lost or destroyed as the war in Europe reached its end. Effectively given a new identity, their past lives were all but destroyed and it is possible that some may not have even known that they had been forcibly taken from their birth parents. It is thought that as many as 12,000 children were born as a result of the SS campaign to produce as many Aryan children as was possible. Children born as part of the Lebensborn programme faced many difficulties once the war in Europe ended in May 1945. The Norwegian government classed such children as “rats” and their mothers as “German whores”. Many feared that the children would continue believing in what their SS fathers had believed in as they had been genetically ‘programmed’ to do so. The treatment of the Lebensborn children born in Norway was such that in 2008 those still alive took their plight to the European Court of Human Rights, which ordered that each person should receive £2000 compensation. - Heinrich Himmler was born in 1900 and died in 1945. Heinrich Himmler was to become one of the most feared men in Nazi Germany and…	<urn:uuid:404c981c-1f68-4212-a787-151f60ad979c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/nazi-germany/lebensborn/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597458.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120052454-20200120080454-00273.warc.gz	en	0.992105	871	3.546875	4	[ 0.32712194323539734, 0.6059450507164001, -0.26117318868637085, -0.28203994035720825, -0.2557176947593689, 0.1108136922121048, -0.07521690428256989, 0.13835866749286652, 0.02123137377202511, -0.23918870091438293, 0.43721187114715576, -0.3825927972793579, -0.0094870924949646, 0.0629979819059...	9	Lebensborn was introduced into Nazi Germany in December 1935. Lebensborn was part of the Nazi belief in a ‘Master Race’ – the creation of a superior race that would dominate Europe as part of Hitler’s ‘Thousand Year Reich’. The initial success experienced by the Germans in World War Two gave the regime the opportunity to expand Lebensborn throughout Nazi-occupied Europe. The idea of creating a ‘Master Race’ was supported by Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS and one of Hitler’s closest confidantes. Lebensborn was Himmler’s idea. Lebensborn – meaning the ‘Fountain of Life’ – was meant to provide Nazi Germany with elite generations for decades and centuries to come. Between 1935 and 1939, Lebensborn was restricted only to Nazi Germany. If a woman wanted to participate she had to prove her Aryan background as far back as her grandfathers and only 40% of those who applied to join Lebensborn passed this racial purity test. Lebensborn enabled women to get pregnant though they were not married and the Lebensborn clinics also acted as adoption centres and they ran homes for children born as a result of Lebensborn. By 1940, about 70% of those women involved in Lebensborn were unmarried. In total, ten Lebensborn homes were created in Nazi Germany with the first built just outside of Munich. However, it was World War Two that gave Himmler the real opportunity to expand Lebensborn. The SS invariably followed the German military into a war zone. The SS had a variety of roles to fulfil after an area had been overrun. Its participation in the ‘Final Solution’ has been well documented. However, another role given to it by Himmler was to search out for young children who fitted his idea of Aryan supremacy. Norway was occupied in 1940. This country especially interested Himmler because of its Viking past. Himmler had a great interest in the warriors the Vikings produced and their success as fighters. Norwegian women were encouraged or forced into sexual liaisons with SS officers regardless of whether they were married or not and nine Lebensborn homes were established in the country. Children born as a result of such liaisons were brought up in Germany by approved Nazi parents. They were baptised in a SS ceremony where their adoptive parents swore that the child would have a lifelong allegiance to Nazi beliefs. Other Lebensborn clinics were established in Western Europe – France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark and Luxemburg all had one home built. The SS scoured occupied Eastern Europe in search of Himmler’s ideal young child – blonde hair and blue eyes. Here, children were literally taken from their parents and sent to Germany where they were brought up by approved Nazi parents who also had to fit the Nazi ideal. It is thought that as many as 250,000 children were taken from Eastern Europe but the actual figure is not known as much documentation was either lost or destroyed as the war in Europe reached its end. Effectively given a new identity, their past lives were all but destroyed and it is possible that some may not have even known that they had been forcibly taken from their birth parents. It is thought that as many as 12,000 children were born as a result of the SS campaign to produce as many Aryan children as was possible. Children born as part of the Lebensborn programme faced many difficulties once the war in Europe ended in May 1945. The Norwegian government classed such children as “rats” and their mothers as “German whores”. Many feared that the children would continue believing in what their SS fathers had believed in as they had been genetically ‘programmed’ to do so. The treatment of the Lebensborn children born in Norway was such that in 2008 those still alive took their plight to the European Court of Human Rights, which ordered that each person should receive £2000 compensation. - Heinrich Himmler was born in 1900 and died in 1945. Heinrich Himmler was to become one of the most feared men in Nazi Germany and…	861	ENGLISH	1
How to Write a Summary of an Article? By the Summer ofcolonists would have arrived in Jamestown. There are three main reasons why this could have happened. One of the biggest problems for the colonists is that the droughts made it hard for them to Grow crops, Doc. InEnglish men and boys arrived in North America to start a settlement. The settlement became the first permanent English settlement in North America. The site for Jamestown was picked for several reasons, all of which met criteria the Virginia Company, who funded the settlement, said to follow in picking a spot for the settlement. The site was surrounded by water on three sides it was not fully an island yet and was far inland; both meant it was easily defensible against possible Spanish attacks. The water was also deep enough that the English could tie their ships at the shoreline - good parking! The site was also not inhabited by the Native population. Once the spot was chosen the instructions sent by the Virginia Company, with the list of the council members chosen by officials in Englandwas read. The names were kept in a sealed box on the ship each ship had a sealed copy. The other six council members were: By June 15, the fort was completed. It was triangle shaped with a bulwark at each corner, holding four or five pieces of artillery. The settlers were now protected against any attacks that might occur from the local Powhatan Indians, whose hunting land they were living on. Relations had already been mixed between the newcomers and the Powhatan Indians. On June 22, Captain Newport left for England to get more supplies for the new settlement. Not long after Captain Newport left, the settlers began to succumb to a variety of diseases. They were drinking water from the salty or slimy river, which was one of several things that caused the death of many. The death tolls were high. They were dying from swellings, fluxes, fevers, by famine, and sometimes by wars. Food was running low, though then Chief Powhatan starting to send gifts of food to help the English. If not for the Powhatan Indians help in the early years, the settlement would most likely have failed, as the English would have died from the various diseases or simply starved. By latethe relationship between the Powhatan Indians and the English had soured as the English were demanding too much food during a drought. That winter of is known as the "Starving Time. As a result they ate anything they could: In Mayshipwrecked settlers who had been stranded in Bermuda finally arrived at Jamestown. Part of a fleet sent the previous fall, the survivors used two boats built on Bermuda to get to Jamestown. Sir Thomas Gates, the newly named governor, found Jamestown in shambles with the palisades of the fort torn down, gates off their hinges, and food stores running low. The decision was made to abandon the settlement. Less than a day after leaving, however, Gates and those with him, including the survivors of the "Starving Time," were met by news of an incoming fleet. The fleet was bringing the new governor for life, Lord Delaware. Gates and his party returned to Jamestown. He introduced a new strain of tobacco from seeds he brought from elsewhere. Tobacco became the long awaited cash crop for the Virginia Company, who wanted to make money off their investment in Jamestown. On July 30,newly appointed Governor Yeardley called for the first representative legislative assembly. This was the beginning of representative government in what is now the United States of America.Nov 20, · So many colonists died in Jamestown due to diseases and conflicts with natives in the area. This was a harsh environment which had very few . As the 13 colonies took shape, The Jamestown colony and the Massachusetts Bay Colony took shape in many different ways. These two colonies are two of the most famous colonies in U.S. History. The colonies overcame struggles, rose to the top of the hill, and fell down the hill. Early Jamestown: Why Did So Many Colonists Die? It was a rough beginning with constant deaths throughout the colony of Jamestown. English settlers started arriving at the James River in the Chesapeake Bay region of Virginia in the spring of Early Jamestown: Why Did So Many Colonists Die? In the spring of , three English ships carrying more than passengers sailed into the mouth of Chesapeake Bay and worked their way up the James River. Hopes were high, and with good reason. This was . Early Jamestown: Why Did So Many Colonists Die? It was a rough beginning with constant deaths throughout the colony of Jamestown. English settlers started arriving at the James River in the Chesapeake Bay region of Virginia in the spring of Why Did So Many Jamestown Colonists Die? Essay. Why Did So Many Jamestown Colonists Die? In May , about Englishmen arrived off the coast of Virginia - Why Did So Many Jamestown Colonists Die?Essay introduction? It was going to be the first permanent English colony in the new world.	<urn:uuid:378e7098-ede8-4c59-a8b0-6b43c50ddc1d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://mohicefybajy.leslutinsduphoenix.com/why-did-so-many-jamestown-colonists-25050uc.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672440.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125101544-20200125130544-00050.warc.gz	en	0.987884	1,065	3.90625	4	[ -0.3046773672103882, -0.05695316940546036, 0.5880903005599976, 0.1455865502357483, 0.11376272886991501, 0.011852752417325974, -0.05948733538389206, 0.028820421546697617, -0.25946325063705444, -0.24342817068099976, -0.1263362169265747, -0.29160451889038086, 0.06160428747534752, 0.2663125395...	2	How to Write a Summary of an Article? By the Summer ofcolonists would have arrived in Jamestown. There are three main reasons why this could have happened. One of the biggest problems for the colonists is that the droughts made it hard for them to Grow crops, Doc. InEnglish men and boys arrived in North America to start a settlement. The settlement became the first permanent English settlement in North America. The site for Jamestown was picked for several reasons, all of which met criteria the Virginia Company, who funded the settlement, said to follow in picking a spot for the settlement. The site was surrounded by water on three sides it was not fully an island yet and was far inland; both meant it was easily defensible against possible Spanish attacks. The water was also deep enough that the English could tie their ships at the shoreline - good parking! The site was also not inhabited by the Native population. Once the spot was chosen the instructions sent by the Virginia Company, with the list of the council members chosen by officials in Englandwas read. The names were kept in a sealed box on the ship each ship had a sealed copy. The other six council members were: By June 15, the fort was completed. It was triangle shaped with a bulwark at each corner, holding four or five pieces of artillery. The settlers were now protected against any attacks that might occur from the local Powhatan Indians, whose hunting land they were living on. Relations had already been mixed between the newcomers and the Powhatan Indians. On June 22, Captain Newport left for England to get more supplies for the new settlement. Not long after Captain Newport left, the settlers began to succumb to a variety of diseases. They were drinking water from the salty or slimy river, which was one of several things that caused the death of many. The death tolls were high. They were dying from swellings, fluxes, fevers, by famine, and sometimes by wars. Food was running low, though then Chief Powhatan starting to send gifts of food to help the English. If not for the Powhatan Indians help in the early years, the settlement would most likely have failed, as the English would have died from the various diseases or simply starved. By latethe relationship between the Powhatan Indians and the English had soured as the English were demanding too much food during a drought. That winter of is known as the "Starving Time. As a result they ate anything they could: In Mayshipwrecked settlers who had been stranded in Bermuda finally arrived at Jamestown. Part of a fleet sent the previous fall, the survivors used two boats built on Bermuda to get to Jamestown. Sir Thomas Gates, the newly named governor, found Jamestown in shambles with the palisades of the fort torn down, gates off their hinges, and food stores running low. The decision was made to abandon the settlement. Less than a day after leaving, however, Gates and those with him, including the survivors of the "Starving Time," were met by news of an incoming fleet. The fleet was bringing the new governor for life, Lord Delaware. Gates and his party returned to Jamestown. He introduced a new strain of tobacco from seeds he brought from elsewhere. Tobacco became the long awaited cash crop for the Virginia Company, who wanted to make money off their investment in Jamestown. On July 30,newly appointed Governor Yeardley called for the first representative legislative assembly. This was the beginning of representative government in what is now the United States of America.Nov 20, · So many colonists died in Jamestown due to diseases and conflicts with natives in the area. This was a harsh environment which had very few . As the 13 colonies took shape, The Jamestown colony and the Massachusetts Bay Colony took shape in many different ways. These two colonies are two of the most famous colonies in U.S. History. The colonies overcame struggles, rose to the top of the hill, and fell down the hill. Early Jamestown: Why Did So Many Colonists Die? It was a rough beginning with constant deaths throughout the colony of Jamestown. English settlers started arriving at the James River in the Chesapeake Bay region of Virginia in the spring of Early Jamestown: Why Did So Many Colonists Die? In the spring of , three English ships carrying more than passengers sailed into the mouth of Chesapeake Bay and worked their way up the James River. Hopes were high, and with good reason. This was . Early Jamestown: Why Did So Many Colonists Die? It was a rough beginning with constant deaths throughout the colony of Jamestown. English settlers started arriving at the James River in the Chesapeake Bay region of Virginia in the spring of Why Did So Many Jamestown Colonists Die? Essay. Why Did So Many Jamestown Colonists Die? In May , about Englishmen arrived off the coast of Virginia - Why Did So Many Jamestown Colonists Die?Essay introduction? It was going to be the first permanent English colony in the new world.	1,038	ENGLISH	1
Khazars established a vast empire in Asia located between the Caspian Sea and Lake Van in the Southeast of Turkey, from the Black Sea to Kiev, present-day capital of Ukraine, and from Aral Sea to Hungary. Khazars laid its foundations in Eastern Europe. Xazar was derived from the root Qaz– which came from Gaz, the ancient Turkic word derived from the verb Gazamak (i.e. to roam), then it became Qazar (i.e. Gazar) which means roaming person who is not bound to a specific place. However, they had many names, and the Byzantine Empire in 586 AD mentioned that they were Turkic people; there are further sayings anyway. Because of their large number around the Caspian Sea, it became referred to as Khazar Sea. Their expansion lasted until the beginning of 10th century where they began to debilitate. Many etymologists have agreed that their language is related to Uyghur, which is among the Turkic languages of Northeastern China, they were described by the Andalusian researcher “Ibn Abed Rabbo” as having a white complexion, black hair and blue eyes. It was said that they are what remains of the Sabirs and the western Göktürks at the time of their consolidation, and after the fall of Göktürks , they became independent and merged with other Turk tribes in that region. The historian, Al-Masudi, was of the opinion that the Iranians called the Khazars as “the Sabirs”. In the fifth century, 434 AD, the Khazars were forced to remain subordinated to Atilla, the famous emperor of Hun. The emperor of Byzantium used to send presents to their princes in order to gain their friendliness and to protect them from the Hunnic Empire. When Atilla knew about it, he killed the princes of the Khazars who accepted the presents. Until his death, The Hunnic Empire collapsed, and the Khazars separated from them making their own rule. They fought bloody and long wars against the Sasanians, despite their reliance on the Byzantines, they were dominant in most of them. Thus, the Empire of the Khazar was established, which made Khosrow wooing to avoid their evil in the future. In 626 AD, the Khazars and Heraclius, emperor of Byzantium, reached an agreement; led by Turpan Tarhan, they were able to control northern Azerbaijan and some Armenian regions. In 628 AD, the Khazars could not control Tbilisi, capital of Azerbaijanis due to the snow, but they dominated it the following year. Despite all these victories, the Khazars remained subordinate to the state of Göktürks in the east, until the latter was divided to Eastern and Western empires and then their state had collapsed. Therefore, the Khazars became a state of extreme importance that has its own political and military affairs. After the emergence of The Arab state, the Arabs moved eastward in the Sasanian state and in the northern east towards the Byzantine and the Khazar states. The first confrontation between the Arabs and the Khazars was in 651 – 652 AD, during the reign of the second Caliph. When the Arab leader, Abd ar-Rahman ibn Rabiah conquered Northern Caucasus achieving an overwhelming victory, clashed with the Khazars and began to seize their lands, taking control over Derbent, arriving to the gates of their capital. Balanjar. However, when the reinforcements delayed, the Khazars could recapture it. Achieving a big victory over the Arabs; moving their capital to Atil; approaching southward towards Armenia; thus, entering it. By: Dr. Ali Al-Shuaibi	<urn:uuid:a8ea31d8-ea5a-4ed3-a7f6-e4fa2648dcb7>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://syrianfacts.com/en/2018/11/21/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AB-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%80%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A8-2-%D8%A8%D9%80%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B2%D8%B1/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592636.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118135205-20200118163205-00498.warc.gz	en	0.980968	802	3.65625	4	[ -0.17680443823337555, 0.15442156791687012, 0.23164838552474976, 0.6559887528419495, -0.433208703994751, -0.45913660526275635, 0.027286788448691368, 0.06394333392381668, -0.3595775067806244, 0.005337500013411045, 0.07216658443212509, -0.6069730520248413, -0.13862502574920654, 0.020077096298...	2	Khazars established a vast empire in Asia located between the Caspian Sea and Lake Van in the Southeast of Turkey, from the Black Sea to Kiev, present-day capital of Ukraine, and from Aral Sea to Hungary. Khazars laid its foundations in Eastern Europe. Xazar was derived from the root Qaz– which came from Gaz, the ancient Turkic word derived from the verb Gazamak (i.e. to roam), then it became Qazar (i.e. Gazar) which means roaming person who is not bound to a specific place. However, they had many names, and the Byzantine Empire in 586 AD mentioned that they were Turkic people; there are further sayings anyway. Because of their large number around the Caspian Sea, it became referred to as Khazar Sea. Their expansion lasted until the beginning of 10th century where they began to debilitate. Many etymologists have agreed that their language is related to Uyghur, which is among the Turkic languages of Northeastern China, they were described by the Andalusian researcher “Ibn Abed Rabbo” as having a white complexion, black hair and blue eyes. It was said that they are what remains of the Sabirs and the western Göktürks at the time of their consolidation, and after the fall of Göktürks , they became independent and merged with other Turk tribes in that region. The historian, Al-Masudi, was of the opinion that the Iranians called the Khazars as “the Sabirs”. In the fifth century, 434 AD, the Khazars were forced to remain subordinated to Atilla, the famous emperor of Hun. The emperor of Byzantium used to send presents to their princes in order to gain their friendliness and to protect them from the Hunnic Empire. When Atilla knew about it, he killed the princes of the Khazars who accepted the presents. Until his death, The Hunnic Empire collapsed, and the Khazars separated from them making their own rule. They fought bloody and long wars against the Sasanians, despite their reliance on the Byzantines, they were dominant in most of them. Thus, the Empire of the Khazar was established, which made Khosrow wooing to avoid their evil in the future. In 626 AD, the Khazars and Heraclius, emperor of Byzantium, reached an agreement; led by Turpan Tarhan, they were able to control northern Azerbaijan and some Armenian regions. In 628 AD, the Khazars could not control Tbilisi, capital of Azerbaijanis due to the snow, but they dominated it the following year. Despite all these victories, the Khazars remained subordinate to the state of Göktürks in the east, until the latter was divided to Eastern and Western empires and then their state had collapsed. Therefore, the Khazars became a state of extreme importance that has its own political and military affairs. After the emergence of The Arab state, the Arabs moved eastward in the Sasanian state and in the northern east towards the Byzantine and the Khazar states. The first confrontation between the Arabs and the Khazars was in 651 – 652 AD, during the reign of the second Caliph. When the Arab leader, Abd ar-Rahman ibn Rabiah conquered Northern Caucasus achieving an overwhelming victory, clashed with the Khazars and began to seize their lands, taking control over Derbent, arriving to the gates of their capital. Balanjar. However, when the reinforcements delayed, the Khazars could recapture it. Achieving a big victory over the Arabs; moving their capital to Atil; approaching southward towards Armenia; thus, entering it. By: Dr. Ali Al-Shuaibi	796	ENGLISH	1
Redruth Gaol erected in 1856 was the first gaol in South Australia outside of Adelaide. So why did Burra, or Kooringa as it was known back then, need a gaol in the middle of a mining village? Life was tough for the miners during the copper mining era in Burra. Disputes occurred on a regular basis, due in part to the excessive consumption of alcohol. During the hours of 5am and 11pm, miners as young as 12 could visit the hotels to enjoy a drink or two after a hard day at the mines. Intoxication and vandalism were significant causes of overcrowding in the police station lock up. Thomas Perry, the gaoler at the police cells, complained about the overcrowded cells to the Presiding Magistrate, subsequently, it was decided that a gaol was required. The South Australian Mining Company owned the majority of the land in Kooringa, so government land was sourced outside Kooringa to build Redruth Prison, the first gaol in South Australia to be opened outside of Adelaide. Constructed in 1856, at the cost of £3200, the gaol housed thirty prisoners whose offences included drunkenness, vandalism and debt. Three cells for females and three for males, together with separate exercise yards and a workroom, became home at “Perry’s Hotel” as it was known, for prisoners sentenced to hard labour inside the broken glass topped walls. Thomas Perry was the gaoler at Redruth for over 23 years, residing with his family in the prison, along with a turnkey and a warden. Information signs are located throughout the building, including a list of the names, crimes and sentences of those who passed through the local judicial system. The crimes varied from minor misdemeanours to inmates who had committed serious crimes such as murder. One boy was sentenced to one-month hard labour for breaking a window in Paxton Square and others were sentenced for crimes including deserting a ship, deserting family and even using bad language. The doctor’s journal is also an interesting read, one prisoner diagnosed as being “silly – a little”, and another for being “unable to walk to Adelaide”. The displays and signs provide an insight into life for the prisoners until they were transported to Gladstone prison when the gaol was closed in 1894. Thomas and Catherine Woollacott became the first of three families to reside in the building, from around 1894 to 1897. Several of their ten children were born at Redruth. After renovations the gaol reopened as the Hampton Court Girls Reformatory, a government detention centre for delinquent Protestant girls aged 15 years and older. In January 1898, the resident matron, Mary Elizabeth Holden, and 30 of the unruliest girls were transferred from Edwardstown to the Redruth site. In Mary Holden’s eleven-year tenure she attempted to make the reformatory more civilised by installing running water, establishing gardens and running sheep and cattle on the property. Life at the reformatory was not easy; the girls slept in wards and were employed in a variety of jobs such as sewing, and taking in washing and ironing, as well as looking after the livestock. Following Mary Holden’s retirement in 1909, Elizabeth Price arrived from the Catholic Girls’ Reformatory in Kapunda, which had recently closed. The new matron brought 11 girls from Kapunda with her to live at Redruth. Elizabeth Price was fond of corporal punishment, which had been forbidden in female institutions. Although no prisoners had managed to escape from Redruth, the girls made forty escape attempts, two escapees were found over 70 kms from the reformatory. The girls also started a fire which destroyed the laundry. By the time the reformatory closed in 1922, Edith Bubb was the residing matron. The government decided that the gaol was no longer a suitable building to house the girls, possibly because of the troubling events including riots and girls climbing on the gaol roof. The girls were transferred to Barton Vales Girls Home. The display boards in the building provide details of the escapes and trouble caused by the girls. Before becoming a museum managed by the National Trust, the Redruth Gaol building was home to the Todd family and the Baxter family. Interesting interviews with members from these families are on display in the gaol for visitors to read. The building became famous during the shooting of the movie Breaker Morant starring Edward Woodward, Bryan Brown and Jack Thomson.	<urn:uuid:15db41f6-6017-415d-b12f-60c13921f4df>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.caseytours.com.au/redruth-gaol/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606872.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122071919-20200122100919-00314.warc.gz	en	0.98233	943	3.28125	3	[ -0.028445130214095116, 0.012157930061221123, -0.041730985045433044, 0.4205162227153778, 0.04507981985807419, -0.12148356437683105, 0.2947865128517151, -0.3083380162715912, -0.30598002672195435, -0.08087833225727081, 0.31792110204696655, -0.3604722023010254, -0.05209135636687279, 0.72661918...	5	Redruth Gaol erected in 1856 was the first gaol in South Australia outside of Adelaide. So why did Burra, or Kooringa as it was known back then, need a gaol in the middle of a mining village? Life was tough for the miners during the copper mining era in Burra. Disputes occurred on a regular basis, due in part to the excessive consumption of alcohol. During the hours of 5am and 11pm, miners as young as 12 could visit the hotels to enjoy a drink or two after a hard day at the mines. Intoxication and vandalism were significant causes of overcrowding in the police station lock up. Thomas Perry, the gaoler at the police cells, complained about the overcrowded cells to the Presiding Magistrate, subsequently, it was decided that a gaol was required. The South Australian Mining Company owned the majority of the land in Kooringa, so government land was sourced outside Kooringa to build Redruth Prison, the first gaol in South Australia to be opened outside of Adelaide. Constructed in 1856, at the cost of £3200, the gaol housed thirty prisoners whose offences included drunkenness, vandalism and debt. Three cells for females and three for males, together with separate exercise yards and a workroom, became home at “Perry’s Hotel” as it was known, for prisoners sentenced to hard labour inside the broken glass topped walls. Thomas Perry was the gaoler at Redruth for over 23 years, residing with his family in the prison, along with a turnkey and a warden. Information signs are located throughout the building, including a list of the names, crimes and sentences of those who passed through the local judicial system. The crimes varied from minor misdemeanours to inmates who had committed serious crimes such as murder. One boy was sentenced to one-month hard labour for breaking a window in Paxton Square and others were sentenced for crimes including deserting a ship, deserting family and even using bad language. The doctor’s journal is also an interesting read, one prisoner diagnosed as being “silly – a little”, and another for being “unable to walk to Adelaide”. The displays and signs provide an insight into life for the prisoners until they were transported to Gladstone prison when the gaol was closed in 1894. Thomas and Catherine Woollacott became the first of three families to reside in the building, from around 1894 to 1897. Several of their ten children were born at Redruth. After renovations the gaol reopened as the Hampton Court Girls Reformatory, a government detention centre for delinquent Protestant girls aged 15 years and older. In January 1898, the resident matron, Mary Elizabeth Holden, and 30 of the unruliest girls were transferred from Edwardstown to the Redruth site. In Mary Holden’s eleven-year tenure she attempted to make the reformatory more civilised by installing running water, establishing gardens and running sheep and cattle on the property. Life at the reformatory was not easy; the girls slept in wards and were employed in a variety of jobs such as sewing, and taking in washing and ironing, as well as looking after the livestock. Following Mary Holden’s retirement in 1909, Elizabeth Price arrived from the Catholic Girls’ Reformatory in Kapunda, which had recently closed. The new matron brought 11 girls from Kapunda with her to live at Redruth. Elizabeth Price was fond of corporal punishment, which had been forbidden in female institutions. Although no prisoners had managed to escape from Redruth, the girls made forty escape attempts, two escapees were found over 70 kms from the reformatory. The girls also started a fire which destroyed the laundry. By the time the reformatory closed in 1922, Edith Bubb was the residing matron. The government decided that the gaol was no longer a suitable building to house the girls, possibly because of the troubling events including riots and girls climbing on the gaol roof. The girls were transferred to Barton Vales Girls Home. The display boards in the building provide details of the escapes and trouble caused by the girls. Before becoming a museum managed by the National Trust, the Redruth Gaol building was home to the Todd family and the Baxter family. Interesting interviews with members from these families are on display in the gaol for visitors to read. The building became famous during the shooting of the movie Breaker Morant starring Edward Woodward, Bryan Brown and Jack Thomson.	960	ENGLISH	1
Alain Leroy Locke Biography, Life, Interesting Facts Died On : Also Known For : Birth Place : Alain Leroy Locke was born on September 13th, in 1885. He was a celebrated philosopher. He is best remembered for supporting the Harlem Renaissance. Due to his popularity, Locke has often been listed among the list of African American individuals that are regarded as highly influential. Alain Leroy Locke was born on September 13th, in 1885. His place of birth was in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His father was called Pliny Ishmael Locke whereas his mother was called Mary Hawkins Locke. Both Locke’s parents were from famous families. He was the only child born to his parents. Locke’s father was a well-known individual as he was regarded as the first ever African American employee to work with the U.S. Postal Service. Locke drew his learning inspiration from his mother who worked as a teacher. Alain Leroy Locke joined Central High School situated in Philadelphia. After this, he joined Philadelphia School of Pedagogy. After that in 1907, he completed his studies at Harvard University. He had majored in philosophy and English. After completing his studies, he earned the recognition for having been selected to benefit from the Rhodes Scholarship. He was the first black American to be chosen for the scholarship. Alain Leroy Locke took the job as an English lecturer at the Howard University. This occurred in 1912. While teaching in Howard, he joined the Phi Beta Sigma. Four years later, he went back to Harvard University with the main intentions of completing his doctoral dissertation. After this, he again returned to Howard University, this time heading the philosophy department. However, he was dismissed in 1925 for his lessons on race relations. Nonetheless, he was reinstated in 1928 and continued teaching until he retired in 1953. The Harlem Renaissance During his career, Alain Leroy Locke is best remembered for his efforts in promoting African American writers and artists. He mainly encouraged his followers to draw their artistic inspiration from Africa. Zora Neale Hurston, a renowned author, drew her inspiration from Locke. As a writer, Locke published some works on the Harlem Renaissance. His main idea was to communicate the Harlem culture to both his black and white colored audiences. As a result of his contribution to the Harlem movement, he was nicknamed the “Father of the Harlem Renaissance.” Alain Leroy Locke passed away on June 9th, in 1954. He died at the age of 68. Mary McLeod Bethune Lawrence H. Summers	<urn:uuid:dc05d2c5-ae44-419c-b00b-7a426a140f94>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.sunsigns.org/famousbirthdays/profile/alain-leroy-locke/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251789055.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129071944-20200129101944-00083.warc.gz	en	0.9877	534	3.4375	3	[ -0.19621947407722473, 0.5922930240631104, 0.15679316222667694, -0.07772190868854523, -0.791748583316803, 0.20091988146305084, 0.6296428442001343, 0.22852230072021484, -0.03445114567875862, -0.042585451155900955, 0.45475298166275024, -0.1402445286512375, 0.13667917251586914, 0.2651219069957...	1	Alain Leroy Locke Biography, Life, Interesting Facts Died On : Also Known For : Birth Place : Alain Leroy Locke was born on September 13th, in 1885. He was a celebrated philosopher. He is best remembered for supporting the Harlem Renaissance. Due to his popularity, Locke has often been listed among the list of African American individuals that are regarded as highly influential. Alain Leroy Locke was born on September 13th, in 1885. His place of birth was in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. His father was called Pliny Ishmael Locke whereas his mother was called Mary Hawkins Locke. Both Locke’s parents were from famous families. He was the only child born to his parents. Locke’s father was a well-known individual as he was regarded as the first ever African American employee to work with the U.S. Postal Service. Locke drew his learning inspiration from his mother who worked as a teacher. Alain Leroy Locke joined Central High School situated in Philadelphia. After this, he joined Philadelphia School of Pedagogy. After that in 1907, he completed his studies at Harvard University. He had majored in philosophy and English. After completing his studies, he earned the recognition for having been selected to benefit from the Rhodes Scholarship. He was the first black American to be chosen for the scholarship. Alain Leroy Locke took the job as an English lecturer at the Howard University. This occurred in 1912. While teaching in Howard, he joined the Phi Beta Sigma. Four years later, he went back to Harvard University with the main intentions of completing his doctoral dissertation. After this, he again returned to Howard University, this time heading the philosophy department. However, he was dismissed in 1925 for his lessons on race relations. Nonetheless, he was reinstated in 1928 and continued teaching until he retired in 1953. The Harlem Renaissance During his career, Alain Leroy Locke is best remembered for his efforts in promoting African American writers and artists. He mainly encouraged his followers to draw their artistic inspiration from Africa. Zora Neale Hurston, a renowned author, drew her inspiration from Locke. As a writer, Locke published some works on the Harlem Renaissance. His main idea was to communicate the Harlem culture to both his black and white colored audiences. As a result of his contribution to the Harlem movement, he was nicknamed the “Father of the Harlem Renaissance.” Alain Leroy Locke passed away on June 9th, in 1954. He died at the age of 68. Mary McLeod Bethune Lawrence H. Summers	549	ENGLISH	1
Research projects conducted in Germany through the course of the second world war. Most of the aircraft were paper projects only. The others that were under development were constructed of non strategic materials, such as wood and composites. As the fall of the Third Reich approached in 1945 the projects take on an ever increasing air of desperation, which is reflected in the extremely non conventional nature of the aircraft designs. The engineers and scientists working on these research projects were. to use a modern phrase "thinking outside of the box". The flight testing aspect of these radical designs was extremely dangerous busyness for the flight crews, who incidentally in some cases were women. Most of the experienced male test pilots were engaged in operational duties and could not be spared for test pilot duties. Many of the projects were destroyed in bombing raids by the quickly advancing Allied forces and their existence would have been obliterated from history had it not been for the teams of engineers and scientists who were tasked with gathering information by interviewing the personnel who had worked on these projects. The art work is from Luft 46 an organization of aviation history enthusiasts.	<urn:uuid:82f364bd-06ae-42b4-8f60-f5265b207b1c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://it-book.org/secret-german-aircraft-of-ww2/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250624328.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124161014-20200124190014-00484.warc.gz	en	0.987859	217	3.375	3	[ -0.08476650714874268, 0.9171021580696106, -0.23729069530963898, -0.014951728284358978, 0.35470837354660034, 0.362133264541626, -0.2868993878364563, 0.34775257110595703, -0.29970604181289673, -0.20700781047344208, 0.0981573686003685, 0.007892786525189877, -0.000745361321605742, 0.4777529537...	1	Research projects conducted in Germany through the course of the second world war. Most of the aircraft were paper projects only. The others that were under development were constructed of non strategic materials, such as wood and composites. As the fall of the Third Reich approached in 1945 the projects take on an ever increasing air of desperation, which is reflected in the extremely non conventional nature of the aircraft designs. The engineers and scientists working on these research projects were. to use a modern phrase "thinking outside of the box". The flight testing aspect of these radical designs was extremely dangerous busyness for the flight crews, who incidentally in some cases were women. Most of the experienced male test pilots were engaged in operational duties and could not be spared for test pilot duties. Many of the projects were destroyed in bombing raids by the quickly advancing Allied forces and their existence would have been obliterated from history had it not been for the teams of engineers and scientists who were tasked with gathering information by interviewing the personnel who had worked on these projects. The art work is from Luft 46 an organization of aviation history enthusiasts.	224	ENGLISH	1
FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT, the forty-eighth governor of New York and the longest serving U.S. president, was born in Hyde Park, New York on January 30, 1882. His education was attained at Groton School, at Harvard University, where he graduated in 1904, and then at Columbia University, where he studied law. He established his legal career in New York City, and then entered into local and later national politics. His first political office was to the New York State Senate, a position he held from 1911 to 1913. From 1913 to 1920 he was the assistant secretary of the U.S. Navy. Roosevelt next secured the Democratic gubernatorial nomination, and was elected governor by a popular vote on November 6, 1928. He was reelected to a second term in 1930. During his tenure, an old age security bill was sanctioned; the port of Albany was completed; and the New York temporary emergency relief administration was organized. In November 1932, Roosevelt won election to the U.S. presidency. He went on to win reelection to three more terms, leading the country during some of its most challenging times. Roosevelt served in the White House until April 12, 1945, when he succumbed to a cerebral hemorrhage. Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was the author of several books, was buried at the Roosevelt Home in Hyde Park, New York. Sobel, Robert, and John Raimo, eds. Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, 1789-1978, Vol. 3, Westport, Conn.; Meckler Books, 1978. 4 vols.	<urn:uuid:ae5a2ac8-3ce0-4b80-8594-35427b683836>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.nga.org/governor/franklin-delano-roosevelt/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598726.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120110422-20200120134422-00413.warc.gz	en	0.982966	332	3.296875	3	[ -0.24047553539276123, 0.022106079384684563, 0.3305303752422333, -0.06674850732088089, 0.03194369748234749, 0.45895346999168396, 0.07840175181627274, 0.04454301670193672, -0.1336560845375061, -0.42843854427337646, 0.27200573682785034, 0.4669015109539032, -0.21354706585407257, 0.809936702251...	9	FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT, the forty-eighth governor of New York and the longest serving U.S. president, was born in Hyde Park, New York on January 30, 1882. His education was attained at Groton School, at Harvard University, where he graduated in 1904, and then at Columbia University, where he studied law. He established his legal career in New York City, and then entered into local and later national politics. His first political office was to the New York State Senate, a position he held from 1911 to 1913. From 1913 to 1920 he was the assistant secretary of the U.S. Navy. Roosevelt next secured the Democratic gubernatorial nomination, and was elected governor by a popular vote on November 6, 1928. He was reelected to a second term in 1930. During his tenure, an old age security bill was sanctioned; the port of Albany was completed; and the New York temporary emergency relief administration was organized. In November 1932, Roosevelt won election to the U.S. presidency. He went on to win reelection to three more terms, leading the country during some of its most challenging times. Roosevelt served in the White House until April 12, 1945, when he succumbed to a cerebral hemorrhage. Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was the author of several books, was buried at the Roosevelt Home in Hyde Park, New York. Sobel, Robert, and John Raimo, eds. Biographical Directory of the Governors of the United States, 1789-1978, Vol. 3, Westport, Conn.; Meckler Books, 1978. 4 vols.	384	ENGLISH	1
The Thai-Burma Railway is one of the more recent famous railways in the world. Although it serves a more positive purpose today, its history is tied closely with tragedy and it is important to remember why it was built and what purpose it served. To ignore its history would be the same as to claim it never really happen. Here are 25 amazing facts about the Thai-Burma Railway: Photo source: Wikimedia Commons #1 – The Thai-Burma Railway was first built in 1942 under the order of the Imperial Japanese Army who was occupying Thailand at that time. This railway was obviously built during World War 2 and was done so to improve the Japanese military’s ability to continue fighting their ongoing brutal Burma Campaign. The construction was key in Japan’s railway strategy for shipping troops and provisions to the frontlines. #2 – The majority of the track was only in use for one year, between 1942 and 1943. After the war, the governments of Thailand and Myanmar deliberated for a while on whether the railway should be used, despite the tragic circumstances under which it was built. Eventually, only the section from Kanchanaburi to Nam Tok in Thailand was re-opened in 1957. #3 – The Thai-Burma Railway is not the largest in the world, but it has gained its fame in far more sinister ways. It exists as just 415km of railway between Ban Pong in Thailand and Thanbyuzayat in Burma. It took just 16 months for the entire railway to be built. #4 – The Thai-Burma Railway is not its only name. It is often commonly also known as the Siam-Burma Railway, the Death Railway or sometimes the Railway of Death. #5 – Around 180-250,000 Southeast Asian civilians were put to work as forced laborers to build this railway and its many bridges. Additionally, around 61,000 Allied prisoners of war were forced to work in the railway’s labor camps tasked with its construction and maintenance. 90,000 civilians and 12,000 prisoners of war lost their lives because of this forced labor by the Japanese military. #6 – The reason specifically that a railway was the only option in this area of Asia between Thailand and Burma (Myanmar), was that the Japanese navy had been severely weakened in the Coral Sea. Without the firepower needed for safe shipping, this became the only option they saw available. Without a protected coastline, building the railway through the jungles and over the rivers of Thailand and Burma was decided by the Japanese government to be the only choice. #7 – The number of laborers needed to build this rail so quickly (just 16 months), meant that the Japanese had to decide between using soldiers or forced labor. They decided on forced labor, to save resources. Forced laborers do not require the food, medicine and rest that conscripted soldiers do. It has gone down as one of the wars’ terrible crimes and many of the orchestrators were sentenced to death over their role in the treatment of these laborers. #8 – There is a very famous, Oscar award-winning, movie called “The Bridge Over the River Kwai” that you may have heard of. The movie is based on the accounts of several prisoners who were forced to work in these labor camps. On not just the bridge, but the whole railway. The movie gives a very vivid account of what the conditions were like for the workers, and the hardships they faced. An excellent fictional account by Pierre Boule, The Bridge Over the River Kwai: A Novel, follows the ordeal and the human strength of the British POW in the forced labor camp. #9 – The bridge over the River Kwai is actually still in use today. You can take historical tours along its tracks. This bridge, located in Kanchanaburi Province, along with several other less famous ones, is part of the tour. Whether you are a railway enthusiast, history buff, or even if you are a bit of both, this is a journey that you will remember for the rest of your life. Photo source: Wikimedia Commons #10 – The track is a much smaller gauge than many of the more modern rails. Whilst Europe uses a 1,435mm gauge track, the Thai-Burma tracks Gauge was only 1,000mm. This unique size meant that only Japanese trains and cars would work on the rail if control of it was lost. #11 – The Japanese military only managed to control their new railway for just over a year. During this time they used it to ship approximately 500,000 tones of freight before Allied forces relieved them of ownership. #12 – Most of the prisoners of war that became forced laborers on the railway were from Australia, the United Kingdom, and India. They largely arrived in Burma as prisoners from the fall of Singapore when British rule was overrun by the Japanese. #13 – The Thai-Burma Railway was not built in a convenient location at all. In order to get from A to B they had to build around 600 individual bridges. Keep in mind the whole track is only 415km long, that means there was about a bridge every 700 meters. #14 – Most modern bridges are built from a mix of metal and stone, and even as far back as wartime this was still the norm. Since it was impossible to ship the raw materials needed for a bridge, the laborers were forced to build their bridges almost entirely out of wood. This makes the Thai-Burma Railway particularly unique. Experience the today’s train ride through this travel video: Video Credit: Christine Kaaloa – Click Here to watch directly on YouTube #15 – Building bridges requires heavy machinery and high-quality tools. None of these were provided to the forced laborers. They had to make do with mostly just their hands and the most very basic tools such as spades and hammers. This huge increase in difficulty for what was already not an easy task contributed to how many people lost their lives in the construction of this railway. #16 – Although the Thai section of the railway was built by the Japanese and existed in Thailand, it was actually owned by the British. The British commandeered it during the war and maintained control of it for many years, before finally selling it to the Thai government. The railway was sold for 50 million Thai Baht, which when converted to American dollars, is about $1.65 million. #17 – When completed, the Thai-Burma Railway was home to 63 different named stations. Not all of these stations exist today, however, as many were destroyed or just fell into disuse. Because of the circumstances behind their construction, whether or not they should be used, left as shrines, or destroyed completely has been a point of contention for the local populace and governing bodies. #18 – By the end of the war, only 100 of the 142 original trains that were used on this railway remained in operation. Today, only a handful remain and are purely used for historical tours, or as centerpieces in museums and memorials about the construction of this railway. #19 – The Thai-Burma Railway has a pretty unique price model for their tickets. Unlike many railways that charge different prices depending on how far you travel, what time, or in what class, the ticket price is always the same. It costs 100 Thai Baht no matter where you get on or off up and down the Thai-Burma railway. That’s about three US dollars for comparison. A pretty good deal for tourists. #20 – Many of the civilian workers on the project were actually volunteer Malaysian laborers. They were tricked into coming to work on the project with the promise of good pay and food, but they were obviously deceived. Once they arrived, they were threatened with the promise of death if they tried to leave. Photo source: Changi POW Art #21 – Although the famous film, “The Bridge Over the River Kwai“, was based on this railway entirely, and specifically that bridge, they actually chose not to film on location. Some shots of the bridge exist in the film, but most of the film was actually shot in Sri Lanka. This was out of respect and out of convenience for the local population. Filming around such an important local monument, especially one so busy, is not ideal. #22 – One of the biggest threats to the worker’s wellbeing was not just exhaustion and beatings by the Japanese guards, it was the jungle itself. Even today, as it was back then, the route of the railway was heavily populated by mosquitos. They spread disease and with the intentional lack of medicine in the POW camp, this often led to the laborers dying of otherwise preventable diseases. If you plan to visit today, make sure you bring bug spray. #23 – There are plans to expand the railway routes and even revitalize some of the older ones. It is not an easy undergoing and there is a lot of controversy surrounding using track and bridges built by POWs during the war. #24 – Although it has been so long since the end of World War 2, the people of Malaysia and other surrounding Southeast Asian countries who had their population forced into these work camps are still waiting on reparations from the Japanese government. Some are waiting for just an apology, some even just an acknowledgment. #25 – The Hellfire Pass is one of the more well known atrocities to occur on this railway. The Hellfire Pass was also the most difficult section of the railway to build. A huge rocky section was directly in the track’s way and could not be avoided. There were two real options: build a tunnel, or carve all of the rock out from the mountain. The Japanese military leaders overseeing the project chose to cut the rock out. Cutting out such a huge amount of solid stone required the workers to be on the job for 18 hours a day. Over the 6 weeks that it took to carve it out completely, 69 prisoners of war were beaten to death as forms of punishment or twisted encouragement. Hundreds more died from cholera and other such illnesses. The Thai-Burma Railway has a dark history, its past is not pleasant and is absolutely not something that we should ever be allowed to forget. Being able to visit this historic railway, travel on its trains and view its many bridges and memorials is a privilege not many people are lucky enough to have. If you do get to visit, take your time to appreciate what happened during the war, and what has been done since to make use of the railway again. Whether you think that the entire railway line should be reopened or not is up to you. You might also like the following facts about the best railway journeys in the world: - 25 Amazing Facts About the Euro Rail & Eurail - 25 Amazing Facts About the Shinkansen, the Japanese Bullet Train - 25 Amazing Facts About the Trans-Siberian Railway - 25 Amazing Facts About the Amtrak Railway - 25 Amazing Facts About the Orient Express - 25 Amazing Facts About the Bangkok-Ayutthaya Railway - 25 Amazing Facts About the Trans-Mongolian Railway - 25 Amazing Facts About the Beijing-Lhasa Railway	<urn:uuid:d5b112f2-0d30-4691-bb5e-c0e818fc00bf>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://toytraincenter.com/thai-burma-railway-facts/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690379.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126195918-20200126225918-00518.warc.gz	en	0.981707	2,303	3.4375	3	[ -0.0985611230134964, 0.15302833914756775, 0.5661166906356812, -0.13102534413337708, -0.11222168058156967, 0.24203769862651825, 0.16213619709014893, -0.2970186471939087, -0.39381709694862366, -0.08820105344057083, 0.22554633021354675, -0.461404025554657, -0.06148076429963112, 0.824521243572...	8	The Thai-Burma Railway is one of the more recent famous railways in the world. Although it serves a more positive purpose today, its history is tied closely with tragedy and it is important to remember why it was built and what purpose it served. To ignore its history would be the same as to claim it never really happen. Here are 25 amazing facts about the Thai-Burma Railway: Photo source: Wikimedia Commons #1 – The Thai-Burma Railway was first built in 1942 under the order of the Imperial Japanese Army who was occupying Thailand at that time. This railway was obviously built during World War 2 and was done so to improve the Japanese military’s ability to continue fighting their ongoing brutal Burma Campaign. The construction was key in Japan’s railway strategy for shipping troops and provisions to the frontlines. #2 – The majority of the track was only in use for one year, between 1942 and 1943. After the war, the governments of Thailand and Myanmar deliberated for a while on whether the railway should be used, despite the tragic circumstances under which it was built. Eventually, only the section from Kanchanaburi to Nam Tok in Thailand was re-opened in 1957. #3 – The Thai-Burma Railway is not the largest in the world, but it has gained its fame in far more sinister ways. It exists as just 415km of railway between Ban Pong in Thailand and Thanbyuzayat in Burma. It took just 16 months for the entire railway to be built. #4 – The Thai-Burma Railway is not its only name. It is often commonly also known as the Siam-Burma Railway, the Death Railway or sometimes the Railway of Death. #5 – Around 180-250,000 Southeast Asian civilians were put to work as forced laborers to build this railway and its many bridges. Additionally, around 61,000 Allied prisoners of war were forced to work in the railway’s labor camps tasked with its construction and maintenance. 90,000 civilians and 12,000 prisoners of war lost their lives because of this forced labor by the Japanese military. #6 – The reason specifically that a railway was the only option in this area of Asia between Thailand and Burma (Myanmar), was that the Japanese navy had been severely weakened in the Coral Sea. Without the firepower needed for safe shipping, this became the only option they saw available. Without a protected coastline, building the railway through the jungles and over the rivers of Thailand and Burma was decided by the Japanese government to be the only choice. #7 – The number of laborers needed to build this rail so quickly (just 16 months), meant that the Japanese had to decide between using soldiers or forced labor. They decided on forced labor, to save resources. Forced laborers do not require the food, medicine and rest that conscripted soldiers do. It has gone down as one of the wars’ terrible crimes and many of the orchestrators were sentenced to death over their role in the treatment of these laborers. #8 – There is a very famous, Oscar award-winning, movie called “The Bridge Over the River Kwai” that you may have heard of. The movie is based on the accounts of several prisoners who were forced to work in these labor camps. On not just the bridge, but the whole railway. The movie gives a very vivid account of what the conditions were like for the workers, and the hardships they faced. An excellent fictional account by Pierre Boule, The Bridge Over the River Kwai: A Novel, follows the ordeal and the human strength of the British POW in the forced labor camp. #9 – The bridge over the River Kwai is actually still in use today. You can take historical tours along its tracks. This bridge, located in Kanchanaburi Province, along with several other less famous ones, is part of the tour. Whether you are a railway enthusiast, history buff, or even if you are a bit of both, this is a journey that you will remember for the rest of your life. Photo source: Wikimedia Commons #10 – The track is a much smaller gauge than many of the more modern rails. Whilst Europe uses a 1,435mm gauge track, the Thai-Burma tracks Gauge was only 1,000mm. This unique size meant that only Japanese trains and cars would work on the rail if control of it was lost. #11 – The Japanese military only managed to control their new railway for just over a year. During this time they used it to ship approximately 500,000 tones of freight before Allied forces relieved them of ownership. #12 – Most of the prisoners of war that became forced laborers on the railway were from Australia, the United Kingdom, and India. They largely arrived in Burma as prisoners from the fall of Singapore when British rule was overrun by the Japanese. #13 – The Thai-Burma Railway was not built in a convenient location at all. In order to get from A to B they had to build around 600 individual bridges. Keep in mind the whole track is only 415km long, that means there was about a bridge every 700 meters. #14 – Most modern bridges are built from a mix of metal and stone, and even as far back as wartime this was still the norm. Since it was impossible to ship the raw materials needed for a bridge, the laborers were forced to build their bridges almost entirely out of wood. This makes the Thai-Burma Railway particularly unique. Experience the today’s train ride through this travel video: Video Credit: Christine Kaaloa – Click Here to watch directly on YouTube #15 – Building bridges requires heavy machinery and high-quality tools. None of these were provided to the forced laborers. They had to make do with mostly just their hands and the most very basic tools such as spades and hammers. This huge increase in difficulty for what was already not an easy task contributed to how many people lost their lives in the construction of this railway. #16 – Although the Thai section of the railway was built by the Japanese and existed in Thailand, it was actually owned by the British. The British commandeered it during the war and maintained control of it for many years, before finally selling it to the Thai government. The railway was sold for 50 million Thai Baht, which when converted to American dollars, is about $1.65 million. #17 – When completed, the Thai-Burma Railway was home to 63 different named stations. Not all of these stations exist today, however, as many were destroyed or just fell into disuse. Because of the circumstances behind their construction, whether or not they should be used, left as shrines, or destroyed completely has been a point of contention for the local populace and governing bodies. #18 – By the end of the war, only 100 of the 142 original trains that were used on this railway remained in operation. Today, only a handful remain and are purely used for historical tours, or as centerpieces in museums and memorials about the construction of this railway. #19 – The Thai-Burma Railway has a pretty unique price model for their tickets. Unlike many railways that charge different prices depending on how far you travel, what time, or in what class, the ticket price is always the same. It costs 100 Thai Baht no matter where you get on or off up and down the Thai-Burma railway. That’s about three US dollars for comparison. A pretty good deal for tourists. #20 – Many of the civilian workers on the project were actually volunteer Malaysian laborers. They were tricked into coming to work on the project with the promise of good pay and food, but they were obviously deceived. Once they arrived, they were threatened with the promise of death if they tried to leave. Photo source: Changi POW Art #21 – Although the famous film, “The Bridge Over the River Kwai“, was based on this railway entirely, and specifically that bridge, they actually chose not to film on location. Some shots of the bridge exist in the film, but most of the film was actually shot in Sri Lanka. This was out of respect and out of convenience for the local population. Filming around such an important local monument, especially one so busy, is not ideal. #22 – One of the biggest threats to the worker’s wellbeing was not just exhaustion and beatings by the Japanese guards, it was the jungle itself. Even today, as it was back then, the route of the railway was heavily populated by mosquitos. They spread disease and with the intentional lack of medicine in the POW camp, this often led to the laborers dying of otherwise preventable diseases. If you plan to visit today, make sure you bring bug spray. #23 – There are plans to expand the railway routes and even revitalize some of the older ones. It is not an easy undergoing and there is a lot of controversy surrounding using track and bridges built by POWs during the war. #24 – Although it has been so long since the end of World War 2, the people of Malaysia and other surrounding Southeast Asian countries who had their population forced into these work camps are still waiting on reparations from the Japanese government. Some are waiting for just an apology, some even just an acknowledgment. #25 – The Hellfire Pass is one of the more well known atrocities to occur on this railway. The Hellfire Pass was also the most difficult section of the railway to build. A huge rocky section was directly in the track’s way and could not be avoided. There were two real options: build a tunnel, or carve all of the rock out from the mountain. The Japanese military leaders overseeing the project chose to cut the rock out. Cutting out such a huge amount of solid stone required the workers to be on the job for 18 hours a day. Over the 6 weeks that it took to carve it out completely, 69 prisoners of war were beaten to death as forms of punishment or twisted encouragement. Hundreds more died from cholera and other such illnesses. The Thai-Burma Railway has a dark history, its past is not pleasant and is absolutely not something that we should ever be allowed to forget. Being able to visit this historic railway, travel on its trains and view its many bridges and memorials is a privilege not many people are lucky enough to have. If you do get to visit, take your time to appreciate what happened during the war, and what has been done since to make use of the railway again. Whether you think that the entire railway line should be reopened or not is up to you. You might also like the following facts about the best railway journeys in the world: - 25 Amazing Facts About the Euro Rail & Eurail - 25 Amazing Facts About the Shinkansen, the Japanese Bullet Train - 25 Amazing Facts About the Trans-Siberian Railway - 25 Amazing Facts About the Amtrak Railway - 25 Amazing Facts About the Orient Express - 25 Amazing Facts About the Bangkok-Ayutthaya Railway - 25 Amazing Facts About the Trans-Mongolian Railway - 25 Amazing Facts About the Beijing-Lhasa Railway	2,362	ENGLISH	1
Part C Translation Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Following the explosion of creativity in Florence during the 14th century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17th century, with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. 46.With (the gap between) the church's teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance, the gap between the medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories. During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. 47. Before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that in actual fact, all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy,and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death. Galileo was excommunicated by the Church and imprisoned for life for his astronomical observations and his support of the heliocentric principle. 48. Despite attempts by the Church to strong-arm this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made,and at a rate that the people-including the Church -could no longer ignore. It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born. The Church's long-standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe during most of the 17th century. 49. As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world. The Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17th and 18th centuries were times of radical change and curiosity. Scientific method,reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. 50. Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase'sapere aude'or 'dare to know', after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment? It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.	<urn:uuid:6cff8b39-9cfb-4a81-bc98-7ac44093a9d3>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://wap.kuakao.com/english/zt/150063.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592636.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118135205-20200118163205-00516.warc.gz	en	0.980308	618	3.375	3	[ -0.13156519830226898, 0.24039484560489655, -0.06658346951007843, -0.005348085425794125, -0.3475281298160553, 0.0596751943230629, -0.09613347798585892, 0.5253609418869019, 0.2776032090187073, 0.19284766912460327, 0.12948378920555115, -0.37922999262809753, 0.23272523283958435, 0.041751623153...	4	Part C Translation Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) Following the explosion of creativity in Florence during the 14th century known as the Renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. It turned from God and the authority of the Roman Catholic Church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. Renaissance ideas had spread throughout Europe well into the 17th century, with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. 46.With (the gap between) the church's teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the Renaissance, the gap between the medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories. During the Renaissance, the great minds of Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. 47. Before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the geocentric view that the Earth was at the centre of our universe. Copernicus theorized in 1543 that in actual fact, all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the Earth, but the Sun, a system that was later upheld by Galileo at his own expense. Offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy,and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death. Galileo was excommunicated by the Church and imprisoned for life for his astronomical observations and his support of the heliocentric principle. 48. Despite attempts by the Church to strong-arm this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made,and at a rate that the people-including the Church -could no longer ignore. It was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born. The Church's long-standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. This very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through Europe during most of the 17th century. 49. As many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world. The Renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the Age of Reason.The 17th and 18th centuries were times of radical change and curiosity. Scientific method,reductionism and the questioning of Church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. 50. Such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the Latin phrase'sapere aude'or 'dare to know', after Immanuel Kant used it in his essay An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment? It was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.	634	ENGLISH	1
History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Margaret W. Campbell MARGARET W. CAMPBELL was born in Hancock County, Maine, on the 16th of January, 1827, and received her education in the district schools. As early as 1850 her attention was called to the subject of woman suffrage by reading the proceedings of the first Woman's Rights Convention held at Worcester, Massachusetts. She soon became a firm believer in the reform but did not enter the field as a worker until 1863. She came to Iowa in 1857, locating in Linn County. During the War of the Re- hellion she was active in soldiers' aid societies and at this time made her first public speeches in the suffrage cause, writing also on the subject for the newspapers. In February, 1869, she attended an important suffrage convention at Springfield, Massachusetts, where a number of the national leaders were among the speakers. Here Mrs. Campbell made an eloquent address which attracted general attention. The same year she was sent as a delegate to the Convention of the American Woman Suffrage Association at Cleveland, Ohio, and in 1870 was a delegate to the State Convention of the Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association. From this time Mrs. Campbell became one of the prominent public speakers in the cause, in New England and New York. For more than twenty years she was an officer of the American Woman Suffrage Association and for a long time was connected with the Woman's Journal. She was associated with Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Howe and other national leaders in the reform, often speaking with them at conventions in various States. In November, 1879, Mrs. Campbell again settled in Iowa and was ever active in the suffrage cause, taking part in all of the State campaigns, in which she has been one of the ablest and most widely sought of the public speakers. She was four years President of the State Suffrage Association and for two years Corresponding Secretary. In 1901 she removed to Joliet, Illinois.	<urn:uuid:f37a3223-f588-4fca-9cc1-422390233b7b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_Iowa_From_the_Earliest_Times_to_the_Beginning_of_the_Twentieth_Century/4/Margaret_W._Campbell	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681412.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125191854-20200125221854-00272.warc.gz	en	0.980429	418	3.4375	3	[ -0.45714133977890015, 0.15657106041908264, 0.15641318261623383, 0.17897717654705048, -0.693863570690155, 0.38133400678634644, 0.11557044088840485, -0.08669089525938034, 0.100257508456707, -0.14758920669555664, 0.4608384966850281, -0.21350184082984924, 0.3502105474472046, 0.1487783342599868...	1	History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century/4/Margaret W. Campbell MARGARET W. CAMPBELL was born in Hancock County, Maine, on the 16th of January, 1827, and received her education in the district schools. As early as 1850 her attention was called to the subject of woman suffrage by reading the proceedings of the first Woman's Rights Convention held at Worcester, Massachusetts. She soon became a firm believer in the reform but did not enter the field as a worker until 1863. She came to Iowa in 1857, locating in Linn County. During the War of the Re- hellion she was active in soldiers' aid societies and at this time made her first public speeches in the suffrage cause, writing also on the subject for the newspapers. In February, 1869, she attended an important suffrage convention at Springfield, Massachusetts, where a number of the national leaders were among the speakers. Here Mrs. Campbell made an eloquent address which attracted general attention. The same year she was sent as a delegate to the Convention of the American Woman Suffrage Association at Cleveland, Ohio, and in 1870 was a delegate to the State Convention of the Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association. From this time Mrs. Campbell became one of the prominent public speakers in the cause, in New England and New York. For more than twenty years she was an officer of the American Woman Suffrage Association and for a long time was connected with the Woman's Journal. She was associated with Lucy Stone, Julia Ward Howe and other national leaders in the reform, often speaking with them at conventions in various States. In November, 1879, Mrs. Campbell again settled in Iowa and was ever active in the suffrage cause, taking part in all of the State campaigns, in which she has been one of the ablest and most widely sought of the public speakers. She was four years President of the State Suffrage Association and for two years Corresponding Secretary. In 1901 she removed to Joliet, Illinois.	448	ENGLISH	1
Kärnäkoski fortress was part of the South-Eastern Finland fortification system built by Russians in the 1790's. Purpose of the fortress was to protect the strategic road to St. Petersburg and Russians fleet in Saimaa against Swedish enemies from the west. Building was started in 1790 by French engineer officers and it's a tradional French bastion system. Approximately 1400 Russian soldiers and local peasants were forced to construction work and many of them died in hard work and illnesses. Kärnäkoski protected the border only 15 years and after Finnish War in 1808-1809 fortress lost its defensive value. Kärnäkoski was disbanded in 1835 by the tsar Nicholas I. After that fortress was disarmed, buildings and remaining equipment were auctioned and the walls and fortifications were left untended. Kärnäkoski never took part to a military action, but in Finland Civil War (1918) several battles were fought nearby. Today Kärnäkoski fortress is a tourist attraction, although there are no guided tours or other tourist or travel services in the fortress, simply guidance signs. Finnish National Board of Antiquities and Finnish Ministry of the Environment have listed the fortress area as nationally significant cultural historic landmark. NBA has restored Kärnäkoski fortress to its former shape together with other fortresses in south-eastern Finland. Walls were repaired and the fortress area was restored and cleared. Other historical buildings nearby are an old barge harbor, mill and saw built in 1830s and a double-arch stone bridge from 1886. The mill has not been used since 1950s, but was restored by a local village organization in 2002. The small Grisslehamn village is today a well-preserved sample of 19th century architecture and popular attraction for daily trips. The name Grisslehamn was first mentioned in a document from 1376 about the mail route between Sweden and Finland. This Grisslehamn was located some 20 km south of today's location. In the mid-18th century, most of the old village was destroyed in a fire, and it was decided to move Grisslehamn to its current location to make the mail route shorter. Conveying mail by row boat from Sweden to Åland, from whence it was transported to the Finnish mainland, was, together with fishing, one of the most important sources of income for the inhabitants of Grisslehamn and other parts of Roslagen for a long time, until steam ships took over the mail routes in the early 20th century. During the Finnish War in 1809 a small unit of Russian cossacks attacked to Grisslehamn over the frozen Gulf of Bothnia. In the battle 80 Swedish soldiers surrended and several were killed. Today there are several buildings dating from the 19th century, like the toll station and old barracks. The post office was built in 1755 and the chapel in 1909.	<urn:uuid:0e7c6451-6ffe-4e22-9c05-f3a9eee4de95>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.spottinghistory.com/view/105/karnakoski-fortress/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694071.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126230255-20200127020255-00006.warc.gz	en	0.98273	611	3.4375	3	[ 0.15580642223358154, 0.005025830119848251, 0.40796929597854614, -0.00250492081977427, 0.22572040557861328, -0.22992636263370514, -0.19565993547439575, 0.40874290466308594, -0.5864619016647339, 0.17912857234477997, 0.06509143114089966, -0.3339640498161316, 0.035302840173244476, 0.4353240132...	1	Kärnäkoski fortress was part of the South-Eastern Finland fortification system built by Russians in the 1790's. Purpose of the fortress was to protect the strategic road to St. Petersburg and Russians fleet in Saimaa against Swedish enemies from the west. Building was started in 1790 by French engineer officers and it's a tradional French bastion system. Approximately 1400 Russian soldiers and local peasants were forced to construction work and many of them died in hard work and illnesses. Kärnäkoski protected the border only 15 years and after Finnish War in 1808-1809 fortress lost its defensive value. Kärnäkoski was disbanded in 1835 by the tsar Nicholas I. After that fortress was disarmed, buildings and remaining equipment were auctioned and the walls and fortifications were left untended. Kärnäkoski never took part to a military action, but in Finland Civil War (1918) several battles were fought nearby. Today Kärnäkoski fortress is a tourist attraction, although there are no guided tours or other tourist or travel services in the fortress, simply guidance signs. Finnish National Board of Antiquities and Finnish Ministry of the Environment have listed the fortress area as nationally significant cultural historic landmark. NBA has restored Kärnäkoski fortress to its former shape together with other fortresses in south-eastern Finland. Walls were repaired and the fortress area was restored and cleared. Other historical buildings nearby are an old barge harbor, mill and saw built in 1830s and a double-arch stone bridge from 1886. The mill has not been used since 1950s, but was restored by a local village organization in 2002. The small Grisslehamn village is today a well-preserved sample of 19th century architecture and popular attraction for daily trips. The name Grisslehamn was first mentioned in a document from 1376 about the mail route between Sweden and Finland. This Grisslehamn was located some 20 km south of today's location. In the mid-18th century, most of the old village was destroyed in a fire, and it was decided to move Grisslehamn to its current location to make the mail route shorter. Conveying mail by row boat from Sweden to Åland, from whence it was transported to the Finnish mainland, was, together with fishing, one of the most important sources of income for the inhabitants of Grisslehamn and other parts of Roslagen for a long time, until steam ships took over the mail routes in the early 20th century. During the Finnish War in 1809 a small unit of Russian cossacks attacked to Grisslehamn over the frozen Gulf of Bothnia. In the battle 80 Swedish soldiers surrended and several were killed. Today there are several buildings dating from the 19th century, like the toll station and old barracks. The post office was built in 1755 and the chapel in 1909.	666	ENGLISH	1
(JNS.org) In a surprise discovery, Israeli archaeologists have uncovered a 12th cave in the Qumran region of the northern Judean Desert that once held portions of the Dead Sea Scrolls, until they were likely looted in the mid-20th century. Hebrew University of Jerusalem archaeologists Dr. Oren Gutfeld and Ahiad Ovadia made the discovery with the help of Dr. Randall Price and students from Virginia-based Liberty University. During the excavation of the cave, archaeologists found that numerous storage jars and lids from the Second Temple period were found hidden along the cave’s walls and deep inside a tunnel in the back of the cave. But the jars were all broken and their contents were removed. The archaeologists also uncovered an iron pickaxe head from the 1950s, which suggests that the cave was looted. “Until now, it was accepted that Dead Sea scrolls were found only in 11 caves at Qumran, but now there is no doubt that this is the 12th cave,” said Gutfeld. “Although at the end of the day no scroll was found, and instead we ‘only’ found a piece of parchment rolled up in a jug that was being processed for writing, the findings indicate beyond any doubt that the cave contained scrolls that were stolen.” This excavation was the first to take place in the northern portion of the Judean Desert as part of the “Operation Scroll” program, which was launched by the Israel Antiquities Authority to improve the understanding and excavation of caves in the region.	<urn:uuid:ffd0511b-8b8c-4a65-8b47-d5e692e06bad>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.jewishledger.com/2017/02/israeli-archaeologists-uncover-12th-dead-sea-scrolls-cave/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594662.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119151736-20200119175736-00055.warc.gz	en	0.983039	319	3.296875	3	[ -0.37308362126350403, 0.5690943002700806, -0.14494307339191437, 0.053166862577199936, -0.031470052897930145, -0.1538897305727005, -0.027864109724760056, 0.16365940868854523, -0.31115081906318665, -0.02464110776782036, 0.17209979891777039, -0.28804755210876465, -0.013506156392395496, 0.3785...	2	(JNS.org) In a surprise discovery, Israeli archaeologists have uncovered a 12th cave in the Qumran region of the northern Judean Desert that once held portions of the Dead Sea Scrolls, until they were likely looted in the mid-20th century. Hebrew University of Jerusalem archaeologists Dr. Oren Gutfeld and Ahiad Ovadia made the discovery with the help of Dr. Randall Price and students from Virginia-based Liberty University. During the excavation of the cave, archaeologists found that numerous storage jars and lids from the Second Temple period were found hidden along the cave’s walls and deep inside a tunnel in the back of the cave. But the jars were all broken and their contents were removed. The archaeologists also uncovered an iron pickaxe head from the 1950s, which suggests that the cave was looted. “Until now, it was accepted that Dead Sea scrolls were found only in 11 caves at Qumran, but now there is no doubt that this is the 12th cave,” said Gutfeld. “Although at the end of the day no scroll was found, and instead we ‘only’ found a piece of parchment rolled up in a jug that was being processed for writing, the findings indicate beyond any doubt that the cave contained scrolls that were stolen.” This excavation was the first to take place in the northern portion of the Judean Desert as part of the “Operation Scroll” program, which was launched by the Israel Antiquities Authority to improve the understanding and excavation of caves in the region.	322	ENGLISH	1
