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Victors and Victims “The Story of an Hour” is an English short story written by Kate Chopin. Chopin was widely recognized as one of the leading writers of her time and she is now considered by some to have forerunner of feminist authors of the 20th century. The second short story entitled “Clever Manka” which is written in Czechoslovakian language and translated in to English. Although it is anonymous, “Clever Manka” is a very important short story and the fact that it remains indicates that it has affected many people at different times. The both short stories have two completely different structures. The writer of “Clever Manka” used the expository method as the events starts from the very beginning, when the situation was stable and he introduces the characters, and then going up in the events. Opposite to “The story of an Hour”, it begins in the middle of the events. Then we have flash-back technique through which we know of all the events that happen before. “Clever Manka” and “The Story of an Hour” are alike in that they both have women as protagonist and they both involve a husband and a wife. They show how marriage could be the end of a women life or a beginning. Also, they show how women differently deal with life. The great difference is due to the different time and culture. “Clever Manka” which in Czechoslovakian culture proves women at that time were highly considered, appreciated, have rights. While, in “The Story of an Hour” shows how women were deprived, denied, devoiced, they weren’t offered a lot of opportunities such as men and they didn’t inherit money as all the money they get goes to either their husbands or any male member in the family. “The Story of an Hour” shows that marriage at that time was based on monetary comfort and social status. That leads to unhappy marriage and miserable life to the... Please join StudyMode to read the full document	<urn:uuid:c8e2d474-7052-4013-bb0c-198b14f3e055>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.studymode.com/essays/Clever-Manka-And-The-Story-Of-63717067.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251684146.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126013015-20200126043015-00317.warc.gz	en	0.982081	436	3.484375	3	[ 0.02854165993630886, 0.3985767662525177, -0.14398746192455292, 0.14550916850566864, -0.09336164593696594, 0.09846916049718857, 0.04115164652466774, -0.10665608942508698, 0.3732719123363495, -0.3123796284198761, -0.14078080654144287, 0.31888270378112793, 0.168876051902771, 0.158149436116218...	1	Victors and Victims “The Story of an Hour” is an English short story written by Kate Chopin. Chopin was widely recognized as one of the leading writers of her time and she is now considered by some to have forerunner of feminist authors of the 20th century. The second short story entitled “Clever Manka” which is written in Czechoslovakian language and translated in to English. Although it is anonymous, “Clever Manka” is a very important short story and the fact that it remains indicates that it has affected many people at different times. The both short stories have two completely different structures. The writer of “Clever Manka” used the expository method as the events starts from the very beginning, when the situation was stable and he introduces the characters, and then going up in the events. Opposite to “The story of an Hour”, it begins in the middle of the events. Then we have flash-back technique through which we know of all the events that happen before. “Clever Manka” and “The Story of an Hour” are alike in that they both have women as protagonist and they both involve a husband and a wife. They show how marriage could be the end of a women life or a beginning. Also, they show how women differently deal with life. The great difference is due to the different time and culture. “Clever Manka” which in Czechoslovakian culture proves women at that time were highly considered, appreciated, have rights. While, in “The Story of an Hour” shows how women were deprived, denied, devoiced, they weren’t offered a lot of opportunities such as men and they didn’t inherit money as all the money they get goes to either their husbands or any male member in the family. “The Story of an Hour” shows that marriage at that time was based on monetary comfort and social status. That leads to unhappy marriage and miserable life to the... Please join StudyMode to read the full document	407	ENGLISH	1
What kind of person is the king? How do you know? Cite textual evidence to support your answer. The king is a tyrant who does not quite live in reality. We know he does not live entirely in reality from the statement that he was "a man of exuberant fancy." Meaning he was given to flights of imagination or delusion. We learn, too, that "he turned his varied fancies into facts." This reveals he is a tyrant who won't listen to reason. Everything has to be his way, whether it makes sense or not. The narrator describes the king as "bland and genial," meaning he is not prone to show his emotions but is, instead, pleasant and friendly to people. Nevertheless, the narrator makes clear that this surface gentleness hides the heart of a tyrant: "nothing pleased him so much as to make the crooked straight and crush down uneven places." In other words, he uses his power to crush and punish anyone who opposes him. The king is a dangerous man. He has too much power, he is too prone to use it to crush opponents, and he believes his warped version of reality is truth. For example, he thinks that in his way of determining whether a person is innocent or guilty of a crime, "its perfect fairness is obvious." check Approved by eNotes Editorial	<urn:uuid:e69b2682-49a2-4b35-b9d8-4d7b92b4d55f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-kind-of-person-is-the-king-how-do-you-know-2008376	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608062.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123011418-20200123040418-00058.warc.gz	en	0.983184	276	3.40625	3	[ -0.19062253832817078, 0.6141306757926941, 0.31157609820365906, -0.16314278542995453, -0.061607636511325836, -0.14211496710777283, 1.4688376188278198, -0.06350740045309067, -0.19048663973808289, 0.11818879842758179, 0.1726337969303131, -0.15889795124530792, 0.1467154175043106, 0.12063678354...	1	What kind of person is the king? How do you know? Cite textual evidence to support your answer. The king is a tyrant who does not quite live in reality. We know he does not live entirely in reality from the statement that he was "a man of exuberant fancy." Meaning he was given to flights of imagination or delusion. We learn, too, that "he turned his varied fancies into facts." This reveals he is a tyrant who won't listen to reason. Everything has to be his way, whether it makes sense or not. The narrator describes the king as "bland and genial," meaning he is not prone to show his emotions but is, instead, pleasant and friendly to people. Nevertheless, the narrator makes clear that this surface gentleness hides the heart of a tyrant: "nothing pleased him so much as to make the crooked straight and crush down uneven places." In other words, he uses his power to crush and punish anyone who opposes him. The king is a dangerous man. He has too much power, he is too prone to use it to crush opponents, and he believes his warped version of reality is truth. For example, he thinks that in his way of determining whether a person is innocent or guilty of a crime, "its perfect fairness is obvious." check Approved by eNotes Editorial	275	ENGLISH	1
There were two Presidents in the year 1885. The first was Chester A. Arthur. He was the 21st President of the United States. He took office on September 19, 1881 and left office on March 4, 1885. He was then followed by Grover Cleveland, who was the 22nd President, taking office on March 4, 1885 and leaving office on March 4, 1889. View the President in 1902 This app provides a quick way to look up the U.S. President for any year. There are some cases where multiple presidents were in office during a year, either due to an election or sometimes because of a resignation or assassination. Find your answers quickly for homework, research, or just to satisfy your curiosity!	<urn:uuid:febb2249-fe4f-47f2-95c9-d038a207d327>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://whowaspresident.com/1885	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593295.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118164132-20200118192132-00491.warc.gz	en	0.99079	153	3.359375	3	[ -0.25079017877578735, 0.4755113422870636, 0.517873227596283, -0.20389233529567719, -0.3509765863418579, 0.16624461114406586, 0.24607668817043304, -0.11934217065572739, 0.3252740800380707, 0.20652204751968384, 0.21077565848827362, 0.40306487679481506, 0.15674065053462982, 0.1728880405426025...	1	There were two Presidents in the year 1885. The first was Chester A. Arthur. He was the 21st President of the United States. He took office on September 19, 1881 and left office on March 4, 1885. He was then followed by Grover Cleveland, who was the 22nd President, taking office on March 4, 1885 and leaving office on March 4, 1889. View the President in 1902 This app provides a quick way to look up the U.S. President for any year. There are some cases where multiple presidents were in office during a year, either due to an election or sometimes because of a resignation or assassination. Find your answers quickly for homework, research, or just to satisfy your curiosity!	178	ENGLISH	1
January 14, 1761, is known as the ‘the blackest day in Indian history'—a day when more than 40,000 Maratha warriors fell on the field of Panipat, and more than 20,000 others, mostly women and children, were taken as prisoners. It was a day that changed the course of Indian history and shaped its contours irrevocably. The battle between the Marathas under Sadashiv Bhau and the Afghans under Ahmad Shah Abdali is often painted as a religious battle. This is far from true. It was actually a political war between the two powers of the time—the Marathas and the Afghans. The Marathas had arrived at their zenith by 1760, reaching as far in Attock in the west and Calcutta in the east. Its rise was a direct threat to Abdali and created resentment among the local rulers of north India, especially because of their imposition of the levies of ‘chauth’ and ‘sardeshmukhi’. The Rohilla Afghan chiefs of north India, led by Najib–ud-Daulah, invited Abdali, to come to India and wage a ‘jehad’ against the Marathas—an offer sweetened with a promise of Rs 50,000 per day of his stay in India and further plunder to follow. Abdali’s presence in India was a threat the Marathas could not ignore. In March 1760, a large army under the Peshwa’s cousin Sadashiv Bhau marched northwards from Udgir in the Deccan to counter him. It seemed like a large, impressive army, but of the nearly 60,000 men in it, only 30,000 were trained soldiers. The rest were non-combatants and women and children. They were ill-equipped and short of finances, horses and gunpowder, and dependent on loot and local resources to sustain themselves in their northward march. The army meandered its way towards the north, reaching Delhi on July 22, 1760. Delhi, then held by the vestiges of the Mughal Empire, was captured in three swift days, and for the first time the Maratha flag was unfurled on the Red Fort. They followed their capture of Delhi with an even greater victory. In October, they moved north and captured Kunjpura—one of Adbali’s major strongholds on the banks of the Yamuna. All this time, Adbali and his allies had remained on the east of the Yamuna river (near Meerut – Saharanpur) while the Marathas were on the west. The river divided the two armies, and no direct clash had taken place so far. The river was flooding and couldn't be crossed. Or so it seemed. With the capture of Kunjpura, the Marathas should have returned to their base in Delhi. Instead, Sadashiv Bhau moved further towards Kurukshetra, leaving Yamuna unguarded. The move proved to be fatal as Abdali launched an assault that changed the course of the campaign. He crossed the swollen Yamuna on the night of October 26 and reached behind the Marathas, blocking them from their route back to Delhi and Deccan beyond. Cut off, Sadashiv Bhau decided to hold a fortified camp near the town of Panipat—a camp they occupied for almost three months thereafter. They waited for the inevitable attack, but Abdali did not attack. Instead, he merely cut off their supplies, starved them, and depleted their strength with almost daily skirmishes. Conditions worsened for the Marathas. Men and animals lay dead outside. Illnesses spread and a cholera killed hundreds. And the north Indian winters, which nobody was prepared for, was creeping in. There were no supplies left, and the Marathas were weakening by the day. Negotiations with Adbali had broken down and with little hope left, the Maratha chieftains decided on a final attempt to break out of their encirclement rather than be starved into submission. On the auspicious day of Makar Sankranti, the last of the food was distributed, ceremonial paan was served and the army prepared for its final battle. The Maratha plan was to advance in a ‘hollow square’ with women and children within, and then fight their way through the Afghan lines to Delhi. On the morning of January 14, 1761, they began a fierce cannonading. In the morning, Ibrahim Khan Gardi—a Muslim mercenary who proved to be Sadashiv Bhau’s staunchest supporter in the battle—attacked with seven battalions on the left flank. In the Center was Sadashiv Bhau, leading the attack with his famed Huzurat cavalry. On the right flank were the chieftains Scindia and Holkar, who were to attack after the initial breakthrough was made. The attack, launched with fierce desperation, hit the Afghan lines, which wavered and then gave way. At around noon or so, the Maratha left flank and centre attacks had penetrated the Afghan lines, but short of cavalry and reserves, they could not exploit the breach. Abdali, watching the scene with high powered telescopes from a hillock around two kilometres behind the lines, shrewdly assessed the situation. He sent his military police to round up the fleeing soldiers, executed many of them summarily, and forced them back to the front lines. He also sent his reserves to bolster the crumbling lines, and slowly the Afghan front line reformed. By around 2 pm, the Maratha attack had stalled. Sadashiv Bhau led three successive charges to break the Afghan lines, but none of the succeeded. Inexplicably the right flank with Holkar and Scindia did not attack as they were supposed to. They remained behind, opening a wide gap on the right of the Marathas. Through this gap Abdali launched his attack, encircling the Marathas and trapping them in a tight knot within. As the Marathas battled desperately, Afghan horsemen and zamburaks (camel units mounted with swiveling light cannons) ranged around them, fired lethal volleys of shot. One of these rounds hit Vishwas Rao, the Peshwa’s son, who was also the titular head of the campaign. Mortally wounded, he fell from the elephant. Seeing their leader fall, the Marathas broke and began fleeing the battlefield. What followed was carnage. The vengeful Afghans scythed through the weakened Marathas, killing over 40,000 of them. They charged into the Maratha camp, slaughtering those who remained and enslaving the women and children. Just a handful managed to reach Delhi and fewer still made their way back to the Deccan. The battle was perhaps India’s greatest military disaster and the darkest day in our history. Who knows what would have happened had the Marathas won, or if they had not ventured out so far from their own homeland without resources or allies. The British East India Company would not have been able to make inroads so easily if Maratha power remained and India would have been spared 190 years of loot and depredations. What if the Rajputs, Jats, Sikhs, Shuja-ud Daulah and other Indian rulers joined the Marathas in their battle against the outsider. But the sad fact is, they did not. Indian rulers, including the Rajputs, actually invited Abdali to their homeland to defeat the Marathas. He merely exploited the divisions within and walked off with the spoils. There is a tale about this battle. When the Marathas were besieged at Panipat, short of supplies and provisions, Abdali would ride around the camp every night. He noticed hundreds of small cooking fires and asked an aide, “If the Marathas are so short of food and firewood, why don’t they just cook the food together?” The aide replied, “They have a strict caste system. A member of an upper caste will not eat with a lower caste or have food cooked by him. That’s why.” Abdali watched the flickering fires and said, “Is that so? Then we have won.” The divisions of Indian caste, and creed and religion all conspired to bring about this defeat. Panipat was lost by the divide within India and Indians. The politicos of the Maratha court conspired to send Sadashiv Bhau to his defeat. In the Maratha army there were dissensions, with chieftains often coming to blows. Many of the Maratha allies backed out at the last moment (in part due to the arrogance and obstinacy of Sadashiv Bhau) and so many Indian rulers conspired to defeat them. The same divisions exist in Indian society and polity even today and the chasm only seems to be widening. Are we to learn from the past or will we have another ‘Panipat’ moment when the divisions break us from within and repeat the disaster that took place on January 14, 1761 and the long night that followed. (Ajay Singh is a renowned author and military historian who has authored four books and over 170 articles. Views expressed are personal)	<urn:uuid:b1b9a217-4512-4eb3-a6e6-15686cc471bf>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/01/14/remembering-panipat-blackest-day-in-indian-history-and-what-we-can-learn-from-it.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778168.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128091916-20200128121916-00022.warc.gz	en	0.9806	1,954	3.890625	4	[ -0.10939133167266846, 0.4472554922103882, -0.14412373304367065, 0.33288997411727905, -0.5159561634063721, -0.08779200911521912, 0.052372656762599945, -0.06538752466440201, 0.019525058567523956, -0.11007367074489594, 0.0886101946234703, -0.4901517629623413, 0.11240040510892868, 0.7847134470...	2	January 14, 1761, is known as the ‘the blackest day in Indian history'—a day when more than 40,000 Maratha warriors fell on the field of Panipat, and more than 20,000 others, mostly women and children, were taken as prisoners. It was a day that changed the course of Indian history and shaped its contours irrevocably. The battle between the Marathas under Sadashiv Bhau and the Afghans under Ahmad Shah Abdali is often painted as a religious battle. This is far from true. It was actually a political war between the two powers of the time—the Marathas and the Afghans. The Marathas had arrived at their zenith by 1760, reaching as far in Attock in the west and Calcutta in the east. Its rise was a direct threat to Abdali and created resentment among the local rulers of north India, especially because of their imposition of the levies of ‘chauth’ and ‘sardeshmukhi’. The Rohilla Afghan chiefs of north India, led by Najib–ud-Daulah, invited Abdali, to come to India and wage a ‘jehad’ against the Marathas—an offer sweetened with a promise of Rs 50,000 per day of his stay in India and further plunder to follow. Abdali’s presence in India was a threat the Marathas could not ignore. In March 1760, a large army under the Peshwa’s cousin Sadashiv Bhau marched northwards from Udgir in the Deccan to counter him. It seemed like a large, impressive army, but of the nearly 60,000 men in it, only 30,000 were trained soldiers. The rest were non-combatants and women and children. They were ill-equipped and short of finances, horses and gunpowder, and dependent on loot and local resources to sustain themselves in their northward march. The army meandered its way towards the north, reaching Delhi on July 22, 1760. Delhi, then held by the vestiges of the Mughal Empire, was captured in three swift days, and for the first time the Maratha flag was unfurled on the Red Fort. They followed their capture of Delhi with an even greater victory. In October, they moved north and captured Kunjpura—one of Adbali’s major strongholds on the banks of the Yamuna. All this time, Adbali and his allies had remained on the east of the Yamuna river (near Meerut – Saharanpur) while the Marathas were on the west. The river divided the two armies, and no direct clash had taken place so far. The river was flooding and couldn't be crossed. Or so it seemed. With the capture of Kunjpura, the Marathas should have returned to their base in Delhi. Instead, Sadashiv Bhau moved further towards Kurukshetra, leaving Yamuna unguarded. The move proved to be fatal as Abdali launched an assault that changed the course of the campaign. He crossed the swollen Yamuna on the night of October 26 and reached behind the Marathas, blocking them from their route back to Delhi and Deccan beyond. Cut off, Sadashiv Bhau decided to hold a fortified camp near the town of Panipat—a camp they occupied for almost three months thereafter. They waited for the inevitable attack, but Abdali did not attack. Instead, he merely cut off their supplies, starved them, and depleted their strength with almost daily skirmishes. Conditions worsened for the Marathas. Men and animals lay dead outside. Illnesses spread and a cholera killed hundreds. And the north Indian winters, which nobody was prepared for, was creeping in. There were no supplies left, and the Marathas were weakening by the day. Negotiations with Adbali had broken down and with little hope left, the Maratha chieftains decided on a final attempt to break out of their encirclement rather than be starved into submission. On the auspicious day of Makar Sankranti, the last of the food was distributed, ceremonial paan was served and the army prepared for its final battle. The Maratha plan was to advance in a ‘hollow square’ with women and children within, and then fight their way through the Afghan lines to Delhi. On the morning of January 14, 1761, they began a fierce cannonading. In the morning, Ibrahim Khan Gardi—a Muslim mercenary who proved to be Sadashiv Bhau’s staunchest supporter in the battle—attacked with seven battalions on the left flank. In the Center was Sadashiv Bhau, leading the attack with his famed Huzurat cavalry. On the right flank were the chieftains Scindia and Holkar, who were to attack after the initial breakthrough was made. The attack, launched with fierce desperation, hit the Afghan lines, which wavered and then gave way. At around noon or so, the Maratha left flank and centre attacks had penetrated the Afghan lines, but short of cavalry and reserves, they could not exploit the breach. Abdali, watching the scene with high powered telescopes from a hillock around two kilometres behind the lines, shrewdly assessed the situation. He sent his military police to round up the fleeing soldiers, executed many of them summarily, and forced them back to the front lines. He also sent his reserves to bolster the crumbling lines, and slowly the Afghan front line reformed. By around 2 pm, the Maratha attack had stalled. Sadashiv Bhau led three successive charges to break the Afghan lines, but none of the succeeded. Inexplicably the right flank with Holkar and Scindia did not attack as they were supposed to. They remained behind, opening a wide gap on the right of the Marathas. Through this gap Abdali launched his attack, encircling the Marathas and trapping them in a tight knot within. As the Marathas battled desperately, Afghan horsemen and zamburaks (camel units mounted with swiveling light cannons) ranged around them, fired lethal volleys of shot. One of these rounds hit Vishwas Rao, the Peshwa’s son, who was also the titular head of the campaign. Mortally wounded, he fell from the elephant. Seeing their leader fall, the Marathas broke and began fleeing the battlefield. What followed was carnage. The vengeful Afghans scythed through the weakened Marathas, killing over 40,000 of them. They charged into the Maratha camp, slaughtering those who remained and enslaving the women and children. Just a handful managed to reach Delhi and fewer still made their way back to the Deccan. The battle was perhaps India’s greatest military disaster and the darkest day in our history. Who knows what would have happened had the Marathas won, or if they had not ventured out so far from their own homeland without resources or allies. The British East India Company would not have been able to make inroads so easily if Maratha power remained and India would have been spared 190 years of loot and depredations. What if the Rajputs, Jats, Sikhs, Shuja-ud Daulah and other Indian rulers joined the Marathas in their battle against the outsider. But the sad fact is, they did not. Indian rulers, including the Rajputs, actually invited Abdali to their homeland to defeat the Marathas. He merely exploited the divisions within and walked off with the spoils. There is a tale about this battle. When the Marathas were besieged at Panipat, short of supplies and provisions, Abdali would ride around the camp every night. He noticed hundreds of small cooking fires and asked an aide, “If the Marathas are so short of food and firewood, why don’t they just cook the food together?” The aide replied, “They have a strict caste system. A member of an upper caste will not eat with a lower caste or have food cooked by him. That’s why.” Abdali watched the flickering fires and said, “Is that so? Then we have won.” The divisions of Indian caste, and creed and religion all conspired to bring about this defeat. Panipat was lost by the divide within India and Indians. The politicos of the Maratha court conspired to send Sadashiv Bhau to his defeat. In the Maratha army there were dissensions, with chieftains often coming to blows. Many of the Maratha allies backed out at the last moment (in part due to the arrogance and obstinacy of Sadashiv Bhau) and so many Indian rulers conspired to defeat them. The same divisions exist in Indian society and polity even today and the chasm only seems to be widening. Are we to learn from the past or will we have another ‘Panipat’ moment when the divisions break us from within and repeat the disaster that took place on January 14, 1761 and the long night that followed. (Ajay Singh is a renowned author and military historian who has authored four books and over 170 articles. Views expressed are personal)	1,970	ENGLISH	1
The Zebu is a class of cattle that is resident to the forests of South Asia and Zebu is the only cattle species that can simply adapt to existence in the warm tropics. Zebu is also recognizing as the bulged cattle as the zebu has a very unique hump on its upper back, situated at the back of the head and neck of zebu. Today zebu can also be established in Africa, as the zebu was moved there from Asia several years ago. There are thought to be about 75 diverse species of zebu, with almost half zebu species establish in Africa and the other half of zebu species found in South Asia. Zebu has also been taken to South America from Africa, where zebu inhabitants are continuously growing. The zebu is one of the fewest species of cattle in the world with grown zebus getting a height of just over a meter. Zebu is also about half the load of a distinctive cow as zebu is measured to have less meat. The little size of zebu is thought to be the cause why zebu is able to prosper in steamy climates, where other species of cattle do not fair so well.	<urn:uuid:a6cd1267-4ee4-4fe6-856a-8cafe7e20d72>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.televisionsworld.com/the-zebu/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606226.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121222429-20200122011429-00066.warc.gz	en	0.984973	256	3.3125	3	[ 0.14964784681797028, 0.27605611085891724, 0.23327933251857758, 0.058638863265514374, 0.2831456959247589, -0.3403520882129669, 0.2846258580684662, 0.054515350610017776, -0.34175100922584534, 0.0972595065832138, 0.3432227075099945, -0.8876572251319885, -0.032215964049100876, 0.38201892375946...	2	The Zebu is a class of cattle that is resident to the forests of South Asia and Zebu is the only cattle species that can simply adapt to existence in the warm tropics. Zebu is also recognizing as the bulged cattle as the zebu has a very unique hump on its upper back, situated at the back of the head and neck of zebu. Today zebu can also be established in Africa, as the zebu was moved there from Asia several years ago. There are thought to be about 75 diverse species of zebu, with almost half zebu species establish in Africa and the other half of zebu species found in South Asia. Zebu has also been taken to South America from Africa, where zebu inhabitants are continuously growing. The zebu is one of the fewest species of cattle in the world with grown zebus getting a height of just over a meter. Zebu is also about half the load of a distinctive cow as zebu is measured to have less meat. The little size of zebu is thought to be the cause why zebu is able to prosper in steamy climates, where other species of cattle do not fair so well.	258	ENGLISH	1
The pie chart below shows the main reason why agricultural land becomes less productive. the table shows how these causes affected three regions of the world during the 1990s. The charts give information about several factors that affected decreasing of farm-land productivity and the percentage of land degradation which was caused by these factors in North America, Europe, and Oceania during the 1990s. Overall, there were three main reasons that affected land degradation which are over-grazing, illegal-logging, and over-farming. These factors gave the biggest impact to Europe and the fewest was faced by North America. The pie chart illustrates several reasons behind dropped of agricultural productivity. The biggest percentage is over-gazing by 35 percent. The, deforestation becomes the next reason which made 30 percent of farm and less productive. Over-cultivation in agricultural land also made land degradation increase. There were 28 percent of land degradation caused by this reason. These three factors effected land degradation in three regions. The biggest impact came to Europe which was 23 percent, which was illegal-logging decreasing until 9.8 percent. The next, Oceania by 13 percent where over-cultivation did not give any impact. The last was North America which only affected on 5 percent of total land.	<urn:uuid:7d5b1aec-045a-42de-8ab4-6c75b2f75829>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://essayforum.com/writing/charts-provides-several-factors-affected-72652/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250619323.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124100832-20200124125832-00056.warc.gz	en	0.981642	260	3.796875	4	[ -0.04038844257593155, 0.15950700640678406, 0.431589275598526, -0.1320592761039734, 0.43228694796562195, -0.06093277037143707, -0.5241521596908569, 0.3996244966983795, 0.11334510892629623, 0.5176236033439636, 0.2397998869419098, -0.5567612051963806, 0.32921987771987915, 0.4468470513820648, ...	2	The pie chart below shows the main reason why agricultural land becomes less productive. the table shows how these causes affected three regions of the world during the 1990s. The charts give information about several factors that affected decreasing of farm-land productivity and the percentage of land degradation which was caused by these factors in North America, Europe, and Oceania during the 1990s. Overall, there were three main reasons that affected land degradation which are over-grazing, illegal-logging, and over-farming. These factors gave the biggest impact to Europe and the fewest was faced by North America. The pie chart illustrates several reasons behind dropped of agricultural productivity. The biggest percentage is over-gazing by 35 percent. The, deforestation becomes the next reason which made 30 percent of farm and less productive. Over-cultivation in agricultural land also made land degradation increase. There were 28 percent of land degradation caused by this reason. These three factors effected land degradation in three regions. The biggest impact came to Europe which was 23 percent, which was illegal-logging decreasing until 9.8 percent. The next, Oceania by 13 percent where over-cultivation did not give any impact. The last was North America which only affected on 5 percent of total land.	272	ENGLISH	1
Study Limitations We will focus here only on what is directly relevant to the arrest and trial of Jesus, beginning with marginally the intentions of the Jewish leaders and ending with the leading away to the Crucifixion. We will exclude, except where tangently related: The Gospels, of course, are our primary sources for the trials of Jesus. An immediate objection raised by Skeptics is a simple one - where did the evangelists get their information from? His mother died only a few days later on July 7, and his only sibling, an older brother, ran away from home when Rousseau was still a child. Rousseau was therefore brought up mainly by his father, a clockmaker, with whom at an early age he read ancient Greek and Roman literature such as the Lives of Plutarch. His father got into a quarrel with a French captain, and at the risk of imprisonment, left Geneva for the rest of his life. Rousseau stayed behind and was cared for by an uncle who sent him along with his cousin to study in the village of Bosey. InRousseau was apprenticed to an engraver and began to learn the trade. Although he did not detest the work, he thought his master to be violent and tyrannical. He therefore left Geneva inand fled to Annecy. Here he met Louise de Warens, who was instrumental in his conversion to Catholicism, which forced him to forfeit his Genevan citizenship in he would make a return to Geneva and publicly convert back to Calvanism. During this time he earned money through secretarial, teaching, and musical jobs. In Rousseau went to Paris to become a musician and composer. After two years spent serving a post at the French Embassy in Venice, he returned in and met a linen-maid named Therese Levasseur, who would become his lifelong companion they eventually married in They had five children together, all of whom were left at the Paris orphanage. It was also during this time that Rousseau became friendly with the philosophers Condillac and Diderot. The work was widely read and was controversial. But Rousseau attempted to live a Conflict in athens essay life despite his fame, and after the success of his opera, he promptly gave up composing music. In the autumn ofRousseau submitted an entry to another essay contest announced by the Academy of Dijon. Rousseau himself thought this work to be superior to the First Discourse because the Second Discourse was significantly longer and more philosophically daring. The judges were irritated by its length as well its bold and unorthodox philosophical claims; they never finished reading it. However, Rousseau had already arranged to have it published elsewhere and like the First Discourse, it also was also widely read and discussed. Ina year after the publication of the Second Discourse, Rousseau and Therese Levasseur left Paris after being invited to a house in the country by Mme. Inafter repeated quarrels with Mme. It was during this time that Rousseau wrote some of his most important works. In he published a novel, Julie or the New Heloise, which was one of the best selling of the century. Then, just a year later inhe published two major philosophical treatises: Paris authorities condemned both of these books, primarily for claims Rousseau made in them about religion, which forced him to flee France. He settled in Switzerland and in he began writing his autobiography, his Confessions. A year later, after encountering difficulties with Swiss authorities, he spent time in Berlin and Paris, and eventually moved to England at the invitation of David Hume. However, due to quarrels with Hume, his stay in England lasted only a year, and in he returned to the southeast of France incognito. After spending three years in the southeast, Rousseau returned to Paris in and copied music for a living. It was during this time that he wrote Rousseau: Judge of Jean-Jacques and the Reveries of the Solitary Walker, which would turn out to be his final works. He died on July 3, His Confessions were published several years after his death; and his later political writings, in the nineteenth century. Rousseau wrote the Confessions late in his career, and it was not published until after his death. What is particularly striking about the Confessions is the almost apologetic tone that Rousseau takes at certain points to explain the various public as well as private events in his life, many of which caused great controversy. It is clear from this book that Rousseau saw the Confessions as an opportunity to justify himself against what he perceived as unfair attacks on his character and misunderstandings of his philosophical thought. His life was filled with conflict, first when he was apprenticed, later in academic circles with other Enlightenment thinkers like Diderot and Voltaire, with Parisian and Swiss authorities and even with David Hume. Although Rousseau discusses these conflicts, and tries to explain his perspective on them, it is not his exclusive goal to justify all of his actions. He chastises himself and takes responsibility for many of these events, such as his extra-marital affairs. At other times, however, his paranoia is clearly evident as he discusses his intense feuds with friends and contemporaries. And herein lays the fundamental tension in the Confessions. Rousseau is at the same time trying both to justify his actions to the public so that he might gain its approval, but also to affirm his own uniqueness as a critic of that same public. As such, it is appropriate to consider Rousseau, at least chronologically, as an Enlightenment thinker. Descartes was very skeptical about the possibility of discovering final causes, or purposes, in nature.The progress seen in the late 20th century has stalled in the 21st. Even though around 40% of the world’s population, more people than ever before, live in countries that will hold free and fair. Democracy is a tender topic for a writer: like motherhood and apple pie it is not to be criticized. One will risk being roundly condemned if he, or she, points out the serious bottleneck that is presented when a community attempts, through the democratic process, to set plans for positive social action. World War II: the Rise of the Superpowers, Free Study Guides and book notes including comprehensive chapter analysis, complete summary analysis, author biography information, character profiles, theme analysis, metaphor analysis, and top ten quotes on classic literature. Related Documents: Essay on The True Cause of Conflict Between Athens and Sparta Gender Roles in Athens and Sparta Essay Candice Green April 18 Gender Roles in Athens and Sparta The ancient Greek city-states of Sparta and Athens are much known and have played a big role in history. Sullivan's College of Nursing Offers an Online Nursing Degree. Now Even More Affordable! Our Nursing School TUITION REDUCTION For RN to BSN $ to $, Practical Nursing $ to $, Associates In Nursing $ to $ By Lt Daniel Furseth. Today, I stopped caring about my fellow man. I stopped caring about my community, my neighbors, and those I serve. I stopped caring today because a once noble profession has become despised, hated, distrusted, and mostly unwanted.	<urn:uuid:d86e5331-5304-4c53-bb59-3e280a342bac>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://vomanozahezo.lausannecongress2018.com/conflict-in-athens-essay-2059eg.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251776516.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128060946-20200128090946-00155.warc.gz	en	0.985215	1,507	3.40625	3	[ -0.21475638449192047, 0.501807689666748, 0.07243545353412628, -0.21204574406147003, -0.17843154072761536, 0.23540019989013672, -0.02504219114780426, 0.32958853244781494, 0.1854306012392044, -0.34338629245758057, -0.0075661432929337025, 0.2842554748058319, 0.0195408146828413, 0.396712958812...	2	Study Limitations We will focus here only on what is directly relevant to the arrest and trial of Jesus, beginning with marginally the intentions of the Jewish leaders and ending with the leading away to the Crucifixion. We will exclude, except where tangently related: The Gospels, of course, are our primary sources for the trials of Jesus. An immediate objection raised by Skeptics is a simple one - where did the evangelists get their information from? His mother died only a few days later on July 7, and his only sibling, an older brother, ran away from home when Rousseau was still a child. Rousseau was therefore brought up mainly by his father, a clockmaker, with whom at an early age he read ancient Greek and Roman literature such as the Lives of Plutarch. His father got into a quarrel with a French captain, and at the risk of imprisonment, left Geneva for the rest of his life. Rousseau stayed behind and was cared for by an uncle who sent him along with his cousin to study in the village of Bosey. InRousseau was apprenticed to an engraver and began to learn the trade. Although he did not detest the work, he thought his master to be violent and tyrannical. He therefore left Geneva inand fled to Annecy. Here he met Louise de Warens, who was instrumental in his conversion to Catholicism, which forced him to forfeit his Genevan citizenship in he would make a return to Geneva and publicly convert back to Calvanism. During this time he earned money through secretarial, teaching, and musical jobs. In Rousseau went to Paris to become a musician and composer. After two years spent serving a post at the French Embassy in Venice, he returned in and met a linen-maid named Therese Levasseur, who would become his lifelong companion they eventually married in They had five children together, all of whom were left at the Paris orphanage. It was also during this time that Rousseau became friendly with the philosophers Condillac and Diderot. The work was widely read and was controversial. But Rousseau attempted to live a Conflict in athens essay life despite his fame, and after the success of his opera, he promptly gave up composing music. In the autumn ofRousseau submitted an entry to another essay contest announced by the Academy of Dijon. Rousseau himself thought this work to be superior to the First Discourse because the Second Discourse was significantly longer and more philosophically daring. The judges were irritated by its length as well its bold and unorthodox philosophical claims; they never finished reading it. However, Rousseau had already arranged to have it published elsewhere and like the First Discourse, it also was also widely read and discussed. Ina year after the publication of the Second Discourse, Rousseau and Therese Levasseur left Paris after being invited to a house in the country by Mme. Inafter repeated quarrels with Mme. It was during this time that Rousseau wrote some of his most important works. In he published a novel, Julie or the New Heloise, which was one of the best selling of the century. Then, just a year later inhe published two major philosophical treatises: Paris authorities condemned both of these books, primarily for claims Rousseau made in them about religion, which forced him to flee France. He settled in Switzerland and in he began writing his autobiography, his Confessions. A year later, after encountering difficulties with Swiss authorities, he spent time in Berlin and Paris, and eventually moved to England at the invitation of David Hume. However, due to quarrels with Hume, his stay in England lasted only a year, and in he returned to the southeast of France incognito. After spending three years in the southeast, Rousseau returned to Paris in and copied music for a living. It was during this time that he wrote Rousseau: Judge of Jean-Jacques and the Reveries of the Solitary Walker, which would turn out to be his final works. He died on July 3, His Confessions were published several years after his death; and his later political writings, in the nineteenth century. Rousseau wrote the Confessions late in his career, and it was not published until after his death. What is particularly striking about the Confessions is the almost apologetic tone that Rousseau takes at certain points to explain the various public as well as private events in his life, many of which caused great controversy. It is clear from this book that Rousseau saw the Confessions as an opportunity to justify himself against what he perceived as unfair attacks on his character and misunderstandings of his philosophical thought. His life was filled with conflict, first when he was apprenticed, later in academic circles with other Enlightenment thinkers like Diderot and Voltaire, with Parisian and Swiss authorities and even with David Hume. Although Rousseau discusses these conflicts, and tries to explain his perspective on them, it is not his exclusive goal to justify all of his actions. He chastises himself and takes responsibility for many of these events, such as his extra-marital affairs. At other times, however, his paranoia is clearly evident as he discusses his intense feuds with friends and contemporaries. And herein lays the fundamental tension in the Confessions. Rousseau is at the same time trying both to justify his actions to the public so that he might gain its approval, but also to affirm his own uniqueness as a critic of that same public. As such, it is appropriate to consider Rousseau, at least chronologically, as an Enlightenment thinker. Descartes was very skeptical about the possibility of discovering final causes, or purposes, in nature.The progress seen in the late 20th century has stalled in the 21st. Even though around 40% of the world’s population, more people than ever before, live in countries that will hold free and fair. Democracy is a tender topic for a writer: like motherhood and apple pie it is not to be criticized. One will risk being roundly condemned if he, or she, points out the serious bottleneck that is presented when a community attempts, through the democratic process, to set plans for positive social action. World War II: the Rise of the Superpowers, Free Study Guides and book notes including comprehensive chapter analysis, complete summary analysis, author biography information, character profiles, theme analysis, metaphor analysis, and top ten quotes on classic literature. Related Documents: Essay on The True Cause of Conflict Between Athens and Sparta Gender Roles in Athens and Sparta Essay Candice Green April 18 Gender Roles in Athens and Sparta The ancient Greek city-states of Sparta and Athens are much known and have played a big role in history. Sullivan's College of Nursing Offers an Online Nursing Degree. Now Even More Affordable! Our Nursing School TUITION REDUCTION For RN to BSN $ to $, Practical Nursing $ to $, Associates In Nursing $ to $ By Lt Daniel Furseth. Today, I stopped caring about my fellow man. I stopped caring about my community, my neighbors, and those I serve. I stopped caring today because a once noble profession has become despised, hated, distrusted, and mostly unwanted.	1,486	ENGLISH	1
‘Australia is on fire.’ This has been the headline on most news outlets and across social media for the past few weeks now. But Australia has annual bushfires. What makes this one so different? Firstly, the fires that have been spreading across the country have been on a level that is unprecedented. Across the country, 10.7 million hectares of bush have been burned according to the QFES, which is the equivalent to an area almost five times the size of Wales. Twenty-seven people have died so far and over 2,000 homes have been destroyed. Nationwide, around one billion animals have been killed from the bushfires and several species are at risk of having their entire habitat destroyed. Half a billion animals have been killed in New South Wales (NSW) alone. Furthermore, the fires have been more uncontrollable and harder to fight this year. Whilst climate change has been blamed for worsening these fires, there have been several other causes which have contributed to the disaster these fires have caused. Due to recent cuts within the fire service, volunteer firefighters make up a large portion of those fighting the fires. To accommodate this, extra leave is given to those who volunteer to fight the fires. The prime minister, Scott Morrison, has been criticised for being absent from the country on holiday whilst the fire crisis was starting, but has recently come out saying that there will be up to $4,200 going to each of the volunteer firefighters that fight blazes for more than ten days. Whilst climate change has been blamed for worsening these fires, there have been several other causes which have contributed to the disaster these fires have caused. One cause is human. Twenty-four people have been caught and charged with purposefully starting bushfires in the state of NSW. The police have also taken legal action against another 183 for fire-related offences since November. With the fires so bad, one has to question how people can still be causing them in the first place. Another reason the fires are so bad this year has been the drought that has been ongoing since the springtime (around September in Australia). This has meant the bush area was particularly dry, and therefore susceptible to easier spreading fires. Moreover, Australia has been experiencing a heatwave that has been higher than previous years. In December, the country saw its highest nationwide average temperature record broken with places reaching above 40°C. These conditions are more conducive to fires starting and spreading over a greater area. Australia is only halfway through its summer season, with temperatures set to increase over the rest of January and February. These fires are going to be here for a while yet, and will likely increase. However, one ray of hope in all this is the sheer amount of support and people that have volunteered or donated to causes that are helping those affected. This post was written by Jessie Hammond and edited by Miles Martin	<urn:uuid:becb8808-c5c1-4438-bedd-55a24361a72e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://eusci.org.uk/2020/01/15/australia-is-on-fire-updates-for-a-devastated-country/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250620381.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124130719-20200124155719-00412.warc.gz	en	0.982407	583	3.296875	3	[ -0.05585296452045441, 0.2625672221183777, 0.12936675548553467, 0.07407239079475403, 0.8351669311523438, 0.5173009634017944, -0.16776467859745026, -0.0061899833381175995, -0.03599334508180618, 0.4180777370929718, 0.04610069841146469, -0.4721664786338806, 0.049465764313936234, 0.537792921066...	8	‘Australia is on fire.’ This has been the headline on most news outlets and across social media for the past few weeks now. But Australia has annual bushfires. What makes this one so different? Firstly, the fires that have been spreading across the country have been on a level that is unprecedented. Across the country, 10.7 million hectares of bush have been burned according to the QFES, which is the equivalent to an area almost five times the size of Wales. Twenty-seven people have died so far and over 2,000 homes have been destroyed. Nationwide, around one billion animals have been killed from the bushfires and several species are at risk of having their entire habitat destroyed. Half a billion animals have been killed in New South Wales (NSW) alone. Furthermore, the fires have been more uncontrollable and harder to fight this year. Whilst climate change has been blamed for worsening these fires, there have been several other causes which have contributed to the disaster these fires have caused. Due to recent cuts within the fire service, volunteer firefighters make up a large portion of those fighting the fires. To accommodate this, extra leave is given to those who volunteer to fight the fires. The prime minister, Scott Morrison, has been criticised for being absent from the country on holiday whilst the fire crisis was starting, but has recently come out saying that there will be up to $4,200 going to each of the volunteer firefighters that fight blazes for more than ten days. Whilst climate change has been blamed for worsening these fires, there have been several other causes which have contributed to the disaster these fires have caused. One cause is human. Twenty-four people have been caught and charged with purposefully starting bushfires in the state of NSW. The police have also taken legal action against another 183 for fire-related offences since November. With the fires so bad, one has to question how people can still be causing them in the first place. Another reason the fires are so bad this year has been the drought that has been ongoing since the springtime (around September in Australia). This has meant the bush area was particularly dry, and therefore susceptible to easier spreading fires. Moreover, Australia has been experiencing a heatwave that has been higher than previous years. In December, the country saw its highest nationwide average temperature record broken with places reaching above 40°C. These conditions are more conducive to fires starting and spreading over a greater area. Australia is only halfway through its summer season, with temperatures set to increase over the rest of January and February. These fires are going to be here for a while yet, and will likely increase. However, one ray of hope in all this is the sheer amount of support and people that have volunteered or donated to causes that are helping those affected. This post was written by Jessie Hammond and edited by Miles Martin	581	ENGLISH	1
The denomination was initially a very small silver coin struck sporadically during the Roman Republic. It was revived early in the imperial period and was issued from the 1st century AD to the middle of the third century AD. The sestertius is highly valued by numismatists since the large size gave celators (engravers) a large area to work with. High quality examples can sell for over a thousand dollars, while extremely worn specimens can be obtained for under $20. During the end of its issue, when sestertii were reduced in size and quality, the double sestertius was issued first by Trajan Decius and later in large quantity by Postumus. It was distinguished by the radiate crown worn by the emperor, which wa also used to distinguish the dupondius from the as and the antoninianus from the denarius. See also: Roman currency.	<urn:uuid:454e736d-a110-4496-8f6c-5551ecaab85b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.fact-index.com/s/se/sestertius.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672440.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125101544-20200125130544-00008.warc.gz	en	0.986753	187	3.34375	3	[ -0.6090697646141052, 0.3175591826438904, 0.4964943826198578, -0.37066131830215454, -0.10104233771562576, -0.20304441452026367, 0.023845728486776352, 0.367889404296875, -0.2482268512248993, -0.20688265562057495, 0.16933752596378326, -0.4771609604358673, -0.12718330323696136, 0.3074864149093...	4	The denomination was initially a very small silver coin struck sporadically during the Roman Republic. It was revived early in the imperial period and was issued from the 1st century AD to the middle of the third century AD. The sestertius is highly valued by numismatists since the large size gave celators (engravers) a large area to work with. High quality examples can sell for over a thousand dollars, while extremely worn specimens can be obtained for under $20. During the end of its issue, when sestertii were reduced in size and quality, the double sestertius was issued first by Trajan Decius and later in large quantity by Postumus. It was distinguished by the radiate crown worn by the emperor, which wa also used to distinguish the dupondius from the as and the antoninianus from the denarius. See also: Roman currency.	188	ENGLISH	1
The great Kennedy legacy began with Joseph Patrick Kennedy Sr. Joseph Kennedy, the father of President John F. Kennedy, was born in Boston on September 6, 1888 to a family of Catholic, Irish immigrants (Encarta. Joseph…).After completing his studies at Harvard University he began his career as a small businessman, and local politics. He came to be one of the richest men in American through his work in making motion pictures, shipbuilding, and real estate and stock market speculations. Joseph Kennedy had nine children with wife, Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy, the daughter of the former mayor of Boston John Francis “ Honey Fitz” Fitzgerald (Encarta). Rose Kennedy was proud Irish woman and true and devoted Catholic unlike her husband who was never zealous to speak about his heritage or faith. At one point when a Boston newspaper referred to him as an “Irishman”, Kennedy exploded; “I was born in this country! My children were born in this country! What the hell does someone have to do to become an American?” (Collier 21) The mother had big dreams for Robert Kennedy, the third son, to become a priest. Bobby Kennedy was very religious as a little boy, he always served as an altar boy and he loved to learn Latin. On the other hand his father would not hear of having his son become a priest. The five female children, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, and Jean Ann all attended catholic schools given that their father had no private ambitions for them. However the four boys under their father’s orders were not permitted to attend catholic schools. They had to attend high-quality private schools (Martin17). Joseph Kennedy has been portrayed as a strict parent and that is exactly the way he was. He made sure that his children knew exactly what was politically correct. He had great ambitions that at least one if not all of his boys would one day become president. After the birth of their eldest son Joseph Patrick Kennedy, the boy’s maternal grandfather was quickly quoted saying “Well, of coarse, he is going to be President of the United States…his mother and father have already decided” (Martin 1). Kennedy Sr. was the driving force that made the boys all go into politics. If it hadn’t been for him they may have become teachers or doctors. Joseph Patrick Kennedy could be analyzed as a strange mix. “He had a hot heart and a cold head, which created a special animal vigor, a boundless self-confidence, and an awesome ego” (Martin 2). The Kennedy looked to their father for emotional support. Many of the Kennedy children accused their mother for leaving them for long periods of time and for not giving them any real warmth (Martin 24). Joe Kennedy had one piece of advice for his sons that he hoped would one day win them an election, “It’s not what you are that counts, but what people think you are” (Courier 30) The Kennedy clan (like their father liked to call them) was very close even though the children attended different schools, the mother was often shopping in Paris, and the father on “business” trips with his showgirls. “They almost didn’t need anyone else,” said Dave Powers, a long time family friend. “When they were together they seemed all the same. You had to get them apart to see how different they were. They lived on each other. Each of them would rather have another Kennedy say, ‘Nice play!’ than get a compliment from the Pope or a President” (Martin 13) all throughout their lives the children lean toward each other for support. Throughout high school and college John F. Kennedy always felt like he was behind the shadow of his brother. He always had to work hard to compete with his brother‘s accomplishments. Joe Kennedy Jr. was an excellent student, football star, the one their father had the biggest dream for, and the one that their mother loved the most. When Rose Kennedy was told that John Kennedy had scored higher on an IQ test than his brother Joe had, Rose refused to believe it, she said that it was impossible. The first time that John was able to step in front of his older brother was during World War II. JFK received a Purple Heart and the Navy and Marine Corps Medal. After his boat was rammed and sunk by the Japanese, JFK was thrown across the deck. He was then able to help the survivors and get them onto the island. He was stuck on the island for several days and several times in swam into dangerous waters hoping to find a rescue ship (“John F. Kennedy 3”). In WWII John Kennedy became a hero and then a couple of months later his brother became the first of the “Kennedy tragedies.” On August 12, 1944 Joe Kennedy was killed in a plane explosion while conducting a secret and special assignment that involved the most dangerous type of flying (“Joseph Kennedy Jr.”). The son that Joe Kennedy Sr. pushed the most to do better was dead. Therefore Jack Kennedy had to take his place and his father now transferred the dreams he had for Joe Jr. to JFK. Joseph Kennedy Sr. had a great influence over his children, especially the boys. They learned a lot from him. The thing that they all seemed to pick up the most from their father was his love for women. “Rose Kennedy believed in God and in children but not loving making.” (Martin12) Rose and Joe Kennedy slept in different bedrooms and she strongly showed that she wanted minimal sexual relations. Therefore all throughout his life Joseph Kennedy was a notorious playboy. He took many business trips for long periods of time and spent much time with his showgirls during these trips. Joe was not afraid to bring home his girls for he did it often even when his wife was around. His most famous affair was with Gloria Swanson, the most famous actress of her time (Martin 23). All of the Kennedy sons seemed to have followed the father’s example. John F. Kennedy was greatly fascinated with women. His best friend, Lem Billings, exchanged many letters and in most of those letters JFK would describe some type of sexual affair he had. On September 12, 1953 John Kennedy married a woman 12 years younger then him, Jacqueline Lee Bouvier (“Jacky Kennedy” 4). She was the daughter of Janet Lee and John “Black Jack” Bouvier III (“The First Ladies…” 1). Americans believed that it was great love story. Many girls were heartbroken all over the country when they heard about Mr. Kennedy’s wedding. Joseph Kennedy had put great pressure on JFK to get married. He had just become a senator and they were already thinking presidency. His father believed that the American public would never elect an Irish, catholic bachelor for president. His father encouraged him to ask Jackie Bouvier in marriage. Joseph Kennedy had taken a special liking to Jackie, “…she’s a perfect hostess; she’s got the background; and she’s catholic” (Martin 189). None of JFK’s close friends could imagine him married nor with the ability to love. Congresswoman Lindy Boggs described what she thought about Jacky and Jack Kennedy, “Full of love and full of heart…. When she really loved something she gave herself completely…. But I don’t think he could love anyone to deeply”(Martin190). Yet, they captured Americans and made one of the greatest weddings in American history. When Jackie arrived at the church three thousand onlookers had been patiently waiting for suddenly nearly crushed the bride. Jackie had requested a simple and very small wedding but Joseph Kennedy arranged an extravagant, large, and “very catholic wedding” performed by Cardinal Cushing. (Anderson10). After the ceremony they held a great banquet for over six hundred guests. JFK was a married man nevertheless he did not stop with his sexual encounters with other women. In August 1956 suffered a miscarriage from her first pregnancy. The next day when she awoke in the hospital she found her brother-in-law, Bobby, standing by her side because her husband could not be found. Marquis Childs commented about the miscarriage, “ One thing that I’ve heard often in Boston, is the story about how Jack and brother Teddy were on a ship in the Rivera with two whores just about the time Jackie was having a miscarriage of their first child” (Martin209). When Jack was finally contacted he was reluctant to go home since the miscarriage had already happened. He finally agreed to come home only because he was because he planned on running for president. Similar to his father’s affair with Gloria Swanson, John F. Kennedy had prolonged affair with the actress Marilyn Monroe, the most famous actress of her time. After John broke it off with Marilyn Monroe she began to have an affair with his brother Robert Kennedy. She even said that Robert had told her that he was going to divorce Ethel for her. She died of a drug over dose the day after Bobby Kennedy broke their affair (Anderson 309). As a freshman at Harvard University Edward Kennedy, the youngest f the Kennedy clan was suspended from Harvard. He was caught having one of his friends taking the final exam in Spanish for him (Collier 216). His father later had him readmitted to Harvard. His father forgave Ted Kennedy very quickly; his major concern was that he had been caught. His father was impressed with the fact that his sons would do anything to win. He later even hired the student who had taken the test for Ted Kennedy. On November 5, 1960 John Fitzgerald Kennedy was officially elected president of the United States. It was a very close election; he only won by 115,000 votes (Collier 249). It was also a very controversial election from the beginning. Joseph Kennedy made arrangements to buy the support from much of the mafia. He had alliances with the top gangster since Prohibition. FBI wiretap was found discussing donations that Joseph Kennedy had made to Sam Giancana, one of the top gangsters of West Virginia. Ironically John Kennedy had a long-time affair with Judith Campbell who was also the mistress of Sam Giancana (Colleir 245). Also political facts have shown that Boss Daley of Chicago manipulated many of the votes in Chicago to assure that Illinois would be a Kennedy victory. Boss Daley had been a long-time friend of Joseph Kennedy and needed his support for he was planning on running for governor in the future (Martin275). That was one of the major reasons John F. Kennedy entered the White House on January 20, 1961. The first child of the Jack and Jackie Kennedy was Caroline Bouvier Kennedy born in 1957. Their second child John F. Kennedy Jr. was born in 1960. A third child, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy was born on August7, 1963, 39 hours after it’s birth little Patrick died. It was that moment that Jack and Jackie Kennedy were the closet. He held on to her arms and she held on to him tightly and they both cried. They were together to support each other. This was a very rare occasion since they were both such private people (Klein 334). The Kennedy family brought beauty and elegance to the White House. Jackie Kennedy spent much of her time trying to make the White House a museum for American History (“The First Ladies…”2). Jackie Kennedy knew how to deal with the media and how to handle her husband. By this time Americans had already fallen in love with Kennedy family. The worst tragedy of all happened at 12:30 in the after noon on November 22, 1963 while riding in a blue Lincoln convertible next to his wife President John Fitzgerald Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald. “President Kennedy died at approximately 1 PM, Central Standard Time, today here in Dallas. He died of a gunshot wound in the brain” (MArtin454). The strength that Jacky Kennedy showed at the death of her husband captured America. On Air Force One The body of the president was sent back to Washington. It was Jacky Kennedy that opened the door of the ambulance to put in the casket. She insisted on riding in the ambulance with her dead husband. Jacky Kennedy made all the plans for the funeral of her husband; she tried to replicate the funeral of President Lincoln. Americans who had been following the Kennedy’s for two years were heartbroken. A line three miles long was form outside the nation’s Capitol. Two hundred and fifty thousand people lined up to see Kennedy’s body. A six-mile procession with the dead president Kennedy went past a crowd of two million people. It was one of the few times that Americans were breaking down with tears. The Secret Service man that was with Joseph Kennedy watching the procession on television brook down in tears. Jacky Kennedy started sobbing at the mass before the cemetery, and tears rolled down the eyes of not only Americans but people all over the world when little john-john lifted his hand to salute his father (Anderson 267). Before his death JFK was less popular with the American public then he had ever been before. Yet today According to NBC News/ Wall street Journal poll, Kennedy is still the face most American want to see added to Mount Rushmore (Martin 471). Ralph Martin in his book Seeds of Destruction comments on the tragedy of President Kennedy’s death, “The most terrible part of his brutal murder was the death of his political promise and potential. That’s why American people wept — not just for him but for themselves…. It was the history of what might have been, the death of a brilliant maybe” (472). The Kennedy’s aren’t exactly a role-model family, yet we all up to them for they way they carried such, charm, charisma, and class wherever they went. Clare Boothe Luce best put the idea of the great Kennedy family, Where else but in Gothic fiction, where else but among real people, could one encounter such triumphs and tragedies, such as beauty and charm and ambition and pride and human wreckage, such dedication to the best and the lapses into the mere life; such vulgar, noble, driven, generous, self-centered, loving, suspicious, devious, honorable, vulnerable, indomitable people…No wonder the American public, – for that matter much of the world – has been fascinated by them (Martin xviii). America did truly fall in love with Kennedy’s, the accepted all their faults. “John F. Kennedy.” http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Senate/1968/jfk.htm 6 Dec. 2000 Kennedy, John F. Encyclopedia Encarta. CD-ROM. 1995 Kennedy, Joseph P. Encyclopedia Encarta. CD-ROM. 1995 Klein, Edward. All Too Human. New York: Pocket Books,1996. Martin, Ralph. Seeds of Destruction. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1995. “The First Ladies of the United States.” Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy Onassis. http://www2.whitehouse.gov/WH/glimpse/firstladies/html/jk33.htm	<urn:uuid:8eeb8578-4bfc-4855-ba83-da34c99b9452>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://essay.ua-referat.com/Kennedy	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250616186.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124070934-20200124095934-00120.warc.gz	en	0.987143	3,191	3.3125	3	[ -0.1755424588918686, 0.14767387509346008, 0.10024438798427582, -0.5137941837310791, -0.26605647802352905, 0.41000378131866455, 0.2501852810382843, -0.26398876309394836, -0.27247682213783264, -0.024471955373883247, -0.06718882918357849, 0.2663004398345947, 0.22012460231781006, 0.27886050939...	5	The great Kennedy legacy began with Joseph Patrick Kennedy Sr. Joseph Kennedy, the father of President John F. Kennedy, was born in Boston on September 6, 1888 to a family of Catholic, Irish immigrants (Encarta. Joseph…).After completing his studies at Harvard University he began his career as a small businessman, and local politics. He came to be one of the richest men in American through his work in making motion pictures, shipbuilding, and real estate and stock market speculations. Joseph Kennedy had nine children with wife, Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy, the daughter of the former mayor of Boston John Francis “ Honey Fitz” Fitzgerald (Encarta). Rose Kennedy was proud Irish woman and true and devoted Catholic unlike her husband who was never zealous to speak about his heritage or faith. At one point when a Boston newspaper referred to him as an “Irishman”, Kennedy exploded; “I was born in this country! My children were born in this country! What the hell does someone have to do to become an American?” (Collier 21) The mother had big dreams for Robert Kennedy, the third son, to become a priest. Bobby Kennedy was very religious as a little boy, he always served as an altar boy and he loved to learn Latin. On the other hand his father would not hear of having his son become a priest. The five female children, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, and Jean Ann all attended catholic schools given that their father had no private ambitions for them. However the four boys under their father’s orders were not permitted to attend catholic schools. They had to attend high-quality private schools (Martin17). Joseph Kennedy has been portrayed as a strict parent and that is exactly the way he was. He made sure that his children knew exactly what was politically correct. He had great ambitions that at least one if not all of his boys would one day become president. After the birth of their eldest son Joseph Patrick Kennedy, the boy’s maternal grandfather was quickly quoted saying “Well, of coarse, he is going to be President of the United States…his mother and father have already decided” (Martin 1). Kennedy Sr. was the driving force that made the boys all go into politics. If it hadn’t been for him they may have become teachers or doctors. Joseph Patrick Kennedy could be analyzed as a strange mix. “He had a hot heart and a cold head, which created a special animal vigor, a boundless self-confidence, and an awesome ego” (Martin 2). The Kennedy looked to their father for emotional support. Many of the Kennedy children accused their mother for leaving them for long periods of time and for not giving them any real warmth (Martin 24). Joe Kennedy had one piece of advice for his sons that he hoped would one day win them an election, “It’s not what you are that counts, but what people think you are” (Courier 30) The Kennedy clan (like their father liked to call them) was very close even though the children attended different schools, the mother was often shopping in Paris, and the father on “business” trips with his showgirls. “They almost didn’t need anyone else,” said Dave Powers, a long time family friend. “When they were together they seemed all the same. You had to get them apart to see how different they were. They lived on each other. Each of them would rather have another Kennedy say, ‘Nice play!’ than get a compliment from the Pope or a President” (Martin 13) all throughout their lives the children lean toward each other for support. Throughout high school and college John F. Kennedy always felt like he was behind the shadow of his brother. He always had to work hard to compete with his brother‘s accomplishments. Joe Kennedy Jr. was an excellent student, football star, the one their father had the biggest dream for, and the one that their mother loved the most. When Rose Kennedy was told that John Kennedy had scored higher on an IQ test than his brother Joe had, Rose refused to believe it, she said that it was impossible. The first time that John was able to step in front of his older brother was during World War II. JFK received a Purple Heart and the Navy and Marine Corps Medal. After his boat was rammed and sunk by the Japanese, JFK was thrown across the deck. He was then able to help the survivors and get them onto the island. He was stuck on the island for several days and several times in swam into dangerous waters hoping to find a rescue ship (“John F. Kennedy 3”). In WWII John Kennedy became a hero and then a couple of months later his brother became the first of the “Kennedy tragedies.” On August 12, 1944 Joe Kennedy was killed in a plane explosion while conducting a secret and special assignment that involved the most dangerous type of flying (“Joseph Kennedy Jr.”). The son that Joe Kennedy Sr. pushed the most to do better was dead. Therefore Jack Kennedy had to take his place and his father now transferred the dreams he had for Joe Jr. to JFK. Joseph Kennedy Sr. had a great influence over his children, especially the boys. They learned a lot from him. The thing that they all seemed to pick up the most from their father was his love for women. “Rose Kennedy believed in God and in children but not loving making.” (Martin12) Rose and Joe Kennedy slept in different bedrooms and she strongly showed that she wanted minimal sexual relations. Therefore all throughout his life Joseph Kennedy was a notorious playboy. He took many business trips for long periods of time and spent much time with his showgirls during these trips. Joe was not afraid to bring home his girls for he did it often even when his wife was around. His most famous affair was with Gloria Swanson, the most famous actress of her time (Martin 23). All of the Kennedy sons seemed to have followed the father’s example. John F. Kennedy was greatly fascinated with women. His best friend, Lem Billings, exchanged many letters and in most of those letters JFK would describe some type of sexual affair he had. On September 12, 1953 John Kennedy married a woman 12 years younger then him, Jacqueline Lee Bouvier (“Jacky Kennedy” 4). She was the daughter of Janet Lee and John “Black Jack” Bouvier III (“The First Ladies…” 1). Americans believed that it was great love story. Many girls were heartbroken all over the country when they heard about Mr. Kennedy’s wedding. Joseph Kennedy had put great pressure on JFK to get married. He had just become a senator and they were already thinking presidency. His father believed that the American public would never elect an Irish, catholic bachelor for president. His father encouraged him to ask Jackie Bouvier in marriage. Joseph Kennedy had taken a special liking to