Socrates was a Greek Philosopher, he was a well known figure in Athens. Socrates showed the World a new way of thinking. We only know of his life through the writings of his students, Plato and others, rather than writing books and recording his thoughts himself, he orally passed on his thoughts to many young people of his time, one of which is Plato. He found out that he was wise when told that the Oracle of Delphi had revealed to one of his friends that Socrates was the wisest man in Athens, he didn't boast about this, but wanted to prove the Oracle wrong. So Socrates started asking everyone he could find, "what was truly worthwhile in life" he felt that if any one knew the answer to this then they must surely be wiser than him, but instead everyone that he asked, all pretended to know something they clearly did not know. So finally he realized that the Oracle must be right after all, and that he was the wisest man in Athens because he alone was prepared to admit his own ignorance rather than pretend to know something he did not know. Socrates felt strongly about his beliefs, that he lived by them and also died for his philosophical beliefs. In Plato's, The Apology of Socrates, Socrates was accused and on trial for two charges: that he had corrupted the youth of Athens with his teachings, and, that he advocated the worship of false gods. He was also believed to be an atheist, even though Socrates claimed to have a strong belief in the gods; he even believed "The god has commanded me to examine men, in oracles and in dreams and in every which the divine will was ever declared" (pg 43). Socrates denied all of these chargers and claimed his innocence. Socrates justified himself by clarifying that one man by himself can not corrupt the youth. Socrates did not corrupt the youth. He was just a man searching for the answer to the question of who he was. People decided, of their own free will that will that they would come and listen to his conversation.	<urn:uuid:952e431f-d914-4743-a1eb-caed8be7a9a9>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/206639.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778168.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128091916-20200128121916-00266.warc.gz	en	0.995691	415	3.75	4	[ -0.020322274416685104, 0.3546285927295685, -0.05042833089828491, -0.39285069704055786, -0.608519434928894, -0.3544459342956543, 0.7677910923957825, 0.456236332654953, 0.02067212201654911, -0.1575610339641571, -0.049383681267499924, -0.2908966541290283, 0.06562042981386185, 0.33198750019073...	2	Socrates was a Greek Philosopher, he was a well known figure in Athens. Socrates showed the World a new way of thinking. We only know of his life through the writings of his students, Plato and others, rather than writing books and recording his thoughts himself, he orally passed on his thoughts to many young people of his time, one of which is Plato. He found out that he was wise when told that the Oracle of Delphi had revealed to one of his friends that Socrates was the wisest man in Athens, he didn't boast about this, but wanted to prove the Oracle wrong. So Socrates started asking everyone he could find, "what was truly worthwhile in life" he felt that if any one knew the answer to this then they must surely be wiser than him, but instead everyone that he asked, all pretended to know something they clearly did not know. So finally he realized that the Oracle must be right after all, and that he was the wisest man in Athens because he alone was prepared to admit his own ignorance rather than pretend to know something he did not know. Socrates felt strongly about his beliefs, that he lived by them and also died for his philosophical beliefs. In Plato's, The Apology of Socrates, Socrates was accused and on trial for two charges: that he had corrupted the youth of Athens with his teachings, and, that he advocated the worship of false gods. He was also believed to be an atheist, even though Socrates claimed to have a strong belief in the gods; he even believed "The god has commanded me to examine men, in oracles and in dreams and in every which the divine will was ever declared" (pg 43). Socrates denied all of these chargers and claimed his innocence. Socrates justified himself by clarifying that one man by himself can not corrupt the youth. Socrates did not corrupt the youth. He was just a man searching for the answer to the question of who he was. People decided, of their own free will that will that they would come and listen to his conversation.	425	ENGLISH	1
When she returned to Richmond, Mary was arrested and imprisoned for nine days for claiming to be a free person of color without having her free papers. During her confinement, she was constantly questioned and interrogated. Mary knew how to protect herself: she gave false names to her jailers and lied about her identity. After her release from jail, the chances were that she would be sold into slavery again. To save Mary from this fate, Elizabeth’s mother paid a fine and secured Mary’s release. By September 1861, Elizabeth Van Lew became involved in pro-Union activities in Richmond. She began developing the contacts for what would be known as the Richmond Underground, the spy ring she would organize until the end of the war. Its members collected intelligence from both Union and Confederate troops, smuggled the information to Union leaders outside the city, and helped Union soldiers escape from behind enemy lines. Elizabeth recommended Mary for a job as a servant for the Davis family in the Confederate White House, giving the Richmond Underground the upper hand in having a source so close to the leader of the Confederacy. Mary’s education and excellent memory would serve her well. She knew what to look for, and she could keep an eye out for certain information on troop movements while she was cleaning the President’s office. Blending in easily, she kept her ear to the door and eavesdropped on conversations. At the end of the day, she would write down all of the information she had gathered that day and smuggle it out to Elizabeth. Elizabeth would then code the information and send it to General Grant, significantly improving the Union advantage. After the war was over, Mary earned her freedom, but she stayed in Richmond. Her education and teaching experience in Liberia was highly valuable: she began working with the Freedmen’s Bureau, teaching former slaves. Within a few months, Mary traveled to New York, giving two speaking engagements about her experiences during the Civil War. For each of these engagements, she gave two separate aliases and shared different information about herself, much like she had when she first came back to Richmond from Liberia. One can only assume Mary felt safer this way, with fake names and identities to hide behind, especially as a black woman who plotted against the Confederacy. In these speeches, she not only described her spy activities, but she also used them as a platform to support voting rights and equal rights for African-Americans.	<urn:uuid:3abf3375-c865-4960-806f-4e3a7a58d469>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://historycollection.co/incredible-story-black-spy-confederate-white-house/2/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251789055.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129071944-20200129101944-00163.warc.gz	en	0.982285	491	3.953125	4	[ -0.4814622700214386, 0.26850202679634094, 0.5556482076644897, 0.14945094287395477, 0.2276841700077057, 0.2026977241039276, 0.04370056465268135, -0.21649351716041565, -0.12487313151359558, 0.35477322340011597, -0.21476130187511444, 0.17123641073703766, -0.09206786006689072, -0.0573451556265...	5	When she returned to Richmond, Mary was arrested and imprisoned for nine days for claiming to be a free person of color without having her free papers. During her confinement, she was constantly questioned and interrogated. Mary knew how to protect herself: she gave false names to her jailers and lied about her identity. After her release from jail, the chances were that she would be sold into slavery again. To save Mary from this fate, Elizabeth’s mother paid a fine and secured Mary’s release. By September 1861, Elizabeth Van Lew became involved in pro-Union activities in Richmond. She began developing the contacts for what would be known as the Richmond Underground, the spy ring she would organize until the end of the war. Its members collected intelligence from both Union and Confederate troops, smuggled the information to Union leaders outside the city, and helped Union soldiers escape from behind enemy lines. Elizabeth recommended Mary for a job as a servant for the Davis family in the Confederate White House, giving the Richmond Underground the upper hand in having a source so close to the leader of the Confederacy. Mary’s education and excellent memory would serve her well. She knew what to look for, and she could keep an eye out for certain information on troop movements while she was cleaning the President’s office. Blending in easily, she kept her ear to the door and eavesdropped on conversations. At the end of the day, she would write down all of the information she had gathered that day and smuggle it out to Elizabeth. Elizabeth would then code the information and send it to General Grant, significantly improving the Union advantage. After the war was over, Mary earned her freedom, but she stayed in Richmond. Her education and teaching experience in Liberia was highly valuable: she began working with the Freedmen’s Bureau, teaching former slaves. Within a few months, Mary traveled to New York, giving two speaking engagements about her experiences during the Civil War. For each of these engagements, she gave two separate aliases and shared different information about herself, much like she had when she first came back to Richmond from Liberia. One can only assume Mary felt safer this way, with fake names and identities to hide behind, especially as a black woman who plotted against the Confederacy. In these speeches, she not only described her spy activities, but she also used them as a platform to support voting rights and equal rights for African-Americans.	486	ENGLISH	1
Headbands at one time were distinguished as the "headband" and "tailband," but both are now called "headbands" or simply "heads," although the term "endband," to indicate both, single headband with core of vellum seems to be preferred by some bookbinders. The original headbands were intrinsically a part of the sewing of the book, and were used in lieu of kettle stitches in linking the sections together. They were a part of the construction of the book, which possibly explains why they were (and are) at both the head and tail, rather than just at the head. This type of headband was eventually discarded, however, because it did not permit cutting the edges subsequent to sewing, despite the fact that it had the great advantage of also banding the top and bottom of the sections together tightly. Techniques of headbanding continued to change, and by the 12th century, or even earlier, it became the common practice to sew the bands independently of the sections. Furthermore, until the end of the 15th century, they were always tied down in the fold of each section, when the increased production of books subsequent to Gutenberg made it necessary to reduce the cost of binding a single book. Thereafter, they were tied down at greater intervals. Because the boards of early bindings were cut flush, it was the usual practice to cut away the corners of the leaves at head and tail so as to make room for the bands and also to keep them from protruding too far and possibly being damaged. Headbands of the 12th and early 13th centuries were combined with a leather tab which extended beyond the spine, whereas from the middle of the 13th century to the end of the 15th century, the leather cover at the end of the spine was frequently cut so that it just covered the headbands. The cover was then sewn through from front to back, or vice versa, underneath and along the length of the hidden headband, resulting in a series of stitches on the spine of the book, as well as a series where normally one expected to see the beading. The binder usually used uncolored thread for both this and the headband, which was usually single and sewn independently of the sewing of the book. The plaited headband, which was made with strips of leather (usually tawed and stained pink), was still another variation. This type was rare in England but often used in Germany in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. This type of headband, which is the strongest ever devised, consisted of two thongs plaited around a core of rolled vellum, which had already been sewn to the book. The thongs also passed through holes made in the leather at the top of the spine where it was cut off instead of being turned in. When using this type of headband, the leather cover was sewn by means of plaited thongs to the primary headband which had already been sewn to the book, thereby making a solid connection at an important point. The conventional headband, which was sewn with colored silk or other type of thread, and which had the beading showing at the bottom complete with HEADCAP , was introduced very early in the 16th century and quickly became popular. The prevalent colors were blue and white, but pink and blue, pink and brown, as well as other combinations were also used. Double headbands are not often seen in 16th century English bookbinding, but they were used to some extent on the Continent. They acquired popularity in England in the 17th century, utilizing more interesting colors and superior materials than on the Continent. Until the beginning of the 20th century the double headband usually consisted of two rolls, one smaller than the other, with the smaller placed above the larger; however, early in the 20th century binders began placing the smaller band both in front of and below the larger. It also became the common practice to use a flat strip of material rather than a larger roll. Only a relatively few bookbinders since the 15th century have taken the trouble to tie down headbands at every section, or even tried to put the needle through the fold of the section where the tie-down was being made; instead it went between the leaves at intervals of 1/ to 1/2 inch. When the headband is an integral part of the book, it serves the practical purpose of taking up much of the strain from the spine covering when the book is pulled from the shelf in the usual manner. The worked headband reinforces that part of the spine covering extending beyond the text block because of the squares. The headband that is only glued on, on the other hand, is merely decorative and often falls short even in that respect, as it usually looks cheap and also as though it were an afterthought. Although it is generally believed that glued-on headbands were unknown before the early 19th century, i.e., the beginning of the rise of edition binding as we know it today, they were being used, at least in Germany, as early as the last decade of the 16th century. They were probably not used in English bookbinding until sometime in the first half of the 17th century. Although it must be assumed that glued on bands were used in that time as an economy measure, they probably required as much time to make as worked headbands. They were made by sewing two threads of the same or different colors in the usual manner with a cross-over beading onto a strip of vellum, which sometimes had its upper edge bent over to provide greater bulk. In many cases about 3/4 inch on each side of the core was not sewn but was attached to the boards, usually on the outside. In other cases the bulk of the headband was cut to the thickness of the book and only the part under the sewing extended across the joints or was laced through the joints on some vellum bindings. (141 , 172 , 236 , 241 , 335 ) Timestamp: Saturday, 19-Nov-2011 13:18:42 PST Retrieved: Thursday, 23-Jan-2020 05:14:31 GMT	<urn:uuid:f26b64e8-06db-416e-9cae-b17e6740a6e1>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://cool.conservation-us.org/don/dt/dt1721.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608295.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123041345-20200123070345-00192.warc.gz	en	0.988373	1,271	3.3125	3	[ -0.038478750735521317, -0.11107011139392853, 0.41099417209625244, -0.4889271855354309, -0.22920946776866913, 0.07499079406261444, -0.22793906927108765, -0.10709868371486664, 0.1564171314239502, 0.05532851442694664, 0.07022573053836823, -0.09518937766551971, 0.041110944002866745, 0.04695812...	1	Headbands at one time were distinguished as the "headband" and "tailband," but both are now called "headbands" or simply "heads," although the term "endband," to indicate both, single headband with core of vellum seems to be preferred by some bookbinders. The original headbands were intrinsically a part of the sewing of the book, and were used in lieu of kettle stitches in linking the sections together. They were a part of the construction of the book, which possibly explains why they were (and are) at both the head and tail, rather than just at the head. This type of headband was eventually discarded, however, because it did not permit cutting the edges subsequent to sewing, despite the fact that it had the great advantage of also banding the top and bottom of the sections together tightly. Techniques of headbanding continued to change, and by the 12th century, or even earlier, it became the common practice to sew the bands independently of the sections. Furthermore, until the end of the 15th century, they were always tied down in the fold of each section, when the increased production of books subsequent to Gutenberg made it necessary to reduce the cost of binding a single book. Thereafter, they were tied down at greater intervals. Because the boards of early bindings were cut flush, it was the usual practice to cut away the corners of the leaves at head and tail so as to make room for the bands and also to keep them from protruding too far and possibly being damaged. Headbands of the 12th and early 13th centuries were combined with a leather tab which extended beyond the spine, whereas from the middle of the 13th century to the end of the 15th century, the leather cover at the end of the spine was frequently cut so that it just covered the headbands. The cover was then sewn through from front to back, or vice versa, underneath and along the length of the hidden headband, resulting in a series of stitches on the spine of the book, as well as a series where normally one expected to see the beading. The binder usually used uncolored thread for both this and the headband, which was usually single and sewn independently of the sewing of the book. The plaited headband, which was made with strips of leather (usually tawed and stained pink), was still another variation. This type was rare in England but often used in Germany in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. This type of headband, which is the strongest ever devised, consisted of two thongs plaited around a core of rolled vellum, which had already been sewn to the book. The thongs also passed through holes made in the leather at the top of the spine where it was cut off instead of being turned in. When using this type of headband, the leather cover was sewn by means of plaited thongs to the primary headband which had already been sewn to the book, thereby making a solid connection at an important point. The conventional headband, which was sewn with colored silk or other type of thread, and which had the beading showing at the bottom complete with HEADCAP , was introduced very early in the 16th century and quickly became popular. The prevalent colors were blue and white, but pink and blue, pink and brown, as well as other combinations were also used. Double headbands are not often seen in 16th century English bookbinding, but they were used to some extent on the Continent. They acquired popularity in England in the 17th century, utilizing more interesting colors and superior materials than on the Continent. Until the beginning of the 20th century the double headband usually consisted of two rolls, one smaller than the other, with the smaller placed above the larger; however, early in the 20th century binders began placing the smaller band both in front of and below the larger. It also became the common practice to use a flat strip of material rather than a larger roll. Only a relatively few bookbinders since the 15th century have taken the trouble to tie down headbands at every section, or even tried to put the needle through the fold of the section where the tie-down was being made; instead it went between the leaves at intervals of 1/ to 1/2 inch. When the headband is an integral part of the book, it serves the practical purpose of taking up much of the strain from the spine covering when the book is pulled from the shelf in the usual manner. The worked headband reinforces that part of the spine covering extending beyond the text block because of the squares. The headband that is only glued on, on the other hand, is merely decorative and often falls short even in that respect, as it usually looks cheap and also as though it were an afterthought. Although it is generally believed that glued-on headbands were unknown before the early 19th century, i.e., the beginning of the rise of edition binding as we know it today, they were being used, at least in Germany, as early as the last decade of the 16th century. They were probably not used in English bookbinding until sometime in the first half of the 17th century. Although it must be assumed that glued on bands were used in that time as an economy measure, they probably required as much time to make as worked headbands. They were made by sewing two threads of the same or different colors in the usual manner with a cross-over beading onto a strip of vellum, which sometimes had its upper edge bent over to provide greater bulk. In many cases about 3/4 inch on each side of the core was not sewn but was attached to the boards, usually on the outside. In other cases the bulk of the headband was cut to the thickness of the book and only the part under the sewing extended across the joints or was laced through the joints on some vellum bindings. (141 , 172 , 236 , 241 , 335 ) Timestamp: Saturday, 19-Nov-2011 13:18:42 PST Retrieved: Thursday, 23-Jan-2020 05:14:31 GMT	1,328	ENGLISH	1
SOCRATES, (469 – 399 BC)of Athens, the most influential thinker (470-399 BC). Diogenes Laërtius tells that as a boy Socrates was loved by his teacher Archelaus, which is confirmed by Porphyrius, who says that as a youth of 17 Socrates did not disdain the love of Archelaus, because he was then very sensual. Later he managed to overcome this by eager brain-work. Socrates did not write himself, and his remarks about pederasty, as handed down by others, are not unequivocal. In the upshot, one may suppose that, as a Greek, he had an eye for the beauty of boys and young men. Also to him it was absolutely necessary to keep company with youths, but usually he renounced the physical activity of this love. He could do without sensualism because he compensated it by his incomparable art of shaping the souls of the youths and leading them as far as possible to perfection. He presented this power of continence as ideal also to others; still, it is nowhere documented that he demanded of everybody to follow his example, which besides would have been inconsistent with the wisdom of "the wisest of all Greeks". Socrates' most famous disciple PLATO (427-347 BC) founded the Academy of Athens in 386, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world.. "Platonic", i.e. chaste pederasty, is a frequent and important theme of his writings. Among the boys whom he loved were Agathon, Dion, Alexis, Aster. He was a philosopher, as well as mathematician.He is considered an essential figure in the development of philosophy, especially the Western tradition, Along with his teacher Socrates and his most famous student, Aristotle, Plato laid the foundations of Western philosophy and science. Alfred North Whitehead once noted: "the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. Plato's disciple ARISTOTLE (384-322 BC), the philosopher and universal scholar, whose ideas, notably his logic, dominated European thought for many centuries. According to antique historians he had love affairs with several of his adolescent students, among them the "ravishing" Nicanor. His writings cover many subjects – including physics, biology, zoology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry, theater, music, rhetoric, linguistics, politics and government – and constitute the first comprehensive system of Western philosophy. Another disciple of Socrates, ARISTIPPUS of Cyrene (ca. 435-355 BC), founded a hedonistic school of philosophy, similar to the later epicurism: A wise man should enjoy all lust but not let himself be governed by it. He loved a boy named Euthichydes. EURIPIDES (480-406 BC), the youngest of the three eminent Athenian tragedians, whose works reflect the doubts and insecurity of a skeptical mind and therefore have a special appeal to our time. He wrote 92 plays, of which 17 tragedies and one satiric drama have been preserved. One of the lost plays of Euripides was a tragedy entitled "Chrysippos" which treated the love of King Laios, the father of Oedipus, for the boy of that name. Very likely Euripides was caused to write it by the personal experience of his love for AGATHON, who was then a youth praised for his beauty as well as for his culture, and who later became himself a respectable playwright. In Plato's Symposium he appears as the host at a feast to celebrate the prize he has won for a drama. To all appearances the relationship between the two poets remained amorous and sexual long after the younger one had passed the age up to which this was regarded as becoming, and therefore the comedian Aristophanes made them the butt of gross jokes.	<urn:uuid:cc347fbc-13d7-4929-ba34-ff7aebee78c7>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://southfloridagaynews.com/Community/gay-history-101-greek-edition.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597230.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120023523-20200120051523-00314.warc.gz	en	0.984659	803	3.3125	3	[ 0.1980559527873993, 0.39603525400161743, 0.24622194468975067, -0.6709385514259338, -0.9106136560440063, -0.35195183753967285, 0.17788229882717133, 0.7423481345176697, -0.05537474900484085, -0.3692573308944702, -0.06490936130285263, -0.13301204144954681, 0.15998470783233643, 0.2724044024944...	7	SOCRATES, (469 – 399 BC)of Athens, the most influential thinker (470-399 BC). Diogenes Laërtius tells that as a boy Socrates was loved by his teacher Archelaus, which is confirmed by Porphyrius, who says that as a youth of 17 Socrates did not disdain the love of Archelaus, because he was then very sensual. Later he managed to overcome this by eager brain-work. Socrates did not write himself, and his remarks about pederasty, as handed down by others, are not unequivocal. In the upshot, one may suppose that, as a Greek, he had an eye for the beauty of boys and young men. Also to him it was absolutely necessary to keep company with youths, but usually he renounced the physical activity of this love. He could do without sensualism because he compensated it by his incomparable art of shaping the souls of the youths and leading them as far as possible to perfection. He presented this power of continence as ideal also to others; still, it is nowhere documented that he demanded of everybody to follow his example, which besides would have been inconsistent with the wisdom of "the wisest of all Greeks". Socrates' most famous disciple PLATO (427-347 BC) founded the Academy of Athens in 386, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world.. "Platonic", i.e. chaste pederasty, is a frequent and important theme of his writings. Among the boys whom he loved were Agathon, Dion, Alexis, Aster. He was a philosopher, as well as mathematician.He is considered an essential figure in the development of philosophy, especially the Western tradition, Along with his teacher Socrates and his most famous student, Aristotle, Plato laid the foundations of Western philosophy and science. Alfred North Whitehead once noted: "the safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. Plato's disciple ARISTOTLE (384-322 BC), the philosopher and universal scholar, whose ideas, notably his logic, dominated European thought for many centuries. According to antique historians he had love affairs with several of his adolescent students, among them the "ravishing" Nicanor. His writings cover many subjects – including physics, biology, zoology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry, theater, music, rhetoric, linguistics, politics and government – and constitute the first comprehensive system of Western philosophy. Another disciple of Socrates, ARISTIPPUS of Cyrene (ca. 435-355 BC), founded a hedonistic school of philosophy, similar to the later epicurism: A wise man should enjoy all lust but not let himself be governed by it. He loved a boy named Euthichydes. EURIPIDES (480-406 BC), the youngest of the three eminent Athenian tragedians, whose works reflect the doubts and insecurity of a skeptical mind and therefore have a special appeal to our time. He wrote 92 plays, of which 17 tragedies and one satiric drama have been preserved. One of the lost plays of Euripides was a tragedy entitled "Chrysippos" which treated the love of King Laios, the father of Oedipus, for the boy of that name. Very likely Euripides was caused to write it by the personal experience of his love for AGATHON, who was then a youth praised for his beauty as well as for his culture, and who later became himself a respectable playwright. In Plato's Symposium he appears as the host at a feast to celebrate the prize he has won for a drama. To all appearances the relationship between the two poets remained amorous and sexual long after the younger one had passed the age up to which this was regarded as becoming, and therefore the comedian Aristophanes made them the butt of gross jokes.	834	ENGLISH	1
Archaeologists excavating early Ming dynasty tombs in China sometimes find small gold ingots. They are generally stamped with Chinese characters that describe the precious metal as having been come from the “Western Ocean”. This was the Ming name for the Indian Ocean, and they date from a time when China engaged in oceanic exploration, sending out large fleets to explore the world around her. Like so much of early Chinese activity, they were doing this before the great voyages of exploration carried out by European powers. China did have a maritime tradition before the first Ming voyage set sail. She had an active coastal trade, and some sea-borne commerce with the spice islands of Indonesia. Her Mongol rulers (the dynasty before the Ming) built huge fleets to carry their army across the narrow sea in the two unsuccessful attempts they made to invade Japan in 1274 and 1281. But the expeditions of the early Ming dynasty would be much more ambitious. There were seven Ming voyages, carried out between 1405 and 1433, all under the command of Admiral Zheng He. The admiral was a palace eunuch and confidante of the Emperor, who spoke fluent Arabic. He had been captured as a child from a Muslim family, and subsequently castrated. The voyages themselves were designed to be impressive projections of Chinese power - what we might describe today as ‘shock and awe.’ They were very large expeditions indeed. Columbus sailed for the New World in 1492 with three small ships. Zheng He’s first fleet in 1405 had 317 ships and twenty eight thousand men. Onboard were merchants and diplomats to negotiate with the powers they encountered, together with examples of the principle benefits of Chinese civilisation, in the form of lavish gifts of silk, jade and porcelain. There were also a considerable number of soldiers who travelled with the fleet, to act as a mailed fist within the silk glove of Chinese friendship, should they be needed. The seven voyages travelled deep into South Asia, visiting Sri Lanka, India, the Arabian Peninsula, the Persian Gulf and eventually the east coast of Africa. Wherever they came, if all went well, they concluded trade agreements, collected ambassadors to bring back to China, and made the local rulers acknowledge the Chinese Emperor. On occasion, if the ruler proved reluctant to do so, the expedition’s large body of soldiers disembarked, which usually produced a swift change of heart. Occasionally a sharper lesson had to be administered. King Vira Alakeshwara of Sri Lanka was foolish enough to resist Admiral Zheng He. His state was invaded, his capital captured, and he himself was taken back to China in chains to personally kowtow before the Emperor. The expeditions returned to China with a much enhanced knowledge of the outside world, as well as the various ambassadors, lucrative trade agreements, and cultural items collected along the way. Most celebrated amongst these was a live, full-sized giraffe brought from Africa, which was particularly welcomed by the Emperor. This was because of its resemblance to a mythical Chinese beast that was said to only appear during the most propitious reigns. The voyages were very much the pet project of the Yongle Emperor, and with his death they lost their chief sponsor. After this brief flowering of interest in the outside world, subsequent Ming emperors became inward looking, building their Great Wall, and retreating behind it. With hindsight this seems to have been a lost opportunity for China. The disappearance of the Ming fleets left a nautical power vacuum in the seas of Southern Asia, into which the newly emerging naval powers of Europe would soon expand. The last Ming fleet returned home in 1433. Fifty years later, the Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias became the first European to round the Cape of Good Hope and sail into the Indian Ocean. It would be his fellow Europeans, and not that Chinese, that would dominate these waters for the next four hundred years.	<urn:uuid:81f8c7e0-7c2a-42e1-9b67-a137acb58a12>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.philipkallan.com/single-post/2018/11/26/The-Emperor%E2%80%99s-Giraffe	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251789055.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129071944-20200129101944-00448.warc.gz	en	0.980079	805	3.75	4	[ -0.29415205121040344, 0.32983124256134033, 0.49540919065475464, -0.11190515756607056, -0.24312421679496765, -0.380471795797348, 0.08573108911514282, -0.08609893172979355, -0.012982137501239777, -0.06725841760635376, 0.5181878209114075, -0.5848652124404907, 0.26672303676605225, 0.6684086918...	3	Archaeologists excavating early Ming dynasty tombs in China sometimes find small gold ingots. They are generally stamped with Chinese characters that describe the precious metal as having been come from the “Western Ocean”. This was the Ming name for the Indian Ocean, and they date from a time when China engaged in oceanic exploration, sending out large fleets to explore the world around her. Like so much of early Chinese activity, they were doing this before the great voyages of exploration carried out by European powers. China did have a maritime tradition before the first Ming voyage set sail. She had an active coastal trade, and some sea-borne commerce with the spice islands of Indonesia. Her Mongol rulers (the dynasty before the Ming) built huge fleets to carry their army across the narrow sea in the two unsuccessful attempts they made to invade Japan in 1274 and 1281. But the expeditions of the early Ming dynasty would be much more ambitious. There were seven Ming voyages, carried out between 1405 and 1433, all under the command of Admiral Zheng He. The admiral was a palace eunuch and confidante of the Emperor, who spoke fluent Arabic. He had been captured as a child from a Muslim family, and subsequently castrated. The voyages themselves were designed to be impressive projections of Chinese power - what we might describe today as ‘shock and awe.’ They were very large expeditions indeed. Columbus sailed for the New World in 1492 with three small ships. Zheng He’s first fleet in 1405 had 317 ships and twenty eight thousand men. Onboard were merchants and diplomats to negotiate with the powers they encountered, together with examples of the principle benefits of Chinese civilisation, in the form of lavish gifts of silk, jade and porcelain. There were also a considerable number of soldiers who travelled with the fleet, to act as a mailed fist within the silk glove of Chinese friendship, should they be needed. The seven voyages travelled deep into South Asia, visiting Sri Lanka, India, the Arabian Peninsula, the Persian Gulf and eventually the east coast of Africa. Wherever they came, if all went well, they concluded trade agreements, collected ambassadors to bring back to China, and made the local rulers acknowledge the Chinese Emperor. On occasion, if the ruler proved reluctant to do so, the expedition’s large body of soldiers disembarked, which usually produced a swift change of heart. Occasionally a sharper lesson had to be administered. King Vira Alakeshwara of Sri Lanka was foolish enough to resist Admiral Zheng He. His state was invaded, his capital captured, and he himself was taken back to China in chains to personally kowtow before the Emperor. The expeditions returned to China with a much enhanced knowledge of the outside world, as well as the various ambassadors, lucrative trade agreements, and cultural items collected along the way. Most celebrated amongst these was a live, full-sized giraffe brought from Africa, which was particularly welcomed by the Emperor. This was because of its resemblance to a mythical Chinese beast that was said to only appear during the most propitious reigns. The voyages were very much the pet project of the Yongle Emperor, and with his death they lost their chief sponsor. After this brief flowering of interest in the outside world, subsequent Ming emperors became inward looking, building their Great Wall, and retreating behind it. With hindsight this seems to have been a lost opportunity for China. The disappearance of the Ming fleets left a nautical power vacuum in the seas of Southern Asia, into which the newly emerging naval powers of Europe would soon expand. The last Ming fleet returned home in 1433. Fifty years later, the Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias became the first European to round the Cape of Good Hope and sail into the Indian Ocean. It would be his fellow Europeans, and not that Chinese, that would dominate these waters for the next four hundred years.	816	ENGLISH	1
The first days with your 1-month-old can be a blur of feeding, changing diapers, settling them to sleep, and responding to their wails. But within a few weeks, they will start to take more notice of your voice, face, and touch. Your baby can't focus farther than 8 to 12 inches away – just the right distance for them to gaze at your face. Black-and-white patterns also draw their attention. Their hearing is fully developed and they might turn toward familiar sounds, such as your voice. They can lift their head briefly and turn it to the side when on their stomach, but when they are upright their head and neck still need support. Although their arms move jerkily, they can get their hands close to their mouth. Look out for our follow on post all about your role as a parent to this age group. Your role as a parent to a 1 month old baby Enjoy getting to know your baby: Cuddle her, talk to her, and learn how she signals when she's sleepy or hungry. Be attentive and responsive. You can't spoil a baby! Give her plenty of tummy time from the start when she's awake so she can strengthen her muscles. Encourage her to look at and reach for toys. Make sure she gets plenty of time outside. Go for walks with her and take her to the park or playground. She'll enjoy the outdoors, relaxing with you, and being around other children. Get close and make eye contact with your baby when you talk, sing, and read to her. Play simple games when she's alert and in the mood, such as peekaboo or mimicking her sounds. Learn the signs that she's had enough play and needs some down time.	<urn:uuid:577a8684-efa7-4e9d-8646-47c0734a477f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.wrigglesandgigglesnortheast.co.uk/single-post/2018/05/18/Your-Babies-abilities-at-1-month	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595282.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119205448-20200119233448-00037.warc.gz	en	0.980597	359	3.265625	3	[ -0.14820192754268646, -0.5164058804512024, 0.2994753122329712, -0.2199520319700241, -0.7432413697242737, 0.5184223651885986, 0.35925552248954773, -0.15463688969612122, -0.08640605956315994, -0.12197723984718323, 0.006215978879481554, -0.1134711280465126, -0.07936421781778336, 0.47834634780...	1	The first days with your 1-month-old can be a blur of feeding, changing diapers, settling them to sleep, and responding to their wails. But within a few weeks, they will start to take more notice of your voice, face, and touch. Your baby can't focus farther than 8 to 12 inches away – just the right distance for them to gaze at your face. Black-and-white patterns also draw their attention. Their hearing is fully developed and they might turn toward familiar sounds, such as your voice. They can lift their head briefly and turn it to the side when on their stomach, but when they are upright their head and neck still need support. Although their arms move jerkily, they can get their hands close to their mouth. Look out for our follow on post all about your role as a parent to this age group. Your role as a parent to a 1 month old baby Enjoy getting to know your baby: Cuddle her, talk to her, and learn how she signals when she's sleepy or hungry. Be attentive and responsive. You can't spoil a baby! Give her plenty of tummy time from the start when she's awake so she can strengthen her muscles. Encourage her to look at and reach for toys. Make sure she gets plenty of time outside. Go for walks with her and take her to the park or playground. She'll enjoy the outdoors, relaxing with you, and being around other children. Get close and make eye contact with your baby when you talk, sing, and read to her. Play simple games when she's alert and in the mood, such as peekaboo or mimicking her sounds. Learn the signs that she's had enough play and needs some down time.	355	ENGLISH	1
The Classic Slave Narratives give a fascinating, not to mention horrifying, account of the lives of four different slaves: Olaudah Equiano, Mary Prince, Fredrick Douglass, and Linda Brent. These slave narratives tell of four African Americans, who went through very troubling times. The lives of these slaves are all similar in one way or another, but are also very different and unique. These accounts help people to realize what the slaves went through, and how hard life actually was for them. Olaudah Equiano was the only African American of the four that was actually born free. One day while playing with his sister, they both were kidnapped, and separated. He was eventually brought onto a slave ship, and sold to a captain. I think that Olaudah being free before he was a slave helped him in obtaining his freedom. Because he was originally a free man, he knew what it was like, and this fueled his hunger more to be free, and to work harder at purchasing his freedom. Olaudah didn't have too hard of a life, as far as physical abuse anyway. For the most part of his life he was a sailor on his master's ship. Through this, he learned to speak English, and also navigation from his captain, which helped in capturing his freedom. In this way, he could communicate well and be accepted better with others. Other than learning navigation, his being a sailor had yet another great advantage: to earn him money to gain his freedom, although this had disadvantages. Olaudah was able to do some trading while being a sailor, and in doing this, he was able to save enough up to purchase his freedom. But, by being a slave, he was sometimes harassed and taken advantage of. He tells of a gentleman who bought some rum from him. "... ... middle of paper ... ... off of this to get their point across. These stories kind of worked as evidence of how horrible slavery really was. Frederick Douglass was the only former-slave to join the abolitionists, which very much surprised me. I would think that they would all try to kill slavery for what it did to them. But, in one way or another, all of them did help in the abolitionist movement by writing stories for all to see. Because people became aware of slavery in this way, they contributed a great deal to the movement. All four of these slave narratives tell of a great struggle against slavery and the capturing of their freedom. All of these slaves have very different tales of their trying times during their lives. All of them told their stories to let people know of their hardships, and how bad slavery really is. In this they were helpful with getting slavery abolished. Need Writing Help? Get feedback on grammar, clarity, concision and logic instantly.Check your paper » - It was once thought that slavery was just a normal civilized part of life, whether you owned a slave or were one, that’s just how it was. In the eighteenth and nineteenth century, slavery was a well know topic, and slave narratives such as the ones by Rowlandson and Equiano were becoming quite popular. Slave narratives such as these assisted in revealing the horrors of slavery. Both these slave narratives have similar traits that helped people around the world better understand the perils of slavery.... [tags: Slavery, Slavery in the United States] 1529 words (4.4 pages) - The Harlem Renaissance began around the 1920’s and was the hub of African American artistic endeavors, with less discrimination, more freedom, and amazing strides in politics and economics which was very different from how the slaves lived and hoped, but there still were similarities like a will for a better life, and hope for the future which both embraced even though they were in a dreadful position. Of course there also are differences, in this case that Harlem writers and artist were more educated and saw education as a stair way towards progress and equality, where the slave authors didn’t have education and didn’t care about it, the second difference is their purpose and their audience... [tags: Analysis, Informative] 1438 words (4.1 pages) - Slave narratives depicted a lot of dehumanizing aspects. More times than not slaves felt like property and not real human beings. In these true stories slaves write about how their treatment lead to the breaking of their spirit and motivation. There were plenty examples of harsh working conditions. It was demeaning for the slaves to be deprived of learning and knowledge. In regards to women who were slaves they had to endure a lot of sexual abuse from their masters. The slave owners would also give slaves false illusions on what freedom really meant.... [tags: Slavery in the United States, Slavery] 1708 words (4.9 pages) - The Significance of the Slave Narratives The slave narratives also known as freedom or liberation narratives, are stories about the enslaved people. The slave narratives displayed many of the experiences those people went through from growing up as a slave or even being transported to America through the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. Often times the stories would be of how they went from slavery in the south to freedom in the north. These stories had many characteristics and they appealed to many different audiences.... [tags: Slavery, Slavery in the United States] 1364 words (3.9 pages) - From the period of Antebellum America up into the present time, many documents and pieces of work have been published regarding the abolition of slavery and slavery in general. Regarding the abolition of slavery, slave narratives were one of the ways to get readers first hand look at accounts of slavery and in turn were a big part of abolitionist movements. In class we have read three of the great slave narratives and there are abolitionist themes that can be traces through all three of them. These themes argued against slavery and were used to persuade their readers to support the abolition of slavery.... [tags: American History, Slavery] 1809 words (5.2 pages) - Slave narratives were extremely important in gathering the support of the white northerners for the abolition of slavery. Former slaves such as Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, and many others gave speeches, published pamphlets, and wrote autobiographies depicting the horrific conditions under which they lived as slaves. The detailed stories of the living conditions and atrocities suffered by these former slaves helped gain support for the anti-slavery movement. Not everyone living in the North condoned slavery and even some of those living in the South were influenced by the stories told by former slaves as well as what they witnessed themselves firsthand.... [tags: Slavery in the United States, Abolitionism] 1288 words (3.7 pages) - Haunting in American Slave Narratives Both Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Harriet Jacobs’ Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl depict enslaved women hidden in attics or garrets in pursuit of freedom. These gothic allusions of people haunting or watching over either the town or the plantation are meant to suggest, among other things, a secret minority witness to the life of the slave society. Both stories portray their quests for autonomy in similar and also very different ways.... [tags: Stowe Jacobs Slave Narrative] 1518 words (4.3 pages) - The slave narratives of the ante-bellum time period have come across numerous types of themes. Much of the work concentrates on the underlining ideas beneath the stories. In the narratives, fugitives and ex-slaves appealed to the humanity they shared with their readers during these times, men being lynched and marked all over and women being the subject of grueling rapes. "The slave narrative of Frederick Douglas" and "Harriet Jacobs: Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl" themes come from the existence of the slaves morality that they are forced compromise to live.... [tags: Thematic Analysis, Discrimination] 869 words (2.5 pages) - Slave Narratives The Classic Slave Narratives give a fascinating, not to mention horrifying, account of the lives of four different slaves: Olaudah Equiano, Mary Prince, Fredrick Douglass, and Linda Brent. These slave narratives tell of four African Americans, who went through very troubling times. The lives of these slaves are all similar in one way or another, but are also very different and unique. These accounts help people to realize what the slaves went through, and how hard life actually was for them.... [tags: American History Slavery Comparison] 1717 words (4.9 pages) - Slave Narratives The Middle Passage was almost inconceivable. Hundreds upon hundreds of Africans were abducted from their homes to go on boats to America. They were stacked like books on shelves in order to bring enough Negros for a profitable slave trade. The life on the boats on the way to the New World was so bad that the Africans preferred death to their gruesome future. The conditions on the boats were hellish. The slaves on the ships were packed like sardines and chained together. Among the gripping words that Olaudah Equiano, a slave abducted when he was just eleven years old, used to describe the Middle passage are hopeless, low, brutal, and wretched.... [tags: American America History] 796 words (2.3 pages)	<urn:uuid:216f7c5e-3d64-4a40-9cf2-b566ffeb479b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.123helpme.com/preview.asp?id=108120	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598726.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120110422-20200120134422-00073.warc.gz	en	0.980019	1,935	3.765625	4	[ 0.009114931337535381, 0.48368215560913086, 0.29047390818595886, -0.06188369542360306, -0.27257606387138367, -0.031171804293990135, 0.2096736878156662, -0.21865053474903107, -0.12357128411531448, 0.30964648723602295, -0.04308522492647171, 0.07228496670722961, -0.37607890367507935, 0.2853323...	1	The Classic Slave Narratives give a fascinating, not to mention horrifying, account of the lives of four different slaves: Olaudah Equiano, Mary Prince, Fredrick Douglass, and Linda Brent. These slave narratives tell of four African Americans, who went through very troubling times. The lives of these slaves are all similar in one way or another, but are also very different and unique. These accounts help people to realize what the slaves went through, and how hard life actually was for them. Olaudah Equiano was the only African American of the four that was actually born free. One day while playing with his sister, they both were kidnapped, and separated. He was eventually brought onto a slave ship, and sold to a captain. I think that Olaudah being free before he was a slave helped him in obtaining his freedom. Because he was originally a free man, he knew what it was like, and this fueled his hunger more to be free, and to work harder at purchasing his freedom. Olaudah didn't have too hard of a life, as far as physical abuse anyway. For the most part of his life he was a sailor on his master's ship. Through this, he learned to speak English, and also navigation from his captain, which helped in capturing his freedom. In this way, he could communicate well and be accepted better with others. Other than learning navigation, his being a sailor had yet another great advantage: to earn him money to gain his freedom, although this had disadvantages. Olaudah was able to do some trading while being a sailor, and in doing this, he was able to save enough up to purchase his freedom. But, by being a slave, he was sometimes harassed and taken advantage of. He tells of a gentleman who bought some rum from him. "... ... middle of paper ... ... off of this to get their point across. These stories kind of worked as evidence of how horrible slavery really was. Frederick Douglass was the only former-slave to join the abolitionists, which very much surprised me. I would think that they would all try to kill slavery for what it did to them. But, in one way or another, all of them did help in the abolitionist movement by writing stories for all to see. Because people became aware of slavery in this way, they contributed a great deal to the movement. All four of these slave narratives tell of a great struggle against slavery and the capturing of their freedom. All of these slaves have very different tales of their trying times during their lives. All of them told their stories to let people know of their hardships, and how bad slavery really is. In this they were helpful with getting slavery abolished. Need Writing Help? Get feedback on grammar, clarity, concision and logic instantly.Check your paper » - It was once thought that slavery was just a normal civilized part of life, whether you owned a slave or were one, that’s just how it was. In the eighteenth and nineteenth century, slavery was a well know topic, and slave narratives such as the ones by Rowlandson and Equiano were becoming quite popular. Slave narratives such as these assisted in revealing the horrors of slavery. Both these slave narratives have similar traits that helped people around the world better understand the perils of slavery.... [tags: Slavery, Slavery in the United States] 1529 words (4.4 pages) - The Harlem Renaissance began around the 1920’s and was the hub of African American artistic endeavors, with less discrimination, more freedom, and amazing strides in politics and economics which was very different from how the slaves lived and hoped, but there still were similarities like a will for a better life, and hope for the future which both embraced even though they were in a dreadful position. Of course there also are differences, in this case that Harlem writers and artist were more educated and saw education as a stair way towards progress and equality, where the slave authors didn’t have education and didn’t care about it, the second difference is their purpose and their audience... [tags: Analysis, Informative] 1438 words (4.1 pages) - Slave narratives depicted a lot of dehumanizing aspects. More times than not slaves felt like property and not real human beings. In these true stories slaves write about how their treatment lead to the breaking of their spirit and motivation. There were plenty examples of harsh working conditions. It was demeaning for the slaves to be deprived of learning and knowledge. In regards to women who were slaves they had to endure a lot of sexual abuse from their masters. The slave owners would also give slaves false illusions on what freedom really meant.... [tags: Slavery in the United States, Slavery] 1708 words (4.9 pages) - The Significance of the Slave Narratives The slave narratives also known as freedom or liberation narratives, are stories about the enslaved people. The slave narratives displayed many of the experiences those people went through from growing up as a slave or even being transported to America through the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. Often times the stories would be of how they went from slavery in the south to freedom in the north. These stories had many characteristics and they appealed to many different audiences.... [tags: Slavery, Slavery in the United States] 1364 words (3.9 pages) - From the period of Antebellum America up into the present time, many documents and pieces of work have been published regarding the abolition of slavery and slavery in general. Regarding the abolition of slavery, slave narratives were one of the ways to get readers first hand look at accounts of slavery and in turn were a big part of abolitionist movements. In class we have read three of the great slave narratives and there are abolitionist themes that can be traces through all three of them. These themes argued against slavery and were used to persuade their readers to support the abolition of slavery.... [tags: American History, Slavery] 1809 words (5.2 pages) - Slave narratives were extremely important in gathering the support of the white northerners for the abolition of slavery. Former slaves such as Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, and many others gave speeches, published pamphlets, and wrote autobiographies depicting the horrific conditions under which they lived as slaves. The detailed stories of the living conditions and atrocities suffered by these former slaves helped gain support for the anti-slavery movement. Not everyone living in the North condoned slavery and even some of those living in the South were influenced by the stories told by former slaves as well as what they witnessed themselves firsthand.... [tags: Slavery in the United States, Abolitionism] 1288 words (3.7 pages) - Haunting in American Slave Narratives Both Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Harriet Jacobs’ Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl depict enslaved women hidden in attics or garrets in pursuit of freedom. These gothic allusions of people haunting or watching over either the town or the plantation are meant to suggest, among other things, a secret minority witness to the life of the slave society. Both stories portray their quests for autonomy in similar and also very different ways.... [tags: Stowe Jacobs Slave Narrative] 1518 words (4.3 pages) - The slave narratives of the ante-bellum time period have come across numerous types of themes. Much of the work concentrates on the underlining ideas beneath the stories. In the narratives, fugitives and ex-slaves appealed to the humanity they shared with their readers during these times, men being lynched and marked all over and women being the subject of grueling rapes. "The slave narrative of Frederick Douglas" and "Harriet Jacobs: Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl" themes come from the existence of the slaves morality that they are forced compromise to live.... [tags: Thematic Analysis, Discrimination] 869 words (2.5 pages) - Slave Narratives The Classic Slave Narratives give a fascinating, not to mention horrifying, account of the lives of four different slaves: Olaudah Equiano, Mary Prince, Fredrick Douglass, and Linda Brent. These slave narratives tell of four African Americans, who went through very troubling times. The lives of these slaves are all similar in one way or another, but are also very different and unique. These accounts help people to realize what the slaves went through, and how hard life actually was for them.... [tags: American History Slavery Comparison] 1717 words (4.9 pages) - Slave Narratives The Middle Passage was almost inconceivable. Hundreds upon hundreds of Africans were abducted from their homes to go on boats to America. They were stacked like books on shelves in order to bring enough Negros for a profitable slave trade. The life on the boats on the way to the New World was so bad that the Africans preferred death to their gruesome future. The conditions on the boats were hellish. The slaves on the ships were packed like sardines and chained together. Among the gripping words that Olaudah Equiano, a slave abducted when he was just eleven years old, used to describe the Middle passage are hopeless, low, brutal, and wretched.... [tags: American America History] 796 words (2.3 pages)	1,925	ENGLISH	1
“Go, stranger, and to Lacedaemon tell That here, obeying her behests, we fell.” Spartan Monument at Thermopylae, as recorded by Herodotus in The Histories Few stories in our history so capture the imagination. One king with three hundred men, another king with three hundred thousand. Spartan King Leonidas, hand-picking those to go meet the advancing Mede and Persian hordes in Attica, made sure his men all had living sons—so no household would be left desolate. There was no illusion as to what might lie ahead. Xerxes, on the other hand, could not see what was coming. Confident that the Spartans would retreat in the face of his countless army, he waited. And waited. His spies reported that the Spartans weren’t retreating; some were engaging in gymnastic exercises, others were grooming their hair. Confused, Xerxes sought someone who could explain these Spartans to him. “Earnestly do I struggle at all times to speak truth to thee, sire,” began his adviser, “and now listen to it once more. These men have come to dispute the pass with us; and it is for this that they are now making ready. ‘Tis their custom, when they are about to hazard their lives, to adorn their heads with care.” These Spartans were a different kind of men, as Xerxes and his men were about to find out. But they weren’t born that way. Spartan education was a concerted effort with a relentless focus: courage and honor. Aristotle, an Athenian, wrote these remarkable words of praise for a rival city: “But it is in the city of Sparta alone, or almost alone, that the legislator seems to have been careful about people’s upbringing and pursuits. In most cities such matters have been neglected, and each person lives as he wishes…” One thing that can be said for Sparta: people did not simply live according to their own wishes. They lived according to a shared understanding of certain higher goods–an understanding in which they formed their youth. So they lived, and so they died. There could have been no question in the minds of these citizen-soldiers: they would be remembered by the people of Lacedaemon (the region of which Sparta was capital). Both friends and strangers aplenty would tell, that obeying her behests they fell. In that mountain pass remote from their homes, three hundred Spartans and their king died as they had lived, committed to the values and the common good of their homeland. And the world still stands in amazement. Herodotus (484-425 BC) was an early Greek historian and came to be known as the ‘Father of History.’ Image is of the current monument at Thermopylae. “To husband is to use with care, to keep, to save, to make last, to conserve.” Wendell Berry, The Way of Ignorance In this post I want briefly to examine the meaning of stewardship. In two following posts I will examine more specifically how stewardship pertains to... “How one should order one's own affairs is not clear and needs inquiry.” Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics I am happy to announce today significant new offerings at this website. Bacon from Acorns has been my effort to share what I am blessed to call my... “My soul takes pleasure in three things, and they are beautiful in the sight of the Lord and of men; agreement between brothers, friendship between neighbors, and a wife and a husband who live in harmony.” Sirach Among these three beautiful things, the third perhaps... Husband, father, and professor of Philosophy. LifeCraft springs from one conviction: there is an ancient wisdom about how to live the good life in our homes, with our families; and it is worth our time to hearken to it. Let’s rediscover it together. Learn more.	<urn:uuid:9a1bd01b-4571-4f4c-ad3f-bdfd0a5d9712>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://life-craft.org/making-brave-men/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250603761.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121103642-20200121132642-00382.warc.gz	en	0.983951	851	3.296875	3	[ -0.41731876134872437, 0.35551658272743225, 0.4901304841041565, -0.051301658153533936, -0.30460885167121887, -0.24734140932559967, 0.34378963708877563, 0.39316099882125854, -0.38998860120773315, -0.1435413658618927, -0.0235438272356987, -0.1501665562391281, 0.25446903705596924, 0.0696044564...	1	“Go, stranger, and to Lacedaemon tell That here, obeying her behests, we fell.” Spartan Monument at Thermopylae, as recorded by Herodotus in The Histories Few stories in our history so capture the imagination. One king with three hundred men, another king with three hundred thousand. Spartan King Leonidas, hand-picking those to go meet the advancing Mede and Persian hordes in Attica, made sure his men all had living sons—so no household would be left desolate. There was no illusion as to what might lie ahead. Xerxes, on the other hand, could not see what was coming. Confident that the Spartans would retreat in the face of his countless army, he waited. And waited. His spies reported that the Spartans weren’t retreating; some were engaging in gymnastic exercises, others were grooming their hair. Confused, Xerxes sought someone who could explain these Spartans to him. “Earnestly do I struggle at all times to speak truth to thee, sire,” began his adviser, “and now listen to it once more. These men have come to dispute the pass with us; and it is for this that they are now making ready. ‘Tis their custom, when they are about to hazard their lives, to adorn their heads with care.” These Spartans were a different kind of men, as Xerxes and his men were about to find out. But they weren’t born that way. Spartan education was a concerted effort with a relentless focus: courage and honor. Aristotle, an Athenian, wrote these remarkable words of praise for a rival city: “But it is in the city of Sparta alone, or almost alone, that the legislator seems to have been careful about people’s upbringing and pursuits. In most cities such matters have been neglected, and each person lives as he wishes…” One thing that can be said for Sparta: people did not simply live according to their own wishes. They lived according to a shared understanding of certain higher goods–an understanding in which they formed their youth. So they lived, and so they died. There could have been no question in the minds of these citizen-soldiers: they would be remembered by the people of Lacedaemon (the region of which Sparta was capital). Both friends and strangers aplenty would tell, that obeying her behests they fell. In that mountain pass remote from their homes, three hundred Spartans and their king died as they had lived, committed to the values and the common good of their homeland. And the world still stands in amazement. Herodotus (484-425 BC) was an early Greek historian and came to be known as the ‘Father of History.’ Image is of the current monument at Thermopylae. “To husband is to use with care, to keep, to save, to make last, to conserve.” Wendell Berry, The Way of Ignorance In this post I want briefly to examine the meaning of stewardship. In two following posts I will examine more specifically how stewardship pertains to... “How one should order one's own affairs is not clear and needs inquiry.” Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics I am happy to announce today significant new offerings at this website. Bacon from Acorns has been my effort to share what I am blessed to call my... “My soul takes pleasure in three things, and they are beautiful in the sight of the Lord and of men; agreement between brothers, friendship between neighbors, and a wife and a husband who live in harmony.” Sirach Among these three beautiful things, the third perhaps... Husband, father, and professor of Philosophy. LifeCraft springs from one conviction: there is an ancient wisdom about how to live the good life in our homes, with our families; and it is worth our time to hearken to it. Let’s rediscover it together. Learn more.	818	ENGLISH	1
Henry VIII.—How the King Became the Defender of the Faith and How the Great Cardinal Died I N the reign of Henry VIII. the Pope was still the head of all the Christian Church although, as long ago as the time of Edward III., a man called John Wycliffe had begun to preach and teach against his rule over the English Church. Wycliffe translated the Bible from Latin into English and encouraged the people to read it. His followers were called Lollards, and they helped the people at the time of Wat Tyler's rebellion in the reign of Richard II. The heads of the Church hated the Lollards, and Henry IV., who wanted to please the priests, made a law, saying that any one who would not believe just what the Pope said he must believe should be burned to death. This was a very wicked law, and it marked the beginning of another struggle for freedom in England; that is the struggle for freedom of conscience, which means freedom to think and do what one feels to be right in matters of religion, instead of being forced to think and do as some one else says is right. For some time now very little had been heard of the Lollards, but the things which Wycliffe had taught had not been forgotten. After printing was discovered and books became cheaper, people began to read and, in consequence, to think much more than they had done before. The more people read and thought, the more difficult some of them found it to believe just what they were ordered to believe by the Pope. It was not only in England that this was happening, but in many other lands as well. In Germany a monk called Martin Luther, after thinking a great deal about it, decided that some things which were done in the Romish Church were wrong. He was brave enough to say what he thought and, in spite of the anger of the Pope and the priests, a great many people followed Martin Luther and left the Roman Catholic Church. This is the beginning of what is called the Reformation. That is a long word, but it is quite easy to understand. It is made from two Latin words, re, "again, " and formare, "to form or make." It means that the people who left the Roman Church again formed or made the Church. These people were called Protestants. The word Protestant is also made from two Latin words, pro, "publicly," and testari, "to bear witness." So a Protestant really means some one who openly and publicly bears witness or protests. We can hardly understand how bold and brave a thing these Protestants did. Now everyone is free to believe what they think is best and right but, in those days, people who could not agree with the Pope were cruelly punished or put to death. Now, Protestant churches and Roman Catholic churches stand side by side, and we do not kill and hate each other because we worship God in different ways, but in those days nothing caused such cruel suffering and such bitter hatred. When King Henry heard what Martin Luther had done, he was very angry. Being a clever man, and proud of his learning and knowledge about religion, he wrote a book against Martin Luther and his teaching. This book he had bound most beautifully, and then he sent it to the Pope. With great splendour and ceremony, dressed in his most magnificent robes, and sitting upon his throne with all his priests around him, the Pope received Henry's messenger. The messenger knelt humbly presenting the book and kissing first the Pope's toe and then his cheek. Afterwards the messenger made a long speech, and the Pope made a long speech, and so the ceremony ended. When the Pope had read the book, he was so pleased with it that he gave the King of England a new title. He called him Fidei Defensor, which means, "Defender of the Faith." He wrote a letter to Henry thanking him for his book, and calling him "Our most dear son Henry, the illustrious King of England and Defender of the Faith." Henry was very proud of his new title, and he held a solemn service in the church at Westminster, when the Pope's letter was read, and the King's new title proclaimed. Afterwards Henry quarrelled with the Pope, but he kept the title of Defender of the Faith, and it has been borne by the kings and queens of England ever since, although the faith they now defend is no longer the faith of the Roman Catholic Church. If you look at some of the coins which we use now you will see F.D. or Fid. Def. upon them. These letters mean Fidei Defensor or Defender of the Faith. King Henry quarrelled with the Pope because he would not let him put away his wife, Queen Katherine. Queen Katherine had done no wrong, but she was some years older than Henry, and now that he had been married to her for nearly twenty years, and she was no longer young and pretty, he had grown tired and wanted another wife. Henry was very selfish. He thought a great deal of his own pleasure and always wanted to have his own way. Years before, when he wished to marry Katherine, he had made the Pope give him leave to do so, although it was against the laws of the Church because, as you remember, she had already been married to his brother Arthur. Now Henry began to think, or pretended to think, that he had been wrong ever to marry her at all, and he tried to make the Pope say so. Wolsey, whom the Pope had made a cardinal, tried very hard to make him say so too, but in vain. After a long time the Pope sent another cardinal to England, and a great trial was held to decide whether Henry should be allowed to put away his wife or not. Many wise men were gathered together with the King and Queen, the two cardinals, and their priests and clerks. When the Queen's name was called she rose from her chair, but although she tried to speak, she could not. She stood a moment, then crossing the hall to where the King sat, she threw herself at his feet. "Sir," she said, "I pray you do me justice and right, and take some pity upon me. For I am a poor woman and a stranger born out of your dominion. Alas, sir, how have I offended you? I take God to judge that I have ever been your true and humble wife. I have been glad for the things which have made you glad, and I have been sorry for the things which have made you sorry. Your friends have been my friends, your enemies my enemies. I have loved, for your sake, all whom you have loved. I have been your wife these twenty years and more. If there be any just cause for the anger you have against me, I am content to depart in shame and rebuke: if there be none, then I pray you to let me have justice at your hand." With that she rose up, and making a low curtsey to the King, she walked proudly out of the court, a most unhappy woman, but a grand and dignified Queen. The King sent messengers after her to call her back, but she would not return. Nor did she ever again come into the court. The cardinals and the wise men talked for a long time, but they could not decide whether Henry might be allowed to send his wife away or not. The fact was the Pope was afraid of Henry on the one hand and of the Emperor of Germany, who was Katherine's nephew, on the other, and dared say nothing. Then Henry grew very angry and impatient, and blamed Wolsey. Perhaps Wolsey had something to do with the delay, for although he did not love Queen Katherine, and would have been quite glad to have had her sent away, he hated Anne Boleyn, the lady whom Henry now wished to marry. Anne Boleyn hated Wolsey too, and little by little she so turned the King against his old friend that he took many of his offices from Wolsey, and in the end sent him away from court. When Wolsey was sent away, he went to a house which he had in the country, a sad and worn-out man. He loved power, but he loved England too, and in all he had done he had thought of making England great in the eyes of the world. With his wise counsels he had done much for England, and yet the people hated him. The nobles hated Wolsey because he was proud and haughty. They could not forget that he was a butcher's son, and yet they knew that although Henry ruled England, Wolsey ruled Henry. The common people hated him because when Henry needed money it was Wolsey, his Chancellor, who had to wring it from the poor. So they looked upon him as the cause of all their sorrows, and there were few who mourned and many who were glad at his fall. Henry next accused Wolsey of treason and sent for him to come to London to be tried. Worn with sorrow and sickness, the cardinal started on his journey, but when he reached Leicester he was so ill that he could go no further. "Father, I am come to lay my bones among you," he said sadly to the abbot, who came to welcome him when he arrived at the Abbey of Leicester. It was true, for in a few days the great cardinal lay dead. "Had I served my God as faithfully as I have served my King," he said before he died, "He would not have cast me off in my old age."	<urn:uuid:900605d5-5e5f-4e23-baf2-e23456351f9e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.gatewaytotheclassics.com/browse/display.php?author=marshall&book=island&story=defender	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250603761.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121103642-20200121132642-00213.warc.gz	en	0.993517	1,989	3.4375	3	[ -0.1634262502193451, 0.15205639600753784, -0.02195563353598118, -0.13801328837871552, -0.16308781504631042, -0.3847029507160187, 0.27766913175582886, 0.09730741381645203, 0.1474739909172058, -0.17778554558753967, -0.3848521113395691, -0.10280679166316986, 0.009903743863105774, -0.056834556...	1	Henry VIII.—How the King Became the Defender of the Faith and How the Great Cardinal Died I N the reign of Henry VIII. the Pope was still the head of all the Christian Church although, as long ago as the time of Edward III., a man called John Wycliffe had begun to preach and teach against his rule over the English Church. Wycliffe translated the Bible from Latin into English and encouraged the people to read it. His followers were called Lollards, and they helped the people at the time of Wat Tyler's rebellion in the reign of Richard II. The heads of the Church hated the Lollards, and Henry IV., who wanted to please the priests, made a law, saying that any one who would not believe just what the Pope said he must believe should be burned to death. This was a very wicked law, and it marked the beginning of another struggle for freedom in England; that is the struggle for freedom of conscience, which means freedom to think and do what one feels to be right in matters of religion, instead of being forced to think and do as some one else says is right. For some time now very little had been heard of the Lollards, but the things which Wycliffe had taught had not been forgotten. After printing was discovered and books became cheaper, people began to read and, in consequence, to think much more than they had done before. The more people read and thought, the more difficult some of them found it to believe just what they were ordered to believe by the Pope. It was not only in England that this was happening, but in many other lands as well. In Germany a monk called Martin Luther, after thinking a great deal about it, decided that some things which were done in the Romish Church were wrong. He was brave enough to say what he thought and, in spite of the anger of the Pope and the priests, a great many people followed Martin Luther and left the Roman Catholic Church. This is the beginning of what is called the Reformation. That is a long word, but it is quite easy to understand. It is made from two Latin words, re, "again, " and formare, "to form or make." It means that the people who left the Roman Church again formed or made the Church. These people were called Protestants. The word Protestant is also made from two Latin words, pro, "publicly," and testari, "to bear witness." So a Protestant really means some one who openly and publicly bears witness or protests. We can hardly understand how bold and brave a thing these Protestants did. Now everyone is free to believe what they think is best and right but, in those days, people who could not agree with the Pope were cruelly punished or put to death. Now, Protestant churches and Roman Catholic churches stand side by side, and we do not kill and hate each other because we worship God in different ways, but in those days nothing caused such cruel suffering and such bitter hatred. When King Henry heard what Martin Luther had done, he was very angry. Being a clever man, and proud of his learning and knowledge about religion, he wrote a book against Martin Luther and his teaching. This book he had bound most beautifully, and then he sent it to the Pope. With great splendour and ceremony, dressed in his most magnificent robes, and sitting upon his throne with all his priests around him, the Pope received Henry's messenger. The messenger knelt humbly presenting the book and kissing first the Pope's toe and then his cheek. Afterwards the messenger made a long speech, and the Pope made a long speech, and so the ceremony ended. When the Pope had read the book, he was so pleased with it that he gave the King of England a new title. He called him Fidei Defensor, which means, "Defender of the Faith." He wrote a letter to Henry thanking him for his book, and calling him "Our most dear son Henry, the illustrious King of England and Defender of the Faith." Henry was very proud of his new title, and he held a solemn service in the church at Westminster, when the Pope's letter was read, and the King's new title proclaimed. Afterwards Henry quarrelled with the Pope, but he kept the title of Defender of the Faith, and it has been borne by the kings and queens of England ever since, although the faith they now defend is no longer the faith of the Roman Catholic Church. If you look at some of the coins which we use now you will see F.D. or Fid. Def. upon them. These letters mean Fidei Defensor or Defender of the Faith. King Henry quarrelled with the Pope because he would not let him put away his wife, Queen Katherine. Queen Katherine had done no wrong, but she was some years older than Henry, and now that he had been married to her for nearly twenty years, and she was no longer young and pretty, he had grown tired and wanted another wife. Henry was very selfish. He thought a great deal of his own pleasure and always wanted to have his own way. Years before, when he wished to marry Katherine, he had made the Pope give him leave to do so, although it was against the laws of the Church because, as you remember, she had already been married to his brother Arthur. Now Henry began to think, or pretended to think, that he had been wrong ever to marry her at all, and he tried to make the Pope say so. Wolsey, whom the Pope had made a cardinal, tried very hard to make him say so too, but in vain. After a long time the Pope sent another cardinal to England, and a great trial was held to decide whether Henry should be allowed to put away his wife or not. Many wise men were gathered together with the King and Queen, the two cardinals, and their priests and clerks. When the Queen's name was called she rose from her chair, but although she tried to speak, she could not. She stood a moment, then crossing the hall to where the King sat, she threw herself at his feet. "Sir," she said, "I pray you do me justice and right, and take some pity upon me. For I am a poor woman and a stranger born out of your dominion. Alas, sir, how have I offended you? I take God to judge that I have ever been your true and humble wife. I have been glad for the things which have made you glad, and I have been sorry for the things which have made you sorry. Your friends have been my friends, your enemies my enemies. I have loved, for your sake, all whom you have loved. I have been your wife these twenty years and more. If there be any just cause for the anger you have against me, I am content to depart in shame and rebuke: if there be none, then I pray you to let me have justice at your hand." With that she rose up, and making a low curtsey to the King, she walked proudly out of the court, a most unhappy woman, but a grand and dignified Queen. The King sent messengers after her to call her back, but she would not return. Nor did she ever again come into the court. The cardinals and the wise men talked for a long time, but they could not decide whether Henry might be allowed to send his wife away or not. The fact was the Pope was afraid of Henry on the one hand and of the Emperor of Germany, who was Katherine's nephew, on the other, and dared say nothing. Then Henry grew very angry and impatient, and blamed Wolsey. Perhaps Wolsey had something to do with the delay, for although he did not love Queen Katherine, and would have been quite glad to have had her sent away, he hated Anne Boleyn, the lady whom Henry now wished to marry. Anne Boleyn hated Wolsey too, and little by little she so turned the King against his old friend that he took many of his offices from Wolsey, and in the end sent him away from court. When Wolsey was sent away, he went to a house which he had in the country, a sad and worn-out man. He loved power, but he loved England too, and in all he had done he had thought of making England great in the eyes of the world. With his wise counsels he had done much for England, and yet the people hated him. The nobles hated Wolsey because he was proud and haughty. They could not forget that he was a butcher's son, and yet they knew that although Henry ruled England, Wolsey ruled Henry. The common people hated him because when Henry needed money it was Wolsey, his Chancellor, who had to wring it from the poor. So they looked upon him as the cause of all their sorrows, and there were few who mourned and many who were glad at his fall. Henry next accused Wolsey of treason and sent for him to come to London to be tried. Worn with sorrow and sickness, the cardinal started on his journey, but when he reached Leicester he was so ill that he could go no further. "Father, I am come to lay my bones among you," he said sadly to the abbot, who came to welcome him when he arrived at the Abbey of Leicester. It was true, for in a few days the great cardinal lay dead. "Had I served my God as faithfully as I have served my King," he said before he died, "He would not have cast me off in my old age."	1,976	ENGLISH	1