Jackie, “…she’s a perfect hostess; she’s got the background; and she’s catholic” (Martin 189). None of JFK’s close friends could imagine him married nor with the ability to love. Congresswoman Lindy Boggs described what she thought about Jacky and Jack Kennedy, “Full of love and full of heart…. When she really loved something she gave herself completely…. But I don’t think he could love anyone to deeply”(Martin190). Yet, they captured Americans and made one of the greatest weddings in American history. When Jackie arrived at the church three thousand onlookers had been patiently waiting for suddenly nearly crushed the bride. Jackie had requested a simple and very small wedding but Joseph Kennedy arranged an extravagant, large, and “very catholic wedding” performed by Cardinal Cushing. (Anderson10). After the ceremony they held a great banquet for over six hundred guests. JFK was a married man nevertheless he did not stop with his sexual encounters with other women. In August 1956 suffered a miscarriage from her first pregnancy. The next day when she awoke in the hospital she found her brother-in-law, Bobby, standing by her side because her husband could not be found. Marquis Childs commented about the miscarriage, “ One thing that I’ve heard often in Boston, is the story about how Jack and brother Teddy were on a ship in the Rivera with two whores just about the time Jackie was having a miscarriage of their first child” (Martin209). When Jack was finally contacted he was reluctant to go home since the miscarriage had already happened. He finally agreed to come home only because he was because he planned on running for president. Similar to his father’s affair with Gloria Swanson, John F. Kennedy had prolonged affair with the actress Marilyn Monroe, the most famous actress of her time. After John broke it off with Marilyn Monroe she began to have an affair with his brother Robert Kennedy. She even said that Robert had told her that he was going to divorce Ethel for her. She died of a drug over dose the day after Bobby Kennedy broke their affair (Anderson 309). As a freshman at Harvard University Edward Kennedy, the youngest f the Kennedy clan was suspended from Harvard. He was caught having one of his friends taking the final exam in Spanish for him (Collier 216). His father later had him readmitted to Harvard. His father forgave Ted Kennedy very quickly; his major concern was that he had been caught. His father was impressed with the fact that his sons would do anything to win. He later even hired the student who had taken the test for Ted Kennedy. On November 5, 1960 John Fitzgerald Kennedy was officially elected president of the United States. It was a very close election; he only won by 115,000 votes (Collier 249). It was also a very controversial election from the beginning. Joseph Kennedy made arrangements to buy the support from much of the mafia. He had alliances with the top gangster since Prohibition. FBI wiretap was found discussing donations that Joseph Kennedy had made to Sam Giancana, one of the top gangsters of West Virginia. Ironically John Kennedy had a long-time affair with Judith Campbell who was also the mistress of Sam Giancana (Colleir 245). Also political facts have shown that Boss Daley of Chicago manipulated many of the votes in Chicago to assure that Illinois would be a Kennedy victory. Boss Daley had been a long-time friend of Joseph Kennedy and needed his support for he was planning on running for governor in the future (Martin275). That was one of the major reasons John F. Kennedy entered the White House on January 20, 1961. The first child of the Jack and Jackie Kennedy was Caroline Bouvier Kennedy born in 1957. Their second child John F. Kennedy Jr. was born in 1960. A third child, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy was born on August7, 1963, 39 hours after it’s birth little Patrick died. It was that moment that Jack and Jackie Kennedy were the closet. He held on to her arms and she held on to him tightly and they both cried. They were together to support each other. This was a very rare occasion since they were both such private people (Klein 334). The Kennedy family brought beauty and elegance to the White House. Jackie Kennedy spent much of her time trying to make the White House a museum for American History (“The First Ladies…”2). Jackie Kennedy knew how to deal with the media and how to handle her husband. By this time Americans had already fallen in love with Kennedy family. The worst tragedy of all happened at 12:30 in the after noon on November 22, 1963 while riding in a blue Lincoln convertible next to his wife President John Fitzgerald Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald. “President Kennedy died at approximately 1 PM, Central Standard Time, today here in Dallas. He died of a gunshot wound in the brain” (MArtin454). The strength that Jacky Kennedy showed at the death of her husband captured America. On Air Force One The body of the president was sent back to Washington. It was Jacky Kennedy that opened the door of the ambulance to put in the casket. She insisted on riding in the ambulance with her dead husband. Jacky Kennedy made all the plans for the funeral of her husband; she tried to replicate the funeral of President Lincoln. Americans who had been following the Kennedy’s for two years were heartbroken. A line three miles long was form outside the nation’s Capitol. Two hundred and fifty thousand people lined up to see Kennedy’s body. A six-mile procession with the dead president Kennedy went past a crowd of two million people. It was one of the few times that Americans were breaking down with tears. The Secret Service man that was with Joseph Kennedy watching the procession on television brook down in tears. Jacky Kennedy started sobbing at the mass before the cemetery, and tears rolled down the eyes of not only Americans but people all over the world when little john-john lifted his hand to salute his father (Anderson 267). Before his death JFK was less popular with the American public then he had ever been before. Yet today According to NBC News/ Wall street Journal poll, Kennedy is still the face most American want to see added to Mount Rushmore (Martin 471). Ralph Martin in his book Seeds of Destruction comments on the tragedy of President Kennedy’s death, “The most terrible part of his brutal murder was the death of his political promise and potential. That’s why American people wept — not just for him but for themselves…. It was the history of what might have been, the death of a brilliant maybe” (472). The Kennedy’s aren’t exactly a role-model family, yet we all up to them for they way they carried such, charm, charisma, and class wherever they went. Clare Boothe Luce best put the idea of the great Kennedy family, Where else but in Gothic fiction, where else but among real people, could one encounter such triumphs and tragedies, such as beauty and charm and ambition and pride and human wreckage, such dedication to the best and the lapses into the mere life; such vulgar, noble, driven, generous, self-centered, loving, suspicious, devious, honorable, vulnerable, indomitable people…No wonder the American public, – for that matter much of the world – has been fascinated by them (Martin xviii). America did truly fall in love with Kennedy’s, the accepted all their faults. “John F. Kennedy.” http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Senate/1968/jfk.htm 6 Dec. 2000 Kennedy, John F. Encyclopedia Encarta. CD-ROM. 1995 Kennedy, Joseph P. Encyclopedia Encarta. CD-ROM. 1995 Klein, Edward. All Too Human. New York: Pocket Books,1996. Martin, Ralph. Seeds of Destruction. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1995. “The First Ladies of the United States.” Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy Onassis. http://www2.whitehouse.gov/WH/glimpse/firstladies/html/jk33.htm	3,161	ENGLISH	1
Guide to a Perfect trip in Egypt! Niuserre was a successful pharaoh of Egypt who ruled for a long time and even built two different sun temples. Historians believe he reigned over ancient Egypt for approximately two decades, and some believe he reigned even longer. Niuserre ruled Egypt during the 5th dynasty. The date of his reign is often put around 2445 B.C. to 2421 B.C. His name means "Possessor Of Re’s Power." He is thought to have succeeded his brother, but on the other hand, there is some evidence that suggests that Shepseskare reigned before him for few weeks. Niuserre is believed by some historians to have reigned over 44 years, but there is little reliability in this data. Other scholars have assumed that he reigned for 24 years, considering the fact that information was damaged badly. Even the stroke gives rise to confusion and historians are of the view that there is a distinct trace of 10, 20 or 30. Therefore, there is a possibility that the reign could be from 11 to 14 years, 21 to 24 years or 31 to 34 years. Some pieces of evidence that have been gathered from the solar temple at Abu Gurab do indicate that the pharaoh reigned for more than 30 years. The initial height of the pyramid was 52 meters and a slope of 52 degrees. Originally, the pyramid of Niuserre was covered completely by limestone. It is also said that his one and only queen, Reptynub, was buried somewhere nearby. The sun temple is a magnificent place even today, and it is also called the Joy of Re. The pyramid complex is slightly unusual in terms of the two rectangular structures on the eastern sides. A few hundred meters north of the first sun temple at Abusir in Abu Ghurab lie the ruins of the second sun temple. In fact, this it is one of the only two sun temples that have survived to the present day. Archaeologists agree that other sun temples were built, but they have not yet been discovered. Years ago, when the actual cause of these temples was not known, they were referred to as Pyramid of Righa by travelers. However, later archaeological investigations found the purpose of the pyramid and its association with this Egyptian pharaoh. A close inspection and study revealed that the sun temples are composed of different parts. There was a valley temple, a causeway and a separate temple containing the obelisk. The surrounding ruins of the valley temple have not yet been discovered. The layouts of the temples constructed by Niuserre was simple, and this were seen as a gateway. Hence, it can often be equated with the contemporary complexes of the pyramid. Tourists can witness the ancient ruins of the temple even today.	<urn:uuid:65064086-64ee-4bca-b5d1-55d29df2f8df>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.ask-aladdin.com/egypt-pharaohs/niuserre/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251669967.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125041318-20200125070318-00327.warc.gz	en	0.985966	577	3.453125	3	[ -0.40369680523872375, 0.705951988697052, 0.2020692378282547, 0.24399444460868835, -0.8315497636795044, 0.1992146521806717, 0.5600855350494385, -0.1577516794204712, -0.25070419907569885, 0.039178770035505295, -0.1578407883644104, -0.508510172367096, -0.1267448216676712, 0.4183311462402344, ...	7	Guide to a Perfect trip in Egypt! Niuserre was a successful pharaoh of Egypt who ruled for a long time and even built two different sun temples. Historians believe he reigned over ancient Egypt for approximately two decades, and some believe he reigned even longer. Niuserre ruled Egypt during the 5th dynasty. The date of his reign is often put around 2445 B.C. to 2421 B.C. His name means "Possessor Of Re’s Power." He is thought to have succeeded his brother, but on the other hand, there is some evidence that suggests that Shepseskare reigned before him for few weeks. Niuserre is believed by some historians to have reigned over 44 years, but there is little reliability in this data. Other scholars have assumed that he reigned for 24 years, considering the fact that information was damaged badly. Even the stroke gives rise to confusion and historians are of the view that there is a distinct trace of 10, 20 or 30. Therefore, there is a possibility that the reign could be from 11 to 14 years, 21 to 24 years or 31 to 34 years. Some pieces of evidence that have been gathered from the solar temple at Abu Gurab do indicate that the pharaoh reigned for more than 30 years. The initial height of the pyramid was 52 meters and a slope of 52 degrees. Originally, the pyramid of Niuserre was covered completely by limestone. It is also said that his one and only queen, Reptynub, was buried somewhere nearby. The sun temple is a magnificent place even today, and it is also called the Joy of Re. The pyramid complex is slightly unusual in terms of the two rectangular structures on the eastern sides. A few hundred meters north of the first sun temple at Abusir in Abu Ghurab lie the ruins of the second sun temple. In fact, this it is one of the only two sun temples that have survived to the present day. Archaeologists agree that other sun temples were built, but they have not yet been discovered. Years ago, when the actual cause of these temples was not known, they were referred to as Pyramid of Righa by travelers. However, later archaeological investigations found the purpose of the pyramid and its association with this Egyptian pharaoh. A close inspection and study revealed that the sun temples are composed of different parts. There was a valley temple, a causeway and a separate temple containing the obelisk. The surrounding ruins of the valley temple have not yet been discovered. The layouts of the temples constructed by Niuserre was simple, and this were seen as a gateway. Hence, it can often be equated with the contemporary complexes of the pyramid. Tourists can witness the ancient ruins of the temple even today.	596	ENGLISH	1
Economy and Government of New France (The Jesuits (The Jesuits were French… Economy and Government of New France King Louis XIV King Louis took control of the Compagnie Des Cent-Associés In 1638, he wanted the colony to grow faster than it had under the companies case. Settlers were badly needed in New France so some young men were encouraged to come to the new land, they were offered a free passage on a ship, room and board, including a small wage. The Jesuits were French men from France that came as missionaries to convert the First Nations to the Catholic Faith They wrote journals about their journey and work Started arriving in 1625 Filles de Roi They were (the kings daughters) who were unmarried, sent over to New France because it was failing to prosper. The king gave them animals and money if they went to New France They married the French Explorers and settled down with families of their own The habitants (who were colonists) rented land from seigneurs. They were considered the farmers of the land and admired the First Nations ways of living life and adopted some ways like lining they're clothes with moose skins for warmth through the winter They were people who taught religious ceremonies, taught schools,cared for the poor, and ran hospitals They're goal was to convert First Nations to Cathoclism They also taught French girls from families who had settled there The Catholic Church in New France Priests, Nuns, and Missionary Colonists helped build the colony, their goal was to convert First Nations peoples to Catholicism. They held religious services, taught school, ran hospitals, and care for the poor. He tried to diversify the economy of New France by introducing new crops to the land. He also started a shipyard, a lumber industry and encouraging mining. The French took the land away from the First Nations, although because of their core values, no one actually owned land They were the first people of the land and helped the colonists survive at the starts We couldn't add pictures	<urn:uuid:70435dca-8b1c-40f1-9e51-09954cf61cea>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://coggle.it/diagram/XdbFxaoAFs4nVptK/t/economy-and-government-of-new-france	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592261.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118052321-20200118080321-00231.warc.gz	en	0.983297	436	3.734375	4	[ -0.15109741687774658, 0.5145482420921326, -0.007969848811626434, -0.32985779643058777, 0.5539219379425049, -0.12218014895915985, -0.2568557858467102, 0.16021008789539337, 0.0001688737393124029, 0.033495109528303146, 0.33454981446266174, -0.03730980306863785, -0.13045699894428253, 0.2357696...	2	Economy and Government of New France (The Jesuits (The Jesuits were French… Economy and Government of New France King Louis XIV King Louis took control of the Compagnie Des Cent-Associés In 1638, he wanted the colony to grow faster than it had under the companies case. Settlers were badly needed in New France so some young men were encouraged to come to the new land, they were offered a free passage on a ship, room and board, including a small wage. The Jesuits were French men from France that came as missionaries to convert the First Nations to the Catholic Faith They wrote journals about their journey and work Started arriving in 1625 Filles de Roi They were (the kings daughters) who were unmarried, sent over to New France because it was failing to prosper. The king gave them animals and money if they went to New France They married the French Explorers and settled down with families of their own The habitants (who were colonists) rented land from seigneurs. They were considered the farmers of the land and admired the First Nations ways of living life and adopted some ways like lining they're clothes with moose skins for warmth through the winter They were people who taught religious ceremonies, taught schools,cared for the poor, and ran hospitals They're goal was to convert First Nations to Cathoclism They also taught French girls from families who had settled there The Catholic Church in New France Priests, Nuns, and Missionary Colonists helped build the colony, their goal was to convert First Nations peoples to Catholicism. They held religious services, taught school, ran hospitals, and care for the poor. He tried to diversify the economy of New France by introducing new crops to the land. He also started a shipyard, a lumber industry and encouraging mining. The French took the land away from the First Nations, although because of their core values, no one actually owned land They were the first people of the land and helped the colonists survive at the starts We couldn't add pictures	434	ENGLISH	1
One of the more recent and much discussed objectives of criminal law is rehabilitation. One of the primary goals of penal laws is to teach an individual who has taken part in detrimental behavior that his or her actions were wrong. Rehabilitation aims at changing a dangerous criminal into someone who can benefit society. If rehabilitation efforts are successful, then a criminal will be able to reside in a community without posing a threat to the well-being of the people around them. Based on this philosophy, penal laws should be utilized in order to ensure that convicts are given the tools and knowledge that they need in order to avoid committing further offenses. Rehabilitation aims at providing criminals with the treatment that they need in order to return to public life as a forthright and honorable individual. The philosophy of rehabilitation has been very controversial since its inception in the 19th Century. A very common and widespread mentality is that penal laws have been established in order to provide punishment to individuals who have disregarded the law and caused harm to other people. However, punishment does not provide convicts with the resources that they need in order to create an honest future once they are released from prison. In many cases, individuals who are punished for their actions under penal laws through fines and imprisonment develop resentment and bitterness. These individuals may return to society as angry people and may be more likely to become repeat offenders. Effective rehabilitation will teach criminals that their behavior was wrong and it will reincorporate them into the community as individuals who can contribute to society. Therefore, rehabilitation is perceived as more successful at decreasing the likelihood of repeat offenses than punishment and deterrence. Tulane University has developed a program in which they practice rehabilitation on individuals who have been incarcerated or punished for violating penal laws. This program is run by individuals who have once been imprisoned for committing crimes. It provides ex-convicts with therapy and education that will help them to acknowledge the consequences and the cruelty of their actions. It will also supply them with assistance finding employment and occupational training so that they have the tools that they need to develop a successful future. Individuals who have a means of maintaining a steady income will not need to partake in criminal activity for their livelihood. The research that has been done about this program has found that the criminals who took part in the rehabilitation were exceedingly less likely to become repeat offenders than ex-inmates who did not take part in the project. It is true that this philosophy will not be effective on every individual who has disregarded penal laws. Some criminals have committed themselves to a life of crime and no amount of counseling and training will help these individuals to be successfully reinstated into the community as beneficial members of society. Individuals who do not want to be helped and who do not want to change will continue to take part in criminal activity. However, many ex-convicts can benefit a great deal from rehabilitation.	<urn:uuid:a32eed27-8558-4705-8539-fafc3ff102fd>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://criminal.laws.com/category/Objectives	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601040.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120224950-20200121013950-00235.warc.gz	en	0.980332	580	3.53125	4	[ -0.35371848940849304, 0.025281034409999847, 0.21087665855884552, -0.37743231654167175, -0.21273702383041382, -0.0038577597588300705, 0.16480931639671326, -0.08773858845233917, 0.1800699532032013, 0.09080579876899719, 0.07472731173038483, 0.0916772186756134, -0.261976957321167, 0.3068852424...	10	One of the more recent and much discussed objectives of criminal law is rehabilitation. One of the primary goals of penal laws is to teach an individual who has taken part in detrimental behavior that his or her actions were wrong. Rehabilitation aims at changing a dangerous criminal into someone who can benefit society. If rehabilitation efforts are successful, then a criminal will be able to reside in a community without posing a threat to the well-being of the people around them. Based on this philosophy, penal laws should be utilized in order to ensure that convicts are given the tools and knowledge that they need in order to avoid committing further offenses. Rehabilitation aims at providing criminals with the treatment that they need in order to return to public life as a forthright and honorable individual. The philosophy of rehabilitation has been very controversial since its inception in the 19th Century. A very common and widespread mentality is that penal laws have been established in order to provide punishment to individuals who have disregarded the law and caused harm to other people. However, punishment does not provide convicts with the resources that they need in order to create an honest future once they are released from prison. In many cases, individuals who are punished for their actions under penal laws through fines and imprisonment develop resentment and bitterness. These individuals may return to society as angry people and may be more likely to become repeat offenders. Effective rehabilitation will teach criminals that their behavior was wrong and it will reincorporate them into the community as individuals who can contribute to society. Therefore, rehabilitation is perceived as more successful at decreasing the likelihood of repeat offenses than punishment and deterrence. Tulane University has developed a program in which they practice rehabilitation on individuals who have been incarcerated or punished for violating penal laws. This program is run by individuals who have once been imprisoned for committing crimes. It provides ex-convicts with therapy and education that will help them to acknowledge the consequences and the cruelty of their actions. It will also supply them with assistance finding employment and occupational training so that they have the tools that they need to develop a successful future. Individuals who have a means of maintaining a steady income will not need to partake in criminal activity for their livelihood. The research that has been done about this program has found that the criminals who took part in the rehabilitation were exceedingly less likely to become repeat offenders than ex-inmates who did not take part in the project. It is true that this philosophy will not be effective on every individual who has disregarded penal laws. Some criminals have committed themselves to a life of crime and no amount of counseling and training will help these individuals to be successfully reinstated into the community as beneficial members of society. Individuals who do not want to be helped and who do not want to change will continue to take part in criminal activity. However, many ex-convicts can benefit a great deal from rehabilitation.	571	ENGLISH	1
RIGA (Lettish Riga ), Baltic port, capital of Latvia; under Russian rule from 1710 to 1917, capital of Livonia (Livland); 1944–1991 in the Latvian S.S.R. The first documentary evidence of Jews in Riga – the record of a sale of merchandise to a Jew named Jacob – is dated 1536. During Polish and Swedish rule in Livonia (1561–1621 and 1621–1710, respectively) restrictions were imposed on Jewish residence, but in the course of time a number of Jewish merchants arrived there. By 1645 there was a special Jewish inn in the city where visiting Jewish merchants had to stay. In 1710 the Livonia region was incorporated into Russia and, according to reports by English merchants dating to 1714, Jews and Catholics then enjoyed religious freedom. In 1725 a few privileged Jews were given the right to reside outside the Jewish inn. In that same year they were permitted to bury their dead in Riga, whereas previously they had to be taken to Courland for burial. Despite requests from the city authorities and the provincial governor, Empress Elizabeth Petrovna's decree of 1742, ordering the expulsion of Jews from Russia, was also applied to the Jews in Riga. It was not until 1766, under Catherine ii, that Jewish merchants were allowed into Riga, although they were restricted to a visit of six weeks and to residence at the Jewish inn; a few privileged Jews were given special permission to stay elsewhere. Permission was granted for Jews to reside at Sloka (Ger. Schlock), a nearby town, in 1785, where in 1792 they were permitted to open a prayer room. A few managed to settle in Riga, although the official ban was still in force. In 1798 there were seven Jewish families living in Riga, and by 1811, 736 Jews in the city and suburbs including over half in Sloka. As Riga was outside the Pale of Settlement, it continued to be difficult for Jews to enter the city. However, in 1813 the Jews of Sloka were given the right to settle there. The same year a community is mentioned. In 1822 Jews were permitted to engage in crafts. The "Jewish statute" of 1835 (see Russia) confirmed the permanent residence rights of part of the population. In 1840 Sloka Jews were allowed to open a school in Riga which became one of the few modern institutions in Russia at that time. Max Lilienthal was invited to Riga to become principal of the school and rabbi of the "German" synagogue. After he left there, Reuben Wunderbar became principal of the school. In 1841 Jews were allowed to register officially as inhabitants of the city, and later were permitted to build synagogues, own real property, and engage in commerce and trade; an organized community was officially founded in 1842 and continued to function until 1893. In 1850 the community asked for permission to buy land for a synagogue, on which building commenced in 1868. The number of Jews increased from 5,254 in 1869 to 22,115 (8 percent of the population) in 1897 and 33,651 (6.5 percent) in 1913. They played an important role in commerce, the export of goods (especially grain, timber, and flax), in industry, banking, and the various crafts. Jews owned timber mills, tanneries, and engaged in clothing and shoe manufacture. Before the outbreak of World War i the majority of dentists and 20 percent of the physicians were Jews, while only a few practiced as lawyers. There were a number of synagogues and ḥasidic prayer rooms, schools, ḥadarim both of the traditional and the reformed type, a library, charitable institutions, and various clubs and societies. Zionist activities were organized at the end of the 19th century and a delegate from Riga attended the First Zionist Congress. In 1898 the third branch of the Society for the Promotion of Culture among the Jews in Russia (after St. Petersburg and Odessa) was formed in Riga. Among the official rabbis (see kazyonny ravvin) were two Hebrew authors, A.A. Pomiansky (1873–93) and J.L. Kantor (1909–15). During the war, in 1915, Riga Jews gave refuge to the Jews from Courland, who had been driven out of their homes by the czarist authorities. During the war and the subsequent changes of regime in the area the Jewish population in Riga decreased. After the establishment of the independent Latvian Republic, Riga became the capital of the new state; its Jewish population grew from 24,721 (13.6 percent of the total) in 1920 to 39,459 (11.68 percent) in 1925, 42,328 (11.20 percent) in 1930, and 43,672 (11.34 percent) in 1935. In 1935 Riga Jews formed approximately 47 percent of the total of Latvian Jewry. The increase was largely the result of internal migration, especially from the province of Latgale. Riga was the economic, political, cultural, and social center of Latvian Jewry. Under the democratic regime of the country (1918–34), an autonomous Jewish school system was administered from Riga. A manifold network of Hebrew and Yiddish elementary and secondary schools was established. These included around 12 Hebrew and Yiddish schools, mainly supported by the city council; private secondary schools whose language of instruction was Russian or German; two vocational schools, one of ort and one of the Society for the Promotion of Culture among the Jews in Russia; a pedagogical institute; and a Froebel institute for kindergarten teachers where a large number of students were from Lithuania who returned to teach there. There was also a "Jewish university." The yeshivah in Riga was headed by its chief rabbi Menahem Mendel Sack, who was also active in the general communal affairs of Latvian Jewry; he perished in the Holocaust. Chairman of the community was Mordecai Dubin, leader of Agudat Israel and its representative in parliament. For a short time Riga was the center of the Lubavitch Ḥasidim where their leader Joseph Isaac Schneersohn stayed for several years after leaving the Soviet Union. Several charitable institutions, among them Jewish hospitals, were established by contributions of philanthropists. The Yiddish theater of Riga was known even outside the borders of Latvia for its high level of artistic performance. There were also several sports clubs, headed by Maccabi. Two or three Yiddish daily newspapers were published, and newspapers and various periodicals in other languages were published by Jews: the best known was Frimorgn (1925–34), edited by J.Z.W. Latzky-Bertholdi and Jacob Hellman. The general Russian newspaper Sevodnya, which was known among Russian readers outside Latvia, was owned by Jews and devoted considerable space to Jewish affairs. There were a number of Karaites in Riga, among them owners of two cigarette factories. The Jewish share in the commercial, industrial, and banking activities of the city was substantial; the central office of the Association of Latvian Jewish Credit Cooperatives was situated in Riga. Jews sat on the city council, and there were Jews on the teaching staff of Riga University and the state music conservatory. During the first period of Soviet regime in Latvia (from June 1940 to June 1941), Communist rule was introduced: Jewish, especially Zionist, public activity ceased, and Jewish commerce and industry were nationalized. After war broke out between the U.S.S.R. and Germany, Riga was occupied on July 1, 1941, and persecution began of the 40,000 Jews there. Anti-Jewish attacks were organized by the Einsatzgruppen, aided by Latvian fascists, resulting in the death of 400 persons; mass arrests of Jews took place and the synagogues were set on fire. In the period September–October 1941 a walled ghetto was established in the Moscow quarter to which 30,000 Jews were confined. On Nov. 30, 1941 (10 Kislev, 5702), approximately 10,600 Jews were shot in a nearby forest by Einsatzgruppe A; later similar Aktionen took place on December 7–9; a total of 25,000 Jews were killed, about 80 percent of the ghetto population (one of the victims was the historian Simon Dubnow). The first ghetto (also known as the "large ghetto") was then liquidated, and the 4,000 remaining male Jews were put into a forced labor camp (the "little ghetto"). Women were imprisoned in a separate camp. At the end of 1941 and the beginning of 1942, Jews deported from Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia began arriving in Latvia; most of them were murdered in the forests. About 15,000 of the deportees were put into a special camp in Riga (the "German ghetto") under a special Judenrat whose authority was later imposed on the whole ghetto. Several Jewish labor camps were also established in Riga and the vicinity. On Nov. 2, 1943, an Aktion took place in the Riga ghetto, in which the old, the very young, and the sick were murdered. Afterward the ghetto was liquidated, and the surviving Jews taken to the Kaiserwald concentration camp, near Riga. Latvian and other local inhabitants collaborated with the Nazis in the persecution and murder of Jews. In the summer of 1944, as a result of the Soviet offensive in the Baltic area, the Kaiserwald concentration camp was liquidated, and the remaining Jews deported to various camps in Germany; few of them survived. After the war the survivors chose to stay in the camps for Displaced Persons rather than return to Riga (which was occupied by the Soviet Army on Oct. 13, 1944). Eventually most of them settled in Israel, and some in the United States and other countries. The 1959 census indicated a Jewish population of 30,267 (out of 600,000 inhabitants of Riga), 14,526 of whom designated Yiddish as their mother tongue. Unofficially the number of Jews in Riga was estimated in the late 1960s at about 38,000, most of whom were originally not Latvian Jews, but had settled there from the Soviet interior after World War ii. The Riga Jewish community contained about 80 percent of the Jews in the Latvian S.S.R. Only one synagogue was left in Riga, in the old city. In the 1950s bar mitzvah ceremonies continued to be held in synagogue and religious marriage ceremonies were performed there; but the number of these considerably diminished in the 1960s. After the last rabbi died, he was not replaced. In 1960 the congregation was fined 115,000 rubles for "overcharging" the price of matzah baked under its supervision. The following year matzah baking was prohibited, and a local paper reported in 1963 that matzah were being "smuggled" in from Vilna. Later, matzah baking by the congregation was again permitted. In 1964 the Jewish cemetery was declared a "general" cemetery, and non-Jews were subsequently buried there also. A Jewish choir performing Jewish songs was formed in Riga in 1957 within the trade union of commercial employees. In 1960–63 an amateur Jewish drama circle was formed which also performed in Vilna. As young Jews in Riga began to display increasing and almost open interest in Jewish affairs and their identification with Israel, the town was considered by the Soviet authorities as a "hotbed of Zionism." In the Rumbuli forest, near Riga, where about 130,000 Jews had been massacred during the German occupation, young Jews organized rallies from 1962, and in 1964 collected the scattered remains of the victims, buried them in a mass grave and erected a monument to them. The authorities did not interfere with this action then, but ultimately insisted that a different "official" memorial should be erected there for the "victims of fascism," without mentioning that they were Jews. Eventually, through the efforts of the young Jewish initiators, a decision was reached that the inscription should read not only in Latvian and Russian but also in Yiddish. Mass gatherings in memory of the victims continued to be held there every year. Young Jews demonstrated their pro-Israel feelings on several occasions, as when Israel sports teams visited Riga to compete with local teams, and when the popular singer from Israel, Geulah Gil, performed in Riga. On the last occasion there were clashes between Jewish youth and the police near the concert hall (1965). In 1969–70 scores of Jews and Jewish families in Riga protested against the refusal of the authorities to grant them exit permits to Israel, addressing their protests not only to the Soviet government but also to the United Nations, the Israeli government, Western Communist parties, etc. In December 1970 a group of young Jews from Riga was tried in *Leningrad, and sentenced to severe terms of imprisonment for allegedly planning to hijack a Soviet plane in order to land abroad and eventually reach Israel. With the mass exodus of Jews of the former Soviet Union in the 1990s, the Jewish population of Riga dropped to around 8,000 in the early years of the 21st century. At the same time Jewish life revived in independent Latvia. Two Jewish day schools, a community center, matzah factory, Jewish newspaper, and Jewish hospital were all in operation in Riga. Dubnow, Hist Russ, 3 vols. (1916–18), index; A. Bucholtz, Geschichte der Juden in Riga (1899); ye, vol. 13, pp. 478–87; L. Ovchinski, Toledot Yeshivat ha-Yehudim be-Kurland (1908); M. Schatz-Anin, Yidn in Letland (1924); idem, in: Sovetish Heymland, 11 (1971), issue 4, 164–71; Yahadut Latvia, ed. by B. Eliav et al. (1953); J. Gar, in: Algemeyne Entsiklopedye, Yidn, 6 (1963), 330–74; M. Bobe, Perakim be-Toledot Yahadut Latvia (1965); M. Kaufmann, Vernichtung der Juden Lettlands (1947); G. Movshovich, 25 Yor Yidishe Prese in Letland (1933), 60–66. add. bibliography: D. Levin (ed.), Pinkas ha-Kehillot–Latvia and Estonia (1988).	<urn:uuid:80ccca16-57d1-431b-b911-b8ecb6de0e25>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/commonwealth-independent-states-and-baltic-nations/cis-and-baltic-political-geography/riga	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589560.