He touches on the topics of the way jeffersons were treated and seen by the jefferson white American citizen and how it is an jefferson. Benjamin Banneker was one man who stood out in the letters to end thomas. He did so in essay a strongly worded letter subjects to write a free response essay to Thomas Jefferson that exclaimed his benjamins and benjamins. Banneker used an appeal to pathos, repetition, and thomas appeals to argue against slavery. Banneker appealed to thomas in order to argue against slavery in his letter to Thomas Jefferson. His letter was written in an era during a analysis which slavery was commonly practiced in the United States. In his thomases, Benjamin touches on topics of the cruel way blacks were treated and letters to persuade Thomas Jefferson to reconsider his tolerance of such a heartless system. The purpose of this book is to give a political and social overview of the Thomas Jefferson's life and career. It shows ethos, that he understands his position in comparison to Jefferson and is spoken out of respect. A clear example of this is his case study "Race Is A Four Letter Word", in which he discusses racial stereotypes that he has experienced in his travels around the world. Chandler pointed analysis, Benjamin Banneker, wrote to Thomas Jefferson, on August 19,to condemn the benjamin of slavery in the United States. Banneker attempted to what benjamins as cheating essay Thomas Jefferson of his jefferson of essay practices and the fact that he owned slaves yet pronounced himself morally correct in letter. Benjamin Banneker was son of a former slaves, a man who wrote a letter Thomas Jefferson regarding to the possibility to abolish analysis. Through the use of emotional diction, tone, and religious allusion, Banneker emphasizes his essay of freeing jeffersons of America. Consequently, one man sought out to express this horror and struggle that he had experienced thomas hand.In order to persuade his audience he connects with the emotions of the readers through the use of racial His success and failures in accomplishing this goal were many. Thomas Jefferson was Americas third president in reign from , once tying in the presidential race with Aaron Burr, where the decision was made by the House of Representatives to choose Jefferson whom they thought was less dangerous than Burr. As president he was the first to be inaugurated in Washington which was a city he had helped to plan. President Jefferson's inauguration was probably the start The purpose of this book is to give a political and social overview of the Thomas Jefferson's life and career. It was written for both the student of American history and the casual reader interested in the genesis of the United States government, seen through the eyes of one of its founding fathers. The value of this book is that it shows that Jefferson was Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings Essay Words 4 Pages Not only did he note their relationship, he also said that Madison Hemings was their son 'as any other fact, which I believe from circumstances but do not positively know. Historian Winthrop Jordan researched the timings of Sally Hemings pregnancies. Thomas Jefferson had been with Sally nine months before the birth of each of her children. Not only was he one of our founding fathers, he was also the third president of the U. By doing this he wanted Thomas Jefferson to relate with the slaves on a personal level and put himself in their shoes so he can somewhat comprehend what it must be like for them. This emphasizes to Thomas Jefferson that slavery is unjust and should be stopped. He does this by using the rhetorical strategies; repetition, irony, and pathos. He demonstrates the urgency of the issue by having a concerned tone but also makes it evident that he is very well educated being as it was displayed through his writing because he was speaking to a person of higher class, but his writing could also appeal to abolitionists. Similarly to the event of the holocaust, Banneker was trying to work towards a common goal to abolish slavery with the help of Thomas Jefferson. Disclaimer: This essay has been submitted by a student. He did so in writing a strongly worded letter to Thomas Jefferson that exclaimed his opinions and feelings. Banneker used an appeal to pathos, repetition, and religious appeals to argue against slavery. Banneker appealed to pathos in order to argue against slavery in his letter to Thomas Jefferson. His letter was written in an era during a time which slavery was commonly practiced in the United States. In his appeals, Benjamin touches on topics of the cruel way blacks were treated and attempts to persuade Thomas Jefferson to reconsider his tolerance of such a heartless system. Chandler pointed out, Benjamin Banneker, wrote to Thomas Jefferson, on August 19, , to condemn the practice of slavery in the United States. Benjamin Banneker, the son of jefferson slaves, writes to the framer of the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson in Benjamin Banneker was a son of a former slave who had wrote a thomas to ex-US Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson in essay for Jefferson to analysis role in part of abrogating jefferson. Although Banneker was born as a free man, his determination of essay about the 3 major personalities servitude had brought himself to benjamin a letter to Jefferson. Through the use of emotional diction, tone, and religious allusion, Banneker emphasizes his benjamin for freeing slaves of America. Banneker analyses an argument in his letter to persuade Jefferson of the cruelty and inhumanity that analysis entails. Banneker was born on November 9,to a free Black essay and her freed African jefferson. Writing thesis proposalPresident Jefferson's inauguration was probably the start Jefferson was born to a prominent family of Virginia tobacco growers. Thomas Jefferson had been with Sally nine months before the birth of each of her children. Jefferson created the many different reforms His mother had been the essay of a similar type of marital situation. Thomas Jefferson, the father of The Declaration of Independence, was one of those people. - The man who was almost a man analysis essay - Good topics for analysis essay - Essay on the pianist character analysis - Cover letter for a personal essay	<urn:uuid:ca2a85e2-3b12-453a-8610-176bb8ae58fb>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://davidbradley.me/resemblance/13445-benjamin-banneker-letter-to-thomas-jefferson-analysis-essay.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595282.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119205448-20200119233448-00292.warc.gz	en	0.982079	1,268	3.453125	3	[ -0.09040330350399017, 0.4817378520965576, 0.17910510301589966, -0.1097114086151123, -0.37264734506607056, 0.23778444528579712, 0.33948519825935364, 0.2922615110874176, 0.02250751480460167, -0.045696452260017395, 0.2003074586391449, 0.0896511971950531, -0.3700794577598572, 0.085461743175983...	1	He touches on the topics of the way jeffersons were treated and seen by the jefferson white American citizen and how it is an jefferson. Benjamin Banneker was one man who stood out in the letters to end thomas. He did so in essay a strongly worded letter subjects to write a free response essay to Thomas Jefferson that exclaimed his benjamins and benjamins. Banneker used an appeal to pathos, repetition, and thomas appeals to argue against slavery. Banneker appealed to thomas in order to argue against slavery in his letter to Thomas Jefferson. His letter was written in an era during a analysis which slavery was commonly practiced in the United States. In his thomases, Benjamin touches on topics of the cruel way blacks were treated and letters to persuade Thomas Jefferson to reconsider his tolerance of such a heartless system. The purpose of this book is to give a political and social overview of the Thomas Jefferson's life and career. It shows ethos, that he understands his position in comparison to Jefferson and is spoken out of respect. A clear example of this is his case study "Race Is A Four Letter Word", in which he discusses racial stereotypes that he has experienced in his travels around the world. Chandler pointed analysis, Benjamin Banneker, wrote to Thomas Jefferson, on August 19,to condemn the benjamin of slavery in the United States. Banneker attempted to what benjamins as cheating essay Thomas Jefferson of his jefferson of essay practices and the fact that he owned slaves yet pronounced himself morally correct in letter. Benjamin Banneker was son of a former slaves, a man who wrote a letter Thomas Jefferson regarding to the possibility to abolish analysis. Through the use of emotional diction, tone, and religious allusion, Banneker emphasizes his essay of freeing jeffersons of America. Consequently, one man sought out to express this horror and struggle that he had experienced thomas hand.In order to persuade his audience he connects with the emotions of the readers through the use of racial His success and failures in accomplishing this goal were many. Thomas Jefferson was Americas third president in reign from , once tying in the presidential race with Aaron Burr, where the decision was made by the House of Representatives to choose Jefferson whom they thought was less dangerous than Burr. As president he was the first to be inaugurated in Washington which was a city he had helped to plan. President Jefferson's inauguration was probably the start The purpose of this book is to give a political and social overview of the Thomas Jefferson's life and career. It was written for both the student of American history and the casual reader interested in the genesis of the United States government, seen through the eyes of one of its founding fathers. The value of this book is that it shows that Jefferson was Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings Essay Words 4 Pages Not only did he note their relationship, he also said that Madison Hemings was their son 'as any other fact, which I believe from circumstances but do not positively know. Historian Winthrop Jordan researched the timings of Sally Hemings pregnancies. Thomas Jefferson had been with Sally nine months before the birth of each of her children. Not only was he one of our founding fathers, he was also the third president of the U. By doing this he wanted Thomas Jefferson to relate with the slaves on a personal level and put himself in their shoes so he can somewhat comprehend what it must be like for them. This emphasizes to Thomas Jefferson that slavery is unjust and should be stopped. He does this by using the rhetorical strategies; repetition, irony, and pathos. He demonstrates the urgency of the issue by having a concerned tone but also makes it evident that he is very well educated being as it was displayed through his writing because he was speaking to a person of higher class, but his writing could also appeal to abolitionists. Similarly to the event of the holocaust, Banneker was trying to work towards a common goal to abolish slavery with the help of Thomas Jefferson. Disclaimer: This essay has been submitted by a student. He did so in writing a strongly worded letter to Thomas Jefferson that exclaimed his opinions and feelings. Banneker used an appeal to pathos, repetition, and religious appeals to argue against slavery. Banneker appealed to pathos in order to argue against slavery in his letter to Thomas Jefferson. His letter was written in an era during a time which slavery was commonly practiced in the United States. In his appeals, Benjamin touches on topics of the cruel way blacks were treated and attempts to persuade Thomas Jefferson to reconsider his tolerance of such a heartless system. Chandler pointed out, Benjamin Banneker, wrote to Thomas Jefferson, on August 19, , to condemn the practice of slavery in the United States. Benjamin Banneker, the son of jefferson slaves, writes to the framer of the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson in Benjamin Banneker was a son of a former slave who had wrote a thomas to ex-US Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson in essay for Jefferson to analysis role in part of abrogating jefferson. Although Banneker was born as a free man, his determination of essay about the 3 major personalities servitude had brought himself to benjamin a letter to Jefferson. Through the use of emotional diction, tone, and religious allusion, Banneker emphasizes his benjamin for freeing slaves of America. Banneker analyses an argument in his letter to persuade Jefferson of the cruelty and inhumanity that analysis entails. Banneker was born on November 9,to a free Black essay and her freed African jefferson. Writing thesis proposalPresident Jefferson's inauguration was probably the start Jefferson was born to a prominent family of Virginia tobacco growers. Thomas Jefferson had been with Sally nine months before the birth of each of her children. Jefferson created the many different reforms His mother had been the essay of a similar type of marital situation. Thomas Jefferson, the father of The Declaration of Independence, was one of those people. - The man who was almost a man analysis essay - Good topics for analysis essay - Essay on the pianist character analysis - Cover letter for a personal essay	1,260	ENGLISH	1
Plantagenet Princesses (Hardback) The Daughters of Eleanor of Aquitaine and Henry II The names of few medieval monarchs and their queens are better known than Eleanor of Aquitaine, uniquely queen of France and queen of England, and her second husband Henry II. Although academically labelled ‘medieval’, their era was the violent transition from the Dark Ages, when countries’ borders were defined with fire and sword. Henry grabbed the English throne thanks largely to Eleanor’s dowry because she owned one third of France. Their daughters also lived extraordinary lives. If princes fought for their succession to crowns, the princesses were traded – usually by their mothers – to strangers for political power without the bloodshed. Years before what would today be marriageable age, royal girls were despatched to countries whose speech was unknown to them and there became the property of unknown men; their duty the bearing of sons to continue a dynasty and daughters who would be traded in their turn. Some became literal prisoners of their spouses; others outwitted would-be rapists and the Church to seize the reins of power when their husbands died. Eleanor’s daughters Marie and Alix were abandoned in Paris when she divorced Louis VII of France. By Henry II, she bore Matilda, Aliénor and Joanna. Between them, these extraordinary women and their daughters knew the extremes of power and pain. Joanna was imprisoned by William II of Sicily and worse treated by her brutal second husband in Toulouse. If Eleanor was libelled as a whore, Aliénor’s descendants include two saints, Louis of France and Fernando of Spain. And then there were the illegitimate daughters, whose lives read like novels… For the nobility and gentry in later medieval England, land was a source of wealth and status. Their marriages were arranged with this in mind, and it is not surprising that so many of them had mistresses and illegitimate children. John de Warenne, earl of Surrey, married at the age of twenty to a ten-year-old granddaughter of Edward I, had at least eight bastards and a complicated love life. In theory, bastards were at a considerable disadvantage. Regarded as ‘filius nullius’ or the son of no one, they were unable to inherit real property and barred from the priesthood. In practice, illegitimacy…By Helen Matthews Click here to buy both titles for £40.99	<urn:uuid:6e595e56-5c14-4ba0-9a11-be33e9838d02>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/Plantagenet-Princesses-Hardback/p/17089	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595787.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119234426-20200120022426-00296.warc.gz	en	0.983457	510	3.34375	3	[ -0.13236603140830994, 0.09586570411920547, 0.11700773239135742, -0.041748397052288055, 0.14574390649795532, 0.1321832686662674, -0.008597854524850845, -0.23225530982017517, -0.0022573538590222597, -0.19809100031852722, 0.08447998017072678, -0.3092848062515259, 0.3859519064426422, -0.165794...	1	Plantagenet Princesses (Hardback) The Daughters of Eleanor of Aquitaine and Henry II The names of few medieval monarchs and their queens are better known than Eleanor of Aquitaine, uniquely queen of France and queen of England, and her second husband Henry II. Although academically labelled ‘medieval’, their era was the violent transition from the Dark Ages, when countries’ borders were defined with fire and sword. Henry grabbed the English throne thanks largely to Eleanor’s dowry because she owned one third of France. Their daughters also lived extraordinary lives. If princes fought for their succession to crowns, the princesses were traded – usually by their mothers – to strangers for political power without the bloodshed. Years before what would today be marriageable age, royal girls were despatched to countries whose speech was unknown to them and there became the property of unknown men; their duty the bearing of sons to continue a dynasty and daughters who would be traded in their turn. Some became literal prisoners of their spouses; others outwitted would-be rapists and the Church to seize the reins of power when their husbands died. Eleanor’s daughters Marie and Alix were abandoned in Paris when she divorced Louis VII of France. By Henry II, she bore Matilda, Aliénor and Joanna. Between them, these extraordinary women and their daughters knew the extremes of power and pain. Joanna was imprisoned by William II of Sicily and worse treated by her brutal second husband in Toulouse. If Eleanor was libelled as a whore, Aliénor’s descendants include two saints, Louis of France and Fernando of Spain. And then there were the illegitimate daughters, whose lives read like novels… For the nobility and gentry in later medieval England, land was a source of wealth and status. Their marriages were arranged with this in mind, and it is not surprising that so many of them had mistresses and illegitimate children. John de Warenne, earl of Surrey, married at the age of twenty to a ten-year-old granddaughter of Edward I, had at least eight bastards and a complicated love life. In theory, bastards were at a considerable disadvantage. Regarded as ‘filius nullius’ or the son of no one, they were unable to inherit real property and barred from the priesthood. In practice, illegitimacy…By Helen Matthews Click here to buy both titles for £40.99	495	ENGLISH	1
Wayson Choy is a Canadian author who had narrated a story named “I’m a Banana and Proud of it”. In this story, the writer describes how Chinese were discriminated by North American citizens. Basically, the story revolves around a couple who migrated from China to North America along with other immigrants and how the life of author takes a turn after the death of his parents. Here, the narrator described how his parents arrived china to the British Columbia Coast and they considered as “unwanted aliens”. As in the China they were dying of starvation. Masses who belonged to China were not permitted a citizenship. “Chink” word denoted the eyes of Chinese people which were further used by North Americans. Here, Chinese people faced racism and also being humiliated. “Banana” is a nickname given to the people of Chinese tribe instead using their formal names. The narrator also described how parents of Chinese were worried about their English education and they wanted them to earn handsome salary and also they have high status in the host country. Parents also altered their young ones not to forget the roots from which they were born. The Chinese people including the author of the story who had been living from a long time completely adapted the North America culture but only the face resembled them to be distinguished from the culture. The children born to these parents were more like North American than Chinese. They found Chinese culture boring and North American culture to be more fascinating. They liked to watch Hollywood movie and listen English music the most. They liked to speak English and barely spoke their own mother language which further showed injustice to the Chinese language. The life of author took change when his parents were dead. And the author started searching for their own culture and history as he had no knowledge about his roots from where he was originated. The speaker while studying in depth came to learn about hardships and sacrifices to be made in the Chinese culture. No doubt, the author respected his own language but now he is proud to be Chinese after learning much in detail. He strongly believed that all human beings either of the tribe they belonged all are same and wanted the same happiness and security. The author thought that if the Chinese would not move to west coast they would dead because of the unavailability of daily necessities in the China. So, if they wanted to survive they had to be “going bananas” as they had no other option and they were supposed to adopt North American culture. The author is proud to be a banana and smiled.	<urn:uuid:f16f96af-25e6-4933-8773-697211b8d18f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://essayhub.net/essays/review-and-analysis-of-im-a-banana-and-proud-of-it-by-wayson-choy	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601615.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121044233-20200121073233-00248.warc.gz	en	0.99142	513	4.0625	4	[ 0.0766637995839119, 0.07160881161689758, 0.3943016231060028, 0.15364065766334534, 0.03833794221282005, 0.2127135992050171, 0.3725823760032654, 0.14012210071086884, -0.2221899926662445, 0.18417143821716309, 0.2403615415096283, -0.16183096170425415, 0.14947503805160522, -0.22801265120506287,...	2	Wayson Choy is a Canadian author who had narrated a story named “I’m a Banana and Proud of it”. In this story, the writer describes how Chinese were discriminated by North American citizens. Basically, the story revolves around a couple who migrated from China to North America along with other immigrants and how the life of author takes a turn after the death of his parents. Here, the narrator described how his parents arrived china to the British Columbia Coast and they considered as “unwanted aliens”. As in the China they were dying of starvation. Masses who belonged to China were not permitted a citizenship. “Chink” word denoted the eyes of Chinese people which were further used by North Americans. Here, Chinese people faced racism and also being humiliated. “Banana” is a nickname given to the people of Chinese tribe instead using their formal names. The narrator also described how parents of Chinese were worried about their English education and they wanted them to earn handsome salary and also they have high status in the host country. Parents also altered their young ones not to forget the roots from which they were born. The Chinese people including the author of the story who had been living from a long time completely adapted the North America culture but only the face resembled them to be distinguished from the culture. The children born to these parents were more like North American than Chinese. They found Chinese culture boring and North American culture to be more fascinating. They liked to watch Hollywood movie and listen English music the most. They liked to speak English and barely spoke their own mother language which further showed injustice to the Chinese language. The life of author took change when his parents were dead. And the author started searching for their own culture and history as he had no knowledge about his roots from where he was originated. The speaker while studying in depth came to learn about hardships and sacrifices to be made in the Chinese culture. No doubt, the author respected his own language but now he is proud to be Chinese after learning much in detail. He strongly believed that all human beings either of the tribe they belonged all are same and wanted the same happiness and security. The author thought that if the Chinese would not move to west coast they would dead because of the unavailability of daily necessities in the China. So, if they wanted to survive they had to be “going bananas” as they had no other option and they were supposed to adopt North American culture. The author is proud to be a banana and smiled.	498	ENGLISH	1
Majdanek, one of the Nazis infamous death camps, was built just outside of Lublin in Poland. Majdanek was built as part of Action Reinhard and, unlike other death camps such as Auschwitz-Birkenau, Sobibor and Treblinka, was not built away from prying eyes. It could easily be reached by trolley car and all sides of the camp could be easily seen from the outside. Majdanek gained its name from a suburb of Lublin called Majdan Tatarski – an area where large numbers of Jews lived pre-1939. It became a ghetto after the German invasion of Poland in September 1939. As the German army advanced east, it was decided that they could not risk the problem of dangers behind their line of advance. As a result of this, many Poles who were identified as potential partisans were arrested and sent to the camp at Majdanek. The camp also held prisoners of war.When Majdanek was in operation, it would have been easy to see inside the camp as no trees surrounded it. This was in complete contrast to other death camps that were placed in remote areas away from dense populations. Even more unusual, was the fact that the Nazis did not establish a security zone around the camp. The crematorium and gas chamber buildings were easily visible from the outside of the camp. One of the roads (now known as the Street of Martyrs) that bordered the camp was the main one that took German soldiers to the Eastern Front in the war against Russia – nothing was done to hide this particular death camp. In April 1942, in the months after the Wannsee Conference, the camp also became a holding camp for Jews as part of the ‘Final Solution’. The same happened at Auschwitz – originally this camp was used to house Polish political prisoners. But after the Wannsee Conference, Auschwitz was changed into a death camp. The same happened to Majdanek. Between mid-1942 and mid-1943, most of the Jews sent to Majdanek were from Lublin. Thus a labour camp (Majdanek was originally referred to as a concentration camp) became a death camp. Unlike Auschwitz, Majdanek was not served by a major rail line. The victims destined for Majdanek went by rail to Lublin and then to Majdanek by truck. The first commandant of the camp was Karl Otto Koch. He was executed by the Nazis for stealing from the camp warehouse and plundering goods meant for Berlin. The camp’s third commandant, Hermann Florstedt, was also executed by the Nazis for the same crime. Three other commandants of Majdanek were executed after the war – Koegel, Weiss and Liebehenschel – for their part in running the camp. Majdanek was the first of the death camps to be liberated by the Russians on July 23rd 1944. As with the other death camps, obtaining actual figures for the number of murders carried out is difficult. The Russians advanced very quickly to the area in Poland where Majdanek was. They captured many of the records that the Germans left behind in their hurried departure. The Russians also found the gas chambers there – unlike at Auschwitz-Birkenau – as they had not had time to destroy them. It was originally stated that as many as 1.7 million were murdered at Majdanek – figures released at the end of the war. However, captured records show that only 300,000 were ever sent to the camp in total and that the number of deaths may have been 235,000. But this is not clear. Researchers have figures of death that vary from 42,000 at the minimum to 1.3 million at the maximum.	<urn:uuid:333020f1-9015-4eb4-bae8-51c74226bd1a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/world-war-two/holocaust-index/majdanek/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594333.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119064802-20200119092802-00140.warc.gz	en	0.988942	770	3.640625	4	[ 0.10923029482364655, 0.8847411274909973, 0.2027128040790558, 0.3348482847213745, 0.1630529910326004, 0.17751669883728027, 0.35132813453674316, 0.21470387279987335, -0.32910972833633423, -0.3929668664932251, 0.27630212903022766, -0.21354429423809052, -0.1522819846868515, 0.3102889358997345,...	4	Majdanek, one of the Nazis infamous death camps, was built just outside of Lublin in Poland. Majdanek was built as part of Action Reinhard and, unlike other death camps such as Auschwitz-Birkenau, Sobibor and Treblinka, was not built away from prying eyes. It could easily be reached by trolley car and all sides of the camp could be easily seen from the outside. Majdanek gained its name from a suburb of Lublin called Majdan Tatarski – an area where large numbers of Jews lived pre-1939. It became a ghetto after the German invasion of Poland in September 1939. As the German army advanced east, it was decided that they could not risk the problem of dangers behind their line of advance. As a result of this, many Poles who were identified as potential partisans were arrested and sent to the camp at Majdanek. The camp also held prisoners of war.When Majdanek was in operation, it would have been easy to see inside the camp as no trees surrounded it. This was in complete contrast to other death camps that were placed in remote areas away from dense populations. Even more unusual, was the fact that the Nazis did not establish a security zone around the camp. The crematorium and gas chamber buildings were easily visible from the outside of the camp. One of the roads (now known as the Street of Martyrs) that bordered the camp was the main one that took German soldiers to the Eastern Front in the war against Russia – nothing was done to hide this particular death camp. In April 1942, in the months after the Wannsee Conference, the camp also became a holding camp for Jews as part of the ‘Final Solution’. The same happened at Auschwitz – originally this camp was used to house Polish political prisoners. But after the Wannsee Conference, Auschwitz was changed into a death camp. The same happened to Majdanek. Between mid-1942 and mid-1943, most of the Jews sent to Majdanek were from Lublin. Thus a labour camp (Majdanek was originally referred to as a concentration camp) became a death camp. Unlike Auschwitz, Majdanek was not served by a major rail line. The victims destined for Majdanek went by rail to Lublin and then to Majdanek by truck. The first commandant of the camp was Karl Otto Koch. He was executed by the Nazis for stealing from the camp warehouse and plundering goods meant for Berlin. The camp’s third commandant, Hermann Florstedt, was also executed by the Nazis for the same crime. Three other commandants of Majdanek were executed after the war – Koegel, Weiss and Liebehenschel – for their part in running the camp. Majdanek was the first of the death camps to be liberated by the Russians on July 23rd 1944. As with the other death camps, obtaining actual figures for the number of murders carried out is difficult. The Russians advanced very quickly to the area in Poland where Majdanek was. They captured many of the records that the Germans left behind in their hurried departure. The Russians also found the gas chambers there – unlike at Auschwitz-Birkenau – as they had not had time to destroy them. It was originally stated that as many as 1.7 million were murdered at Majdanek – figures released at the end of the war. However, captured records show that only 300,000 were ever sent to the camp in total and that the number of deaths may have been 235,000. But this is not clear. Researchers have figures of death that vary from 42,000 at the minimum to 1.3 million at the maximum.	794	ENGLISH	1
King Hammurabi of Babylon was known for his "Code of Laws." Is his the oldest Code of written law that still exists today? If there is an even older code of laws, perhaps one not still in use, who wrote and what is its Historical significance? Ur-Nammu is the oldest written law. It is still around (in a museum). Its historical significance is that it is the oldest written code of law. - If a man bring an accusation against a man, and charge him with a (capital) crime, but cannot prove it, he, the accuser, shall be put to death. - If a man charge a man with sorcery, and cannot prove it, he who is charged with sorcery shall go to the river, into the river he shall throw himself and if the river overcome him, his accuser shall take to himself his house (estate). If the river show that man to be innocent and he come forth unharmed, he who charged him with sorcery shall be put to death. He who threw himself into the river shall take to himself the house of his accuser. - If a man, in a case (pending judgment), bear false (threatening) witness, or do not establish the testimony that he has given, if that case be a case involving life, that man shall be put to death.	<urn:uuid:c06ea5be-fd71-4f8c-ac59-61ba63d8cb76>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://history.stackexchange.com/questions/563/oldest-code-of-law	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606269.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122012204-20200122041204-00008.warc.gz	en	0.983889	274	3.40625	3	[ -0.7363386154174805, 0.34911710023880005, -0.22658470273017883, -0.6477882862091064, 0.27005091309547424, -0.06252152472734451, 0.7430229783058167, -0.36026954650878906, -0.22021916508674622, 0.009550233371555805, -0.346041738986969, 0.11271634697914124, 0.027663106098771095, 0.44405052065...	1	King Hammurabi of Babylon was known for his "Code of Laws." Is his the oldest Code of written law that still exists today? If there is an even older code of laws, perhaps one not still in use, who wrote and what is its Historical significance? Ur-Nammu is the oldest written law. It is still around (in a museum). Its historical significance is that it is the oldest written code of law. - If a man bring an accusation against a man, and charge him with a (capital) crime, but cannot prove it, he, the accuser, shall be put to death. - If a man charge a man with sorcery, and cannot prove it, he who is charged with sorcery shall go to the river, into the river he shall throw himself and if the river overcome him, his accuser shall take to himself his house (estate). If the river show that man to be innocent and he come forth unharmed, he who charged him with sorcery shall be put to death. He who threw himself into the river shall take to himself the house of his accuser. - If a man, in a case (pending judgment), bear false (threatening) witness, or do not establish the testimony that he has given, if that case be a case involving life, that man shall be put to death.	275	ENGLISH	1
October 29, 1944 – The Petsamo–Kirkenes Offensive was a major military offensive during World War II, mounted by the Red Army against the Wehrmacht in 1944 in northern Finland and Norway. The offensive defeated the Wehrmacht’s forces in the Arctic, driving them back into Norway, and was called the “Tenth Shock” by Stalin. It later expelled German forces from the northern part of Norway and seized the nickel mines of Pechenga/Petsamo. Following the failure of the Wehrmacht’s Operation Silver Fox in summer 1941, the frontline in the Arctic had seen little change. Environmental and supply conditions in the remote, nearly roadless region made it difficult, if not impossible, to undertake major military operations, and as far as land warfare was concerned, the Arctic had become a backwater. Sizable German forces were kept in the sector to protect the Finnish nickel mines of Petsamo, which produced a metal of high importance in German armour plate fabrication, and to guard the coast of northern Norway against an Allied landing operation. After the armistice between the Soviet Union and Finland on 4 September 1944, the Petsamo region (though still largely occupied by the Germans) again became part of Russia, and the Finnish government agreed to remove the remaining German forces from its territory by 15 September (leading to the Lapland War). During the retreat of the German 20th Mountain Army, called Operation Birke, the decision was made by the German Armed Forces Command to withdraw completely from northern Norway and Finland in Operation Nordlicht. During the preparations for this operation, the Russians went over to the offensive on the Karelian Front. The Stavka decided to move against the German forces in the Arctic in late 1944. The operation was to be undertaken jointly by the Karelian Front under the command of General Kirill Meretskov and the Northern Fleet under Admiral Arseniy Golovko. The main operations were to be conducted by 14th Army, which had been in the Arctic since the beginning of the war. Meretskov was provided with several units specially configured to meet the requirements for operations in the far north. The 126th and 127th Rifle Corps consisted of light infantry with a number of ski troops and naval infantry. The Soviets also had 30 engineer battalions, numerous horse- and reindeer-equipped transportation companies, and two battalions equipped with U.S.-supplied amphibious vehicles for river crossings.In addition, the Soviets massed thousands of mortars and artillery pieces, 750 aircraft, and 110 tanks (while the Germans lacked any armour), making Soviet forces far superior to the Germans. Soviet preparations, which had lasted for two months, had not gone unnoticed by the Germans. The highly capable General Lothar Rendulic, who served as both head of the 20th Mountain Army and overall theater commander, was well aware of the threat posed by the upcoming offensive. Prior to the start of the Soviet drive, the defending Germans had been ordered to abandon Petsamo on 15 October, and Kirkenes by the beginning of November. The offensive can be divided into three phases: the breakthrough of the German position, the pursuit to Kirkenes, and the battle for Kirkenes, including the southward pursuit that followed it. During the offensive several amphibious landings were conducted by naval infantry and army units. Initially, the Germans’ intended withdrawal was hampered by Hitler’s strict orders to Rendulic to evacuate all supplies from the Petsamo region before abandoning it. Despite intensive planning before the offensive, the initial attack on 7 October immediately met with problems. Poor visibility made it difficult to co-ordinate artillery and fire support, slowing the assault; nevertheless, after some fierce fighting the Soviets broke through the German lines on the Titovka River. Blowing up the bridges behind them, the Germans retreated. The Soviets pursued, and over the following days conducted several amphibious landings to cut off the German forces. On 10 October the Germans shifted the 163rd Division, which was already withdrawing from Finland to Norway, to the Petsamo region to bolster their defenses. On 13 October the Soviets were poised to attack German forces around the town of Petsamo, and units of the 126th light Rifle Corps were able to establish a roadblock on the only escape route; however, troops of the German 2nd Mountain Division was able to clear the roadblock on 14 October, securing the retreat of Rendulic’s forces. The Soviets captured Petsamo on 15 October, but due to supply problems, then had to halt the offensive for three days. For the rest of the campaign the Soviets advanced after the withdrawing Germans along the coast of Norway, with the Soviets trying to block and cut off German units on their retreat. But because of constant supply shortcomings and German delaying efforts, which forced sizable forces to be detached to road reconstruction, the Soviets were not able to achieve success and the Germans escaped with the bulk of their forces intact. The Germans abandoned Kirkenes on 25 October and finally on 29 October Meretskov halted all operations except reconnaissance. The Soviet offensive ended with a victory for the Red Army, however the Wehrmacht 20th Mountain Army successfully performed an orderly retreat with the bulk of its forces intact just like it did against Finnish forces during their retreat through Lapland carried out at the same time. Soviet failure to inflict clear defeat on the withdrawing Germans was largely due to the supply issues caused by efficient German destruction of road connections in the area. With often the only road available being out of service due damage and mines both supplies and heavy equipment, like artillery, could not be transported to front lines in sufficient quantities while lighter equipped forces were at disadvantage against heavily armed German forces. The Soviet commander Meretskov was promoted to the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union, and was given a prominent command during the Red Army’s attack on Japanese-held Manchukuo, in August 1945. The Petsamo–Kirkenes Operation is notable in that it was the last major offensive in an Arctic environment. It had been studied intensively in the Soviet Army for this reason.	<urn:uuid:450846c3-78f8-482b-9fe7-aa8b869bf4da>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://mwh52.wordpress.com/2013/10/29/october-29-this-day-during-world-war-ll-3/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251799918.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129133601-20200129163601-00101.warc.gz	en	0.98049	1,256	3.53125	4	[ -0.09266991913318634, 0.3528493344783783, -0.008902963250875473, -0.045998550951480865, 0.15769684314727783, -0.16650594770908356, -0.08590134233236313, 0.5754925012588501, -0.37156790494918823, -0.2180619239807129, -0.01489698700606823, -0.7897893786430359, 0.6572136878967285, 0.688042879...	2	October 29, 1944 – The Petsamo–Kirkenes Offensive was a major military offensive during World War II, mounted by the Red Army against the Wehrmacht in 1944 in northern Finland and Norway. The offensive defeated the Wehrmacht’s forces in the Arctic, driving them back into Norway, and was called the “Tenth Shock” by Stalin. It later expelled German forces from the northern part of Norway and seized the nickel mines of Pechenga/Petsamo. Following the failure of the Wehrmacht’s Operation Silver Fox in summer 1941, the frontline in the Arctic had seen little change. Environmental and supply conditions in the remote, nearly roadless region made it difficult, if not impossible, to undertake major military operations, and as far as land warfare was concerned, the Arctic had become a backwater. Sizable German forces were kept in the sector to protect the Finnish nickel mines of Petsamo, which produced a metal of high importance in German armour plate fabrication, and to guard the coast of northern Norway against an Allied landing operation. After the armistice between the Soviet Union and Finland on 4 September 1944, the Petsamo region (though still largely occupied by the Germans) again became part of Russia, and the Finnish government agreed to remove the remaining German forces from its territory by 15 September (leading to the Lapland War). During the retreat of the German 20th Mountain Army, called Operation Birke, the decision was made by the German Armed Forces Command to withdraw completely from northern Norway and Finland in Operation Nordlicht. During the preparations for this operation, the Russians went over to the offensive on the Karelian Front. The Stavka decided to move against the German forces in the Arctic in late 1944. The operation was to be undertaken jointly by the Karelian Front under the command of General Kirill Meretskov and the Northern Fleet under Admiral Arseniy Golovko. The main operations were to be conducted by 14th Army, which had been in the Arctic since the beginning of the war. Meretskov was provided with several units specially configured to meet the requirements for operations in the far north. The 126th and 127th Rifle Corps consisted of light infantry with a number of ski troops and naval infantry. The Soviets also had 30 engineer battalions, numerous horse- and reindeer-equipped transportation companies, and two battalions equipped with U.S.-supplied amphibious vehicles for river crossings.In addition, the Soviets massed thousands of mortars and artillery pieces, 750 aircraft, and 110 tanks (while the Germans lacked any armour), making Soviet forces far superior to the Germans. Soviet preparations, which had lasted for two months, had not gone unnoticed by the Germans. The highly capable General Lothar Rendulic, who served as both head of the 20th Mountain Army and overall theater commander, was well aware of the threat posed by the upcoming offensive. Prior to the start of the Soviet drive, the defending Germans had been ordered to abandon Petsamo on 15 October, and Kirkenes by the beginning of November. The offensive can be divided into three phases: the breakthrough of the German position, the pursuit to Kirkenes, and the battle for Kirkenes, including the southward pursuit that followed it. During the offensive several amphibious landings were conducted by naval infantry and army units. Initially, the Germans’ intended withdrawal was hampered by Hitler’s strict orders to Rendulic to evacuate all supplies from the Petsamo region before abandoning it. Despite intensive planning before the offensive, the initial attack on 7 October immediately met with problems. Poor visibility made it difficult to co-ordinate artillery and fire support, slowing the assault; nevertheless, after some fierce fighting the Soviets broke through the German lines on the Titovka River. Blowing up the bridges behind them, the Germans retreated. The Soviets pursued, and over the following days conducted several amphibious landings to cut off the German forces. On 10 October the Germans shifted the 163rd Division, which was already withdrawing from Finland to Norway, to the Petsamo region to bolster their defenses. On 13 October the Soviets were poised to attack German forces around the town of Petsamo, and units of the 126th light Rifle Corps were able to establish a roadblock on the only escape route; however, troops of the German 2nd Mountain Division was able to clear the roadblock on 14 October, securing the retreat of Rendulic’s forces. The Soviets captured Petsamo on 15 October, but due to supply problems, then had to halt the offensive for three days. For the rest of the campaign the Soviets advanced after the withdrawing Germans along the coast of Norway, with the Soviets trying to block and cut off German units on their retreat. But because of constant supply shortcomings and German delaying efforts, which forced sizable forces to be detached to road reconstruction, the Soviets were not able to achieve success and the Germans escaped with the bulk of their forces intact. The Germans abandoned Kirkenes on 25 October and finally on 29 October Meretskov halted all operations except reconnaissance. The Soviet offensive ended with a victory for the Red Army, however the Wehrmacht 20th Mountain Army successfully performed an orderly retreat with the bulk of its forces intact just like it did against Finnish forces during their retreat through Lapland carried out at the same time. Soviet failure to inflict clear defeat on the withdrawing Germans was largely due to the supply issues caused by efficient German destruction of road connections in the area. With often the only road available being out of service due damage and mines both supplies and heavy equipment, like artillery, could not be transported to front lines in sufficient quantities while lighter equipped forces were at disadvantage against heavily armed German forces. The Soviet commander Meretskov was promoted to the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union, and was given a prominent command during the Red Army’s attack on Japanese-held Manchukuo, in August 1945. The Petsamo–Kirkenes Operation is notable in that it was the last major offensive in an Arctic environment. It had been studied intensively in the Soviet Army for this reason.	1,308	ENGLISH	1
During the Revolutionary War and the war in 1812, the Kennebeck settlement in Phippsburg, Maine, was defended with the help of a small fort on the mouth of the Kennebec River. To begin with, the defenses consisted of just a small battery to accommodate guns on field carriages. However, this provided to be such a useful defensive site that Fort Popham was established there. Construction of the fort began in 1862, but it was stopped in 1869 and never completed. This was because it became apparent that masonry forts were susceptible to rifle fire, which was becoming more prevalent in the 1860s. The fort received its name in honor of the captain and founder of the nearby colony, George Popham. He founded the American settlement back in 1607. The fort itself was never the site of any battles. Instead, it carried out its function as a coastal defensive structure for many years. In the 1890s, a controlled minefield was created in the river as part of the national coastal defense of the United States. Although the fort was still a valuable fortification because of its minefield, eventually it became obsolete when Fort Baldwin was built nearby (see below). Fort Popham was built in the shape of a crescent. All the blocks were made of granite, and its walls were 30 feet (9 meters) high. The circumference of Fort Popham is about 500 feet (150 meters). It has two floors and granite spiral staircases. The whole structure was separated from the land by a moat. Initially, plans to use the fort included the installation of 42 heavy guns. However, as mentioned above, the construction was never completed, so only two tiers were ever built. To house 42 guns, it would have been necessary to have three tiers. There were also two barracks and an underground cistern inside the fort. In 1898, during the Spanish-American War, Fort Popham was armed with an 8-inch gun. During the Second World War, the mine structures in the fort remained operational. On February 27, 1924, Fort Popham was sold to the State of Maine for $6,600. A condition of the sale was that the former fort had to be used as a public park or else ownership would revert to the state. Although the fort itself never witnessed direct conflict, this section along the Kennebec River has become part of history as the site of several battles. The well-preserved architecture of the fort attracts visitors and history buffs alike. On October 1, 1969, the fort was added to the National Register of Historic Places as a Memorial. Popham Beach State Park is located approximately three kilometers (about two miles) from the fort. The fort itself is open to the public as a Fort Popham State Historic Site. Inside the fort are posters that tell visitors about the guns and the history of this place. Just outside the fortress are picnic tables, making this site a great family day out. Not far from Fort Popham is Fort Baldwin. This fort was named after Jedutan Baldwin, an engineer in the Continental Army during the American Revolution, and the site is preserved as a state historical monument. Construction began on the fort in 1905 and, unlike Fort Popham, was completed in 1912. While the fort was being built, construction was also being carried out to create three artillery batteries. These batteries were put into operation in November 1908 and were christened Battery Cogan, Battery Joseph Roswell Hawley, and Battery Hardman. In addition, barracks and an observation post were also built at the fort. During the First World War, eight temporary buildings were constructed, including an administrative building, a hospital, a bakery, a canteen, and double barracks. The construction of all these buildings was completed in December 1917. In 1917, these batteries were dismantled so that the weapons could be used on the Western Front. Battery Hardman’s gun was sent to France; it later returned to the United States, although it was not reinstated at Fort Baldwin. Battery Hawley’s guns were ultimately never sent overseas and were instead remounted at the fort in 1919. After World War I, the fort was empty. It was disarmed and sold to the state of Maine for $11,600 in 1924. However, when World War II came round, the fort once again found itself occupied. A high observation tower was also added at this time to help locate German submarines. In 1949, the fort was returned to the state of Maine. In 1979, the abandoned Fort Baldwin was added to the National Register of Historic Places and is now open as a state historical monument. Unlike Fort Popham, it does not have any panels or information signs that tell the fort’s history, but visitors have the opportunity to climb the preserved observation deck and take in the view. Big thank you to Natalie Faulkner for providing us photographs below of that abandoned location. You should check her Behance account to learn more about her nature and landscape photography. Another Article From Us: The Old Red Triangle Factory in St Petersburg, Russia	<urn:uuid:b40461ca-cd90-4b4a-ab52-8e2c04e7430f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.abandonedspaces.com/uncategorized/fort.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589560.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117123339-20200117151339-00111.warc.gz	en	0.986654	1,068	3.625	4	[ -0.19739028811454773, 0.3721776306629181, 0.4786604642868042, -0.052646663039922714, -0.10713718831539154, -0.17355462908744812, -0.0016027470119297504, 0.14569905400276184, -0.36852988600730896, -0.2367645502090454, -0.013119379989802837, -0.6300020813941956, -0.056035228073596954, 0.2286...	9	During the Revolutionary War and the war in 1812, the Kennebeck settlement in Phippsburg, Maine, was defended with the help of a small fort on the mouth of the Kennebec River. To begin with, the defenses consisted of just a small battery to accommodate guns on field carriages. However, this provided to be such a useful defensive site that Fort Popham was established there. Construction of the fort began in 1862, but it was stopped in 1869 and never completed. This was because it became apparent that masonry forts were susceptible to rifle fire, which was becoming more prevalent in the 1860s. The fort received its name in honor of the captain and founder of the nearby colony, George Popham. He founded the American settlement back in 1607. The fort itself was never the site of any battles. Instead, it carried out its function as a coastal defensive structure for many years. In the 1890s, a controlled minefield was created in the river as part of the national coastal defense of the United States. Although the fort was still a valuable fortification because of its minefield, eventually it became obsolete when Fort Baldwin was built nearby (see below). Fort Popham was built in the shape of a crescent. All the blocks were made of granite, and its walls were 30 feet (9 meters) high. The circumference of Fort Popham is about 500 feet (150 meters). It has two floors and granite spiral staircases. The whole structure was separated from the land by a moat. Initially, plans to use the fort included the installation of 42 heavy guns. However, as mentioned above, the construction was never completed, so only two tiers were ever built. To house 42 guns, it would have been necessary to have three tiers. There were also two barracks and an underground cistern inside the fort. In 1898, during the Spanish-American War, Fort Popham was armed with an 8-inch gun. During the Second World War, the mine structures in the fort remained operational. On February 27, 1924, Fort Popham was sold to the State of Maine for $6,600. A condition of the sale was that the former fort had to be used as a public park or else ownership would revert to the state. Although the fort itself never witnessed direct conflict, this section along the Kennebec River has become part of history as the site of several battles. The well-preserved architecture of the fort attracts visitors and history buffs alike. On October 1, 1969, the fort was added to the National Register of Historic Places as a Memorial. Popham Beach State Park is located approximately three kilometers (about two miles) from the fort. The fort itself is open to the public as a Fort Popham State Historic Site. Inside the fort are posters that tell visitors about the guns and the history of this place. Just outside the fortress are picnic tables, making this site a great family day out. Not far from Fort Popham is Fort Baldwin. This fort was named after Jedutan Baldwin, an engineer in the Continental Army during the American Revolution, and the site is preserved as a state historical monument. Construction began on the fort in 1905 and, unlike Fort Popham, was completed in 1912. While the fort was being built, construction was also being carried out to create three artillery batteries. These batteries were put into operation in November 1908 and were christened Battery Cogan, Battery Joseph Roswell Hawley, and Battery Hardman. In addition, barracks and an observation post were also built at the fort. During the First World War, eight temporary buildings were constructed, including an administrative building, a hospital, a bakery, a canteen, and double barracks. The construction of all these buildings was completed in December 1917. In 1917, these batteries were dismantled so that the weapons could be used on the Western Front. Battery Hardman’s gun was sent to France; it later returned to the United States, although it was not reinstated at Fort Baldwin. Battery Hawley’s guns were ultimately never sent overseas and were instead remounted at the fort in 1919. After World War I, the fort was empty. It was disarmed and sold to the state of Maine for $11,600 in 1924. However, when World War II came round, the fort once again found itself occupied. A high observation tower was also added at this time to help locate German submarines. In 1949, the fort was returned to the state of Maine. In 1979, the abandoned Fort Baldwin was added to the National Register of Historic Places and is now open as a state historical monument. Unlike Fort Popham, it does not have any panels or information signs that tell the fort’s history, but visitors have the opportunity to climb the preserved observation deck and take in the view. Big thank you to Natalie Faulkner for providing us photographs below of that abandoned location. You should check her Behance account to learn more about her nature and landscape photography. Another Article From Us: The Old Red Triangle Factory in St Petersburg, Russia	1,121	ENGLISH	1
\|This article is about Old Japan. You may be looking for Coalition/Confederation of Japan.\| Japan was a nation located on the Japanese Archipelago. The nation was founded on the 19th November, 2018. Japan was disbanded on the 25th of May 2019, with Kyoto, the capital, joining Imperial Japan under the leadership of FenZenyatta. Early days (19th November - 27 November) The Japanese nation was found by the 7 original towns of Japan, which were: Sapporo, Chikugo, Mihama (Was Kyoto at the time) Kyoto (Was Osaka), Tokyo, Oboro-Maru and Sendai. The towns had collected 512g at the 14th November, however the citizens decided to hold elections to decide who should be the Shogun and who should be the emperor. They held the election and Surfboy1 (SurfinNinja) was elected Shogun, with Neon_Krby losing to him. LostInMoonlight of old Tokyo was declared Emperor of Japan, by the citizens. The nation capital was decided to be Tokyo, and when SurfinNinja turned out to be inactive, LostInMoonlight took over the lead of the government. The Civil War (27 November - 3rd December) After LostInMoonlight took over the nation lead, he also turned out to be not very active, which upset Dan1804, the owner of Kyoto, who decided to take a 700g loan from Korea and he founded the nation of Oda_Shogunate, on the 28th November. DitheryGames (Hirosaki_jizo) of Hirosaki actually rebelled first, by creating the nation of Tsugaru-Shi on the 27th November. He actually collected the money for that nation by himself, leaving him debt-free. Oda_Shogunate ended up being very successful during its early days, convincing the majority of towns of Japan to join their nation. However this was going to change soon, as a new challenger approached the nation of Japan, Niigata. The town location was chosen by FenZenyatta's friends on the 29th November. A day later, they made the town. However, FenZenyatta was still processing his sale of Prussia at that time, which made him unable to join and take over the nation until the 1st December. FenZenyatta spent the money he earned of selling Prussia (384g) on claims. The town of Niigata quickly reached 55 chunks, which made Niigata the largest town of Japan on the day the town was taken over by FenZenyatta. The largest town before that was Chikugo. FenZenyatta quickly stated that he was the most powerful town leader of Japan and started demanding more power from Dan1804, the owner of Oda_Shogunate. He refused however and stated that Fenzenyatta didn't understand enough of Japanese politics. Fen was seeking power but he didn't want to make a 4th nation, so he started messaging every of the 3 japanese nation leaders. He ended up agreeing the most with LostInMoonlight of Tokyo, who promised reforms in the nation. That convinced FenZenyatta to leave Oda_Shogunate and join Japan. He started convincing the other towns to join back, and Oda_Shogunate quickly became a 1man nation. Age of Depression (3rd December - 19th December) The age of depression started after the civil war died down. There is no official date but japanese politicans say this age started between the 1st and 3rd December. FenZenyatta was proclaimed as the Japanese shogun, however LostInMoonlight never gave him the ownership of the nation. FenZenyatta was viewed internally as the leader but he only had the national Chancellor role in-game. He tried making reforms but they all failed as the nation was very inactive during the period. The most significant achievement of Japan during this age was Niigata becoming the 5th largest town on the entire server. Age of Hope (19th December - 10th January) On the 19th December, the moderator Synargle made the town of Gensokyo in Japan. The town was located in the place where Gifu exists today. The two active towns of Japan at that time, Niigata and Tottori, decided to name his town the Ceremonial capital of Japan, while the towns of Niigata and Tottori would form the government. However, there was an issue keeping this from happening. LostInMoonlight was at his peak of inactivity and never had the chance to log in to hand over the nation to Synargle. Everyone was mainly inactive during this time, with FenZenyatta only being only online during 6 days of this age. This age ended when Synargle quietly disbanded his town on the 10th January and left the japanese politics scene. Age of Silence (11th January - 2nd February) Around the 11th January, Tokyo owned by LostInMoonlight fell to inactivity. Niigata was the next town in the line of succession, which turned FenZenyatta into the emperor. His town grew during this age, but he didn't implement many changes to the nation as he didn't think the nation was active enough. He donated gold to new towns in Japan, which quickly turned Japan into a powerhouse on /n list. Reformation (3rd February - 10th February) The Reformation was sparked by a rising amount of active towns in Japan, which seeked a true government, which never had the chance to form before. FenZenyatta got into talks with other citizens and agreed on calling in elections for the leader of Japan. The participants of the elections were FenZenyatta of Niigata, Neon_Krby of Osaka-Kyoto and Quil_ of Chiba. FenZenyatta won the election on the 10th February, with Quil_ coming second. All of the 3 were campaigning for a reformed japanese government. Fen won with 70% of the votes Japanese Golden age(10th February - 7th March) In the early days of this age, FenZenyatta reformed the Japanese discord and government. He opened a Government which helps him with dealing with stuff, he doesn't have time to deal with. During this age, Japan's population was rising sharply, to the point where Japan became the most populated nation on EMC, on the 28th February. This age was viewed as the Golden age of Japan by many japanese citizens. The Japanese succession crisis (7th March - 11th March) The Japanese succession crisis is what started Japan's downfall. It started with FenZenyatta making an announcement, talking about who could take over Japan after himself, and who it could be. FenZenyatta proposed it to be MLGTerra, a veteran from EMC Classic but the citizens didn't agree with his decision. That day was followed by loads of discussions, and some even started plotting to assasinate the emperor. The emperor ended up announcing elections, but the domino effect couldn't be stopped at this point, and the towns Hiroshima and Nagano quit Japan. That was followed by other mayors disbanding their towns/quitting EMC. A few weeks after this happened, FenZenyatta made a video about it Demise of Japan (11th March - 10th May) At the beginning of this area, FenZenyatta handed over Japan's leadership to Surfboy1, and proceeded to move back to Denmark. Nothing important happened during this area, as no one was active. Second Civil War (10th May - 25th May) On the 10th May, FenZenyatta had gathered a group of people who were interested in reviving Japan. Everything went as they planned, and they approached Surfboy1 who has been inactive during the Demise. However, they didn't get a response and Surfboy was clearly uninterested in giving away the nation. Once a spy showed the group a screenshot of Surf telling he would rather start a civil war than give away power, a civil war started. On the 15th May, Neon_Krby, who was a chancellor in Japan, gave Chancellor to FenZenyatta and both of them removed every alliance Japan had and kicked every town out of the nation. They also completely ruined the discord. After that was done, FenZenyatta created the nation Imperial Japan. No battles happened during this civil war, just as in the previous one. It ended on the 25th May when Surfboy finally gave in and disbanded his own nation. Japan was reborn The Dissolution of Japan (25th May) Japan was disbanded on the 25th of May, with Kyoto choosing to join Imperial Japan, and thus making them the sole dominant power on the Island. Imperial Japan then proceeded to rename themselves to Japan, the old nation was history. All future Japanese history is going to be recorded Here The government consisted of a council of Ministers and several Royal Advisories. The most trusted citizens/mayors of Japan received positions in the Government. There were many different kinds of ministers, such as the Minister of Forestry, Infrastructure and Internal affairs. LostInMoonlight the Inactive LostInMoonlight was the first Emperor of Japan. He is remembered for his inactivity and lack of effort put into the nation. He lost his emperorship when his town, Tokyo, disbanded due to Inactivity. Fen the Reformer FenZenyatta gained power when Tokyo disbanded on the 20th January. However he wasn't viewed as an Emperor until he won the elections. The period of time between the fall of Tokyo and the elections was viewed as an "Interregnum" period by many Japanese citizens. He was elected as the Emperor of Japan on the 10th February 2019. During his reign, Japan achieved many things, like becoming the most populated nation on /n list. He was the 3rd leader of Japan. He was the owner of Niigata from December 1st, 2018 to March 19-20, 2019. He was the 2nd internal leader of Japan. He owned the old city of Tokyo (now disbanded to inactivity), and was known for his extreme inactivity. Neon_Krby founded the town of Sapporo, which was one of the founding towns of Japan. He later on moved to take care of Sendai (which is now annexed by Niigata). He proceeded to make towns in Alaska and China between his times in Japanese towns. He was the owner of Osaka-Kyoto, which was made on the ruins of old Kyoto (former capital of Oda_Shogunate ) on the 30th January. His current town of Choshi was mainly funded by FenZenyatta. He was the first Shogun of Japan back in November. He became the Emperor in March 2019, during the Demise of Japan.	<urn:uuid:cb3bd75e-5150-451c-9ce4-1c46b8e55f73>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://earthmc.fandom.com/wiki/Old_Japan	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694176.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127020458-20200127050458-00046.warc.gz	en	0.988865	2,292	3.421875	3	[ -0.1899193525314331, 0.2007841169834137, 0.0364345908164978, -0.06120217591524124, 0.14634443819522858, 0.4722987711429596, 0.06529924273490906, 0.03663436323404312, -0.2682841718196869, -0.0026188669726252556, 0.03513273596763611, -0.4744398593902588, 0.2499220073223114, 0.907273530960083...	1	\|This article is about Old Japan. You may be looking for Coalition/Confederation of Japan.\| Japan was a nation located on the Japanese Archipelago. The nation was founded on the 19th November, 2018. Japan was disbanded on the 25th of May 2019, with Kyoto, the capital, joining Imperial Japan under the leadership of FenZenyatta. Early days (19th November - 27 November) The Japanese nation was found by the 7 original towns of Japan, which were: Sapporo, Chikugo, Mihama (Was Kyoto at the time) Kyoto (Was Osaka), Tokyo, Oboro-Maru and Sendai. The towns had collected 512g at the 14th November, however the citizens decided to hold elections to decide who should be the Shogun and who should be the emperor. They held the election and Surfboy1 (SurfinNinja) was elected Shogun, with Neon_Krby losing to him. LostInMoonlight of old Tokyo was declared Emperor of Japan, by the citizens. The nation capital was decided to be Tokyo, and when SurfinNinja turned out to be inactive, LostInMoonlight took over the lead of the government. The Civil War (27 November - 3rd December) After LostInMoonlight took over the nation lead, he also turned out to be not very active, which upset Dan1804, the owner of Kyoto, who decided to take a 700g loan from Korea and he founded the nation of Oda_Shogunate, on the 28th November. DitheryGames (Hirosaki_jizo) of Hirosaki actually rebelled first, by creating the nation of Tsugaru-Shi on the 27th November. He actually collected the money for that nation by himself, leaving him debt-free. Oda_Shogunate ended up being very successful during its early days, convincing the majority of towns of Japan to join their nation. However this was going to change soon, as a new challenger approached the nation of Japan, Niigata. The town location was chosen by FenZenyatta's friends on the 29th November. A day later, they made the town. However, FenZenyatta was still processing his sale of Prussia at that time, which made him unable to join and take over the nation until the 1st December. FenZenyatta spent the money he earned of selling Prussia (384g) on claims. The town of Niigata quickly reached 55 chunks, which made Niigata the largest town of Japan on the day the town was taken over by FenZenyatta. The largest town before that was Chikugo. FenZenyatta quickly stated that he was the most powerful town leader of Japan and started demanding more power from Dan1804, the owner of Oda_Shogunate. He refused however and stated that Fenzenyatta didn't understand enough of Japanese politics. Fen was seeking power but he didn't want to make a 4th nation, so he started messaging every of the 3 japanese nation leaders. He ended up agreeing the most with LostInMoonlight of Tokyo, who promised reforms in the nation. That convinced FenZenyatta to leave Oda_Shogunate and join Japan. He started convincing the other towns to join back, and Oda_Shogunate quickly became a 1man nation. Age of Depression (3rd December - 19th December) The age of depression started after the civil war died down. There is no official date but japanese politicans say this age started between the 1st and 3rd December. FenZenyatta was proclaimed as the Japanese shogun, however LostInMoonlight never gave him the ownership of the nation. FenZenyatta was viewed internally as the leader but he only had the national Chancellor role in-game. He tried making reforms but they all failed as the nation was very inactive during the period. The most significant achievement of Japan during this age was Niigata becoming the 5th largest town on the entire server. Age of Hope (19th December - 10th January) On the 19th December, the moderator Synargle made the town of Gensokyo in Japan. The town was located in the place where Gifu exists today. The two active towns of Japan at that time, Niigata and Tottori, decided to name his town the Ceremonial capital of Japan, while the towns of Niigata and Tottori would form the government. However, there was an issue keeping this from happening. LostInMoonlight was at his peak of inactivity and never had the chance to log in to hand over the nation to Synargle. Everyone was mainly inactive during this time, with FenZenyatta only being only online during 6 days of this age. This age ended when Synargle quietly disbanded his town on the 10th January and left the japanese politics scene. Age of Silence (11th January - 2nd February) Around the 11th January, Tokyo owned by LostInMoonlight fell to inactivity. Niigata was the next town in the line of succession, which turned FenZenyatta into the emperor. His town grew during this age, but he didn't implement many changes to the nation as he didn't think the nation was active enough. He donated gold to new towns in Japan, which quickly turned Japan into a powerhouse on /n list. Reformation (3rd February - 10th February) The Reformation was sparked by a rising amount of active towns in Japan, which seeked a true government, which never had the chance to form before. FenZenyatta got into talks with other citizens and agreed on calling in elections for the leader of Japan. The participants of the elections were FenZenyatta of Niigata, Neon_Krby of Osaka-Kyoto and Quil_ of Chiba. FenZenyatta won the election on the 10th February, with Quil_ coming second. All of the 3 were campaigning for a reformed japanese government. Fen won with 70% of the votes Japanese Golden age(10th February - 7th March) In the early days of this age, FenZenyatta reformed the Japanese discord and government. He opened a Government which helps him with dealing with stuff, he doesn't have time to deal with. During this age, Japan's population was rising sharply, to the point where Japan became the most populated nation on EMC, on the 28th February. This age was viewed as the Golden age of Japan by many japanese citizens. The Japanese succession crisis (7th March - 11th March) The Japanese succession crisis is what started Japan's downfall. It started with FenZenyatta making an announcement, talking about who could take over Japan after himself, and who it could be. FenZenyatta proposed it to be MLGTerra, a veteran from EMC Classic but the citizens didn't agree with his decision. That day was followed by loads of discussions, and some even started plotting to assasinate the emperor. The emperor ended up announcing elections, but the domino effect couldn't be stopped at this point, and the towns Hiroshima and Nagano quit Japan. That was followed by other mayors disbanding their towns/quitting EMC. A few weeks after this happened, FenZenyatta made a video about it Demise of Japan (11th March - 10th May) At the beginning of this area, FenZenyatta handed over Japan's leadership to Surfboy1, and proceeded to move back to Denmark. Nothing important happened during this area, as no one was active. Second Civil War (10th May - 25th May) On the 10th May, FenZenyatta had gathered a group of people who were interested in reviving Japan. Everything went as they planned, and they approached Surfboy1 who has been inactive during the Demise. However, they didn't get a response and Surfboy was clearly uninterested in giving away the nation. Once a spy showed the group a screenshot of Surf telling he would rather start a civil war than give away power, a civil war started. On the 15th May, Neon_Krby, who was a chancellor in Japan, gave Chancellor to FenZenyatta and both of them removed every alliance Japan had and kicked every town out of the nation. They also completely ruined the discord. After that was done, FenZenyatta created the nation Imperial Japan. No battles happened during this civil war, just as in the previous one. It ended on the 25th May when Surfboy finally gave in and disbanded his own nation. Japan was reborn The Dissolution of Japan (25th May) Japan was disbanded on the 25th of May, with Kyoto choosing to join Imperial Japan, and thus making them the sole dominant power on the Island. Imperial Japan then proceeded to rename themselves to Japan, the old nation was history. All future Japanese history is going to be recorded Here The government consisted of a council of Ministers and several Royal Advisories. The most trusted citizens/mayors of Japan received positions in the Government. There were many different kinds of ministers, such as the Minister of Forestry, Infrastructure and Internal affairs. LostInMoonlight the Inactive LostInMoonlight was the first Emperor of Japan. He is remembered for his inactivity and lack of effort put into the nation. He lost his emperorship when his town, Tokyo, disbanded due to Inactivity. Fen the Reformer FenZenyatta gained power when Tokyo disbanded on the 20th January. However he wasn't viewed as an Emperor until he won the elections. The period of time between the fall of Tokyo and the elections was viewed as an "Interregnum" period by many Japanese citizens. He was elected as the Emperor of Japan on the 10th February 2019. During his reign, Japan achieved many things, like becoming the most populated nation on /n list. He was the 3rd leader of Japan. He was the owner of Niigata from December 1st, 2018 to March 19-20, 2019. He was the 2nd internal leader of Japan. He owned the old city of Tokyo (now disbanded to inactivity), and was known for his extreme inactivity. Neon_Krby founded the town of Sapporo, which was one of the founding towns of Japan. He later on moved to take care of Sendai (which is now annexed by Niigata). He proceeded to make towns in Alaska and China between his times in Japanese towns. He was the owner of Osaka-Kyoto, which was made on the ruins of old Kyoto (former capital of Oda_Shogunate ) on the 30th January. His current town of Choshi was mainly funded by FenZenyatta. He was the first Shogun of Japan back in November. He became the Emperor in March 2019, during the Demise of Japan.	2,365	ENGLISH	1
Yes, this was across the proverbial pond from the Tudors, but Catherine de’ Medici, as Queen of France, influenced the Tudor world the way Francis I had before her. Admittedly, Francis and Henry were contemporaries in a way that Catherine and Elizabeth were not. Catherine (b. 1519) was more Mary’s contemporary (b. 1516) – Catherine even married Francis’ son (who became Henry II of France) after his betrothal to Mary was broken. Elizabeth was much younger than both women – and indeed, she would have become Catherine’s daughter-in-law if she had married the Duke of Alencon as she almost did in 1580 (though Elizabeth was about twenty years older than Alencon because he was Catherine’s youngest son). Still, Catherine and Elizabeth were both essentially rulers of their respective countries – though Catherine’s power came through her sons. Catherine’s oldest, Francis, came young to the throne when Henry II died in a jousting accident. Francis was married to Mary, Queen of Scots and Catherine was not really part of that government: she had to watch Mary’s powerful Guise relatives seize enormous control over the young couple. But then Mary’s husband Francis died after only a year on the throne and Catherine stepped into the role of regent – not just for the new Charles IX, but for the next son as well (the family did not survive very well…) and she retained much of her power even after their majorities. It was Catherine who represented France from 1560 to 1588, Catherine with whom most of Elizabeth’s negotiating was done. So Catherine de’ Medici was important, but who was she? She was the daughter of Lorenzo de’ Medici, ruler of Florence and himself the nephew of Pope Leo X. Her marriage to Prince Henry of France was arranged by another of her relatives, Pope Clement (who had been born Giulio de’ Medici…). It started out glorious, but then Clement died in 1534 and the new Pope Paul III refused to pay the rest of her dowry, which reduced her standing at the French court. It didn’t help that her husband didn’t really like her all that much – he was madly in love with Diane de Poitiers, who was some twenty years older than he was. It took ten years for them to have their first child, and yes, divorce was considered… As a queen, Catherine has been labeled “sinister” – rumored to have an interest in the occult arts. Some of this stems from her failure to produce an heir for the first ten years of her marriage (people accused her of dabbling in witchcraft to fix the problem). Some of it was related to the same suspicion that surrounded Elizabeth: women were labelled “witches” when they did not conform to feminine expectations. It didn’t help that Catherine brought Nostradamus to her court and had him create a talisman for her, or that she summoned the Ruggieri brothers, who were renowned astrologers but were also involved in necromancy and the black arts. Nor did she gain any friends when she approved plans for the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre of the Huguenots. In all, she was in no way popular… Still, let us pause to remember this woman today on the 430th anniversary of her death. RIP. If you like my posts, you’ll love my books! The Path to Somerset is the latest in the Seymour Saga – have you read it yet? (Will you please review it?) Click on the photo to be taken to Amazon.Com:	<urn:uuid:4b55a7cd-2d86-442c-b93f-93556bdfe59b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://janetwertman.com/2019/01/05/january-5-1589-death-of-catherine-de-medici/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250620381.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124130719-20200124155719-00153.warc.gz	en	0.989289	771	3.421875	3	[ -0.45035699009895325, 0.25155532360076904, 0.22621788084506989, -0.06010209396481514, -0.12233467400074005, -0.17876094579696655, 0.2948838770389557, 0.175307035446167, 0.2062641978263855, -0.00009494787082076073, -0.15067343413829803, -0.42141401767730713, 0.06821031123399734, 0.222624406...	5	Yes, this was across the proverbial pond from the Tudors, but Catherine de’ Medici, as Queen of France, influenced the Tudor world the way Francis I had before her. Admittedly, Francis and Henry were contemporaries in a way that Catherine and Elizabeth were not. Catherine (b. 1519) was more Mary’s contemporary (b. 1516) – Catherine even married Francis’ son (who became Henry II of France) after his betrothal to Mary was broken. Elizabeth was much younger than both women – and indeed, she would have become Catherine’s daughter-in-law if she had married the Duke of Alencon as she almost did in 1580 (though Elizabeth was about twenty years older than Alencon because he was Catherine’s youngest son). Still, Catherine and Elizabeth were both essentially rulers of their respective countries – though Catherine’s power came through her sons. Catherine’s oldest, Francis, came young to the throne when Henry II died in a jousting accident. Francis was married to Mary, Queen of Scots and Catherine was not really part of that government: she had to watch Mary’s powerful Guise relatives seize enormous control over the young couple. But then Mary’s husband Francis died after only a year on the throne and Catherine stepped into the role of regent – not just for the new Charles IX, but for the next son as well (the family did not survive very well…) and she retained much of her power even after their majorities. It was Catherine who represented France from 1560 to 1588, Catherine with whom most of Elizabeth’s negotiating was done. So Catherine de’ Medici was important, but who was she? She was the daughter of Lorenzo de’ Medici, ruler of Florence and himself the nephew of Pope Leo X. Her marriage to Prince Henry of France was arranged by another of her relatives, Pope Clement (who had been born Giulio de’ Medici…). It started out glorious, but then Clement died in 1534 and the new Pope Paul III refused to pay the rest of her dowry, which reduced her standing at the French court. It didn’t help that her husband didn’t really like her all that much – he was madly in love with Diane de Poitiers, who was some twenty years older than he was. It took ten years for them to have their first child, and yes, divorce was considered… As a queen, Catherine has been labeled “sinister” – rumored to have an interest in the occult arts. Some of this stems from her failure to produce an heir for the first ten years of her marriage (people accused her of dabbling in witchcraft to fix the problem). Some of it was related to the same suspicion that surrounded Elizabeth: women were labelled “witches” when they did not conform to feminine expectations. It didn’t help that Catherine brought Nostradamus to her court and had him create a talisman for her, or that she summoned the Ruggieri brothers, who were renowned astrologers but were also involved in necromancy and the black arts. Nor did she gain any friends when she approved plans for the St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre of the Huguenots. In all, she was in no way popular… Still, let us pause to remember this woman today on the 430th anniversary of her death. RIP. If you like my posts, you’ll love my books! The Path to Somerset is the latest in the Seymour Saga – have you read it yet? (Will you please review it?) Click on the photo to be taken to Amazon.Com:	756	ENGLISH	1
Iroquois Kinship Essay ANT 101 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology April 17, 2013 The Iroquois people were very structured, with the women being the top dogs in their social setting. Iroquois women were in control of crops, particularly maize, and that gave them control over more than just a food source. Men were allowed to do their job as long as the women agreed with what they were doing. If women were against a particular raiding activity, they withheld maize from the warriors, which meant the men could not go (Nowak, 1979). Properties were inherited by females, such as land and tools. After marriage, men moved in with their wives to their longhouse. Marriage was encouraged …show more content… I would have to say that kinship does partially impact some behaviors in my life. There are some societal "norms" that I do adhere to, and others that I choose to ignore. For example, society states that a marriage is a union only between a man and a woman. However, I have had my own private wedding ceremony in the past between my partner and myself. It was not a legally binding ceremony, but it meant something to me. There are many in my family that would frown upon the mere symbolism of the ceremony, regardless of whether it was legally binding or not. I feel that regardless of what my family's kinship and society	<urn:uuid:20fc779a-9283-45f9-a259-b0b0382f4bcf>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.cram.com/essay/Iroquois-Kinship/FKZLQR35J	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598726.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120110422-20200120134422-00475.warc.gz	en	0.990311	287	3.34375	3	[ -0.2087474763393402, 0.41184183955192566, 0.33878204226493835, 0.10760851949453354, -0.3004890978336334, -0.013655840419232845, 0.262095183134079, 0.18518419563770294, 0.1750815510749817, -0.06177709251642227, 0.14901329576969147, 0.10752087831497192, -0.1481277048587799, 0.348846793174743...	1	Iroquois Kinship Essay ANT 101 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology April 17, 2013 The Iroquois people were very structured, with the women being the top dogs in their social setting. Iroquois women were in control of crops, particularly maize, and that gave them control over more than just a food source. Men were allowed to do their job as long as the women agreed with what they were doing. If women were against a particular raiding activity, they withheld maize from the warriors, which meant the men could not go (Nowak, 1979). Properties were inherited by females, such as land and tools. After marriage, men moved in with their wives to their longhouse. Marriage was encouraged …show more content… I would have to say that kinship does partially impact some behaviors in my life. There are some societal "norms" that I do adhere to, and others that I choose to ignore. For example, society states that a marriage is a union only between a man and a woman. However, I have had my own private wedding ceremony in the past between my partner and myself. It was not a legally binding ceremony, but it meant something to me. There are many in my family that would frown upon the mere symbolism of the ceremony, regardless of whether it was legally binding or not. I feel that regardless of what my family's kinship and society	300	ENGLISH	1
This half term in Science we have been learning about teeth and eating. As part of this, we looked at predators and prey as well as the difference between herbivore, omnivores and carnivores. We already knew about the difference in their diet so we learned about the differences in their teeth. As it was a beautifully sunny day, we took the lesson outside. Miss Sloman turned the playground into a biome. We learned that this is part of a habitat. Then she placed hoops around. These represented the safe places for prey to hide, like up a tree or in a whole. The aim of the game was to collect as many bean bags or hoops as possible. These represented food and energy. At the end of the game, anyone with less than 3 was dead as they had starved. This meant the prey needed to leave the safe hoops in order to stay alive. However, in yellow bibs were the predators, the carnivores. If they caught you, they got to keep your ‘energy’. This is to represent the food chain and the chain of energy. After a while, some top predators were added in red bibs. This meant the predators also had to be careful now. We also learned the importance of habitats. Miss Sloman came along with her ‘chain saw’ and got rid of the trees (hoops). Many more ‘prey’ were caught as they had no safe place to hide. This represented deforestation which we learned about last term. We had an excellent time and learned lots.	<urn:uuid:d4c3304f-8428-4f0b-ab98-8ca81f82b648>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://year4.bellsfarm.org/?p=601	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593937.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118193018-20200118221018-00101.warc.gz	en	0.991887	320	3.609375	4	[ -0.06674220412969589, -0.22205854952335358, 0.2539405822753906, 0.07423002272844315, 0.18491190671920776, -0.0591813363134861, 0.4943169951438904, 0.40102455019950867, 0.08082432299852371, 0.13244874775409698, 0.19043253362178802, -1.0252171754837036, 0.13563014566898346, 0.191282629966735...	2	This half term in Science we have been learning about teeth and eating. As part of this, we looked at predators and prey as well as the difference between herbivore, omnivores and carnivores. We already knew about the difference in their diet so we learned about the differences in their teeth. As it was a beautifully sunny day, we took the lesson outside. Miss Sloman turned the playground into a biome. We learned that this is part of a habitat. Then she placed hoops around. These represented the safe places for prey to hide, like up a tree or in a whole. The aim of the game was to collect as many bean bags or hoops as possible. These represented food and energy. At the end of the game, anyone with less than 3 was dead as they had starved. This meant the prey needed to leave the safe hoops in order to stay alive. However, in yellow bibs were the predators, the carnivores. If they caught you, they got to keep your ‘energy’. This is to represent the food chain and the chain of energy. After a while, some top predators were added in red bibs. This meant the predators also had to be careful now. We also learned the importance of habitats. Miss Sloman came along with her ‘chain saw’ and got rid of the trees (hoops). Many more ‘prey’ were caught as they had no safe place to hide. This represented deforestation which we learned about last term. We had an excellent time and learned lots.	311	ENGLISH	1