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117123339-20200117151339-00498.warc.gz	en	0.980159	3,093	3.609375	4	[ 0.24356533586978912, -0.29630327224731445, 0.4278552830219269, -0.12265567481517792, 0.2939847707748413, -0.13043127954006195, 0.0942225456237793, 0.29208236932754517, -0.29403752088546753, -0.06956987082958221, -0.26640909910202026, -0.12108834832906723, -0.22793231904506683, 0.2629504501...	6	RIGA (Lettish Riga ), Baltic port, capital of Latvia; under Russian rule from 1710 to 1917, capital of Livonia (Livland); 1944–1991 in the Latvian S.S.R. The first documentary evidence of Jews in Riga – the record of a sale of merchandise to a Jew named Jacob – is dated 1536. During Polish and Swedish rule in Livonia (1561–1621 and 1621–1710, respectively) restrictions were imposed on Jewish residence, but in the course of time a number of Jewish merchants arrived there. By 1645 there was a special Jewish inn in the city where visiting Jewish merchants had to stay. In 1710 the Livonia region was incorporated into Russia and, according to reports by English merchants dating to 1714, Jews and Catholics then enjoyed religious freedom. In 1725 a few privileged Jews were given the right to reside outside the Jewish inn. In that same year they were permitted to bury their dead in Riga, whereas previously they had to be taken to Courland for burial. Despite requests from the city authorities and the provincial governor, Empress Elizabeth Petrovna's decree of 1742, ordering the expulsion of Jews from Russia, was also applied to the Jews in Riga. It was not until 1766, under Catherine ii, that Jewish merchants were allowed into Riga, although they were restricted to a visit of six weeks and to residence at the Jewish inn; a few privileged Jews were given special permission to stay elsewhere. Permission was granted for Jews to reside at Sloka (Ger. Schlock), a nearby town, in 1785, where in 1792 they were permitted to open a prayer room. A few managed to settle in Riga, although the official ban was still in force. In 1798 there were seven Jewish families living in Riga, and by 1811, 736 Jews in the city and suburbs including over half in Sloka. As Riga was outside the Pale of Settlement, it continued to be difficult for Jews to enter the city. However, in 1813 the Jews of Sloka were given the right to settle there. The same year a community is mentioned. In 1822 Jews were permitted to engage in crafts. The "Jewish statute" of 1835 (see Russia) confirmed the permanent residence rights of part of the population. In 1840 Sloka Jews were allowed to open a school in Riga which became one of the few modern institutions in Russia at that time. Max Lilienthal was invited to Riga to become principal of the school and rabbi of the "German" synagogue. After he left there, Reuben Wunderbar became principal of the school. In 1841 Jews were allowed to register officially as inhabitants of the city, and later were permitted to build synagogues, own real property, and engage in commerce and trade; an organized community was officially founded in 1842 and continued to function until 1893. In 1850 the community asked for permission to buy land for a synagogue, on which building commenced in 1868. The number of Jews increased from 5,254 in 1869 to 22,115 (8 percent of the population) in 1897 and 33,651 (6.5 percent) in 1913. They played an important role in commerce, the export of goods (especially grain, timber, and flax), in industry, banking, and the various crafts. Jews owned timber mills, tanneries, and engaged in clothing and shoe manufacture. Before the outbreak of World War i the majority of dentists and 20 percent of the physicians were Jews, while only a few practiced as lawyers. There were a number of synagogues and ḥasidic prayer rooms, schools, ḥadarim both of the traditional and the reformed type, a library, charitable institutions, and various clubs and societies. Zionist activities were organized at the end of the 19th century and a delegate from Riga attended the First Zionist Congress. In 1898 the third branch of the Society for the Promotion of Culture among the Jews in Russia (after St. Petersburg and Odessa) was formed in Riga. Among the official rabbis (see kazyonny ravvin) were two Hebrew authors, A.A. Pomiansky (1873–93) and J.L. Kantor (1909–15). During the war, in 1915, Riga Jews gave refuge to the Jews from Courland, who had been driven out of their homes by the czarist authorities. During the war and the subsequent changes of regime in the area the Jewish population in Riga decreased. After the establishment of the independent Latvian Republic, Riga became the capital of the new state; its Jewish population grew from 24,721 (13.6 percent of the total) in 1920 to 39,459 (11.68 percent) in 1925, 42,328 (11.20 percent) in 1930, and 43,672 (11.34 percent) in 1935. In 1935 Riga Jews formed approximately 47 percent of the total of Latvian Jewry. The increase was largely the result of internal migration, especially from the province of Latgale. Riga was the economic, political, cultural, and social center of Latvian Jewry. Under the democratic regime of the country (1918–34), an autonomous Jewish school system was administered from Riga. A manifold network of Hebrew and Yiddish elementary and secondary schools was established. These included around 12 Hebrew and Yiddish schools, mainly supported by the city council; private secondary schools whose language of instruction was Russian or German; two vocational schools, one of ort and one of the Society for the Promotion of Culture among the Jews in Russia; a pedagogical institute; and a Froebel institute for kindergarten teachers where a large number of students were from Lithuania who returned to teach there. There was also a "Jewish university." The yeshivah in Riga was headed by its chief rabbi Menahem Mendel Sack, who was also active in the general communal affairs of Latvian Jewry; he perished in the Holocaust. Chairman of the community was Mordecai Dubin, leader of Agudat Israel and its representative in parliament. For a short time Riga was the center of the Lubavitch Ḥasidim where their leader Joseph Isaac Schneersohn stayed for several years after leaving the Soviet Union. Several charitable institutions, among them Jewish hospitals, were established by contributions of philanthropists. The Yiddish theater of Riga was known even outside the borders of Latvia for its high level of artistic performance. There were also several sports clubs, headed by Maccabi. Two or three Yiddish daily newspapers were published, and newspapers and various periodicals in other languages were published by Jews: the best known was Frimorgn (1925–34), edited by J.Z.W. Latzky-Bertholdi and Jacob Hellman. The general Russian newspaper Sevodnya, which was known among Russian readers outside Latvia, was owned by Jews and devoted considerable space to Jewish affairs. There were a number of Karaites in Riga, among them owners of two cigarette factories. The Jewish share in the commercial, industrial, and banking activities of the city was substantial; the central office of the Association of Latvian Jewish Credit Cooperatives was situated in Riga. Jews sat on the city council, and there were Jews on the teaching staff of Riga University and the state music conservatory. During the first period of Soviet regime in Latvia (from June 1940 to June 1941), Communist rule was introduced: Jewish, especially Zionist, public activity ceased, and Jewish commerce and industry were nationalized. After war broke out between the U.S.S.R. and Germany, Riga was occupied on July 1, 1941, and persecution began of the 40,000 Jews there. Anti-Jewish attacks were organized by the Einsatzgruppen, aided by Latvian fascists, resulting in the death of 400 persons; mass arrests of Jews took place and the synagogues were set on fire. In the period September–October 1941 a walled ghetto was established in the Moscow quarter to which 30,000 Jews were confined. On Nov. 30, 1941 (10 Kislev, 5702), approximately 10,600 Jews were shot in a nearby forest by Einsatzgruppe A; later similar Aktionen took place on December 7–9; a total of 25,000 Jews were killed, about 80 percent of the ghetto population (one of the victims was the historian Simon Dubnow). The first ghetto (also known as the "large ghetto") was then liquidated, and the 4,000 remaining male Jews were put into a forced labor camp (the "little ghetto"). Women were imprisoned in a separate camp. At the end of 1941 and the beginning of 1942, Jews deported from Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia began arriving in Latvia; most of them were murdered in the forests. About 15,000 of the deportees were put into a special camp in Riga (the "German ghetto") under a special Judenrat whose authority was later imposed on the whole ghetto. Several Jewish labor camps were also established in Riga and the vicinity. On Nov. 2, 1943, an Aktion took place in the Riga ghetto, in which the old, the very young, and the sick were murdered. Afterward the ghetto was liquidated, and the surviving Jews taken to the Kaiserwald concentration camp, near Riga. Latvian and other local inhabitants collaborated with the Nazis in the persecution and murder of Jews. In the summer of 1944, as a result of the Soviet offensive in the Baltic area, the Kaiserwald concentration camp was liquidated, and the remaining Jews deported to various camps in Germany; few of them survived. After the war the survivors chose to stay in the camps for Displaced Persons rather than return to Riga (which was occupied by the Soviet Army on Oct. 13, 1944). Eventually most of them settled in Israel, and some in the United States and other countries. The 1959 census indicated a Jewish population of 30,267 (out of 600,000 inhabitants of Riga), 14,526 of whom designated Yiddish as their mother tongue. Unofficially the number of Jews in Riga was estimated in the late 1960s at about 38,000, most of whom were originally not Latvian Jews, but had settled there from the Soviet interior after World War ii. The Riga Jewish community contained about 80 percent of the Jews in the Latvian S.S.R. Only one synagogue was left in Riga, in the old city. In the 1950s bar mitzvah ceremonies continued to be held in synagogue and religious marriage ceremonies were performed there; but the number of these considerably diminished in the 1960s. After the last rabbi died, he was not replaced. In 1960 the congregation was fined 115,000 rubles for "overcharging" the price of matzah baked under its supervision. The following year matzah baking was prohibited, and a local paper reported in 1963 that matzah were being "smuggled" in from Vilna. Later, matzah baking by the congregation was again permitted. In 1964 the Jewish cemetery was declared a "general" cemetery, and non-Jews were subsequently buried there also. A Jewish choir performing Jewish songs was formed in Riga in 1957 within the trade union of commercial employees. In 1960–63 an amateur Jewish drama circle was formed which also performed in Vilna. As young Jews in Riga began to display increasing and almost open interest in Jewish affairs and their identification with Israel, the town was considered by the Soviet authorities as a "hotbed of Zionism." In the Rumbuli forest, near Riga, where about 130,000 Jews had been massacred during the German occupation, young Jews organized rallies from 1962, and in 1964 collected the scattered remains of the victims, buried them in a mass grave and erected a monument to them. The authorities did not interfere with this action then, but ultimately insisted that a different "official" memorial should be erected there for the "victims of fascism," without mentioning that they were Jews. Eventually, through the efforts of the young Jewish initiators, a decision was reached that the inscription should read not only in Latvian and Russian but also in Yiddish. Mass gatherings in memory of the victims continued to be held there every year. Young Jews demonstrated their pro-Israel feelings on several occasions, as when Israel sports teams visited Riga to compete with local teams, and when the popular singer from Israel, Geulah Gil, performed in Riga. On the last occasion there were clashes between Jewish youth and the police near the concert hall (1965). In 1969–70 scores of Jews and Jewish families in Riga protested against the refusal of the authorities to grant them exit permits to Israel, addressing their protests not only to the Soviet government but also to the United Nations, the Israeli government, Western Communist parties, etc. In December 1970 a group of young Jews from Riga was tried in *Leningrad, and sentenced to severe terms of imprisonment for allegedly planning to hijack a Soviet plane in order to land abroad and eventually reach Israel. With the mass exodus of Jews of the former Soviet Union in the 1990s, the Jewish population of Riga dropped to around 8,000 in the early years of the 21st century. At the same time Jewish life revived in independent Latvia. Two Jewish day schools, a community center, matzah factory, Jewish newspaper, and Jewish hospital were all in operation in Riga. Dubnow, Hist Russ, 3 vols. (1916–18), index; A. Bucholtz, Geschichte der Juden in Riga (1899); ye, vol. 13, pp. 478–87; L. Ovchinski, Toledot Yeshivat ha-Yehudim be-Kurland (1908); M. Schatz-Anin, Yidn in Letland (1924); idem, in: Sovetish Heymland, 11 (1971), issue 4, 164–71; Yahadut Latvia, ed. by B. Eliav et al. (1953); J. Gar, in: Algemeyne Entsiklopedye, Yidn, 6 (1963), 330–74; M. Bobe, Perakim be-Toledot Yahadut Latvia (1965); M. Kaufmann, Vernichtung der Juden Lettlands (1947); G. Movshovich, 25 Yor Yidishe Prese in Letland (1933), 60–66. add. bibliography: D. Levin (ed.), Pinkas ha-Kehillot–Latvia and Estonia (1988).	3,469	ENGLISH	1
Spartacus was a gladiator who was originally from Thrace. He is remembered for his rebellion against the oligarchical Roman reign during 73-72 BC. He was the one who, along with Crixus, Gannicus, Castus, and Oenomaus, escaped the gladiator school and led one of the most famous uprisings in Roman history. He was an inspiration to many slaves who joined his forces because he also was an escaped slave turned rebellious gladiator. He was the leader and general in the Third Servile War. Apart from his excellence as a warrior, not much is known about his personal life. However, most sources concur upon the fact that he was a former slave and a skilled military general and leader. Some historians regard the rebellion as a freedom struggle against slavery and oppression. The uprising has been an inspiration for many people around the world for several centuries. It has been inculcated in literature, television, art, and film. Many political thinkers also draw inspiration from Spartacus. Classical historians often differ in opinions about his goal because none of the historical accounts suggest he strived to abolish slavery or reform Roman society. - Very little of Spartacus’ life has been documented before he was sold into slavery and trained as a gladiator in Capua, a city situated in the north of Naples.It is assumed that he was born in around 109 BC in Thrace, the present-day Balkans, but not much is known about his childhood.The Greek essayist Plutarch has documented him as being of Thracian origin. According to him, Spartacus was born into a Thracian nomadic tribe called the ‘Maedi’ tribe; Greek historian Appian of Alexandria seconds this claim.It is widely believed that Spartacus may have served in the Roman Army and was later captured by his comrades for an act of treason. After being captured, he was sold into slavery. After considering his strength, his captors sent him to become a gladiator.The Roman poet Florus describes Spartacus as one "who, from a Thracian mercenary, had become a Roman soldier, that had deserted and became enslaved, and afterward, from consideration of his strength, a gladiator."Continue Reading BelowEnslavement & Escape - Spartacus was initially trained at the gladiatorial school known as Ludus near Capua. He competed as a heavyweight gladiator and was inducted into a sect known as the Murmillo Gladiators.The weapons and equipment he used consisted of a Roman sword, a rectangular wooden shield, a large helmet, shin guards, leather belt, and a segmented or scaled arm guard made of leather.In 73 BC, he along with 70 other gladiators plotted and successfully executed an escape plan by just using kitchen utensils to free themselves from the gladiator school.They also managed to commandeer many wagons filled with gladiatorial appendages like armors and weapons while escaping.The escapees won over the soldiers sent after them and raided the adjoining areas of Capua. They then took refuge on Mount Vesuvius, where other run-away slaves joined them.The gladiators then began to train the new refugees in basic combat skills, creating the slave army which would eventually shake Italy. It is believed that Spartacus led the slave army along with two Gallic slaves Crixus and Oenomaus, as joint leaders of the army.War of Spartacus - The Third Servile War or the War of Spartacus began when Spartacus escaped with 70 other men from the gladiatorial school in Capua. The Romans assumed this to be a policing matter and not a war, and hence did not see the ever-growing slave army as a threat.A militia was sent under the leadership of praetor Gaius Claudius Glaber to curb the slave army. Gaius, who laid siege to Mount Vesuvius, hoped that Spartacus and his army would surrender on account of starvation. However, they were ambushed by Spartacus and his army when they climbed down ropes made of vines and attacked the Romans and killed most of them.The rebels also won a second attack, killed the lieutenants, almost captured the praetor, and took their military equipment. Owing to their success, people joined their force, and their number increased to nearly 70,000.Continue Reading BelowAmidst the constant squabbles within the slave army, Spartacus proved to be able to handle murky situations with subtlety and tact that he gained from his previous military experience.During the winter of 73-72 BC, the rebels spent most of their time training and adding recruits and increasing their territories to towns like Nola, Nuceria, Metapontum and Thurii.The rebel group was operated in two subgroups by Spartacus and Crixus. Crixus took 30,000 of his men and plundered the countryside before being killed. The rebels roamed through Italy, pillaging towns and properties without suffering any major consequences.The rebels left their winter cantonments and started moving towards the north. The Roman Senate panicked because of the failure of the praetorian army. Thus, they formed two consular troops under the command of Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus and Lucius Gellius Publicola.The success of these two legions lasted for a short while. The legions won against Crixus and his 30,000 men in a battle near Mount Garganus but were soon defeated by Spartacus and his men.The Romans were agitated by the imminent danger posed by the rebels and made Marcus Licinius Crassus in charge of vanquishing the rebels. He was charged with managing eight legions, which amounted to 40,000 soldiers.The Roman soldiers were disciplined with jarring corporal punishments, including unit decimation.In early 71 BC, Spartacus moved towards the north and Crassus stationed six legions to encounter him. Crassus also sent his general Mummius with two other legions separately.Even though they were not commanded to attack, Mummius did at a seemingly advantageous moment but was dispelled. The Roman legions gained victories in several other altercations, causing Spartacus to retreat farther south. He then settled in Rhegium near the Strait of Messina.Plutarch has mentioned that Spartacus had made an arrangement with the Cilician pirates to take him and his 2,000 men to Sicily, where he planned on stirring up a revolt and reinforce his troop. The pirates, however, betrayed him and abandoned them. His forces had no choice but to retreat to Rhegium.He was followed by Crassus’ legions, and they built ramparts around Rhegium so that the rebels were cut off from their supplies.The Roman Senate ordered the legions of Pompey to head south and help Crassus in capturing the rebels. However, Crassus assumed that Pompey would steal all the credit and limelight for their collective achievements. That is when Spartacus tried to come to terms with Crassus and reach an agreement.Seeing the rebels weakening, Crassus denied the proposed agreement. Some segments of Spartacus’ army escaped towards the mountains west of Petelia while Crassus’ legions ensued.The legions eventually caught up with the rebels. The fighting strategy was changed, and small fragments of the army attacked the advancing legions.Spartacus turned his troops for one final stand against the legions with all his might. The rebels were crushed, and most of them were killed in battle.This final battle culminated in the defeat of Spartacus. This occurred in the modern-day Senerchia in Italy. Since 1899, numerous pieces of equipment have been found here from the Roman era.Plutarch, Appian, and Florus are all of the opinion that Spartacus died during the battle. Appian suggests that his body was never recovered. Almost six thousand captive survivors of the rebel army were crucified on the Appian Way, from Rome to Capua. How To CiteArticle Title- Spartacus BiographyAuthor- Editors, TheFamousPeople.comWebsite- TheFamousPeople.comURL- https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/spartacus-41116.phpLast Updated- November 13, 2019 People Also Viewed	<urn:uuid:7475d8e3-8652-4e4a-b159-f3fe6dbcf10b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/spartacus-41116.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594101.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119010920-20200119034920-00063.warc.gz	en	0.985713	1,720	3.828125	4	[ -0.28840896487236023, 0.6420345306396484, 0.3108710050582886, -0.12119162082672119, -0.32834765315055847, -0.13107721507549286, 0.14566868543624878, 0.4088061451911926, -0.12769116461277008, -0.263202428817749, -0.23569461703300476, -0.6052850484848022, -0.13957428932189941, 0.448645293712...	1	Spartacus was a gladiator who was originally from Thrace. He is remembered for his rebellion against the oligarchical Roman reign during 73-72 BC. He was the one who, along with Crixus, Gannicus, Castus, and Oenomaus, escaped the gladiator school and led one of the most famous uprisings in Roman history. He was an inspiration to many slaves who joined his forces because he also was an escaped slave turned rebellious gladiator. He was the leader and general in the Third Servile War. Apart from his excellence as a warrior, not much is known about his personal life. However, most sources concur upon the fact that he was a former slave and a skilled military general and leader. Some historians regard the rebellion as a freedom struggle against slavery and oppression. The uprising has been an inspiration for many people around the world for several centuries. It has been inculcated in literature, television, art, and film. Many political thinkers also draw inspiration from Spartacus. Classical historians often differ in opinions about his goal because none of the historical accounts suggest he strived to abolish slavery or reform Roman society. - Very little of Spartacus’ life has been documented before he was sold into slavery and trained as a gladiator in Capua, a city situated in the north of Naples.It is assumed that he was born in around 109 BC in Thrace, the present-day Balkans, but not much is known about his childhood.The Greek essayist Plutarch has documented him as being of Thracian origin. According to him, Spartacus was born into a Thracian nomadic tribe called the ‘Maedi’ tribe; Greek historian Appian of Alexandria seconds this claim.It is widely believed that Spartacus may have served in the Roman Army and was later captured by his comrades for an act of treason. After being captured, he was sold into slavery. After considering his strength, his captors sent him to become a gladiator.The Roman poet Florus describes Spartacus as one "who, from a Thracian mercenary, had become a Roman soldier, that had deserted and became enslaved, and afterward, from consideration of his strength, a gladiator."Continue Reading BelowEnslavement & Escape - Spartacus was initially trained at the gladiatorial school known as Ludus near Capua. He competed as a heavyweight gladiator and was inducted into a sect known as the Murmillo Gladiators.The weapons and equipment he used consisted of a Roman sword, a rectangular wooden shield, a large helmet, shin guards, leather belt, and a segmented or scaled arm guard made of leather.In 73 BC, he along with 70 other gladiators plotted and successfully executed an escape plan by just using kitchen utensils to free themselves from the gladiator school.They also managed to commandeer many wagons filled with gladiatorial appendages like armors and weapons while escaping.The escapees won over the soldiers sent after them and raided the adjoining areas of Capua. They then took refuge on Mount Vesuvius, where other run-away slaves joined them.The gladiators then began to train the new refugees in basic combat skills, creating the slave army which would eventually shake Italy. It is believed that Spartacus led the slave army along with two Gallic slaves Crixus and Oenomaus, as joint leaders of the army.War of Spartacus - The Third Servile War or the War of Spartacus began when Spartacus escaped with 70 other men from the gladiatorial school in Capua. The Romans assumed this to be a policing matter and not a war, and hence did not see the ever-growing slave army as a threat.A militia was sent under the leadership of praetor Gaius Claudius Glaber to curb the slave army. Gaius, who laid siege to Mount Vesuvius, hoped that Spartacus and his army would surrender on account of starvation. However, they were ambushed by Spartacus and his army when they climbed down ropes made of vines and attacked the Romans and killed most of them.The rebels also won a second attack, killed the lieutenants, almost captured the praetor, and took their military equipment. Owing to their success, people joined their force, and their number increased to nearly 70,000.Continue Reading BelowAmidst the constant squabbles within the slave army, Spartacus proved to be able to handle murky situations with subtlety and tact that he gained from his previous military experience.During the winter of 73-72 BC, the rebels spent most of their time training and adding recruits and increasing their territories to towns like Nola, Nuceria, Metapontum and Thurii.The rebel group was operated in two subgroups by Spartacus and Crixus. Crixus took 30,000 of his men and plundered the countryside before being killed. The rebels roamed through Italy, pillaging towns and properties without suffering any major consequences.The rebels left their winter cantonments and started moving towards the north. The Roman Senate panicked because of the failure of the praetorian army. Thus, they formed two consular troops under the command of Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Clodianus and Lucius Gellius Publicola.The success of these two legions lasted for a short while. The legions won against Crixus and his 30,000 men in a battle near Mount Garganus but were soon defeated by Spartacus and his men.The Romans were agitated by the imminent danger posed by the rebels and made Marcus Licinius Crassus in charge of vanquishing the rebels. He was charged with managing eight legions, which amounted to 40,000 soldiers.The Roman soldiers were disciplined with jarring corporal punishments, including unit decimation.In early 71 BC, Spartacus moved towards the north and Crassus stationed six legions to encounter him. Crassus also sent his general Mummius with two other legions separately.Even though they were not commanded to attack, Mummius did at a seemingly advantageous moment but was dispelled. The Roman legions gained victories in several other altercations, causing Spartacus to retreat farther south. He then settled in Rhegium near the Strait of Messina.Plutarch has mentioned that Spartacus had made an arrangement with the Cilician pirates to take him and his 2,000 men to Sicily, where he planned on stirring up a revolt and reinforce his troop. The pirates, however, betrayed him and abandoned them. His forces had no choice but to retreat to Rhegium.He was followed by Crassus’ legions, and they built ramparts around Rhegium so that the rebels were cut off from their supplies.The Roman Senate ordered the legions of Pompey to head south and help Crassus in capturing the rebels. However, Crassus assumed that Pompey would steal all the credit and limelight for their collective achievements. That is when Spartacus tried to come to terms with Crassus and reach an agreement.Seeing the rebels weakening, Crassus denied the proposed agreement. Some segments of Spartacus’ army escaped towards the mountains west of Petelia while Crassus’ legions ensued.The legions eventually caught up with the rebels. The fighting strategy was changed, and small fragments of the army attacked the advancing legions.Spartacus turned his troops for one final stand against the legions with all his might. The rebels were crushed, and most of them were killed in battle.This final battle culminated in the defeat of Spartacus. This occurred in the modern-day Senerchia in Italy. Since 1899, numerous pieces of equipment have been found here from the Roman era.Plutarch, Appian, and Florus are all of the opinion that Spartacus died during the battle. Appian suggests that his body was never recovered. Almost six thousand captive survivors of the rebel army were crucified on the Appian Way, from Rome to Capua. How To CiteArticle Title- Spartacus BiographyAuthor- Editors, TheFamousPeople.comWebsite- TheFamousPeople.comURL- https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/spartacus-41116.phpLast Updated- November 13, 2019 People Also Viewed	1,738	ENGLISH	1
Notes taken from, and/or inspired by, a reading of Gordon Darnell Newby, A History of the Jews of Arabia: From Ancient Times to Their Eclipse under Islam (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1988), 10-11: The Via Odorifera (the Fragrant Highway) brought not only the Arabian aromatics; it was the conduit for trade goods from Asia and Africa. At times, as during the period of Hellenistic ascendancy, for example, these goods were borne on ships up the Red Sea, but that waterway is treacherous, as the numerous shipwrecks, both ancient and modern, will testify. The domestication of the camel (Camelus dromedarius) and the development of the “North Arabian camel saddle” meant that goods could be transported by “ships of the desert.” The “Fragrant Highway” seems to be the route taken by Lehi and his party from Jerusalem through Arabia to the land of Bountiful, which was probably located in modern-day Oman. The domestication of camels in the region, incidentally, had occurred well before the time of Lehi. The trade routes for the aromatics and eastern goods generally went around the perimeter of Arabia, skirting the empty desert areas, starting in the eastern part of the peninsula in modern Oman and proceeding along the southern edge to modern Yemen, picking up goods on the way, and then north along the western edge to end up in Syria or Egypt. Lehi’s party, of course, would have gone the opposite direction, from Jerusalem (in “Greater Syria”) by Yemen to Oman. The domestication of the camel also brought about a profound change in Arabian society. The camel became not only the pack animal of choice; it was also the main means of military transportation. There were few roads in the Arabian desert, and these would often become covered with sand. For the camels, this was ideal; it covered the stones that would hurt their tender feet. For wheeled vehicles, chariots and the like, it meant that the land was impassable. Camel cavalry was mobile and well adapted to the environment. It was the difficult remoteness of Arabia that made it an excellent place of refuge and that may have encouraged Lehi to choose it. Besides, the Assyrians and Babylonians always came from the north — to the west of Palestine was the sea, to its east was a forbidding desert, and their only realistic means of approaching from the south would have required them to first cross the Nafud Desert — so it made sense for someone trying to get out of their way to go roughly southward.	<urn:uuid:cfdbbf4d-a86c-4a47-9b34-4eeb99988eff>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.patheos.com/blogs/danpeterson/2020/01/lehi-and-the-fragrant-highway.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598726.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120110422-20200120134422-00429.warc.gz	en	0.980284	562	3.34375	3	[ -0.23403361439704895, 0.19313013553619385, 0.09204718470573425, 0.2146030217409134, 0.22167333960533142, -0.2128303498029709, 0.2584715485572815, 0.14498284459114075, -0.08898308873176575, 0.17899781465530396, 0.18185245990753174, -0.22833603620529175, 0.2710952162742615, 0.168044745922088...	1	Notes taken from, and/or inspired by, a reading of Gordon Darnell Newby, A History of the Jews of Arabia: From Ancient Times to Their Eclipse under Islam (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1988), 10-11: The Via Odorifera (the Fragrant Highway) brought not only the Arabian aromatics; it was the conduit for trade goods from Asia and Africa. At times, as during the period of Hellenistic ascendancy, for example, these goods were borne on ships up the Red Sea, but that waterway is treacherous, as the numerous shipwrecks, both ancient and modern, will testify. The domestication of the camel (Camelus dromedarius) and the development of the “North Arabian camel saddle” meant that goods could be transported by “ships of the desert.” The “Fragrant Highway” seems to be the route taken by Lehi and his party from Jerusalem through Arabia to the land of Bountiful, which was probably located in modern-day Oman. The domestication of camels in the region, incidentally, had occurred well before the time of Lehi. The trade routes for the aromatics and eastern goods generally went around the perimeter of Arabia, skirting the empty desert areas, starting in the eastern part of the peninsula in modern Oman and proceeding along the southern edge to modern Yemen, picking up goods on the way, and then north along the western edge to end up in Syria or Egypt. Lehi’s party, of course, would have gone the opposite direction, from Jerusalem (in “Greater Syria”) by Yemen to Oman. The domestication of the camel also brought about a profound change in Arabian society. The camel became not only the pack animal of choice; it was also the main means of military transportation. There were few roads in the Arabian desert, and these would often become covered with sand. For the camels, this was ideal; it covered the stones that would hurt their tender feet. For wheeled vehicles, chariots and the like, it meant that the land was impassable. Camel cavalry was mobile and well adapted to the environment. It was the difficult remoteness of Arabia that made it an excellent place of refuge and that may have encouraged Lehi to choose it. Besides, the Assyrians and Babylonians always came from the north — to the west of Palestine was the sea, to its east was a forbidding desert, and their only realistic means of approaching from the south would have required them to first cross the Nafud Desert — so it made sense for someone trying to get out of their way to go roughly southward.	551	ENGLISH	1
What does "The vessel grim and daring" mean? In the first stanza of the poem, Whitman uses a metaphor—a comparison of two unalike things where one is said to be the other—referring to the United States as a ship. He says that the "ship has weather'd every rack, the prize we sought is won," meaning that the ship (the country) has survived lots of storms (most recently, the American Civil War, between the North and the South), and the Civil War has been won by the Union (the North), so the country will remain as one. President Abraham Lincoln was the captain of this ship, and so the poem is addressed directly to him. When the speaker refers to "the vessel grim and daring," he is referring to the ship, the metaphor for the United States. It is a vessel because it is a ship; it is grim because the war has just ended and a great many lives have been lost in the fighting; and it is daring because the country has dared much—I think of the American Revolution and how the colonies stood up to the British Empire and won. The speaker goes on to discuss the blood on the "deck" of this ship because Lincoln is dead; he was shot in the head by John Wilkes Booth while he attended the theater one night in 1865. check Approved by eNotes Editorial	<urn:uuid:b99f94c6-d74c-43ad-a019-02da79ba721b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-does-the-vessel-grim-and-daring-mean-2038628	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598217.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120081337-20200120105337-00307.warc.gz	en	0.98615	281	3.484375	3	[ -0.1398150473833084, 0.29081833362579346, 0.2936007082462311, -0.03837408125400543, 0.010302173905074596, -0.034343354403972626, 0.7456130981445312, 0.11032786965370178, -0.08105356991291046, -0.2175331860780716, 0.24885322153568268, 0.17341271042823792, -0.11171217262744904, 0.26745396852...	1	What does "The vessel grim and daring" mean? In the first stanza of the poem, Whitman uses a metaphor—a comparison of two unalike things where one is said to be the other—referring to the United States as a ship. He says that the "ship has weather'd every rack, the prize we sought is won," meaning that the ship (the country) has survived lots of storms (most recently, the American Civil War, between the North and the South), and the Civil War has been won by the Union (the North), so the country will remain as one. President Abraham Lincoln was the captain of this ship, and so the poem is addressed directly to him. When the speaker refers to "the vessel grim and daring," he is referring to the ship, the metaphor for the United States. It is a vessel because it is a ship; it is grim because the war has just ended and a great many lives have been lost in the fighting; and it is daring because the country has dared much—I think of the American Revolution and how the colonies stood up to the British Empire and won. The speaker goes on to discuss the blood on the "deck" of this ship because Lincoln is dead; he was shot in the head by John Wilkes Booth while he attended the theater one night in 1865. check Approved by eNotes Editorial	279	ENGLISH	1