The Cumberland River ARTIST: Ralph Eleazer Whiteside Earl (1785-1838) was the son of New England painter Ralph Earl (1751-1801). Earl learned the essentials of painting at a young age. He and his father were working together in Connecticut by 1800. Later, at London’s Royal Academy, Earl was introduced to the works of artists such as John Trumbull (1756-1843) and Benjamin West (1738-1820), who influenced him greatly. Earl also traveled to France where studied with Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825). Upon returning from Europe in 1815, Earl traveled the South painting portraits for an eventual, but unrealized, grand historical painting of the Battle of New Orleans. This project brought Earl into contact with Andrew Jackson, the hero of the Battle of New Orleans. Jackson soon became his mentor and patron. In 1818 Earl married Jackson’s niece and moved to Nashville, Tennessee, where he became a popular portraitist. When Earl’s wife died in 1819, he was invited to live at the Hermitage, Jackson’s Nashville home. Earl is best known for his many portraits of Andrew Jackson. Many of these portraits were reproduced and circulated as engravings to increase Jackson’s public recognition, and to serve as propaganda for his political candidacy. On his election to the Presidency in 1829, Earl accompanied Jackson to Washington, serving as secretary and public relations adviser during Jackson’s eight-year presidency. Earl’s close relationship with the President led to his reputation as Jackson’s “court painter.” Earl painted portraits of many of Jackson’s aides. In 1837 Jackson and Earl returned to the Hermitage. Earl died the following year.	<urn:uuid:0bd416bd-bdaa-4c02-b4ad-df30eface43e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://mesda.org/item/collections/the-cumberland-river/686/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251776516.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128060946-20200128090946-00475.warc.gz	en	0.983189	372	3.28125	3	[ -0.18682333827018738, 0.15982022881507874, 0.3556555509567261, -0.019768202677369118, -0.38525646924972534, 0.23931090533733368, 0.33938273787498474, -0.10661152005195618, -0.3249131143093109, -0.05171852186322212, 0.6692288517951965, -0.009225108660757542, 0.08538947999477386, 0.253044337...	2	The Cumberland River ARTIST: Ralph Eleazer Whiteside Earl (1785-1838) was the son of New England painter Ralph Earl (1751-1801). Earl learned the essentials of painting at a young age. He and his father were working together in Connecticut by 1800. Later, at London’s Royal Academy, Earl was introduced to the works of artists such as John Trumbull (1756-1843) and Benjamin West (1738-1820), who influenced him greatly. Earl also traveled to France where studied with Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825). Upon returning from Europe in 1815, Earl traveled the South painting portraits for an eventual, but unrealized, grand historical painting of the Battle of New Orleans. This project brought Earl into contact with Andrew Jackson, the hero of the Battle of New Orleans. Jackson soon became his mentor and patron. In 1818 Earl married Jackson’s niece and moved to Nashville, Tennessee, where he became a popular portraitist. When Earl’s wife died in 1819, he was invited to live at the Hermitage, Jackson’s Nashville home. Earl is best known for his many portraits of Andrew Jackson. Many of these portraits were reproduced and circulated as engravings to increase Jackson’s public recognition, and to serve as propaganda for his political candidacy. On his election to the Presidency in 1829, Earl accompanied Jackson to Washington, serving as secretary and public relations adviser during Jackson’s eight-year presidency. Earl’s close relationship with the President led to his reputation as Jackson’s “court painter.” Earl painted portraits of many of Jackson’s aides. In 1837 Jackson and Earl returned to the Hermitage. Earl died the following year.	387	ENGLISH	1
Roosevelt to postpone the promised invasion as, even with American help, the Allies did not have adequate forces for such an activity. By mid the campaign in North Africa had been won. Visit Website Did you know? It holds the graves of more than 9, U. In the months and weeks before D-Day, the Allies carried out a massive deception operation intended to make the Germans think the main invasion target was Pas-de-Calais the narrowest point between Britain and France rather than Normandy. In addition, they led the Germans to believe that Norway and other locations were also potential invasion targets. Many tactics were used to carry out the deception, including fake equipment; a phantom army commanded by George Patton and supposedly based in England, across from Pas-de-Calais; double agents; and fraudulent radio transmissions. June 5, Eisenhower selected June 5,as the date for the invasion; however, bad weather on the days leading up to the operation caused it to be delayed for 24 hours. On the morning of June 5, after his meteorologist predicted improved conditions for the following day, Eisenhower gave the go-ahead for Operation Overlord. He told the troops: The eyes of the world are upon you. June 6, By dawn on June 6, thousands of paratroopers and glider troops were already on the ground behind enemy lines, securing bridges and exit roads. The amphibious invasions began at 6: According to some estimates, more than 4, Allied troops lost their lives in the D-Day invasion, with thousands more wounded or missing. Less than a week later, on June 11, the beaches were fully secured and overtroops, more than 50, vehicles and sometons of equipment had landed at Normandy. For their part, the Germans suffered from confusion in the ranks and the absence of celebrated commander Rommel, who was away on leave. At first, Hitler, believing the invasion was a feint designed to distract the Germans from a coming attack north of the Seine River, refused to release nearby divisions to join the counterattack. Reinforcements had to be called from further afield, causing delays. He also hesitated in calling for armored divisions to help in the defense. Moreover, the Germans were hampered by effective Allied air support, which took out many key bridges and forced the Germans to take long detours, as well as efficient Allied naval support, which helped protect advancing Allied troops. In the ensuing weeks, the Allies fought their way across the Normandy countryside in the face of determined German resistance, as well as a dense landscape of marshes and hedgerows. By the end of June, the Allies had seized the vital port of Cherbourg, landed approximatelymen andvehicles in Normandy, and were poised to continue their march across France. Victory in Normandy By the end of Augustthe Allies had reached the Seine River, Paris was liberated and the Germans had been removed from northwestern France, effectively concluding the Battle of Normandy. The Allied forces then prepared to enter Germany, where they would meet up with Soviet troops moving in from the east. The Normandy invasion began to turn the tide against the Nazis. A significant psychological blow, it also prevented Hitler from sending troops from France to build up his Eastern Front against the advancing Soviets.Jun 04, · Again Chris Tubbs uses original weather charts for the day of the invasion, Tuesday the 6th of June. He shows how there were brisk, north westerly winds coming across the country. What was significant about the D-day landing at Normandy on June 6 ? Many things were significant - It was and still is the largest amphibious and parachute invasion ever. The Normandy landings were the landing operations on Tuesday, 6 June of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II. Codenamed Operation Neptune and often referred to as D-Day, it was the largest seaborne invasion in iridis-photo-restoration.com: Decisive Allied victory. The Normandy Landings or most commonly known as D-day was one of the significant battles in the Second World War It lasted from June to August The battle was codenamed “Operation Overlord” and began on 6 June Over , American, British and Canadian forces landed on the coast of Normandy in France. Jun 06, · Timeline of the D-Day landings of 6th June hour by hour as events unfolded on the day Canadian soldiers land on Courseulles beach in Normandy, on June 6, . The Successful Landings In Normandy On The D-Day (6th June, ) The D-Day is the day that will ever remain memorable as a historic day in France and all over the world as the day that marked the beginning of the journey that saw the defeat of Adolf Hitler. It was on the 6th of June , on a Tuesday.	<urn:uuid:1cbe631b-38cf-44cb-9f4b-c1a11d2a799d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://jihygytucykuvo.iridis-photo-restoration.com/the-successful-landings-in-normandy-on-the-d-day-6th-june-1944-essay-4183gg.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250624328.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124161014-20200124190014-00023.warc.gz	en	0.980705	1,000	3.421875	3	[ -0.3156740665435791, 0.4926038980484009, 0.11779241263866425, -0.2570933401584625, 0.34043100476264954, -0.061607345938682556, -0.17881044745445251, -0.13320392370224, -0.04557117447257042, -0.13219468295574188, 0.43678873777389526, 0.039800357073545456, 0.4139781892299652, 0.1176286563277...	1	Roosevelt to postpone the promised invasion as, even with American help, the Allies did not have adequate forces for such an activity. By mid the campaign in North Africa had been won. Visit Website Did you know? It holds the graves of more than 9, U. In the months and weeks before D-Day, the Allies carried out a massive deception operation intended to make the Germans think the main invasion target was Pas-de-Calais the narrowest point between Britain and France rather than Normandy. In addition, they led the Germans to believe that Norway and other locations were also potential invasion targets. Many tactics were used to carry out the deception, including fake equipment; a phantom army commanded by George Patton and supposedly based in England, across from Pas-de-Calais; double agents; and fraudulent radio transmissions. June 5, Eisenhower selected June 5,as the date for the invasion; however, bad weather on the days leading up to the operation caused it to be delayed for 24 hours. On the morning of June 5, after his meteorologist predicted improved conditions for the following day, Eisenhower gave the go-ahead for Operation Overlord. He told the troops: The eyes of the world are upon you. June 6, By dawn on June 6, thousands of paratroopers and glider troops were already on the ground behind enemy lines, securing bridges and exit roads. The amphibious invasions began at 6: According to some estimates, more than 4, Allied troops lost their lives in the D-Day invasion, with thousands more wounded or missing. Less than a week later, on June 11, the beaches were fully secured and overtroops, more than 50, vehicles and sometons of equipment had landed at Normandy. For their part, the Germans suffered from confusion in the ranks and the absence of celebrated commander Rommel, who was away on leave. At first, Hitler, believing the invasion was a feint designed to distract the Germans from a coming attack north of the Seine River, refused to release nearby divisions to join the counterattack. Reinforcements had to be called from further afield, causing delays. He also hesitated in calling for armored divisions to help in the defense. Moreover, the Germans were hampered by effective Allied air support, which took out many key bridges and forced the Germans to take long detours, as well as efficient Allied naval support, which helped protect advancing Allied troops. In the ensuing weeks, the Allies fought their way across the Normandy countryside in the face of determined German resistance, as well as a dense landscape of marshes and hedgerows. By the end of June, the Allies had seized the vital port of Cherbourg, landed approximatelymen andvehicles in Normandy, and were poised to continue their march across France. Victory in Normandy By the end of Augustthe Allies had reached the Seine River, Paris was liberated and the Germans had been removed from northwestern France, effectively concluding the Battle of Normandy. The Allied forces then prepared to enter Germany, where they would meet up with Soviet troops moving in from the east. The Normandy invasion began to turn the tide against the Nazis. A significant psychological blow, it also prevented Hitler from sending troops from France to build up his Eastern Front against the advancing Soviets.Jun 04, · Again Chris Tubbs uses original weather charts for the day of the invasion, Tuesday the 6th of June. He shows how there were brisk, north westerly winds coming across the country. What was significant about the D-day landing at Normandy on June 6 ? Many things were significant - It was and still is the largest amphibious and parachute invasion ever. The Normandy landings were the landing operations on Tuesday, 6 June of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II. Codenamed Operation Neptune and often referred to as D-Day, it was the largest seaborne invasion in iridis-photo-restoration.com: Decisive Allied victory. The Normandy Landings or most commonly known as D-day was one of the significant battles in the Second World War It lasted from June to August The battle was codenamed “Operation Overlord” and began on 6 June Over , American, British and Canadian forces landed on the coast of Normandy in France. Jun 06, · Timeline of the D-Day landings of 6th June hour by hour as events unfolded on the day Canadian soldiers land on Courseulles beach in Normandy, on June 6, . The Successful Landings In Normandy On The D-Day (6th June, ) The D-Day is the day that will ever remain memorable as a historic day in France and all over the world as the day that marked the beginning of the journey that saw the defeat of Adolf Hitler. It was on the 6th of June , on a Tuesday.	1,002	ENGLISH	1
Orange fruit is delicious. It is sweet and sour and just great. It is also orange, which is convenient, because the same word “orange” can be used to describe both the colour and the fruit. But have you ever wondered what was the original meaning of this word? Is the fruit called “orange”, because of the colour or the colour is called “orange” because of the fruit? This confusing question actually has a simple and definitive answer, but let’s take a walk before it. Sweet orange that we love so much is actually a domestic plant – it is not wild. It was created through some ancient selection methods to make the fruit taste a bit sweeter. In fact, it is a hybrid between a non-pure mandarin orange and a hybrid pomelo. Orange probably originated in ancient China, where it was first mentioned around 314 B.C. It spread through the Arab world, but it took some time before it finally reached Europe. It is believed that Moors introduced oranges to Europe before the 10th century. However, oranges really started spreading when Portuguese merchants started travelling and selling them. But let’s jump back to the original question. The word “orange” actually was meant to define the fruit. It was a long way, but it finally became English during the middle ages. It originated from Dravidian “narandam”, which became “nāraṅga” in Sanskrit and “nārang” in Persian. In Arabic oranges were called “nāranj”. These words were spreading through Italy and French. In fact, English got their “orange” from the French “pomme d’orenge” or simply “orange”. Only in the beginning of the 16th century English started using “orange” to describe the colour between yellow and red. But what was it called before? Well, it was pretty much called red or “reddish-yellow”. Sometimes it was called “crog” too, but before the orange came along another fruit was considered the benchmark of the orange colour. It was saffron, so some things were “saffron-colour”. Therefore, like the egg before the chicken, orange fruit came before the orange colour. However, in many languages oranges are actually named after Portuguese people, who were selling them throughout Europe. For example, in Albanian “orange” is “portokall”, in Bulgarian – “portokal”, Greek – “portokali”, Macedonian – “portokal”, Persian – “porteghal”, Turkish – “portakal”. Meanwhile in other languages, such as Lithuanian, Latvian, Russian and others, derivatives of a Dutch “appelsien” are used (“appelsien” – “chinese apple”).	<urn:uuid:402db155-fd28-4f4e-ae02-e5517b993213>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.technology.org/2018/11/10/what-was-orange-first-the-colour-of-the-fruit/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251671078.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125071430-20200125100430-00476.warc.gz	en	0.980181	635	3.53125	4	[ -0.02058323286473751, -0.22970791161060333, -0.18811330199241638, 0.20535138249397278, 0.2799864113330841, -0.18967707455158234, 0.670744776725769, 0.2636576294898987, 0.17888936400413513, 0.3820907771587372, 0.15534955263137817, -0.962152361869812, -0.22389081120491028, -0.043851677328348...	1	Orange fruit is delicious. It is sweet and sour and just great. It is also orange, which is convenient, because the same word “orange” can be used to describe both the colour and the fruit. But have you ever wondered what was the original meaning of this word? Is the fruit called “orange”, because of the colour or the colour is called “orange” because of the fruit? This confusing question actually has a simple and definitive answer, but let’s take a walk before it. Sweet orange that we love so much is actually a domestic plant – it is not wild. It was created through some ancient selection methods to make the fruit taste a bit sweeter. In fact, it is a hybrid between a non-pure mandarin orange and a hybrid pomelo. Orange probably originated in ancient China, where it was first mentioned around 314 B.C. It spread through the Arab world, but it took some time before it finally reached Europe. It is believed that Moors introduced oranges to Europe before the 10th century. However, oranges really started spreading when Portuguese merchants started travelling and selling them. But let’s jump back to the original question. The word “orange” actually was meant to define the fruit. It was a long way, but it finally became English during the middle ages. It originated from Dravidian “narandam”, which became “nāraṅga” in Sanskrit and “nārang” in Persian. In Arabic oranges were called “nāranj”. These words were spreading through Italy and French. In fact, English got their “orange” from the French “pomme d’orenge” or simply “orange”. Only in the beginning of the 16th century English started using “orange” to describe the colour between yellow and red. But what was it called before? Well, it was pretty much called red or “reddish-yellow”. Sometimes it was called “crog” too, but before the orange came along another fruit was considered the benchmark of the orange colour. It was saffron, so some things were “saffron-colour”. Therefore, like the egg before the chicken, orange fruit came before the orange colour. However, in many languages oranges are actually named after Portuguese people, who were selling them throughout Europe. For example, in Albanian “orange” is “portokall”, in Bulgarian – “portokal”, Greek – “portokali”, Macedonian – “portokal”, Persian – “porteghal”, Turkish – “portakal”. Meanwhile in other languages, such as Lithuanian, Latvian, Russian and others, derivatives of a Dutch “appelsien” are used (“appelsien” – “chinese apple”).	566	ENGLISH	1
In the Florida Panhandle, making sugar syrup dates back to the early days in the Panhandle. The process begins early in the day with first harvesting the sugar cane stalks in a grinding machine. A pole measuring between six and eight feet is attached to one end. On the other end, was a harness where either a mule or horse was attached. While the animal walked around in a circle, the pole moved like the hand on a clock causing the grinding action at the center point of the circle. As the cane stalks were fed into the grinder, the juice from the sugar cane was squeezed out into the pan. A long tube connected to the pan allowing for the juice to flow where it would be cooked into syrup. Children from the area enjoyed hanging around during the grinding and took every opportunity to scoop up some of the juice. As they enjoyed the very sweet syrup, they were continually warned not to drink too much as it was a powerful laxative. Both the workers and children also had to be on the lookout for yellow jackets, they too enjoy the sweet syrup. The cane came in two forms, green cane and ribbon cane. The syrup was made from the ribbon cane and green cane in stalks was sold as a refreshing juice when chewed on. Making sugar syrup was not a quick process. It takes about seven gallons of juice to make just one gallon of syrup. Using “Lightered” wood with its high resin content to make the wood burn hotter. The furnace had to be continually stoked so the fire would reach a temperature high enough to boil the cane juice. The juice was cooked into syrup through the long process with many pans which the juice passed through over several hours. If the juice was left in one pan too long it could burn or if the juice was passed through too fast, not cooking correctly. Making the sugar syrup took skill, constant attention and most important patience. A wooden spoon-like instrument was used to skim the impurities and cooking materials off the top of the cooking mixture. If the juice was cooked too long, it ended up as sugar. Which was okay, but they wanted the syrup the most. When the syrup was ready, it was packaged in tin buckets, usually, paint cans or bottles and jars. It all depended on what was available. The syrup was used at home or some bartered it for other supplies. The larger mills would send buckets into towns to be sold in a larger market. Photograph credit: Southern Matters	<urn:uuid:9e647cdf-437a-4436-964d-c93ffb9218ae>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.tropicmoonmedia.com/history-of-sugar-syrup-making-in-florida-panhandle/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672440.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125101544-20200125130544-00224.warc.gz	en	0.986211	510	3.75	4	[ -0.46435418725013733, -0.014337532222270966, 0.151143878698349, -0.5247839689254761, 0.22438667714595795, -0.05980231985449791, 0.1450696736574173, 0.017956651747226715, 0.04724643751978874, -0.17413441836833954, 0.07724598795175552, 0.05171423777937889, -0.31814059615135193, 0.12867116928...	2	In the Florida Panhandle, making sugar syrup dates back to the early days in the Panhandle. The process begins early in the day with first harvesting the sugar cane stalks in a grinding machine. A pole measuring between six and eight feet is attached to one end. On the other end, was a harness where either a mule or horse was attached. While the animal walked around in a circle, the pole moved like the hand on a clock causing the grinding action at the center point of the circle. As the cane stalks were fed into the grinder, the juice from the sugar cane was squeezed out into the pan. A long tube connected to the pan allowing for the juice to flow where it would be cooked into syrup. Children from the area enjoyed hanging around during the grinding and took every opportunity to scoop up some of the juice. As they enjoyed the very sweet syrup, they were continually warned not to drink too much as it was a powerful laxative. Both the workers and children also had to be on the lookout for yellow jackets, they too enjoy the sweet syrup. The cane came in two forms, green cane and ribbon cane. The syrup was made from the ribbon cane and green cane in stalks was sold as a refreshing juice when chewed on. Making sugar syrup was not a quick process. It takes about seven gallons of juice to make just one gallon of syrup. Using “Lightered” wood with its high resin content to make the wood burn hotter. The furnace had to be continually stoked so the fire would reach a temperature high enough to boil the cane juice. The juice was cooked into syrup through the long process with many pans which the juice passed through over several hours. If the juice was left in one pan too long it could burn or if the juice was passed through too fast, not cooking correctly. Making the sugar syrup took skill, constant attention and most important patience. A wooden spoon-like instrument was used to skim the impurities and cooking materials off the top of the cooking mixture. If the juice was cooked too long, it ended up as sugar. Which was okay, but they wanted the syrup the most. When the syrup was ready, it was packaged in tin buckets, usually, paint cans or bottles and jars. It all depended on what was available. The syrup was used at home or some bartered it for other supplies. The larger mills would send buckets into towns to be sold in a larger market. Photograph credit: Southern Matters	499	ENGLISH	1
Ham in his special space suit and capsule before his flight on January 31, 1961 (NASA). Through the 1940’s to 1960’s, while the Soviet space program studied spaceflight with dogs, the early American space program focused on bringing monkeys to space to test survivability before sending humans. The very first animal(s) to successfully fly in space were fruit flies in 1947. The United States placed the flies on a German V-2rocket, which survived their 3-minute long flight. This project aimed to see if the flies could survive higher altitudes where exposure to harmful radiation from the Sun is greater. Because the flies survived the capsule’s maximum height altitude of 68 miles (109 km), these are considered the first living things to survive spaceflight from Earth. This is because the boundary between Earth’s atmosphere and space is internationally accepted to be at 100 kilometers (62 miles or 330,000 feet), known as the Kármán line. In comparison, a typical commercial flight cruises at a height of around 10 kilometers (33,000 feet or 6.2 miles). Eventually, larger animals were studied in space, of which many were primates. In 1951, a monkey called Yorick flew to space with eleven mice, making him the first primate to survive his trip space. Ham the chimpanzee was one of many to be trained and fly as part of the early American space program. What differentiates Ham from the other chimpanzees that flew to space before him was that he was not just a passenger. Previous chimps sat in their space capsules and waited for their return to Earth. Instead, Ham interacted with the spacecraft by responding to signals sent from Earth by pulling levers in his capsule. At the time of Ham’s flight, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was a newly formed space agency, so this spaceflight mission was conducted to study if living creatures could survive in space (more specifically, humans). Ham, a light-faced Pan satyruschimpanzee, was born in the summer of 1957 in the African rainforests of the French Cameroons. From here, he was sent to a farm in Miami, Florida and later purchased by the United States Air Force. The two-year-old chimp was brought to the Holloman Air Force Base in New Mexico, where he was trained and tested as one of forty chimpanzees. The animals were used to help scientists understand the effects of high-speed movement, the forces of gravity, and other conditions that were expected in space travel. Eventually, this was narrowed down to six possible chimpanzee candidates for the flight. Throughout this selected, the animals grew very close with their caretakers and were carefully monitored by veterinarians. Frequent check-ups looked at the health of the chimps’ skeletons, heart and muscles, and made sure the animals were not suffering from any bugs or parasites. Ham was carefully trained for his journey to space and was supervised by a neuroscientist at the American Air Force Base’s Aero Medial Field Laboratory. Known as No. 65, his training involved learning to perform tasks that he would have to complete while in space. This included being taught to perform in-flight experiments by hitting designated levers at certain times. Three lights were placed in front of the chimpanzees, each with a lever below them. One red light was continually illuminated and its lever was to never be pulled. The middle white light would come on only when the chimp would pull the lever below this. The chimps needed to pull this lever to shine the white light once every twenty seconds. The third light was blue and would shine at random times for five seconds. The chimps would have to pull the blue light’s lever within this five-second time frame. When the chimpanzees correctly pulled these levers during these exercises, they were rewarded with a banana-flavored pellet and water. In January of 1961, the top six of the chimpanzees, including Ham, were brought to the rocket’s launch location in Florida. The one chimp selected to fly to space was only chosen the day before the flight. During this training, Ham was noticeably quicker at responding to these lights than the other trained chimpanzees. This quick learning and agility paired with his consistent good mood and strong health lead to Ham being ultimately selected as the chosen chimp to fly in space. Ham’s mission had also selected a backup chimpanzee named Minnie. The capsule that carried him to space was designed to resemble future capsules that would eventually bring man to space as well. The entire capsule was no larger than a telephone booth and included Ham’s chamber that allowed him to freely move his arms and was equipped with a window. This chamber was designed to control oxygen, temperature and pressure in order to support Ham’s journey. Within this chamber, Ham would wear his specially fitted spacesuit and would pull the levers as instructed during training. Ham’s capsule was placed on top of the 83-foot Redstone rocket as part of mission MR-2. This mission was part of project Mercury and the flight finally took place at lunchtime on January 31st, 1961 from Cape Canavral, Florida. On flight day, Ham received a final check-up for his flight and enjoyed a breakfast of eggs, cereal and condensed milk. He weighed 37.5 pounds and was, at the time, the largest animal to fly in space. He was also the first creature to respond intelligently to signals from Earth while in space. Ham began his pulling of the light’s levers as soon as the rocket launched, so scientists could measure how his reaction time and responses changed throughout the different phases of the flight (including launch, weightlessness and re-entry to Earth). The capsule separated from the rocket around two and a half minutes after launch, reaching speeds of well over 4,000 miles per hour (roughly twice as fast as a bullet). Ham experienced weightlessness for around six minutes and was monitored by scientists from the ground. These scientists began to worry when the chamber measured lower levels of pressure, but Ham’s spacesuit prevented him from being exposed and suffering any harm. Through the chamber’s video feed, he appeared unbothered by the new environment and continued to play his gave of levers as he was trained. It was later discovered that he pulled his levers just a fraction of a second slower during his flight compared to his times documented during training. Nonetheless, Ham performed his tasks perfectly and showed that humans could perform maneuvering tasks in space too. Ham’s mission was to survive his sub-orbital spaceflight. This means that his spacecraft went into space but it did not go high or fast enough to where it can orbit, or circle, Earth. Furthermore, if Ham were to successfully survive and conduct his in-flight tasks during the flight, this would be one of the pivotal go-aheads for the first American astronaut to fly that same year. On the descent back to Earth, parachutes opened at two and four minutes before touchdown. The capsule landed in the Atlantic Ocean, around 420 miles off the shore from Cape Canaveral, where a helicopter collected it to a nearby recovery ship. Although Ham’s flight in space lasted only around seventeen minutes, it is around three hours after launch that the capsule is deposited on the ship. This is because the capsule overshot its mark, requiring more time for recovery. Ham is greeted by recovery ship Commander after his flight on the Mercury Redstone rocket (NASA). Upon removal from his capsule, Ham appeared content as he shook hands with the mission’s crew and the recovery ship’s commander. He suffered only a small bruise on his nose and was soon referred to as a “trailblazer in space”. Other than being a little wobbly on his legs, Ham’s physical condition after his flight was excellent. He enjoyed a fresh red apple as his post-flight snack onboard the recovery ship. After his flight, the chimpanzee was no longer called No. 65, and instead was called Ham after the laboratory that trained him for his mission, the Holloman Aerospace Medical Center. Furthermore, the lab commander at the time was Lieutenant Colonel Hamilton “Ham” Blackshear. In May of that same year (just three months after Ham’s flight) the first American astronaut, Alan Shepard, was launched into space in the Freedom 7space capsule, also as part of project Mercury. Similarly, Enos was another pioneering chimpanzee of the American Mercury program that was also trained at the Holloman Air Force base. Enos survived in his capsule for two full orbits around the Earth in November 1961, which later lead the way from American astronaut John Glenn to become the first American to orbit the Earth in February of 1962. Ham lived out the rest of his life in the Washington, D.C. National Zoo and the North Carolina Zoo before passing in 1983. His skeleton was kept at the National Museum of Health and Medicine. Ham rightfully earned his place at the International Space Hall of Fame, where he is buried in New Mexico.	<urn:uuid:13c934d6-b80f-4f60-8f14-d3ff59180932>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.reachingspacescience.com/single-post/The-Story-of-Ham-the-Astrochimp	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589560.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117123339-20200117151339-00429.warc.gz	en	0.986554	1,878	3.8125	4	[ -0.22186698019504547, 0.3639081120491028, 0.11353600025177002, -0.20508983731269836, -0.06011921912431717, 0.35766705870628357, 0.2802354097366333, 0.2993173599243164, -0.02663620561361313, -0.06893894076347351, 0.10174266993999481, -0.23469018936157227, 0.44840312004089355, 0.410425484180...	2	Ham in his special space suit and capsule before his flight on January 31, 1961 (NASA). Through the 1940’s to 1960’s, while the Soviet space program studied spaceflight with dogs, the early American space program focused on bringing monkeys to space to test survivability before sending humans. The very first animal(s) to successfully fly in space were fruit flies in 1947. The United States placed the flies on a German V-2rocket, which survived their 3-minute long flight. This project aimed to see if the flies could survive higher altitudes where exposure to harmful radiation from the Sun is greater. Because the flies survived the capsule’s maximum height altitude of 68 miles (109 km), these are considered the first living things to survive spaceflight from Earth. This is because the boundary between Earth’s atmosphere and space is internationally accepted to be at 100 kilometers (62 miles or 330,000 feet), known as the Kármán line. In comparison, a typical commercial flight cruises at a height of around 10 kilometers (33,000 feet or 6.2 miles). Eventually, larger animals were studied in space, of which many were primates. In 1951, a monkey called Yorick flew to space with eleven mice, making him the first primate to survive his trip space. Ham the chimpanzee was one of many to be trained and fly as part of the early American space program. What differentiates Ham from the other chimpanzees that flew to space before him was that he was not just a passenger. Previous chimps sat in their space capsules and waited for their return to Earth. Instead, Ham interacted with the spacecraft by responding to signals sent from Earth by pulling levers in his capsule. At the time of Ham’s flight, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) was a newly formed space agency, so this spaceflight mission was conducted to study if living creatures could survive in space (more specifically, humans). Ham, a light-faced Pan satyruschimpanzee, was born in the summer of 1957 in the African rainforests of the French Cameroons. From here, he was sent to a farm in Miami, Florida and later purchased by the United States Air Force. The two-year-old chimp was brought to the Holloman Air Force Base in New Mexico, where he was trained and tested as one of forty chimpanzees. The animals were used to help scientists understand the effects of high-speed movement, the forces of gravity, and other conditions that were expected in space travel. Eventually, this was narrowed down to six possible chimpanzee candidates for the flight. Throughout this selected, the animals grew very close with their caretakers and were carefully monitored by veterinarians. Frequent check-ups looked at the health of the chimps’ skeletons, heart and muscles, and made sure the animals were not suffering from any bugs or parasites. Ham was carefully trained for his journey to space and was supervised by a neuroscientist at the American Air Force Base’s Aero Medial Field Laboratory. Known as No. 65, his training involved learning to perform tasks that he would have to complete while in space. This included being taught to perform in-flight experiments by hitting designated levers at certain times. Three lights were placed in front of the chimpanzees, each with a lever below them. One red light was continually illuminated and its lever was to never be pulled. The middle white light would come on only when the chimp would pull the lever below this. The chimps needed to pull this lever to shine the white light once every twenty seconds. The third light was blue and would shine at random times for five seconds. The chimps would have to pull the blue light’s lever within this five-second time frame. When the chimpanzees correctly pulled these levers during these exercises, they were rewarded with a banana-flavored pellet and water. In January of 1961, the top six of the chimpanzees, including Ham, were brought to the rocket’s launch location in Florida. The one chimp selected to fly to space was only chosen the day before the flight. During this training, Ham was noticeably quicker at responding to these lights than the other trained chimpanzees. This quick learning and agility paired with his consistent good mood and strong health lead to Ham being ultimately selected as the chosen chimp to fly in space. Ham’s mission had also selected a backup chimpanzee named Minnie. The capsule that carried him to space was designed to resemble future capsules that would eventually bring man to space as well. The entire capsule was no larger than a telephone booth and included Ham’s chamber that allowed him to freely move his arms and was equipped with a window. This chamber was designed to control oxygen, temperature and pressure in order to support Ham’s journey. Within this chamber, Ham would wear his specially fitted spacesuit and would pull the levers as instructed during training. Ham’s capsule was placed on top of the 83-foot Redstone rocket as part of mission MR-2. This mission was part of project Mercury and the flight finally took place at lunchtime on January 31st, 1961 from Cape Canavral, Florida. On flight day, Ham received a final check-up for his flight and enjoyed a breakfast of eggs, cereal and condensed milk. He weighed 37.5 pounds and was, at the time, the largest animal to fly in space. He was also the first creature to respond intelligently to signals from Earth while in space. Ham began his pulling of the light’s levers as soon as the rocket launched, so scientists could measure how his reaction time and responses changed throughout the different phases of the flight (including launch, weightlessness and re-entry to Earth). The capsule separated from the rocket around two and a half minutes after launch, reaching speeds of well over 4,000 miles per hour (roughly twice as fast as a bullet). Ham experienced weightlessness for around six minutes and was monitored by scientists from the ground. These scientists began to worry when the chamber measured lower levels of pressure, but Ham’s spacesuit prevented him from being exposed and suffering any harm. Through the chamber’s video feed, he appeared unbothered by the new environment and continued to play his gave of levers as he was trained. It was later discovered that he pulled his levers just a fraction of a second slower during his flight compared to his times documented during training. Nonetheless, Ham performed his tasks perfectly and showed that humans could perform maneuvering tasks in space too. Ham’s mission was to survive his sub-orbital spaceflight. This means that his spacecraft went into space but it did not go high or fast enough to where it can orbit, or circle, Earth. Furthermore, if Ham were to successfully survive and conduct his in-flight tasks during the flight, this would be one of the pivotal go-aheads for the first American astronaut to fly that same year. On the descent back to Earth, parachutes opened at two and four minutes before touchdown. The capsule landed in the Atlantic Ocean, around 420 miles off the shore from Cape Canaveral, where a helicopter collected it to a nearby recovery ship. Although Ham’s flight in space lasted only around seventeen minutes, it is around three hours after launch that the capsule is deposited on the ship. This is because the capsule overshot its mark, requiring more time for recovery. Ham is greeted by recovery ship Commander after his flight on the Mercury Redstone rocket (NASA). Upon removal from his capsule, Ham appeared content as he shook hands with the mission’s crew and the recovery ship’s commander. He suffered only a small bruise on his nose and was soon referred to as a “trailblazer in space”. Other than being a little wobbly on his legs, Ham’s physical condition after his flight was excellent. He enjoyed a fresh red apple as his post-flight snack onboard the recovery ship. After his flight, the chimpanzee was no longer called No. 65, and instead was called Ham after the laboratory that trained him for his mission, the Holloman Aerospace Medical Center. Furthermore, the lab commander at the time was Lieutenant Colonel Hamilton “Ham” Blackshear. In May of that same year (just three months after Ham’s flight) the first American astronaut, Alan Shepard, was launched into space in the Freedom 7space capsule, also as part of project Mercury. Similarly, Enos was another pioneering chimpanzee of the American Mercury program that was also trained at the Holloman Air Force base. Enos survived in his capsule for two full orbits around the Earth in November 1961, which later lead the way from American astronaut John Glenn to become the first American to orbit the Earth in February of 1962. Ham lived out the rest of his life in the Washington, D.C. National Zoo and the North Carolina Zoo before passing in 1983. His skeleton was kept at the National Museum of Health and Medicine. Ham rightfully earned his place at the International Space Hall of Fame, where he is buried in New Mexico.	1,902	ENGLISH	1
A martyr is someone who readily suffers death instead of renouncing his religion. It can also be an individual who undergoes great affliction due to his strong principles or belief. Therefore, for one to be a martyr, he or she must be a very principled person who adheres to his religion and beliefs and nothing can make him renounce them. Socrates was an Athenian and a Greek philosopher who had a deep effect on the prehistoric philosophy. He has been identified as the first philosophical martyr who died from hemlock toxin. An analysis of Socrates’ life and trial provides clear evidence that he was a martyr. First-Class Online Research Paper Writing Service - Your research paper is written by a PhD professor - Your requirements and targets are always met - You are able to control the progress of your writing assignment - You get a chance to become an excellent student! Socrates knew he was the wisest, as it was declared by Chaerephon, and so he sought out individuals with reputation for acumen. He revealed that the reputations of other people were not vindicated. He considered his behavior to be a way of serving the almighty; hence, he reminded and persuaded people of their ignorance (wisdom) and also motivated them to unite with him in a genuine search for reality. Socrates later realized that he had a calling to advance the moral teaching of his people and spend most of his time teaching the Athenian youths (Stone 5). In this case, Socrates was ready for anything and nothing would stop him from spreading the good morals. He was ready for both physical and soul death, his strong belief in moral teachings makes him to be referred to as a martyr, since he could not renounce it despite being faced by tough situations. In Plato’s Apology, a number of statements indicate deliberation in his work. Reports on what he said and his actions give evidence that he found sense in his conversation and considered that he would serve a better function when he died than when being alive (Ferguson 6). The origins of Socrates’ mission in life provide insight of his real mission. He points by inquiring acumen to an idol. It provides the basis of the assumption of his greater purpose inhis work. The statement relating intelligence to a deity is the one that drove Socrates to finding those people who were regarded as wise. It can be seen that Socrates believed that he had acquired his wisdom from gods and no one was wiser than he was. This strong belief made him disregard other Athenians as not wiser than him. It created hatred and they ended up giving false accusations against Socrates. The above information clearly shows that Socrates was a martyr in that he suffered accusations due to his strong belief that he was the wisest and no one else could have overtaken him. Moreover, Socrates expresses himself as a martyr when he was accused of immorality due to his negligence of city worships, practice of religious newness and corrupting the Athenian youth. The issue on corrupting the youths was not true, because Socrates was spreading his moral teachings to the youth. Whenever the youths saw him, they did go to where he was, and would stay there with him (Plato and Church 11). The accusations were during the political period of the Athens. During this period, his friends arranged for his escape but he refused and stood by the rule of law. He was taken to prison and was sentenced to death after he was found guilty, he considered unjustified. When he was given a chance to give a counter punishment that would save his life, he instead asked for the highest tribute one would get. His firm principles and beliefs on the rule of law made him suffer greatly in prison, since he refused to escape as his friends had planned for him. He, therefore, expresses himself as a martyr (Stone 13). Socrates was declared the wisest by Chaerephon and having no opponent, he interpreted it as a way to find wiser men than him. He ended up questioning the Athenians regarding their knowledge and his findings were that he was wiser than them, yet he never knew anything. His illogical acumen made the famous Athenians look like fools. The Athenians turneed against him and accused him of misconduct. Socrates’ strong stand that he was the wisest led to his accusations and this made him suffer later through death sentence (Santas 10). In addition, Socrates was an opponent of democracy of the Athens and he, being put in trial, was a political squabbling. Socrates never supported any form of leadership that was not in line with the philosophers’ republic. The Athenian democracy was very far from being in line with the philosophers’ republic. Nevertheless, he supported the Spartans, since their democracy was like that of the philosophers’ republic. He praised the succinct acumen of the Spartans and the Athenians were not happy about it, since they were well advanced military-wise and had great cultural achievements. Socrates stands as an opponent of the Athenians democracy, that made him suffer from accusations from citizens. He expresses martyrdom in a way that he suffers in prison due to his strong opposition against the Athenians. Another example where Socrates showed his martyrdom is during his trial at the Athens court. Socrates had a great opportunity to flee since his friends were capable of bribing the guards in the prison, but he refused to escape. The reasons for his refusal were as follows; he believed that if he escaped, it would mean that he feared death and a true philosopher like him should not fear death. He also believed that, even if he left, he would not be accepted by another nation (Santas 11). Finally, he supported his refusal by saying that when he deliberately agreed to adhere to the laws of the city, he had inclined himself to any accusations by the general public. Therefore, doing the contrary would mean doing against the Socratic principle. The above explanation of his refusal to escape gives a clear picture of him as a martyr. He suffers death because he does not want to renounce the Socratic principle (Ferguson 12). Most popular orders	<urn:uuid:cced0520-fed7-4ecc-bd97-b4c51bb669c8>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://essays-experts.com/essays/analysis/socrates-apology-plato.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778272.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128122813-20200128152813-00430.warc.gz	en	0.993554	1,257	3.625	4	[ -0.2852744162082672, 0.6004310846328735, 0.06670324504375458, -0.23650535941123962, -0.7905043363571167, -0.1237347349524498, 0.814156174659729, 0.710130512714386, 0.40965980291366577, -0.18474772572517395, -0.11300475150346756, -0.07917524874210358, 0.12774312496185303, 0.1430028676986694...	1	A martyr is someone who readily suffers death instead of renouncing his religion. It can also be an individual who undergoes great affliction due to his strong principles or belief. Therefore, for one to be a martyr, he or she must be a very principled person who adheres to his religion and beliefs and nothing can make him renounce them. Socrates was an Athenian and a Greek philosopher who had a deep effect on the prehistoric philosophy. He has been identified as the first philosophical martyr who died from hemlock toxin. An analysis of Socrates’ life and trial provides clear evidence that he was a martyr. First-Class Online Research Paper Writing Service - Your research paper is written by a PhD professor - Your requirements and targets are always met - You are able to control the progress of your writing assignment - You get a chance to become an excellent student! Socrates knew he was the wisest, as it was declared by Chaerephon, and so he sought out individuals with reputation for acumen. He revealed that the reputations of other people were not vindicated. He considered his behavior to be a way of serving the almighty; hence, he reminded and persuaded people of their ignorance (wisdom) and also motivated them to unite with him in a genuine search for reality. Socrates later realized that he had a calling to advance the moral teaching of his people and spend most of his time teaching the Athenian youths (Stone 5). In this case, Socrates was ready for anything and nothing would stop him from spreading the good morals. He was ready for both physical and soul death, his strong belief in moral teachings makes him to be referred to as a martyr, since he could not renounce it despite being faced by tough situations. In Plato’s Apology, a number of statements indicate deliberation in his work. Reports on what he said and his actions give evidence that he found sense in his conversation and considered that he would serve a better function when he died than when being alive (Ferguson 6). The origins of Socrates’ mission in life provide insight of his real mission. He points by inquiring acumen to an idol. It provides the basis of the assumption of his greater purpose inhis work. The statement relating intelligence to a deity is the one that drove Socrates to finding those people who were regarded as wise. It can be seen that Socrates believed that he had acquired his wisdom from gods and no one was wiser than he was. This strong belief made him disregard other Athenians as not wiser than him. It created hatred and they ended up giving false accusations against Socrates. The above information clearly shows that Socrates was a martyr in that he suffered accusations due to his strong belief that he was the wisest and no one else could have overtaken him. Moreover, Socrates expresses himself as a martyr when he was accused of immorality due to his negligence of city worships, practice of religious newness and corrupting the Athenian youth. The issue on corrupting the youths was not true, because Socrates was spreading his moral teachings to the youth. Whenever the youths saw him, they did go to where he was, and would stay there with him (Plato and Church 11). The accusations were during the political period of the Athens. During this period, his friends arranged for his escape but he refused and stood by the rule of law. He was taken to prison and was sentenced to death after he was found guilty, he considered unjustified. When he was given a chance to give a counter punishment that would save his life, he instead asked for the highest tribute one would get. His firm principles and beliefs on the rule of law made him suffer greatly in prison, since he refused to escape as his friends had planned for him. He, therefore, expresses himself as a martyr (Stone 13). Socrates was declared the wisest by Chaerephon and having no opponent, he interpreted it as a way to find wiser men than him. He ended up questioning the Athenians regarding their knowledge and his findings were that he was wiser than them, yet he never knew anything. His illogical acumen made the famous Athenians look like fools. The Athenians turneed against him and accused him of misconduct. Socrates’ strong stand that he was the wisest led to his accusations and this made him suffer later through death sentence (Santas 10). In addition, Socrates was an opponent of democracy of the Athens and he, being put in trial, was a political squabbling. Socrates never supported any form of leadership that was not in line with the philosophers’ republic. The Athenian democracy was very far from being in line with the philosophers’ republic. Nevertheless, he supported the Spartans, since their democracy was like that of the philosophers’ republic. He praised the succinct acumen of the Spartans and the Athenians were not happy about it, since they were well advanced military-wise and had great cultural achievements. Socrates stands as an opponent of the Athenians democracy, that made him suffer from accusations from citizens. He expresses martyrdom in a way that he suffers in prison due to his strong opposition against the Athenians. Another example where Socrates showed his martyrdom is during his trial at the Athens court. Socrates had a great opportunity to flee since his friends were capable of bribing the guards in the prison, but he refused to escape. The reasons for his refusal were as follows; he believed that if he escaped, it would mean that he feared death and a true philosopher like him should not fear death. He also believed that, even if he left, he would not be accepted by another nation (Santas 11). Finally, he supported his refusal by saying that when he deliberately agreed to adhere to the laws of the city, he had inclined himself to any accusations by the general public. Therefore, doing the contrary would mean doing against the Socratic principle. The above explanation of his refusal to escape gives a clear picture of him as a martyr. He suffers death because he does not want to renounce the Socratic principle (Ferguson 12). Most popular orders	1,263	ENGLISH	1
November 8, 1880 – Edwin Laurentine Drake Dies A monument located in Titusville, Pennsylvania was constructed 1901 to honor Edwin Drake. Edwin Drake drilled just three wells in his life, but he is widely considered to be the father of the US oil industry-as he was the first American to successfully drill an oil well. Located in Titusville, Pennsylvania, it first produced oil in 1859, and started the U.S. petroleum industry. Twenty years after his ground-breaking discovery, Drake passed away in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. While the oil industry would bring wealth to many people, Drake invested poorly and his money was soon lost in speculation. He also never patented his innovative idea behind how to drill for oil. Ill and living in poverty, Drake would be voted a pension for his support to recognize his achievements. Decades after his death, his contributions would finally be fully recognized. Henry Rogers, an executive with Standard Oil, would have his body re-interred in Titusville, Pennsylvania. Once he was returned to the town where his historic well was drilled, a monument was built in Drake’s honor. The monument includes a bronze statue called ‘The Drifter.’ November 10, 1854 – George Bissell Buys Land For First Commercial Oil Well The Drake well after striking oil. In 1854, George Bissell bought 100 acres containing oil seeps from the Brewer, Watson & Company lumber company. He believed that when oil was refined it could be made into kerosene as a fuel for lamps. Following up on his suspicions, he asked Professor Benjamin Sillman Jr. to investigate. After Sillman confirmed that kerosene could be used as a fuel, Bissell hired Edwin Drake to drill on the sight of the oil seeps. Drake would go on to drill the first commercial oil well in the United States. November 10, 1914 – Woodrow Wilson Opens Houston Ship Channel The Houston Ship Channel provides a deep water path to one of the busiest seaports in the US. The discovery of oil, along with increased agriculture, lead to increased ship traffic into the Port of Houston and a number of issues for those trying to access the port. This is when the historic Houston Ship Channel came to life. Dredged out of the Buffalo Bayou, it provided a wider, deeper path into the port. The swampy and overgrown area is dredged to a depth of 25 feet. What was perhaps most unique about the opening of this channel is that President Woodrow Wilson opened it remotely from the White House, saluting and pressing an ivory button that was wired to a cannon in Houston. November 11, 1884 – Six Gas Companies Combine to Form ConEd in New York A painting of New York in 1873. Competing gas companies would often sabotage each other. In 1884, six major companies that were servicing the gas lights in New York City came together to form the Consolidated Gas Company; which would go on to become Consolidated Edison. This was an unprecedented move as gas companies used sabotage one another in this highly competitive industry, which was often plagued with brawls over the placement and repair of gas lines. The first of these companies, New York Gas Light Company, was created in 1823 by a charter from the state legislature. The company’s focus was a street lights, rather than home lights, and they worked to replace the whale oil fueled lamps that has been in use since the mid 1700’s. Five other companies were eventually dedicated to serving New York City before the merger in 1884, often in heavy competition. Workers would regularly tear up city streets to lay new lines or repair existing ones, in the process taking the time to pull out the lines of rival companies. November 12, 1899 – Mary Alford and Her Nitro Factory Becomes Famous Byron Alford was an entrepreneur who counted oil, lumber, and explosives among his business ventures. When he died in 1898, his wife took over. In 1888, when successful businessman and serial investor, Byron Alford was looking to expand his growing business empire, he decided to purchase an explosives factory. However, when he died just one year later, his wife, Mary Alford, took over the management of the factory. She had studied the business while her husband was alive and was able to run it successfully, becoming the only woman in the world at that time to own a nitroglycerin factory. She was even profiled in a New York newspaper in an article for her work with the massive factory. Nitroglycerin, among other things, was used to increase the flow of oil in an early form of fracking. ‘Torpedoes’ full of nitro were lowered into the well and exploded, forcing open the rock so more oil come reach the well bottom. November 12, 1916 – The Establishment of the New Forest Oil Company Forest Oil’s logo shows a keystone in a yellow dog lamp, and was established at the company’s founding in 1916. When Forest Oil first opened its doors in November of 1916, the company’s innovative approach to enhancing the recovery of oil would quickly prove to be a groundbreaking move for the industry. The approach was rather simple, as it pumped water into a formation to push the oil toward the well. This technique, called water-flooding, would quickly become common practice around the oil industry. Increasingly effective water-flooding techniques have extended the lives of some wells by many years. Forest Oil still exists today, though it has merged with several other oil companies over the years. Its headquarters can now be found in Colorado. November 12, 1999 – American Chemical Society Names Discovery of Plastics a Landmark in the History of Chemistry The ACS published this commemorative booklet to mark the occasion. The development of high-density polypropylene would forever change the way we manufacture goods in our world today. The widely used plastic was such an innovation that in 1999 the American Chemical Society named its discovery a National Historical Chemical Landmark. The designation was bestowed at the Bartlesville, Oklahoma facility of the Phillips Petroleum Company were the discovery was made. Robert Banks and J. Paul Hogan are credited with the discovery, which involved finding a new process for creating solid polymers from hydrocarbons. Using their process, the two were able to produce crystalline polypropylene and polyethylene. These two substances have been modified and refined to make most of the plastics that are widely used in our world today.. While the substances were initially used by toy companies, they can now be seen everywhere, from your bathroom to the factory floor. November 13, 1925 – Spindletop Booms Again The Spindletop No. 1 gusher, which was originally drilled in 1901 and set the Texas Oil Boom in motion. Texas saw its second big oil boom in 1925 when the Yount-Lee Oil Company began operations at The McFadden No. 2 Well. This massive well would go on to produce thousands of barrels of oil a day. The McFadden No. 2 was drilled somewhat south of the original Spindletop well, though it draws from the same formation. The Yount-Lee Company was founded by Miles Yount, Thomas Peter Lee, and a number of other partners. Yount believed that the Spindletop Field, which had seen falling production after the initial boom, still had a bunch of oil in it. His predictions proved to be right on that date in 1925, some 24 years after the Spindletop No.1 first produced oil. The McFadden No. 2 went down to 2,500 ft and its discovery fueled a second major oil boom in Texas.	<urn:uuid:578590fb-0477-4261-8148-0722f3138691>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://greasebook.com/blog/this-week-oil-gas-history-november-7/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591234.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117205732-20200117233732-00382.warc.gz	en	0.981433	1,601	3.5625	4	[ -0.42507001757621765, 0.3754475712776184, 0.3633027672767639, -0.0019775661639869213, -0.4339272379875183, -0.10047569870948792, 0.1851220577955246, 0.07011359184980392, -0.40680211782455444, -0.04870086908340454, -0.07379597425460815, -0.16588062047958374, -0.057625751942396164, 0.3684785...	6	November 8, 1880 – Edwin Laurentine Drake Dies A monument located in Titusville, Pennsylvania was constructed 1901 to honor Edwin Drake. Edwin Drake drilled just three wells in his life, but he is widely considered to be the father of the US oil industry-as he was the first American to successfully drill an oil well. Located in Titusville, Pennsylvania, it first produced oil in 1859, and started the U.S. petroleum industry. Twenty years after his ground-breaking discovery, Drake passed away in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. While the oil industry would bring wealth to many people, Drake invested poorly and his money was soon lost in speculation. He also never patented his innovative idea behind how to drill for oil. Ill and living in poverty, Drake would be voted a pension for his support to recognize his achievements. Decades after his death, his contributions would finally be fully recognized. Henry Rogers, an executive with Standard Oil, would have his body re-interred in Titusville, Pennsylvania. Once he was returned to the town where his historic well was drilled, a monument was built in Drake’s honor. The monument includes a bronze statue called ‘The Drifter.’ November 10, 1854 – George Bissell Buys Land For First Commercial Oil Well The Drake well after striking oil. In 1854, George Bissell bought 100 acres containing oil seeps from the Brewer, Watson & Company lumber company. He believed that when oil was refined it could be made into kerosene as a fuel for lamps. Following up on his suspicions, he asked Professor Benjamin Sillman Jr. to investigate. After Sillman confirmed that kerosene could be used as a fuel, Bissell hired Edwin Drake to drill on the sight of the oil seeps. Drake would go on to drill the first commercial oil well in the United States. November 10, 1914 – Woodrow Wilson Opens Houston Ship Channel The Houston Ship Channel provides a deep water path to one of the busiest seaports in the US. The discovery of oil, along with increased agriculture, lead to increased ship traffic into the Port of Houston and a number of issues for those trying to access the port. This is when the historic Houston Ship Channel came to life. Dredged out of the Buffalo Bayou, it provided a wider, deeper path into the port. The swampy and overgrown area is dredged to a depth of 25 feet. What was perhaps most unique about the opening of this channel is that President Woodrow Wilson opened it remotely from the White House, saluting and pressing an ivory button that was wired to a cannon in Houston. November 11, 1884 – Six Gas Companies Combine to Form ConEd in New York A painting of New York in 1873. Competing gas companies would often sabotage each other. In 1884, six major companies that were servicing the gas lights in New York City came together to form the Consolidated Gas Company; which would go on to become Consolidated Edison. This was an unprecedented move as gas companies used sabotage one another in this highly competitive industry, which was often plagued with brawls over the placement and repair of gas lines. The first of these companies, New York Gas Light Company, was created in 1823 by a charter from the state legislature. The company’s focus was a street lights, rather than home lights, and they worked to replace the whale oil fueled lamps that has been in use since the mid 1700’s. Five other companies were eventually dedicated to serving New York City before the merger in 1884, often in heavy competition. Workers would regularly tear up city streets to lay new lines or repair existing ones, in the process taking the time to pull out the lines of rival companies. November 12, 1899 – Mary Alford and Her Nitro Factory Becomes Famous Byron Alford was an entrepreneur who counted oil, lumber, and explosives among his business ventures. When he died in 1898, his wife took over. In 1888, when successful businessman and serial investor, Byron Alford was looking to expand his growing business empire, he decided to purchase an explosives factory. However, when he died just one year later, his wife, Mary Alford, took over the management of the factory. She had studied the business while her husband was alive and was able to run it successfully, becoming the only woman in the world at that time to own a nitroglycerin factory. She was even profiled in a New York newspaper in an article for her work with the massive factory. Nitroglycerin, among other things, was used to increase the flow of oil in an early form of fracking. ‘Torpedoes’ full of nitro were lowered into the well and exploded, forcing open the rock so more oil come reach the well bottom. November 12, 1916 – The Establishment of the New Forest Oil Company Forest Oil’s logo shows a keystone in a yellow dog lamp, and was established at the company’s founding in 1916. When Forest Oil first opened its doors in November of 1916, the company’s innovative approach to enhancing the recovery of oil would quickly prove to be a groundbreaking move for the industry. The approach was rather simple, as it pumped water into a formation to push the oil toward the well. This technique, called water-flooding, would quickly become common practice around the oil industry. Increasingly effective water-flooding techniques have extended the lives of some wells by many years. Forest Oil still exists today, though it has merged with several other oil companies over the years. Its headquarters can now be found in Colorado. November 12, 1999 – American Chemical Society Names Discovery of Plastics a Landmark in the History of Chemistry The ACS published this commemorative booklet to mark the occasion. The development of high-density polypropylene would forever change the way we manufacture goods in our world today. The widely used plastic was such an innovation that in 1999 the American Chemical Society named its discovery a National Historical Chemical Landmark. The designation was bestowed at the Bartlesville, Oklahoma facility of the Phillips Petroleum Company were the discovery was made. Robert Banks and J. Paul Hogan are credited with the discovery, which involved finding a new process for creating solid polymers from hydrocarbons. Using their process, the two were able to produce crystalline polypropylene and polyethylene. These two substances have been modified and refined to make most of the plastics that are widely used in our world today.. While the substances were initially used by toy companies, they can now be seen everywhere, from your bathroom to the factory floor. November 13, 1925 – Spindletop Booms Again The Spindletop No. 1 gusher, which was originally drilled in 1901 and set the Texas Oil Boom in motion. Texas saw its second big oil boom in 1925 when the Yount-Lee Oil Company began operations at The McFadden No. 2 Well. This massive well would go on to produce thousands of barrels of oil a day. The McFadden No. 2 was drilled somewhat south of the original Spindletop well, though it draws from the same formation. The Yount-Lee Company was founded by Miles Yount, Thomas Peter Lee, and a number of other partners. Yount believed that the Spindletop Field, which had seen falling production after the initial boom, still had a bunch of oil in it. His predictions proved to be right on that date in 1925, some 24 years after the Spindletop No.1 first produced oil. The McFadden No. 2 went down to 2,500 ft and its discovery fueled a second major oil boom in Texas.	1,669	ENGLISH	1
Who were the helpers in the secret annex? Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl is the published version of a diary kept by a young Jewish girl who was forced to go into hiding during the Holocaust in order to escape persecution. Anne Frank hid with her family in the annex of her father's office building. Also staying with them was the van Pels family and Fritz Pfeffer. However, they could not do this alone--once they went into hiding, they could not leave for any reason or they might be taken away or even killed. Therefore, they needed someone to take care of their needs, such as food and water. They were very lucky, because they had six incredibly brave people working in the office below helping them hide and survive. The person most noted in Anne's diary is Miep Gies, who often brought the people in the annex small gifts and surprises even though extra food was very hard to come by at that time. Also helping them were Bep Voskuijl, Jo Kleiman, Victor Kugler, Jan Gies, and Johan Voskuijl. All of these people put themselves into grave danger by helping Anne Frank and her family--if they were ever caught, they would have all been sent away to concentration camps or killed. check Approved by eNotes Editorial	<urn:uuid:3dceb909-519b-4b6d-8c1a-f90d467a5e3d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/who-helpers-secret-annex-735706	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251788528.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129041149-20200129071149-00425.warc.gz	en	0.991823	273	3.53125	4	[ -0.16434301435947418, 0.34754830598831177, 0.09155412763357162, -0.057471420615911484, 0.05938442051410675, 0.23073063790798187, 0.3542540967464447, 0.12788720428943634, -0.11089873313903809, -0.1095501035451889, 0.34786325693130493, -0.12958666682243347, -0.29864296317100525, 0.0622411407...	1	Who were the helpers in the secret annex? Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl is the published version of a diary kept by a young Jewish girl who was forced to go into hiding during the Holocaust in order to escape persecution. Anne Frank hid with her family in the annex of her father's office building. Also staying with them was the van Pels family and Fritz Pfeffer. However, they could not do this alone--once they went into hiding, they could not leave for any reason or they might be taken away or even killed. Therefore, they needed someone to take care of their needs, such as food and water. They were very lucky, because they had six incredibly brave people working in the office below helping them hide and survive. The person most noted in Anne's diary is Miep Gies, who often brought the people in the annex small gifts and surprises even though extra food was very hard to come by at that time. Also helping them were Bep Voskuijl, Jo Kleiman, Victor Kugler, Jan Gies, and Johan Voskuijl. All of these people put themselves into grave danger by helping Anne Frank and her family--if they were ever caught, they would have all been sent away to concentration camps or killed. check Approved by eNotes Editorial	268	ENGLISH	1
Ferdinand III is one of the lesser-known Habsburg emperors. He succeeded his father in the middle of the Thirty Years’ War. Archduke Leopold Wilhelm on his art-loving brother Emperor Ferdinand III He rested his sceptre on lyre and sword. History has generally seen Emperor Ferdinand III as little more than an extension of his father Ferdinand II, whom he succeeded in 1637. However, even before his accession he had borne military responsibility: after the death of Wallenstein in 1634 he was entrusted with supreme command of the Habsburg army. In the same year, together with his Spanish cousin, also a Ferdinand, he defeated the Swedes and their Protestant allies at the Battle of Nördlingen. The painting by Rubens gives a vivid impression of the close co-operation between the Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs during the Thirty Years’ War: the house of Austria was regarded as a single body entrusted by God with the task of defending the Catholic Church against those outside the fold. Ferdinand’s principal interest apart from military matters was music – he was the first Emperor to compose. When he came to power the Thirty Years’ War had developed into a conflict of the most horrifying size and kind. The lines of conflict were no longer perceptible and the populace suffered terribly from the unrestrained violence and pillaging of the mercenary armies. There were no longer any decisive battles. Although Ferdinand III sought a peace, it was only after a hard decade of negotiation that the war was finally brought to an end with the Peace of Westphalia on 24 October 1648. The Habsburgs had failed to achieve their goal of imposing Absolutism on the Holy Roman Empire. Although the Empire still remained important for them, from this point onwards they increasingly turned their attention to the south-east. Although Emperor Ferdinand’s standing in the Empire was now weakened, he still endeavoured to push through certain reforms. At the Imperial Diet (Reichstag) of 1653/54 at Regensburg his son was elected Roman-German King as Ferdinand IV, but died of smallpox shortly after at the age of 21. In 1657, Ferdinand III himself died and was succeeded by a younger son, Leopold I. The Imperial Diet at Regensburg was to be the last one at which the princes of the Empire assembled in person as they had at irregular intervals done for so long. From 1663 a permanent Diet at Regensburg (the ‘immerwährender Reichstag’) was attended by representatives of the various principalities.	<urn:uuid:3f3016bf-efc3-40a9-91a4-cf8d9aa045bf>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.habsburger.net/de/node/9233	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690379.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126195918-20200126225918-00306.warc.gz	en	0.98395	541	3.78125	4	[ 0.0945870578289032, 0.4027874171733856, 0.39454153180122375, 0.24524414539337158, 0.03398555517196655, -0.41191092133522034, -0.005649521481245756, 0.055792275816202164, 0.10139544308185577, -0.14360745251178741, 0.4135168790817261, -0.7073835730552673, -0.15759101510047913, -0.06738205999...	2	Ferdinand III is one of the lesser-known Habsburg emperors. He succeeded his father in the middle of the Thirty Years’ War. Archduke Leopold Wilhelm on his art-loving brother Emperor Ferdinand III He rested his sceptre on lyre and sword. History has generally seen Emperor Ferdinand III as little more than an extension of his father Ferdinand II, whom he succeeded in 1637. However, even before his accession he had borne military responsibility: after the death of Wallenstein in 1634 he was entrusted with supreme command of the Habsburg army. In the same year, together with his Spanish cousin, also a Ferdinand, he defeated the Swedes and their Protestant allies at the Battle of Nördlingen. The painting by Rubens gives a vivid impression of the close co-operation between the Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs during the Thirty Years’ War: the house of Austria was regarded as a single body entrusted by God with the task of defending the Catholic Church against those outside the fold. Ferdinand’s principal interest apart from military matters was music – he was the first Emperor to compose. When he came to power the Thirty Years’ War had developed into a conflict of the most horrifying size and kind. The lines of conflict were no longer perceptible and the populace suffered terribly from the unrestrained violence and pillaging of the mercenary armies. There were no longer any decisive battles. Although Ferdinand III sought a peace, it was only after a hard decade of negotiation that the war was finally brought to an end with the Peace of Westphalia on 24 October 1648. The Habsburgs had failed to achieve their goal of imposing Absolutism on the Holy Roman Empire. Although the Empire still remained important for them, from this point onwards they increasingly turned their attention to the south-east. Although Emperor Ferdinand’s standing in the Empire was now weakened, he still endeavoured to push through certain reforms. At the Imperial Diet (Reichstag) of 1653/54 at Regensburg his son was elected Roman-German King as Ferdinand IV, but died of smallpox shortly after at the age of 21. In 1657, Ferdinand III himself died and was succeeded by a younger son, Leopold I. The Imperial Diet at Regensburg was to be the last one at which the princes of the Empire assembled in person as they had at irregular intervals done for so long. From 1663 a permanent Diet at Regensburg (the ‘immerwährender Reichstag’) was attended by representatives of the various principalities.	543	ENGLISH	1
This page tells about the history of the Connecticut Colony. Connecticut was originally settled by Dutch fur traders in 1614. They sailed up the Connecticut River and built a fort near present-day Hartford. The first English settlers arrived in Connecticut in 1633 under the leadership of Reverend Thomas Hooker. They were Puritans from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. After their arrival, several colonies were established including the Colony of Connecticut, Old Saybrooke, Windsor, Hartford, and New Haven. Hartford quickly became an important center of government and trade. Much of land settled by the colonists was purchased from the Mohegan Indians. The Pequot tribe, however, wanted the land. Soon, violence erupted between settlers and the Pequot Indians in 1637. In what came to be known as the Pequot War, The Pequots were systematically massacred by not only the settlers, but by Mohegan and Naragansett Indians that had previously warred against them. Pequot lands were subsequently divided among the settlers and other tribes. After the Pequot War, Thomas Hooker led in the drafting of the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut in 1639. The document was a plan for government and is sometimes called America's first Constitution. John Haynes was then chosen as Connecticut's first governor. Finally, in 1662, Connecticut was issued a royal charter, which gave the colony a legal basis and approval from the King.	<urn:uuid:8118ffc7-a47e-4339-9ad1-816f91eae36b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://mrnussbaum.com/connecticut-colony	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595282.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119205448-20200119233448-00269.warc.gz	en	0.985231	292	4.34375	4	[ 0.003034472931176424, 0.1575034260749817, 0.4459890127182007, -0.367637038230896, -0.6015360355377197, 0.29270467162132263, 0.20515531301498413, 0.026855919510126114, -0.23372295498847961, 0.2618787884712219, -0.05600743740797043, -0.5070978999137878, -0.2588197588920593, 0.176957130432128...	1	This page tells about the history of the Connecticut Colony. Connecticut was originally settled by Dutch fur traders in 1614. They sailed up the Connecticut River and built a fort near present-day Hartford. The first English settlers arrived in Connecticut in 1633 under the leadership of Reverend Thomas Hooker. They were Puritans from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. After their arrival, several colonies were established including the Colony of Connecticut, Old Saybrooke, Windsor, Hartford, and New Haven. Hartford quickly became an important center of government and trade. Much of land settled by the colonists was purchased from the Mohegan Indians. The Pequot tribe, however, wanted the land. Soon, violence erupted between settlers and the Pequot Indians in 1637. In what came to be known as the Pequot War, The Pequots were systematically massacred by not only the settlers, but by Mohegan and Naragansett Indians that had previously warred against them. Pequot lands were subsequently divided among the settlers and other tribes. After the Pequot War, Thomas Hooker led in the drafting of the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut in 1639. The document was a plan for government and is sometimes called America's first Constitution. John Haynes was then chosen as Connecticut's first governor. Finally, in 1662, Connecticut was issued a royal charter, which gave the colony a legal basis and approval from the King.	301	ENGLISH	1
The United States is a country that has long been wrought with conflict after conflict. This, fortunately, has decorated a great number of famous military leaders. Today, we take a look at some of the most famous generals in history, as well as some who broke down social barriers. We owe these people a great debt of gratitude. 10. George Patton When even Hitler notes that you’re a wild, crazy cowboy, you know you’re something special. Patton was one of the driving forces behind several conflicts, but the most notable was World War 2. The man’s thirst for battle and blood earned him a number of nicknames, including Old Blood and Guts. He was known for a number of stirring, profanity-filled speeches pre-battle that turned his soldiers into a force to be reckoned with. Though one would assume that Patton would pass on the battlefield or somewhere at war, he died due to a car accident involving his vehicle and a military truck. He was interred next to some of the men that lost their lives under his direction in battle, as was his request. 9. Sitting Bull Though he did not serve the United States military forces, who could be more American than a Native American? Sitting Bull lived and died at the service of his people and in attempts to slow the painful process of Native Americans moving into reservations during the 19th century. An incredible military leader, Sitting Bull showed great promise from the tender age of 16. Throughout many raids, attacks, and a variety of other measures he found to be necessary, Sitting Bull cemented a legacy as one of the most important military leaders of his time. Sitting Bull died during his refusal to cooperate with police in 1890 at Standing Rock, upon which he was unarmed. He was shot and killed by LT Bullhead and another Lakota community member, Red Tomahawk. 8. Frank E. Petersen Serving as an African-American in the civil rights era was a hard, sometimes precarious place to be in. Frank E. Petersen enlisted in 1950 with the Navy. 29 years later, Petersen became the first African-American Brigadier General in the Marines, breaking down walls for others to follow after him. Petersen served in both Vietnam and Korea. Petersen retired after 38 years in the military. He passed away in 2015 at the age of 83 in his Maryland home with friends and family. 7. Chester Nimitz Another Navy alumni, Nimitz was a key player in both World War 1 and World War 2 and a key part of United States victories in both nightmarish and chaotic wars. With a military career spanning more than 40 years, he became so synonymous with naval excellence that, upon Nimitz’s death, a supercarrier was named for him. Today, the USS Nimitz still serves the US Navy. And if Chester Nimitz was still alive, there is no doubt that he would be too. Nimitz served as Fleet Admiral until his death in 1966. 6. George Custer Ah, Custer. One of the most famous American generals to serve in the wild, wild area that was the American West during his era. Though he served a shorter term than most of the other leaders on this list, only 17 years, Custer had become a Major General at the time of his death. However, it should be noted that his rank was changed to Lieutenant Colonel shortly before his death due to a change in the military. Despite Little Bighorn, Custer was an incredible asset in the Civil War and provided Grant with the successes necessary to push the rebel forces back. Without Custer, the outcome of the Civil War becomes somewhat questionable. 5. Anna Mae Hays Of the famous generals in our list, Anna is the first female General in the United States Armed Forces. General Hays started her career as a nurse during World War 2. She enlisted in the Army Nurse Corps in 1942, only to become a Brigadier General in 1970 after 28 years of work in various medical areas within the Army. General Hays would retire a year later with a plethora of military awards under her name. She passed away in January of 2018, denying her option to be interred at Arlington and preferring to allow her remains to be placed with those of her parents. 4. Ulysses S. Grant Not just a president, but an impressive general as well. During the Civil War, Ulysses S. Grant proved to be one of the greatest American military leaders in the history of the country. Through his leadership, the Union troops managed to win a war that divided the United States. As President, Grant cemented his resolve for a unified America and pushed for a future of equality that we enjoy today. 3. Douglas MacArthur From the Mexican Revolution to the Korean War, Douglas MacArthur was a constant in the United States military war theater no matter where conflict broke out. Whether he was busy tending to the troops from home or overseas, MacArthur is a name so well known that we can only add so much. Douglas MacArthur was noted once as stating that he grew up in the military, it was all he knew and all he wanted to know. A good thing he was so great at it. 2. Dwight D. Eisenhower Without a doubt, he is one of the most famous generals in history. Everyone liked Ike! A five-star general and commander of multitudes of forces throughout the middle 20th century, Eisenhower was a powerhouse and another President on our list. Though he was renowned for his military efforts, he also brought Hawaii and Alaska into the United States as full states during his era. His military career spanned several decades, ending only when he passed in 1969. An impressive run for any member of the armed forces. 1. George Washington Doubtless, we all knew who would top this list. Washington was an inspiration to a young America and to his troops. He asked nothing of them that he would not do himself, and demonstrated that mannerism time and again. A trend-setter and visionary, Washington’s legacy still lives on today within our military community.	<urn:uuid:888a0b59-8a08-417c-bafc-66d7962dc5a5>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.ourmilitary.com/famous-american-generals/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783000.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128184745-20200128214745-00063.warc.gz	en	0.985732	1,265	3.515625	4	[ -0.12122349441051483, 0.6509599089622498, 0.4954843521118164, -0.32547998428344727, -0.2931246757507324, 0.06127796322107315, 0.3820143938064575, 0.0508631132543087, 0.17252717912197113, -0.2547224164009094, 0.08926352858543396, 0.15364782512187958, 0.5782157182693481, 0.15657606720924377,...	4	The United States is a country that has long been wrought with conflict after conflict. This, fortunately, has decorated a great number of famous military leaders. Today, we take a look at some of the most famous generals in history, as well as some who broke down social barriers. We owe these people a great debt of gratitude. 10. George Patton When even Hitler notes that you’re a wild, crazy cowboy, you know you’re something special. Patton was one of the driving forces behind several conflicts, but the most notable was World War 2. The man’s thirst for battle and blood earned him a number of nicknames, including Old Blood and Guts. He was known for a number of stirring, profanity-filled speeches pre-battle that turned his soldiers into a force to be reckoned with. Though one would assume that Patton would pass on the battlefield or somewhere at war, he died due to a car accident involving his vehicle and a military truck. He was interred next to some of the men that lost their lives under his direction in battle, as was his request. 9. Sitting Bull Though he did not serve the United States military forces, who could be more American than a Native American? Sitting Bull lived and died at the service of his people and in attempts to slow the painful process of Native Americans moving into reservations during the 19th century. An incredible military leader, Sitting Bull showed great promise from the tender age of 16. Throughout many raids, attacks, and a variety of other measures he found to be necessary, Sitting Bull cemented a legacy as one of the most important military leaders of his time. Sitting Bull died during his refusal to cooperate with police in 1890 at Standing Rock, upon which he was unarmed. He was shot and killed by LT Bullhead and another Lakota community member, Red Tomahawk. 8. Frank E. Petersen Serving as an African-American in the civil rights era was a hard, sometimes precarious place to be in. Frank E. Petersen enlisted in 1950 with the Navy. 29 years later, Petersen became the first African-American Brigadier General in the Marines, breaking down walls for others to follow after him. Petersen served in both Vietnam and Korea. Petersen retired after 38 years in the military. He passed away in 2015 at the age of 83 in his Maryland home with friends and family. 7. Chester Nimitz Another Navy alumni, Nimitz was a key player in both World War 1 and World War 2 and a key part of United States victories in both nightmarish and chaotic wars. With a military career spanning more than 40 years, he became so synonymous with naval excellence that, upon Nimitz’s death, a supercarrier was named for him. Today, the USS Nimitz still serves the US Navy. And if Chester Nimitz was still alive, there is no doubt that he would be too. Nimitz served as Fleet Admiral until his death in 1966. 6. George Custer Ah, Custer. One of the most famous American generals to serve in the wild, wild area that was the American West during his era. Though he served a shorter term than most of the other leaders on this list, only 17 years, Custer had become a Major General at the time of his death. However, it should be noted that his rank was changed to Lieutenant Colonel shortly before his death due to a change in the military. Despite Little Bighorn, Custer was an incredible asset in the Civil War and provided Grant with the successes necessary to push the rebel forces back. Without Custer, the outcome of the Civil War becomes somewhat questionable. 5. Anna Mae Hays Of the famous generals in our list, Anna is the first female General in the United States Armed Forces. General Hays started her career as a nurse during World War 2. She enlisted in the Army Nurse Corps in 1942, only to become a Brigadier General in 1970 after 28 years of work in various medical areas within the Army. General Hays would retire a year later with a plethora of military awards under her name. She passed away in January of 2018, denying her option to be interred at Arlington and preferring to allow her remains to be placed with those of her parents. 4. Ulysses S. Grant Not just a president, but an impressive general as well. During the Civil War, Ulysses S. Grant proved to be one of the greatest American military leaders in the history of the country. Through his leadership, the Union troops managed to win a war that divided the United States. As President, Grant cemented his resolve for a unified America and pushed for a future of equality that we enjoy today. 3. Douglas MacArthur From the Mexican Revolution to the Korean War, Douglas MacArthur was a constant in the United States military war theater no matter where conflict broke out. Whether he was busy tending to the troops from home or overseas, MacArthur is a name so well known that we can only add so much. Douglas MacArthur was noted once as stating that he grew up in the military, it was all he knew and all he wanted to know. A good thing he was so great at it. 2. Dwight D. Eisenhower Without a doubt, he is one of the most famous generals in history. Everyone liked Ike! A five-star general and commander of multitudes of forces throughout the middle 20th century, Eisenhower was a powerhouse and another President on our list. Though he was renowned for his military efforts, he also brought Hawaii and Alaska into the United States as full states during his era. His military career spanned several decades, ending only when he passed in 1969. An impressive run for any member of the armed forces. 1. George Washington Doubtless, we all knew who would top this list. Washington was an inspiration to a young America and to his troops. He asked nothing of them that he would not do himself, and demonstrated that mannerism time and again. A trend-setter and visionary, Washington’s legacy still lives on today within our military community.	1,301	ENGLISH	1
Dimmesdale in The Scarlet Letter Essay Example Throughout The Scarlet Letter, Puritan values are strongly emphasized and utilized throughout the novel. One particular theme that remains prominent is the theme of sin. Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale is a main figure of sin in The Scarlet Letter since he is a sinner but refuses to accept his sins. In the setting of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter, Dimmesdale is a hypocritical figure because instead of admitting his sins to the community like a true minister, he hides the fact that he is a sinner and a liar which leads to his demise. Dimmesdale is the epitome of a hypocrite because as a priest he teaches from the Bible but refuses to stand with his wife and daughter in public which results in his death. He preaches to the community about how horrible it is to sin, but he himself is a sinner that does not own up to it. A true priest would come clean to his congregation instead of shaming Hester Prynne for her sin which is equal to his. Pearl asks Dimmesdale, “‘Wilt thou stand here with mother and me, to-morrow [on the scaffold at] noontide?’” (Hawthorne 230), and he refuses by saying, “‘Nay; not so, my little Pearl,’…‘not so, my child. I shall, indeed, stand with thy mother and thee one other days, but not to-morrow.’” This quote supports Dimmesdale as a hypocrite because even though he and Hester committed the same sin he continues to think of himself as higher than her so he blames her for his sin. He also fails to acknowledge Pearl at all because she is a product of their sin. Dimmesdale preaches to the community how horrible sin is but he fails to accept that he is a sinner as well by standing with Hester and Pearl on the scaffold. By the end of The Scarlet Letter, Dimmesdale finally realizes when it is too late that he should stand with his wife and daughter, but he ends up paying for his actions with his death. At the last scaffold scene, the state of the minister’s body is was nearing death but he proceeded to do his last sermon and confesses to the community. After he confesses his sin to the community, he bids farewell and breathes his las. Dimmesdale is responsible for the majority of his actions. In the novel, he is aware of what will become of him if he keeps enduring his sin in secret but is not strong enough to confess. He tries to confess to the community by saying that he is a sinner, but instead the community praises him for showing humility. In order to purge his guilt, Dimmesdale scourges himself and fasts, causing his health to deteriorate. He also believes that he bears a greater burden than Hester and blames her for the pain he experiences. The quote, “‘All the dread of public exposure, that had so long been the anguish of his life, had returned upon him,’’ reveals that the minister’s guilt is the result of his fear of taking responsibility his actions. Dimmesdale fears that if he admits his sin to the congregation, his holy image will be destroyed and he will lose his reputation. This causes Dimmesdale keep his guilt eating at him inside instead of coming clean to the community. He is responsible for the majority of his actions because it was his choice on choosing to come clean, but he chose to be a coward who runs away from taking responsibility for acts. The townsfolk are partly responsible for forcing Dimmesdale into his position because they are one of the factors that cause his fear of being publicly shamed. In Puritan society, sin is taken very seriously and as a minister who preaches from the Bible, Dimmesdale is pressured to live by high morals. The townsfolk revere him as a “savior” figure because he tells the community that he is a sinner and is unworthy of their respect. When he says this, the worshippers feel a sense of unity and praise him for showing humility. An example of how the community views Dimmesdale is during the first scaffolding scene when a townsman says, “‘You must needs be a stranger in this region, friend’… ‘else you would surely have heard of Mistress Hester Prynne and her evil doings. She hath raised a great scandal, I promise you in godly Master Dimmesdale’s church’” (Hawthorne 93). The quote shows that Dimmesdale is seen as a holy figure in the community and is even deemed as “godly.” The community influences his actions because he is sensitive to the approval of the congregation and fears being publicly shamed because of his sins. Dimmesdale feels like he needs to conceal his secret in order to keep his the image of being the perfect Puritan minister. Since the community is so strongly opposed to sin, places such high emphasis on Puritan values, and highly respects Dimmesdale as a minister, he feels as if he needs to uphold his image. The pressure that the townsfolk put on Dimmesdale to be perfect show that they are partly influencing his actions. - Discrimination in Society. Racism Essay Example - Emotional Labor Essay Example - Essay on Leadership Qualities - My Cultural Identity Essay Example - Natural Symbolism in The Round House Analysis Example - Reflection Paper Essay Example - The Analysis of Juvenile Justice System Essay Example - The Brothers Karamazov. The Issue of Religion Essay Example - The Role of Appearance Essay Example - Zander Approach. Should Parents Punish Their Children Essay Example	<urn:uuid:9cd67af6-29c7-407d-a618-8c4c5823202c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://samples.essaytopicsmasters.com/expository/dimmesdale-in-the-scarlet-letter-essay-example	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251799918.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129133601-20200129163601-00292.warc.gz	en	0.982278	1,212	3.265625	3	[ -0.238841712474823, 0.40697962045669556, -0.01971546560525894, -0.16464675962924957, -0.28042054176330566, 0.4065251350402832, 0.3394263684749603, 0.07672230899333954, 0.03146648034453392, -0.4186239242553711, -0.13777709007263184, 0.16864174604415894, 0.5846121311187744, 0.041849754750728...	1	Dimmesdale in The Scarlet Letter Essay Example Throughout The Scarlet Letter, Puritan values are strongly emphasized and utilized throughout the novel. One particular theme that remains prominent is the theme of sin. Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale is a main figure of sin in The Scarlet Letter since he is a sinner but refuses to accept his sins. In the setting of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter, Dimmesdale is a hypocritical figure because instead of admitting his sins to the community like a true minister, he hides the fact that he is a sinner and a liar which leads to his demise. Dimmesdale is the epitome of a hypocrite because as a priest he teaches from the Bible but refuses to stand with his wife and daughter in public which results in his death. He preaches to the community about how horrible it is to sin, but he himself is a sinner that does not own up to it. A true priest would come clean to his congregation instead of shaming Hester Prynne for her sin which is equal to his. Pearl asks Dimmesdale, “‘Wilt thou stand here with mother and me, to-morrow [on the scaffold at] noontide?’” (Hawthorne 230), and he refuses by saying, “‘Nay; not so, my little Pearl,’…‘not so, my child. I shall, indeed, stand with thy mother and thee one other days, but not to-morrow.’” This quote supports Dimmesdale as a hypocrite because even though he and Hester committed the same sin he continues to think of himself as higher than her so he blames her for his sin. He also fails to acknowledge Pearl at all because she is a product of their sin. Dimmesdale preaches to the community how horrible sin is but he fails to accept that he is a sinner as well by standing with Hester and Pearl on the scaffold. By the end of The Scarlet Letter, Dimmesdale finally realizes when it is too late that he should stand with his wife and daughter, but he ends up paying for his actions with his death. At the last scaffold scene, the state of the minister’s body is was nearing death but he proceeded to do his last sermon and confesses to the community. After he confesses his sin to the community, he bids farewell and breathes his las. Dimmesdale is responsible for the majority of his actions. In the novel, he is aware of what will become of him if he keeps enduring his sin in secret but is not strong enough to confess. He tries to confess to the community by saying that he is a sinner, but instead the community praises him for showing humility. In order to purge his guilt, Dimmesdale scourges himself and fasts, causing his health to deteriorate. He also believes that he bears a greater burden than Hester and blames her for the pain he experiences. The quote, “‘All the dread of public exposure, that had so long been the anguish of his life, had returned upon him,’’ reveals that the minister’s guilt is the result of his fear of taking responsibility his actions. Dimmesdale fears that if he admits his sin to the congregation, his holy image will be destroyed and he will lose his reputation. This causes Dimmesdale keep his guilt eating at him inside instead of coming clean to the community. He is responsible for the majority of his actions because it was his choice on choosing to come clean, but he chose to be a coward who runs away from taking responsibility for acts. The townsfolk are partly responsible for forcing Dimmesdale into his position because they are one of the factors that cause his fear of being publicly shamed. In Puritan society, sin is taken very seriously and as a minister who preaches from the Bible, Dimmesdale is pressured to live by high morals. The townsfolk revere him as a “savior” figure because he tells the community that he is a sinner and is unworthy of their respect. When he says this, the worshippers feel a sense of unity and praise him for showing humility. An example of how the community views Dimmesdale is during the first scaffolding scene when a townsman says, “‘You must needs be a stranger in this region, friend’… ‘else you would surely have heard of Mistress Hester Prynne and her evil doings. She hath raised a great scandal, I promise you in godly Master Dimmesdale’s church’” (Hawthorne 93). The quote shows that Dimmesdale is seen as a holy figure in the community and is even deemed as “godly.” The community influences his actions because he is sensitive to the approval of the congregation and fears being publicly shamed because of his sins. Dimmesdale feels like he needs to conceal his secret in order to keep his the image of being the perfect Puritan minister. Since the community is so strongly opposed to sin, places such high emphasis on Puritan values, and highly respects Dimmesdale as a minister, he feels as if he needs to uphold his image. The pressure that the townsfolk put on Dimmesdale to be perfect show that they are partly influencing his actions. - Discrimination in Society. Racism Essay Example - Emotional Labor Essay Example - Essay on Leadership Qualities - My Cultural Identity Essay Example - Natural Symbolism in The Round House Analysis Example - Reflection Paper Essay Example - The Analysis of Juvenile Justice System Essay Example - The Brothers Karamazov. The Issue of Religion Essay Example - The Role of Appearance Essay Example - Zander Approach. Should Parents Punish Their Children Essay Example	1,168	ENGLISH	1
Matthew does not identify the magi, but we know they come from the East. If one is in Bethlehem, to the east probably means somewhere in Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq). Scholars seem to be pretty much unanimous that these men were from Chaldea/Babylon. The Chaldeans were well know for their interest in astronomy from ancient times. The magi are traditionally known as “wise men” in the Roman Catholic and Orthodox tradition. I suppose that the men were wise. After all, they outwitted Herod the Great (Matthew 2:16), but the word magi does not necessarily mean wise. It can be translated as sorcerer or priest. Let us say that it is very likely that the magi were priests of a Near Eastern religion, probably from Babylon, who were acquainted with the God of the Jews. Why are they important? They are important because they announced to the world the coming of the Messiah! It is significant in Matthew that the ones who proclaimed Jesus to be king and Messiah were Gentiles, not Jews. I would say that what is most significant about the magi is that they publicly declared Jesus to be the king, both of the Jews and Gentiles. What would the Jews have thought about them? We need to be aware that there was a very large population of Jews in Mesopotamia at the time. The largest colony of Jews outside of Canaan was almost certainly in present-day Iraq in the first century. In fact, a large portion of the Jewish Talmud, scholarly work by Jewish teachers in the first and second century is known as the Babylonian Talmud. Therefore, Jews in the time of Jesus would have been aware that these magi were very familiar with Jewish teaching and customs. The magi were certainly aware to some extent of the significance of the birth of a baby who would be king in Israel. It is likely that they were aware of the prophecies of the Jewish Messiah. It might be a little like if a Jewish person were to interact with a Christian group. Christians would assume that a Jew understands quite a bit about Christianity. It is somewhat likely that the magi were monotheists with sympathy for Judaism.	<urn:uuid:c83655d1-72df-4287-908a-ae6f25f8d13e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://evidenceforchristianity.org/who-are-the-magi-who-visited-baby-jesus-why-are-they-important-enough-to-be-in-the-bible/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589861.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117152059-20200117180059-00033.warc.gz	en	0.988661	448	3.921875	4	[ -0.021041614934802055, 0.40215930342674255, -0.16274216771125793, -0.23632007837295532, 0.23396100103855133, -0.01598418317735195, 0.5952199101448059, 0.17362332344055176, -0.11540768295526505, -0.1395568996667862, -0.09658212214708328, 0.04888402298092842, 0.10389379411935806, 0.238858595...	6	Matthew does not identify the magi, but we know they come from the East. If one is in Bethlehem, to the east probably means somewhere in Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq). Scholars seem to be pretty much unanimous that these men were from Chaldea/Babylon. The Chaldeans were well know for their interest in astronomy from ancient times. The magi are traditionally known as “wise men” in the Roman Catholic and Orthodox tradition. I suppose that the men were wise. After all, they outwitted Herod the Great (Matthew 2:16), but the word magi does not necessarily mean wise. It can be translated as sorcerer or priest. Let us say that it is very likely that the magi were priests of a Near Eastern religion, probably from Babylon, who were acquainted with the God of the Jews. Why are they important? They are important because they announced to the world the coming of the Messiah! It is significant in Matthew that the ones who proclaimed Jesus to be king and Messiah were Gentiles, not Jews. I would say that what is most significant about the magi is that they publicly declared Jesus to be the king, both of the Jews and Gentiles. What would the Jews have thought about them? We need to be aware that there was a very large population of Jews in Mesopotamia at the time. The largest colony of Jews outside of Canaan was almost certainly in present-day Iraq in the first century. In fact, a large portion of the Jewish Talmud, scholarly work by Jewish teachers in the first and second century is known as the Babylonian Talmud. Therefore, Jews in the time of Jesus would have been aware that these magi were very familiar with Jewish teaching and customs. The magi were certainly aware to some extent of the significance of the birth of a baby who would be king in Israel. It is likely that they were aware of the prophecies of the Jewish Messiah. It might be a little like if a Jewish person were to interact with a Christian group. Christians would assume that a Jew understands quite a bit about Christianity. It is somewhat likely that the magi were monotheists with sympathy for Judaism.	452	ENGLISH	1
Paper type: Essay Pages: 4 (844 words) As a region with ambiguous boundary distributions, Alsace-Lorraine had created conflict between the two countries of France and German, establishing controversy as to whether the country would come under whose control after the Franco-Prussian War when the region was ceded to Prussia. While newly united Germans felt they knew better what is good for them and forced its ethnic identity on the Alsace-Lorraine people, France, in recovery, and its nationalistic aspiration was devastated by the war; and within the region itself, conflictions became inevitable due to the fact that a portion of the population rejected Germanization and held sentiment toward France, and the others were impressed and took pride in lining up with the German states. The German states held mixed feelings toward the region Alsace-Larraine region. Even thou it was among the German territories of the Holy Roman Empire, most of the region came under French control during the reign of Louis XIV. In document 3, the German government proclaimed that since Alsace-Lorraine was restored to the German Empire, the suppression of German language and culture would be stopped and “it becomes Germany’s national duty to wean these people from the French”. It is clear that as the power holder of the region, Germany felt a certain degree of responsibility toward Alsace-Lorraine after its restoration. This also explains why the German states felt superiority over the Alsace-Lorraine. In document 4, Professor Treitschke wrote in his pamphlet that as Germans, they know what is good for Alsace than the France and will give them back their ethnicity against their will. They were pleased to see the “immortal working of the moral forces of history”. The pamphlet was written in the year of the Franco-Prussian war, and as a citizen to a country whose nationalistic characteristics were growing rapidly, Treitschke showed a great deal of confidence for his state. The Germans also saw Alsace-Lorraine as a benefit to its well being, but a few foresaw problems that would occur after taking France’s peak cities. Otto von Bismarck, the Prussian Prime Minister, confessed in the conversation concerning possible territorial settlements that keeping Metz, a region of French, would be a “hotbed” of disaffection in the future (Doc 1). For a wise politician, Bismarck was contributing to his country by giving his opinion from different angles, and was successful in foreshadowing possible France counterattack in the near years to come. For the people within the region of Alsace-Lorraine, great conflicts arose. A great portion of the population, who saw themselves as French citizens, held sentiment toward their mother France and do not consent to separation. Jacques Preiss stated his belief in his speech that “germanization” and “assimilation” had not taken a single step forward. He believed that even thou the German Empire had conquered their land, it will not be able to conquer the moral of the Alsace-Lorraine people (Doc 7). As a deputy from Colmar, he gave his speech this way in order to inspire and encourage the Alsace people who sided with France. In document 2, the Alsatian deputies declared to the French National Assembly that their provinces will not be ceded over to the German States and claimed their argument that they had sacrificed themselves in the cause of national greatness over the past two centuries therefore they were bound to French unity. A newspaper article in Berlin proposed that the Alsatian women lacked attachment to the German culture, but were permeated by the French spirit, and they will cast great influence on their husbands and children over the matter(Doc 9). In document 5, an Alsatian delegate spoke on behalf of the Alsace-Lorraine people that Germany violently conquered their country and argued that “annexation without our consent is moral slavery”. The speaker, Teutsch, expressed his forward thinking by objecting the consequences of a bloody war and promoted peace and brotherhood. He, as a child of enlightenment in the late 19th century, spoke in favor of concord relationship between the states. Some others within the Alsace-Lorraine provinces had supported the German causes. Frere Medard, an Alsatian priest, wrote in the memoirs of his childhood that one can’t deny that certain people were impressed by the German culture. Even thou many before snubbed the Germans, they became friendly and soon became proud of their Germany ethnicity. He argued that this became inevitable because they shared school activities and leisure with their Prussian comrades (Doc 12). In Document 11, Oscar Ludman wrote in his bibliography that his brother Ernest was proud of asking pity from the Germans and knew he belong among them even thou their father stated natural to both sides. The controversy over the cession of Alsace-Lorraine provinces had arose between the two fronted countries while the people within the provinces also had a say in the matter. The multi points of view caused great problem between the states. Within Alsace itself, sentiment toward France and adaptation of “Germanization” also caused chaos. But in many eyes, Alsace-Lorraine would remain its own identity and would not fall either to the German Emperor or the French nation. Cite this page Dbq on Alsace-Lorraine. (2016, Dec 06). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/dbq-on-alsace-lorraine-essay	<urn:uuid:c1ebc6ae-3d88-453c-b085-cdedf6403cd4>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://studymoose.com/dbq-on-alsace-lorraine-essay	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594101.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119010920-20200119034920-00070.warc.gz	en	0.981066	1,178	3.875	4	[ -0.21983253955841064, 0.35330915451049805, -0.0859932005405426, 0.12877023220062256, 0.01600687950849533, 0.20782670378684998, 0.042169492691755295, 0.5460886359214783, -0.15839490294456482, -0.28576114773750305, -0.06550535559654236, -0.17440897226333618, 0.22966378927230835, 0.3285468518...	1	Paper type: Essay Pages: 4 (844 words) As a region with ambiguous boundary distributions, Alsace-Lorraine had created conflict between the two countries of France and German, establishing controversy as to whether the country would come under whose control after the Franco-Prussian War when the region was ceded to Prussia. While newly united Germans felt they knew better what is good for them and forced its ethnic identity on the Alsace-Lorraine people, France, in recovery, and its nationalistic aspiration was devastated by the war; and within the region itself, conflictions became inevitable due to the fact that a portion of the population rejected Germanization and held sentiment toward France, and the others were impressed and took pride in lining up with the German states. The German states held mixed feelings toward the region Alsace-Larraine region. Even thou it was among the German territories of the Holy Roman Empire, most of the region came under French control during the reign of Louis XIV. In document 3, the German government proclaimed that since Alsace-Lorraine was restored to the German Empire, the suppression of German language and culture would be stopped and “it becomes Germany’s national duty to wean these people from the French”. It is clear that as the power holder of the region, Germany felt a certain degree of responsibility toward Alsace-Lorraine after its restoration. This also explains why the German states felt superiority over the Alsace-Lorraine. In document 4, Professor Treitschke wrote in his pamphlet that as Germans, they know what is good for Alsace than the France and will give them back their ethnicity against their will. They were pleased to see the “immortal working of the moral forces of history”. The pamphlet was written in the year of the Franco-Prussian war, and as a citizen to a country whose nationalistic characteristics were growing rapidly, Treitschke showed a great deal of confidence for his state. The Germans also saw Alsace-Lorraine as a benefit to its well being, but a few foresaw problems that would occur after taking France’s peak cities. Otto von Bismarck, the Prussian Prime Minister, confessed in the conversation concerning possible territorial settlements that keeping Metz, a region of French, would be a “hotbed” of disaffection in the future (Doc 1). For a wise politician, Bismarck was contributing to his country by giving his opinion from different angles, and was successful in foreshadowing possible France counterattack in the near years to come. For the people within the region of Alsace-Lorraine, great conflicts arose. A great portion of the population, who saw themselves as French citizens, held sentiment toward their mother France and do not consent to separation. Jacques Preiss stated his belief in his speech that “germanization” and “assimilation” had not taken a single step forward. He believed that even thou the German Empire had conquered their land, it will not be able to conquer the moral of the Alsace-Lorraine people (Doc 7). As a deputy from Colmar, he gave his speech this way in order to inspire and encourage the Alsace people who sided with France. In document 2, the Alsatian deputies declared to the French National Assembly that their provinces will not be ceded over to the German States and claimed their argument that they had sacrificed themselves in the cause of national greatness over the past two centuries therefore they were bound to French unity. A newspaper article in Berlin proposed that the Alsatian women lacked attachment to the German culture, but were permeated by the French spirit, and they will cast great influence on their husbands and children over the matter(Doc 9). In document 5, an Alsatian delegate spoke on behalf of the Alsace-Lorraine people that Germany violently conquered their country and argued that “annexation without our consent is moral slavery”. The speaker, Teutsch, expressed his forward thinking by objecting the consequences of a bloody war and promoted peace and brotherhood. He, as a child of enlightenment in the late 19th century, spoke in favor of concord relationship between the states. Some others within the Alsace-Lorraine provinces had supported the German causes. Frere Medard, an Alsatian priest, wrote in the memoirs of his childhood that one can’t deny that certain people were impressed by the German culture. Even thou many before snubbed the Germans, they became friendly and soon became proud of their Germany ethnicity. He argued that this became inevitable because they shared school activities and leisure with their Prussian comrades (Doc 12). In Document 11, Oscar Ludman wrote in his bibliography that his brother Ernest was proud of asking pity from the Germans and knew he belong among them even thou their father stated natural to both sides. The controversy over the cession of Alsace-Lorraine provinces had arose between the two fronted countries while the people within the provinces also had a say in the matter. The multi points of view caused great problem between the states. Within Alsace itself, sentiment toward France and adaptation of “Germanization” also caused chaos. But in many eyes, Alsace-Lorraine would remain its own identity and would not fall either to the German Emperor or the French nation. Cite this page Dbq on Alsace-Lorraine. (2016, Dec 06). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/dbq-on-alsace-lorraine-essay	1,121	ENGLISH	1
The Stone Spheres of Costa Rica Ancient Mysteries: Ancient Monoliths By: Justin Klobucar There are over 300 stone spheres of varying sizes located in Costa Rica that were believed to be constructed by the extinct civilization of the Diquis. The Diquis civilization was in power between 700AD and 1530AD. They fell out of power shortly after the Spanish conquest. The spheres were discovered in 1930 by workers of the United Fruit Company who were working in the jungle.The spheres were found to be arranged in geometric forms like triangles and parallelograms. There was a line of spheres that pointed to magnetic North, which led some to believe the Diquis civilization had an extensive knowledge of magnetic compasses and astrological alignments. Many were destroyed by workers who thought there may be gold inside. Some were taken and used in architecture in the surrounding cities. Few remain in their original location. There is much speculation on where the spheres came from and how they were made. Some believe they were from the lost city of Atlantis or that the Diquis had a magic potion to mold the granodiorite boulders to their present form. Archaeologists believe they were made to adorn the path to important chief’s dwellings. We may never fully know how or why these spheres were created, but they do ad an interesting story to the world of Ancient Mysteries.	<urn:uuid:4b531f2d-cb43-4e06-a3a9-a4200b50f88c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://national-paranormal-society.org/the-stone-spheres-of-costa-rica/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687958.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126074227-20200126104227-00195.warc.gz	en	0.98907	285	3.3125	3	[ -0.21294249594211578, -0.01925699971616268, 0.4795185327529907, -0.14325106143951416, -0.16736061871051788, -0.38242465257644653, 0.1592344492673874, 0.13316068053245544, -0.32560598850250244, 0.2431071251630783, -0.13393013179302216, -0.718666136264801, -0.18692217767238617, 0.31207111477...	5	The Stone Spheres of Costa Rica Ancient Mysteries: Ancient Monoliths By: Justin Klobucar There are over 300 stone spheres of varying sizes located in Costa Rica that were believed to be constructed by the extinct civilization of the Diquis. The Diquis civilization was in power between 700AD and 1530AD. They fell out of power shortly after the Spanish conquest. The spheres were discovered in 1930 by workers of the United Fruit Company who were working in the jungle.The spheres were found to be arranged in geometric forms like triangles and parallelograms. There was a line of spheres that pointed to magnetic North, which led some to believe the Diquis civilization had an extensive knowledge of magnetic compasses and astrological alignments. Many were destroyed by workers who thought there may be gold inside. Some were taken and used in architecture in the surrounding cities. Few remain in their original location. There is much speculation on where the spheres came from and how they were made. Some believe they were from the lost city of Atlantis or that the Diquis had a magic potion to mold the granodiorite boulders to their present form. Archaeologists believe they were made to adorn the path to important chief’s dwellings. We may never fully know how or why these spheres were created, but they do ad an interesting story to the world of Ancient Mysteries.	294	ENGLISH	1
This week we are going over analogous color schemes. As part of this lesson, I like to incorporate a breif lesson on an artist so we can try their style, but use our designated color scheme. We recreated a piece by Paul Klee titled, “The Man of the Future.” This continuous line drawing is made by following the “up” and “down” and “over." Once the figure is drawn, each quadrant or organic shape that is made will be colored in using analogous colors. The students were able to choose up to 4 colors and work with them in a interestering manor. I encouraged them to add elements to their people to make it more interestering. A little about Paul Klee (clay)... Paul Klee was a painter born in Switzerland in 1879. His highly individual style was influenced by movements in art that included expressionism, cubism, and surrealism. Here is where I found the step by step Paul Klee drawing for my students.	<urn:uuid:83944e09-4206-463e-b02f-3aaf0b888780>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://marywalling79.wixsite.com/marywallingdesign/single-post/2015/12/01/Abstract-Analogous-Colors	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601615.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121044233-20200121073233-00394.warc.gz	en	0.980665	213	3.484375	3	[ -0.5478836297988892, -0.29014137387275696, 0.0057099927216768265, -0.03482728824019432, -0.1661626398563385, 0.37900012731552124, 0.14687909185886383, 0.11465604603290558, -0.4012823700904846, 0.23194260895252228, -0.043566230684518814, -0.049748823046684265, -0.023081639781594276, 0.27321...	1	This week we are going over analogous color schemes. As part of this lesson, I like to incorporate a breif lesson on an artist so we can try their style, but use our designated color scheme. We recreated a piece by Paul Klee titled, “The Man of the Future.” This continuous line drawing is made by following the “up” and “down” and “over." Once the figure is drawn, each quadrant or organic shape that is made will be colored in using analogous colors. The students were able to choose up to 4 colors and work with them in a interestering manor. I encouraged them to add elements to their people to make it more interestering. A little about Paul Klee (clay)... Paul Klee was a painter born in Switzerland in 1879. His highly individual style was influenced by movements in art that included expressionism, cubism, and surrealism. Here is where I found the step by step Paul Klee drawing for my students.	204	ENGLISH	1
1952 \| Begin opposes the Reparations Program Following the defeat of the Herut Party in the elections for the Second Knesset, receiving only eight seats, Begin announced his resignation as head of Herut. However, his friend, Yochanan Bader, did not present his resignation to the Knesset Foreman. After a month-long leave in Europe, Begin began to contact lawyers to prepare for obtaining a license practice law. A few months later it was revealed that the government, led by David Ben-Gurion, intends to sign an agreement toward getting reparations from Germany. Begin, who objected strongly, decided to return to the political arena and lead the movement to fight against the reparations. The idea of receiving reparations sparked strong public controversy. The government asked the Knesset to approve its power to negotiate with the German government for providing reparations to Israel. Begin attacked the upcoming agreement due to problematic phrasing – the agreement was presented as a kind of a way to correct and wipe clean the genocide committed by the Germans – and because the payments did not reflected on the true amount of the looted and stolen items from the Jewish people in Europe. On January 7th, a debate took place at the Knesset, which was then located on King George Street in Jerusalem. Before the hearings started, Begin gave a heated speech at a mass rally in Zion Square nearby, and then returned to the Knesset, where he was the target of repeated insults from Ben-Gurion. Begin retorted with harsh words of his own, and when he refused to retract them, he has been banned for three months from the plenum. The battle regarding the reparations became a violent demonstration, during which protesters clashed with police and threw stones at the Knesset, shattering the windows of the building.	<urn:uuid:018bd8d8-e019-48ca-9c5a-0b525b3293f2>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.begincenter.org.il/timeline/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%95-%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%91%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D/?lang=en	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251678287.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125161753-20200125190753-00218.warc.gz	en	0.98308	370	3.59375	4	[ -0.6296554803848267, 0.2923392355442047, -0.18332348763942719, -0.20194710791110992, -0.341482549905777, 0.20241494476795197, -0.05142458528280258, 0.06174995377659798, -0.17511479556560516, 0.039011143147945404, -0.2673814296722412, -0.06242186203598976, 0.11930069327354431, 0.20705819129...	4	1952 \| Begin opposes the Reparations Program Following the defeat of the Herut Party in the elections for the Second Knesset, receiving only eight seats, Begin announced his resignation as head of Herut. However, his friend, Yochanan Bader, did not present his resignation to the Knesset Foreman. After a month-long leave in Europe, Begin began to contact lawyers to prepare for obtaining a license practice law. A few months later it was revealed that the government, led by David Ben-Gurion, intends to sign an agreement toward getting reparations from Germany. Begin, who objected strongly, decided to return to the political arena and lead the movement to fight against the reparations. The idea of receiving reparations sparked strong public controversy. The government asked the Knesset to approve its power to negotiate with the German government for providing reparations to Israel. Begin attacked the upcoming agreement due to problematic phrasing – the agreement was presented as a kind of a way to correct and wipe clean the genocide committed by the Germans – and because the payments did not reflected on the true amount of the looted and stolen items from the Jewish people in Europe. On January 7th, a debate took place at the Knesset, which was then located on King George Street in Jerusalem. Before the hearings started, Begin gave a heated speech at a mass rally in Zion Square nearby, and then returned to the Knesset, where he was the target of repeated insults from Ben-Gurion. Begin retorted with harsh words of his own, and when he refused to retract them, he has been banned for three months from the plenum. The battle regarding the reparations became a violent demonstration, during which protesters clashed with police and threw stones at the Knesset, shattering the windows of the building.	373	ENGLISH	1
For this activity, you will need to turn to the poem 'The Emigree' by Carol Rumens, which can be found in the Power and Conflict section of your Anthology. 'The Emigree' is a poem about a person who was forced to leave their home country and journey to foreign shores to be safe. The narrator looks back with affection at the land they once called home, but which is now possibly run by a tyrant or caught up in war. This poem focuses on the mind and memory of the speaker who had to flee danger as a child. In their imagination, their former city is still lit with sunlight - a motif for optimism and happiness. In the following questions, you will be asked to evaluate the language devices used in the poem.	<urn:uuid:9a04dc3c-3edf-4c2b-ac43-3ff1e46743bd>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.edplace.com/worksheet_info/english/keystage4/year10/topic/1252/7266/evaluate-the-language-techniques-used-in-the-emigree-by-carol-rumens	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783000.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128184745-20200128214745-00384.warc.gz	en	0.983263	156	3.96875	4	[ -0.04308008402585983, 0.15661081671714783, 0.44106951355934143, 0.12196005880832672, 0.32027092576026917, -0.1687857210636139, 0.20530569553375244, -0.04616301879286766, -0.4081595838069916, -0.16097301244735718, -0.272402822971344, 0.24925321340560913, -0.07860260456800461, 0.615177333354...	1	For this activity, you will need to turn to the poem 'The Emigree' by Carol Rumens, which can be found in the Power and Conflict section of your Anthology. 'The Emigree' is a poem about a person who was forced to leave their home country and journey to foreign shores to be safe. The narrator looks back with affection at the land they once called home, but which is now possibly run by a tyrant or caught up in war. This poem focuses on the mind and memory of the speaker who had to flee danger as a child. In their imagination, their former city is still lit with sunlight - a motif for optimism and happiness. In the following questions, you will be asked to evaluate the language devices used in the poem.	156	ENGLISH	1
Early life of Isaac Newton Isaac Newton was born according to the Julian calendarin use in England at the time on Christmas Day, 25 December NS 4 January "an hour or two after midnight", at Woolsthorpe Manor in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterwortha hamlet in the county of Lincolnshire. His father, also named Isaac Newton, had died three months before. \|Sir Isaac Newton was an English mathematician and physicist, considered one of the greatest scientists in history.\| In addition to his invention of the infinitesimal calculus and a new theory of light and color, Newton transformed the structure of physical science with his three laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation. Three centuries later the resulting structure - classical mechanics - continues to be a useful but no less elegant monument to his genius. The first period is the boyhood period from up to his appointment in The second is the highly productive period from up to The last period, Newton got a high paying government job in London. Although a government official Newton was still doing mathematical research. Isaac Newton was born in the manor house of Woolsthorpe, near Grantham in Lincolnshire. Although by the calendar in use at the time of his birth he was born on Christmas Daywe give the date of 4 January in this biography which is the "corrected" Gregorian calendar date bringing it into line with our present calendar. The Gregorian calendar was not adopted in England until Isaac Newton came from a family of farmers but never knew his father, also named Isaac Newton, who died in Octoberthree months before his son was born. The young child was then left in the care of his grandmother Margery Ayscough at Woolsthorpe. Basically treated as an orphan, Isaac did not have a happy childhood. His grandfather James Ayscough was never mentioned by Isaac in later life and the fact that James left nothing to Isaac in his will, made when the boy was ten years old, suggests that there was no love lost between the two. There is no doubt that Isaac felt very bitter towards his mother and his step-father Barnabas Smith. When examining his sins at age nineteen, Isaac listed: Upon the death of his stepfather inNewton lived in an extended family consisting of his mother, his grandmother, one half-brother, and two half-sisters. Although this was only five miles from his home, Isaac lodged with the Clark family at Grantham. However he seems to have shown little promise in academic work. His mother, by now a lady of reasonable wealth and property, thought that her eldest son was the right person to manage her affairs and her estate. Isaac was taken away from school but soon showed that he had no talent, or interest, in managing an estate. An uncle, William Ayscough, decided that Isaac should prepare for entering university and, having persuaded his mother that this was the right thing to do, Isaac was allowed to return to the Free Grammar School in Grantham in to complete his school education. This time he lodged with Stokes, who was the headmaster of the school, and it would appear that, despite suggestions that he had previously shown no academic promise, Isaac must have convinced some of those around him that he had academic promise. He lists one of his sins as: While at Cambridge University, Newton became more interested in mathematics, optics, physics and astronomy. Towards the end of the yearan epidemic caused the university to close down. The two years Newton spent there were very insightful for him. Essay on Sir Isaac Newton - Born on Christmas Day, , Isaac Newton spent his early childhood in a small farm-house in the hamlet of Woolsthope, sixty miles northwest of Cambridge and one hundred miles from London. Sir Isaac Newton PRS FRS In , after spending sixteen years cataloging Newton's papers, Cambridge University kept a small number and returned the rest to the Earl of Portsmouth. In similar terms, Voltaire wrote in his Essay on Epic Poetry (), "Sir Isaac Newton walking in his gardens, had the first thought of his system of. Sir Isaac Newton essaysThesis Statement: Through his early life experiences and with the knowledge left by his predecessors, Sir Isaac Newton was able to develop calculus, natural forces, and optics. From birth to early childhood, Isaac Newton overcame many personal, social, and mental hardships. He researched about gravity, optics and mathematics.Sir Isaac Newton was an English physicist and astronomer. Newton was one of the greatest scientific geniuses of all time. He formulated the basic laws of mechanics and gravitation and applied them to explain the workings of the solar system—to the satisfaction of scientists for more than two centuries. Sir Isaac Newton essay writing service, custom Sir Isaac Newton papers, term papers, free Sir Isaac Newton samples, research papers, help. Sir Isaac Newton PRS FRS (25 December – 20 March /27) was an English mathematician, astronomer, theologian, author and physicist (described in his own day as a "natural philosopher") who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time, and a . The remainder of the Newton papers, many concerned with alchemy, theology and chronology, were returned to Lord Portsmouth. They were sold at auction at Sotheby's in London in and purchased by other libraries and individuals. Sir Isaac Newton’s Cambridge papers added to the UNESCO’c c s Memory of the World Register. Essay Sir Isaac Newton was an English mathematician and physicist, considered one of the greatest scientists in history. He made important contributions to many fields of science. His discoveries and theories laid the foundation for much of the progress in science. Sir Isaac Newton, an astronomer, mathematician, and a scientist is described to be "one of the greatest names in history of human thought." Newton, born on December 25, in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England, was interested in creating mechanic toys as a young boy. He even invented an /5(4).	<urn:uuid:98aa23f4-a86d-4a08-9325-93b6b5fa9526>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://kevodytigoxyt.timberdesignmag.com/sir-isaac-newton-essay-papers-10078ym.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251779833.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128153713-20200128183713-00210.warc.gz	en	0.982404	1,246	3.4375	3	[ 0.11390082538127899, 0.3292848467826843, 0.16628259420394897, -0.46643105149269104, -0.32735735177993774, -0.1741432249546051, -0.18837833404541016, 0.08656878769397736, 0.006392145995050669, 0.08503900468349457, -0.25411927700042725, -0.4852583408355713, 0.20266225934028625, 0.08998633921...	2	Early life of Isaac Newton Isaac Newton was born according to the Julian calendarin use in England at the time on Christmas Day, 25 December NS 4 January "an hour or two after midnight", at Woolsthorpe Manor in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterwortha hamlet in the county of Lincolnshire. His father, also named Isaac Newton, had died three months before. \|Sir Isaac Newton was an English mathematician and physicist, considered one of the greatest scientists in history.\| In addition to his invention of the infinitesimal calculus and a new theory of light and color, Newton transformed the structure of physical science with his three laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation. Three centuries later the resulting structure - classical mechanics - continues to be a useful but no less elegant monument to his genius. The first period is the boyhood period from up to his appointment in The second is the highly productive period from up to The last period, Newton got a high paying government job in London. Although a government official Newton was still doing mathematical research. Isaac Newton was born in the manor house of Woolsthorpe, near Grantham in Lincolnshire. Although by the calendar in use at the time of his birth he was born on Christmas Daywe give the date of 4 January in this biography which is the "corrected" Gregorian calendar date bringing it into line with our present calendar. The Gregorian calendar was not adopted in England until Isaac Newton came from a family of farmers but never knew his father, also named Isaac Newton, who died in Octoberthree months before his son was born. The young child was then left in the care of his grandmother Margery Ayscough at Woolsthorpe. Basically treated as an orphan, Isaac did not have a happy childhood. His grandfather James Ayscough was never mentioned by Isaac in later life and the fact that James left nothing to Isaac in his will, made when the boy was ten years old, suggests that there was no love lost between the two. There is no doubt that Isaac felt very bitter towards his mother and his step-father Barnabas Smith. When examining his sins at age nineteen, Isaac listed: Upon the death of his stepfather inNewton lived in an extended family consisting of his mother, his grandmother, one half-brother, and two half-sisters. Although this was only five miles from his home, Isaac lodged with the Clark family at Grantham. However he seems to have shown little promise in academic work. His mother, by now a lady of reasonable wealth and property, thought that her eldest son was the right person to manage her affairs and her estate. Isaac was taken away from school but soon showed that he had no talent, or interest, in managing an estate. An uncle, William Ayscough, decided that Isaac should prepare for entering university and, having persuaded his mother that this was the right thing to do, Isaac was allowed to return to the Free Grammar School in Grantham in to complete his school education. This time he lodged with Stokes, who was the headmaster of the school, and it would appear that, despite suggestions that he had previously shown no academic promise, Isaac must have convinced some of those around him that he had academic promise. He lists one of his sins as: While at Cambridge University, Newton became more interested in mathematics, optics, physics and astronomy. Towards the end of the yearan epidemic caused the university to close down. The two years Newton spent there were very insightful for him. Essay on Sir Isaac Newton - Born on Christmas Day, , Isaac Newton spent his early childhood in a small farm-house in the hamlet of Woolsthope, sixty miles northwest of Cambridge and one hundred miles from London. Sir Isaac Newton PRS FRS In , after spending sixteen years cataloging Newton's papers, Cambridge University kept a small number and returned the rest to the Earl of Portsmouth. In similar terms, Voltaire wrote in his Essay on Epic Poetry (), "Sir Isaac Newton walking in his gardens, had the first thought of his system of. Sir Isaac Newton essaysThesis Statement: Through his early life experiences and with the knowledge left by his predecessors, Sir Isaac Newton was able to develop calculus, natural forces, and optics. From birth to early childhood, Isaac Newton overcame many personal, social, and mental hardships. He researched about gravity, optics and mathematics.Sir Isaac Newton was an English physicist and astronomer. Newton was one of the greatest scientific geniuses of all time. He formulated the basic laws of mechanics and gravitation and applied them to explain the workings of the solar system—to the satisfaction of scientists for more than two centuries. Sir Isaac Newton essay writing service, custom Sir Isaac Newton papers, term papers, free Sir Isaac Newton samples, research papers, help. Sir Isaac Newton PRS FRS (25 December – 20 March /27) was an English mathematician, astronomer, theologian, author and physicist (described in his own day as a "natural philosopher") who is widely recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time, and a . The remainder of the Newton papers, many concerned with alchemy, theology and chronology, were returned to Lord Portsmouth. They were sold at auction at Sotheby's in London in and purchased by other libraries and individuals. Sir Isaac Newton’s Cambridge papers added to the UNESCO’c c s Memory of the World Register. Essay Sir Isaac Newton was an English mathematician and physicist, considered one of the greatest scientists in history. He made important contributions to many fields of science. His discoveries and theories laid the foundation for much of the progress in science. Sir Isaac Newton, an astronomer, mathematician, and a scientist is described to be "one of the greatest names in history of human thought." Newton, born on December 25, in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire, England, was interested in creating mechanic toys as a young boy. He even invented an /5(4).	1,232	ENGLISH	1
Although the Cold War was time of anxiety with the possibility of global destruction , it had a positive effect on the lives of those ‘on the front lines’. Education was important. Schools were built, staffed, granted supplies. Truant Officers proliferated, for missing school was a serious breach. Health was important. Vaccination, cures and finding treatments for diseases were imperative. Money was dumped into the health sector. Being active was important. Kids were to ride bicycles, skate, run, play sports. Schools had gym every day, Time was not to be wasted. Limiting television viewing for children was a demand not a request. During the Cold War, the United States and Soviet Union were in competition. They strove to make their populations the brightest and best. That Yuri Gagarin, from the U.S.S.R. was the first man in space was a great failure for the U.S.A. It caused money to be dumped in Space Exploration, and introduced astronomy into many curriculums. That sixth graders in America knew each planet in the solar system; their size and distance from the sun was standard.	<urn:uuid:c4f53371-951c-442c-8b02-6b52cc1e8776>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://virily.com/culture/when-the-cold-war-ended-34/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597458.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120052454-20200120080454-00006.warc.gz	en	0.988178	239	3.421875	3	[ -0.12730510532855988, 0.25039976835250854, 0.29709070920944214, -0.2674614489078522, 0.4342691898345947, 0.2019612044095993, 0.03526392579078674, 0.31374919414520264, -0.2719705402851105, -0.03049352392554283, 0.13194775581359863, 0.05121510475873947, 0.4563773274421692, 0.5703093409538269...	2	Although the Cold War was time of anxiety with the possibility of global destruction , it had a positive effect on the lives of those ‘on the front lines’. Education was important. Schools were built, staffed, granted supplies. Truant Officers proliferated, for missing school was a serious breach. Health was important. Vaccination, cures and finding treatments for diseases were imperative. Money was dumped into the health sector. Being active was important. Kids were to ride bicycles, skate, run, play sports. Schools had gym every day, Time was not to be wasted. Limiting television viewing for children was a demand not a request. During the Cold War, the United States and Soviet Union were in competition. They strove to make their populations the brightest and best. That Yuri Gagarin, from the U.S.S.R. was the first man in space was a great failure for the U.S.A. It caused money to be dumped in Space Exploration, and introduced astronomy into many curriculums. That sixth graders in America knew each planet in the solar system; their size and distance from the sun was standard.	229	ENGLISH	1
The Amarna Period was an era of Egyptian history during the later half of the Eighteenth Dynasty when the royal residence of the pharaoh and his queen was shifted to Akhetaten ('Horizon of the Aten') in what is now Amarna. It was marked by the reign of Amenhotep IV, who changed his name to Akhenaten (1353-1336 BC) in order to reflect the dramatic change of Egypt's polytheistic religion into one where the sun disc Aten was worshipped over all other gods. Aten was not solely worshipped (the religion was not monotheistic), but the other gods were worshipped to a significantly lesser degree. The Egyptian pantheon of the equality of all gods and goddesses was restored under Akhenaten's successor, Tutankhamun. Akhenaten instigated the earliest verified expression of a form of monotheism, although the origins of a pure monotheism are the subject of continuing debate within the academic community. Some state that Akhenaten restored monotheism while others point out that he merely suppressed a dominant solar cult by the assertion of another, while never completely abandoning several other traditional deities. Scholars believe that Akhenaten's devotion to his deity, Aten, offended many in power below him, which contributed to the end of this dynasty; he later suffered damnatio memoriae. Although modern students of Egyptology consider the monotheism of Akhenaten the most important event of this period, the later Egyptians considered the so-called Amarna period an unfortunate aberration. The period saw many innovations in the name and service of religion. Egyptians of the time viewed religion and science as one and the same. Previously, the presence of many gods explained the natural phenomena, but during the Amarna period there was a rise in monotheism. With people beginning to think of the origins of the universe, Amun-Re was seen as the sole creator and Sun-god. The view of this god is seen through the poem entitled "Hymn to the Aten": "When your movements disappear and you go to rest in the Akhet, the land is in darkness, in the manner of death... darkness a blanket, the land in stillness, with the one who makes them at rest in his Akhet. The land grows bright once you have appeared in the Akhet, shining in the sun disk by day. When you dispel darkness and give your rays, the Two Lands are in a festival of light." From the poem, one can see that the nature of the god's daily activity revolves around recreating the earth on a daily basis. It also focuses on the present life rather than on eternity. After the Amarna reign, these religious beliefs fell out of favor. It has been argued that this was in part because only the king and his family were allowed to worship Amun-Re directly, while others were permitted only to worship the king and his family. The royal women of Amarna have more surviving text about them than any other women from ancient Egypt. It is clear that they played a large role in royal and religious functions. These women were frequently portrayed as powerful in their own right. Queen Nefertiti was said to be the force behind the new monotheist religion. Nefertiti, whose name means "the beautiful one is here," bore six of Amenhotep's daughters. Many of Amenhotep's daughters were as influential as, or more so than, his wives. There is a debate whether the relationship between Amenhotep and his daughters was sexual. Although there is much controversy over this topic, there is no evidence that any of them bore his children; Amenhotep did give many of his daughters titles of queen. During Akhenaten's reign, royal portraiture underwent dramatic change. Sculptures of Akhenaten deviate from conventional portrayal of royalty. Akhenaten is depicted in an androgynous and highly stylized manner, with large thighs, a slim torso, drooping belly, full lips, and a long neck and nose. Some believe that the break with convention was due to "the presence at Amarna of new people or groups of artists whose background and training were different from those of the Karnak sculptors." The events following Akhenaten's death are unclear and the identity and policies of his co-regent and immediate successor are the matter of ongoing scholarly debate. Tutankhamun, among the last of his dynasty and the Amarna kings, died before he was twenty years old, and the dynasty's final years clearly were shaky. The royal line of the dynasty died out with Tutankhamun. Two fetuses found buried in his tomb may have been his twin daughters who would have continued the royal lineage, according to a 2008 investigation. An unidentified Egyptian queen Dakhamunzu, widow of "King Nibhururiya", is known from Hittite annals. She is often identified as Ankhesenamun, royal wife of Tutankhamun, although Nefertiti and Meritaten have also been suggested as possible candidates. This queen wrote to Suppiluliuma I, king of the Hittites, asking him to send one of his sons to become her husband and king of Egypt. In her letters she expressed fear and a reluctance to take as husband one of her servants. Suppiluliumas sent an ambassador to investigate, and after further negotiations agreed to send one of his sons to Egypt. This prince, named Zannanza, was, however, murdered, probably en route to Egypt. Suppiluliumas reacted with rage at the news of his son's death and accused the Egyptians. Then, he retaliated by going to war against Egypt's vassal states in Syria and Northern Canaan and captured the city of Amki. Unfortunately, Egyptian prisoners of war from Amki carried a plague which eventually would ravage the Hittite Empire and kill both Suppiluliumas I and his direct successor. The last two members of the eighteenth dynasty - Ay and Horemheb - became rulers from the ranks of officials in the royal court, although Ay may have married the widow of Tutankhamun in order to obtain power and she did not live long afterward. Ay's reign was short. His successor was Horemheb, a general in the Egyptian army, who had been a diplomat in the administration of Tutankhamun and may have been intended as his successor by Tutankhamun, who had no surviving children. Horemheb may have taken the throne away from Ay in a coup. He also died without surviving children and appointed his successor, Paramessu, who under the name Ramesses I ascended the throne in 1292 BC and was the first pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty. The Amarna Letters feature correspondence among the rulers of several empires, dubbed by modern historians The Club of Great Powers:Babylon, Assyria, Mitanni and Hatti, viz. the major powers in Mesopotamia, the Levant and Anatolia during the Late Bronze Age. The Babylonians were conquered by an outside group of people and were referred to in the letters as Karaduniyas. Babylon was ruled by the Kassite dynasty which would later on assimilate to the Babylonian culture. The letters of correspondence between the two deal with various trivial things but it also contained one of the few messages from Egypt to another power. It was the pharaoh responding to the demands of King Kasashman-Enlil, who initially inquired about the whereabouts of his sister, who was sent for a diplomatic marriage. The king was hesitant to send his daughter for another diplomatic marriage until he knew the status of his sister. The pharaoh responds by politely telling the king to send someone who would recognize his sister. Then later correspondence dealt with the importance of exchanging of gifts namely the gold which is used in the construction of a temple in Babylonia. There was also a correspondence where the Babylonian king was offended by not having a proper escort for a princess. He wrote that he was distraught by how few chariots there were to transport her and that he would be shamed by the responses of the great kings of the region. By the time of the Amarna letters, the Assyrians, who were originally a vassal state, had become an independent power. The two letters were from king Assur-uballit I. The first dealt with him introducing himself and sending a messenger to investigate Egypt: "He should see what you are like and what your country is like, and then leave for here." (EA 15) The second letter dealt with him inquiring as to why Egypt was not sending enough gold to him and arguing about profit for the king: "Then let him (a messenger) stay out and let him die right there in the sun, but for (but) for the king himself there must be a profit." Once enemies, by the time of the Amarna letters, the Mittanni had become an ally of Egypt's. These letters were written by the King Tuiseratta and dealt with various topics, such as preserving and renewing marriage alliances, and sending in various gifts. For example, EA 22 and EA 25 in the Amarna letters are an inventory of the gifts from the Mittani king Tusratta to the pharaoh. Other correspondences of note dealt with a gold status that was addressed in EA 26 and EA 27. Akhenaten married a Mittani princess in order to create stronger ties between the two nations. Theirs was a kingdom in Eastern Anatolia that would later make the Mitanni their vassal state. The correspondence from the Hatti come from a king called Suppiluliumas. The subjects of the letters varied, from discussing past alliances to gift giving and dealing with honor. In EA 42, the tablet stated how the Hittite king was offended by the name of the pharaoh written over his name. Although the ending of the text was very fragmented, it was discerned as saying that he will blot out the name of the pharaoh. This section may stray from the topic of the article. (October 2012) \|The opening statement:\| William Moran discussed how the first line in these documents followed a consistent formula of "Say to PN. Thus PN." There are variations of this but was found common among all the tablets. The other is a salutation which is one a report of the monarch's well being and then the second which is a series of good wishes toward the monarch. Indeed, this seems to be part of the style of Akkadian style of writing which helped facilitate foreign correspondence for the long term. As scholars argued, this aided in filtering out the chauvinistic domestic ideology at home to the other monarch. This allowed diplomacy to flourish which aided to the relative peace of the time. Despite the great distances between the rulers, the concept of a global village reigned. \|As is seen in EA 7:\| The importance of this in EA 7 is that it demonstrates the mindset of the rulers in the Near East world at the time. The "enlarged village" which scholars like to term permeated their thoughts where they took the idea of brotherhood. They were related through the political marriages but is an idea of a village of clans which gives reason to the good wishes and update on the health of the monarchs themselves. The monarchs seem to have very little concept of the time of travel between each other and at most likely saw that the village worldview they lived in was applicable for the long distant correspondence of the Amarna letters. Indeed, there is a constant demonstration of love as seen in these letters. Scholars pointed out that to demonstrate good friendship it had to be on the practical level of constant stream of gift giving. This request for gifts is constant with the various correspondence with the Great Kings. Akhenaten, born Amenhotep IV, began a religious revolution in which he declared Aten was a supreme god and turned his back on the old traditions. He moved the capital to Akhetaten. Queen Nefertiti, the daughter of Ay, married Akhenaten. Her role in daily life at the court soon extended from Great Royal Wife to that of a co-regent. It is also possible that she may have ruled Egypt in her own right as pharaoh, Neferneferuaten. Kiya. She was one of Akhenaten's secondary wives. It was once believed that she was the mother of Tutankhamun, but that was proven not the case when DNA revealed it not so. After the death of Ay, Horemheb assumed the throne. A commoner, he had served as vizier to both Tutankhamun and Ay. Horemheb instigated a policy of damnatio memoriae, against everyone associated with the Amarna period. He was married to Nefertiti's sister, Mutnodjmet, who died in child birth. With no heir, he appointed his own vizier, Paramessu as his successor.	<urn:uuid:4e92ddb3-db6e-4660-b0d3-c8b8ff06695c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://popflock.com/learn?s=Amarna_Period	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250619323.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124100832-20200124125832-00512.warc.gz	en	0.983475	2,695	4.21875	4	[ -0.23166616261005402, 0.6118859648704529, 0.02670448273420334, 0.0393974706530571, -0.5650090575218201, 0.3702693581581116, 0.5752406120300293, -0.22232578694820404, -0.01640418730676174, 0.1813029795885086, -0.19772487878799438, -0.6885942220687866, 0.010609181597828865, 0.344958484172821...	1	The Amarna Period was an era of Egyptian history during the later half of the Eighteenth Dynasty when the royal residence of the pharaoh and his queen was shifted to Akhetaten ('Horizon of the Aten') in what is now Amarna. It was marked by the reign of Amenhotep IV, who changed his name to Akhenaten (1353-1336 BC) in order to reflect the dramatic change of Egypt's polytheistic religion into one where the sun disc Aten was worshipped over all other gods. Aten was not solely worshipped (the religion was not monotheistic), but the other gods were worshipped to a significantly lesser degree. The Egyptian pantheon of the equality of all gods and goddesses was restored under Akhenaten's successor, Tutankhamun. Akhenaten instigated the earliest verified expression of a form of monotheism, although the origins of a pure monotheism are the subject of continuing debate within the academic community. Some state that Akhenaten restored monotheism while others point out that he merely suppressed a dominant solar cult by the assertion of another, while never completely abandoning several other traditional deities. Scholars believe that Akhenaten's devotion to his deity, Aten, offended many in power below him, which contributed to the end of this dynasty; he later suffered damnatio memoriae. Although modern students of Egyptology consider the monotheism of Akhenaten the most important event of this period, the later Egyptians considered the so-called Amarna period an unfortunate aberration. The period saw many innovations in the name and service of religion. Egyptians of the time viewed religion and science as one and the same. Previously, the presence of many gods explained the natural phenomena, but during the Amarna period there was a rise in monotheism. With people beginning to think of the origins of the universe, Amun-Re was seen as the sole creator and Sun-god. The view of this god is seen through the poem entitled "Hymn to the Aten": "When your movements disappear and you go to rest in the Akhet, the land is in darkness, in the manner of death... darkness a blanket, the land in stillness, with the one who makes them at rest in his Akhet. The land grows bright once you have appeared in the Akhet, shining in the sun disk by day. When you dispel darkness and give your rays, the Two Lands are in a festival of light." From the poem, one can see that the nature of the god's daily activity revolves around recreating the earth on a daily basis. It also focuses on the present life rather than on eternity. After the Amarna reign, these religious beliefs fell out of favor. It has been argued that this was in part because only the king and his family were allowed to worship Amun-Re directly, while others were permitted only to worship the king and his family. The royal women of Amarna have more surviving text about them than any other women from ancient Egypt. It is clear that they played a large role in royal and religious functions. These women were frequently portrayed as powerful in their own right. Queen Nefertiti was said to be the force behind the new monotheist religion. Nefertiti, whose name means "the beautiful one is here," bore six of Amenhotep's daughters. Many of Amenhotep's daughters were as influential as, or more so than, his wives. There is a debate whether the relationship between Amenhotep and his daughters was sexual. Although there is much controversy over this topic, there is no evidence that any of them bore his children; Amenhotep did give many of his daughters titles of queen. During Akhenaten's reign, royal portraiture underwent dramatic change. Sculptures of Akhenaten deviate from conventional portrayal of royalty. Akhenaten is depicted in an androgynous and highly stylized manner, with large thighs, a slim torso, drooping belly, full lips, and a long neck and nose. Some believe that the break with convention was due to "the presence at Amarna of new people or groups of artists whose background and training were different from those of the Karnak sculptors." The events following Akhenaten's death are unclear and the identity and policies of his co-regent and immediate successor are the matter of ongoing scholarly debate. Tutankhamun, among the last of his dynasty and the Amarna kings, died before he was twenty years old, and the dynasty's final years clearly were shaky. The royal line of the dynasty died out with Tutankhamun. Two fetuses found buried in his tomb may have been his twin daughters who would have continued the royal lineage, according to a 2008 investigation. An unidentified Egyptian queen Dakhamunzu, widow of "King Nibhururiya", is known from Hittite annals. She is often identified as Ankhesenamun, royal wife of Tutankhamun, although Nefertiti and Meritaten have also been suggested as possible candidates. This queen wrote to Suppiluliuma I, king of the Hittites, asking him to send one of his sons to become her husband and king of Egypt. In her letters she expressed fear and a reluctance to take as husband one of her servants. Suppiluliumas sent an ambassador to investigate, and after further negotiations agreed to send one of his sons to Egypt. This prince, named Zannanza, was, however, murdered, probably en route to Egypt. Suppiluliumas reacted with rage at the news of his son's death and accused the Egyptians. Then, he retaliated by going to war against Egypt's vassal states in Syria and Northern Canaan and captured the city of Amki. Unfortunately, Egyptian prisoners of war from Amki carried a plague which eventually would ravage the Hittite Empire and kill both Suppiluliumas I and his direct successor. The last two members of the eighteenth dynasty - Ay and Horemheb - became rulers from the ranks of officials in the royal court, although Ay may have married the widow of Tutankhamun in order to obtain power and she did not live long afterward. Ay's reign was short. His successor was Horemheb, a general in the Egyptian army, who had been a diplomat in the administration of Tutankhamun and may have been intended as his successor by Tutankhamun, who had no surviving children. Horemheb may have taken the throne away from Ay in a coup. He also died without surviving children and appointed his successor, Paramessu, who under the name Ramesses I ascended the throne in 1292 BC and was the first pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty. The Amarna Letters feature correspondence among the rulers of several empires, dubbed by modern historians The Club of Great Powers:Babylon, Assyria, Mitanni and Hatti, viz. the major powers in Mesopotamia, the Levant and Anatolia during the Late Bronze Age. The Babylonians were conquered by an outside group of people and were referred to in the letters as Karaduniyas. Babylon was ruled by the Kassite dynasty which would later on assimilate to the Babylonian culture. The letters of correspondence between the two deal with various trivial things but it also contained one of the few messages from Egypt to another power. It was the pharaoh responding to the demands of King Kasashman-Enlil, who initially inquired about the whereabouts of his sister, who was sent for a diplomatic marriage. The king was hesitant to send his daughter for another diplomatic marriage until he knew the status of his sister. The pharaoh responds by politely telling the king to send someone who would recognize his sister. Then later correspondence dealt with the importance of exchanging of gifts namely the gold which is used in the construction of a temple in Babylonia. There was also a correspondence where the Babylonian king was offended by not having a proper escort for a princess. He wrote that he was distraught by how few chariots there were to transport her and that he would be shamed by the responses of the great kings of the region. By the time of the Amarna letters, the Assyrians, who were originally a vassal state, had become an independent power. The two letters were from king Assur-uballit I. The first dealt with him introducing himself and sending a messenger to investigate Egypt: "He should see what you are like and what your country is like, and then leave for here." (EA 15) The second letter dealt with him inquiring as to why Egypt was not sending enough gold to him and arguing about profit for the king: "Then let him (a messenger) stay out and let him die right there in the sun, but for (but) for the king himself there must be a profit." Once enemies, by the time of the Amarna letters, the Mittanni had become an ally of Egypt's. These letters were written by the King Tuiseratta and dealt with various topics, such as preserving and renewing marriage alliances, and sending in various gifts. For example, EA 22 and EA 25 in the Amarna letters are an inventory of the gifts from the Mittani king Tusratta to the pharaoh. Other correspondences of note dealt with a gold status that was addressed in EA 26 and EA 27. Akhenaten married a Mittani princess in order to create stronger ties between the two nations. Theirs was a kingdom in Eastern Anatolia that would later make the Mitanni their vassal state. The correspondence from the Hatti come from a king called Suppiluliumas. The subjects of the letters varied, from discussing past alliances to gift giving and dealing with honor. In EA 42, the tablet stated how the Hittite king was offended by the name of the pharaoh written over his name. Although the ending of the text was very fragmented, it was discerned as saying that he will blot out the name of the pharaoh. This section may stray from the topic of the article. (October 2012) \|The opening statement:\| William Moran discussed how the first line in these documents followed a consistent formula of "Say to PN. Thus PN." There are variations of this but was found common among all the tablets. The other is a salutation which is one a report of the monarch's well being and then the second which is a series of good wishes toward the monarch. Indeed, this seems to be part of the style of Akkadian style of writing which helped facilitate foreign correspondence for the long term. As scholars argued, this aided in filtering out the chauvinistic domestic ideology at home to the other monarch. This allowed diplomacy to flourish which aided to the relative peace of the time. Despite the great distances between the rulers, the concept of a global village reigned. \|As is seen in EA 7:\| The importance of this in EA 7 is that it demonstrates the mindset of the rulers in the Near East world at the time. The "enlarged village" which scholars like to term permeated their thoughts where they took the idea of brotherhood. They were related through the political marriages but is an idea of a village of clans which gives reason to the good wishes and update on the health of the monarchs themselves. The monarchs seem to have very little concept of the time of travel between each other and at most likely saw that the village worldview they lived in was applicable for the long distant correspondence of the Amarna letters. Indeed, there is a constant demonstration of love as seen in these letters. Scholars pointed out that to demonstrate good friendship it had to be on the practical level of constant stream of gift giving. This request for gifts is constant with the various correspondence with the Great Kings. Akhenaten, born Amenhotep IV, began a religious revolution in which he declared Aten was a supreme god and turned his back on the old traditions. He moved the capital to Akhetaten. Queen Nefertiti, the daughter of Ay, married Akhenaten. Her role in daily life at the court soon extended from Great Royal Wife to that of a co-regent. It is also possible that she may have ruled Egypt in her own right as pharaoh, Neferneferuaten. Kiya. She was one of Akhenaten's secondary wives. It was once believed that she was the mother of Tutankhamun, but that was proven not the case when DNA revealed it not so. After the death of Ay, Horemheb assumed the throne. A commoner, he had served as vizier to both Tutankhamun and Ay. Horemheb instigated a policy of damnatio memoriae, against everyone associated with the Amarna period. He was married to Nefertiti's sister, Mutnodjmet, who died in child birth. With no heir, he appointed his own vizier, Paramessu as his successor.	2,707	ENGLISH	1