Question: What was the “Yellow Fleet” and why did it take them eight years to complete a one-day canal crossing? Answer: Ships in the Suez Canal that were trapped during the Six Day War Though the Egypt-Israel conflict of 1967 was only a Six Day War, it became an eight-year prison for the crews of 15 boats in the Suez Canal. Israel had seized the Sinai Peninsula and Egypt had retreated west, but to make sure its enemy couldn’t make use of the Suez, Egypt’s President Gamal Abdul Nasser ordered the military to sink old ships at both ends of the canal, making the exits impassable. Just to up the ante, mines were added. The problem was that there was still a convoy cruising through. British, American, Swedish, Polish, West German, French, Bulgarian, and Czechoslovak vessels were only halfway through their daylong transit of the canal when they were trapped. One of two American ships stalled at Lake Timsah and stayed there, but all the other ships continued to Great Bitter Lake, the widest part of the canal, where they became a sort of floating United Nations. When the war ended quickly, there was hope they might soon be on their way, but Egypt left the sunken vessels in place. At first, since the weather was beautiful, it was almost like an unplanned vacation. The Polish ship’s captain later said, “The first month was like a holiday. The second month was very hard. By the end of the third month, it was terrible.” The longer they waited there, the more the ships looked alike: the wind scoured the vessels and blasted them with sand from the dessert. That’s how they got their nickname, The Yellow Fleet. Their shared identity became more formal about six months in, when the captains gathered to form the Great Bitter Lakes Association. There were rules and regulations, guidelines for community behaviors, and agreements between neighbors. Commerce kicked in, with a valuation system for goods and services that could be traded between ships. It was just like any other small town, except for the seven languages, no lawns, and the fact that the whole place had come into existence overnight. Eventually, life changed in the Yellow Fleet. Crews were allowed to fly home and new workers rotated in to keep up with ship maintenance. Because of the heat, workdays were short: six hours on weekdays, four on Saturdays, and all Sundays off. With an ever-growing list of leisure activities (see below), it was anything but “bitter,” location notwithstanding, and some crew members served multiple times until the lanes were cleared and they were finally free to sail (or, in most cases, be towed) home in 1975. 9 Ways The Yellow Fleet Passed the Time in Limbo - Lifeboats were tricked out with sailing gear and the Bitter Lakes Yacht Club was born. - The biggest ship, Britain’s MS Port Invercargill, was used for the matches of a new soccer league. - West German vessel Nordwind hosted church services for Christian worshippers. - Bulgarian freighter Vasil Levsky was the most popular destination for movie nights, but other ships also hosted. - Sundays found sailors flocking the swimming pool on the deck of the Swedish Killara. - The American vessel, naturally, hosted barbecues and was known for beer. - In 1968, crews from all eight nations held their own 14-sport Olympics in tandem with the Mexico City Games, with Poland taking the most medals. - Waterskiing became popular after crews configured homemade surfboards to pull behind lifeboats. - Each ship handmade its own postage stamps, to use alongside real Egyptian stamps, but it became a game to see which letters could go the furthest with only the fakes, which are now collector’s items. Enjoy a smoother (and shorter) transit of the historic canal during your Suez Canal Crossing: Israel, Egypt, Jordan & the Red Sea Small Ship Adventure.	<urn:uuid:051c13fc-e46e-4c21-9291-c2d7b45dfaed>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.oattravel.com/community/the-inside-scoop/travel-trivia/slow-boat-to-nowhere	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250625097.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124191133-20200124220133-00069.warc.gz	en	0.981887	848	3.546875	4	[ -0.298124760389328, 0.11260146647691727, 0.11592230200767517, -0.24078622460365295, -0.41780781745910645, -0.25499993562698364, 0.36270657181739807, 0.11503037810325623, -0.20757943391799927, 0.24417363107204437, 0.36152184009552, -0.036479651927948, -0.28494131565093994, 0.351450502872467...	4	Question: What was the “Yellow Fleet” and why did it take them eight years to complete a one-day canal crossing? Answer: Ships in the Suez Canal that were trapped during the Six Day War Though the Egypt-Israel conflict of 1967 was only a Six Day War, it became an eight-year prison for the crews of 15 boats in the Suez Canal. Israel had seized the Sinai Peninsula and Egypt had retreated west, but to make sure its enemy couldn’t make use of the Suez, Egypt’s President Gamal Abdul Nasser ordered the military to sink old ships at both ends of the canal, making the exits impassable. Just to up the ante, mines were added. The problem was that there was still a convoy cruising through. British, American, Swedish, Polish, West German, French, Bulgarian, and Czechoslovak vessels were only halfway through their daylong transit of the canal when they were trapped. One of two American ships stalled at Lake Timsah and stayed there, but all the other ships continued to Great Bitter Lake, the widest part of the canal, where they became a sort of floating United Nations. When the war ended quickly, there was hope they might soon be on their way, but Egypt left the sunken vessels in place. At first, since the weather was beautiful, it was almost like an unplanned vacation. The Polish ship’s captain later said, “The first month was like a holiday. The second month was very hard. By the end of the third month, it was terrible.” The longer they waited there, the more the ships looked alike: the wind scoured the vessels and blasted them with sand from the dessert. That’s how they got their nickname, The Yellow Fleet. Their shared identity became more formal about six months in, when the captains gathered to form the Great Bitter Lakes Association. There were rules and regulations, guidelines for community behaviors, and agreements between neighbors. Commerce kicked in, with a valuation system for goods and services that could be traded between ships. It was just like any other small town, except for the seven languages, no lawns, and the fact that the whole place had come into existence overnight. Eventually, life changed in the Yellow Fleet. Crews were allowed to fly home and new workers rotated in to keep up with ship maintenance. Because of the heat, workdays were short: six hours on weekdays, four on Saturdays, and all Sundays off. With an ever-growing list of leisure activities (see below), it was anything but “bitter,” location notwithstanding, and some crew members served multiple times until the lanes were cleared and they were finally free to sail (or, in most cases, be towed) home in 1975. 9 Ways The Yellow Fleet Passed the Time in Limbo - Lifeboats were tricked out with sailing gear and the Bitter Lakes Yacht Club was born. - The biggest ship, Britain’s MS Port Invercargill, was used for the matches of a new soccer league. - West German vessel Nordwind hosted church services for Christian worshippers. - Bulgarian freighter Vasil Levsky was the most popular destination for movie nights, but other ships also hosted. - Sundays found sailors flocking the swimming pool on the deck of the Swedish Killara. - The American vessel, naturally, hosted barbecues and was known for beer. - In 1968, crews from all eight nations held their own 14-sport Olympics in tandem with the Mexico City Games, with Poland taking the most medals. - Waterskiing became popular after crews configured homemade surfboards to pull behind lifeboats. - Each ship handmade its own postage stamps, to use alongside real Egyptian stamps, but it became a game to see which letters could go the furthest with only the fakes, which are now collector’s items. Enjoy a smoother (and shorter) transit of the historic canal during your Suez Canal Crossing: Israel, Egypt, Jordan & the Red Sea Small Ship Adventure.	823	ENGLISH	1
Explore how Charles Dickens portrays women in his novel Great Expectations. Great Expectations is a bildungsroman that unfolds the life of an orphan called Pip who is also the protagonist. It illustrates the personal growth and development of Pip. It was written in the Victorian era which was the period of Queen Victoria’s reign which saw the spread of political movements, most notably socialism, liberalism and organised feminism. There was a strong view on women being the property of men and obeying them. Dickens’ women characters are very different and many hence, each woman plays a different role in developing the novel. Charles Dickens also expresses his hatred towards the Victorian society in this novel. There are about four main female characters in great expectations; Mrs. Joe Gargery, Miss Havisham, Estella and Biddy. However, there are a few other minor female characters like Estella’s birth mother (Molly) and Pip’s birth mother (Georgiana). Similarly, the first woman that we are introduced to is Mrs. Joe Gargery who is the wife of Mr. Joe Gargery. Dickens identifies a woman’s character with her husband and this is seen as Mrs. Joe is given her husband’s name and does not have her own name. Readers can say that Dickens believed that men made women by giving them a name which is why he gives married women the names of their husbands. Mrs. Joe is also a character with the responsibilities of a mother but does she really present motherhood positively? When she is first being introduced, we are told that she brought Pip up ‘by hand’. In this case, ‘by hand’ could mean she literally brought him up using her hand in that she would beat him up and hit him all the time for any small mistake made. We are also told that she had a ‘habit of laying it upon her husband.’ This gives her the title of ‘Man of the house’ as she often does the beating instead of Joe and she is the commanding character. Mrs. Joe also qualifies to be the man of the house as Pip and Joe must obey her orders. This is seen when she forces Pip to go to the Satis house to meet Miss Havisham. Mrs. Joe is brought out as a very fierce character and this helps us understand why nobody tried going against her words ‘she pounced upon me like an eagle on a lamb…’ Charles Dickens also uses vivid description. In the novel, Mrs. Joe’s physical appearance is vividly described in chapter two when Pip says ‘she was tall and bony, and almost always wore a coarse apron, fastened over her figure behind with two loops, and having a square impregnable bib, in front, that was stuck full of pins and needles.’ Charles Dickens emphasises on how ugly Mrs. Joe is by using this technique. In this case, the pins and needles stuck in the impregnable bib could be symbolic to her words and actions piercing into the hearts of Pip and Joe. Hence, this description of Mrs. Joe contains some hints about her cruel nature. Society believes that bony people are normally cold-hearted and as we read on, readers see that Mrs. Joe does have a cold-heart. Charles Dickens liked to have his characters’ physical descriptions match their personalities and indeed, Mrs. Joe’s physical description matches her personality. In this novel, Mrs. Joe is abusive and self-important but some of her behavior is understandable. When she was twenty, before this story begins, she was abandoned with an incapable infant brother who was not even weaned. By the time we are introduced to Mrs. Joe, she has no means of her supporting herself as she has lost both her parents. Because of all the loss in her life early on, she fears abandonment and wants security, so her focus is survival. This perhaps could be the reason why she is so mean. Mrs. Joe communicates these values to Pip hence, Mrs. Joe plays a motherly role in this text but Pip describes his sister in an approachable, far from the loving mother of Victorian fantasy. Mrs. Joe seems to value Joe’s family relations more than she values her own family relations. This is seen as she treats them differently like in chapter 4 when she gives them wine which is something she has never offered to serve Joe and Pip. Moving on, Miss Havisham also plays a major role in Great Expectations. From the novel, we are told that Miss Havisham was abandoned at the altar by Compeyson. At that very moment when she was jilted, time stopped for her. We can tell that time had stopped for Miss Havisham as all the clocks in her house stopped at twenty minutes to nine. When Pip first sees Miss Havisham, she was in her white wedding dress, Pip vividly describes Miss Havisham’s looks ‘she was dressed in rich materials-satins, and lace, and silks-all of white. Her shoes were white. And she had a long white veil dependent from her hair, and she had bridal flowers in her hair but her hair was white. Some bright jewels sparkled on her neck and her hands, and some other jewels lay sparkling on the table…’ The first thing Pip sees or rather notices is her wealth in the form of dresses and jewels. It takes Pip time to notice other details such as how yellow her dress had become and how the cobwebs and dirt had made the Satis house filthy. This shows that Pip was amongst other people who only knew Miss Havisham for her wealth. Miss Havisham helps in the development of social class as a literary movement. She helps readers see that in the Victorian era, reputation was built by wealth and not actions. Although Miss Havisham was jilted, people respect her because she is wealthy and no one talks about this abandonment simply because of her place in the society which is at the top. The events she went through in the past have left her drained, miserable and lonely. Sometimes, readers feel that she is mad because of the things she does. For instance, there is a part in the novel where she makes Pip touch her heart and she uttered the word ‘broken’. This just emphasises on the fact that she is depressed and heartbroken but readers assume that she boasts about it which is very weird and confusing ‘”I’ll tell you” she said, in the same hurried passionate whisper, “what real love is. It is blind devotion, unquestioning self-humiliation, utter submission, trust and belief against yourself and against the whole world, giving your whole heart and soul to the smiter-as I did!”‘ Likewise, we realise that Miss Havisham’s past events had shaped her. Miss Havisham had a goal which was to seek revenge on men using Estella who was trained to crush their hearts. Miss Havisham believed that all men were evil and bad, hence, she made Estella shatter their hearts into tiny pieces. When Pip as a child met Estella, he was unaware that she was Miss Havisham’s heartbreaker but later on in his life, Herbert Pocket says ‘That girl is hard an haughty and capricious to the last degree, and has been brought up by Miss Havisham to wreak revenge on all the male sex.’ Herbert’s statement emphasises on the amount of hatred Miss Havisham has for men. Because of her sadness and anger, she wants others to suffer the heartbreak that she did. However, Miss Havisham’s character changes from the beginning of the novel to the end. Towards the end of her life, Miss Havisham realises the hurt and heartbreak she has caused Pip through Estella. She realised that it was wrong for her to make others feel the heartbreak she felt and this is seen when she says ‘…until I saw in you a looking-glass that showed me what I once felt myself, I did not know what I had done. What have I done! What have I done!’ Miss Havisham also shows that in Dickens’ opinion, marriage to a woman was very important and without a husband, a woman was nothing but incomplete. She also helps readers see that back in the days, if you were wealthy and mad, your madness was pardoned because of your wealth. Hence, she brings out the importance of social class. On the other hand, Estella is the most beautiful girl in the novel. However, her inner beauty fails to match her physical beauty. Just like Pip, Estella is an orphan who is being brought up by Miss Havisham. Estella is portrayed as a mean character at the beginning as we see her referring to Pip as ‘boy’ while he refers to her as ‘Miss’. She makes Pip feel inferior by using her education to talk down to Pip. Pip says ‘though she called me ‘boy’ so often, and with a carelessness that was far from complimentary, she was about my age… she was as scornful at me as if she had been one-and-twenty, and a queen’ which emphasises on the fact that he was not being treated fairly but there was nothing he could do. Estella’s scornful nature is a result of Miss Havisham’s upbringing- she brings Estella up to be a heartbreaker. Estella as a child does not realise that she is being used by Miss Havisham as an agent for Miss Havisham’s revenge. When Pip and Estella meet at the Satis house, Estella senses that Pip is falling in love with her and she warns him not to fall in love with her ‘You must know that I have no heart’. At that moment, Pip is unaware of Estella’s upbringing as a heartbreaker so he interprets her statement in relation to social class. Pip begins thinking that the way Estella treats him is because of the fact that she is rich but he belongs to the middle-class. He feels that Joe’s occupation as a blacksmith will make Estella look down on him even more so, by the time Estella and Pip part ways, Pip is determined to become rich by working hard so as to impress Estella and perhaps marry her. Likewise, ‘Estella’ is derived from the old French form of the Latin ‘Stella’ meaning star. Estella can be compared to a star in two different ways: one being her physical appearance and the other her guiding nature. Stars are said to be very beautiful and indeed, Pip’s first description of Estella makes us see her as a very beautiful girl. Pip also says ‘I think you are very pretty.’ Unlike the other women in this book, Estella seems to be a young lady with overwhelming beauty. When Pip goes to the Satis house as a child, he is treated unfairly by Estella and in his mind’s eye, he thinks it is because of social class. Back in the Victorian era, those who were wealthy were treated with respect and could not be disrespected by any commoner. However, those who were poor or rather not very wealthy were treated like slaves and were not respected. In this novel, Pip thinks that Estella does this. By the time Pip leaves the Satis house, he dreams of going to London so as to become rich and make Estella his life partner. Hence, Estella is seen to be guiding Pip. On the other side, Biddy in Great Expectations seems to have a very different role compared to the other women. Biddy is an orphan just like Pip and when Pip first sees her, he describes her as a girl who needs ‘brushing… washing… and mending’. From this description, we can tell that Pip somehow looks down on Biddy after seeing Estella the beauty queen. Biddy is basically the opposite of Estella: common but kind, pleasant, sweet, thoughtful and attentive. Although Biddy teaches Pip how to read and write, he sees her as a sister figure and still feels that Estella is far better. Because of Biddy’s love for Pip, she desires to see him accomplish his goals, but she is neurotic about his going to London to become a gentleman because she knows that she will most likely lose him forever. However, she wishes for Pip to achieve his dreams and watches him leave without uttering a word because of the love she had for him. Readers wonder why educated Biddy marries uneducated Joe. Biddy might have married Joe because she thought that she would move closer to the love of her life (Pip). Another reason might be because of her kind and loving nature. When Mrs. Joe dies, Biddy sympathises with lonely Joe and she marries him. One thing that never changes about Biddy is her unconditional love for Pip. Even when Joe and Biddy have a child, Biddy names him Pip. Biddy shows that no matter how educated a woman was in the 19th century, she would still have to marry and those who lacked physical beauty never got a chance to be with the ones they loved. We are also introduced to other women like Pip’s birth mother. Pip says “‘Also Georgiana Wife of the Above,’ I drew a childish conclusion that my mother was freckled and sickly”. From this brief description, there is not much we can actually say about his mother but the fact that she was identified as ‘wife of the above’ shows that she was recognised only under her husband’s name and that she had little or rather no personal identity. We tend to assume that every thought that Pip had about his mother was related to his father. This is because his first introduction to his mother was under his father’s name so we expect him to think about his mother in relation to his father. For Pip to see his mother as a ‘freckled and sickly’ woman, he must have had a good reason. Although Dickens does not explain why Pip sees his mother as a weak character who is not very beautiful, this makes readers think that Pip still has a juvenile mind. It also presents motherhood negatively. Like all of Dickens’ novels, Great Expectations also belongs to more than one genre. Sometimes, it resembles a fairytale or a realistic or a comic novel and at times a melodrama. However, the gothic is a persistent genre in the novel. Although there are many ways in which this genre is presented like in chapter one when Magwitch leaves the graveyard, he looked to Pip ‘as if he was eluding the hands of the dead people, stretching up cautiously out of their graves, to get a twist upon his ankle and pull him in.’ from this, we can tell that Pip thinks that at certain moments, the dead seem to reach up to grab you. Nonetheless, Miss Havisham is introduced hand-in-hand with the gothic genre. When Pip first describes Miss Havisham, she seems to resemble the dead ‘…skeleton in the ashes of a rich dress that had been dug out of a vault under the church pavement.’ The fact that Miss Havisham is the gothic element makes us feel a great deal of sympathy for her disappointment. Miss Havisham is haunted by her own dead past which makes her a haunting figure which she uses to reveal her gothic misery and draw others into her half-dead world. The gothic element also includes the Satis house which is described as a decayed, ruining building ‘some of the windows had been walled up; of those remained, all the lower were rustily barred.’ It also creates dreams and nightmares and this is realised when Pip says ‘I at first ran from it, and then ran towards it. And my terror was greatest of all when I found no figure there.’ This creates fear, horror, death and gloom which are elements of gothic. Charles Dickens uses a gothic genre because during the Victorian era, gothic was a combination of romance and horror hence, Dickens uses this to thrill and terrify the readers. This might be the reason why Dickens decides to make Miss Havisham the gothic element. Miss Havisham was abandoned at the altar. Her past brings in the combination of romance and horror as the love of her life deserted her. This would definitely be a horrific thing for a woman. Similarly, Great Expectations has been done in a serial form. This means that the novel is published in smaller, sequential installments. Serialized fiction surged in popularity during the Victorian era because of advances in printing, improved methods of distribution and most importantly, a rise in the literacy rates. In the serial form of Great Expectations, there are two chapters in every week’s installment. This could be the reason why Dickens has 59 chapters in his novel. Each chapter ends in tension or suspense. This is through the use of cliffhangers. Back in the Victorian era, this would have persuaded buyers to buy the next installment but for readers now, it makes us want to read on. In the original series, at the end of chapter two, Pip says ‘But I ran no further than the house door, for there I ran head foremost into a party of soldiers with their muskets: one of whom held out a pair of handcuffs to me saying “here you are, look sharp, come on!”‘ Readers ask themselves quite a number of questions such as “will Pip be arrested?” This engages the readers using suspense and tempts readers to continue reading. In the novel, chapter five ends this way. This novel is a bildungsroman. ‘Bildung’ means education and roman means novel in German. This novel focuses on a central character whose childhood and moral, mental and physical growth is looked at. In the 19th century, these novels were very popular and normally, they explored the journey of a young person from childhood to maturity like Pip in this novel. As a child, the central character (Pip) would have made a lot of mistakes which would have been realised as a mature adult. Pip makes many mistakes such as disowning Joe, running after Estella and even considering Herbert to be inferior to himself. However, by the time Pip becomes wise and understands his actions were wrong, it is too late. As a child, Pip considered Biddy to be his sister and thought that she would never get married because of her physical appearance. Later on in life, Pip realises he was wrong about Biddy all along and goes back to the marshes to marry her only to find out that she is married to Joe hence, it is too late. Towards the end of the novel, Pip says ‘We owed so much to Herbert’s cheerful industry and readiness, that I often wondered how I had conceived that old idea of his inaptitude, until I was one day enlightened by the reflection, that perhaps the inaptitude had never been in him at all, but had been in me.’ This shows that he came to a conclusion that he was wrong to consider Herbert as inferior to himself. On the one hand, people normally say that you reap what you sow and in the novel, Charles Dickens has proved that theory right by using poetic justice. Every character in Great Expectations gets what they deserve. Mrs. Joe is a good example of Dickens use of poetic justice in Great Expectations. Mrs. Joe is introduced as the man of the house who has a tendency of laying her hands on Pip and Mr. Joe. Unlike other women in the Victorian society, she gets away with it due to Joe’s loving nature and Pip’s inability to stand up for his rights. However, karma gets back to her and she is physically tortured towards the end of her life. Mrs. Joe was beaten up by Orlick till the point where she nothing but vegetative. Miss Havisham also elaborates Dickens use of poetic justice. We see that Miss Havisham treated the male sex inhumanly and used Estella to break the hearts of many innocent young boys and wound them internally. Similarly, Miss Havisham also dies because of wounds only that this time round the wounds are external. She dies a painful and slow death which is seen to cover up for the way she made boys live painful lives. The idea was that works of fiction were only valuable in as far as they conveyed a positive social lesson. This could be the reason why Charles uses poetic justice. On the other hand, Great Expectations presents the social ills of the Victorian society back in the 19th century. One of these social ills is abandonment of children. Most of the children in the novel are orphans. Pip is an orphan, Estella is an orphan and so is Biddy. From reading the novel, we understand that they are orphans because their parents died. This portrays death as a vital part of the 19th century. Death of such young people could have one main reason which is poverty. It shows us that during Dickens’ time, life was so difficult for the poor. They worked like slaves but almost got nothing from this. This would lead to depression, pressure, diseases and eventually death. Although Pip, Estella and Biddy are orphans, they have been adopted. This shows that in Victorian era, women were caring because they willingly adopted children despite the tough conditions. However, these women use their adopted children for their own selfish reasons. Like Miss Havisham uses Estella as her heartbreaker and Mr. Wopsle’s great-aunt makes Biddy help her in her shop. What readers understand from this is that the women back in Charles Dickens’ days were selfish and only needed something if it would be of use to them. Charles Dickens also makes most of his child characters’ orphans to show that abandonment of children was a social ill in the Victorian society. The way people in the 21st century read and understand the things Dickens’ portrays in his novel is different to the way people from the 19th century did. A female character like Biddy would have been respected and celebrated back then but now, people would consider her to be a weak character who cannot stand up for her rights. She would have been celebrated in the 19th century as she was seen as an ideal Victorian woman. This is because she was capable of doing house chores and respected men. However, today we will encourage someone like Biddy to be confident and do what she really wants. A character like Estella was celebrated back then and is also celebrated now. However, the reasons why she is celebrated differ. In the Victorian era, Estella was celebrated because of her tremendous beauty and we celebrate her now because she does what she wants to without allowing anyone to nag her and bother her. We respect her because she carries herself in a lady-like manner which is admirable. Explore how Charles Dickens portrays women in his novel Great Expectations.	<urn:uuid:057e07d0-2af1-4d53-ab74-ebd84e7c183f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://secondstaralaska.com/explore-how-charles-dickens-portrays-women-in-his-novel-great-expectations/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591234.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117205732-20200117233732-00355.warc.gz	en	0.988067	4,824	3.546875	4	[ 0.19455745816230774, 0.033849071711301804, 0.29975229501724243, 0.45467525720596313, 0.18284422159194946, -0.3371914029121399, 0.23935723304748535, 0.0006560392212122679, 0.12025629729032516, 0.3217158317565918, -0.12218538671731949, -0.09833209216594696, 0.1529088020324707, -0.04790577292...	2	Explore how Charles Dickens portrays women in his novel Great Expectations. Great Expectations is a bildungsroman that unfolds the life of an orphan called Pip who is also the protagonist. It illustrates the personal growth and development of Pip. It was written in the Victorian era which was the period of Queen Victoria’s reign which saw the spread of political movements, most notably socialism, liberalism and organised feminism. There was a strong view on women being the property of men and obeying them. Dickens’ women characters are very different and many hence, each woman plays a different role in developing the novel. Charles Dickens also expresses his hatred towards the Victorian society in this novel. There are about four main female characters in great expectations; Mrs. Joe Gargery, Miss Havisham, Estella and Biddy. However, there are a few other minor female characters like Estella’s birth mother (Molly) and Pip’s birth mother (Georgiana). Similarly, the first woman that we are introduced to is Mrs. Joe Gargery who is the wife of Mr. Joe Gargery. Dickens identifies a woman’s character with her husband and this is seen as Mrs. Joe is given her husband’s name and does not have her own name. Readers can say that Dickens believed that men made women by giving them a name which is why he gives married women the names of their husbands. Mrs. Joe is also a character with the responsibilities of a mother but does she really present motherhood positively? When she is first being introduced, we are told that she brought Pip up ‘by hand’. In this case, ‘by hand’ could mean she literally brought him up using her hand in that she would beat him up and hit him all the time for any small mistake made. We are also told that she had a ‘habit of laying it upon her husband.’ This gives her the title of ‘Man of the house’ as she often does the beating instead of Joe and she is the commanding character. Mrs. Joe also qualifies to be the man of the house as Pip and Joe must obey her orders. This is seen when she forces Pip to go to the Satis house to meet Miss Havisham. Mrs. Joe is brought out as a very fierce character and this helps us understand why nobody tried going against her words ‘she pounced upon me like an eagle on a lamb…’ Charles Dickens also uses vivid description. In the novel, Mrs. Joe’s physical appearance is vividly described in chapter two when Pip says ‘she was tall and bony, and almost always wore a coarse apron, fastened over her figure behind with two loops, and having a square impregnable bib, in front, that was stuck full of pins and needles.’ Charles Dickens emphasises on how ugly Mrs. Joe is by using this technique. In this case, the pins and needles stuck in the impregnable bib could be symbolic to her words and actions piercing into the hearts of Pip and Joe. Hence, this description of Mrs. Joe contains some hints about her cruel nature. Society believes that bony people are normally cold-hearted and as we read on, readers see that Mrs. Joe does have a cold-heart. Charles Dickens liked to have his characters’ physical descriptions match their personalities and indeed, Mrs. Joe’s physical description matches her personality. In this novel, Mrs. Joe is abusive and self-important but some of her behavior is understandable. When she was twenty, before this story begins, she was abandoned with an incapable infant brother who was not even weaned. By the time we are introduced to Mrs. Joe, she has no means of her supporting herself as she has lost both her parents. Because of all the loss in her life early on, she fears abandonment and wants security, so her focus is survival. This perhaps could be the reason why she is so mean. Mrs. Joe communicates these values to Pip hence, Mrs. Joe plays a motherly role in this text but Pip describes his sister in an approachable, far from the loving mother of Victorian fantasy. Mrs. Joe seems to value Joe’s family relations more than she values her own family relations. This is seen as she treats them differently like in chapter 4 when she gives them wine which is something she has never offered to serve Joe and Pip. Moving on, Miss Havisham also plays a major role in Great Expectations. From the novel, we are told that Miss Havisham was abandoned at the altar by Compeyson. At that very moment when she was jilted, time stopped for her. We can tell that time had stopped for Miss Havisham as all the clocks in her house stopped at twenty minutes to nine. When Pip first sees Miss Havisham, she was in her white wedding dress, Pip vividly describes Miss Havisham’s looks ‘she was dressed in rich materials-satins, and lace, and silks-all of white. Her shoes were white. And she had a long white veil dependent from her hair, and she had bridal flowers in her hair but her hair was white. Some bright jewels sparkled on her neck and her hands, and some other jewels lay sparkling on the table…’ The first thing Pip sees or rather notices is her wealth in the form of dresses and jewels. It takes Pip time to notice other details such as how yellow her dress had become and how the cobwebs and dirt had made the Satis house filthy. This shows that Pip was amongst other people who only knew Miss Havisham for her wealth. Miss Havisham helps in the development of social class as a literary movement. She helps readers see that in the Victorian era, reputation was built by wealth and not actions. Although Miss Havisham was jilted, people respect her because she is wealthy and no one talks about this abandonment simply because of her place in the society which is at the top. The events she went through in the past have left her drained, miserable and lonely. Sometimes, readers feel that she is mad because of the things she does. For instance, there is a part in the novel where she makes Pip touch her heart and she uttered the word ‘broken’. This just emphasises on the fact that she is depressed and heartbroken but readers assume that she boasts about it which is very weird and confusing ‘”I’ll tell you” she said, in the same hurried passionate whisper, “what real love is. It is blind devotion, unquestioning self-humiliation, utter submission, trust and belief against yourself and against the whole world, giving your whole heart and soul to the smiter-as I did!”‘ Likewise, we realise that Miss Havisham’s past events had shaped her. Miss Havisham had a goal which was to seek revenge on men using Estella who was trained to crush their hearts. Miss Havisham believed that all men were evil and bad, hence, she made Estella shatter their hearts into tiny pieces. When Pip as a child met Estella, he was unaware that she was Miss Havisham’s heartbreaker but later on in his life, Herbert Pocket says ‘That girl is hard an haughty and capricious to the last degree, and has been brought up by Miss Havisham to wreak revenge on all the male sex.’ Herbert’s statement emphasises on the amount of hatred Miss Havisham has for men. Because of her sadness and anger, she wants others to suffer the heartbreak that she did. However, Miss Havisham’s character changes from the beginning of the novel to the end. Towards the end of her life, Miss Havisham realises the hurt and heartbreak she has caused Pip through Estella. She realised that it was wrong for her to make others feel the heartbreak she felt and this is seen when she says ‘…until I saw in you a looking-glass that showed me what I once felt myself, I did not know what I had done. What have I done! What have I done!’ Miss Havisham also shows that in Dickens’ opinion, marriage to a woman was very important and without a husband, a woman was nothing but incomplete. She also helps readers see that back in the days, if you were wealthy and mad, your madness was pardoned because of your wealth. Hence, she brings out the importance of social class. On the other hand, Estella is the most beautiful girl in the novel. However, her inner beauty fails to match her physical beauty. Just like Pip, Estella is an orphan who is being brought up by Miss Havisham. Estella is portrayed as a mean character at the beginning as we see her referring to Pip as ‘boy’ while he refers to her as ‘Miss’. She makes Pip feel inferior by using her education to talk down to Pip. Pip says ‘though she called me ‘boy’ so often, and with a carelessness that was far from complimentary, she was about my age… she was as scornful at me as if she had been one-and-twenty, and a queen’ which emphasises on the fact that he was not being treated fairly but there was nothing he could do. Estella’s scornful nature is a result of Miss Havisham’s upbringing- she brings Estella up to be a heartbreaker. Estella as a child does not realise that she is being used by Miss Havisham as an agent for Miss Havisham’s revenge. When Pip and Estella meet at the Satis house, Estella senses that Pip is falling in love with her and she warns him not to fall in love with her ‘You must know that I have no heart’. At that moment, Pip is unaware of Estella’s upbringing as a heartbreaker so he interprets her statement in relation to social class. Pip begins thinking that the way Estella treats him is because of the fact that she is rich but he belongs to the middle-class. He feels that Joe’s occupation as a blacksmith will make Estella look down on him even more so, by the time Estella and Pip part ways, Pip is determined to become rich by working hard so as to impress Estella and perhaps marry her. Likewise, ‘Estella’ is derived from the old French form of the Latin ‘Stella’ meaning star. Estella can be compared to a star in two different ways: one being her physical appearance and the other her guiding nature. Stars are said to be very beautiful and indeed, Pip’s first description of Estella makes us see her as a very beautiful girl. Pip also says ‘I think you are very pretty.’ Unlike the other women in this book, Estella seems to be a young lady with overwhelming beauty. When Pip goes to the Satis house as a child, he is treated unfairly by Estella and in his mind’s eye, he thinks it is because of social class. Back in the Victorian era, those who were wealthy were treated with respect and could not be disrespected by any commoner. However, those who were poor or rather not very wealthy were treated like slaves and were not respected. In this novel, Pip thinks that Estella does this. By the time Pip leaves the Satis house, he dreams of going to London so as to become rich and make Estella his life partner. Hence, Estella is seen to be guiding Pip. On the other side, Biddy in Great Expectations seems to have a very different role compared to the other women. Biddy is an orphan just like Pip and when Pip first sees her, he describes her as a girl who needs ‘brushing… washing… and mending’. From this description, we can tell that Pip somehow looks down on Biddy after seeing Estella the beauty queen. Biddy is basically the opposite of Estella: common but kind, pleasant, sweet, thoughtful and attentive. Although Biddy teaches Pip how to read and write, he sees her as a sister figure and still feels that Estella is far better. Because of Biddy’s love for Pip, she desires to see him accomplish his goals, but she is neurotic about his going to London to become a gentleman because she knows that she will most likely lose him forever. However, she wishes for Pip to achieve his dreams and watches him leave without uttering a word because of the love she had for him. Readers wonder why educated Biddy marries uneducated Joe. Biddy might have married Joe because she thought that she would move closer to the love of her life (Pip). Another reason might be because of her kind and loving nature. When Mrs. Joe dies, Biddy sympathises with lonely Joe and she marries him. One thing that never changes about Biddy is her unconditional love for Pip. Even when Joe and Biddy have a child, Biddy names him Pip. Biddy shows that no matter how educated a woman was in the 19th century, she would still have to marry and those who lacked physical beauty never got a chance to be with the ones they loved. We are also introduced to other women like Pip’s birth mother. Pip says “‘Also Georgiana Wife of the Above,’ I drew a childish conclusion that my mother was freckled and sickly”. From this brief description, there is not much we can actually say about his mother but the fact that she was identified as ‘wife of the above’ shows that she was recognised only under her husband’s name and that she had little or rather no personal identity. We tend to assume that every thought that Pip had about his mother was related to his father. This is because his first introduction to his mother was under his father’s name so we expect him to think about his mother in relation to his father. For Pip to see his mother as a ‘freckled and sickly’ woman, he must have had a good reason. Although Dickens does not explain why Pip sees his mother as a weak character who is not very beautiful, this makes readers think that Pip still has a juvenile mind. It also presents motherhood negatively. Like all of Dickens’ novels, Great Expectations also belongs to more than one genre. Sometimes, it resembles a fairytale or a realistic or a comic novel and at times a melodrama. However, the gothic is a persistent genre in the novel. Although there are many ways in which this genre is presented like in chapter one when Magwitch leaves the graveyard, he looked to Pip ‘as if he was eluding the hands of the dead people, stretching up cautiously out of their graves, to get a twist upon his ankle and pull him in.’ from this, we can tell that Pip thinks that at certain moments, the dead seem to reach up to grab you. Nonetheless, Miss Havisham is introduced hand-in-hand with the gothic genre. When Pip first describes Miss Havisham, she seems to resemble the dead ‘…skeleton in the ashes of a rich dress that had been dug out of a vault under the church pavement.’ The fact that Miss Havisham is the gothic element makes us feel a great deal of sympathy for her disappointment. Miss Havisham is haunted by her own dead past which makes her a haunting figure which she uses to reveal her gothic misery and draw others into her half-dead world. The gothic element also includes the Satis house which is described as a decayed, ruining building ‘some of the windows had been walled up; of those remained, all the lower were rustily barred.’ It also creates dreams and nightmares and this is realised when Pip says ‘I at first ran from it, and then ran towards it. And my terror was greatest of all when I found no figure there.’ This creates fear, horror, death and gloom which are elements of gothic. Charles Dickens uses a gothic genre because during the Victorian era, gothic was a combination of romance and horror hence, Dickens uses this to thrill and terrify the readers. This might be the reason why Dickens decides to make Miss Havisham the gothic element. Miss Havisham was abandoned at the altar. Her past brings in the combination of romance and horror as the love of her life deserted her. This would definitely be a horrific thing for a woman. Similarly, Great Expectations has been done in a serial form. This means that the novel is published in smaller, sequential installments. Serialized fiction surged in popularity during the Victorian era because of advances in printing, improved methods of distribution and most importantly, a rise in the literacy rates. In the serial form of Great Expectations, there are two chapters in every week’s installment. This could be the reason why Dickens has 59 chapters in his novel. Each chapter ends in tension or suspense. This is through the use of cliffhangers. Back in the Victorian era, this would have persuaded buyers to buy the next installment but for readers now, it makes us want to read on. In the original series, at the end of chapter two, Pip says ‘But I ran no further than the house door, for there I ran head foremost into a party of soldiers with their muskets: one of whom held out a pair of handcuffs to me saying “here you are, look sharp, come on!”‘ Readers ask themselves quite a number of questions such as “will Pip be arrested?” This engages the readers using suspense and tempts readers to continue reading. In the novel, chapter five ends this way. This novel is a bildungsroman. ‘Bildung’ means education and roman means novel in German. This novel focuses on a central character whose childhood and moral, mental and physical growth is looked at. In the 19th century, these novels were very popular and normally, they explored the journey of a young person from childhood to maturity like Pip in this novel. As a child, the central character (Pip) would have made a lot of mistakes which would have been realised as a mature adult. Pip makes many mistakes such as disowning Joe, running after Estella and even considering Herbert to be inferior to himself. However, by the time Pip becomes wise and understands his actions were wrong, it is too late. As a child, Pip considered Biddy to be his sister and thought that she would never get married because of her physical appearance. Later on in life, Pip realises he was wrong about Biddy all along and goes back to the marshes to marry her only to find out that she is married to Joe hence, it is too late. Towards the end of the novel, Pip says ‘We owed so much to Herbert’s cheerful industry and readiness, that I often wondered how I had conceived that old idea of his inaptitude, until I was one day enlightened by the reflection, that perhaps the inaptitude had never been in him at all, but had been in me.’ This shows that he came to a conclusion that he was wrong to consider Herbert as inferior to himself. On the one hand, people normally say that you reap what you sow and in the novel, Charles Dickens has proved that theory right by using poetic justice. Every character in Great Expectations gets what they deserve. Mrs. Joe is a good example of Dickens use of poetic justice in Great Expectations. Mrs. Joe is introduced as the man of the house who has a tendency of laying her hands on Pip and Mr. Joe. Unlike other women in the Victorian society, she gets away with it due to Joe’s loving nature and Pip’s inability to stand up for his rights. However, karma gets back to her and she is physically tortured towards the end of her life. Mrs. Joe was beaten up by Orlick till the point where she nothing but vegetative. Miss Havisham also elaborates Dickens use of poetic justice. We see that Miss Havisham treated the male sex inhumanly and used Estella to break the hearts of many innocent young boys and wound them internally. Similarly, Miss Havisham also dies because of wounds only that this time round the wounds are external. She dies a painful and slow death which is seen to cover up for the way she made boys live painful lives. The idea was that works of fiction were only valuable in as far as they conveyed a positive social lesson. This could be the reason why Charles uses poetic justice. On the other hand, Great Expectations presents the social ills of the Victorian society back in the 19th century. One of these social ills is abandonment of children. Most of the children in the novel are orphans. Pip is an orphan, Estella is an orphan and so is Biddy. From reading the novel, we understand that they are orphans because their parents died. This portrays death as a vital part of the 19th century. Death of such young people could have one main reason which is poverty. It shows us that during Dickens’ time, life was so difficult for the poor. They worked like slaves but almost got nothing from this. This would lead to depression, pressure, diseases and eventually death. Although Pip, Estella and Biddy are orphans, they have been adopted. This shows that in Victorian era, women were caring because they willingly adopted children despite the tough conditions. However, these women use their adopted children for their own selfish reasons. Like Miss Havisham uses Estella as her heartbreaker and Mr. Wopsle’s great-aunt makes Biddy help her in her shop. What readers understand from this is that the women back in Charles Dickens’ days were selfish and only needed something if it would be of use to them. Charles Dickens also makes most of his child characters’ orphans to show that abandonment of children was a social ill in the Victorian society. The way people in the 21st century read and understand the things Dickens’ portrays in his novel is different to the way people from the 19th century did. A female character like Biddy would have been respected and celebrated back then but now, people would consider her to be a weak character who cannot stand up for her rights. She would have been celebrated in the 19th century as she was seen as an ideal Victorian woman. This is because she was capable of doing house chores and respected men. However, today we will encourage someone like Biddy to be confident and do what she really wants. A character like Estella was celebrated back then and is also celebrated now. However, the reasons why she is celebrated differ. In the Victorian era, Estella was celebrated because of her tremendous beauty and we celebrate her now because she does what she wants to without allowing anyone to nag her and bother her. We respect her because she carries herself in a lady-like manner which is admirable. Explore how Charles Dickens portrays women in his novel Great Expectations.	4,647	ENGLISH	1
It was advantageous for river vessels to operate in very shallow water, so that work could be done at all seasons and in areas that lacked deeper rivers. This required flat-bottomed boats with lightly built hulls. However, the hulls tended to bend out of shape over time, particularly with sternwheelers, which had heavy components at stern (the sternwheel) and also towards the bow (the boilers). If the boat hull became bowed upwards in the middle, this was called "hogging". If the boat bowed down in the middle, this was called "sagging". To forestall hogging and sagging, since about 1850, the hulls of wooden river boats were held in shape by a system of wire trusses, called "hog chains". These were not chains at all, but rather iron rods 1 to 2.5 inches in diameter, which ran from strong points in the hull to vertical timbers, called "hog posts, which looked like masts, rising above the hull. Tension on the hog chains was adjusted through the use of turnbuckles. Generally the hog posts which carried the chains did not rise above the cabins on Mississippi River-style steamers. This was not the case with steamboats designed in the Pacific Northwest style, where the hogposts were often clearly visible rising above the superstructure. Consequences of failureEdit Should the hog-chains break, the hull would come out of tension, and start sagging on the ends. This was called being "hogged". In some cases the sagging on the ends would be so great that a boat's hull would break in half. Accidents such as running aground were the kind of things that could cause hog-chains to break.	<urn:uuid:388709ff-75e6-460e-8f22-27d282e8379c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hog_chains	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606975.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122101729-20200122130729-00024.warc.gz	en	0.983757	357	3.9375	4	[ -0.1325739473104477, -0.19856509566307068, 0.08161485195159912, -0.18252412974834442, -0.0904492661356926, -0.35085055232048035, -0.2770639657974243, 0.07745558023452759, -0.4896209239959717, 0.22468499839305878, 0.3822017312049866, -0.3909083306789398, -0.16335079073905945, 0.127925410866...	1	It was advantageous for river vessels to operate in very shallow water, so that work could be done at all seasons and in areas that lacked deeper rivers. This required flat-bottomed boats with lightly built hulls. However, the hulls tended to bend out of shape over time, particularly with sternwheelers, which had heavy components at stern (the sternwheel) and also towards the bow (the boilers). If the boat hull became bowed upwards in the middle, this was called "hogging". If the boat bowed down in the middle, this was called "sagging". To forestall hogging and sagging, since about 1850, the hulls of wooden river boats were held in shape by a system of wire trusses, called "hog chains". These were not chains at all, but rather iron rods 1 to 2.5 inches in diameter, which ran from strong points in the hull to vertical timbers, called "hog posts, which looked like masts, rising above the hull. Tension on the hog chains was adjusted through the use of turnbuckles. Generally the hog posts which carried the chains did not rise above the cabins on Mississippi River-style steamers. This was not the case with steamboats designed in the Pacific Northwest style, where the hogposts were often clearly visible rising above the superstructure. Consequences of failureEdit Should the hog-chains break, the hull would come out of tension, and start sagging on the ends. This was called being "hogged". In some cases the sagging on the ends would be so great that a boat's hull would break in half. Accidents such as running aground were the kind of things that could cause hog-chains to break.	356	ENGLISH	1
Moods rule the world. When the mood was tolerant upon making fortunes from overseas slavery, fortunes were made in Europe and the USA. George Washington inherited ten slaves at the age of ten, when his dad passed away. When he died he and his wife had hundreds of slaves. Washington spent a last few weeks of his life making great efforts to catch a slave of his wife, the 22 year old Ms. Judge, who had escaped to the north. Washington never freed one slave, in spite of the huge pressure from his friend Lafayette. Lafayette to whom, after all, Washington owed his presidency: Lafayette persuaded Louis XVI to go to all-out war to create the USA; on the way, he disobeyed the King’s orders, and the monarch sent him to prison.	<urn:uuid:aac40a33-efc5-4ac9-bc1a-8722cf593e2c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://newscream.com/2015/02/high-finance-mafias-ultimatum-to-greece/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251801423.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129164403-20200129193403-00116.warc.gz	en	0.987132	163	3.28125	3	[ -0.38149186968803406, 0.709581196308136, 0.2997410297393799, -0.49621152877807617, -0.5091769099235535, 0.4251822829246521, -0.021375061944127083, -0.26401287317276, -0.025938421487808228, 0.16398276388645172, 0.34427064657211304, 0.4679326117038727, 0.16770243644714355, 0.1760585606098175...	5	Moods rule the world. When the mood was tolerant upon making fortunes from overseas slavery, fortunes were made in Europe and the USA. George Washington inherited ten slaves at the age of ten, when his dad passed away. When he died he and his wife had hundreds of slaves. Washington spent a last few weeks of his life making great efforts to catch a slave of his wife, the 22 year old Ms. Judge, who had escaped to the north. Washington never freed one slave, in spite of the huge pressure from his friend Lafayette. Lafayette to whom, after all, Washington owed his presidency: Lafayette persuaded Louis XVI to go to all-out war to create the USA; on the way, he disobeyed the King’s orders, and the monarch sent him to prison.	159	ENGLISH	1
The ability to set multiple alarms on multiple devices makes getting out of bed a fairly straightforward ordeal. Most people don’t need additional labour to get the job done. For many workers in early 20th century Britain, the daily alarm clock was a service worker, like the postman. Known as the “knocker-upper” these predawn risers would pass by working-class buildings, rapping on the windows of those who needed to get up. Rural laborers, used to keeping time with the seasons, relocated to manufacturing towns and cities at significant rates. They not only had to adjust to dangerous, fast-paced industrial work, but to new schedules. Night shifts in factories disturbed circadian rhythms; dock work in London depended on the movement of the tides. There were alarm clocks at the time, but they were expensive and unreliable. Some workers might only find out they’d been called in for a shift from the knocker-upper that morning. Such was the case for many clients awakened by Doris Weigand, Britain’s first railway knocker-upper (below in 1941). Conditions could be cutthroat. “In London’s East End,” Paul Middleton writes “where life for the employed was forever balanced on a knife edge, being late for work could mean instant dismissal and a speedy spiral for those workers and their family into poverty, homelessness and destitution.” Knocker-uppers used canes, long batons, and even pea shooters. The most famous knocker-upper, Mary Smith (at the top, in 1931), employed the latter method, and “became a beloved presence… around London’s East End in the 1930s,” notes Atlas Obscura: John Topham, who snapped photos of Smith in action, remembers “every morning but Sunday she would rise at three to ‘knock up’ local workers—using a pea shooter. She charged sixpence a week and her nearest competition was an old man three miles away who did the same job using a fishing rod to tap on upstairs windows.” Smith was known for the rapping, clacking sound of her peas against windows and doors. In the children’s book Mary Smith, she’s depicted as waking up everyone from fishmongers to the mayor. She was often seen “beating her mats on the street, calling out greetings to her neighbours,” and offering people, Topham included, a cup of tea. Though it wasn’t a physically demanding job, and there have, of course, been far worse, the lives of the knocker-uppers—often older people, and sometimes off-duty policemen—were not appreciably easier than the people they awakened. They were paid little and were frequently met by verbal abuse. Unlike a hotel wake-up call, knocker-uppers had to keep pestering their clients until they got out of bed. Smith herself, subject of A. U’Ren’s children’s book, who was born in 1865 and followed her mother into the profession, had what we would surely consider a difficult life. She bore sixteen children, only two of whom survived into adulthood. The job went obsolete around a hundred years after it was invented, as alarm clocks became more affordable and reliable and working conditions improved. Smith died in 1940, a legend in a profession that seems so wholly unnecessary now it’s hard to imagine it once existed.	<urn:uuid:ee7f65c3-45ab-4e89-a7fd-ad403d07c17b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://flashbak.com/when-the-alarm-clock-was-a-person-the-knocker-uppers-of-industrial-era-britain-423028/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610919.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123131001-20200123160001-00207.warc.gz	en	0.980879	735	3.46875	3	[ -0.23122957348823547, -0.025076113641262054, 0.25251269340515137, 0.13735736906528473, 0.1338164359331131, -0.23093217611312866, 0.2528533935546875, -0.3402448892593384, -0.07601062208414078, -0.021710094064474106, -0.37087345123291016, 0.08872033655643463, -0.2481655776500702, 0.128940537...	1	The ability to set multiple alarms on multiple devices makes getting out of bed a fairly straightforward ordeal. Most people don’t need additional labour to get the job done. For many workers in early 20th century Britain, the daily alarm clock was a service worker, like the postman. Known as the “knocker-upper” these predawn risers would pass by working-class buildings, rapping on the windows of those who needed to get up. Rural laborers, used to keeping time with the seasons, relocated to manufacturing towns and cities at significant rates. They not only had to adjust to dangerous, fast-paced industrial work, but to new schedules. Night shifts in factories disturbed circadian rhythms; dock work in London depended on the movement of the tides. There were alarm clocks at the time, but they were expensive and unreliable. Some workers might only find out they’d been called in for a shift from the knocker-upper that morning. Such was the case for many clients awakened by Doris Weigand, Britain’s first railway knocker-upper (below in 1941). Conditions could be cutthroat. “In London’s East End,” Paul Middleton writes “where life for the employed was forever balanced on a knife edge, being late for work could mean instant dismissal and a speedy spiral for those workers and their family into poverty, homelessness and destitution.” Knocker-uppers used canes, long batons, and even pea shooters. The most famous knocker-upper, Mary Smith (at the top, in 1931), employed the latter method, and “became a beloved presence… around London’s East End in the 1930s,” notes Atlas Obscura: John Topham, who snapped photos of Smith in action, remembers “every morning but Sunday she would rise at three to ‘knock up’ local workers—using a pea shooter. She charged sixpence a week and her nearest competition was an old man three miles away who did the same job using a fishing rod to tap on upstairs windows.” Smith was known for the rapping, clacking sound of her peas against windows and doors. In the children’s book Mary Smith, she’s depicted as waking up everyone from fishmongers to the mayor. She was often seen “beating her mats on the street, calling out greetings to her neighbours,” and offering people, Topham included, a cup of tea. Though it wasn’t a physically demanding job, and there have, of course, been far worse, the lives of the knocker-uppers—often older people, and sometimes off-duty policemen—were not appreciably easier than the people they awakened. They were paid little and were frequently met by verbal abuse. Unlike a hotel wake-up call, knocker-uppers had to keep pestering their clients until they got out of bed. Smith herself, subject of A. U’Ren’s children’s book, who was born in 1865 and followed her mother into the profession, had what we would surely consider a difficult life. She bore sixteen children, only two of whom survived into adulthood. The job went obsolete around a hundred years after it was invented, as alarm clocks became more affordable and reliable and working conditions improved. Smith died in 1940, a legend in a profession that seems so wholly unnecessary now it’s hard to imagine it once existed.	694	ENGLISH	1
Where was Jesus born?1 There are numerous traditions associated with Christmas that on closer examination are shown to lack any basis in biblical fact. One of them concerns the place of our Lord’s birth. We read in Luke 2:6-7 that while Joseph and Mary were in Bethlehem, “the time came for her to give birth. And she gave birth to her firstborn son and wrapped him in swaddling cloths and laid him in a manger, because there was no place for them in the inn.” The traditional portrayal is that Joseph and Mary were turned away by a cruel inn-keeper who was devoid of compassion for a woman who was about to give birth. They subsequently were forced to take up residence in a barn or stable or cave. But nothing in the text of Luke’s gospel even mentions an inn-keeper. Recent studies indicate that the word translated “inn” in Luke 2:7 is better rendered a “place to stay” and most likely refers to a guest room that was adjacent to the central living area in a typical home. The same Greek word is found in Luke 22:11 with reference to the “upper room” where Jesus and his disciples celebrated the last Passover and first Lord’s Supper (see John 13-17). And in the parable of the Good Samaritan, you may recall that the man who had been severely beaten was indeed taken to an “inn,” but the word used in that verse is different from the one here in Luke 2:7. Thus, most scholars now believe that they stayed in the home of Joseph’s family in Bethlehem, most likely in this adjacent guest room which, evidently, proved to be too small for a child to be born. It is, therefore, quite unlikely that Jesus was born in a stable or in a barn or in a cave. I don’t think I’ve ever seen a nativity scene that didn’t have Jesus being born in a barn and the shepherds visiting him there, surrounded by sheep and goats and cows and the like. But there is no reference in Luke’s narrative to a stable or barn. The typical home in those days was rectangular in shape with a large central room. On one side of the central room was a guest room, significantly smaller. At the other end of the central room was an attached area for animals. Therefore, it was not at all unusual for there to be a manger or feeding trough under the same roof where the family would live. Luke’s point is not so much any lack of hospitality extended to Joseph and Mary but rather that their place to stay was too small to accommodate a newborn and all those present to assist in the birth. The problem wasn’t that they were turned away into the night and had to find shelter in a barn or stable. Rather, the place where they were staying in Bethlehem was probably the guest room or marital chamber attached to the house of one of his relatives, perhaps his father, and was too cramped to make room for everything associated with giving birth. So they placed the newborn Jesus in a feeding trough, a manger, that was close at hand. There is one more indication in Luke’s narrative that Joseph and Mary had not been turned away by a heartless inn-keeper and were forced to take up shelter in a stable or barn or cave. As noted earlier, we read in Luke 2:6 that “while they were there, the time came for her to give birth.” Most believe this indicates that they arrived in Bethlehem some time before the birth of Jesus. Even if they had initially taken up residence in a barn or cave, they would eventually have moved to more hospitable surroundings. Nothing of importance regarding the birth of our Lord is affected by this. The true significance is that “the Word became flesh and dwelt among us” (John 1:14). Where he was born actually matters very little. Let us instead rejoice and give thanks that he was born, lived a sinless life, died a substitutionary death, and rose from the dead and is now enthroned on high.	<urn:uuid:807fc281-b163-4cce-95cf-f32534ac77d9>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.samstorms.org/enjoying-god-blog/post/where-was-jesus-born	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589861.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117152059-20200117180059-00236.warc.gz	en	0.98861	870	3.296875	3	[ 0.2819698452949524, 0.17233949899673462, 0.15295058488845825, -0.02621356025338173, -0.04913283884525299, 0.16870731115341187, 0.22735998034477234, 0.10770890861749649, 0.25283628702163696, 0.08182573318481445, 0.010740399360656738, -0.037003304809331894, 0.2823096513748169, 0.078549221158...	7	Where was Jesus born?1 There are numerous traditions associated with Christmas that on closer examination are shown to lack any basis in biblical fact. One of them concerns the place of our Lord’s birth. We read in Luke 2:6-7 that while Joseph and Mary were in Bethlehem, “the time came for her to give birth. And she gave birth to her firstborn son and wrapped him in swaddling cloths and laid him in a manger, because there was no place for them in the inn.” The traditional portrayal is that Joseph and Mary were turned away by a cruel inn-keeper who was devoid of compassion for a woman who was about to give birth. They subsequently were forced to take up residence in a barn or stable or cave. But nothing in the text of Luke’s gospel even mentions an inn-keeper. Recent studies indicate that the word translated “inn” in Luke 2:7 is better rendered a “place to stay” and most likely refers to a guest room that was adjacent to the central living area in a typical home. The same Greek word is found in Luke 22:11 with reference to the “upper room” where Jesus and his disciples celebrated the last Passover and first Lord’s Supper (see John 13-17). And in the parable of the Good Samaritan, you may recall that the man who had been severely beaten was indeed taken to an “inn,” but the word used in that verse is different from the one here in Luke 2:7. Thus, most scholars now believe that they stayed in the home of Joseph’s family in Bethlehem, most likely in this adjacent guest room which, evidently, proved to be too small for a child to be born. It is, therefore, quite unlikely that Jesus was born in a stable or in a barn or in a cave. I don’t think I’ve ever seen a nativity scene that didn’t have Jesus being born in a barn and the shepherds visiting him there, surrounded by sheep and goats and cows and the like. But there is no reference in Luke’s narrative to a stable or barn. The typical home in those days was rectangular in shape with a large central room. On one side of the central room was a guest room, significantly smaller. At the other end of the central room was an attached area for animals. Therefore, it was not at all unusual for there to be a manger or feeding trough under the same roof where the family would live. Luke’s point is not so much any lack of hospitality extended to Joseph and Mary but rather that their place to stay was too small to accommodate a newborn and all those present to assist in the birth. The problem wasn’t that they were turned away into the night and had to find shelter in a barn or stable. Rather, the place where they were staying in Bethlehem was probably the guest room or marital chamber attached to the house of one of his relatives, perhaps his father, and was too cramped to make room for everything associated with giving birth. So they placed the newborn Jesus in a feeding trough, a manger, that was close at hand. There is one more indication in Luke’s narrative that Joseph and Mary had not been turned away by a heartless inn-keeper and were forced to take up shelter in a stable or barn or cave. As noted earlier, we read in Luke 2:6 that “while they were there, the time came for her to give birth.” Most believe this indicates that they arrived in Bethlehem some time before the birth of Jesus. Even if they had initially taken up residence in a barn or cave, they would eventually have moved to more hospitable surroundings. Nothing of importance regarding the birth of our Lord is affected by this. The true significance is that “the Word became flesh and dwelt among us” (John 1:14). Where he was born actually matters very little. Let us instead rejoice and give thanks that he was born, lived a sinless life, died a substitutionary death, and rose from the dead and is now enthroned on high.	835	ENGLISH	1
United States ' Mexican War Essay Major Paper Essay 2 US-Mexican War Mexico invited Americans to live in Texas because they (Mexico) did not have the resources to help develop the land. The Americans, led by Sam Houston, were willing to help develop the land with the understanding they were to become citizens of Mexico. Although did ask for the American to move to their area of Texas, the Mexican government did not expect there to be such a huge influx of Americans coming into their area. Soon the American people and even some of the Mexican locals rebelled against the Mexican government asking to become part of the United States. They also joined some of the congress stating that Texas belonged to the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase; therefore, was no part of Mexico. There were differences and commonalities between the Mexicans and American Peoples. A major difference was that the Americans came around the 1600s to establish a British presence in the new world; while, the Mexicans people had been conquered by the Europeans in approximately the 1500s. Both countries fought for their independence although Mexico started their fight around 1810 and eventually won their freedom from Spain around the 1820s and the United states gained theirs in the 1770s. The Mexicans were a mixed race as shown by the following statement “the Spaniards encountered highly developed societies like those of the Aztecs, Mayas, and other Mesoamerican cultures not only did the Spaniards dominate them, but…	<urn:uuid:cac3a0ad-841d-4797-8200-cff2020a97f5>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.cram.com/essay/United-States-Mexican-War/P3HJJ77LJXXQ	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608062.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123011418-20200123040418-00520.warc.gz	en	0.987202	299	3.578125	4	[ -0.1473638415336609, 0.17188024520874023, 0.22722366452217102, 0.3689248859882355, 0.06493004411458969, 0.16846796870231628, -0.39947694540023804, 0.3908269703388214, -0.2400699406862259, -0.3071289658546448, 0.15453055500984192, 0.17583787441253662, 0.06571107357740402, -0.088691435754299...	1	United States ' Mexican War Essay Major Paper Essay 2 US-Mexican War Mexico invited Americans to live in Texas because they (Mexico) did not have the resources to help develop the land. The Americans, led by Sam Houston, were willing to help develop the land with the understanding they were to become citizens of Mexico. Although did ask for the American to move to their area of Texas, the Mexican government did not expect there to be such a huge influx of Americans coming into their area. Soon the American people and even some of the Mexican locals rebelled against the Mexican government asking to become part of the United States. They also joined some of the congress stating that Texas belonged to the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase; therefore, was no part of Mexico. There were differences and commonalities between the Mexicans and American Peoples. A major difference was that the Americans came around the 1600s to establish a British presence in the new world; while, the Mexicans people had been conquered by the Europeans in approximately the 1500s. Both countries fought for their independence although Mexico started their fight around 1810 and eventually won their freedom from Spain around the 1820s and the United states gained theirs in the 1770s. The Mexicans were a mixed race as shown by the following statement “the Spaniards encountered highly developed societies like those of the Aztecs, Mayas, and other Mesoamerican cultures not only did the Spaniards dominate them, but…	313	ENGLISH	1