Early Antibiotics raise asthma risk in babies A study in Canada has shown that children who avoid asthma have 4 bacteria in their gut. These are faecalibacterium, lachnospira, veillonella and rothia. Research on three month old babies that went on to develop asthma by the time they were three years of age was clear. More than 300 babies were followed during the study. Researchers said they would accumulate in the sterile baby as it passed through the birth canal in natural birth, possibly being reinforced through breast feeding. However, these bacteria could be lost in just one course of antibiotics. Children who had been given antibiotics before the age of 1 had a much higher risk of asthma. The researchers concluded that the first 100 days of a baby’s life were critical and that the above three factors could lead rapidly to the ‘life-threatening’ disease. Ref: Science Translational Medicine (Sept 30th)	<urn:uuid:58849c11-4c7d-46de-a4f8-2e5854621180>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://chriswoollamshealthwatch.com/your-illness/general-health/antibiotics-given-to-young-children-raise-asthma-risk/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251737572.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127235617-20200128025617-00444.warc.gz	en	0.983653	198	3.34375	3	[ -0.17434746026992798, -0.011919349431991577, 0.1658123880624771, 0.26218825578689575, -0.20555229485034943, -0.080271415412426, -0.001395133207552135, 0.4744179844856262, -0.4413081705570221, -0.06018155440688133, -0.16083644330501556, -0.3133637607097626, 0.5726853013038635, 0.26742881536...	1	Early Antibiotics raise asthma risk in babies A study in Canada has shown that children who avoid asthma have 4 bacteria in their gut. These are faecalibacterium, lachnospira, veillonella and rothia. Research on three month old babies that went on to develop asthma by the time they were three years of age was clear. More than 300 babies were followed during the study. Researchers said they would accumulate in the sterile baby as it passed through the birth canal in natural birth, possibly being reinforced through breast feeding. However, these bacteria could be lost in just one course of antibiotics. Children who had been given antibiotics before the age of 1 had a much higher risk of asthma. The researchers concluded that the first 100 days of a baby’s life were critical and that the above three factors could lead rapidly to the ‘life-threatening’ disease. Ref: Science Translational Medicine (Sept 30th)	197	ENGLISH	1
The distinction between man and woman requires no need for elaboration. It is obvious for everyone to see. But there are those who use these differences to interpret the role that women and men should play in society. In ancient times men believe that they were supposed to rule over women. There is no better proof of this assertion other than the study of mythology because it can be said that mythology is a form of distillation of ideas. Thus, in Greek mythology, one can see how this belief is perpetuated. There are even those who argue that myth-making was used to propagate this view. The best examples of course are the stories that related to Zeus and the way he treated women. In Greek-mythology the power relations is easy to understand; women were supposed to be dominated by men. Greek-mythology can be partially blamed for the demotion and devaluation of women. There is no way to deny this claim because the main plot of the stories that came from this region tells of how easy it was for men to violate women and get away with. For an outsider looking in, especially those who study these myths, the way ancient men treated women is not only barbaric but accomplished with a sense of pride and entitlement – as if it was man’s natural right to abuse women and do as they please with them. The idea was reinforced by the myth about gods and their relationships with women both mortal and goddesses alike. Zeus and the Excuse to Dominate Women If indeed Greek mythology was created not only as a form of explaining the origin of life in this region but also to explain the purpose of life, then Greek mythology was used as form of teaching tool to direct all the inhabitants of Greece to their rightful places. It also makes sense of the sociological order that existed during that period in history. With regards to power relations between man and woman there is no better way to illustrate it than to construct gods that have gender both male and female. These gods do not only possess the desires common to mankind but they too have the ability to procreate. It provides an explanation not only to the origin of life on earth but also about human nature. Zeus the most powerful god in Greek mythology gave the command to Prometheus to create man and for a while Zeus enjoyed the fruits of his creation. But man did something that made Zeus angry and has to be punished. The method use to punish man is one of the first examples of how ancient civilizations view women. In the story Zeus instructed Hephaesutus to create a woman of stunning beauty and name her Pandora. Her beauty was the cover that hid the deadly gift inside. It is therefore telling that when the gods made woman she was given a deceptive heart, a lying tongue and a curious mind that would soon be the downfall of all mankind. Pandora was supposed to give his male counterpart great joy on account of her beauty and other gifts but instead she became more of a curse than a blessing. The gods could have given her the abilities to become a wonderful daughter, wife and mother but instead they gave her a box. It was the box of evil because it contained a plague that would bring about sorrow, poverty, sickness, disease and all manner of misfortune. It was unfair therefore to entrust the box to her because she was handicapped with a curious mind and she could not help herself but open the forbidden box, the receptacle that was ordered to be closed at all times. It can be argued that the gods, especially Zeus wanted men to suffer on account of her. When the contents of the box was released to the world, the rest of mankind can now look at Pandora and accuse her of destroying the idyllic life that they used to enjoy. It has created a no-win situation for all her descendants. If everything goes fine and perfect then man gets the credit. But the moment things turn ugly, everyone turns to her as the reason for the cursed ground, the foul weather, and the of course the anger of the gods. More importantly, it provided the justification for man’s rude treatment towards women all throughout history. This is just one part of Greek mythology that many took to heart and it placed women in a dangerous position because the groundwork needed to make them the scapegoat of everything and the emotional punching bag of men was already completed. It is therefore important to clarify that this is not the truth with regards to the nature of man and woman. In reality the gender roles should compliment each other as seen in the beautiful tandem of a contended husband and a happy wife. But in many places, especially in ancient Greece, the story of Zeus and the way he abused women is a reflection of the insecurities of men. Their behavior, especially the behavior of their male gods was the evidence of the wrong use of power. The positive use of power should result in the creation of something of great value, of great beauty and a blessing for all. The wrong use of power is rooted in the need to cover up insecurities. Thus, in Greek mythology the male gods like Zeus will never take responsibility for the things that they have done. They believe that they are always right. Demeter and Women’s Suffering The insecurities of the male-dominated society created a perversion of the use of power. Man was never created to dominate women. In the same way women were never created to make the lives of men miserable. The differences of both and their respective unique gifts were supposed to be used for the good – provide solution to the problems of this world. But in Greek mythology, power was used to assign blame and to punish those who were supposed to be guilty. Unfortunately, women were seen as the culprits. The best example to illustrate this point is the way Zeus and the gods violated women. And one of the tales that depicts this perverse perspective is the story of Demeter and her daughter Persephone. Demeter was a goddess and her daughter too. But this did not spare mother and child from the perverse mind of the male gods Zeus and his brother Hades. Zeus was more powerful than Hades and therefore he could easily have commanded him to stop looking at her daughter with lust in his eyes. However, Zeus looked the other way when Hades decided to abduct his niece. An innocent child, picking flowers and not a mean bone in her body she was taken against her will. She suffered tremendously and she wailed and shouted with all her might seeking help. Her terror-filled heart was not enough to convince Zeus that his brother had no right to treat his daughter that way. But the father of Persephone did not intervene. This sends a strong message to men and women of ancient Greece. The lust of men knows no bounds and instead of doing something to rein it in, its expression is allowed even if it means violating the rights of women. This was a precursor to arrange marriages as well as forcing women to marry the men that they did not love. This story is proof that men can do what they want and they can even do questionable acts and they would never be held responsible for their actions. The introductory part of the story tells of how gods and mortals were unable to perceive what had happened. It seems to say that the ancient could easily turn a deaf ear and a blind eye towards the crime committed against women. The reaction of Zeus towards the grief and longing of Demeter also shows how he values his wife. Needless to say, a male dominated society takes care of the needs and problems of men within their own circle of power and they never had to think twice to sacrifice the comfort and well-being of women if this is the way to make men happy. The story of Demeter and Persephone is not only an illustration on how men were given the right to hurt and persecute women; it is also a story of how women are forced to do evil in order to accomplish their goals. Men can do whatever they want and if they so desire something they simply took it by force. But women had to use their wiles and forced to scheme to get what rightfully belongs to them. In the end Demeter was able to retrieve Persephone but she paid a great price. More importantly, Hades was not entirely defeated because he was shown to be more crafty by cheating Persephone and as a result she was forced to spend a third of every year under the earth, in the lair of the dead because she was forced to do something that made her bound to Hades. Power relations between men and women in ancient Greece can be seen through their mythology. The mythology as seen in the story of gods and goddesses is one way to explain the belief system of these ancient people. But at the same time it is the reflection of what they felt inside. Power relation in ancient Greece can be understood as a reflection of the insecurities of men in a male-dominated society. Men needed a scapegoat and someone to focus their frustrations. They created stories and propagated ideas that the first woman was the reason why there are so much pain, hunger, and sickness in the world. These stories gave them the justification to vent their anger on women as well as abuse them. However, it must be made clear that men were never created to dominate women and vice versa. Their differences were supposed to be used to compliment each others strength and weakness. If this happens then power can be used to create good and not evil.	<urn:uuid:d9d0395a-6482-4691-85d5-695c289d126c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://alpinrunning.org/mythology-as-a-means-to-understand-the-power-relations-between-men-and-women/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690095.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126165718-20200126195718-00035.warc.gz	en	0.985711	1,929	3.28125	3	[ 0.15128284692764282, 0.46906334161758423, 0.020208459347486496, -0.022931888699531555, -0.33784544467926025, -0.1408129632472992, 0.2628922462463379, 0.5706388354301453, 0.14883944392204285, -0.026465335860848427, -0.34763288497924805, -0.3032045066356659, 0.027009891346096992, 0.188929259...	4	The distinction between man and woman requires no need for elaboration. It is obvious for everyone to see. But there are those who use these differences to interpret the role that women and men should play in society. In ancient times men believe that they were supposed to rule over women. There is no better proof of this assertion other than the study of mythology because it can be said that mythology is a form of distillation of ideas. Thus, in Greek mythology, one can see how this belief is perpetuated. There are even those who argue that myth-making was used to propagate this view. The best examples of course are the stories that related to Zeus and the way he treated women. In Greek-mythology the power relations is easy to understand; women were supposed to be dominated by men. Greek-mythology can be partially blamed for the demotion and devaluation of women. There is no way to deny this claim because the main plot of the stories that came from this region tells of how easy it was for men to violate women and get away with. For an outsider looking in, especially those who study these myths, the way ancient men treated women is not only barbaric but accomplished with a sense of pride and entitlement – as if it was man’s natural right to abuse women and do as they please with them. The idea was reinforced by the myth about gods and their relationships with women both mortal and goddesses alike. Zeus and the Excuse to Dominate Women If indeed Greek mythology was created not only as a form of explaining the origin of life in this region but also to explain the purpose of life, then Greek mythology was used as form of teaching tool to direct all the inhabitants of Greece to their rightful places. It also makes sense of the sociological order that existed during that period in history. With regards to power relations between man and woman there is no better way to illustrate it than to construct gods that have gender both male and female. These gods do not only possess the desires common to mankind but they too have the ability to procreate. It provides an explanation not only to the origin of life on earth but also about human nature. Zeus the most powerful god in Greek mythology gave the command to Prometheus to create man and for a while Zeus enjoyed the fruits of his creation. But man did something that made Zeus angry and has to be punished. The method use to punish man is one of the first examples of how ancient civilizations view women. In the story Zeus instructed Hephaesutus to create a woman of stunning beauty and name her Pandora. Her beauty was the cover that hid the deadly gift inside. It is therefore telling that when the gods made woman she was given a deceptive heart, a lying tongue and a curious mind that would soon be the downfall of all mankind. Pandora was supposed to give his male counterpart great joy on account of her beauty and other gifts but instead she became more of a curse than a blessing. The gods could have given her the abilities to become a wonderful daughter, wife and mother but instead they gave her a box. It was the box of evil because it contained a plague that would bring about sorrow, poverty, sickness, disease and all manner of misfortune. It was unfair therefore to entrust the box to her because she was handicapped with a curious mind and she could not help herself but open the forbidden box, the receptacle that was ordered to be closed at all times. It can be argued that the gods, especially Zeus wanted men to suffer on account of her. When the contents of the box was released to the world, the rest of mankind can now look at Pandora and accuse her of destroying the idyllic life that they used to enjoy. It has created a no-win situation for all her descendants. If everything goes fine and perfect then man gets the credit. But the moment things turn ugly, everyone turns to her as the reason for the cursed ground, the foul weather, and the of course the anger of the gods. More importantly, it provided the justification for man’s rude treatment towards women all throughout history. This is just one part of Greek mythology that many took to heart and it placed women in a dangerous position because the groundwork needed to make them the scapegoat of everything and the emotional punching bag of men was already completed. It is therefore important to clarify that this is not the truth with regards to the nature of man and woman. In reality the gender roles should compliment each other as seen in the beautiful tandem of a contended husband and a happy wife. But in many places, especially in ancient Greece, the story of Zeus and the way he abused women is a reflection of the insecurities of men. Their behavior, especially the behavior of their male gods was the evidence of the wrong use of power. The positive use of power should result in the creation of something of great value, of great beauty and a blessing for all. The wrong use of power is rooted in the need to cover up insecurities. Thus, in Greek mythology the male gods like Zeus will never take responsibility for the things that they have done. They believe that they are always right. Demeter and Women’s Suffering The insecurities of the male-dominated society created a perversion of the use of power. Man was never created to dominate women. In the same way women were never created to make the lives of men miserable. The differences of both and their respective unique gifts were supposed to be used for the good – provide solution to the problems of this world. But in Greek mythology, power was used to assign blame and to punish those who were supposed to be guilty. Unfortunately, women were seen as the culprits. The best example to illustrate this point is the way Zeus and the gods violated women. And one of the tales that depicts this perverse perspective is the story of Demeter and her daughter Persephone. Demeter was a goddess and her daughter too. But this did not spare mother and child from the perverse mind of the male gods Zeus and his brother Hades. Zeus was more powerful than Hades and therefore he could easily have commanded him to stop looking at her daughter with lust in his eyes. However, Zeus looked the other way when Hades decided to abduct his niece. An innocent child, picking flowers and not a mean bone in her body she was taken against her will. She suffered tremendously and she wailed and shouted with all her might seeking help. Her terror-filled heart was not enough to convince Zeus that his brother had no right to treat his daughter that way. But the father of Persephone did not intervene. This sends a strong message to men and women of ancient Greece. The lust of men knows no bounds and instead of doing something to rein it in, its expression is allowed even if it means violating the rights of women. This was a precursor to arrange marriages as well as forcing women to marry the men that they did not love. This story is proof that men can do what they want and they can even do questionable acts and they would never be held responsible for their actions. The introductory part of the story tells of how gods and mortals were unable to perceive what had happened. It seems to say that the ancient could easily turn a deaf ear and a blind eye towards the crime committed against women. The reaction of Zeus towards the grief and longing of Demeter also shows how he values his wife. Needless to say, a male dominated society takes care of the needs and problems of men within their own circle of power and they never had to think twice to sacrifice the comfort and well-being of women if this is the way to make men happy. The story of Demeter and Persephone is not only an illustration on how men were given the right to hurt and persecute women; it is also a story of how women are forced to do evil in order to accomplish their goals. Men can do whatever they want and if they so desire something they simply took it by force. But women had to use their wiles and forced to scheme to get what rightfully belongs to them. In the end Demeter was able to retrieve Persephone but she paid a great price. More importantly, Hades was not entirely defeated because he was shown to be more crafty by cheating Persephone and as a result she was forced to spend a third of every year under the earth, in the lair of the dead because she was forced to do something that made her bound to Hades. Power relations between men and women in ancient Greece can be seen through their mythology. The mythology as seen in the story of gods and goddesses is one way to explain the belief system of these ancient people. But at the same time it is the reflection of what they felt inside. Power relation in ancient Greece can be understood as a reflection of the insecurities of men in a male-dominated society. Men needed a scapegoat and someone to focus their frustrations. They created stories and propagated ideas that the first woman was the reason why there are so much pain, hunger, and sickness in the world. These stories gave them the justification to vent their anger on women as well as abuse them. However, it must be made clear that men were never created to dominate women and vice versa. Their differences were supposed to be used to compliment each others strength and weakness. If this happens then power can be used to create good and not evil.	1,905	ENGLISH	1
The first inhabitants came across The Bering Straight 30,000 years ago. These were Indians and Inuits. Vikings landed in America in 1000AD, but according to tradition Ch. Colunbus is believed to discover America on 12th October 1492. In 17th century America started to be populated, in 1607 first English lasting setlement called Virginia was estabilished with capital Jamestown. In November 1620 Pilgrim Fathers anchored at Cape Cod, they were mostly English Puritans who wanted worship freelly. Half of them diedduring the first winter. By 1733 there were 13 colonies in America (Virginia, Massachutchas, Pensylvania, Georgia, Conecticut, New York, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Maryland, Rhode Island, Delawere, Northern and Southern Carolina). They were divided into New England, Middle Colonies and Southern Colonies. There were some problems in colonies over taxes and government (--Boston Tea Party 1773) which led to war of Independence. It started at Lexington in April 1775. France, Spain and Holland joinmed in the war to help colonies. They finally won when Britain surrendered and peace was signed in April 1783. New system of government by G. Washington was estabilished in 1787. In 18th century Texas was populated and became a part of Mexico, but Texans wanted to be independent, so the war started. In the end in 1848 Texas joined US. In the North of US slavery was abolished by 1861, but in the South there were still slaves – Fugivite Slave Act was an agreement which ensured return of fugitive slaves back to their holders. There was also a revolt against slavery at Harpers Ferry led by John Brown. He was not succesfull, he was hanged. When Lincoln became president in 1861 11 southern colonies formed their own state – Confederation (president J. Davis) – and Civil war could break out in April 1861. In April 1865 general Lee surrendered in Appomatox and North won and slavery was abolished in 1865. A few days later Lincoln was assissinated in Washington. During the WWI US entered war as an allie of GB, Russia and France. It ended in 1918. In 1920´s there was a prohibition – alcohol was banned. In 1929 there was another shock for the world – Wall street crasch on Black Thursday. In December 1941 Japan attacked US´s Pearl Harbor and USA entered WWII. They avenged themself when they dropped atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. A few days later Japan surrendered – end of WWII. In 1960´s J. F. Kenedy became president, he was assissinated 1963 in Dallas. M. L. King was a black vicar who was fighting for black people´s rights. He was also assissinated in 1968. In 1970´s president Nixon had to resign because of the Watergate, he wanted to descrede his political opponents. Vietnam was a part of French empire but Vietnameese wanted to drive the French out. France hanged on to S. Vietnam, but they couldn´t defeat the North led by president Ho Chi Minh. In 1954 Vietnam was divided along the 17th paralel of latitude. In 1960 NLF was estabilished to unite North and South and war broke out. In the beginning US sent advisers to help Vietnam fight comunism. In 1965 USA entered war, but they couldn´t defeat NLF´s army – Vietcong – and started to pull out. By 1973 an armistice was agreed, but in 1975 S. Vietnam fell to the comunists.	<urn:uuid:87ad8921-a81e-41ac-963b-634314c77ecd>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://referaty.aktuality.sk/history-of-usa/referat-1968	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251678287.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125161753-20200125190753-00052.warc.gz	en	0.982299	752	3.53125	4	[ -0.027558771893382072, 0.25083601474761963, 0.39083796739578247, -0.0841623917222023, -0.3678101897239685, -0.06663079559803009, -0.19855955243110657, 0.12455463409423828, -0.04089038074016571, -0.0026797528844326735, 0.33086222410202026, -0.014450550079345703, -0.1650080680847168, 0.22667...	10	The first inhabitants came across The Bering Straight 30,000 years ago. These were Indians and Inuits. Vikings landed in America in 1000AD, but according to tradition Ch. Colunbus is believed to discover America on 12th October 1492. In 17th century America started to be populated, in 1607 first English lasting setlement called Virginia was estabilished with capital Jamestown. In November 1620 Pilgrim Fathers anchored at Cape Cod, they were mostly English Puritans who wanted worship freelly. Half of them diedduring the first winter. By 1733 there were 13 colonies in America (Virginia, Massachutchas, Pensylvania, Georgia, Conecticut, New York, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Maryland, Rhode Island, Delawere, Northern and Southern Carolina). They were divided into New England, Middle Colonies and Southern Colonies. There were some problems in colonies over taxes and government (--Boston Tea Party 1773) which led to war of Independence. It started at Lexington in April 1775. France, Spain and Holland joinmed in the war to help colonies. They finally won when Britain surrendered and peace was signed in April 1783. New system of government by G. Washington was estabilished in 1787. In 18th century Texas was populated and became a part of Mexico, but Texans wanted to be independent, so the war started. In the end in 1848 Texas joined US. In the North of US slavery was abolished by 1861, but in the South there were still slaves – Fugivite Slave Act was an agreement which ensured return of fugitive slaves back to their holders. There was also a revolt against slavery at Harpers Ferry led by John Brown. He was not succesfull, he was hanged. When Lincoln became president in 1861 11 southern colonies formed their own state – Confederation (president J. Davis) – and Civil war could break out in April 1861. In April 1865 general Lee surrendered in Appomatox and North won and slavery was abolished in 1865. A few days later Lincoln was assissinated in Washington. During the WWI US entered war as an allie of GB, Russia and France. It ended in 1918. In 1920´s there was a prohibition – alcohol was banned. In 1929 there was another shock for the world – Wall street crasch on Black Thursday. In December 1941 Japan attacked US´s Pearl Harbor and USA entered WWII. They avenged themself when they dropped atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. A few days later Japan surrendered – end of WWII. In 1960´s J. F. Kenedy became president, he was assissinated 1963 in Dallas. M. L. King was a black vicar who was fighting for black people´s rights. He was also assissinated in 1968. In 1970´s president Nixon had to resign because of the Watergate, he wanted to descrede his political opponents. Vietnam was a part of French empire but Vietnameese wanted to drive the French out. France hanged on to S. Vietnam, but they couldn´t defeat the North led by president Ho Chi Minh. In 1954 Vietnam was divided along the 17th paralel of latitude. In 1960 NLF was estabilished to unite North and South and war broke out. In the beginning US sent advisers to help Vietnam fight comunism. In 1965 USA entered war, but they couldn´t defeat NLF´s army – Vietcong – and started to pull out. By 1973 an armistice was agreed, but in 1975 S. Vietnam fell to the comunists.	859	ENGLISH	1
The change to the bull’s prisoner of war status made General von Bock very angry. He sent his German Shepherd dog to kill the bull. When the dog saw the bull, he became very aggressive and attacked the bull ferociously. The bull slammed itself into the barbed wire dragging the snarling dog with it and the sharp iron spikes tore into the flesh of both animals. The dog was in so much pain that it opened its mouth and let go of the bull, while the bull took the opportunity to throw itself onto the dog, which crashed to the ground. The bull raised its front hoof and prepared to deliver the fatal blow. Something amazing occurred in the split second before the bull brought its hoof down; the bull stared at the dog, slowly lowered its hoof, and lay down panting. The dog moved far away from the bull and did not dare to go closer. Sergeant Jonak and the other Belgium prisoners of war heard the news and were concerned about the bull. The next morning, they saw the bull and the dog lying quietly next to each other. From then on, the two became inseparable. When someone yelled at the old bull, the dog would growl and bare its teeth and bark at the person. The general could not believe this and on his next inspection tour, he ordered the dog to be publicly killed. The dog was tied to a pole, and its barking made the bull restless. The bull broke away from the guard and knocked down several others to save the dog. The general became irate at this and drew his gun, aiming it at the bull. The moment he fired, the dog jumped up to protect the bull, was hit by the bullet and died. The bull sadly licked his friend’s body with his tongue. Undeterred, von Bock once again pointed his gun at the bull, but it raised its head calmly and looked at him silently. Everyone was holding their breath, nervous and afraid of hearing another shot. After five minutes, von Bock could no longer grip his gun and lowered it. Major Krupp observed panic and fear in von Bock’seyes. The general said: “Bury my dog according to the military standards and at the same time, be kind to this old bull.” After that, von Bock wrote in the diary of the day: “Through the eyes of a bull, I saw the light of God.” Three days later, all the prisoner of war camps in Belgium received orders from General von Bock, which read: “Treat prisoners of war strictly in accordance with the Geneva Convention and ban all abuses and killing of prisoners of war.” The bull survived the war, while General von Bock was killed when the car he was riding in was strafed by a British fighter plane. This bull once again won the honorary medal of the army. Three years after the end of the war, it died peacefully in Belgium. Major Krupp, Sergeant Jonak, along with other Belgian soldiers all attended the funeral, respectfully sending off this brave, loving, and kind warrior because his compassionate move disintegrated a possible war that would have been filled with bloodshed and murders. Translated by Yi Ming and edited by Helen	<urn:uuid:a50d0640-cc05-422e-a999-ce2d8de333f1>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.visiontimes.com/2019/08/18/an-awesome-bull-part-2.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778272.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128122813-20200128152813-00285.warc.gz	en	0.982511	671	3.265625	3	[ -0.0755072608590126, 0.3162198066711426, 0.39054521918296814, 0.1973431408405304, 0.4092383086681366, -0.1877894401550293, 0.34920182824134827, 0.17012344300746918, 0.15439146757125854, -0.15780268609523773, 0.03204718977212906, -0.5334554314613342, 0.2162412405014038, 0.0692405104637146, ...	3	The change to the bull’s prisoner of war status made General von Bock very angry. He sent his German Shepherd dog to kill the bull. When the dog saw the bull, he became very aggressive and attacked the bull ferociously. The bull slammed itself into the barbed wire dragging the snarling dog with it and the sharp iron spikes tore into the flesh of both animals. The dog was in so much pain that it opened its mouth and let go of the bull, while the bull took the opportunity to throw itself onto the dog, which crashed to the ground. The bull raised its front hoof and prepared to deliver the fatal blow. Something amazing occurred in the split second before the bull brought its hoof down; the bull stared at the dog, slowly lowered its hoof, and lay down panting. The dog moved far away from the bull and did not dare to go closer. Sergeant Jonak and the other Belgium prisoners of war heard the news and were concerned about the bull. The next morning, they saw the bull and the dog lying quietly next to each other. From then on, the two became inseparable. When someone yelled at the old bull, the dog would growl and bare its teeth and bark at the person. The general could not believe this and on his next inspection tour, he ordered the dog to be publicly killed. The dog was tied to a pole, and its barking made the bull restless. The bull broke away from the guard and knocked down several others to save the dog. The general became irate at this and drew his gun, aiming it at the bull. The moment he fired, the dog jumped up to protect the bull, was hit by the bullet and died. The bull sadly licked his friend’s body with his tongue. Undeterred, von Bock once again pointed his gun at the bull, but it raised its head calmly and looked at him silently. Everyone was holding their breath, nervous and afraid of hearing another shot. After five minutes, von Bock could no longer grip his gun and lowered it. Major Krupp observed panic and fear in von Bock’seyes. The general said: “Bury my dog according to the military standards and at the same time, be kind to this old bull.” After that, von Bock wrote in the diary of the day: “Through the eyes of a bull, I saw the light of God.” Three days later, all the prisoner of war camps in Belgium received orders from General von Bock, which read: “Treat prisoners of war strictly in accordance with the Geneva Convention and ban all abuses and killing of prisoners of war.” The bull survived the war, while General von Bock was killed when the car he was riding in was strafed by a British fighter plane. This bull once again won the honorary medal of the army. Three years after the end of the war, it died peacefully in Belgium. Major Krupp, Sergeant Jonak, along with other Belgian soldiers all attended the funeral, respectfully sending off this brave, loving, and kind warrior because his compassionate move disintegrated a possible war that would have been filled with bloodshed and murders. Translated by Yi Ming and edited by Helen	652	ENGLISH	1
Distracted Teen Driving Program Ideas and subjects to pursue with your teen Grade level: 10-12 Subject area: Physics Duration: 20-50 minutes Students will do the following: Study the motions and forces involved in with a hypothetical crash. Using the data from hypothetical crashes with different variables, calculate the velocity of these crashes and surmise what such forces would do on the human body. Example of a hypothetical crash and possible calculations: A Ford pickup truck is travelling east at an unknown velocity. A Pontiac Firebird reaches the intersection, traveling south, and stops before proceeding. Believing that he has enough time, the driver of the Pontiac starts into the intersection. As the Pontiac is about to leave the intersection, a child, who was behind some parked cars and not seen by the driver, crosses in front of it. This forces the driver to stop while still in the middle of the intersection. Because the driver of the truck was distracted, he/she never brakes. The Ford pickup truck slams into the stationary Pontiac Firebird. The two vehicles are in an inelastic collision. They leave skid marks that are 22.5 m long. How fast was the truck traveling before impact? 3 Reasons Why Parents Need to Talk to Teens About Safe Driving Teen fatalities from car accidents tend to rise in the summer. Sydnee Williams died at the age of 17 in a car crash after using her phone behind the wheel. Teens have more time for adventures when high school is out for the summer, but these escapades can often turn deadly when they're driving. Ohio dad Brock Dietrich knows this all too well. His 17-year-old daughter, Sydnee Williams, died in a 2013 car crash after using her phone behind the wheel. "She was not wearing her seat belt either, and so as a result, she was thrown from the vehicle and suffered fatal head trauma," says Dietrich. He now works with the nonprofit organization Impact Teen Drivers to educate teens and parents on the dangers of driving while distracted and safe driving practices. Parents should keep the following facts in mind when talking to their teen about safe driving. These accidents are often preventable. Parents can help by modeling appropriate behavior, such as by turning off or silencing cellphones prior to driving, and by discussing what safe driving looks like, says Dietrich. These actions should begin at an early age and continue once a teen is licensed. "I have the regret of, I didn't do a good enough job of modeling that normal, good driving behavior for Sydnee," says Dietrich. "I live with the guilt that she learned some of the behaviors from watching me." [Read about how teens learn texting while driving from parents.] Dietrich had rules for his daughter that were stricter than laws in his state, he says. The night of the crash, she was only allowed to have one passenger in the car, but actually had two. "There's lots of rules thrown at teenagers," he says. Teens need an explanation as to why those rules are important – something he says he didn't provide to his daughter – or else they will rebel, he says. 3. About half of teens who died in car accidents weren't wearing a seat belt. Teens have the lowest rate of seat belt use, despite the fact they cut crash-related injuries and deaths by about half, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. One passenger in Sydnee's car was wearing a seat belt appropriately and walked away from the crash physically uninjured, Dietrich says. The other passenger was wearing a seat belt too, but she placed the shoulder harness behind her back and suffered serious injuries. Dietrich says the passengers told him that on the night of the crash, Sydnee – who typically wore her seat belt – was wearing it early in the evening, but forgot to put it on the last time she got in the car. "They let what's going on at the time when they get in the car distract them from what they really need to do," he says. Teens need to make a habit of making sure everyone is wearing a seat belt each time they hit the road. Distractions are often a factor in teen crashes "It's not that the teens are intentionally going out there attempting to be reckless," Dietrich says. He believes that cellphones, for example, have become so ingrained in our culture that when a phone rings, people don't even think before they respond. When someone gets in a car, it's just their natural reaction to look at their phones when they get an alert. Teens may see adults displaying this behavior and think it's OK. "It comes down to not lecturing to them, but providing the teens with the information to encourage them to make the right decisions when they are in the car," he says.	<urn:uuid:01585c68-07f1-421f-8abe-67a80fa53428>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.nevada-drive-academy.com/copy-of-parent-teen-road-safety	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778168.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128091916-20200128121916-00039.warc.gz	en	0.980125	1,012	3.921875	4	[ -0.14659234881401062, -0.1087275967001915, 0.49204641580581665, -0.36191612482070923, -0.3374524712562561, 0.6111229658126831, 0.21705876290798187, 0.6691087484359741, -0.004310799762606621, -0.39533281326293945, -0.018956203013658524, 0.40750598907470703, -0.1475134789943695, 0.2385218590...	4	Distracted Teen Driving Program Ideas and subjects to pursue with your teen Grade level: 10-12 Subject area: Physics Duration: 20-50 minutes Students will do the following: Study the motions and forces involved in with a hypothetical crash. Using the data from hypothetical crashes with different variables, calculate the velocity of these crashes and surmise what such forces would do on the human body. Example of a hypothetical crash and possible calculations: A Ford pickup truck is travelling east at an unknown velocity. A Pontiac Firebird reaches the intersection, traveling south, and stops before proceeding. Believing that he has enough time, the driver of the Pontiac starts into the intersection. As the Pontiac is about to leave the intersection, a child, who was behind some parked cars and not seen by the driver, crosses in front of it. This forces the driver to stop while still in the middle of the intersection. Because the driver of the truck was distracted, he/she never brakes. The Ford pickup truck slams into the stationary Pontiac Firebird. The two vehicles are in an inelastic collision. They leave skid marks that are 22.5 m long. How fast was the truck traveling before impact? 3 Reasons Why Parents Need to Talk to Teens About Safe Driving Teen fatalities from car accidents tend to rise in the summer. Sydnee Williams died at the age of 17 in a car crash after using her phone behind the wheel. Teens have more time for adventures when high school is out for the summer, but these escapades can often turn deadly when they're driving. Ohio dad Brock Dietrich knows this all too well. His 17-year-old daughter, Sydnee Williams, died in a 2013 car crash after using her phone behind the wheel. "She was not wearing her seat belt either, and so as a result, she was thrown from the vehicle and suffered fatal head trauma," says Dietrich. He now works with the nonprofit organization Impact Teen Drivers to educate teens and parents on the dangers of driving while distracted and safe driving practices. Parents should keep the following facts in mind when talking to their teen about safe driving. These accidents are often preventable. Parents can help by modeling appropriate behavior, such as by turning off or silencing cellphones prior to driving, and by discussing what safe driving looks like, says Dietrich. These actions should begin at an early age and continue once a teen is licensed. "I have the regret of, I didn't do a good enough job of modeling that normal, good driving behavior for Sydnee," says Dietrich. "I live with the guilt that she learned some of the behaviors from watching me." [Read about how teens learn texting while driving from parents.] Dietrich had rules for his daughter that were stricter than laws in his state, he says. The night of the crash, she was only allowed to have one passenger in the car, but actually had two. "There's lots of rules thrown at teenagers," he says. Teens need an explanation as to why those rules are important – something he says he didn't provide to his daughter – or else they will rebel, he says. 3. About half of teens who died in car accidents weren't wearing a seat belt. Teens have the lowest rate of seat belt use, despite the fact they cut crash-related injuries and deaths by about half, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. One passenger in Sydnee's car was wearing a seat belt appropriately and walked away from the crash physically uninjured, Dietrich says. The other passenger was wearing a seat belt too, but she placed the shoulder harness behind her back and suffered serious injuries. Dietrich says the passengers told him that on the night of the crash, Sydnee – who typically wore her seat belt – was wearing it early in the evening, but forgot to put it on the last time she got in the car. "They let what's going on at the time when they get in the car distract them from what they really need to do," he says. Teens need to make a habit of making sure everyone is wearing a seat belt each time they hit the road. Distractions are often a factor in teen crashes "It's not that the teens are intentionally going out there attempting to be reckless," Dietrich says. He believes that cellphones, for example, have become so ingrained in our culture that when a phone rings, people don't even think before they respond. When someone gets in a car, it's just their natural reaction to look at their phones when they get an alert. Teens may see adults displaying this behavior and think it's OK. "It comes down to not lecturing to them, but providing the teens with the information to encourage them to make the right decisions when they are in the car," he says.	995	ENGLISH	1
The climate emergency is a term which is being coined by climate and eco-activists around the world. Essentially what this means is that there is an impending emergency due to the way the earth’s climate is changing and rising carbon dioxide emissions. It is thought that global temperatures could rise significantly over the next 30 years. This could potentially lead to large floods due to the global sea level rising as a result of melting glaciers. What Has Caused This? There are a wide range of factors that have contributed to overall higher co2 levels as well as globally increased temperatures. The main causes of these factors have come from a number of different sources. One of the biggest sources is thought to be meat consumption and production. Globally billions eat meat and the methane produced from this livestock as well as human consumption has led to a spike in methane emissions which are also contributing to rising global temperatures. Another factor which may be contributing to this issue overall is vehicles. Around the world car ownership is increasing and with it co2 emissions. Although having said this car manufacturers are doing a lot to try and meet emissions standards and stop this issue from occurring. The third and possibly most significant factor that has led to the climate emergency developing is complacency and lack of action. Clearly there has been a lack of action overall to address what is currently going on and this is having a significant impact overall on the effect that climate change is having overall. What Is Being To Tackle This Issue? There are many different ways in which the issue of climate change is being tackled overall around the world. One of the main ways in which this issue is being tackled overall is through social media and political campaigns. Increasingly this issue is being circulated more and more widely online as people become more concerned about it overall. Another key way in which this issue is being addressed is by governments. Many governments within the EU are offering their population grants as well as incentives to start using renewable technology such as heat pumps and solar panels. In Scotland that has been particularly successful in rural areas. In addition to this governments in the EU have also offered some incentives for electric vehicles to encourage people to adopt this new technology. What Effect Are Cars Having? Cars are thought to be having a significant overall effect on global warming due to the co2 emissions they produce. However many car manufacturers have produced cars in recent years that have almost zero co2 emissions overall. This means that their effect on the environment may be overstated slightly. The development of electric vehicles has been sped up since worrying statistics about climate change have begun emerging. Electric vehicles run purely on electricity and contribute zero carbon emissions into the environment. However one of the main issues with them is the initial cost. At the moment the electric vehicle market is still quite expensive and it is unlikely that the majority of drivers will be able to afford this technology for many years to come until the prices balance out a bit.	<urn:uuid:e6ff1430-7884-41cf-b08d-fb24af6e2a3c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.briannefaye.com/what-is-the-climate-emergency/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599718.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120165335-20200120194335-00491.warc.gz	en	0.983279	594	3.671875	4	[ -0.18570445477962494, 0.007385266944766045, 0.31562384963035583, 0.18448549509048462, 0.889554500579834, 0.14050020277500153, 0.0856667011976242, 0.1355193555355072, -0.06740017980337143, 0.30894899368286133, -0.19859929382801056, -0.2885005474090576, 0.10650178790092468, 0.238280326128005...	6	The climate emergency is a term which is being coined by climate and eco-activists around the world. Essentially what this means is that there is an impending emergency due to the way the earth’s climate is changing and rising carbon dioxide emissions. It is thought that global temperatures could rise significantly over the next 30 years. This could potentially lead to large floods due to the global sea level rising as a result of melting glaciers. What Has Caused This? There are a wide range of factors that have contributed to overall higher co2 levels as well as globally increased temperatures. The main causes of these factors have come from a number of different sources. One of the biggest sources is thought to be meat consumption and production. Globally billions eat meat and the methane produced from this livestock as well as human consumption has led to a spike in methane emissions which are also contributing to rising global temperatures. Another factor which may be contributing to this issue overall is vehicles. Around the world car ownership is increasing and with it co2 emissions. Although having said this car manufacturers are doing a lot to try and meet emissions standards and stop this issue from occurring. The third and possibly most significant factor that has led to the climate emergency developing is complacency and lack of action. Clearly there has been a lack of action overall to address what is currently going on and this is having a significant impact overall on the effect that climate change is having overall. What Is Being To Tackle This Issue? There are many different ways in which the issue of climate change is being tackled overall around the world. One of the main ways in which this issue is being tackled overall is through social media and political campaigns. Increasingly this issue is being circulated more and more widely online as people become more concerned about it overall. Another key way in which this issue is being addressed is by governments. Many governments within the EU are offering their population grants as well as incentives to start using renewable technology such as heat pumps and solar panels. In Scotland that has been particularly successful in rural areas. In addition to this governments in the EU have also offered some incentives for electric vehicles to encourage people to adopt this new technology. What Effect Are Cars Having? Cars are thought to be having a significant overall effect on global warming due to the co2 emissions they produce. However many car manufacturers have produced cars in recent years that have almost zero co2 emissions overall. This means that their effect on the environment may be overstated slightly. The development of electric vehicles has been sped up since worrying statistics about climate change have begun emerging. Electric vehicles run purely on electricity and contribute zero carbon emissions into the environment. However one of the main issues with them is the initial cost. At the moment the electric vehicle market is still quite expensive and it is unlikely that the majority of drivers will be able to afford this technology for many years to come until the prices balance out a bit.	582	ENGLISH	1
How did sailors get oxygen on World War II submarines and how did it work? A good question! Having served on modern nuclear submarines for 20 years, I’m not as well versed on WWII diesel boats as some people may be, but I’ll give it my best shot: The submarines of WWII were really more like temporarily submersible surface ships. They were designed to run on the surface using her diesels from point A to point B and then quickly submerge to either attack the enemy or evade the enemy. Submerged operations were conducted on batteries and were of very limited duration. Air was generally taken in while on the surface and once submerged, what was inside the hull was all they had available. Some provision were made for emergency chemical air purification to remove carbon dioxide, but that was pretty much it. Once the snorkel was put into use, it became feasable for diesel boats to run their diesels while submerges at periscope depth, as well as ventilate the sub underwater. Modern nuclear subs make all the oxygen they need from the sea water by electrolysis and store	<urn:uuid:4fb0db2d-f439-4877-a10c-30f38feab8c3>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.experts123.com/q/how-did-sailors-get-oxygen-on-world-war-ii-submarines-and-how-did-it-work.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251789055.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129071944-20200129101944-00496.warc.gz	en	0.990452	229	3.75	4	[ -0.15118564665317535, 0.17928896844387054, 0.06740609556436539, -0.5111000537872314, 0.19333390891551971, -0.09201433509588242, -0.09575339406728745, 0.38517680764198303, -0.6127351522445679, -0.0255096685141325, 0.18895848095417023, -0.08026546239852905, 0.008682875894010067, 0.4331651329...	1	How did sailors get oxygen on World War II submarines and how did it work? A good question! Having served on modern nuclear submarines for 20 years, I’m not as well versed on WWII diesel boats as some people may be, but I’ll give it my best shot: The submarines of WWII were really more like temporarily submersible surface ships. They were designed to run on the surface using her diesels from point A to point B and then quickly submerge to either attack the enemy or evade the enemy. Submerged operations were conducted on batteries and were of very limited duration. Air was generally taken in while on the surface and once submerged, what was inside the hull was all they had available. Some provision were made for emergency chemical air purification to remove carbon dioxide, but that was pretty much it. Once the snorkel was put into use, it became feasable for diesel boats to run their diesels while submerges at periscope depth, as well as ventilate the sub underwater. Modern nuclear subs make all the oxygen they need from the sea water by electrolysis and store	223	ENGLISH	1
Stereotypes and Prejudice Worksheet Please complete the following exercises, remembering that you are in an academic setting and should remain unbiased, considerate, and professional when completing this worksheet. Select three of the identity categories below and name or describe at least 3 related stereotypes for each: Answer each question in 50 to 100 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. What are the positive aspects of stereotypes, if any? I think the positive aspect of sterotypes is to treat everyone as if they are equal and have the same opportunities as everyone else each person should be given a fighting chance so to speak and the only way that will happen is if we treat each other as if we ar all equal and that we all are the same. Now some people are good at playing basketball or soccer while others are good at singing or writing the important part is to reward equally and to give credit to each person for their unique qualities. What are the negative aspects of stereotypes? I think the aspect of negative stereo types would be to think about it for me would be in the aspect of a classroom there are mixed races of studnets whites, blacks, aisans & Hispanics. But there is also boys and girls. When I was in school I always felt like the boys were treated as if they were the smarter sex. They always got the perks like being student aids or getting the opportunity to have that extra help in math or English. But then there was the aspect of students that spoke another language and were getting better treatment because they didn’t’ understand the English language, or there were students that treated the other studens as if they were beneth them because they were black or aisin. I went to school in southern California and for the most part the schools even then were full of different races. But it was the blacks and Hispanics that seemed to treat the white folk as if they were beneth them and I remember having a lot of issues with that. I was raised to treat each person equally and with respect. I remember being slapped a few times by big black girls for whatever reason. Probably because I was white I do remember being called sterotype names by these races it wasn’t fair the treatment they gave but I do remember putting the ball back into there court one day when this group of girls were threateinging me and I went to my high school counseler and complained. It was then pulled into the front office where a meeting was called and the parents of these girls were called in and my parents were called into the office it all ended up being something that was worked out. But when my son’s when to school it was completely different if that were to have happened the next day it would have been worse bullying treatment the next day. I feel like this starts in the homes of our children and that these kids learn this type of racism from their older siblings and parents. Answer each question in 50 to 150 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. Define stereotypes and prejudice. Stereotype is usually a generalization of a group of people: ie: Black people like to eat fried chicken or watermelon, or Hispanics eat a lot of tortillas. Typically it comes from a degree of prejudice thought and…	<urn:uuid:518186c2-e3cd-40c2-9116-9e5d983c8462>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.majortests.com/essay/Eth125-R8-Wk2-Stereotypes-Prejudice-616571.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606226.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121222429-20200122011429-00478.warc.gz	en	0.983423	674	3.828125	4	[ 0.18498268723487854, -0.009236738085746765, 0.03295185789465904, -0.20751942694187164, -0.08909347653388977, 0.19297514855861664, 0.3259420394897461, 0.11623018234968185, 0.04502555727958679, -0.06668299436569214, 0.3671918213367462, -0.3203575313091278, 0.15396395325660706, -0.02378774434...	1	Stereotypes and Prejudice Worksheet Please complete the following exercises, remembering that you are in an academic setting and should remain unbiased, considerate, and professional when completing this worksheet. Select three of the identity categories below and name or describe at least 3 related stereotypes for each: Answer each question in 50 to 100 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. What are the positive aspects of stereotypes, if any? I think the positive aspect of sterotypes is to treat everyone as if they are equal and have the same opportunities as everyone else each person should be given a fighting chance so to speak and the only way that will happen is if we treat each other as if we ar all equal and that we all are the same. Now some people are good at playing basketball or soccer while others are good at singing or writing the important part is to reward equally and to give credit to each person for their unique qualities. What are the negative aspects of stereotypes? I think the aspect of negative stereo types would be to think about it for me would be in the aspect of a classroom there are mixed races of studnets whites, blacks, aisans & Hispanics. But there is also boys and girls. When I was in school I always felt like the boys were treated as if they were the smarter sex. They always got the perks like being student aids or getting the opportunity to have that extra help in math or English. But then there was the aspect of students that spoke another language and were getting better treatment because they didn’t’ understand the English language, or there were students that treated the other studens as if they were beneth them because they were black or aisin. I went to school in southern California and for the most part the schools even then were full of different races. But it was the blacks and Hispanics that seemed to treat the white folk as if they were beneth them and I remember having a lot of issues with that. I was raised to treat each person equally and with respect. I remember being slapped a few times by big black girls for whatever reason. Probably because I was white I do remember being called sterotype names by these races it wasn’t fair the treatment they gave but I do remember putting the ball back into there court one day when this group of girls were threateinging me and I went to my high school counseler and complained. It was then pulled into the front office where a meeting was called and the parents of these girls were called in and my parents were called into the office it all ended up being something that was worked out. But when my son’s when to school it was completely different if that were to have happened the next day it would have been worse bullying treatment the next day. I feel like this starts in the homes of our children and that these kids learn this type of racism from their older siblings and parents. Answer each question in 50 to 150 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. Define stereotypes and prejudice. Stereotype is usually a generalization of a group of people: ie: Black people like to eat fried chicken or watermelon, or Hispanics eat a lot of tortillas. Typically it comes from a degree of prejudice thought and…	668	ENGLISH	1
November 30 marks the birthday of one of the great men of modern history. Winston Randolph Churchill was born on November 30, 1864, into a distinguished English family. Through his father, Lord Randolph Churchill, Winston was a direct descendent of John Churchill, 1st duke of Marlborough, hero of the wars against Louis XIV of France in the early 18th century. His mother, Jennie Jerome, was the daughter of a wealthy New York financier, Leonard W. Jerome. The young Churchill grew up believing that he himself was destined for great things, and he lived his life accordingly. He attended Sandhurst, the British army’s military college, and he saw his first field service during border fighting on the frontier of British India. Later he was with the army of General Kitchener in the Sudan, and he participated in the famous Battle of Omdurman near Khartoum in 1898. Despite these battle experiences, the young Churchill found the routine of military life a bit too dull for his tastes, and in 1899 he resigned his commission to enter politics. He narrowly lost his first Parliamentary election, after which he signed up to report the South African War for a London newspaper. Within a month of his arrival in South Africa he won plaudits for his role in rescuing an armored train that had been ambushed by the Boers. Churchill was captured immediately following that engagement, but shortly after being interned in a POW camp he managed to escape from his captors. He returned to Britain as a military hero and was soon elected to the House of Commons. Excepting for a few brief intervals, he remained a member of that august body for the remainder of his active political life. Over the years Churchill held many important posts in the British government. When World War I broke out in 1914 he was chief of the navy, and he made certain that the British fleet was prepared for hostilities. Later he became heavily involved in advocating and planning for the Gallipoli Campaign, which turned out to be a military disaster for the British and Commonwealth naval and land forces involved. As an aftermath to that fiasco, Churchill left the government and spent some time in France as commander of a Scottish battalion, returning to Parliament the following year. Churchill continued to serve in various government posts during the 1920s, but he was in disfavor with Conservative Party leaders by the 1930s. He had switched political parties more than once and was considered to be something of a maverick. Eventually, he was excluded from any major government post. When Adolph Hitler took control of the German government in 1933, Churchill immediately recognized him as a dire threat to world peace. He tried to warn Conservative leaders of the danger, but his advice was largely ignored, and Britain took no immediate steps to prepare for possible confrontation. Churchill’s warnings about Hitler soon proved correct, and when World War II erupted in September 1939, he was called to government service again as chief of the navy. Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain’a government collapsed in early May 1940 amid charges of incompetence, and Churchill became Britain’s leader. France and Britain paid the price for their years of appeasement and failure to prepare for war. France collapsed, and the British, with their commonwealth, then stood alone against the Nazi juggernaut. Churchill rallied the people with his inspiring words and forceful leadership. Long a close friend of the United States and her people, Churchill longed for America’s entry into the war against Germany. Though President Roosevelt shared Churchill’s views, political realities kept the United States from active conflict; nevertheless, Roosevelt did all that he could to succor the British during the dark days of 1940-41. December 7, 1941, changed all that, and the two great democracies marched forward together, in alliance with the Soviet Union, to crush the Axis powers. Shortly after German surrender the British Conservative Party lost control of Parliament, and Churchill was no longer Prime Minister. He returned to that office in 1951-55, toward the end of his active political life, but his great service to his nation had been finished. During the interim, Churchill had warned us about the great danger posed by Britain’s and the United States’ late ally, the Soviet Union, and he coined the term “The Iron Curtain” to describe the barrier erected by Communism between East and West. Churchill died on January 24, 1965, honored by his countrymen and free men of every nation. Statesman, soldier, patriot, war leader, orator and author, we have rarely seen his equal. I was fortunate enough to be alive and politically conscious during many of his more prominent years. I thank God that this great man was present during a time of civilization’s most pressing need.	<urn:uuid:b2d13e8e-63e6-436f-99e0-7522289d6fa5>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://jordans-journey.com/2019/11/30/an-extraordinary-life/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594101.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119010920-20200119034920-00218.warc.gz	en	0.987538	983	3.40625	3	[ -0.5093457698822021, 0.7650619745254517, 0.43744978308677673, -0.13318252563476562, -0.08268900960683823, -0.11516642570495605, 0.41303932666778564, 0.21416035294532776, -0.22131991386413574, 0.4331715703010559, 0.2768328785896301, -0.38912999629974365, 0.22838550806045532, 0.5000419020652...	10	November 30 marks the birthday of one of the great men of modern history. Winston Randolph Churchill was born on November 30, 1864, into a distinguished English family. Through his father, Lord Randolph Churchill, Winston was a direct descendent of John Churchill, 1st duke of Marlborough, hero of the wars against Louis XIV of France in the early 18th century. His mother, Jennie Jerome, was the daughter of a wealthy New York financier, Leonard W. Jerome. The young Churchill grew up believing that he himself was destined for great things, and he lived his life accordingly. He attended Sandhurst, the British army’s military college, and he saw his first field service during border fighting on the frontier of British India. Later he was with the army of General Kitchener in the Sudan, and he participated in the famous Battle of Omdurman near Khartoum in 1898. Despite these battle experiences, the young Churchill found the routine of military life a bit too dull for his tastes, and in 1899 he resigned his commission to enter politics. He narrowly lost his first Parliamentary election, after which he signed up to report the South African War for a London newspaper. Within a month of his arrival in South Africa he won plaudits for his role in rescuing an armored train that had been ambushed by the Boers. Churchill was captured immediately following that engagement, but shortly after being interned in a POW camp he managed to escape from his captors. He returned to Britain as a military hero and was soon elected to the House of Commons. Excepting for a few brief intervals, he remained a member of that august body for the remainder of his active political life. Over the years Churchill held many important posts in the British government. When World War I broke out in 1914 he was chief of the navy, and he made certain that the British fleet was prepared for hostilities. Later he became heavily involved in advocating and planning for the Gallipoli Campaign, which turned out to be a military disaster for the British and Commonwealth naval and land forces involved. As an aftermath to that fiasco, Churchill left the government and spent some time in France as commander of a Scottish battalion, returning to Parliament the following year. Churchill continued to serve in various government posts during the 1920s, but he was in disfavor with Conservative Party leaders by the 1930s. He had switched political parties more than once and was considered to be something of a maverick. Eventually, he was excluded from any major government post. When Adolph Hitler took control of the German government in 1933, Churchill immediately recognized him as a dire threat to world peace. He tried to warn Conservative leaders of the danger, but his advice was largely ignored, and Britain took no immediate steps to prepare for possible confrontation. Churchill’s warnings about Hitler soon proved correct, and when World War II erupted in September 1939, he was called to government service again as chief of the navy. Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain’a government collapsed in early May 1940 amid charges of incompetence, and Churchill became Britain’s leader. France and Britain paid the price for their years of appeasement and failure to prepare for war. France collapsed, and the British, with their commonwealth, then stood alone against the Nazi juggernaut. Churchill rallied the people with his inspiring words and forceful leadership. Long a close friend of the United States and her people, Churchill longed for America’s entry into the war against Germany. Though President Roosevelt shared Churchill’s views, political realities kept the United States from active conflict; nevertheless, Roosevelt did all that he could to succor the British during the dark days of 1940-41. December 7, 1941, changed all that, and the two great democracies marched forward together, in alliance with the Soviet Union, to crush the Axis powers. Shortly after German surrender the British Conservative Party lost control of Parliament, and Churchill was no longer Prime Minister. He returned to that office in 1951-55, toward the end of his active political life, but his great service to his nation had been finished. During the interim, Churchill had warned us about the great danger posed by Britain’s and the United States’ late ally, the Soviet Union, and he coined the term “The Iron Curtain” to describe the barrier erected by Communism between East and West. Churchill died on January 24, 1965, honored by his countrymen and free men of every nation. Statesman, soldier, patriot, war leader, orator and author, we have rarely seen his equal. I was fortunate enough to be alive and politically conscious during many of his more prominent years. I thank God that this great man was present during a time of civilization’s most pressing need.	1,018	ENGLISH	1
On January 16, 1920, the “Noble Experiment” went into effect. This was an attempt to outlaw the manufacturing and sale of alcohol. The government was unable to regulate the sale and or reduce the consumption even though they closed down nearly all alcoholic beverage companies. Only a few companies stayed running, Coors being one of them, producing alcohol for medicinal use only as well as soft drinks. Instead of teaching morality, which was one of the goals, Prohibition created lawlessness in the form of illegal alcohol, often referred to as moonshine and illegal bars, called speakeasies. Because there was no regulation of the illegal business, many gangs were created around moonshine and the process of selling it, called bootlegging. Crime rates increased as well as deaths related to alcohol. Much of the home-brewed drinks were unsafe, containing high contents of lead from using old carburetors as stills. Sometimes wood alcohol, methanol or other noxious materials such as household cleaners were added to speed up the process and save money. Blindness was not an uncommon occurrence after drinking “bad” moonshine. The biggest “booze” raid in the history of Colorado, took place in Denver 1922, when seventy-three agents of the United States government, fifty-five of them sworn in from the ranks of the Colorado Rangers, made simultaneous raids on twenty-five hotels, rooming houses, cigar stores, soft drink parlors and private homes, most of them in the heart of the city’s business district, looking for evidence of violations of the national prohibition law (The Denver Post, March 17, 1922). Homemade moonshine distillery on display at the Notah-Dineh Museum - Cortez, CO On the southwest side of Colorado, many of the gold and silver mines in the San Juan Mountains were closing down because of the lack of minerals. This provided the perfect location for a still. The moonshiners would hide the still back in a closed mine shaft and be able to make their moonshine without being caught. They would then ship the moonshine out to the surrounding areas. One method for peddling moonshine in Durango was to paint milk jars white, and then fill the jars with moonshine. Though many citizens made their own brew, perhaps in a basement, moonshine was a relatively good business during the depression era toward the end of the 1920’s. The Eighteenth Amendment making Prohibition legal was repealed on December 5, 1933.	<urn:uuid:f7aef730-ed90-4c2e-b643-2412195369ca>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://erinsgray.blogspot.com/2012/12/prohibition-in-colorado.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614880.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124011048-20200124040048-00247.warc.gz	en	0.981247	528	3.4375	3	[ 0.08876395225524902, -0.05050959065556526, 0.262114942073822, -0.2958584427833557, 0.26494452357292175, -0.08866407722234726, 0.11252952367067337, 0.08326740562915802, -0.5257164835929871, -0.1545260101556778, -0.1565893143415451, 0.49669140577316284, -0.181098073720932, -0.122184000909328...	2	On January 16, 1920, the “Noble Experiment” went into effect. This was an attempt to outlaw the manufacturing and sale of alcohol. The government was unable to regulate the sale and or reduce the consumption even though they closed down nearly all alcoholic beverage companies. Only a few companies stayed running, Coors being one of them, producing alcohol for medicinal use only as well as soft drinks. Instead of teaching morality, which was one of the goals, Prohibition created lawlessness in the form of illegal alcohol, often referred to as moonshine and illegal bars, called speakeasies. Because there was no regulation of the illegal business, many gangs were created around moonshine and the process of selling it, called bootlegging. Crime rates increased as well as deaths related to alcohol. Much of the home-brewed drinks were unsafe, containing high contents of lead from using old carburetors as stills. Sometimes wood alcohol, methanol or other noxious materials such as household cleaners were added to speed up the process and save money. Blindness was not an uncommon occurrence after drinking “bad” moonshine. The biggest “booze” raid in the history of Colorado, took place in Denver 1922, when seventy-three agents of the United States government, fifty-five of them sworn in from the ranks of the Colorado Rangers, made simultaneous raids on twenty-five hotels, rooming houses, cigar stores, soft drink parlors and private homes, most of them in the heart of the city’s business district, looking for evidence of violations of the national prohibition law (The Denver Post, March 17, 1922). Homemade moonshine distillery on display at the Notah-Dineh Museum - Cortez, CO On the southwest side of Colorado, many of the gold and silver mines in the San Juan Mountains were closing down because of the lack of minerals. This provided the perfect location for a still. The moonshiners would hide the still back in a closed mine shaft and be able to make their moonshine without being caught. They would then ship the moonshine out to the surrounding areas. One method for peddling moonshine in Durango was to paint milk jars white, and then fill the jars with moonshine. Though many citizens made their own brew, perhaps in a basement, moonshine was a relatively good business during the depression era toward the end of the 1920’s. The Eighteenth Amendment making Prohibition legal was repealed on December 5, 1933.	524	ENGLISH	1
Wikipedia’s Article of the Day November 12, 2019: Operation Catechism Operation Catechism was a British air raid of World War II that resulted in the destruction of the German battleship Tirpitz (depiction shown). On 12 November 1944, 29 Royal Air Force heavy bombers targeted the battleship at an anchorage near the Norwegian city of Tromsø. The ship capsized after being struck by at least two bombs and damaged by the explosions of others, killing between 940 and 1,204 members of the crew. Rescuers picked up hundreds of her crew from the water, but few of those trapped within the hull were saved. The British bombers were unmolested by a unit of German fighter aircraft stationed near Tromsø, and only one was significantly damaged by anti-aircraft artillery. The attack marked the end of a long-running series of air and naval operations against Tirpitz. The battleship’s destruction was celebrated in Allied countries, as well as by Norwegian civilians, and is commemorated by several memorials and displays in museums. —— AUTO – GENERATED; Published (Halifax Canada Time AST) on: November 11, 2019 at 08:57PM	<urn:uuid:71bee54f-080c-4e1a-9968-206a1e19e2dc>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://perilofafrica.com/category/special-report/wikipedias-article-of-the-day-november-12-2019-operation-catechism/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251801423.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129164403-20200129193403-00495.warc.gz	en	0.980545	254	3.703125	4	[ 0.09061916172504425, 0.5937884449958801, -0.07383705675601959, -0.34431299567222595, 0.06182462349534035, -0.13939964771270752, 0.21980664134025574, 0.4132378101348877, -0.1574811339378357, 0.09960189461708069, -0.1908128261566162, -0.26598188281059265, 0.24718299508094788, 0.6485238671302...	2	Wikipedia’s Article of the Day November 12, 2019: Operation Catechism Operation Catechism was a British air raid of World War II that resulted in the destruction of the German battleship Tirpitz (depiction shown). On 12 November 1944, 29 Royal Air Force heavy bombers targeted the battleship at an anchorage near the Norwegian city of Tromsø. The ship capsized after being struck by at least two bombs and damaged by the explosions of others, killing between 940 and 1,204 members of the crew. Rescuers picked up hundreds of her crew from the water, but few of those trapped within the hull were saved. The British bombers were unmolested by a unit of German fighter aircraft stationed near Tromsø, and only one was significantly damaged by anti-aircraft artillery. The attack marked the end of a long-running series of air and naval operations against Tirpitz. The battleship’s destruction was celebrated in Allied countries, as well as by Norwegian civilians, and is commemorated by several memorials and displays in museums. —— AUTO – GENERATED; Published (Halifax Canada Time AST) on: November 11, 2019 at 08:57PM	270	ENGLISH	1
the tradition. In Lincolnshire, representatives of all the branches of farming industry joined the procession. First came the plough, to which it was not unusual to see as many as a score of sons of the soil yoke themselves ; hence the name Plough Bullocks applied to them, or, in Yorkshire, Plough Stotts. Ploughmen from neighbouring hamlets joined the procession, dressed in clean smock-frocks, decked out with ribbons by the maids. Some wore bunches of corn in their hats. Often "the procession was joined by threshers carrying their flails, reapers with sickles, and carters with their long whips, which they were ever cracking to add to the noise ; while even the smith and the miller were among their number, for the one sharpened the ploughshare, and the other ground the corn." Here we have the idea of representation which we see in the dress exhibited. The same eye-witness gives a description of a curious custom in connection with Plough-Monday, which I give in his words, as follows : — "But the great event of the day was when they came before some house which bore signs that the owner was well-to-do in the world, and nothing was given them. Bessy rattled his box and the ploughmen danced, while the country lads blew their bullocks' horns or shouted with all their might ; but, if there was still no sign, no coming forth of either bread-and-cheese or ale, then the word was given, the ploughshare driven into the ground before the door or window, the whole twenty men yoked pulling like one, and, in a minute or two, the ground before the house was as brown, barren, and ridgy as a newly-ploughed field We are not aware that the ploughmen were ever summoned to answer for such a breach of the law, for they believe, to use their own expressive language, 'they can stand by it, and no law in the world can touch 'em, 'cause it's an old charter'." One of the mummers in the Lincolnshire Plough-Monday procession usually wears a fox's skin in the form of a hood ;	<urn:uuid:13d4afd9-923f-477e-a796-6ffe2c8b9d10>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Folk-lore_-_A_Quarterly_Review._Volume_4,_1893.djvu/177	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592394.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118081234-20200118105234-00347.warc.gz	en	0.983493	469	3.359375	3	[ 0.20024468004703522, -0.12201832234859467, 0.27469781041145325, 0.03251238167285919, 0.29589903354644775, -0.134140744805336, 0.18720848858356476, -0.37612980604171753, 0.01852344162762165, -0.20897001028060913, -0.07118752598762512, -0.18838182091712952, -0.1130160316824913, -0.1836833506...	1	the tradition. In Lincolnshire, representatives of all the branches of farming industry joined the procession. First came the plough, to which it was not unusual to see as many as a score of sons of the soil yoke themselves ; hence the name Plough Bullocks applied to them, or, in Yorkshire, Plough Stotts. Ploughmen from neighbouring hamlets joined the procession, dressed in clean smock-frocks, decked out with ribbons by the maids. Some wore bunches of corn in their hats. Often "the procession was joined by threshers carrying their flails, reapers with sickles, and carters with their long whips, which they were ever cracking to add to the noise ; while even the smith and the miller were among their number, for the one sharpened the ploughshare, and the other ground the corn." Here we have the idea of representation which we see in the dress exhibited. The same eye-witness gives a description of a curious custom in connection with Plough-Monday, which I give in his words, as follows : — "But the great event of the day was when they came before some house which bore signs that the owner was well-to-do in the world, and nothing was given them. Bessy rattled his box and the ploughmen danced, while the country lads blew their bullocks' horns or shouted with all their might ; but, if there was still no sign, no coming forth of either bread-and-cheese or ale, then the word was given, the ploughshare driven into the ground before the door or window, the whole twenty men yoked pulling like one, and, in a minute or two, the ground before the house was as brown, barren, and ridgy as a newly-ploughed field We are not aware that the ploughmen were ever summoned to answer for such a breach of the law, for they believe, to use their own expressive language, 'they can stand by it, and no law in the world can touch 'em, 'cause it's an old charter'." One of the mummers in the Lincolnshire Plough-Monday procession usually wears a fox's skin in the form of a hood ;	461	ENGLISH	1
The MacArthur Reforms and Wartime Mobilization The U.S. Army entered World War I desperately short of junior officers. To fill the void, the Academy adopted a three-year, abbreviated schedule that graduated cadets as quickly as possible. Basic training in infantry skills and small unit leadership was accelerated. Many academic courses were shortened or dropped entirely to make room in the curriculum. The Academy also began offering flight instruction to cadets. It hoped to construct its own fixed-wing airfield, but budget constraints always prevented it. War’s end created an awkward situation for the Academy—many of those who had attended accelerated classes could benefit from additional coursework, but few graduates were eager to return to West Point. The Army resolved the issue by returning these individuals to the Academy to finish their education but allowing them to retain their officer status. Gen. Douglas MacArthur became the first postwar superintendent in 1919. Just 39 years old, he was eager to leave his mark. MacArthur embarked upon a series of curriculum reforms, many of which were opposed by the Academic Board, which consisted of the school’s senior military professors. In MacArthur’s opinion, the curriculum had focused so much on mathematics that the Academy had fallen behind other civilian engineering schools. Limited changes were made during his tenure, but West Point returned to its rote curriculum after he left office. MacArthur also fought to expand the Academy’s size from roughly 1,500 to 2,400 cadets, to better keep pace with Army’s expansion. West Point faced an even greater mobilization crisis during World War II and again adopted the three-year, accelerated program. Compounding these problems, the War Department approved a plan that allowed up to 60 percent of any graduating class to accept commissions in the Army Air Corps, which left traditional combat branches, such as the infantry, armor, and artillery, even more shorthanded in terms of their complement of Academy graduates. The Academy was also left drastically short of instructors. Typically, its faculty was made up of graduates at the rank of captain or major, but in wartime the operational forces had the greater need for these officers. As a result, the Academy turned to reserve and officers who were not graduates to fill its faculty. Many of these wartime practices would prove to be the springboard for permanent reforms to the academic program in the postwar era.	<urn:uuid:73ec6719-34bc-44b4-9379-72db027c9bd4>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://weaponsandwarfare.com/2015/08/31/united-states-military-academy/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595787.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119234426-20200120022426-00193.warc.gz	en	0.98656	480	3.453125	3	[ -0.19516415894031525, 0.4859042465686798, 0.3798803985118866, -0.12748605012893677, -0.02072475478053093, 0.2842181324958801, -0.6046079993247986, 0.07856534421443939, -0.039521411061286926, -0.12859342992305756, 0.3093918561935425, 0.03943764045834541, 0.2788195312023163, 0.34681808948516...	6	The MacArthur Reforms and Wartime Mobilization The U.S. Army entered World War I desperately short of junior officers. To fill the void, the Academy adopted a three-year, abbreviated schedule that graduated cadets as quickly as possible. Basic training in infantry skills and small unit leadership was accelerated. Many academic courses were shortened or dropped entirely to make room in the curriculum. The Academy also began offering flight instruction to cadets. It hoped to construct its own fixed-wing airfield, but budget constraints always prevented it. War’s end created an awkward situation for the Academy—many of those who had attended accelerated classes could benefit from additional coursework, but few graduates were eager to return to West Point. The Army resolved the issue by returning these individuals to the Academy to finish their education but allowing them to retain their officer status. Gen. Douglas MacArthur became the first postwar superintendent in 1919. Just 39 years old, he was eager to leave his mark. MacArthur embarked upon a series of curriculum reforms, many of which were opposed by the Academic Board, which consisted of the school’s senior military professors. In MacArthur’s opinion, the curriculum had focused so much on mathematics that the Academy had fallen behind other civilian engineering schools. Limited changes were made during his tenure, but West Point returned to its rote curriculum after he left office. MacArthur also fought to expand the Academy’s size from roughly 1,500 to 2,400 cadets, to better keep pace with Army’s expansion. West Point faced an even greater mobilization crisis during World War II and again adopted the three-year, accelerated program. Compounding these problems, the War Department approved a plan that allowed up to 60 percent of any graduating class to accept commissions in the Army Air Corps, which left traditional combat branches, such as the infantry, armor, and artillery, even more shorthanded in terms of their complement of Academy graduates. The Academy was also left drastically short of instructors. Typically, its faculty was made up of graduates at the rank of captain or major, but in wartime the operational forces had the greater need for these officers. As a result, the Academy turned to reserve and officers who were not graduates to fill its faculty. Many of these wartime practices would prove to be the springboard for permanent reforms to the academic program in the postwar era.	485	ENGLISH	1
For the first time, researchers have uncovered the remains of four Amazons with different ages in the same tomb, according to a release by Russia’s RAS Institute of Archeology. Within the tomb, located in Russia, made of clay and oak blocks, they found skeletons of four women. One was estimated to be between 12 and 13 years old when she died, the second was 20 to 29 years old, a third was 25 to 35 years old and the fourth was 45 to 50 years old. Scythians were nomadic tribes of warriors that lived across Siberia between 200 and 900 BC. And Amazons, like those depicted in the “Wonder Woman” film, were Scythian warrior women. The remains align with other previous discoveries to show that Amazons lived among other nomadic tribes in Eastern Europe. Items found with the remains helped the researchers to estimate their burial occurred during the 4th century BC. Iron arrowheads, a bird-shaped iron hook, horse harnesses, harness hooks, iron knives, animal bones, molded vessels and a broken black lacquer vase painted with a red palmette were found with the teenage girl and one of the young women. Their part of the tomb was disturbed by grave robbers in ancient times. But the graves of the other young woman and the older woman remained pristine, still reclining on wooden beds covered in grass. The young woman was buried as a “horseman,” which includes a specific grave tradition of cutting the tendons in the legs. Beneath her left shoulder was a bronze mirror, along with two spears and a glass bead bracelet along her left side and hand. Two vessels, including a molded dish with a black lacquer design and a one-armed drinking cup, were laid among her legs. The oldest woman bore a surprise, besides her age. The average life expectancy of a Scythian woman was between 30 to 35 years old, according to the researchers. She was buried in a calathos, or ceremonial headdress, bedecked with floral ornamented plates and shaped pendants. Her jewelry was 65% to 70% gold, mixed with copper, silver and iron to create an alloy. Typically, Scythian jewelry contains much less gold. She was also buried with an iron knife wrapped in fabric and a rare iron arrowhead with a forked end. The headdress is a unique find because so few survived burial to be uncovered by archaeologists, the researchers said. Other discoveries have released fragments, rather than this well-preserved ceremonial headdress with its intact ornaments. The remains were found in a cemetery known as Devitsa V, a site consisting of 19 mounds that has been studied since 2010 in the Voronezh region of Russia. This year the Don Archaeological Expedition from the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences excavated the remains of the four women in one of the mounds. “The Amazons are common Scythian phenomenon and during the last decade our expedition has discovered approximately 11 burials of young armed women,” said Valerii Guliaev, head of the Don expedition. “Separate barrows were filled for them and all burial rites which were usually made for men were done for them.”	<urn:uuid:b60bd4e1-cf62-4f98-8842-f695a9f9d3c2>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://abc17news.com/news/national-world/2020/01/06/three-generations-of-ancient-amazon-women-warriors-found-in-russian-tomb/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591763.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118023429-20200118051429-00469.warc.gz	en	0.983105	683	3.296875	3	[ -0.1518080234527588, 0.08683966100215912, 0.41964325308799744, 0.5043783187866211, -0.39684152603149414, -0.16306887567043304, -0.10335616022348404, 0.14459389448165894, -0.2991819381713867, 0.09816466271877289, 0.17793944478034973, -0.26203030347824097, 0.125712051987648, 0.35962519049644...	4	For the first time, researchers have uncovered the remains of four Amazons with different ages in the same tomb, according to a release by Russia’s RAS Institute of Archeology. Within the tomb, located in Russia, made of clay and oak blocks, they found skeletons of four women. One was estimated to be between 12 and 13 years old when she died, the second was 20 to 29 years old, a third was 25 to 35 years old and the fourth was 45 to 50 years old. Scythians were nomadic tribes of warriors that lived across Siberia between 200 and 900 BC. And Amazons, like those depicted in the “Wonder Woman” film, were Scythian warrior women. The remains align with other previous discoveries to show that Amazons lived among other nomadic tribes in Eastern Europe. Items found with the remains helped the researchers to estimate their burial occurred during the 4th century BC. Iron arrowheads, a bird-shaped iron hook, horse harnesses, harness hooks, iron knives, animal bones, molded vessels and a broken black lacquer vase painted with a red palmette were found with the teenage girl and one of the young women. Their part of the tomb was disturbed by grave robbers in ancient times. But the graves of the other young woman and the older woman remained pristine, still reclining on wooden beds covered in grass. The young woman was buried as a “horseman,” which includes a specific grave tradition of cutting the tendons in the legs. Beneath her left shoulder was a bronze mirror, along with two spears and a glass bead bracelet along her left side and hand. Two vessels, including a molded dish with a black lacquer design and a one-armed drinking cup, were laid among her legs. The oldest woman bore a surprise, besides her age. The average life expectancy of a Scythian woman was between 30 to 35 years old, according to the researchers. She was buried in a calathos, or ceremonial headdress, bedecked with floral ornamented plates and shaped pendants. Her jewelry was 65% to 70% gold, mixed with copper, silver and iron to create an alloy. Typically, Scythian jewelry contains much less gold. She was also buried with an iron knife wrapped in fabric and a rare iron arrowhead with a forked end. The headdress is a unique find because so few survived burial to be uncovered by archaeologists, the researchers said. Other discoveries have released fragments, rather than this well-preserved ceremonial headdress with its intact ornaments. The remains were found in a cemetery known as Devitsa V, a site consisting of 19 mounds that has been studied since 2010 in the Voronezh region of Russia. This year the Don Archaeological Expedition from the Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences excavated the remains of the four women in one of the mounds. “The Amazons are common Scythian phenomenon and during the last decade our expedition has discovered approximately 11 burials of young armed women,” said Valerii Guliaev, head of the Don expedition. “Separate barrows were filled for them and all burial rites which were usually made for men were done for them.”	697	ENGLISH	1
Hamlet is the Prince of Denmark, son of Queen Gertrude and the late King Hamlet. After the late King Hamlets death, Claudius (the late Kings brother) married Queen Gertrude and became the father uncle to Prince Hamlet. After the ghost (King Hamlet) appeared to Prince Hamlet and informed him that Claudius was the murderer of his father, by putting poison in his ear, Hamlet was furious. The ghost told Hamlet to seek revenge on King Claudius, but not to harm Queen Gertrude. . To prove that the ghost was telling the truth and that Claudius did indeed kill King Hamlet, Prince Hamlet developed a plan. The plan was to catch Claudius expressing guilt for murdering King Hamlet. When the players arrived, they put on a play that resembled the actions of Claudius. First, the King would die of poison by his brother. Then after the brother became King, he would marry the Queen (his sister-in-law). Prince Hamlet would watch Claudiuss actions to see if he showed any guilt, if so, then Hamlet would be convinced that the ghost was telling the truth. As suspected, Claudius was very disturbed and he ordered that the play be stopped. Hamlet then realized that the ghost was right and Claudius did murder his father. Is Hamlet Mad?. A big part of the play revolves around the question of Prince Hamlets madness and if it exists. If you can imagine, after the death of his father, and the remarriage of his mother, it is hard for him to deal with many things. At any given moment during the play, the most accurate assessment of Hamlets state of mind lies between sanity and insanity. Hamlet certainly displays a high degree of mania and instability throughout much of the play, but his madness is perhaps too intentional for us to conclude that he actually loses his mind. His language is unusual and wild, but beneath his mad-sounding diction often lie clever observations that show the sane mind working bitterly beneath the surface.	<urn:uuid:d31247ff-a1d3-44e7-9f0d-8bcfa3f63ee9>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/44571.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783621.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129010251-20200129040251-00245.warc.gz	en	0.983799	426	3.375	3	[ 0.3252232074737549, 0.38909295201301575, 0.5667099952697754, -0.3798997104167938, 0.14342904090881348, 0.140521839261055, 0.5604764223098755, 0.1541559100151062, 0.027703862637281418, -0.24241192638874054, 0.4630819261074066, -0.3077915906906128, -0.07284768670797348, 0.26841190457344055, ...	2	Hamlet is the Prince of Denmark, son of Queen Gertrude and the late King Hamlet. After the late King Hamlets death, Claudius (the late Kings brother) married Queen Gertrude and became the father uncle to Prince Hamlet. After the ghost (King Hamlet) appeared to Prince Hamlet and informed him that Claudius was the murderer of his father, by putting poison in his ear, Hamlet was furious. The ghost told Hamlet to seek revenge on King Claudius, but not to harm Queen Gertrude. . To prove that the ghost was telling the truth and that Claudius did indeed kill King Hamlet, Prince Hamlet developed a plan. The plan was to catch Claudius expressing guilt for murdering King Hamlet. When the players arrived, they put on a play that resembled the actions of Claudius. First, the King would die of poison by his brother. Then after the brother became King, he would marry the Queen (his sister-in-law). Prince Hamlet would watch Claudiuss actions to see if he showed any guilt, if so, then Hamlet would be convinced that the ghost was telling the truth. As suspected, Claudius was very disturbed and he ordered that the play be stopped. Hamlet then realized that the ghost was right and Claudius did murder his father. Is Hamlet Mad?. A big part of the play revolves around the question of Prince Hamlets madness and if it exists. If you can imagine, after the death of his father, and the remarriage of his mother, it is hard for him to deal with many things. At any given moment during the play, the most accurate assessment of Hamlets state of mind lies between sanity and insanity. Hamlet certainly displays a high degree of mania and instability throughout much of the play, but his madness is perhaps too intentional for us to conclude that he actually loses his mind. His language is unusual and wild, but beneath his mad-sounding diction often lie clever observations that show the sane mind working bitterly beneath the surface.	418	ENGLISH	1
The Basilica of St. Louis King of France, affectionately known as the Old Cathedral, was the first cathedral west of the Mississippi River and until 1845 the first and only parish church in the city of St. Louis. The church was founded in 1770. It sits just west of the Gateway Arch and is surrounded by the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial grounds. It is the oldest building still standing in the city of St. Louis that remains in the hands of its original owner. In 1764 a log structure was built in present-day St. Louis to serve as a Catholic church. For many years it was the only church in the area. The church, like the rest of the city, was named St. Louis after King Louis IX of France, a Catholic saint. In 1776 a larger church was built to replace the original. It was at this church that Sacagawea's son, Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, was baptized. In 1826, St. Louis became a diocese, and, the following year, Bishop Joseph Rosati became the first bishop of the Diocese of St. Louis. The present-day stone cathedral church was built in 1834. Designed by Morton and Laveill, construction costed over $63,000. It became the first Catholic cathedral west of the Mississippi. Church membership continued to grow and in 1914 it was replaced with the construction of the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis in the Central West End neighborhood of St. Louis. The 1834 church remained popular however and became known as the Old Cathedral. It was the only building in the neighborhood to be spared demolition for the creation of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial in 1959. In 1961 Pope John XXIII officially designated the Old Cathedral as a basilica, naming it the Basilica of St. Louis, the King. It was also added to the National Register of Historic Places. The Old Cathedral most recently underwent a massive $15 million restoration, the first since 1959. The renovations included restoring the interior to its nineteenth century appearance. Today the church continues to hold regular services and can be booked for weddings. It also has a museum containing items relating to the Catholic history of St. Louis.	<urn:uuid:20c68100-d0cd-4884-a2bb-49024ce9fbbc>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.theclio.com/entry/11586	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251801423.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129164403-20200129193403-00323.warc.gz	en	0.983873	449	3.296875	3	[ 0.1319723129272461, 0.3330610990524292, -0.006615922320634127, -0.22019128501415253, -0.3575170636177063, -0.005260638892650604, -0.7255416512489319, 0.03734071925282478, 0.15663810074329376, 0.07423056662082672, -0.0982508510351181, 0.13482770323753357, -0.00965159758925438, 0.25174671411...	2	The Basilica of St. Louis King of France, affectionately known as the Old Cathedral, was the first cathedral west of the Mississippi River and until 1845 the first and only parish church in the city of St. Louis. The church was founded in 1770. It sits just west of the Gateway Arch and is surrounded by the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial grounds. It is the oldest building still standing in the city of St. Louis that remains in the hands of its original owner. In 1764 a log structure was built in present-day St. Louis to serve as a Catholic church. For many years it was the only church in the area. The church, like the rest of the city, was named St. Louis after King Louis IX of France, a Catholic saint. In 1776 a larger church was built to replace the original. It was at this church that Sacagawea's son, Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, was baptized. In 1826, St. Louis became a diocese, and, the following year, Bishop Joseph Rosati became the first bishop of the Diocese of St. Louis. The present-day stone cathedral church was built in 1834. Designed by Morton and Laveill, construction costed over $63,000. It became the first Catholic cathedral west of the Mississippi. Church membership continued to grow and in 1914 it was replaced with the construction of the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis in the Central West End neighborhood of St. Louis. The 1834 church remained popular however and became known as the Old Cathedral. It was the only building in the neighborhood to be spared demolition for the creation of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial in 1959. In 1961 Pope John XXIII officially designated the Old Cathedral as a basilica, naming it the Basilica of St. Louis, the King. It was also added to the National Register of Historic Places. The Old Cathedral most recently underwent a massive $15 million restoration, the first since 1959. The renovations included restoring the interior to its nineteenth century appearance. Today the church continues to hold regular services and can be booked for weddings. It also has a museum containing items relating to the Catholic history of St. Louis.	485	ENGLISH	1
Benjamin Franklin was a famous printer, author, inventor, scientist, public servant and diplomat. He was commonly called "the first civilized American." Franklin was born on the seventeenth day of January in 1706, on Milk Street in Boston Mass., he was his parents fifteenth child. Benjamin obviously respected his father, who probably taught him to read, so early that he could not remember learning it. While he was a young boy, A private teacher, George Brownell took Benjamin on. "Under him I acquired fair Writhing pretty soon, but I fail"d in the Arithmetic & made no Progress in it." (Franklin's Memoirs, ed. by Max Farrand, p. 20, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1949.) At 10-years-old he was taken home to assist his father in his business. Benjamin did not like what his father did though, so him and his father took a walk one day around Boston, observing the craftsmen at work and looking for a congenial trade. One of his cousins was a cutler, and that occupation was seriously considered. Franklin's fondness for books, he decided to sign indentures with his elder brother James, who in 1717 had returned to Boston from London with a printing press. . At the age of seventeen, Benjamin had a trade, he still had much to learn about men and women. He found work in New York, but heard that there might be some in Philadelphia. He roamed Philadelphia for a while, and that's how he met his soon to be wife, Deborah Read. After looking for a while he was finally employed at Samuel Keimer's printing shop and rooming Deborah's home. After some time at that, the provincial governor, Sir William Keith urged him to a business for himself and sent him back to Boston with a letter to his father. His father thought that Benjamin was too young for such a thing, and refused immediate support. He went back to Philadelphia and worked for his friend Denham for about 4 months until Denham unexpectedly died.	<urn:uuid:c098408d-15a1-4835-9433-7c2961affdf9>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/73317.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598800.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120135447-20200120164447-00407.warc.gz	en	0.994771	420	3.71875	4	[ -0.16036179661750793, 0.35258397459983826, -0.11308003962039948, -0.276873379945755, -0.6618213653564453, 0.06006980687379837, 0.3909354507923126, 0.5755580067634583, -0.2950226068496704, -0.14099159836769104, 0.10705795139074326, 0.17828863859176636, 0.010485642589628696, 0.29741549491882...	3	Benjamin Franklin was a famous printer, author, inventor, scientist, public servant and diplomat. He was commonly called "the first civilized American." Franklin was born on the seventeenth day of January in 1706, on Milk Street in Boston Mass., he was his parents fifteenth child. Benjamin obviously respected his father, who probably taught him to read, so early that he could not remember learning it. While he was a young boy, A private teacher, George Brownell took Benjamin on. "Under him I acquired fair Writhing pretty soon, but I fail"d in the Arithmetic & made no Progress in it." (Franklin's Memoirs, ed. by Max Farrand, p. 20, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1949.) At 10-years-old he was taken home to assist his father in his business. Benjamin did not like what his father did though, so him and his father took a walk one day around Boston, observing the craftsmen at work and looking for a congenial trade. One of his cousins was a cutler, and that occupation was seriously considered. Franklin's fondness for books, he decided to sign indentures with his elder brother James, who in 1717 had returned to Boston from London with a printing press. . At the age of seventeen, Benjamin had a trade, he still had much to learn about men and women. He found work in New York, but heard that there might be some in Philadelphia. He roamed Philadelphia for a while, and that's how he met his soon to be wife, Deborah Read. After looking for a while he was finally employed at Samuel Keimer's printing shop and rooming Deborah's home. After some time at that, the provincial governor, Sir William Keith urged him to a business for himself and sent him back to Boston with a letter to his father. His father thought that Benjamin was too young for such a thing, and refused immediate support. He went back to Philadelphia and worked for his friend Denham for about 4 months until Denham unexpectedly died.	429	ENGLISH	1
Food Safety Hazards (22nd September 2017) Last week our Primary and Secondary pupils arrived at their Food Tech lesson to discover that an area of the kitchen had been taped off due to the discovery of various 'Food Safety Hazards'. They all did a very good job of looking closely at the scene and were able to help each other identify a wide range of hazards. Everybody particularly liked one of the props - a soft toy rat - which was found on the floor, having been attracted by waste food which somebody had forgotten to clear away! Afterwards pupils explained and recorded the dangers they had spotted. With an increased awareness of food safety and hygiene, all groups went on to prepare, cook and of course eat a delicious tortilla-base pizza or toastie during the rest of their lesson.	<urn:uuid:aa31515f-ebe2-457a-bd7a-9f2b765c7d8c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://northernhousesolihull.schooljotter2.com/news/whole-school/20172018/food-safety-hazards	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614086.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123221108-20200124010108-00044.warc.gz	en	0.988854	161	3.609375	4	[ -0.02637355960905552, -0.0706799253821373, 0.38842737674713135, -0.44116470217704773, 0.10404104739427567, 0.1769745796918869, 0.5298659801483154, 0.22313980758190155, -0.18943892419338226, -0.11614697426557541, -0.14909771084785461, -0.7134179472923279, -0.1875402331352234, 0.344850480556...	2	Food Safety Hazards (22nd September 2017) Last week our Primary and Secondary pupils arrived at their Food Tech lesson to discover that an area of the kitchen had been taped off due to the discovery of various 'Food Safety Hazards'. They all did a very good job of looking closely at the scene and were able to help each other identify a wide range of hazards. Everybody particularly liked one of the props - a soft toy rat - which was found on the floor, having been attracted by waste food which somebody had forgotten to clear away! Afterwards pupils explained and recorded the dangers they had spotted. With an increased awareness of food safety and hygiene, all groups went on to prepare, cook and of course eat a delicious tortilla-base pizza or toastie during the rest of their lesson.	163	ENGLISH	1
Paper type: Essay Pages: 3 (660 words) The earth and the sky factor into Paleolithic, Neolithic, and Mesolithic art and monuments. Paleolithic means Old Stone Age and the art was mainly consisted of paintings in their caves and Venus figurines. Neolithic means New Stone Age and the art was consisted of the Stonehenge, figures, and pottery. Mesolithic means Middle Stone Age and the art consisted of some pottery, hand tools, and some figurines. In the Old Stone Age, (Paleolithic) their art was consisted of mainly paintings on cave walls. People painted animals because that was what they would see in the dark due to the prolonged time of being in darkness in the caves. They didn’t see much sunlight. As time went on, mathematical aspects started to rise from observational astronomy. Some cave paintings became known as an understanding of the path the moon takes around the sun. This is known as the ecliptic. The ecliptic lead to the discovery of the zodiac. Stars, moons, and planets in the Paleolithic culture are not the stars, moons and planets of modern time that we know. They are those whose habitat is the Milky Way and the celestial sphere now. Many of these paintings reflected images that were seen in the night sky. Such as the Bison that were painted in cave walls which is known as the Taurus in the zodiac sign today. The significance of their art was the astronomy and mathematical connections they made and how it created what we now know as the zodiac. The New Stone Age began to connect with the earth and the sun more by the use of famous monuments. In the New Stone Age (Neolithic) the people built villages that were built for family, life, and worship. They worshipped many gods, but their beliefs were strongly based on nature. They also built many walls that were used as a defense. The monuments they built was their main form art that had connections to the earth and the sun. They created a giant stone monument that was known as Stonehenge. It was made out of earth, timber, and stones. By viewing this monument, it was observed that the Neolithic people had knowledge in architecture, mathematics, and astrology. The Stonehenge was created as an astrological observatory. It is known for this because of the rising and setting of the sun on the summer and winter solstice that can be seen through the monument. It was also considered to possibly have been used as an astronomical calendar. The significance of this monument is how these people had the mathematical and astronomy knowledge to build this in a way to be able to witness amazing views in the sky that come every year. The Middle Stone (Mesolithic) art consisted of mostly pottery and hand tools. During the Middle Stone age, the Mesolithic people made many hand tools because they began to gain more knowledge to be able to farm and capture animals more effectively. They created carved-engraved bone plates. These engraved or painted plates of stones were marked with dots. These dots were considered to be accurate lunar observations. The interpretation of the markings on many artefacts were considered to be marks that correlate with lunar or solar motion. This showed that the Mesolithic people had some astronomical skills. The significance of these findings show that over time people were gaining skills on astronomy and were creating their observations through the use of art. Over time art has changed dramatically. It started off as just paintings on cave walls and lead to massive monuments that are still standing today. There is significance behind all of the art since the Stone Age times. These people from the stone ages used art to express their knowledge in mathematics and astronomy. They used it to better understand the earth, the sky, the sun, and the stars. They not knowingly created what is today the zodiac and proved they didn’t need any technology to create an astrological observatory. Cite this page Paleolithic, Neolithic, and Mesolithic Art. (2016, Apr 08). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/paleolithic-neolithic-and-mesolithic-art-essay	<urn:uuid:0702e75d-da3a-45f8-9b68-8aedf08e99eb>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://studymoose.com/paleolithic-neolithic-and-mesolithic-art-essay	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606269.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122012204-20200122041204-00136.warc.gz	en	0.986466	855	3.375	3	[ -0.021803859621286392, 0.15756827592849731, 0.014559689909219742, 0.20206241309642792, -0.15842869877815247, 0.1981460452079773, 0.2662835121154785, 0.08650322258472443, -0.044042207300662994, 0.0986524447798729, 0.009033635258674622, -0.5433672070503235, -0.05967896059155464, 0.2394796013...	1	Paper type: Essay Pages: 3 (660 words) The earth and the sky factor into Paleolithic, Neolithic, and Mesolithic art and monuments. Paleolithic means Old Stone Age and the art was mainly consisted of paintings in their caves and Venus figurines. Neolithic means New Stone Age and the art was consisted of the Stonehenge, figures, and pottery. Mesolithic means Middle Stone Age and the art consisted of some pottery, hand tools, and some figurines. In the Old Stone Age, (Paleolithic) their art was consisted of mainly paintings on cave walls. People painted animals because that was what they would see in the dark due to the prolonged time of being in darkness in the caves. They didn’t see much sunlight. As time went on, mathematical aspects started to rise from observational astronomy. Some cave paintings became known as an understanding of the path the moon takes around the sun. This is known as the ecliptic. The ecliptic lead to the discovery of the zodiac. Stars, moons, and planets in the Paleolithic culture are not the stars, moons and planets of modern time that we know. They are those whose habitat is the Milky Way and the celestial sphere now. Many of these paintings reflected images that were seen in the night sky. Such as the Bison that were painted in cave walls which is known as the Taurus in the zodiac sign today. The significance of their art was the astronomy and mathematical connections they made and how it created what we now know as the zodiac. The New Stone Age began to connect with the earth and the sun more by the use of famous monuments. In the New Stone Age (Neolithic) the people built villages that were built for family, life, and worship. They worshipped many gods, but their beliefs were strongly based on nature. They also built many walls that were used as a defense. The monuments they built was their main form art that had connections to the earth and the sun. They created a giant stone monument that was known as Stonehenge. It was made out of earth, timber, and stones. By viewing this monument, it was observed that the Neolithic people had knowledge in architecture, mathematics, and astrology. The Stonehenge was created as an astrological observatory. It is known for this because of the rising and setting of the sun on the summer and winter solstice that can be seen through the monument. It was also considered to possibly have been used as an astronomical calendar. The significance of this monument is how these people had the mathematical and astronomy knowledge to build this in a way to be able to witness amazing views in the sky that come every year. The Middle Stone (Mesolithic) art consisted of mostly pottery and hand tools. During the Middle Stone age, the Mesolithic people made many hand tools because they began to gain more knowledge to be able to farm and capture animals more effectively. They created carved-engraved bone plates. These engraved or painted plates of stones were marked with dots. These dots were considered to be accurate lunar observations. The interpretation of the markings on many artefacts were considered to be marks that correlate with lunar or solar motion. This showed that the Mesolithic people had some astronomical skills. The significance of these findings show that over time people were gaining skills on astronomy and were creating their observations through the use of art. Over time art has changed dramatically. It started off as just paintings on cave walls and lead to massive monuments that are still standing today. There is significance behind all of the art since the Stone Age times. These people from the stone ages used art to express their knowledge in mathematics and astronomy. They used it to better understand the earth, the sky, the sun, and the stars. They not knowingly created what is today the zodiac and proved they didn’t need any technology to create an astrological observatory. Cite this page Paleolithic, Neolithic, and Mesolithic Art. (2016, Apr 08). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/paleolithic-neolithic-and-mesolithic-art-essay	834	ENGLISH	1
During the Christmas season, plantation masters allowed their slaves to celebrate Christmas in a variety ways. Some slaves were given a yule log to burn in the big house. As long as the log burned, they were granted rest during the holiday. Consider this interesting bit of data from genealogist and author Katie Brown Bennett. Upon completing her research, Bennett wrote a book titled, “Soaking the Yule Log,” which refers to a story she learned about masters and slaves. It was said to be tradition that masters would give their slaves a Christmas break for as long as the yule log would burn. Showing their ingenuity, some slaves learned to soak the log in water to make it burn more slowly. Some masters were more liberal than others and permitted their slaves to go into town, visit friends and relatives; and even spend time with former masters. [ source: Black Recreation: A Historical Perspective; p 71 and p 98] Another celebration known as _______________, also referred to as a “Christmas masquerade” and/or a “Christmas parade,” took place on the plantations. It was a basic traveling show in which the slave would put on makeshift costumes and go from house to house to perform for gifts and money. Q: What is the name of the historic slave celebration that continues to this day?	<urn:uuid:39ed874d-84e9-4d8f-8609-9a651442965b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://blackhistoryquiz.com/2019/12/10/how-us-slaves-celebrated-christmas/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594391.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119093733-20200119121733-00100.warc.gz	en	0.986823	276	3.875	4	[ -0.20200379192829132, 1.0206049680709839, 0.7378572225570679, -0.2188803106546402, 0.1812366247177124, -0.03264831006526947, -0.2821718752384186, -0.5295975208282471, -0.09899018704891205, -0.10254888236522675, 0.23433618247509003, 0.2212946116924286, -0.681443989276886, 0.3927672505378723...	3	During the Christmas season, plantation masters allowed their slaves to celebrate Christmas in a variety ways. Some slaves were given a yule log to burn in the big house. As long as the log burned, they were granted rest during the holiday. Consider this interesting bit of data from genealogist and author Katie Brown Bennett. Upon completing her research, Bennett wrote a book titled, “Soaking the Yule Log,” which refers to a story she learned about masters and slaves. It was said to be tradition that masters would give their slaves a Christmas break for as long as the yule log would burn. Showing their ingenuity, some slaves learned to soak the log in water to make it burn more slowly. Some masters were more liberal than others and permitted their slaves to go into town, visit friends and relatives; and even spend time with former masters. [ source: Black Recreation: A Historical Perspective; p 71 and p 98] Another celebration known as _______________, also referred to as a “Christmas masquerade” and/or a “Christmas parade,” took place on the plantations. It was a basic traveling show in which the slave would put on makeshift costumes and go from house to house to perform for gifts and money. Q: What is the name of the historic slave celebration that continues to this day?	268	ENGLISH	1
King Richard I of England was also known as Richard the Lionheart. This may of been because of his bravery in battle. Richard I, the king of England, was also known as Richard the Lionhearted. Richard I was very courages on the battlefield. He was very popular with the English people and still is. Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine were Richards parents. Richard was born into a family that was always at war with each other. Richard even had to fight with his father to be considered an heir to the throne. Richard was crowned king in 1189, and he started getting ready for the Third Crusade. Richard raised the people's taxes so he would have money for the Crusade. King Richard and King Philip Augustus of France joined each other in Sicily. King Richard conquered Cyprus when he was on his way to the Holy Land. He used the wealth of the city to increase the Crusades money In 1191 Richard engaged in the siege of Acre. The German and French leaders were at odds for the entire siege. The French and English armies also had problems. Acre fell in July, and Philip was back in France in August. Richard was a very brave soldier, and he enjoyed a good war After the French left Richard found another army to help him fight the sultan of Egypt, Saladin. Saladin had decided he was going to defeat the Crusaders and drive them out. When Richard tried to capture Jerusalem, his army was forced to retreat in 1191. Richard tried three more time to take Jerusalem and was defeated every time. Richard decided to work out a treaty with Saladin. In the treaty, the Crusaders got a fringe along the coastline. Their Ascalon base was destroyed. Richard was left with no good way to return to England. The land and sea routes were now controlled by Richards enemies. Richard disguised himself in 1192 to pass through Austria, but King Leopold was looking for him, and Richard was captured in Vienna. Leopold turned Richard over to the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI. Henry VI wanted a ransom before he would release Richard. He wanted 150,000 marks. The money was raised by the English People. They did not have the full amount, but Richard was released anyway, and he returned to England in 1194.. When Richard I was released he went back to England. He was sworn in as king for the second time. When he was sure he was still in control of England he left for Normandy and never returned to England. He spent the next five years fighting France's King Philip II. When Richard I laid siege on Chalus castle he was wounded. He died from this wound. King Richard ruled England for eleven years, but during this time he stayed less than one year on English soil. He and Berengaria of Navarre never had any children of their own, so when he died his brother, John, became King of England. King Richard I did not do anything of importance in England, but he was very popular and still is. Architecture is perhaps India’s greatest glory. The Hindu temples have two types of roof: the pyramidal and the curved. Darjeeling is the home of the Gurkhas. Earlier it was a part of Nepal, but it had to cede Darjeeling to the English after losing the war with them. Discover and be amazed to the city with sprawling complex of commerce and recreation. Be amazed to the City of Angels..	<urn:uuid:4d5958b1-1c47-4136-968d-aafc48f6b26b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://travelandculture.expertscolumn.com/king-richard-i-lionheart	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700988.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127143516-20200127173516-00020.warc.gz	en	0.992055	717	3.75	4	[ -0.36156100034713745, 0.6948958039283752, -0.10436837375164032, 0.050493307411670685, -0.37780824303627014, -0.27204108238220215, 0.1009226143360138, 0.37300026416778564, 0.09461086988449097, -0.3850201368331909, -0.02932104840874672, -0.5556693077087402, 0.4096919894218445, -0.00277556432...	1	King Richard I of England was also known as Richard the Lionheart. This may of been because of his bravery in battle. Richard I, the king of England, was also known as Richard the Lionhearted. Richard I was very courages on the battlefield. He was very popular with the English people and still is. Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine were Richards parents. Richard was born into a family that was always at war with each other. Richard even had to fight with his father to be considered an heir to the throne. Richard was crowned king in 1189, and he started getting ready for the Third Crusade. Richard raised the people's taxes so he would have money for the Crusade. King Richard and King Philip Augustus of France joined each other in Sicily. King Richard conquered Cyprus when he was on his way to the Holy Land. He used the wealth of the city to increase the Crusades money In 1191 Richard engaged in the siege of Acre. The German and French leaders were at odds for the entire siege. The French and English armies also had problems. Acre fell in July, and Philip was back in France in August. Richard was a very brave soldier, and he enjoyed a good war After the French left Richard found another army to help him fight the sultan of Egypt, Saladin. Saladin had decided he was going to defeat the Crusaders and drive them out. When Richard tried to capture Jerusalem, his army was forced to retreat in 1191. Richard tried three more time to take Jerusalem and was defeated every time. Richard decided to work out a treaty with Saladin. In the treaty, the Crusaders got a fringe along the coastline. Their Ascalon base was destroyed. Richard was left with no good way to return to England. The land and sea routes were now controlled by Richards enemies. Richard disguised himself in 1192 to pass through Austria, but King Leopold was looking for him, and Richard was captured in Vienna. Leopold turned Richard over to the Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI. Henry VI wanted a ransom before he would release Richard. He wanted 150,000 marks. The money was raised by the English People. They did not have the full amount, but Richard was released anyway, and he returned to England in 1194.. When Richard I was released he went back to England. He was sworn in as king for the second time. When he was sure he was still in control of England he left for Normandy and never returned to England. He spent the next five years fighting France's King Philip II. When Richard I laid siege on Chalus castle he was wounded. He died from this wound. King Richard ruled England for eleven years, but during this time he stayed less than one year on English soil. He and Berengaria of Navarre never had any children of their own, so when he died his brother, John, became King of England. King Richard I did not do anything of importance in England, but he was very popular and still is. Architecture is perhaps India’s greatest glory. The Hindu temples have two types of roof: the pyramidal and the curved. Darjeeling is the home of the Gurkhas. Earlier it was a part of Nepal, but it had to cede Darjeeling to the English after losing the war with them. Discover and be amazed to the city with sprawling complex of commerce and recreation. Be amazed to the City of Angels..	725	ENGLISH	1
All's Well That Ends Well All's Well That Ends Well is a play by William Shakespeare. It is believed to have been written between 1604 and 1605, and was originally published in the First Folio in 1623. In All's Well That Ends Well, a woman is given in marriage to the man she longs for, but, because she is of lower rank, he refuses to accept the marriage. It becomes her challenge to win his acceptance. There is no evidence that All's Well That Ends Well was popular in Shakespeare's own lifetime and it has remained one of his lesser-known plays ever since, in part due to its odd mixture of fairy tale logic, gender role reversals and cynical realism. Though originally the play was classified as one of Shakespeare's comedies, the play is now considered by some critics to be one of his problem plays, so named because they cannot be neatly classified as tragedy or comedy. AUDIO: Reading by Tony Addison, running time: 3 hours, 37 min. Unabridged full version. E-book: ePUB, 32 000 words, reading time approximately 2 hours, 40 min. William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was an English poet, playwright and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. His extant works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and a few other verses. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright. Shakespeare was a respected poet and playwright in his own day, but his reputation did not rise to its present heights until the 19th century. His plays remain highly popular today and are constantly studied, performed, and reinterpreted in diverse cultural and political contexts throughout the world. In 2016, celebrations and festivals in the United Kingdom and across the world honoured The Bard's 400th anniversary. Listen to sample	<urn:uuid:f47f0a46-3214-44e4-a831-1abf64dcfe0c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://dalarna.elib.se/Books/Details/1089674	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599718.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120165335-20200120194335-00359.warc.gz	en	0.984394	417	3.53125	4	[ 0.05106952786445618, -0.15706703066825867, 0.4983106851577759, 0.040760863572359085, -0.26958873867988586, 0.08301156014204025, -0.13024169206619263, 0.05170401930809021, 0.08145167678594589, -0.21547362208366394, 0.16972386837005615, 0.1973072588443756, -0.09322545677423477, 0.25157755613...	7	All's Well That Ends Well All's Well That Ends Well is a play by William Shakespeare. It is believed to have been written between 1604 and 1605, and was originally published in the First Folio in 1623. In All's Well That Ends Well, a woman is given in marriage to the man she longs for, but, because she is of lower rank, he refuses to accept the marriage. It becomes her challenge to win his acceptance. There is no evidence that All's Well That Ends Well was popular in Shakespeare's own lifetime and it has remained one of his lesser-known plays ever since, in part due to its odd mixture of fairy tale logic, gender role reversals and cynical realism. Though originally the play was classified as one of Shakespeare's comedies, the play is now considered by some critics to be one of his problem plays, so named because they cannot be neatly classified as tragedy or comedy. AUDIO: Reading by Tony Addison, running time: 3 hours, 37 min. Unabridged full version. E-book: ePUB, 32 000 words, reading time approximately 2 hours, 40 min. William Shakespeare (1564-1616) was an English poet, playwright and actor, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. His extant works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and a few other verses. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright. Shakespeare was a respected poet and playwright in his own day, but his reputation did not rise to its present heights until the 19th century. His plays remain highly popular today and are constantly studied, performed, and reinterpreted in diverse cultural and political contexts throughout the world. In 2016, celebrations and festivals in the United Kingdom and across the world honoured The Bard's 400th anniversary. Listen to sample	439	ENGLISH	1
By: Leon kwasi Kuntuo-Asare Garret Augustus Morgan, was born o March 4, 1877 in Claysville, Kentucky. His father a man named Sydney Morgan was a freed-slave, and the son of confederate colonel John H. Morgan, his mother was a slave woman named Elizabeth Reed. At the age of 14, having only a 6th grade education, he would move to Cincinnati,Ohio to look for work. Morgan would eventually gain employment as a handyman for a Cincinnati landowner. In his free-time, he would further his knowledge by studying with a tutor he hired. In 1895, Morgan would move to Cleveland, Ohio, where heee found work as a sewing machine repairman for a clothing maker. The skills he required as a repairman would ultimately send him on the journey of becoming an inventor. He would invent a belt fastener for sewiing machines, and in 1912 he would get his first patent. When he was not working or inventing, Morgan became interested in his own Black American heritage and the plight of his fellow Black American people, in 1908, he would co-found the Cleveland Association of Colored Men, which was a group dedicated to improving the social and economic situation for Black people. The group would later merge with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Morgan would move his activities beyond entrepreneurship, inventing and activism and would become a philanthropist, giving his own money to support Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) to help educate his people. As a businessman, Morgan would eventually open his own sewing business. In 1909, Morgan and his wife Mary Anne expanded their small and growing business empire by opening a clothing store called Morgan’s Cut Rate Ladies Clothing Store. Where he would employee his own people and at one time his store employed 32 people. As an inventor he would go on to invent Black hair products, the stoplight and the smokehood (a precursor to the gas mask). He would die on July 27, 1963, in Cleveland, Ohio after living to the ripe age of 86. For additional information use the link below:	<urn:uuid:f0882ebd-9cb1-4541-b24f-9695a802e0bc>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://leonkwasichronicles.com/tag/black/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251801423.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129164403-20200129193403-00250.warc.gz	en	0.988448	446	3.40625	3	[ -0.4867821931838989, 0.36576423048973083, 0.19080591201782227, 0.032454222440719604, -0.6029359102249146, -0.3133224844932556, 0.3340471684932709, 0.05156823247671127, -0.4745672941207886, 0.2272689789533615, -0.1673104166984558, -0.09995203465223312, -0.24455033242702484, 0.25179877877235...	1	By: Leon kwasi Kuntuo-Asare Garret Augustus Morgan, was born o March 4, 1877 in Claysville, Kentucky. His father a man named Sydney Morgan was a freed-slave, and the son of confederate colonel John H. Morgan, his mother was a slave woman named Elizabeth Reed. At the age of 14, having only a 6th grade education, he would move to Cincinnati,Ohio to look for work. Morgan would eventually gain employment as a handyman for a Cincinnati landowner. In his free-time, he would further his knowledge by studying with a tutor he hired. In 1895, Morgan would move to Cleveland, Ohio, where heee found work as a sewing machine repairman for a clothing maker. The skills he required as a repairman would ultimately send him on the journey of becoming an inventor. He would invent a belt fastener for sewiing machines, and in 1912 he would get his first patent. When he was not working or inventing, Morgan became interested in his own Black American heritage and the plight of his fellow Black American people, in 1908, he would co-found the Cleveland Association of Colored Men, which was a group dedicated to improving the social and economic situation for Black people. The group would later merge with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Morgan would move his activities beyond entrepreneurship, inventing and activism and would become a philanthropist, giving his own money to support Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) to help educate his people. As a businessman, Morgan would eventually open his own sewing business. In 1909, Morgan and his wife Mary Anne expanded their small and growing business empire by opening a clothing store called Morgan’s Cut Rate Ladies Clothing Store. Where he would employee his own people and at one time his store employed 32 people. As an inventor he would go on to invent Black hair products, the stoplight and the smokehood (a precursor to the gas mask). He would die on July 27, 1963, in Cleveland, Ohio after living to the ripe age of 86. For additional information use the link below:	473	ENGLISH	1
Lincoln History, Nebraska The legislature appointed three commissioners to select the new state capital for Nebraska, and they made their decision for Lincoln to be the capital on 29 July 1867. The city was located on the Lancaster site, which was a tiny settlement having only 30 people. When the state was a territory, the decision of Omaha being the capital dissatisfied many. As soon as the state was admitted into the Union, the drive to choose another capital started. The governor at the time, David Butler, sympathized with those who didn't agree that Omaha should be the capital. The Legislature approved a bill during a special session in order to provide the location for the government seat of Nebraska, as well as the construction of public buildings to be there. The bill founded a commission that was made up of an Auditor, the Governor, and the State Secretary. They were made to choose the site of at least 650 acres from the land owned by the state within the counties of Saunders, Butler, Seward, and Lancaster to be named the capital of Nebraska. J.H.N. Patrick, who was a democrat of Douglas County, thought that changing Omaha to Lincoln would discourage the votes of democrats to keep the name Omaha as the state's capital. At the time, Abraham Lincoln, the republican president, was not widely known as the hero that he is known as today. However, the democrats would not be swayed by politics, so they made a unanimous vote for the capital to be moved and called Lincoln. The city was incorporated on 7 April in 1869, and then in March 1871, Lincoln was reorganized as a Second Class City, having their own charter for cities having from 1,500 to 15,000 residents by the legislature of the state. Today, the capital city is the second biggest in the state, having a population of around 201,250. The city is a place of economic, educational, and diverse cultural opportunities. The government has become Lincoln's biggest employer, having federal, state, county, and city offices located there. It is also one of Nebraska's major attractions for tourists. There are many entertainment opportunities in the city, and their institutions for higher learning have a major position in the entertainment and cultural life in Lincoln. The Fairgrounds is the home of the State Fair, which is held in the early part of September, as well as horse racing. There are also many yearly special events, zoos, gardens, parks, and historical attractions in the city for travelers to visit. Things about Lincoln you may be interested inBe the first who requests a site listing for this page. Read our members' reviews about Lincoln No reviews have been added yet for this category. Be the first to add a new one. Read our members' travel tips about Lincoln No travel tips have been added yet for this category. Be the first to add a new one.	<urn:uuid:dd3e22f0-6e36-4057-9d9a-c71e903fc8ec>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.travelgrove.com/travel-guides/United-States/Nebraska-Lincoln-History-c2102312.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250619323.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124100832-20200124125832-00519.warc.gz	en	0.983752	590	3.53125	4	[ 0.009068049490451813, -0.11862010508775711, -0.1440502405166626, 0.10161801427602768, -0.31947556138038635, 0.30908888578414917, 0.6753244400024414, -0.21053975820541382, -0.19820477068424225, -0.28021958470344543, -0.11227036267518997, -0.24641257524490356, 0.11276396363973618, 0.30918380...	2	Lincoln History, Nebraska The legislature appointed three commissioners to select the new state capital for Nebraska, and they made their decision for Lincoln to be the capital on 29 July 1867. The city was located on the Lancaster site, which was a tiny settlement having only 30 people. When the state was a territory, the decision of Omaha being the capital dissatisfied many. As soon as the state was admitted into the Union, the drive to choose another capital started. The governor at the time, David Butler, sympathized with those who didn't agree that Omaha should be the capital. The Legislature approved a bill during a special session in order to provide the location for the government seat of Nebraska, as well as the construction of public buildings to be there. The bill founded a commission that was made up of an Auditor, the Governor, and the State Secretary. They were made to choose the site of at least 650 acres from the land owned by the state within the counties of Saunders, Butler, Seward, and Lancaster to be named the capital of Nebraska. J.H.N. Patrick, who was a democrat of Douglas County, thought that changing Omaha to Lincoln would discourage the votes of democrats to keep the name Omaha as the state's capital. At the time, Abraham Lincoln, the republican president, was not widely known as the hero that he is known as today. However, the democrats would not be swayed by politics, so they made a unanimous vote for the capital to be moved and called Lincoln. The city was incorporated on 7 April in 1869, and then in March 1871, Lincoln was reorganized as a Second Class City, having their own charter for cities having from 1,500 to 15,000 residents by the legislature of the state. Today, the capital city is the second biggest in the state, having a population of around 201,250. The city is a place of economic, educational, and diverse cultural opportunities. The government has become Lincoln's biggest employer, having federal, state, county, and city offices located there. It is also one of Nebraska's major attractions for tourists. There are many entertainment opportunities in the city, and their institutions for higher learning have a major position in the entertainment and cultural life in Lincoln. The Fairgrounds is the home of the State Fair, which is held in the early part of September, as well as horse racing. There are also many yearly special events, zoos, gardens, parks, and historical attractions in the city for travelers to visit. Things about Lincoln you may be interested inBe the first who requests a site listing for this page. Read our members' reviews about Lincoln No reviews have been added yet for this category. Be the first to add a new one. Read our members' travel tips about Lincoln No travel tips have been added yet for this category. Be the first to add a new one.	612	ENGLISH	1
The homework book is chosen from the familiar books that were read that day. It should sound quite easy because it has been read at least 3 times at school (when it was introduced, as a running record, as a familiar book). The purpose of sending ‘easy’ books home is: - to give the student confidence to read (and proudly show off) at home, - to give the student the opportunity to be phrased and fluent (sound like a good reader- fluency is important because it helps the student to maintain meaning, and therefore more readily predict what is likely to come next) and - to give the student the opportunity to notice more visual parts of words. When familiar books are reread the meaning is already known and more effort can go into looking at the print. (Each time the student rereads a book there is an opportunity to notice something that has never been noticed before, e.g. at and cat look similar, yesterday has 2 words l know in it, clever and mother end the same way.) I am constantly judging if l think that the student is ready to go to the next level of books. This is based on: - how the reading sounds, (the words may be correct but it may be painfully slow) - how much reading work the student tries and how often he / she succeeds, (some children only know a word because the teacher has helped, some children wait to be told what to do, sometimes a child may only try one time, or one way, to work out a word and then give up) and - how much the student understands the meaning of what has been read. (Some children need a lot of help with the vocabulary and sentence structure because it becomes less like his /her speech the higher the level.) Be careful of pushing your child to read harder books at home because he or she may not be ready, and may stop enjoying reading. You can always borrow more challenging books from the library and make this a sharing time. You could do most of the reading and your child could join in.	<urn:uuid:26c7e577-d8a9-4f24-b922-a8cdf7bfac62>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://msfielding.global2.vic.edu.au/2014/10/19/homework-books/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591763.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118023429-20200118051429-00324.warc.gz	en	0.981453	427	3.6875	4	[ -0.025816811248660088, -0.2969943583011627, 0.1301794797182083, 0.08928464353084564, -0.47610199451446533, -0.13623660802841187, 0.16160555183887482, -0.058031581342220306, 0.15588156878948212, -0.12403342872858047, 0.09614797681570053, -0.024861164391040802, -0.133992001414299, 0.23579302...	1	The homework book is chosen from the familiar books that were read that day. It should sound quite easy because it has been read at least 3 times at school (when it was introduced, as a running record, as a familiar book). The purpose of sending ‘easy’ books home is: - to give the student confidence to read (and proudly show off) at home, - to give the student the opportunity to be phrased and fluent (sound like a good reader- fluency is important because it helps the student to maintain meaning, and therefore more readily predict what is likely to come next) and - to give the student the opportunity to notice more visual parts of words. When familiar books are reread the meaning is already known and more effort can go into looking at the print. (Each time the student rereads a book there is an opportunity to notice something that has never been noticed before, e.g. at and cat look similar, yesterday has 2 words l know in it, clever and mother end the same way.) I am constantly judging if l think that the student is ready to go to the next level of books. This is based on: - how the reading sounds, (the words may be correct but it may be painfully slow) - how much reading work the student tries and how often he / she succeeds, (some children only know a word because the teacher has helped, some children wait to be told what to do, sometimes a child may only try one time, or one way, to work out a word and then give up) and - how much the student understands the meaning of what has been read. (Some children need a lot of help with the vocabulary and sentence structure because it becomes less like his /her speech the higher the level.) Be careful of pushing your child to read harder books at home because he or she may not be ready, and may stop enjoying reading. You can always borrow more challenging books from the library and make this a sharing time. You could do most of the reading and your child could join in.	422	ENGLISH	1
Click on the link below to see an overview of the year ahead. In P.E., we have been working on throwing and catching skills. The children have been learning to roll balls towards a target and throw underarm and over arm at varying distances. We have been practising our throwing by looking at the target and aiming and throwing the ball at the correct height and speed by thinking about how hard or soft we need to throw the ball before releasing it. Catching skills have been refined by making sure we are ready, with our hands outstretched and tracking the ball with our eyes as it travels towards us. We are learning to move our body as necessary in order to catch the ball. P1 has enjoyed visiting the walled garden. We met Richard who looks after the walled garden and who took us for a tour. We were learning the letters ‘a’ and ‘p’ that day and together we found lots of different things beginning with these letters such as ‘petal’, ‘parsnip’ and we stood on the ‘alligator’ mural. Through our tour of the walled garden we were given the opportunity to sample some petals – that were a little bit spicy – and some raspberries but we made sure that they we picked the red ones. Richard showed us a compost heap and we learnt about the importance of these and what eventually happens to a compost heap. The best part about this was looking at the worms and we got the chance to hold a slimy worm in our hands. When we went back to the walled garden to meet Richard we made dens in the woods. The only materials Richard gave us was some string and some tarpaulin. For the rest of the of the den we worked in teams to find natural materials, such as branches, to build things like walls and seats. Primary 1a learnt about 2D and 3D shape. When learning about 2 shapes we counted the sides and corners to help us recognise and remember the names of shapes. Some of the 2D shapes were easy to learn about but there were some trickier ones such as pentagons and hexagons. We also made the shapes using straws, sorted shapes into groups and then used these shapes creatively to help us draw robots. When we were learning about 3D shapes we also compared and sorted them into groups but had lots of fun using the K’nex to build all different sizes of cubes – this is because we learnt 3D shapes aren’t flat like 2D shapes so we had to build up the way. We also had fun building pyramids using lollipop sticks and clay. Primary 1a did a scavenger hunt around the classroom to find real-life 3D objects and we realised that we are surrounded by 3D shapes!	<urn:uuid:62de748c-a197-4e84-a2f1-a70634a5987e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://gracemountprimaryblog.wordpress.com/p1a-3/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251689924.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126135207-20200126165207-00231.warc.gz	en	0.980033	579	3.671875	4	[ -0.2135569006204605, -0.3545321226119995, 0.29115021228790283, -0.2668600082397461, 0.00341393961571157, 0.20020218193531036, 0.28614455461502075, -0.27654707431793213, -0.28949621319770813, 0.09027503430843353, 0.3446221649646759, -0.810619592666626, 0.153605654835701, 0.11615908145904541...	1	Click on the link below to see an overview of the year ahead. In P.E., we have been working on throwing and catching skills. The children have been learning to roll balls towards a target and throw underarm and over arm at varying distances. We have been practising our throwing by looking at the target and aiming and throwing the ball at the correct height and speed by thinking about how hard or soft we need to throw the ball before releasing it. Catching skills have been refined by making sure we are ready, with our hands outstretched and tracking the ball with our eyes as it travels towards us. We are learning to move our body as necessary in order to catch the ball. P1 has enjoyed visiting the walled garden. We met Richard who looks after the walled garden and who took us for a tour. We were learning the letters ‘a’ and ‘p’ that day and together we found lots of different things beginning with these letters such as ‘petal’, ‘parsnip’ and we stood on the ‘alligator’ mural. Through our tour of the walled garden we were given the opportunity to sample some petals – that were a little bit spicy – and some raspberries but we made sure that they we picked the red ones. Richard showed us a compost heap and we learnt about the importance of these and what eventually happens to a compost heap. The best part about this was looking at the worms and we got the chance to hold a slimy worm in our hands. When we went back to the walled garden to meet Richard we made dens in the woods. The only materials Richard gave us was some string and some tarpaulin. For the rest of the of the den we worked in teams to find natural materials, such as branches, to build things like walls and seats. Primary 1a learnt about 2D and 3D shape. When learning about 2 shapes we counted the sides and corners to help us recognise and remember the names of shapes. Some of the 2D shapes were easy to learn about but there were some trickier ones such as pentagons and hexagons. We also made the shapes using straws, sorted shapes into groups and then used these shapes creatively to help us draw robots. When we were learning about 3D shapes we also compared and sorted them into groups but had lots of fun using the K’nex to build all different sizes of cubes – this is because we learnt 3D shapes aren’t flat like 2D shapes so we had to build up the way. We also had fun building pyramids using lollipop sticks and clay. Primary 1a did a scavenger hunt around the classroom to find real-life 3D objects and we realised that we are surrounded by 3D shapes!	567	ENGLISH	1
How Laurentian Places Got Their Names The first half of the nineteenth century, particularly the 1830’s, was a chaotic period in our country’s history. By the 1820's Montreal was growing under the weight of displaced farmers and immigrants from war-torn Europe. Napoleon had been defeated and the European and Colonial structures were being challenged by the new industrial era. There were no proper accommodations for the newcomers, and in the early 1830's a pandemic of cholera that had swept across Asia and Europe hit Montreal killing an estimated 6,000 people. Radicals blamed the British for the disease and xenophobia took hold among the French. In this atmosphere, a power struggle between the Lower Canada Assembly and the Legislative Council pitted the seigneurs against the British business interests. The Assembly was working to rule, led by Louis-Joseph Papineau, Seigneur of La Petite Nation, but it had no real authority against the Executive veto, and while the Assembly was elected, the Legislative Council was appointed. Papineau was one of the patriotes of the Parti Canadien that wished to establish a republican-style government with a broadened franchise. The business climate was also unstable because the American government under President Jackson refused to renew the mandate of its central bank and the whole banking system began to unravel, causing a collapse of confidence in banks and currency in the States and the colonies. Molson’s of Montreal, and Hart’s of Three Rivers each issued company dollars engraved with their names and emblems in an attempt to stabilize the markets of Lower Canada. At the same time, the 92 Resolutions of the Parti Canadien was being proffered in an attempt to gain democratic rights from the Crown. The flashpoint came with rural uprisings that the leaders of the Parti Canadien could not contain. The troops were called in, and by the time the dust had settled, over 350 people had lost their lives. Papineau fled to the United States, accompanied, according to some accounts, by a large, boisterous lumberman, who became the Paul Bunyan of American mythology. Augustin Norbert Morin, one of the Patriotes and the lawyer credited with the 92 Resolutions, was a reticent hero of this epoch. An idealist and sometime poet, he appears throughout this period like a cork in a rushing stream. He arrived with Papineau at St. Charles in the middle of the battle to try to talk their rural followers out of taking up arms. He was arrested in the confusion and then released, but soon learned that a warrant for high treason had been issued against him. While he was encouraged to leave the colony, he stayed in hiding, but eventually surrendered. He was held for a further ten days and then released. Morin came from a rural, farming background and proved himself as a journalist and nationalist in his student years. He clerked for Viger and was admitted to the Bar in 1828. During that time he worked with Papineau, Viger, Duvernay and the other core members of the Parti Canadien. He founded the influential paper ‘La Minerve’, but he did not have the business head to run it and soon sold it on to Ludger Duvernay, staying on as editor. The violence of the uprisings and the departure of Papineau encouraged him towards the side of compromise. Even though he had made common cause with the others around Papineau, who espoused a fully elected government with non-denominational schooling, he was also a committed Catholic who seemed blind to the growing influence of the Catholic Church. In the years following the uprising, while Morin opposed the forced union of Upper and Lower Canada, he accepted the compromise that Lafontaine and Baldwin were developing through the Reform Party. He ran successfully in Nicolet[jg1] and became Speaker as well as Commissioner of Crown Lands in the new government. This gave him the opportunity to begin a colonisation project on the North River, conceived in an effort to stem the flow of people to the New England factories. He began an experimental farm and built mills and roads. Never a good business manager, he invested in early railway projects that came to nothing, but all of his actions were aimed at promoting his settlement in Ste. Adele. Morin was not a charismatic man and he had many detractors. At a time when a man’s influence was measured in part by the size of his library, Morin’s contained such a preponderance of books on the natural sciences that his credibility as a lawyer [jg2] was put in question. Even so, he became the first Dean of Law of Laval University, a minister in the united Canadian government of Lafontaine-Baldwin from 1851 to 1854, and eventually co-prime-minister in the Hincks-Morin and McNab-Morin governments. In 1855, he was made a judge, and it was in that capacity that he and the other judges of the Cour Spécial [jg3] dismantled the seigneurial system. He was also a co-author of the Code Civil du Bas-Canada, one of the great accomplishments of his times. From his student days onwards, it was said of Morin that he would give to anyone in need, even to his own detriment. He had no children and had managed his personal estate poorly, as if to demonstrate his commitment to the common good through his own poverty. Colonists newly arrived in the Laurentians thanks to his efforts, eventually wanted to name their new town for him. They suggested Morinville, but he demurred. They responded by naming it for his wife, Adèle Raymond. His own name lives on in the township of Morin, Val Morin, Morin Heights, the St. Norbert Parish in Val Morin, Rue Morin in Ste. Adele and Boul. Morin in Ste. Agathe. His wife may well have been honoured again in the naming of Lac Raymond[jg4] , also in Val Morin. Morin died in 1865 in Ste. Adèle. He was in his 62nd year. He is remembered as one of the great intellectuals of Lower Canada and a major contributor to the Canada that we know. His name is repeated unwittingly in the Laurentians many times every day. References: La Société canadienne-française au XIXe siècle –Gérard Parizeau; The Politics of Codification The Lower Canadian Civil Code of 1866 –Brian Young [jg2] Politics of Codification Brian Young pg 71 [jg4] Parizeau p486 A Kind Benefactor Dr. Luc-Euseble Larocque moved back to St. Jerome after a successful hiatus in California during the gold rush. There is no record of how much money he made or how he made it, but it was clear he did not make it ruthlessly. The records show that he acquired farmland from the Crown in the spring of 1852 in what was then the most remote part of the French Canadian colonial frontier, the northern limits of Ste. Adele, in what is today a part of Ste. Agathe. His acquisition was on the shore of a lake called Lac de la Réunion, (present-day Trout Lake) so named in honour of the uniting of the Canadas under Lord Durham. He was among the earliest colonists, but his profile was very different from what the minister of colonisation was contemplating. He was not a refugee of the collapsing seigniorial system desperate to eke out a farm in the wilderness. He was a man of significant independent means. Most colonists arrived on a predetermined farm, really no more than a woodlot, with a lease that stated that if they could build a house and meet basic other criteria, then they could apply for the title to the property. Larocque simply purchased the property he wanted. He purchased several farms, and seems to have had a scheme whereby he would install farmers, aid them to set up, and collect rent from them, having invested his money into revenue properties. In other words, in the midst of the collapse of the seigniorial system he wanted to create a new seigneury. Perhaps he was encouraged in his efforts by his brother, Father Larocque, who would become the first priest of the new parish of Ste Agathe in 1862, or perhaps he wished to help create a parish. Whatever his intentions, his plans were doomed by his big heart and his profession. While he managed to find farmers who would rent and develop the farms, he did not manage to collect any rent. Instead, having fallen in love with the north, he travelled each spring, ostensibly to collect the rent, but ultimately to minister to the sick on his farms. He so loved his country life that he spent the summers writing poetry to his wife who preferred to stay in their comfortable home in St. Jerome. He never succeeded in convincing her to move up with him for the summer, but to reassure him that she shared in his appreciation of the beauty of the up-country she painted landscapes inspired by his poetry. Eventually he gave half of one of his farms to the newly organised parish and his brother, newly recognised as the Monsignor, named a new street in his honour. Thus, the first street behind the Catholic Church in Ste. Agathe became la rue Larocque. Dr. and Mrs. Larocque died leaving little more than her landscape paintings and his poetry to their daughter in St. Jerome and his remaining properties were sold to cover his losses, but today, rue Larocque, a quiet residential street, bears witness to his generosity. Ref: Album historique de la Paroise de Ste-Agathe-des-Monts, 1849-1912, Edmond Grignon; Bureau de la publicité des droits, Terrebonne	<urn:uuid:dfee9c28-ed26-433a-b4b5-c1f9244ee65d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.ballyhoo.ca/how-laurentian-places-got-their-names.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687958.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126074227-20200126104227-00396.warc.gz	en	0.986986	2,071	4.09375	4	[ -0.0736614242196083, 0.41331005096435547, 0.2991727590560913, 0.031064873561263084, -0.10904699563980103, -0.044929951429367065, 0.12011824548244476, 0.3277803063392639, 0.25903594493865967, -0.08498628437519073, 0.27324366569519043, 0.022428235039114952, 0.17512914538383484, 0.14240829646...	14	How Laurentian Places Got Their Names The first half of the nineteenth century, particularly the 1830’s, was a chaotic period in our country’s history. By the 1820's Montreal was growing under the weight of displaced farmers and immigrants from war-torn Europe. Napoleon had been defeated and the European and Colonial structures were being challenged by the new industrial era. There were no proper accommodations for the newcomers, and in the early 1830's a pandemic of cholera that had swept across Asia and Europe hit Montreal killing an estimated 6,000 people. Radicals blamed the British for the disease and xenophobia took hold among the French. In this atmosphere, a power struggle between the Lower Canada Assembly and the Legislative Council pitted the seigneurs against the British business interests. The Assembly was working to rule, led by Louis-Joseph Papineau, Seigneur of La Petite Nation, but it had no real authority against the Executive veto, and while the Assembly was elected, the Legislative Council was appointed. Papineau was one of the patriotes of the Parti Canadien that wished to establish a republican-style government with a broadened franchise. The business climate was also unstable because the American government under President Jackson refused to renew the mandate of its central bank and the whole banking system began to unravel, causing a collapse of confidence in banks and currency in the States and the colonies. Molson’s of Montreal, and Hart’s of Three Rivers each issued company dollars engraved with their names and emblems in an attempt to stabilize the markets of Lower Canada. At the same time, the 92 Resolutions of the Parti Canadien was being proffered in an attempt to gain democratic rights from the Crown. The flashpoint came with rural uprisings that the leaders of the Parti Canadien could not contain. The troops were called in, and by the time the dust had settled, over 350 people had lost their lives. Papineau fled to the United States, accompanied, according to some accounts, by a large, boisterous lumberman, who became the Paul Bunyan of American mythology. Augustin Norbert Morin, one of the Patriotes and the lawyer credited with the 92 Resolutions, was a reticent hero of this epoch. An idealist and sometime poet, he appears throughout this period like a cork in a rushing stream. He arrived with Papineau at St. Charles in the middle of the battle to try to talk their rural followers out of taking up arms. He was arrested in the confusion and then released, but soon learned that a warrant for high treason had been issued against him. While he was encouraged to leave the colony, he stayed in hiding, but eventually surrendered. He was held for a further ten days and then released. Morin came from a rural, farming background and proved himself as a journalist and nationalist in his student years. He clerked for Viger and was admitted to the Bar in 1828. During that time he worked with Papineau, Viger, Duvernay and the other core members of the Parti Canadien. He founded the influential paper ‘La Minerve’, but he did not have the business head to run it and soon sold it on to Ludger Duvernay, staying on as editor. The violence of the uprisings and the departure of Papineau encouraged him towards the side of compromise. Even though he had made common cause with the others around Papineau, who espoused a fully elected government with non-denominational schooling, he was also a committed Catholic who seemed blind to the growing influence of the Catholic Church. In the years following the uprising, while Morin opposed the forced union of Upper and Lower Canada, he accepted the compromise that Lafontaine and Baldwin were developing through the Reform Party. He ran successfully in Nicolet[jg1] and became Speaker as well as Commissioner of Crown Lands in the new government. This gave him the opportunity to begin a colonisation project on the North River, conceived in an effort to stem the flow of people to the New England factories. He began an experimental farm and built mills and roads. Never a good business manager, he invested in early railway projects that came to nothing, but all of his actions were aimed at promoting his settlement in Ste. Adele. Morin was not a charismatic man and he had many detractors. At a time when a man’s influence was measured in part by the size of his library, Morin’s contained such a preponderance of books on the natural sciences that his credibility as a lawyer [jg2] was put in question. Even so, he became the first Dean of Law of Laval University, a minister in the united Canadian government of Lafontaine-Baldwin from 1851 to 1854, and eventually co-prime-minister in the Hincks-Morin and McNab-Morin governments. In 1855, he was made a judge, and it was in that capacity that he and the other judges of the Cour Spécial [jg3] dismantled the seigneurial system. He was also a co-author of the Code Civil du Bas-Canada, one of the great accomplishments of his times. From his student days onwards, it was said of Morin that he would give to anyone in need, even to his own detriment. He had no children and had managed his personal estate poorly, as if to demonstrate his commitment to the common good through his own poverty. Colonists newly arrived in the Laurentians thanks to his efforts, eventually wanted to name their new town for him. They suggested Morinville, but he demurred. They responded by naming it for his wife, Adèle Raymond. His own name lives on in the township of Morin, Val Morin, Morin Heights, the St. Norbert Parish in Val Morin, Rue Morin in Ste. Adele and Boul. Morin in Ste. Agathe. His wife may well have been honoured again in the naming of Lac Raymond[jg4] , also in Val Morin. Morin died in 1865 in Ste. Adèle. He was in his 62nd year. He is remembered as one of the great intellectuals of Lower Canada and a major contributor to the Canada that we know. His name is repeated unwittingly in the Laurentians many times every day. References: La Société canadienne-française au XIXe siècle –Gérard Parizeau; The Politics of Codification The Lower Canadian Civil Code of 1866 –Brian Young [jg2] Politics of Codification Brian Young pg 71 [jg4] Parizeau p486 A Kind Benefactor Dr. Luc-Euseble Larocque moved back to St. Jerome after a successful hiatus in California during the gold rush. There is no record of how much money he made or how he made it, but it was clear he did not make it ruthlessly. The records show that he acquired farmland from the Crown in the spring of 1852 in what was then the most remote part of the French Canadian colonial frontier, the northern limits of Ste. Adele, in what is today a part of Ste. Agathe. His acquisition was on the shore of a lake called Lac de la Réunion, (present-day Trout Lake) so named in honour of the uniting of the Canadas under Lord Durham. He was among the earliest colonists, but his profile was very different from what the minister of colonisation was contemplating. He was not a refugee of the collapsing seigniorial system desperate to eke out a farm in the wilderness. He was a man of significant independent means. Most colonists arrived on a predetermined farm, really no more than a woodlot, with a lease that stated that if they could build a house and meet basic other criteria, then they could apply for the title to the property. Larocque simply purchased the property he wanted. He purchased several farms, and seems to have had a scheme whereby he would install farmers, aid them to set up, and collect rent from them, having invested his money into revenue properties. In other words, in the midst of the collapse of the seigniorial system he wanted to create a new seigneury. Perhaps he was encouraged in his efforts by his brother, Father Larocque, who would become the first priest of the new parish of Ste Agathe in 1862, or perhaps he wished to help create a parish. Whatever his intentions, his plans were doomed by his big heart and his profession. While he managed to find farmers who would rent and develop the farms, he did not manage to collect any rent. Instead, having fallen in love with the north, he travelled each spring, ostensibly to collect the rent, but ultimately to minister to the sick on his farms. He so loved his country life that he spent the summers writing poetry to his wife who preferred to stay in their comfortable home in St. Jerome. He never succeeded in convincing her to move up with him for the summer, but to reassure him that she shared in his appreciation of the beauty of the up-country she painted landscapes inspired by his poetry. Eventually he gave half of one of his farms to the newly organised parish and his brother, newly recognised as the Monsignor, named a new street in his honour. Thus, the first street behind the Catholic Church in Ste. Agathe became la rue Larocque. Dr. and Mrs. Larocque died leaving little more than her landscape paintings and his poetry to their daughter in St. Jerome and his remaining properties were sold to cover his losses, but today, rue Larocque, a quiet residential street, bears witness to his generosity. Ref: Album historique de la Paroise de Ste-Agathe-des-Monts, 1849-1912, Edmond Grignon; Bureau de la publicité des droits, Terrebonne	2,085	ENGLISH	1