Unlike in the movies where pirates have huge chests of golden doubloons, real pirates actually saw very little in the way of gold, silver, or jewels. When you consider that in today’s worth a single Spanish doubloon would equal about seven weeks’ pay, they didn’t actually need many of those to be rich for quite some time. So what was the most common plunder they found? And did they really bury their treasure? Pirates have been around for a long time, and many still sail the sea; however, they will never be as iconic as the pirates that sailed the seas between 1700-1725 in what is dubbed as the “Golden Age of Piracy”. Pirates roamed across the world’s oceans and seas – not just in the Caribbean but also the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and even into the Pacific Ocean. Here are some of the treasures they found. Medicine was a highly prized item, as you can imagine, when out on the ocean with no easily available medical help. Medical equipment has been recovered from the sunken ship belonging to Blackbeard, which suggests that a healthy crew was very important. Blackbeard had blockaded Charleston, and when he parleyed with the Governor, he demanded a medicine chest in exchange for his prisoners’ lives. The medicine chest was estimated to be worth to be 300 or 400 pounds. It is thought it would have held some of the following items: ointments made of myrrh, aloe, and frankincense, plasters, oils, pills, powders, and conserves inside. To purchase one in 1650 would have cost between 23 and 130 pounds, depending on where it was purchased and what was in it. The one that Blackbeard received was known to have 121 unique medicines. Ships could be abandoned by the crew when there was no medicine chest on board and a person who knew how to use the items. On a ship, it was very close quarters, and small wounds were regularly sustained by the rough men. Anything contagious had to be stopped urgently. Food and drink were important plunder for the pirates – being a known pirate would have made it challenging to go on shopping trips. They would collect whatever foodstuffs were aboard the ships they attacked. They might have hauled in eggs, sugar, rice, spices, chicken, brandy, and cocoa. What they got depended on the particular ocean they were sailing and the type of ships they were plundering.Many of the ships were merchant ships, and if the victims were lucky, they were left enough food to see them to port. In times of need, fishing ships were also plundered, and the nets and tackle were taken as well as the fish in the holds. When plundering merchant ships, the pirates were often picky about what they took – they knew what would sell and what wouldn’t. In pirate-friendly towns, there were merchants who would take stolen goods. The most popular goods in the 1700s were bolts of cloth, dyes, spices, sugar, cotton, tobacco, wood, and tanned animal skins. These were hauled in bulk, so they were found in such measurements as hogsheads and barrels and bales. Unlike in the movies, pirates very rarely had ports or shipyards they could sail into for ship repairs. Repairs were often needed due to the environment and the type of work involved. They often needed new sails, ropes, and rigging and would take these directly from the ships they were plundering. They would also take the masts, others parts of a ship, and wood for any on-board repairs for their own ship. Smaller items were also taken – things that we would take for granted such as soap, candles, thread, buttons, and scissors. Kitchen goods such as pots and pans were also useful for them. If the pirate ship was in really bad order, the pirates would simply swap ships, and that would mean the crew and passengers of the captured ship were also transferred. Weapons were highly sought after by the pirates and if the captured ship had cannons, gunpowder, cannon balls, guns, and bullets they were quickly removed and stowed in the pirate ship’s hold. As you can imagine, pirates and ships without weapons weren’t going to be very effective on the high seas. Tools were also taken and were highly prized items – pirates couldn’t often replace broken and lost tools, so they stripped the captive ships of anything that they could use for carpentry. Surgeon’s knives and navigational gear were also taken. A captive ship was essentially stripped to its bare bones. The slave trade was rampant in the 1700s and slave ships were often raided. Some slaves may have been kept to sell or to replace lost men by working on the ship. But most of the time the slaves were left behind on the captive ships, as they could be quite hard to sell and they had to be fed and cared for. Gold and silver and jewels? If they could be found then, yes, a pirate took them. Most ships had a little on board stashed away somewhere safe. The captains and crews were often tortured to help them reveal the whereabouts of such things. Anything that was taken was quickly spent in ports. Ships laden with treasure were rare and sometimes had an escort that could be impossible to get around. Some pirates were lucky, like Henry Avery who plundered the treasure ship from the Grand Mogul of India. They got chests of gold, jewels, silver, and other items of value. Some finely-crafted weapons such as pistols and daggers were worth a lot when sold. Captain England captured a Portuguese ship after it was storm damaged; it was carrying diamonds that were divided between the ship’s crewmembers. Captain Kidd collected some nice treasure from the Quedah Merchant; this ship had silks, opium, iron, and cannons as well as gold and silver in its hold, About Education reported. Did pirates bury treasure? Yes, some did, even if it was short term. Sir Francis Drake did – it’s known that once he buried gold and silver for approximately six hours. Captain Kidd buried some on Gardiners Island so it wouldn’t be lost if he was arrested. This is a treasure that is still being searched for today. Roche Brasiliano was another pirate who buried his loot; he revealed its hiding spot under torture by the Spanish Inquisitors. When you realize that a lot of pirate treasure was delicate and prone to spoil, you understand why it wasn’t worth the effort of hiding it.	<urn:uuid:0582e6fd-908d-47b3-9f7e-6be29b64ed02>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.thevintagenews.com/2017/02/10/during-the-golden-age-of-piracy-hundreds-of-pirate-ships-plagued-the-waters-of-the-world/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604397.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121132900-20200121161900-00013.warc.gz	en	0.993735	1,368	3.484375	3	[ -0.2519722580909729, 0.14975327253341675, 0.20247694849967957, -0.4262969493865967, 0.28838294744491577, -0.5169996023178101, 0.2428460717201233, -0.04359424114227295, -0.4187049865722656, -0.028798215091228485, 0.5248637199401855, -0.20462197065353394, -0.12397836148738861, 0.169641524553...	4	Unlike in the movies where pirates have huge chests of golden doubloons, real pirates actually saw very little in the way of gold, silver, or jewels. When you consider that in today’s worth a single Spanish doubloon would equal about seven weeks’ pay, they didn’t actually need many of those to be rich for quite some time. So what was the most common plunder they found? And did they really bury their treasure? Pirates have been around for a long time, and many still sail the sea; however, they will never be as iconic as the pirates that sailed the seas between 1700-1725 in what is dubbed as the “Golden Age of Piracy”. Pirates roamed across the world’s oceans and seas – not just in the Caribbean but also the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and even into the Pacific Ocean. Here are some of the treasures they found. Medicine was a highly prized item, as you can imagine, when out on the ocean with no easily available medical help. Medical equipment has been recovered from the sunken ship belonging to Blackbeard, which suggests that a healthy crew was very important. Blackbeard had blockaded Charleston, and when he parleyed with the Governor, he demanded a medicine chest in exchange for his prisoners’ lives. The medicine chest was estimated to be worth to be 300 or 400 pounds. It is thought it would have held some of the following items: ointments made of myrrh, aloe, and frankincense, plasters, oils, pills, powders, and conserves inside. To purchase one in 1650 would have cost between 23 and 130 pounds, depending on where it was purchased and what was in it. The one that Blackbeard received was known to have 121 unique medicines. Ships could be abandoned by the crew when there was no medicine chest on board and a person who knew how to use the items. On a ship, it was very close quarters, and small wounds were regularly sustained by the rough men. Anything contagious had to be stopped urgently. Food and drink were important plunder for the pirates – being a known pirate would have made it challenging to go on shopping trips. They would collect whatever foodstuffs were aboard the ships they attacked. They might have hauled in eggs, sugar, rice, spices, chicken, brandy, and cocoa. What they got depended on the particular ocean they were sailing and the type of ships they were plundering.Many of the ships were merchant ships, and if the victims were lucky, they were left enough food to see them to port. In times of need, fishing ships were also plundered, and the nets and tackle were taken as well as the fish in the holds. When plundering merchant ships, the pirates were often picky about what they took – they knew what would sell and what wouldn’t. In pirate-friendly towns, there were merchants who would take stolen goods. The most popular goods in the 1700s were bolts of cloth, dyes, spices, sugar, cotton, tobacco, wood, and tanned animal skins. These were hauled in bulk, so they were found in such measurements as hogsheads and barrels and bales. Unlike in the movies, pirates very rarely had ports or shipyards they could sail into for ship repairs. Repairs were often needed due to the environment and the type of work involved. They often needed new sails, ropes, and rigging and would take these directly from the ships they were plundering. They would also take the masts, others parts of a ship, and wood for any on-board repairs for their own ship. Smaller items were also taken – things that we would take for granted such as soap, candles, thread, buttons, and scissors. Kitchen goods such as pots and pans were also useful for them. If the pirate ship was in really bad order, the pirates would simply swap ships, and that would mean the crew and passengers of the captured ship were also transferred. Weapons were highly sought after by the pirates and if the captured ship had cannons, gunpowder, cannon balls, guns, and bullets they were quickly removed and stowed in the pirate ship’s hold. As you can imagine, pirates and ships without weapons weren’t going to be very effective on the high seas. Tools were also taken and were highly prized items – pirates couldn’t often replace broken and lost tools, so they stripped the captive ships of anything that they could use for carpentry. Surgeon’s knives and navigational gear were also taken. A captive ship was essentially stripped to its bare bones. The slave trade was rampant in the 1700s and slave ships were often raided. Some slaves may have been kept to sell or to replace lost men by working on the ship. But most of the time the slaves were left behind on the captive ships, as they could be quite hard to sell and they had to be fed and cared for. Gold and silver and jewels? If they could be found then, yes, a pirate took them. Most ships had a little on board stashed away somewhere safe. The captains and crews were often tortured to help them reveal the whereabouts of such things. Anything that was taken was quickly spent in ports. Ships laden with treasure were rare and sometimes had an escort that could be impossible to get around. Some pirates were lucky, like Henry Avery who plundered the treasure ship from the Grand Mogul of India. They got chests of gold, jewels, silver, and other items of value. Some finely-crafted weapons such as pistols and daggers were worth a lot when sold. Captain England captured a Portuguese ship after it was storm damaged; it was carrying diamonds that were divided between the ship’s crewmembers. Captain Kidd collected some nice treasure from the Quedah Merchant; this ship had silks, opium, iron, and cannons as well as gold and silver in its hold, About Education reported. Did pirates bury treasure? Yes, some did, even if it was short term. Sir Francis Drake did – it’s known that once he buried gold and silver for approximately six hours. Captain Kidd buried some on Gardiners Island so it wouldn’t be lost if he was arrested. This is a treasure that is still being searched for today. Roche Brasiliano was another pirate who buried his loot; he revealed its hiding spot under torture by the Spanish Inquisitors. When you realize that a lot of pirate treasure was delicate and prone to spoil, you understand why it wasn’t worth the effort of hiding it.	1,355	ENGLISH	1
Since childhood, we have always pictured Andres Bonifacio as a plebeian with brawn and courage. He was the man in red slacks and white camisa de chino with a red hanky tied around his neck. We knew him as the Katipunan’s Supremo who held a bolo in a fighting stance, though Teodoro Agoncillo said in “The Writings and Trial of Andres Bonifacio” that there was no evidence of him ever using one in battle. But we have been gravely misinformed about Bonifacio’s life and his significance in Philippine history. The question remains: Who really was Andres Bonifacio? That the Supremo was uneducated is a myth. Bonifacio was known by his employer, teachers and colleagues to have been a wide reader, familiar with books ranging from the Bible to law, from “Noli Me Tangere” to “Les Miserables.” According to Churchill and Apilado in “Determining the Truth: The Story of Andres Bonifacio,” the leader of the Philippine revolt against Spain properly educated himself about the world around him. With the knowledge he gained (most notably the ideologies of the French Revolution), he laid down the foundation for the Katipunan—its strict moral codes, means of recruitment and mission-vision. Bonifacio not only rebelled against Spain’s colonization of the Philippines, but he also united Filipinos—the Katagalugan, as he called them—in fighting the common enemy. Before the Katipunan was established, numerous uprisings had been planned around the archipelago, but none were under a unifying force. This is why many scholars like Apilado and Churchill consider Bonifacio not only as the Father of the Philippine Revolution, but also one of the founding fathers of the Filipino nation. Bonifacio was known by his peers to be unconventional. Apilado said that Bonifacio put extreme faith in beliefs that were generally unpopular with the majority. When the reformists were asking for equal rights from Mother Spain, Bonifacio believed revolution was the only option. When the skills of women were being questioned by his men, he instead welcomed the women with open arms into the Katipunan. He was way ahead of his time. His concepts of forming the Katipunan were instrumental in bringing about independence from Spain. A hero like Bonifacio comes only once in a lifetime. We took him and his heroism for granted when we believed in the myths that were propagated against him. Bonifacio, through the Katipunan, altered Philippine history. It was he who rallied Filipinos to set the country free from the clutches of abuse and tyranny. Today, Nov. 30, Bonifacio Day, let us remember the man who gave his all for his beloved country.	<urn:uuid:2263bc43-e19c-423c-b527-28bd0224e10d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/351927/andres-bonifacio-unconventional-thinker/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607118.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122131612-20200122160612-00165.warc.gz	en	0.982794	621	3.3125	3	[ -0.30744922161102295, 0.30996885895729065, 0.1682690978050232, -0.005501755978912115, 0.15048500895500183, 0.027211768552660942, 0.5056909322738647, 0.33968186378479004, 0.10853942483663559, 0.14040949940681458, -0.06516119837760925, -0.2400265485048294, 0.11214867234230042, 0.387425303459...	4	Since childhood, we have always pictured Andres Bonifacio as a plebeian with brawn and courage. He was the man in red slacks and white camisa de chino with a red hanky tied around his neck. We knew him as the Katipunan’s Supremo who held a bolo in a fighting stance, though Teodoro Agoncillo said in “The Writings and Trial of Andres Bonifacio” that there was no evidence of him ever using one in battle. But we have been gravely misinformed about Bonifacio’s life and his significance in Philippine history. The question remains: Who really was Andres Bonifacio? That the Supremo was uneducated is a myth. Bonifacio was known by his employer, teachers and colleagues to have been a wide reader, familiar with books ranging from the Bible to law, from “Noli Me Tangere” to “Les Miserables.” According to Churchill and Apilado in “Determining the Truth: The Story of Andres Bonifacio,” the leader of the Philippine revolt against Spain properly educated himself about the world around him. With the knowledge he gained (most notably the ideologies of the French Revolution), he laid down the foundation for the Katipunan—its strict moral codes, means of recruitment and mission-vision. Bonifacio not only rebelled against Spain’s colonization of the Philippines, but he also united Filipinos—the Katagalugan, as he called them—in fighting the common enemy. Before the Katipunan was established, numerous uprisings had been planned around the archipelago, but none were under a unifying force. This is why many scholars like Apilado and Churchill consider Bonifacio not only as the Father of the Philippine Revolution, but also one of the founding fathers of the Filipino nation. Bonifacio was known by his peers to be unconventional. Apilado said that Bonifacio put extreme faith in beliefs that were generally unpopular with the majority. When the reformists were asking for equal rights from Mother Spain, Bonifacio believed revolution was the only option. When the skills of women were being questioned by his men, he instead welcomed the women with open arms into the Katipunan. He was way ahead of his time. His concepts of forming the Katipunan were instrumental in bringing about independence from Spain. A hero like Bonifacio comes only once in a lifetime. We took him and his heroism for granted when we believed in the myths that were propagated against him. Bonifacio, through the Katipunan, altered Philippine history. It was he who rallied Filipinos to set the country free from the clutches of abuse and tyranny. Today, Nov. 30, Bonifacio Day, let us remember the man who gave his all for his beloved country.	580	ENGLISH	1
As has already been mentioned, the mid-19th century marked a period of significant growth and development in Cleethorpes’ history. The advent of the railways and the popularity of ‘sea bathing’ meant that Cleethorpes was fast becoming a popular tourist destination. The population stood at around 800, although this figure was known to double during peak season. On the surface, Cleethorpes surge in popularity looked to be a positive thing, and many local residents made extra money by opening their homes and offering lodgings to holiday makers. Some home owners were more enthusiastic about letting out their spare rooms and beds than was sensible, and in one small house, it was reported that 25 people were sharing a dwelling. As the number of people visiting Cleethorpes increased, so too did the strain put on the town’s waste management and drainage systems. The local government was ill-equipped to deal with the town’s growing sanitation needs, and there was little public control over building, sanitation and public health. Something had to give, and in 1854, Cleethorpes was struck down by a serious outbreak of Cholera. Cholera is an acute often fatal, infectious disease with profuse diarrhoea, vomiting and cramps. It is caused by poor sanitation and filthy living conditions. Outbreaks still happen today but mainly occur in third world countries. Cleethorpes outbreak of Cholera was thought to have started in the Hamlet of Itterby, the area now known as Wardall Street, and caused by inadequate drainage systems. In the first three weeks of the outbreak alone, as many as 60 people lost their lives. On the last two days of August at the height of the epidemic, sixteen people died. In an attempt to stem the spread of the disease, Wardall Street was covered in Black Pitch and Chloride of Lime. As the situation became graver, visitors were told to stay away and Grimsby Railway Station refused to carry rail passengers via omnibuses on to Cleethorpes. On the advice of medical practitioners, many local residents boarded up their homes and left. Cleethorpes became increasingly more isolated from the outside world and residents who were unable to leave were left to attend to the sick and deal with the dead at the risk of becoming ill themselves. As the death toll rose, so too did the demand for coffins, which quickly ran into short supply. The number of coffins needed could not be made quick enough and people were dispatched during the night to order more coffins. Reports soon emerged of people being forced to build makeshift coffins for family members and conduct their own burials. By mid-September, the Great Grimsby Gazette and the General Advertiser reported that the outbreak had begun to naturally subside. Blame for the outbreak cast in many directions with some people pointing the finger at ‘the filthy habits of local inhabitants, who keep swine close to their dwellings’. Bad water, overcrowding and inefficient drainage were cast as being the main reasons for the outbreak. Despite this, it wasn’t until 14 years later in 1868 when the question of improving the town’s drainage was addressed by the vestry. The town’s main drain ran along the road to Grimsby before reaching an outfall at Grimsby Docks. After an investigation, it was discovered that the drain was faulty. Despite the findings, and the possible risk of another Cholera outbreak, the vestry decided that Parish of Cleethorpes was adequately drained, and nothing more was to be done. The public, however, was not happy with the vestry’s response and the following year, a public meeting was held. The result of the meeting was that drainage committee was formed and would be responsible for the town’s drainage. The new drainage system was completed in 1871 and came at a cost of £2,500.	<urn:uuid:83a1f0a1-18a6-49a1-ab8e-4e39fea368ed>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.bygonebeachcombers.org.uk/memories/cleethorpes-cholera-outbreak/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694071.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126230255-20200127020255-00517.warc.gz	en	0.989209	814	3.46875	3	[ -0.022311924025416374, -0.15065257251262665, 0.4062063694000244, 0.3067637085914612, 0.24534131586551666, -0.15091055631637573, 0.07872181385755539, -0.10118239372968674, -0.18520371615886688, -0.01589159108698368, -0.005608057603240013, -0.5946590900421143, 0.03409239649772644, 0.25166833...	2	As has already been mentioned, the mid-19th century marked a period of significant growth and development in Cleethorpes’ history. The advent of the railways and the popularity of ‘sea bathing’ meant that Cleethorpes was fast becoming a popular tourist destination. The population stood at around 800, although this figure was known to double during peak season. On the surface, Cleethorpes surge in popularity looked to be a positive thing, and many local residents made extra money by opening their homes and offering lodgings to holiday makers. Some home owners were more enthusiastic about letting out their spare rooms and beds than was sensible, and in one small house, it was reported that 25 people were sharing a dwelling. As the number of people visiting Cleethorpes increased, so too did the strain put on the town’s waste management and drainage systems. The local government was ill-equipped to deal with the town’s growing sanitation needs, and there was little public control over building, sanitation and public health. Something had to give, and in 1854, Cleethorpes was struck down by a serious outbreak of Cholera. Cholera is an acute often fatal, infectious disease with profuse diarrhoea, vomiting and cramps. It is caused by poor sanitation and filthy living conditions. Outbreaks still happen today but mainly occur in third world countries. Cleethorpes outbreak of Cholera was thought to have started in the Hamlet of Itterby, the area now known as Wardall Street, and caused by inadequate drainage systems. In the first three weeks of the outbreak alone, as many as 60 people lost their lives. On the last two days of August at the height of the epidemic, sixteen people died. In an attempt to stem the spread of the disease, Wardall Street was covered in Black Pitch and Chloride of Lime. As the situation became graver, visitors were told to stay away and Grimsby Railway Station refused to carry rail passengers via omnibuses on to Cleethorpes. On the advice of medical practitioners, many local residents boarded up their homes and left. Cleethorpes became increasingly more isolated from the outside world and residents who were unable to leave were left to attend to the sick and deal with the dead at the risk of becoming ill themselves. As the death toll rose, so too did the demand for coffins, which quickly ran into short supply. The number of coffins needed could not be made quick enough and people were dispatched during the night to order more coffins. Reports soon emerged of people being forced to build makeshift coffins for family members and conduct their own burials. By mid-September, the Great Grimsby Gazette and the General Advertiser reported that the outbreak had begun to naturally subside. Blame for the outbreak cast in many directions with some people pointing the finger at ‘the filthy habits of local inhabitants, who keep swine close to their dwellings’. Bad water, overcrowding and inefficient drainage were cast as being the main reasons for the outbreak. Despite this, it wasn’t until 14 years later in 1868 when the question of improving the town’s drainage was addressed by the vestry. The town’s main drain ran along the road to Grimsby before reaching an outfall at Grimsby Docks. After an investigation, it was discovered that the drain was faulty. Despite the findings, and the possible risk of another Cholera outbreak, the vestry decided that Parish of Cleethorpes was adequately drained, and nothing more was to be done. The public, however, was not happy with the vestry’s response and the following year, a public meeting was held. The result of the meeting was that drainage committee was formed and would be responsible for the town’s drainage. The new drainage system was completed in 1871 and came at a cost of £2,500.	810	ENGLISH	1
THE JUNIOR DORCAS SOCIETY OF JACKSON, MICHIGAN (1990) - Description: TBD - Collection: TBD - Date: TBD Albert M. Ewert was a chaplain with the Michigan Department of Corrections in the 1930s, a time when prison reform was a big issue across the United States. Reverend Ewert was at the forefront of this reform in Michigan.Nineteenth century penalties for criminal behavior included harsh physical punishment and hard labor in complete silence, and Michigan’s early prisons were built upon this model. By the 1930s, new scientific theories about criminality developed, and new systems of reform and rehabilitation of those incarcerated in the state’s prisons were introduced. Albert Ewert believed in the new model, which suggested that it was possible to reform criminal behavior through education. He believed that many factors could lead to criminal behavior, and unless one addressed those factors, those incarcerated in the state system could never truly better themselves and return to society. He also believed that those who were incarcerated should have some hand in their own freedom. Release, he believed, should come from hard work, a learned trade and penitence. In 1934, he wrote the following in a newsletter that was published and sent to prisons across the country: Under the present system, with few exceptions, every man is released at some time, and the time of his release is determined by the expiration of his sentence which is predetermined by a judge… Under the new plan, there would be no pre-determination and every man would know his release depended entirely upon himself, based only upon mental, moral and social factors of adjustment and upon no other consideration. Ewert presented at conferences, gave radio addresses and spoke with legislators in order to bring about prison reform. While some sociologists and psychologists supported Ewert’s theories, the general public, which was coping with violence stemming from Prohibition in the 1920s and the Great Depression in the 1930s, had reservations about the changes. Although many of his reforms were dismissed, some can be seen today in prison arts programs and the juvenile justice system. Ewert was part of a reform movement within the penal system across the country. This movement placed an emphasis on education and rehabilitation long before prisoner re-entry programs were officially developed. Along with his suggested reforms of the parole system, Reverend Ewert developed an arts… Read More Many fascinating stories like this one were featured in our special exhibit, States of Incarceration, from September 2018 - May 2019. This national traveling exhibit explores the history and impact of mass incarceration nationwide. During its run at the Michigan History Museum, it included stories throughout to reflect specifically on Michigan’s place in the past and future of mass incarceration.	<urn:uuid:e84748a9-3328-4e14-8f66-62bc93883a88>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://staging.seekingmichigan.org/stories/albert-m-ewert-advocate-for-change-pt-1/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687958.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126074227-20200126104227-00174.warc.gz	en	0.981266	569	3.46875	3	[ -0.510716438293457, -0.023715082556009293, 0.4605085253715515, -0.0670723021030426, 0.34485548734664917, 0.316098153591156, -0.45761650800704956, 0.08113649487495422, -0.37623080611228943, 0.17229169607162476, 0.2089562565088272, 0.4653661847114563, -0.12203595042228699, -0.038130998611450...	1	THE JUNIOR DORCAS SOCIETY OF JACKSON, MICHIGAN (1990) - Description: TBD - Collection: TBD - Date: TBD Albert M. Ewert was a chaplain with the Michigan Department of Corrections in the 1930s, a time when prison reform was a big issue across the United States. Reverend Ewert was at the forefront of this reform in Michigan.Nineteenth century penalties for criminal behavior included harsh physical punishment and hard labor in complete silence, and Michigan’s early prisons were built upon this model. By the 1930s, new scientific theories about criminality developed, and new systems of reform and rehabilitation of those incarcerated in the state’s prisons were introduced. Albert Ewert believed in the new model, which suggested that it was possible to reform criminal behavior through education. He believed that many factors could lead to criminal behavior, and unless one addressed those factors, those incarcerated in the state system could never truly better themselves and return to society. He also believed that those who were incarcerated should have some hand in their own freedom. Release, he believed, should come from hard work, a learned trade and penitence. In 1934, he wrote the following in a newsletter that was published and sent to prisons across the country: Under the present system, with few exceptions, every man is released at some time, and the time of his release is determined by the expiration of his sentence which is predetermined by a judge… Under the new plan, there would be no pre-determination and every man would know his release depended entirely upon himself, based only upon mental, moral and social factors of adjustment and upon no other consideration. Ewert presented at conferences, gave radio addresses and spoke with legislators in order to bring about prison reform. While some sociologists and psychologists supported Ewert’s theories, the general public, which was coping with violence stemming from Prohibition in the 1920s and the Great Depression in the 1930s, had reservations about the changes. Although many of his reforms were dismissed, some can be seen today in prison arts programs and the juvenile justice system. Ewert was part of a reform movement within the penal system across the country. This movement placed an emphasis on education and rehabilitation long before prisoner re-entry programs were officially developed. Along with his suggested reforms of the parole system, Reverend Ewert developed an arts… Read More Many fascinating stories like this one were featured in our special exhibit, States of Incarceration, from September 2018 - May 2019. This national traveling exhibit explores the history and impact of mass incarceration nationwide. During its run at the Michigan History Museum, it included stories throughout to reflect specifically on Michigan’s place in the past and future of mass incarceration.	581	ENGLISH	1
An overview of the japanese internment camps An elderly man attempted to flee and was shot and killed. Pros of japanese internment camps Roosevelt signed Executive Order The landmark cases were Hirabayashi v. Only 1, internees chose to do so. Visit Website On December 7, , just hours after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the FBI rounded-up 1, Japanese community and religious leaders, arresting them without evidence and freezing their assets. The Secretary of War is hereby authorized to provide for residents of any such area who are excluded therefrom, such transportation, food, shelter, and other accommodations as may be necessary in the judgement of the Secretary of War or said Military Commander At that time, nearly , people of Japanese ancestry, two-thirds of them American citizens, were living in California, Washington, and Oregon. United States The overwhelming majority of the witnesses supported the removal of all Japanese, alien and citizen, from the coast. Prejudice, wartime hysteria, and politics all contributed to this decision. Several centers had agricultural processing plants. However, public opinion with a few vocal dissenters was in favor of relocating all Japanese Americans, citizen and alien alike, but opposed to any mass evacuation of German or Italian aliens, much less second generation Germans or Italians. Persons who became troublesome were sent to a special camp at Tule Lake, California, where dissidents were housed. German internment camps In , nearly two dozen years after the camps were closed, the government began reparations to Japanese Americans for property they had lost. Two relocation centers in Arizona were located on Indian reservations, despite the protests of tribal councils, who were overruled by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Both laws were based on the presumption that Asians were aliens ineligible for citizenship, which in turn stemmed from a narrow interpretation of the naturalization statute. On February 23 a Japanese submarine shelled the California coast. Biddle pleaded with the president that mass evacuation of citizens was not required, preferring smaller, more targeted security measures. Click on the Tule and Topaz icons for stunning images of the bleak conditions endured by these people, many of whom were American citizens. He decided that he would not register or be evacuated, "I am an American citizen," he explained. In the end fewer than 1, out of a population of , were confined and eventually removed to the mainland. Eventually the government allowed internees to leave the concentration camps if they enlisted in the U. Many of these families had been in the camps for over two years. Gordon Hirabayashi, a student at the University of Washington, also deliberately violated the curfew for Japanese Americans and disregarded the evacuation orders, claiming that the government was violating the 5th amendment by restricting the freedom of innocent Japanese Americans. However, several thousand Japanese Americans voluntarily did try to relocate themselves. A few were vocally opposed to evacuation and later sought ways to prevent it, some with court cases that eventually reached the Supreme Court. One day after Roosevelt made his announcement, the Supreme Court revealed its decision. Navy had begun the removal of Japanese Americans from near the Port of Los Angeles: on February 14,the Navy announced that all persons of Japanese ancestry had to leave Terminal Island by March Whereas many Issei retained their Japanese character and cultureNisei generally acted and thought of themselves as thoroughly American. Japanese internment camps conditions This comprehensive, illustrated website doesn't neglect the facts, but its strength is in telling the human stories through such features as school, play, cycle of life, and letters to teachers and classmates back home. Other Groups in the Camps While Japanese-Americans comprised the overwhelming majority of those in the camps, thousands of Americans of German, Italian, and other European descent were also forced to relocate there. A power struggle erupted between the U. Inland state citizens were not keen for new Japanese residents, and they were met with racist resistance. Students will understand the effects that the bombing of Pearl Harbor had on America and American society. However, several thousand Japanese Americans voluntarily did try to relocate themselves. The following night the "Battle of Los Angeles" took place. Many of these families had been in the camps for over two years. But cultivation on arid soil was quite a challenge. A recent novel, The Climate of the Country by Marnie Mueller Willimantic, CT: Curbstone Press,is based on the author's experience of living with her father, a Caucasian, who was interned as a conscientious objector. based on 72 review	<urn:uuid:51fe595c-ae5e-4f4c-9c2c-053297f8a2aa>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://zoqiracaqycomevi.histoires-etranges.com/an-overview-of-the-japanese-internment-camps276445362et.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251705142.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127174507-20200127204507-00171.warc.gz	en	0.982308	923	3.484375	3	[ -0.1214141994714737, 0.22283804416656494, 0.1354185938835144, -0.13510239124298096, 0.2124442756175995, 0.43511471152305603, -0.023379653692245483, 0.036580365151166916, -0.215735524892807, 0.16709432005882263, 0.5198693871498108, 0.04314000904560089, 0.1536002904176712, 0.6994973421096802...	1	An overview of the japanese internment camps An elderly man attempted to flee and was shot and killed. Pros of japanese internment camps Roosevelt signed Executive Order The landmark cases were Hirabayashi v. Only 1, internees chose to do so. Visit Website On December 7, , just hours after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the FBI rounded-up 1, Japanese community and religious leaders, arresting them without evidence and freezing their assets. The Secretary of War is hereby authorized to provide for residents of any such area who are excluded therefrom, such transportation, food, shelter, and other accommodations as may be necessary in the judgement of the Secretary of War or said Military Commander At that time, nearly , people of Japanese ancestry, two-thirds of them American citizens, were living in California, Washington, and Oregon. United States The overwhelming majority of the witnesses supported the removal of all Japanese, alien and citizen, from the coast. Prejudice, wartime hysteria, and politics all contributed to this decision. Several centers had agricultural processing plants. However, public opinion with a few vocal dissenters was in favor of relocating all Japanese Americans, citizen and alien alike, but opposed to any mass evacuation of German or Italian aliens, much less second generation Germans or Italians. Persons who became troublesome were sent to a special camp at Tule Lake, California, where dissidents were housed. German internment camps In , nearly two dozen years after the camps were closed, the government began reparations to Japanese Americans for property they had lost. Two relocation centers in Arizona were located on Indian reservations, despite the protests of tribal councils, who were overruled by the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Both laws were based on the presumption that Asians were aliens ineligible for citizenship, which in turn stemmed from a narrow interpretation of the naturalization statute. On February 23 a Japanese submarine shelled the California coast. Biddle pleaded with the president that mass evacuation of citizens was not required, preferring smaller, more targeted security measures. Click on the Tule and Topaz icons for stunning images of the bleak conditions endured by these people, many of whom were American citizens. He decided that he would not register or be evacuated, "I am an American citizen," he explained. In the end fewer than 1, out of a population of , were confined and eventually removed to the mainland. Eventually the government allowed internees to leave the concentration camps if they enlisted in the U. Many of these families had been in the camps for over two years. Gordon Hirabayashi, a student at the University of Washington, also deliberately violated the curfew for Japanese Americans and disregarded the evacuation orders, claiming that the government was violating the 5th amendment by restricting the freedom of innocent Japanese Americans. However, several thousand Japanese Americans voluntarily did try to relocate themselves. A few were vocally opposed to evacuation and later sought ways to prevent it, some with court cases that eventually reached the Supreme Court. One day after Roosevelt made his announcement, the Supreme Court revealed its decision. Navy had begun the removal of Japanese Americans from near the Port of Los Angeles: on February 14,the Navy announced that all persons of Japanese ancestry had to leave Terminal Island by March Whereas many Issei retained their Japanese character and cultureNisei generally acted and thought of themselves as thoroughly American. Japanese internment camps conditions This comprehensive, illustrated website doesn't neglect the facts, but its strength is in telling the human stories through such features as school, play, cycle of life, and letters to teachers and classmates back home. Other Groups in the Camps While Japanese-Americans comprised the overwhelming majority of those in the camps, thousands of Americans of German, Italian, and other European descent were also forced to relocate there. A power struggle erupted between the U. Inland state citizens were not keen for new Japanese residents, and they were met with racist resistance. Students will understand the effects that the bombing of Pearl Harbor had on America and American society. However, several thousand Japanese Americans voluntarily did try to relocate themselves. The following night the "Battle of Los Angeles" took place. Many of these families had been in the camps for over two years. But cultivation on arid soil was quite a challenge. A recent novel, The Climate of the Country by Marnie Mueller Willimantic, CT: Curbstone Press,is based on the author's experience of living with her father, a Caucasian, who was interned as a conscientious objector. based on 72 review	915	ENGLISH	1