Posted by: 21-12-2019, 10:35 7 most ambitious transport operations in the history of mankind From the moment people began to create various things, the need arose for their transportation. Small things people can easily carry on their own. Larger items will be able to pick up a pair of strong men. Things from a few kilograms to several hundred tons can be taken away by trucks or trailers. However, what to do when items reach tremendous volumes and weights? At all times, this problem was dealt with in different ways, and with every decade people moved objects were only larger. 1. Muon g-2 The most difficult transportation operation was carried out in the summer of 2013. The largest electromagnet Muon g-2 was transported; its diameter was 15 meters. The item was transported 5,150 km for the whole 35 days. He was moved not only by water but also by land. The significance of the magnet was that it was one of the main elements of an experiment conducted to study subatomic particles. Such particles are present only in 0.0000002 seconds. Carrying a magnet was difficult and very expensive вЂ” it cost $25 million. After almost twenty years of flight, the Endeavor spacecraft was decided to be written off to the ground. According to the decision of the project managers, the ship will be used as a museum exhibit, for this purpose it was necessary to transport it to Los Angeles. In outer space, this shuttle covered over 185 million km. And upon arrival to Earth, they began to transport it in an unusual way - they fixed it on top of the Boeing 747, which was obviously prepared for this procedure. The ship was transported very slowly along city roads. And over 400 trees were cut across the city and many power lines were turned off. The weight of ground transport for the spacecraft was 78 tons. 3. Mirrors for a telescope Mirrors were transported from the University of Arizona, located in the city of Tucson, to the top of Montecristo. It was necessary to raise a very fragile load to a height of 3,200 meters. Preparation for the operation lasted for five months. Thanks to good preparation, it was possible to deliver two mirrors weighing 16 tons each, as well as a steel case in which they were stored. The weight of the case was 33 tons. At 15 kilometers per hour, the convoy drove 196 kilometers. The trip lasted 2 days. In a tugboat carrying mirrors, 48 wheels were installed. 4. Harriet's pipe The Harriet gas turbine is the most powerful turbine in the world. Its weight is approximately 800 tons. With the help of one such turbine, it is possible to provide electricity to over 600 thousand buildings in France. They developed it in France, in the city of Belfort. The turbine was taken to the installation site for almost 330 km. And the transportation process itself was divided into several stages. In size, it can be compared with a football field. The turbine was transported on three platforms assembled from 14 axles. 5. Nuclear Reactor A reactor weighing 1,040 tons was transported along a winding 1,100 km long road to Saudi Arabia. To transport such cargo, two specialized ten-axle hydraulic trailers were used. They were pulled by 2 coupled trucks. And in the convoy itself, four of the same cars were driving nearby, for replacement. Tractors were replaced after passing every difficult period of the road, for example, a small mountain. This was necessary to ensure complete reliability. 6. Bagger 288 Bagger 288 is on the list of the largest excavators and largest machines in the world, whose height is almost one hundred meters and the length is two football fields! This car is such a size that five drivers are needed to drive it. In the winter of 2001, the car had to be delivered to a new place of work. Initially, it was planned to disassemble, transport and assemble it in another place, but this plan was difficult to implement. It is worth considering that it was necessary to drive only 22 km. As a result, it was decided that Bagger 288 will go by itself. He traveled this distance in 33 weeks, and the maximum acceleration speed of the car reached 10 meters per minute. The Troll-A offshore platform is the tallest structure assembled by people of all time. Its height is 472 meters, and most of the structure is located underwater. In addition, the platform is the heaviest object on the water. Its weight is approximately 50 million tons! The platform was built 80 km from the installation site. To move it, floats of grandiose sizes were used, it was they that allowed Troll-A to stay on the water. If it is necessary to transport the platform to a new field, the same method will be used. Add a comment!	<urn:uuid:381b5dfd-f1a9-4e7a-b5d1-c587e3c9f089>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://usatodaynews.live/341-7-most-ambitious-transport-operations-in-the-history-of-mankind.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594209.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119035851-20200119063851-00425.warc.gz	en	0.982561	999	3.28125	3	[ 0.11694168299436569, -0.08309441804885864, 0.5985641479492188, -0.45642852783203125, -0.48521363735198975, 0.04453420639038086, 0.29959067702293396, 0.25082141160964966, -0.3821756839752197, -0.2671625018119812, 0.22993780672550201, -0.18105216324329376, 0.11853505671024323, 0.155964493751...	3	Posted by: 21-12-2019, 10:35 7 most ambitious transport operations in the history of mankind From the moment people began to create various things, the need arose for their transportation. Small things people can easily carry on their own. Larger items will be able to pick up a pair of strong men. Things from a few kilograms to several hundred tons can be taken away by trucks or trailers. However, what to do when items reach tremendous volumes and weights? At all times, this problem was dealt with in different ways, and with every decade people moved objects were only larger. 1. Muon g-2 The most difficult transportation operation was carried out in the summer of 2013. The largest electromagnet Muon g-2 was transported; its diameter was 15 meters. The item was transported 5,150 km for the whole 35 days. He was moved not only by water but also by land. The significance of the magnet was that it was one of the main elements of an experiment conducted to study subatomic particles. Such particles are present only in 0.0000002 seconds. Carrying a magnet was difficult and very expensive вЂ” it cost $25 million. After almost twenty years of flight, the Endeavor spacecraft was decided to be written off to the ground. According to the decision of the project managers, the ship will be used as a museum exhibit, for this purpose it was necessary to transport it to Los Angeles. In outer space, this shuttle covered over 185 million km. And upon arrival to Earth, they began to transport it in an unusual way - they fixed it on top of the Boeing 747, which was obviously prepared for this procedure. The ship was transported very slowly along city roads. And over 400 trees were cut across the city and many power lines were turned off. The weight of ground transport for the spacecraft was 78 tons. 3. Mirrors for a telescope Mirrors were transported from the University of Arizona, located in the city of Tucson, to the top of Montecristo. It was necessary to raise a very fragile load to a height of 3,200 meters. Preparation for the operation lasted for five months. Thanks to good preparation, it was possible to deliver two mirrors weighing 16 tons each, as well as a steel case in which they were stored. The weight of the case was 33 tons. At 15 kilometers per hour, the convoy drove 196 kilometers. The trip lasted 2 days. In a tugboat carrying mirrors, 48 wheels were installed. 4. Harriet's pipe The Harriet gas turbine is the most powerful turbine in the world. Its weight is approximately 800 tons. With the help of one such turbine, it is possible to provide electricity to over 600 thousand buildings in France. They developed it in France, in the city of Belfort. The turbine was taken to the installation site for almost 330 km. And the transportation process itself was divided into several stages. In size, it can be compared with a football field. The turbine was transported on three platforms assembled from 14 axles. 5. Nuclear Reactor A reactor weighing 1,040 tons was transported along a winding 1,100 km long road to Saudi Arabia. To transport such cargo, two specialized ten-axle hydraulic trailers were used. They were pulled by 2 coupled trucks. And in the convoy itself, four of the same cars were driving nearby, for replacement. Tractors were replaced after passing every difficult period of the road, for example, a small mountain. This was necessary to ensure complete reliability. 6. Bagger 288 Bagger 288 is on the list of the largest excavators and largest machines in the world, whose height is almost one hundred meters and the length is two football fields! This car is such a size that five drivers are needed to drive it. In the winter of 2001, the car had to be delivered to a new place of work. Initially, it was planned to disassemble, transport and assemble it in another place, but this plan was difficult to implement. It is worth considering that it was necessary to drive only 22 km. As a result, it was decided that Bagger 288 will go by itself. He traveled this distance in 33 weeks, and the maximum acceleration speed of the car reached 10 meters per minute. The Troll-A offshore platform is the tallest structure assembled by people of all time. Its height is 472 meters, and most of the structure is located underwater. In addition, the platform is the heaviest object on the water. Its weight is approximately 50 million tons! The platform was built 80 km from the installation site. To move it, floats of grandiose sizes were used, it was they that allowed Troll-A to stay on the water. If it is necessary to transport the platform to a new field, the same method will be used. Add a comment!	1,080	ENGLISH	1
With the First World War came an increasing need for a solution for facial injuries. And by 1917 the first skin graft had been performed by a doctor from New Zealand who reconstructed the face of a man burnt during combat. Sir Harold Gillies used a technique called Tube Pedicle Flaps to take skin from the forehead or the chest and swing it in to place without cutting it entirely from the body. A British sailor named Walter Yeo had been horribly burned in combat. His nose was shattered and his eyelids removed. Using skin from Yeo’s neck and upper chest, Sir Gillies made a mask of skin that he transplanted across Yeo’s face. This helped repair the damage that had been done, hiding his disfiguration and allowing him to close his eyes. The absence of antibiotics meant skin could not be removed from another part of the body such as the leg to then be placed on the face. Instead the skin was cut away, while remaining attached, and stitched in to a tube shape to ensure blood still flowed and risk of infection was reduced. Over time the new tissue fused with the old to form a new layer of skin over the wound and these photographs of men at London’s King George Military Hospital show the improvement the technique made. Photographs taken at London’s King George Military Hospital between May 1, 1917 and May 13, 2018 show the recovery of this soldier with the surname Field. In fact, just a year after reconstructive surgery begins, he has recovered enough to be able to hold a cigarette between his lips – despite the fact his bottom lip had previously been blown away When the entire bottom left-hand side of his face was blown away by a shell this soldier, with the surname Sabau, had to have skin grafted on to his cheek using the tubed pedicle flap. In the first photo the tube can be seen as skin has been taken from his neck and brought up to his cheek. In a final photo, taken in May 1917, Sabau has on a moustache and a fake nose to attempt to hide the remaining scaring. The final two photos are taken on the same day showing Sabau as he looks normally, and how a moustache and nose accessory hide the majority of his scarring. A comment underneath the final photograph notes: ‘fake nose and moustache’. Though his left eye is sightly more drooping than the right he looks almost entirely healed This soldier, named Dawson, completely lost his chin and bottom lip when he was injured in early 1917. But despite having a gaping wound when the first photograph was taken on April 17, 1914 by the same month the following year all that reveals he ever had any surgery at all is a slightly smaller bottom lip. The wound has entirely healed and only limited scarring can be seen A First World War soldier with the surname Dempsey shows his recovery after a stay at London’s King Gorge Military Hospital between June and July 1918. Skin that was previously swollen and darker has cleared up with just limited scaring still visible. Sir Harold Gillies had the help of pioneering cleft palate surgeon Sir William Arbuthnot Lane to develop the technique Sloan shows his recovery after a stay at the hospital between September 1918 and March 1919. Where his flesh had been left exposed in the first photograph the wound seems entirely healed just six months later. For those carrying out these procedures during the first world war it was important to try to let the wound heal as much as possible before surgery Winch has suffered a large injury to his nose. It could be that a bullet grazed the side of his face but it is unknown what caused the wound. Just four months after receiving treatment for the injury it has been reduced to a slight scar and a disfigured nose. Sir Harold Gillies was knighted in 1930 for his pioneering work with facial reconstruction surgery during the first world war A soldier with the surname Spiuk was photographed May 6, 1918, July 31, 1918 and October 21, 1918. By the final photo his injury, which had left him with no bottom lip, has healed to the extent that he can hold a cigarette in his mouth. The remains of the tubed pedicle flap can be seen over his bottom lip as the skin from another part of his face was stitched over his wound Potter was photographed in 1916 when his wound has been covered up by the remaining skin around the wound. Although a section of his right cheek had been completely blown away in the first photograph, by the time his treatment at the hospital had finished the wound has healed leaving behind a star shaped scar. At the outbreak of war in 1914 Sir Harold Gillies joined the army and while in France rapidly became aware of the horrific facial injuries sustained in trench warfare Taylor’s lip injury is healed in four months after the pioneering technique of the tubed pedicle flap was used. While in France Sir Gillies saw the work of the dentist and oral surgeon Charles Valadier and the French surgeon Hippolyte morestin (aka ‘The Father of the mouths’) as they worked to help soldier’s whose faces had become disfigured by shrapnel These two fairly similar looking photos were taken four months apart to document Gibbs’ recovery from surgery in 1918. Facial surgeons were dealing with the major loss of soft tissue and bone as well as infection. On his return from France Sir Gillies told the War Office they needed to provide a facility to deal with facial injuries and, with the help of pioneering cleft palate surgeon Sir William Arbuthnot Lane, he was allocated beds at the Cambridge Hospital, Aldershot This man was left unable to close his mouth after he was injured in 1917. But after surgery he was not only able to close his mouth but could even smile for the update photograph was taken on August 6, 1918. Due to an absence of antibiotics skin could not be taken from other parts of the body. Instead it was partly cut away from the forehead or chest, sewn in to a tube shape and allowed to grow before being connected to the part of the face that was wounded and gradually left to heal Sergeant Marsden suffered burns to his face and hands after a shell blast. His skin was left completely blackened by the heat of the explosion. But these photographs, taken between June 22, 1916 and September, 7, 1916 show the speed of his face’s complete recovery. The tubed pedicle flap method was not used for the first time until 1917 when Sir Gillies operated on a sailor who had received horrific burns in the battle of Jutland in October of that year Sergeant Butcher pictured in 1919. Gillies realised 3D imaging could transform the work of the plastic surgeon. A team of sculptors were brought to Sidcup to make plaster casts of the men’s faces. Artificial ears, noses and chins were added before surgery to show how a soldier’s face might look after the operation Before and after: A hit from shrapnel destroyed this man’s face before plastic surgery was used to repair his chin. After time has passed Nolley cannot hide his smirk as he shows the effect of the pioneering surgery. Sir Gillies published a book called Plastic Surgery of the Face in 1920 to show and celebrate the effects of his research and work during the war. London’s King George Military Hospital was set up between 1915 and 1919. The building had just been built as a five-storey warehouse for the H.M. Stationery Office in Stamford Street and Cornwall Road before being used as a Red Cross military hospital	<urn:uuid:0672263e-544c-4d9d-a103-39de4018291d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://expressdigest.com/shocking-pictures-show-how-the-father-of-plastic-surgery-rebuilt-world-war-one-soldiers-faces/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250590107.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117180950-20200117204950-00556.warc.gz	en	0.988818	1,568	3.59375	4	[ -0.24607081711292267, 0.4726957678794861, 0.480756938457489, 0.062457285821437836, -0.12019649147987366, -0.13235056400299072, 0.5478081107139587, 0.1635648012161255, -0.49335557222366333, 0.4596138596534729, 0.06500287353992462, -0.8240166306495667, 0.097087062895298, 0.6297434568405151, ...	1	With the First World War came an increasing need for a solution for facial injuries. And by 1917 the first skin graft had been performed by a doctor from New Zealand who reconstructed the face of a man burnt during combat. Sir Harold Gillies used a technique called Tube Pedicle Flaps to take skin from the forehead or the chest and swing it in to place without cutting it entirely from the body. A British sailor named Walter Yeo had been horribly burned in combat. His nose was shattered and his eyelids removed. Using skin from Yeo’s neck and upper chest, Sir Gillies made a mask of skin that he transplanted across Yeo’s face. This helped repair the damage that had been done, hiding his disfiguration and allowing him to close his eyes. The absence of antibiotics meant skin could not be removed from another part of the body such as the leg to then be placed on the face. Instead the skin was cut away, while remaining attached, and stitched in to a tube shape to ensure blood still flowed and risk of infection was reduced. Over time the new tissue fused with the old to form a new layer of skin over the wound and these photographs of men at London’s King George Military Hospital show the improvement the technique made. Photographs taken at London’s King George Military Hospital between May 1, 1917 and May 13, 2018 show the recovery of this soldier with the surname Field. In fact, just a year after reconstructive surgery begins, he has recovered enough to be able to hold a cigarette between his lips – despite the fact his bottom lip had previously been blown away When the entire bottom left-hand side of his face was blown away by a shell this soldier, with the surname Sabau, had to have skin grafted on to his cheek using the tubed pedicle flap. In the first photo the tube can be seen as skin has been taken from his neck and brought up to his cheek. In a final photo, taken in May 1917, Sabau has on a moustache and a fake nose to attempt to hide the remaining scaring. The final two photos are taken on the same day showing Sabau as he looks normally, and how a moustache and nose accessory hide the majority of his scarring. A comment underneath the final photograph notes: ‘fake nose and moustache’. Though his left eye is sightly more drooping than the right he looks almost entirely healed This soldier, named Dawson, completely lost his chin and bottom lip when he was injured in early 1917. But despite having a gaping wound when the first photograph was taken on April 17, 1914 by the same month the following year all that reveals he ever had any surgery at all is a slightly smaller bottom lip. The wound has entirely healed and only limited scarring can be seen A First World War soldier with the surname Dempsey shows his recovery after a stay at London’s King Gorge Military Hospital between June and July 1918. Skin that was previously swollen and darker has cleared up with just limited scaring still visible. Sir Harold Gillies had the help of pioneering cleft palate surgeon Sir William Arbuthnot Lane to develop the technique Sloan shows his recovery after a stay at the hospital between September 1918 and March 1919. Where his flesh had been left exposed in the first photograph the wound seems entirely healed just six months later. For those carrying out these procedures during the first world war it was important to try to let the wound heal as much as possible before surgery Winch has suffered a large injury to his nose. It could be that a bullet grazed the side of his face but it is unknown what caused the wound. Just four months after receiving treatment for the injury it has been reduced to a slight scar and a disfigured nose. Sir Harold Gillies was knighted in 1930 for his pioneering work with facial reconstruction surgery during the first world war A soldier with the surname Spiuk was photographed May 6, 1918, July 31, 1918 and October 21, 1918. By the final photo his injury, which had left him with no bottom lip, has healed to the extent that he can hold a cigarette in his mouth. The remains of the tubed pedicle flap can be seen over his bottom lip as the skin from another part of his face was stitched over his wound Potter was photographed in 1916 when his wound has been covered up by the remaining skin around the wound. Although a section of his right cheek had been completely blown away in the first photograph, by the time his treatment at the hospital had finished the wound has healed leaving behind a star shaped scar. At the outbreak of war in 1914 Sir Harold Gillies joined the army and while in France rapidly became aware of the horrific facial injuries sustained in trench warfare Taylor’s lip injury is healed in four months after the pioneering technique of the tubed pedicle flap was used. While in France Sir Gillies saw the work of the dentist and oral surgeon Charles Valadier and the French surgeon Hippolyte morestin (aka ‘The Father of the mouths’) as they worked to help soldier’s whose faces had become disfigured by shrapnel These two fairly similar looking photos were taken four months apart to document Gibbs’ recovery from surgery in 1918. Facial surgeons were dealing with the major loss of soft tissue and bone as well as infection. On his return from France Sir Gillies told the War Office they needed to provide a facility to deal with facial injuries and, with the help of pioneering cleft palate surgeon Sir William Arbuthnot Lane, he was allocated beds at the Cambridge Hospital, Aldershot This man was left unable to close his mouth after he was injured in 1917. But after surgery he was not only able to close his mouth but could even smile for the update photograph was taken on August 6, 1918. Due to an absence of antibiotics skin could not be taken from other parts of the body. Instead it was partly cut away from the forehead or chest, sewn in to a tube shape and allowed to grow before being connected to the part of the face that was wounded and gradually left to heal Sergeant Marsden suffered burns to his face and hands after a shell blast. His skin was left completely blackened by the heat of the explosion. But these photographs, taken between June 22, 1916 and September, 7, 1916 show the speed of his face’s complete recovery. The tubed pedicle flap method was not used for the first time until 1917 when Sir Gillies operated on a sailor who had received horrific burns in the battle of Jutland in October of that year Sergeant Butcher pictured in 1919. Gillies realised 3D imaging could transform the work of the plastic surgeon. A team of sculptors were brought to Sidcup to make plaster casts of the men’s faces. Artificial ears, noses and chins were added before surgery to show how a soldier’s face might look after the operation Before and after: A hit from shrapnel destroyed this man’s face before plastic surgery was used to repair his chin. After time has passed Nolley cannot hide his smirk as he shows the effect of the pioneering surgery. Sir Gillies published a book called Plastic Surgery of the Face in 1920 to show and celebrate the effects of his research and work during the war. London’s King George Military Hospital was set up between 1915 and 1919. The building had just been built as a five-storey warehouse for the H.M. Stationery Office in Stamford Street and Cornwall Road before being used as a Red Cross military hospital	1,640	ENGLISH	1
On August 6, 1945, the Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima, Japan. The plane is a B-29 Superfortress which had been named after pilot Paul Tibbets’ mother. In order to carry the enormous weapon, the plane had been stripped of anything non-essential. This made it thousands of pounds lighter than a typical B-29 and allowed it to carry the 10,000 pound atomic bomb. According to the plane’s navigator, Theodore Van Kirk “Immediately [Tibbets] took the airplane to a 180° turn. We lost 2,000 ft. on the turn and ran away as fast as we could. Then it exploded. All we saw in the airplane was a bright flash. Shortly after that, the first shock wave hit us, and the plane snapped all over.” With this act, World War II was essentially over, the atomic age was officially begun, and the debate over the ethics of atomic weapons has continued for the more than 70 years that have passed since the attack. After completing its mission, the Enola Gay returned to its base on Tinian Island. On August 9, 1945, the Enola Gay flew again. This time it gathered data about the weather in the lead up to dropping another atomic bomb – this time on Nagasaki. She flew a few more times after the war as it was used in an atomic test program in the Pacific. The Enola Gay was stored at an airfield in Arizona before being flown to Illinois. It was transferred to the Smithsonian in July 1949 but was stored at an air force base in Texas. The last time the Enola Gay flew was in 1953. On December 2 of that year, it flew to Andrews Air Force Base in Maryland. It sat there until August 1960 when preservationists from the Smithsonian worried that anymore time spent outside would leave the plane too damaged to repair. It was taken apart and the pieces were taken inside. When the 50th anniversary of the atomic bombings arrived, the Smithsonian had already spent almost ten years restoring the plane to be displayed in the Smithsonian Institution’s National Air and Space Museum. The proposal for the planned anniversary exhibit was protested by Air Force veterans. They were alarmed at the way they saw the exhibit portrayed the US as the “unfeeling aggressor” while playing up the Japanese casualties of the bombs. In the end, a heavily revised version of the exhibit went on display. When it opened, it only displayed half of the Enola Gay. Restoration work was still ongoing. When the exhibit closed in 1998, approximately 4 million people had visited. It was the most people ever to visit an exhibit at the Air and Space Museum until that time. In 2003, the full plane was placed on display. That generated more protests, but the plane is still on display in the museum. Another Story From Us: Pearl Harbor Veteran Passes Away at Age 100 The crew aboard the plane on that fateful day were aware of the enormity of the event. Van Kirk said that the crew immediately knew that the war was over. Co-pilot Robert A. Lewis wrote in his log that he was “groping for words” to explain what had happened. He settled for “My God what have we done.”	<urn:uuid:ddabf73a-71bf-435d-bcd5-32eefe9ced23>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.warhistoryonline.com/war-articles/enola-gay.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606872.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122071919-20200122100919-00243.warc.gz	en	0.981582	688	3.4375	3	[ -0.047553643584251404, 0.5846346020698547, 0.011729450896382332, -0.6486479043960571, 0.008023595437407494, 0.5247464776039124, 0.1328929215669632, 0.467011421918869, -0.29819056391716003, 0.26165512204170227, 0.2507336735725403, -0.07735966891050339, 0.589218020439148, 0.40014687180519104...	10	On August 6, 1945, the Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima, Japan. The plane is a B-29 Superfortress which had been named after pilot Paul Tibbets’ mother. In order to carry the enormous weapon, the plane had been stripped of anything non-essential. This made it thousands of pounds lighter than a typical B-29 and allowed it to carry the 10,000 pound atomic bomb. According to the plane’s navigator, Theodore Van Kirk “Immediately [Tibbets] took the airplane to a 180° turn. We lost 2,000 ft. on the turn and ran away as fast as we could. Then it exploded. All we saw in the airplane was a bright flash. Shortly after that, the first shock wave hit us, and the plane snapped all over.” With this act, World War II was essentially over, the atomic age was officially begun, and the debate over the ethics of atomic weapons has continued for the more than 70 years that have passed since the attack. After completing its mission, the Enola Gay returned to its base on Tinian Island. On August 9, 1945, the Enola Gay flew again. This time it gathered data about the weather in the lead up to dropping another atomic bomb – this time on Nagasaki. She flew a few more times after the war as it was used in an atomic test program in the Pacific. The Enola Gay was stored at an airfield in Arizona before being flown to Illinois. It was transferred to the Smithsonian in July 1949 but was stored at an air force base in Texas. The last time the Enola Gay flew was in 1953. On December 2 of that year, it flew to Andrews Air Force Base in Maryland. It sat there until August 1960 when preservationists from the Smithsonian worried that anymore time spent outside would leave the plane too damaged to repair. It was taken apart and the pieces were taken inside. When the 50th anniversary of the atomic bombings arrived, the Smithsonian had already spent almost ten years restoring the plane to be displayed in the Smithsonian Institution’s National Air and Space Museum. The proposal for the planned anniversary exhibit was protested by Air Force veterans. They were alarmed at the way they saw the exhibit portrayed the US as the “unfeeling aggressor” while playing up the Japanese casualties of the bombs. In the end, a heavily revised version of the exhibit went on display. When it opened, it only displayed half of the Enola Gay. Restoration work was still ongoing. When the exhibit closed in 1998, approximately 4 million people had visited. It was the most people ever to visit an exhibit at the Air and Space Museum until that time. In 2003, the full plane was placed on display. That generated more protests, but the plane is still on display in the museum. Another Story From Us: Pearl Harbor Veteran Passes Away at Age 100 The crew aboard the plane on that fateful day were aware of the enormity of the event. Van Kirk said that the crew immediately knew that the war was over. Co-pilot Robert A. Lewis wrote in his log that he was “groping for words” to explain what had happened. He settled for “My God what have we done.”	710	ENGLISH	1
Back in 1918, the First World War was coming to an end and Canadian soldiers were returning home. But unbeknownst to them, many brought with them a virus that Canada had never seen -- Spanish influenza. "When the soldiers were brought back into Canada they would usually bring them into Halifax. The soldiers would then get on the train and they would move across Canada and wherever they had come from they would get off the train," says historian Dr. Allan Marble. Marble, who is also the Chair of the Medical History Research Society of Nova Scotia, has been studying the history of the Spanish flu for the better part of a decade. "There was no interest shown at all in that there was nothing published on the Spanish Influenza and the impact on Nova Scotia or on Canada until 2013, which is almost 100 years after the event took place in 1918-19," he tells NEWS 95.7's The Todd Veinotte Show. The Halifax-based historian says most people were put off from talking about it because of stories they'd heard. "Some people say they'd rather not know about it because from what they heard from their grandparents," he says. "It was such a tragic event in the history of Nova Scotia and in families in Nova Scotia, that everyone wanted to just forget about it." But by researching and through interviews, Marble is learning as much as he can about the Spanish flu's impact on Nova Scotia, where it killed an estimated 2,200 people. "You don't forget about history, you try to learn from it," says Marble. Marble says that the flu first appeared in humans in one of two locations: Kansas, U.S.A. or somewhere in rural China. In either instance, he says the Spanish flu likely came from animals. "The way a virus usually travels or transmits, it's from birds to swine to people," he says. In September of 1918, Marble says a doctor in Kansas began noticing severe flu symptoms in some patients. "Now it turns out that right near the town where he practices there was an army camp, a U.S. Army camp," he says. "These soldiers were being prepared to go to Europe, and within a few days the influenza broke out in that army camp and within a few days there were thousands of soldiers who were down with influenza and dying from it." Marble explains that the misnomer of the "Spanish" flu came from wartime censorship of the press. Because Spain was neutral during WWI, they were the only country to admit the flu was impacting them. "Because it was the only set of newspapers that was putting out information, everyone thought oh it must be coming from Spain, and it became known as the Spanish flu and I guess it'll always be called the Spanish flu even though it really has nothing to do with Spain," he says. Within weeks, the infected soldiers had gotten even more troops sick with the flu, and all of Europe was affected. By the time the war ended in November 1918, Canadian soldiers were returning home with the virus. "The first soldier that we know of who arrives back in Canada with the flu was a young man who was from Inverness County Cape Breton," explains Marble. The historian says that within two weeks, 17 people in Inverness area had died. Marble has been researching how the flu travelled. In a time when vaccinations were new, he says doctors didn't know that Spanish Influenza was a virus, not a bacterial disease. "At that time there was no vaccine, no flu shot, nothing like that," he says. "We do have such a thing now of course." Around the world, between 35 and 50 million people died from the Spanish flu. But Marble says that from the outbreak, Canadian historians and medical experts can learn a lot. "What ages were dying? Were there any ethnic groups that seemed to be more vulnerable than others? Were more women dying than men?" are just some of the questions Marble says he's been trying to answer. Across Canada, an estimated 55,000 people died. "Saskatchewan and Alberta where most of the people lived close to the rail line, had very high death rates from Spanish Influenza," says Marble. "Nova Scotia had the lowest death rate of any province in Canada." Marble explains that Nova Scotia's low death toll is due to our large amount of doctors, including the Mayor at the time, Arthur Hawkins. "He immediately closed all of the public buildings in Halifax and eventually all over Nova Scotia. All churches, all schools, all universities, all bowling allies. Every public place was closed down for six weeks," says Marble. Over one hundred years later, Marble says historians like himself are only now learning how modern medicine has improved thanks to the Spanish flu. "The governments decided that it was time to set up a national public health system in Canada and that each province should have a public health department, and that they should, if anything like this happened again they would be prepared," he says. With the widespread use of vaccines, clean standard of living, and general good health, if the Spanish flu broke out today, Marble thinks we'd tackle it before it becomes a pandemic. "During the last 100 years, the public health movement has learned a great deal and is now ready," he adds. "Whenever October arrives each year everyone is urged to get the flu shot, and hopefully people will. The real message out of the Spanish Influenza is prevention. Getting ready for trying to immunize people against what may be a devastating flu."	<urn:uuid:c0b47272-ec7d-4429-8592-a8b34f3226a7>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.halifaxtoday.ca/local-news/how-the-spanish-flu-killed-more-nova-scotians-than-the-halifax-explosion-2000410	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250624328.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124161014-20200124190014-00551.warc.gz	en	0.991123	1,160	3.265625	3	[ 0.014795951545238495, 0.5440564751625061, 0.5749183893203735, 0.023126065731048584, 0.02224092185497284, -0.07423471659421921, 0.2385648787021637, 0.4963964819908142, -0.1939597725868225, 0.02505798451602459, 0.05514680966734886, 0.13258954882621765, 0.06822390854358673, 0.3528462052345276...	5	Back in 1918, the First World War was coming to an end and Canadian soldiers were returning home. But unbeknownst to them, many brought with them a virus that Canada had never seen -- Spanish influenza. "When the soldiers were brought back into Canada they would usually bring them into Halifax. The soldiers would then get on the train and they would move across Canada and wherever they had come from they would get off the train," says historian Dr. Allan Marble. Marble, who is also the Chair of the Medical History Research Society of Nova Scotia, has been studying the history of the Spanish flu for the better part of a decade. "There was no interest shown at all in that there was nothing published on the Spanish Influenza and the impact on Nova Scotia or on Canada until 2013, which is almost 100 years after the event took place in 1918-19," he tells NEWS 95.7's The Todd Veinotte Show. The Halifax-based historian says most people were put off from talking about it because of stories they'd heard. "Some people say they'd rather not know about it because from what they heard from their grandparents," he says. "It was such a tragic event in the history of Nova Scotia and in families in Nova Scotia, that everyone wanted to just forget about it." But by researching and through interviews, Marble is learning as much as he can about the Spanish flu's impact on Nova Scotia, where it killed an estimated 2,200 people. "You don't forget about history, you try to learn from it," says Marble. Marble says that the flu first appeared in humans in one of two locations: Kansas, U.S.A. or somewhere in rural China. In either instance, he says the Spanish flu likely came from animals. "The way a virus usually travels or transmits, it's from birds to swine to people," he says. In September of 1918, Marble says a doctor in Kansas began noticing severe flu symptoms in some patients. "Now it turns out that right near the town where he practices there was an army camp, a U.S. Army camp," he says. "These soldiers were being prepared to go to Europe, and within a few days the influenza broke out in that army camp and within a few days there were thousands of soldiers who were down with influenza and dying from it." Marble explains that the misnomer of the "Spanish" flu came from wartime censorship of the press. Because Spain was neutral during WWI, they were the only country to admit the flu was impacting them. "Because it was the only set of newspapers that was putting out information, everyone thought oh it must be coming from Spain, and it became known as the Spanish flu and I guess it'll always be called the Spanish flu even though it really has nothing to do with Spain," he says. Within weeks, the infected soldiers had gotten even more troops sick with the flu, and all of Europe was affected. By the time the war ended in November 1918, Canadian soldiers were returning home with the virus. "The first soldier that we know of who arrives back in Canada with the flu was a young man who was from Inverness County Cape Breton," explains Marble. The historian says that within two weeks, 17 people in Inverness area had died. Marble has been researching how the flu travelled. In a time when vaccinations were new, he says doctors didn't know that Spanish Influenza was a virus, not a bacterial disease. "At that time there was no vaccine, no flu shot, nothing like that," he says. "We do have such a thing now of course." Around the world, between 35 and 50 million people died from the Spanish flu. But Marble says that from the outbreak, Canadian historians and medical experts can learn a lot. "What ages were dying? Were there any ethnic groups that seemed to be more vulnerable than others? Were more women dying than men?" are just some of the questions Marble says he's been trying to answer. Across Canada, an estimated 55,000 people died. "Saskatchewan and Alberta where most of the people lived close to the rail line, had very high death rates from Spanish Influenza," says Marble. "Nova Scotia had the lowest death rate of any province in Canada." Marble explains that Nova Scotia's low death toll is due to our large amount of doctors, including the Mayor at the time, Arthur Hawkins. "He immediately closed all of the public buildings in Halifax and eventually all over Nova Scotia. All churches, all schools, all universities, all bowling allies. Every public place was closed down for six weeks," says Marble. Over one hundred years later, Marble says historians like himself are only now learning how modern medicine has improved thanks to the Spanish flu. "The governments decided that it was time to set up a national public health system in Canada and that each province should have a public health department, and that they should, if anything like this happened again they would be prepared," he says. With the widespread use of vaccines, clean standard of living, and general good health, if the Spanish flu broke out today, Marble thinks we'd tackle it before it becomes a pandemic. "During the last 100 years, the public health movement has learned a great deal and is now ready," he adds. "Whenever October arrives each year everyone is urged to get the flu shot, and hopefully people will. The real message out of the Spanish Influenza is prevention. Getting ready for trying to immunize people against what may be a devastating flu."	1,163	ENGLISH	1
Last week we began looking at a little-known event in American history; the hunt for Pancho Villa. We complete that discussion today. As part of the additional duties of the National Guard related to Pancho Villa’s incursions into the United States, the 2nd Florida Infantry Regiment was mustered into Federal service in June 1916 at Camp Foster in Jacksonville. The commanding officer was Colonel Albert H. Blanding (for whom Camp Blanding would later be named). The Florida troops were deployed to the Texas-Mexico border to support the Mexican Expedition. In November 1916, the Suwannee Democrat received a letter from four Suwannee County citizens who were serving in Texas. These men, E. D. Groover, Lonnie Rhodes, Claude Jordan and John McCullers, were stationed with Company D of the 2nd Florida Infantry in Laredo, Texas. Their sentiments were probably shared by many soldiers of the day: “Life on the border is not what some think it is. There are four of we Live Oak boys here and all of us is in good health and having a good time. “You have probably read some articles of the soldiers hard times here, but it’s not so. We are having a good time and want our friends to know it. “We all have been on some river patrol and the chances are that we will have some more…” The Mexican Expedition lasted until February 1917, when U.S. forces were withdrawn and reassigned, partly as a result of World War I raging across the globe (of which the United States was not yet a participant) and partly after negotiations with Mexico. Pancho Villa remained a free man and a nuisance to local Mexican troops, but his threat to the United States was gone. The 2nd Florida Infantry would be mustered out of Federal service in March 1917, and its coat of arms would afterwards bear a cactus to symbolize their border service during the Mexican Expedition. The four men who wrote to the Suwannee Democrat in November 1916 would have little time to rest from their service, however. The United States entered the First World War on the side of the Allies on April 6, 1917. In August of the same year, the men of the 2nd Florida Infantry would be drafted into Federal service again, this time to serve overseas in France against the Germans and their allies (and the coat of arms would have a fleur-de-lis added to symbolize their service in France). Pancho Villa, having survived the American excursion into Mexico, remained a guerilla leader until 1920. He negotiated a peace settlement in that year after the assassination of his one-time friend and nemesis, President Carranza. As compensation for laying down his arms, he was granted a 25,000-acre hacienda and a sizeable pension by the Mexican government. Pancho Villa was eventually assassinated in 1923, ending his storied life. More history next week! Eric Musgrove can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org or 386-362-0564.	<urn:uuid:0877636c-a92b-4051-ac68-ae80441751a2>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.suwanneedemocrat.com/opinion/musgrove-suwannee-county-men-served-in-hunt-for-pancho-villa/article_345d5baa-3619-11ea-a9c6-b3726dce5e6f.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610004.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123101110-20200123130110-00369.warc.gz	en	0.981234	643	3.375	3	[ -0.2809397876262665, 0.05658215656876564, 0.2302202433347702, -0.02925419621169567, 0.28425920009613037, 0.3192453384399414, -0.14413219690322876, 0.24849127233028412, -0.14741480350494385, -0.41287511587142944, 0.09273434430360794, 0.02406834252178669, -0.16384805738925934, 0.276674598455...	1	Last week we began looking at a little-known event in American history; the hunt for Pancho Villa. We complete that discussion today. As part of the additional duties of the National Guard related to Pancho Villa’s incursions into the United States, the 2nd Florida Infantry Regiment was mustered into Federal service in June 1916 at Camp Foster in Jacksonville. The commanding officer was Colonel Albert H. Blanding (for whom Camp Blanding would later be named). The Florida troops were deployed to the Texas-Mexico border to support the Mexican Expedition. In November 1916, the Suwannee Democrat received a letter from four Suwannee County citizens who were serving in Texas. These men, E. D. Groover, Lonnie Rhodes, Claude Jordan and John McCullers, were stationed with Company D of the 2nd Florida Infantry in Laredo, Texas. Their sentiments were probably shared by many soldiers of the day: “Life on the border is not what some think it is. There are four of we Live Oak boys here and all of us is in good health and having a good time. “You have probably read some articles of the soldiers hard times here, but it’s not so. We are having a good time and want our friends to know it. “We all have been on some river patrol and the chances are that we will have some more…” The Mexican Expedition lasted until February 1917, when U.S. forces were withdrawn and reassigned, partly as a result of World War I raging across the globe (of which the United States was not yet a participant) and partly after negotiations with Mexico. Pancho Villa remained a free man and a nuisance to local Mexican troops, but his threat to the United States was gone. The 2nd Florida Infantry would be mustered out of Federal service in March 1917, and its coat of arms would afterwards bear a cactus to symbolize their border service during the Mexican Expedition. The four men who wrote to the Suwannee Democrat in November 1916 would have little time to rest from their service, however. The United States entered the First World War on the side of the Allies on April 6, 1917. In August of the same year, the men of the 2nd Florida Infantry would be drafted into Federal service again, this time to serve overseas in France against the Germans and their allies (and the coat of arms would have a fleur-de-lis added to symbolize their service in France). Pancho Villa, having survived the American excursion into Mexico, remained a guerilla leader until 1920. He negotiated a peace settlement in that year after the assassination of his one-time friend and nemesis, President Carranza. As compensation for laying down his arms, he was granted a 25,000-acre hacienda and a sizeable pension by the Mexican government. Pancho Villa was eventually assassinated in 1923, ending his storied life. More history next week! Eric Musgrove can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org or 386-362-0564.	657	ENGLISH	1
Argo was constructed by the shipwright Argus, and its crew were specially protected by the goddess Hera. The best source for the myth is the Argonautica by Apollonius Rhodius. According to a variety of sources of the legend, Argo was said to have been planned or constructed with the help of Athena. According to certain sources, Argo was the first ship to sail the seas. It was Athena who taught Tiphys to attach the sails to the mast, as he was the steersman and would need an absolute knowledge of the workings of the ship. According to other legends, she contained in her prow a magical piece of timber from the sacred forest of Dodona, which could speak and render prophecies. Source: Argo – Wikipedia	<urn:uuid:37a6c7d1-58ac-4272-8eb8-41fb3681e807>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.timboucher.ca/2019/11/argo-ship-greek-mythology/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601615.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121044233-20200121073233-00264.warc.gz	en	0.989389	157	3.359375	3	[ -0.2831590175628662, 0.25900235772132874, -0.14000630378723145, -0.16803963482379913, -0.3110223412513733, -0.11819839477539062, 0.04136845842003822, 0.14778602123260498, -0.4980628490447998, -0.004646594636142254, -0.24971766769886017, -0.6548845171928406, -0.590943455696106, 0.3662789165...	4	Argo was constructed by the shipwright Argus, and its crew were specially protected by the goddess Hera. The best source for the myth is the Argonautica by Apollonius Rhodius. According to a variety of sources of the legend, Argo was said to have been planned or constructed with the help of Athena. According to certain sources, Argo was the first ship to sail the seas. It was Athena who taught Tiphys to attach the sails to the mast, as he was the steersman and would need an absolute knowledge of the workings of the ship. According to other legends, she contained in her prow a magical piece of timber from the sacred forest of Dodona, which could speak and render prophecies. Source: Argo – Wikipedia	158	ENGLISH	1
Table of Contents 2. A general outline of the history and race conception of Native Americans until 1820 3. A New Policy – The Time from 1820 – 1860 4. Comparison and Conclusion 5. Appendix – Ralph Waldo Emerson, Letter to the Government Exactly 400 years ago, English settlers founded the first settlement called Jamestown near the Chesapeake Bay in the state that today is Virginia. The following four-hundred years were filled with battles for land, struggles for independence and the building of the myth of a new, promised land that held life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness for everybody. Many books have concerned themselves with the history of the United States of America, painting a glorious picture of a country which emerged to become one of the world's leading countries in less than 200 years after its foundation in 1789, when the first 13 states formed the United States of America. Historians work on writing books about great wars like the Civil War, about the great authors and artists that this so called 'New-Republic' produced, about the ups and downs in the economy and the promise of that new 'Virgin Land' which had been given to the Europeans to form a new, better country in which all men are considered equal and possess the same inalienable rights on life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Those books report about the flawed system of the American South, which was based on slavery and therefore on depriving a certain group of humans of just those promised rights. And they report about how the slaves were freed and integrated into the society over a century. They are mentioned as an integral part of this wonderful new country, which, after the civil War ended, managed to unify again into one, becoming today's world's most powerful country. Undoubtedly, minority problems are mentioned, there are the Jews, the Chinese-Americans, the Hispanics and all the other immigrant groups, which are constantly being discussed in the politics, the media, even at school. Programs are started, bilingual schools are offered and other efforts are made to include those people into the melting pot of infinite possibilities. But one race, that one which possesses the oldest rights to that land, because they have been there for centuries before the Europeans had even head or dreamed of this so-called 'New World', has constantly been ignored throughout history – the Native American people. Even today they are merely considered as the 'Indian problem'. Whereas Women, Blacks and Hispanics have long attained the rights that have been promised to them by the Founding Fathers in the famous constitutions, Native Americans today are still considered outsiders, being only rarely mentioned by history books or classes. Yet, the history of the United States of America is not just the history of some wars for freedom, of depression or World Wars, of presidencies and politics. What most history books fail to mention is, that all of the happenings are based on one basic factor – the constant repression of the original inhabitants of this so-called “Virgin Land”. The history of the United States for the Native Americans is not one of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, but rather one of imprisonment, despair and a constant struggle for hope. It has been similar for many races since initially the promises of the constitution seemed to be preserved for only one priviledged class of human kind – white males. The great difference is, though, that today, when all other previously considered inferior groups do possess those rights, the Native American people still seem to be excluded from the great American Dream. They started out as trade partners of the first settlers, they have never been as systematically enslaved as the African American people were, and yet they have not fully been able to ensure the Civil Rights for them. And despite the numbers of increasing unemployment rates, alcohol addiction and diseases such as diabetes, the US government today doesn't make particularly hard efforts to improve the situation for the people who had inhabited the land for more than thousand years before the first settlers came to Virginia. So what happened? What was different between Blacks and Native Americans, who initially started out as trade partners and even provided the settlers with food during their first hard winter? The Native American woman Blackcrowheart says today “African slaves were valued more then our people. Think about it. We were killed without question a lot, and the African slaves were valued to a certain degree, because they did what they were told and worked hard doing it." 1 Is that what happened? Was the concept of an inferior race the same, and just the fact that the few Native American people who were enslaved either did not work or ran away, prevented them from ending up the same as African Americans? Throughout this paper, I want to examine the history of the Native American people from 1607 until today. I want to have a closer look at how the view of Native Americans changed over time, and whether it were really racial reasons, or rather political ones that led to the constant repression of Native American tribes and culture. In the spotlight will be the time between 1820 and 1860, because that was the time of a radical change in politics and the beginning of a policy of repression and deportation of Native American tribes to reservations. I will in the end present the conclusion with a brief comparison of Native American and African American people with a hopefully reasonable explanation for the development as it happened. 2. A general outline of the history and race conception of Native Americans until 1820 To examine how Native American people were seen at a special point of time, it is necessary to investigate at first how they were seen before, in order to understand how that opinion of the race came to exist. Also, in order to examine anything, be it history or culture, that has to do with Native American people, it is imperative to understand that what we refer to as Native Americans, is actually a large group of people who can be divided into hundreds of different tribes, therefore hundreds of different traditions, cultural backgrounds and languages. It is imperative to understand that we are not dealing with just one large group with roughly the same way of living. Only if we keep that in mind, we will see that settlers in different places encountered different tribes, and with that people of different languages and traditions. Some tribes were peaceful, others warfare tribes, some tribes lived in tribal communities and long houses, their governmental system similar to the European system (e.g. The Iroquois did have what we would call a democratic government and elections, just not in a written form), while others lived in a system comparable to a monarchy. Where some tribes had to form their whole life around the hunting and the pursuit of the buffalo herds, and were therefore living like nomads, other tribes had a fixed region and were specialists in farming the ground and trading their goods with other tribes. Referring to Native American people and culture without making this distinction would be equally flawed as referring to European people and culture without distinguishing between Germans, French, Greek and English people. And the differences between the numerous tribes were sometimes even larger than those between the formerly named European countries. Therefore, if we keep in mind those differences, we can easily understand what difficulties both sides were faced with. Settlers in different places encountered different kinds of tribes and tribal families. The cliché of the Indian living in his tipi or tent, is only true for a small part of Native Americans. The first tribes that were encountered by white settlers lived in so-called longhouses made from wood and were mainly Algonquian or Iroquois tribes (those families who were spread throughout the north-east of today's USA. It is important to know that these were the tribes with which white settlers had most contact until 1778, when the thirteen colonies became the United States and the way for westwards expansion was paved. So how were Native American people treated during those first years of colonialisation? After reading a little bit into historical happenings of those times, it quickly becomes clear, that, although considered as savages, Native American people were not by nature declared inferior back then. One of the first examples is the settlement Jamestown, which was in contact with people from the Powhatan tribes and soon allied with them. That alliance broke down after 5 years and settlers and Indians started a bloody war, which was ended by a peace treaty that consisted of the marriage of the white settler John Rolfe and chief Powhatan's daughter Matoaka (better known as Pocahontas today). That interracial marriage shows, that the Indians were more valuable trade partners, allies which one needed to survive in that so-called new world. Furthermore it is a proof that the Indians were considered equal in a way – as, if we make a step over to African-American slaves, inter-racial marriages between Blacks and Whites were absolutely forbidden from the beginning. Of course one has to do justice to the fact that Pocahontas, before marrying John Rolfe, had lived for a considerable amount of time among the settlers and had converted to Christianity. If a marriage would have also taken place if the contrary had been the case, meaning, if Pocahontas had still lived like an Indian girl, is a matter of speculation. But even if that wasn't the case, it would be a proof that Native American people were not considered inferior by race. If any, they were seen as savage and uncivilized due to their way of life, who could be fully accepted by society if adapting to a 'civilized' form of life. Similar cases of Indian-European interaction repeated itself during the following years. One of the best-known example is the case of the Mayflower, which took over hundred settlers into the new land, who would have starved to death during their first winter if it hadn't been for the generous help of the local Indian tribe who provided the settlers with food and taught them how to grow corn and tobacco. They became trade partners for food, corn, weapons furs and other goods. So it is safe to say that, with few exceptions, settlers and native tribes lived peacefully together and benefited from each other's knowledge. Only when the settler's attitude began to change and they grew more numerous, the problems started. Suddenly they were in need of new land, and started wars with Indian tribes. Native tribes themselves had more and more problems driving the settlers back and remaining on their lands. Diseases, carried in by the settlers helped to further decimate Indian population, so soon whole tribes were either completely wiped out or decimated by up to 90%. The native tribes of course felt a right to remain on the land which they had always been living on. Treaties were made and broken on both sides, so were promises. Here it is important to understand the difference in the world views of settlers and native people. Although they did sign many of the treaties, exchanging land for some goods, the concept of owning land in the first place was a strange one to Native Americans. In their opinion, no human being owned the land, therefore it couldn't be sold. It was custom among tribes though to trade goods in order to assure alliance or to be permitted to live as a part of the tribal community. It is rather likely that the chiefs who signed the treaties understood the goods they received as that kind of gratitude instead of payment for the land and, in connection with that, losing all rights to remain in the sold region. That difference in world views caused a row of misunderstandings between settlers and Native American tribes. During the 17th and 18thcentury, several wars raged, between tribes as well as between tribes and settlers, and, last but not least, between different colonies and their attached European countries. During all of those wars, Europeans and Indians didn't hesitate to ally with one another in order to defeat their enemies. So for example in the infamous French and Indian War, which raged from 1754-1763, the French colonies allied with the Algonquian tribe, the Ottawa and the Ojibwa, to name only a few of them. Their enemies, the British (and therefore also the American colonies) allied with the Iroquois confederacy, which itself had an interest in winning the war to establish a monopoly in fur trading. (The Iroquois people were always competing with the French settlers to establish a monopoly in fur trading.) These named occasions prove, that initially the contact was less about a race which considered another one inferior, but an encounter of two different cultures who became trade partners and allies on more than one occasion. With the decimation of the Indians due to diseases and also due to the wars, which were fought with the new mechanical weapons brought in and sold to the Indians by the Europeans, the settlers slowly started to outnumber the Indians. That offered whole new chances for the Europeans. Instead of exchanging or buying lands in long negotiations, they were now in the positions to win wars over the tribes and to violently claim the lands they wanted. The American Revolutionary War finally offered a chance for native tribes to stop the colonial expansion westwards – or so they thought. Therefore, many Indian tribes allied with England and fought against the American colonies in violent battles in order to stop the new nation from forming and inevitably demand more land. There were of course few Indian nations who allied with the colonies, such as for example some members of the Iroquois Confederacy, which was thrown into a Civil War by the conflict. Yet, those tribes who allied with the colonies were a minority, and what the settlers experiences during that time were Indian tribes who forcefully tried to gain a victory for England and prevent the colonies from becoming an independent nation. Because it could be foreseen that, once an independent country, more Europeans would come to America and the westwards expansion would go on more rapidly and more violently. And that was what happened after the new country of the United States had won the war and peace between the British and American was re-established in the Treaty of Paris. The newfound republic established their very own constitution which promised life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness for the European white male, and further repression and wars for the Native American tribes. The fact that the majority of the Native tribes had been fighting for the British side during the Revolutionary War was of course not seen in their favor. On the contrary, during that big war, many American settlers had come to find the Indian tribes as enemies against them. Many civilians became victims in battles and the survivors told the stories of the cruel and savage way of Indian warfare. The image of the heartless savage grew in the mind of the majority of the American population. The victory of the United States of America opened the gates to the westwards expansion, which could fully begin after the Louisiana Purchase in 1802, when the US bought all land east of the Mississippi from Napoleon (France) and nearly doubled her territory. And with that expansion began a whole new series of battles, that the Indians had already lost before they began, due to their decreasing number. Rage was fueled on both sides as more and more innocent civilians like Indian women and children who were attacked by soldiers, or settler families who were attacked by Indians, became victim of this ongoing war. The image of the cruel, savage Indian had been born decades before, but it was the first time that the United States had to face the Indians as a young republic without having England and it's large fleet behind them. That most significant reason for those conflicts was the growing need for new land and the inevitable expansion westwards to claim the 'virgin territory' that this vast continent had to offer, without paying attention to the tribes and nations that were already living there. Just that reason turned the whole America-Indian conflict into a political issue and the first presidents of the United States were faced with the question of how to deal with those continuing fights over land. It is of course clear that, for political interests, no president could actually take position for the Native Americans – although for example president Jefferson can be considered a friend of the Native people. But in the first place, those presidents had to decide in favor of their country, and being faced with the increasing number of immigrants, they had to make sure to obtain more land. The choice of warfare against the Indians was now becoming a political one, and of course, in a land which promised life and liberty, and propagated that all men were created equal, one couldn't just repress other human beings and their rights on property (Indian land). Therefore the Native people were more and more declared as an inferior race, comparable to children who had to be taught to make proper use of their land and live in a 'civilized' way before finally becoming equal. Of course that change in attitude towards Native American tribes didn't just happen over night, there had always been voices who had considered Native Americans to be part of the wilderness, which needed to be tamed, but those had always been religious convictions. 1 Original statement as given in an online interview by myself with a Native American woman who wants to be mentioned under the pseudonym Blackcrowheart.	<urn:uuid:20e68cd0-8e6f-4254-bb64-ca76d1866ba3>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://m.grin.com/document/163260	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593937.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118193018-20200118221018-00023.warc.gz	en	0.984237	3,501	4.03125	4	[ -0.17073902487754822, 0.2828400135040283, 0.3013826012611389, 0.3655491769313812, -0.3118007183074951, 0.3520926833152771, -0.49717938899993896, -0.06803365051746368, 0.005187355447560549, 0.15701229870319366, 0.16308321058750153, 0.09070727974176407, 0.007367786020040512, 0.33660820126533...	3	Table of Contents 2. A general outline of the history and race conception of Native Americans until 1820 3. A New Policy – The Time from 1820 – 1860 4. Comparison and Conclusion 5. Appendix – Ralph Waldo Emerson, Letter to the Government Exactly 400 years ago, English settlers founded the first settlement called Jamestown near the Chesapeake Bay in the state that today is Virginia. The following four-hundred years were filled with battles for land, struggles for independence and the building of the myth of a new, promised land that held life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness for everybody. Many books have concerned themselves with the history of the United States of America, painting a glorious picture of a country which emerged to become one of the world's leading countries in less than 200 years after its foundation in 1789, when the first 13 states formed the United States of America. Historians work on writing books about great wars like the Civil War, about the great authors and artists that this so called 'New-Republic' produced, about the ups and downs in the economy and the promise of that new 'Virgin Land' which had been given to the Europeans to form a new, better country in which all men are considered equal and possess the same inalienable rights on life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Those books report about the flawed system of the American South, which was based on slavery and therefore on depriving a certain group of humans of just those promised rights. And they report about how the slaves were freed and integrated into the society over a century. They are mentioned as an integral part of this wonderful new country, which, after the civil War ended, managed to unify again into one, becoming today's world's most powerful country. Undoubtedly, minority problems are mentioned, there are the Jews, the Chinese-Americans, the Hispanics and all the other immigrant groups, which are constantly being discussed in the politics, the media, even at school. Programs are started, bilingual schools are offered and other efforts are made to include those people into the melting pot of infinite possibilities. But one race, that one which possesses the oldest rights to that land, because they have been there for centuries before the Europeans had even head or dreamed of this so-called 'New World', has constantly been ignored throughout history – the Native American people. Even today they are merely considered as the 'Indian problem'. Whereas Women, Blacks and Hispanics have long attained the rights that have been promised to them by the Founding Fathers in the famous constitutions, Native Americans today are still considered outsiders, being only rarely mentioned by history books or classes. Yet, the history of the United States of America is not just the history of some wars for freedom, of depression or World Wars, of presidencies and politics. What most history books fail to mention is, that all of the happenings are based on one basic factor – the constant repression of the original inhabitants of this so-called “Virgin Land”. The history of the United States for the Native Americans is not one of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness, but rather one of imprisonment, despair and a constant struggle for hope. It has been similar for many races since initially the promises of the constitution seemed to be preserved for only one priviledged class of human kind – white males. The great difference is, though, that today, when all other previously considered inferior groups do possess those rights, the Native American people still seem to be excluded from the great American Dream. They started out as trade partners of the first settlers, they have never been as systematically enslaved as the African American people were, and yet they have not fully been able to ensure the Civil Rights for them. And despite the numbers of increasing unemployment rates, alcohol addiction and diseases such as diabetes, the US government today doesn't make particularly hard efforts to improve the situation for the people who had inhabited the land for more than thousand years before the first settlers came to Virginia. So what happened? What was different between Blacks and Native Americans, who initially started out as trade partners and even provided the settlers with food during their first hard winter? The Native American woman Blackcrowheart says today “African slaves were valued more then our people. Think about it. We were killed without question a lot, and the African slaves were valued to a certain degree, because they did what they were told and worked hard doing it." 1 Is that what happened? Was the concept of an inferior race the same, and just the fact that the few Native American people who were enslaved either did not work or ran away, prevented them from ending up the same as African Americans? Throughout this paper, I want to examine the history of the Native American people from 1607 until today. I want to have a closer look at how the view of Native Americans changed over time, and whether it were really racial reasons, or rather political ones that led to the constant repression of Native American tribes and culture. In the spotlight will be the time between 1820 and 1860, because that was the time of a radical change in politics and the beginning of a policy of repression and deportation of Native American tribes to reservations. I will in the end present the conclusion with a brief comparison of Native American and African American people with a hopefully reasonable explanation for the development as it happened. 2. A general outline of the history and race conception of Native Americans until 1820 To examine how Native American people were seen at a special point of time, it is necessary to investigate at first how they were seen before, in order to understand how that opinion of the race came to exist. Also, in order to examine anything, be it history or culture, that has to do with Native American people, it is imperative to understand that what we refer to as Native Americans, is actually a large group of people who can be divided into hundreds of different tribes, therefore hundreds of different traditions, cultural backgrounds and languages. It is imperative to understand that we are not dealing with just one large group with roughly the same way of living. Only if we keep that in mind, we will see that settlers in different places encountered different tribes, and with that people of different languages and traditions. Some tribes were peaceful, others warfare tribes, some tribes lived in tribal communities and long houses, their governmental system similar to the European system (e.g. The Iroquois did have what we would call a democratic government and elections, just not in a written form), while others lived in a system comparable to a monarchy. Where some tribes had to form their whole life around the hunting and the pursuit of the buffalo herds, and were therefore living like nomads, other tribes had a fixed region and were specialists in farming the ground and trading their goods with other tribes. Referring to Native American people and culture without making this distinction would be equally flawed as referring to European people and culture without distinguishing between Germans, French, Greek and English people. And the differences between the numerous tribes were sometimes even larger than those between the formerly named European countries. Therefore, if we keep in mind those differences, we can easily understand what difficulties both sides were faced with. Settlers in different places encountered different kinds of tribes and tribal families. The cliché of the Indian living in his tipi or tent, is only true for a small part of Native Americans. The first tribes that were encountered by white settlers lived in so-called longhouses made from wood and were mainly Algonquian or Iroquois tribes (those families who were spread throughout the north-east of today's USA. It is important to know that these were the tribes with which white settlers had most contact until 1778, when the thirteen colonies became the United States and the way for westwards expansion was paved. So how were Native American people treated during those first years of colonialisation? After reading a little bit into historical happenings of those times, it quickly becomes clear, that, although considered as savages, Native American people were not by nature declared inferior back then. One of the first examples is the settlement Jamestown, which was in contact with people from the Powhatan tribes and soon allied with them. That alliance broke down after 5 years and settlers and Indians started a bloody war, which was ended by a peace treaty that consisted of the marriage of the white settler John Rolfe and chief Powhatan's daughter Matoaka (better known as Pocahontas today). That interracial marriage shows, that the Indians were more valuable trade partners, allies which one needed to survive in that so-called new world. Furthermore it is a proof that the Indians were considered equal in a way – as, if we make a step over to African-American slaves, inter-racial marriages between Blacks and Whites were absolutely forbidden from the beginning. Of course one has to do justice to the fact that Pocahontas, before marrying John Rolfe, had lived for a considerable amount of time among the settlers and had converted to Christianity. If a marriage would have also taken place if the contrary had been the case, meaning, if Pocahontas had still lived like an Indian girl, is a matter of speculation. But even if that wasn't the case, it would be a proof that Native American people were not considered inferior by race. If any, they were seen as savage and uncivilized due to their way of life, who could be fully accepted by society if adapting to a 'civilized' form of life. Similar cases of Indian-European interaction repeated itself during the following years. One of the best-known example is the case of the Mayflower, which took over hundred settlers into the new land, who would have starved to death during their first winter if it hadn't been for the generous help of the local Indian tribe who provided the settlers with food and taught them how to grow corn and tobacco. They became trade partners for food, corn, weapons furs and other goods. So it is safe to say that, with few exceptions, settlers and native tribes lived peacefully together and benefited from each other's knowledge. Only when the settler's attitude began to change and they grew more numerous, the problems started. Suddenly they were in need of new land, and started wars with Indian tribes. Native tribes themselves had more and more problems driving the settlers back and remaining on their lands. Diseases, carried in by the settlers helped to further decimate Indian population, so soon whole tribes were either completely wiped out or decimated by up to 90%. The native tribes of course felt a right to remain on the land which they had always been living on. Treaties were made and broken on both sides, so were promises. Here it is important to understand the difference in the world views of settlers and native people. Although they did sign many of the treaties, exchanging land for some goods, the concept of owning land in the first place was a strange one to Native Americans. In their opinion, no human being owned the land, therefore it couldn't be sold. It was custom among tribes though to trade goods in order to assure alliance or to be permitted to live as a part of the tribal community. It is rather likely that the chiefs who signed the treaties understood the goods they received as that kind of gratitude instead of payment for the land and, in connection with that, losing all rights to remain in the sold region. That difference in world views caused a row of misunderstandings between settlers and Native American tribes. During the 17th and 18thcentury, several wars raged, between tribes as well as between tribes and settlers, and, last but not least, between different colonies and their attached European countries. During all of those wars, Europeans and Indians didn't hesitate to ally with one another in order to defeat their enemies. So for example in the infamous French and Indian War, which raged from 1754-1763, the French colonies allied with the Algonquian tribe, the Ottawa and the Ojibwa, to name only a few of them. Their enemies, the British (and therefore also the American colonies) allied with the Iroquois confederacy, which itself had an interest in winning the war to establish a monopoly in fur trading. (The Iroquois people were always competing with the French settlers to establish a monopoly in fur trading.) These named occasions prove, that initially the contact was less about a race which considered another one inferior, but an encounter of two different cultures who became trade partners and allies on more than one occasion. With the decimation of the Indians due to diseases and also due to the wars, which were fought with the new mechanical weapons brought in and sold to the Indians by the Europeans, the settlers slowly started to outnumber the Indians. That offered whole new chances for the Europeans. Instead of exchanging or buying lands in long negotiations, they were now in the positions to win wars over the tribes and to violently claim the lands they wanted. The American Revolutionary War finally offered a chance for native tribes to stop the colonial expansion westwards – or so they thought. Therefore, many Indian tribes allied with England and fought against the American colonies in violent battles in order to stop the new nation from forming and inevitably demand more land. There were of course few Indian nations who allied with the colonies, such as for example some members of the Iroquois Confederacy, which was thrown into a Civil War by the conflict. Yet, those tribes who allied with the colonies were a minority, and what the settlers experiences during that time were Indian tribes who forcefully tried to gain a victory for England and prevent the colonies from becoming an independent nation. Because it could be foreseen that, once an independent country, more Europeans would come to America and the westwards expansion would go on more rapidly and more violently. And that was what happened after the new country of the United States had won the war and peace between the British and American was re-established in the Treaty of Paris. The newfound republic established their very own constitution which promised life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness for the European white male, and further repression and wars for the Native American tribes. The fact that the majority of the Native tribes had been fighting for the British side during the Revolutionary War was of course not seen in their favor. On the contrary, during that big war, many American settlers had come to find the Indian tribes as enemies against them. Many civilians became victims in battles and the survivors told the stories of the cruel and savage way of Indian warfare. The image of the heartless savage grew in the mind of the majority of the American population. The victory of the United States of America opened the gates to the westwards expansion, which could fully begin after the Louisiana Purchase in 1802, when the US bought all land east of the Mississippi from Napoleon (France) and nearly doubled her territory. And with that expansion began a whole new series of battles, that the Indians had already lost before they began, due to their decreasing number. Rage was fueled on both sides as more and more innocent civilians like Indian women and children who were attacked by soldiers, or settler families who were attacked by Indians, became victim of this ongoing war. The image of the cruel, savage Indian had been born decades before, but it was the first time that the United States had to face the Indians as a young republic without having England and it's large fleet behind them. That most significant reason for those conflicts was the growing need for new land and the inevitable expansion westwards to claim the 'virgin territory' that this vast continent had to offer, without paying attention to the tribes and nations that were already living there. Just that reason turned the whole America-Indian conflict into a political issue and the first presidents of the United States were faced with the question of how to deal with those continuing fights over land. It is of course clear that, for political interests, no president could actually take position for the Native Americans – although for example president Jefferson can be considered a friend of the Native people. But in the first place, those presidents had to decide in favor of their country, and being faced with the increasing number of immigrants, they had to make sure to obtain more land. The choice of warfare against the Indians was now becoming a political one, and of course, in a land which promised life and liberty, and propagated that all men were created equal, one couldn't just repress other human beings and their rights on property (Indian land). Therefore the Native people were more and more declared as an inferior race, comparable to children who had to be taught to make proper use of their land and live in a 'civilized' way before finally becoming equal. Of course that change in attitude towards Native American tribes didn't just happen over night, there had always been voices who had considered Native Americans to be part of the wilderness, which needed to be tamed, but those had always been religious convictions. 1 Original statement as given in an online interview by myself with a Native American woman who wants to be mentioned under the pseudonym Blackcrowheart.	3,511	ENGLISH	1

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