How Parents With PTSD Can Talk to Their Children About Their Symptoms A Definition of PTSD The National Institute of Mental Health defines post-traumatic disorder (PTSD) as a condition that develops in some people who have gone through a scary, shocking, or dangerous event. Other triggers can be traumatic events, such as the sudden death of a loved one. Symptoms that last more than one month and are severe enough to interfere with the patient’s work or relationships are considered to be PTSD. Symptoms usually start within three months of the traumatic event but sometimes manifest years later. Recovery varies from person to person, with some recovering within six months and others developing chronic PTSD. Diagnostic Criteria of PTSD A diagnosis is based on the manifestation of one or two of the following symptoms: One incidence of re-experiencing the trauma People with PTSD may have frightening thoughts, nightmares or flashbacks in which they relive the trauma over and over. “Fight or flight” response Many people feel afraid after traumatic experiences. Their fear can trigger split-second changes that the body uses to avoid or defend against danger. People who have PTSD may feel frightened or stressed, even when they are not in danger. One symptom of avoidance Patients may avoid anything that reminds them of the traumatic occurrence such as objects, places, or events, as well as feelings or thoughts related to the experience. Emotional and reactive symptoms These symptoms include being easily startled, having problems sleeping, being tense, and having angry outbursts. Negative cognitive and mood effects The patient has problems remembering important aspects of the event, has a lack of interest in pleasurable activities, and experiences distorted feelings such as blame or guilt. They may have a negative outlook on themselves and the world and are isolated from the people around them. PTSD affects 3.5 percent of the U.S. adult population. Within that group, 36.6 percent of these cases are classified as severe. During my childhood, my parents could be distant and moody. They would withdraw from me emotionally at times and isolate themselves. Sometimes they would suddenly become angry and lash out at me verbally or with hit me with painful “spankings.” I kept hearing, “You are so stupid,” “That was a dumb thing to do,” and “Can’t you do anything right?” I lived in fear because I could never figure out what would trigger their rage. My self-esteem was in tatters. I felt worthless. Looking back as an adult, I have concluded that both my parents, especially my father, suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder as well as other emotional problems. Both lived through terrible traumatic events during World War 2. My father spent five and a half years as a prisoner of war in a Russian camp and had to live with starvation, brutality, and the constant threat of death. My mother lived in Madrid when civil war broke out and in Berlin during the Russian occupation. I suspect that she went through some extremely traumatic events at that time. The Effects of Parental PTSD on Children As a child, I blamed myself for the way my parents treated me. I decided that I was an inferior being who deserved punishment. Many children whose parents have PTSD experience these symptoms. How parental PTSD can affect children: - Low self-esteem - Feeling confused about their parents’ behavior or mood - Are fearful of their parent’s anger - Worrying about their parents - Feelings of hurt and rejection when parents withdraw from them - Blaming themselves for their parents’ PTSD symptoms - Resentment towards the parents - Sadness and depression because of the situation In rare cases, some children may start to experience their parents' symptoms in nightmares, thinking about their parents’ trauma when they should be concentrating on school or other things. In extreme cases, discipline problems or withdrawal from family and friends may occur. The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs characterizes many children of parents with PTSD as falling into these categories: These children try to connect to their parents with PTSD by feeling and behaving just like their parents. The child may also show many of the same symptoms as the parent. These children fill in for parents with PTSD when their parents are experiencing symptoms. The children may act too grownup for their age. “Emotionally uninvolved” children These children do not get the emotional help they need. They may have mental health disorders such as anxiety and depression, issues at school, and relationship problems later in life. How Parents can Talk to their Kids About Their PTSD Come out of Denial My mother and father rarely spoke about the trauma they experienced during the war and seemed to either suppress or deny their trauma. On one rare occasion, my father shared an experience that truly horrified him when I was in my early teens. It occurred after he been released from a Russian camp and had returned to Germany. He visited a concentration camp and was shocked and appalled by sight of the ovens where the bodies of Holocaust victims were burned. Near the end of his life, however, he denied that the Holocaust ever happened. It is common for people with PTSD to numb their emotions or avoid dealing with their symptoms. Children may misinterpret this behavior as a lack of interest in them. My parents seemed to shut down at times and avoid me. I felt rejected. I interpreted their avoidance and isolation as me not being worthy of their attention and struggled with anxiety and depression. Recognize how PTSD is affecting them Parents need to be aware when their symptoms are affecting their children and realize the impact their condition has on their kids. Parents can share that they are feeling irritable or angry, for example, and emphasize that their mood is not their children's fault. Their children will then not blame themselves for their parent’s symptoms. Once I understood that my parents’ hostility and avoidance was not my fault, I was able to feel compassion for them. Keep communication lines open and age-appropriate While parents should talk to their children about how they are feeling, how much they share should be age-appropriate. They do not need to go into detail about the trauma they experienced but they should discuss the general symptoms. For example, they can say, “I am irritated right now because of some bad memories. I am working on getting better.” Use appropriate language Parents should consider how they will answer their children’s questions and remarks. It is OK to say, “I need to think about that. Let’s talk about it later,” or “I need to talk to your dad (or mom) about this before we discuss it.” A mental health professional may be able to help with more difficult issues. Tell the children the PTSD symptoms are not their fault According to Psychology Today, children tend to internalize family problems. They should also be reassured that it is not their responsibility to fix their parents or family difficulties. Establish two-way communication Parents should ask children about their reactions to their symptoms. They should be encouraged to share both positive and negative feelings in a non-judgmental atmosphere. Parents should not feel pressure to be perfect There are times that people with PTSD do not feel well or want to avoid being triggered by an event or venue. If children see that their parents are trying to deal with their symptoms, they will accept their parents’ imperfections. Sharing the trauma should not be too detailed Experts at UCLA say that parents can describe their symptoms in general terms. Young children have difficulty processing emotionally-charged information. They should only be told what they need to know. My parents rarely spoke about their wartime experiences, but when they did, it had a dramatic impact on me. My mother told me one story burned in my memory in my teens. My father was forced to dig his own grave by is Russian guards. Some of the guards’ superiors saw this and reprimanded them. My father was released but knew he escaped death that day. Most of the other stories I heard were less graphic or detailed, but I could read their trauma between the lines. It was beneficial for me to know these stories because it helped me to understand that the PTSD was responsible for their irritability, anger, and emotional detachment, and not something I said or did. While I was growing up, PTSD was referred to as “shell shock” and other ambiguous terms that were not well understood. My parents passed on years ago before treatments were available. Nowadays, people with PTSD can be helped through psychotherapy and medications that are tailored to their individual needs. This content is accurate and true to the best of the author’s knowledge and is not meant to substitute for formal and individualized advice from a qualified professional. © 2017 Carola Finch	<urn:uuid:65666127-df5f-4227-b030-f58f2a0799d5>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://wehavekids.com/parenting/How-Parents-with-PTSD-Can-Talk-to-Their-Children-About-Their-Symptoms	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593994.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118221909-20200119005909-00344.warc.gz	en	0.980156	1,843	3.734375	4	[ 0.1601104438304901, 0.1957617700099945, 0.47668683528900146, -0.09486682713031769, -0.15149357914924622, 0.1942005455493927, 0.808721125125885, -0.13742263615131378, 0.1502763330936432, -0.4762537181377411, 0.44960635900497437, -0.06261962652206421, -0.01452472060918808, 0.2713696658611297...	3	How Parents With PTSD Can Talk to Their Children About Their Symptoms A Definition of PTSD The National Institute of Mental Health defines post-traumatic disorder (PTSD) as a condition that develops in some people who have gone through a scary, shocking, or dangerous event. Other triggers can be traumatic events, such as the sudden death of a loved one. Symptoms that last more than one month and are severe enough to interfere with the patient’s work or relationships are considered to be PTSD. Symptoms usually start within three months of the traumatic event but sometimes manifest years later. Recovery varies from person to person, with some recovering within six months and others developing chronic PTSD. Diagnostic Criteria of PTSD A diagnosis is based on the manifestation of one or two of the following symptoms: One incidence of re-experiencing the trauma People with PTSD may have frightening thoughts, nightmares or flashbacks in which they relive the trauma over and over. “Fight or flight” response Many people feel afraid after traumatic experiences. Their fear can trigger split-second changes that the body uses to avoid or defend against danger. People who have PTSD may feel frightened or stressed, even when they are not in danger. One symptom of avoidance Patients may avoid anything that reminds them of the traumatic occurrence such as objects, places, or events, as well as feelings or thoughts related to the experience. Emotional and reactive symptoms These symptoms include being easily startled, having problems sleeping, being tense, and having angry outbursts. Negative cognitive and mood effects The patient has problems remembering important aspects of the event, has a lack of interest in pleasurable activities, and experiences distorted feelings such as blame or guilt. They may have a negative outlook on themselves and the world and are isolated from the people around them. PTSD affects 3.5 percent of the U.S. adult population. Within that group, 36.6 percent of these cases are classified as severe. During my childhood, my parents could be distant and moody. They would withdraw from me emotionally at times and isolate themselves. Sometimes they would suddenly become angry and lash out at me verbally or with hit me with painful “spankings.” I kept hearing, “You are so stupid,” “That was a dumb thing to do,” and “Can’t you do anything right?” I lived in fear because I could never figure out what would trigger their rage. My self-esteem was in tatters. I felt worthless. Looking back as an adult, I have concluded that both my parents, especially my father, suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder as well as other emotional problems. Both lived through terrible traumatic events during World War 2. My father spent five and a half years as a prisoner of war in a Russian camp and had to live with starvation, brutality, and the constant threat of death. My mother lived in Madrid when civil war broke out and in Berlin during the Russian occupation. I suspect that she went through some extremely traumatic events at that time. The Effects of Parental PTSD on Children As a child, I blamed myself for the way my parents treated me. I decided that I was an inferior being who deserved punishment. Many children whose parents have PTSD experience these symptoms. How parental PTSD can affect children: - Low self-esteem - Feeling confused about their parents’ behavior or mood - Are fearful of their parent’s anger - Worrying about their parents - Feelings of hurt and rejection when parents withdraw from them - Blaming themselves for their parents’ PTSD symptoms - Resentment towards the parents - Sadness and depression because of the situation In rare cases, some children may start to experience their parents' symptoms in nightmares, thinking about their parents’ trauma when they should be concentrating on school or other things. In extreme cases, discipline problems or withdrawal from family and friends may occur. The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs characterizes many children of parents with PTSD as falling into these categories: These children try to connect to their parents with PTSD by feeling and behaving just like their parents. The child may also show many of the same symptoms as the parent. These children fill in for parents with PTSD when their parents are experiencing symptoms. The children may act too grownup for their age. “Emotionally uninvolved” children These children do not get the emotional help they need. They may have mental health disorders such as anxiety and depression, issues at school, and relationship problems later in life. How Parents can Talk to their Kids About Their PTSD Come out of Denial My mother and father rarely spoke about the trauma they experienced during the war and seemed to either suppress or deny their trauma. On one rare occasion, my father shared an experience that truly horrified him when I was in my early teens. It occurred after he been released from a Russian camp and had returned to Germany. He visited a concentration camp and was shocked and appalled by sight of the ovens where the bodies of Holocaust victims were burned. Near the end of his life, however, he denied that the Holocaust ever happened. It is common for people with PTSD to numb their emotions or avoid dealing with their symptoms. Children may misinterpret this behavior as a lack of interest in them. My parents seemed to shut down at times and avoid me. I felt rejected. I interpreted their avoidance and isolation as me not being worthy of their attention and struggled with anxiety and depression. Recognize how PTSD is affecting them Parents need to be aware when their symptoms are affecting their children and realize the impact their condition has on their kids. Parents can share that they are feeling irritable or angry, for example, and emphasize that their mood is not their children's fault. Their children will then not blame themselves for their parent’s symptoms. Once I understood that my parents’ hostility and avoidance was not my fault, I was able to feel compassion for them. Keep communication lines open and age-appropriate While parents should talk to their children about how they are feeling, how much they share should be age-appropriate. They do not need to go into detail about the trauma they experienced but they should discuss the general symptoms. For example, they can say, “I am irritated right now because of some bad memories. I am working on getting better.” Use appropriate language Parents should consider how they will answer their children’s questions and remarks. It is OK to say, “I need to think about that. Let’s talk about it later,” or “I need to talk to your dad (or mom) about this before we discuss it.” A mental health professional may be able to help with more difficult issues. Tell the children the PTSD symptoms are not their fault According to Psychology Today, children tend to internalize family problems. They should also be reassured that it is not their responsibility to fix their parents or family difficulties. Establish two-way communication Parents should ask children about their reactions to their symptoms. They should be encouraged to share both positive and negative feelings in a non-judgmental atmosphere. Parents should not feel pressure to be perfect There are times that people with PTSD do not feel well or want to avoid being triggered by an event or venue. If children see that their parents are trying to deal with their symptoms, they will accept their parents’ imperfections. Sharing the trauma should not be too detailed Experts at UCLA say that parents can describe their symptoms in general terms. Young children have difficulty processing emotionally-charged information. They should only be told what they need to know. My parents rarely spoke about their wartime experiences, but when they did, it had a dramatic impact on me. My mother told me one story burned in my memory in my teens. My father was forced to dig his own grave by is Russian guards. Some of the guards’ superiors saw this and reprimanded them. My father was released but knew he escaped death that day. Most of the other stories I heard were less graphic or detailed, but I could read their trauma between the lines. It was beneficial for me to know these stories because it helped me to understand that the PTSD was responsible for their irritability, anger, and emotional detachment, and not something I said or did. While I was growing up, PTSD was referred to as “shell shock” and other ambiguous terms that were not well understood. My parents passed on years ago before treatments were available. Nowadays, people with PTSD can be helped through psychotherapy and medications that are tailored to their individual needs. This content is accurate and true to the best of the author’s knowledge and is not meant to substitute for formal and individualized advice from a qualified professional. © 2017 Carola Finch	1,760	ENGLISH	1
In the 1960s, blacks in the South experienced racial inequality because of their skin complexion. During this time period, the Civil Rights Movement was going on. On February 1, 1960 four college students impacted the world. When the four students wanted to purchase a meal, they weren’t banned because of their skin complexion. The students would come to the Woolworth Restaurant everyday to protest until July when the store became desegregated. The word about the sit-in in Greensboro spread around quickly, leading to 54 sit-ins throughout the South. Their courageous act of conducting a lunch counter sit-in in a Greensboro Woolworth restaurant inspired many across the southern United States. The Woolworth shop was open to everyone no matter his or her skin complexion, but the restaurant was for strictly Caucasian people. This sit-in was a result of Ezell Blair Jr., David Richmond, and Franklin McCain having a dream to have the same rights as Caucasians did. These four males became known as the ‘Greensboro Four.’ Hundreds, even thousands, of people would come each day to the Woolworth lunch counter to protest against these inequalities. By late July, the Greensboro Woolworth restaurant was desegregated due when three African American Woolworth’s employees were served at the counter.	<urn:uuid:d438abe3-8512-4de0-8e10-af97052ee916>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://greensboro-sit-in.weebly.com/why.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614086.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123221108-20200124010108-00254.warc.gz	en	0.98419	266	4.09375	4	[ -0.32978692650794983, -0.021649101749062538, 0.0435606949031353, 0.14523948729038239, -0.15522459149360657, 0.3446901738643646, 0.2694219946861267, 0.007836975157260895, -0.5448014140129089, 0.035301800817251205, 0.44428136944770813, -0.24990198016166687, -0.0011062731500715017, 0.07308301...	5	In the 1960s, blacks in the South experienced racial inequality because of their skin complexion. During this time period, the Civil Rights Movement was going on. On February 1, 1960 four college students impacted the world. When the four students wanted to purchase a meal, they weren’t banned because of their skin complexion. The students would come to the Woolworth Restaurant everyday to protest until July when the store became desegregated. The word about the sit-in in Greensboro spread around quickly, leading to 54 sit-ins throughout the South. Their courageous act of conducting a lunch counter sit-in in a Greensboro Woolworth restaurant inspired many across the southern United States. The Woolworth shop was open to everyone no matter his or her skin complexion, but the restaurant was for strictly Caucasian people. This sit-in was a result of Ezell Blair Jr., David Richmond, and Franklin McCain having a dream to have the same rights as Caucasians did. These four males became known as the ‘Greensboro Four.’ Hundreds, even thousands, of people would come each day to the Woolworth lunch counter to protest against these inequalities. By late July, the Greensboro Woolworth restaurant was desegregated due when three African American Woolworth’s employees were served at the counter.	266	ENGLISH	1
The term glass ceiling actually pertains to the situations in which the advancement of an individual within the hierarchy of the organization is constrained. The constraint is usually based on some form of discrimination such as prejudice or racial discrimination. It is referred to as a ceiling because the constraint blocks one’s rise in the ranks. The word glass has been appended to illustrate transparency which means that the constraint is not immediately noticeable and is likewise not written or stipulated in the policies of the organization. The glass ceiling is set apart from the other barriers to advancements such as requirements concerning education or experience. The analogy of the glass ceiling was employed to demonstrate the alleged condition that enables women and minorities to achieve only minor positions and keeps them from advancing to the top positions in the highest levels of the corporate world. For most people, the issue of the glass ceiling is an extension and an evidence of gender and racial discrimination and as such, should be counteracted by the implementation of affirmative action laws. Indeed, the phrase glass ceiling is frequently used in reference to the access of women to upper management; this is likewise extended to other groups such as racial or ethnic minorities or based on the age of the individual. At present, statistics show that about seventy-one companies or 14% of the Fortune 500 companies still do not have any female member on their board. But the number of women occupying directorial positions is increasing, registering a share of 86% from these 500 companies who have at least one female member in the Board of Directors. However, women of color believe that institutional racism is still present in most companies. 47% of women of color cite the lack of mentor or sponsor in the workplace as a main barrier to their advancement. In addition to this, 53% of them believe that company programs are ineffective in dealing with racism issues (“Statistics-Women” 2005). Usually, women of color encounter problems at work that serves as barriers for their career development. One of these, and most probably the primary one, is lack of mentors. Studies of corporate diversity programs reveal that the diversity initiatives are not as effective as they could be. Although women of color are aware of training in their corporation to address race and gender issues, only a few of their managers are willing to receive adequate training in managing a diverse work force. Lack of networking opportunities and high-profile assignments are also often experienced by women of color in their work. This is due to the fact that most of the diversity programs of their company are ineffective in dealing with issues on racism. Especially nowadays when the number of women of color in the workforce rapidly increases resulting to stiffer competition, there is a need for companies to focus and concentrate on these women and tailor programs to fit their particular needs. Because of these barriers and obstacles experienced by women of colors in their workforce, these women in turn felt widespread dissatisfaction with the way their managers are treating them. The person chosen for this interview is Emily Bradley, a black American currently employed as an executive assistant in an advertising agency. She graduated with flying colors from a degree in business management from the University of California in Fullerton. Our interview questions revolved around the following questions: · Being a woman, is there any instances in your life when you experienced some form of discrimination particularly racism? · Didn’t those experiences affected your personality and development as a person? Has it dampens your self-esteem or performances? How did you react to the instances of discrimination? · How were you able to climb up the corporate ladder and reach the top management position that you have today? · Apart from determination and will-power, what other things you did or you had applied that contributed to your success? · What can you recommend to other women of color who are still in the process of thriving in the society, in the academe, and in the workplace? What do you think are the factors that can contribute to a successful career or life especially for women of color who are currently experiencing the so-called glass ceiling? According to Ms. Bradley, during her school years, she experienced being bullied and looked-down by her classmates as well as some teachers. At work, she was able to experienced being by-pass on promotions and other recognitions. She wasn’t able to get promoted due to glass ceiling. She knows she can do better jobs than other people and have what it takes to advance in the organization, but unfortunately, her skin color served as a hindrance and stumbling block for her to achieve success in her career. There were also instances when she was told not to meet with clients personally because her color might affect the business deal. At first she was bothered, experienced self-pity and loss of confidence from all the treatment she had received making her want to give up. However, she decided to prove her detractors wrong and prove to herself that she deserves better from other people. She wanted to prove that color has nothing to do with success. And that in spite of her race and cultural background, she can be better than people of other races. Eventually, she managed not to be bothered by the hurtful and discriminating remarks hurled at her. In fact when she hears a discriminating remark right now, she can even smile at it. According to her, the opinions of other people do not really matter for as long as she knows that what she’s doing is right and that her conscience is always clean. In climbing the corporate ladder, for one, she did her best in all the tasks assigned to her. There were times when the tasks given proved too difficult but it didn’t intimidate her. What she did was to stay focus and she keep in her mind that a particular task can always be accomplished with the right attitude; otherwise it will not be given to her. She also practice grace under pressure to avoid losing her temper especially in instances when a difficult task is coupled with rude remarks pertaining to her color. Her superior eventually liked her attitude in the workplace; they couldn’t say anything about her performance since she was able to meet all the standards and deadlines commendably. After this, her superiors and co-workers have no other option but to consider her for promotion and performance-based reward schemes. Soon enough, she was able to finally advance her career in the organization. At this point, she was able to realize that as her position in their company advances, people give her more regard and respect. Apart from determination and will-power, she attended training and seminars concerning her field of interest, as well as crash courses and dialogues on how to hone her advertising and marketing skills in order to be successful in her career. She also sees to it that she is always up-dated on any information that is related to the field of advertising and marketing. When she had free times, she read books and on-line journals and articles to learn new things and keep abreast with the current trends in her field. On the side she attends seminars and talks concerning self-confidence, public speaking, and other self-help forums that can contribute to her work. With regards to the workplace, she encourages teambuilding activities and other things that can promote and enhance her relationship with other people in her team. Ms. Bradley recommends to other women of color not to lose hope, give their best in everything, not to get easily affected by what they hear in times when they are being discriminated. She also advised women like her to find ways to further themselves, their skills and knowledge, have the right attitude, determination and will-power to achieve whatever it is they want to achieve, believe in themselves and most of all never be ashamed of their skin color performance in the workplace. At present, Ms. Bradley is enjoying a good treatment from the company as well as a good position and a lavishing compensation. She has several people under her supervision and has been delegated in countless times to handle important clients as well as marketing and advertising projects. The four things one can do to help their own career are: first, finish a degree. A diploma can do a lot of things as it can earn the respect of other people; it is a good contributing factor in the resume, and it is good on the self-esteem because when one look at it, it gives one a sense of fulfillment and achievement. It serves as a proof that one can actually attain success if one wants to and if one intends to. The second advice is, never think twice in applying for job post in credible and large-scales companies. This is due to the fact that a lot of women whether white or not are apprehensive in applying for jobs in well known companies for fear of being turn down not only because of their skin colors but also because of their gender. This should not be the case as there are certain job positions an there are certain women who can actually handle the work better than their male or white counterpart. Having enough guts to face the world is also advisable. A job can take one to anywhere and can help one meet all kinds of people. Never feel shy of interacting with other people in spite of the differences in ski n color, gender, and job titles. One should have enough courage and guts to face all the challenges and people along the way. The cliché no guts, no glory rings true. The fourth recommended advice is knowledge and skill enhancement. Never be content of what one has in the present. Life can only get better so do not let age and other factors hinder one from exploring other opportunities, and from developing what one has right now. Attend training and seminars to enhance and update ones skills and knowledge. This can make one more efficient at work. And being efficient can lead to favorable results such as earning the respect of other people in the company.	<urn:uuid:abb1bc94-6559-46ec-bcc5-3f648e9fa43a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://bereavementpractitioners.org/essay-women-color-glass-ceiling/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250619323.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124100832-20200124125832-00260.warc.gz	en	0.982753	1,984	3.734375	4	[ 0.05650726705789566, -0.18571805953979492, -0.06149803474545479, -0.027213294059038162, -0.14848542213439941, 0.32945823669433594, 0.19023776054382324, -0.0111610172316432, 0.005362891126424074, 0.22329649329185486, 0.35236063599586487, 0.04517815634608269, -0.13334468007087708, -0.0192475...	2	The term glass ceiling actually pertains to the situations in which the advancement of an individual within the hierarchy of the organization is constrained. The constraint is usually based on some form of discrimination such as prejudice or racial discrimination. It is referred to as a ceiling because the constraint blocks one’s rise in the ranks. The word glass has been appended to illustrate transparency which means that the constraint is not immediately noticeable and is likewise not written or stipulated in the policies of the organization. The glass ceiling is set apart from the other barriers to advancements such as requirements concerning education or experience. The analogy of the glass ceiling was employed to demonstrate the alleged condition that enables women and minorities to achieve only minor positions and keeps them from advancing to the top positions in the highest levels of the corporate world. For most people, the issue of the glass ceiling is an extension and an evidence of gender and racial discrimination and as such, should be counteracted by the implementation of affirmative action laws. Indeed, the phrase glass ceiling is frequently used in reference to the access of women to upper management; this is likewise extended to other groups such as racial or ethnic minorities or based on the age of the individual. At present, statistics show that about seventy-one companies or 14% of the Fortune 500 companies still do not have any female member on their board. But the number of women occupying directorial positions is increasing, registering a share of 86% from these 500 companies who have at least one female member in the Board of Directors. However, women of color believe that institutional racism is still present in most companies. 47% of women of color cite the lack of mentor or sponsor in the workplace as a main barrier to their advancement. In addition to this, 53% of them believe that company programs are ineffective in dealing with racism issues (“Statistics-Women” 2005). Usually, women of color encounter problems at work that serves as barriers for their career development. One of these, and most probably the primary one, is lack of mentors. Studies of corporate diversity programs reveal that the diversity initiatives are not as effective as they could be. Although women of color are aware of training in their corporation to address race and gender issues, only a few of their managers are willing to receive adequate training in managing a diverse work force. Lack of networking opportunities and high-profile assignments are also often experienced by women of color in their work. This is due to the fact that most of the diversity programs of their company are ineffective in dealing with issues on racism. Especially nowadays when the number of women of color in the workforce rapidly increases resulting to stiffer competition, there is a need for companies to focus and concentrate on these women and tailor programs to fit their particular needs. Because of these barriers and obstacles experienced by women of colors in their workforce, these women in turn felt widespread dissatisfaction with the way their managers are treating them. The person chosen for this interview is Emily Bradley, a black American currently employed as an executive assistant in an advertising agency. She graduated with flying colors from a degree in business management from the University of California in Fullerton. Our interview questions revolved around the following questions: · Being a woman, is there any instances in your life when you experienced some form of discrimination particularly racism? · Didn’t those experiences affected your personality and development as a person? Has it dampens your self-esteem or performances? How did you react to the instances of discrimination? · How were you able to climb up the corporate ladder and reach the top management position that you have today? · Apart from determination and will-power, what other things you did or you had applied that contributed to your success? · What can you recommend to other women of color who are still in the process of thriving in the society, in the academe, and in the workplace? What do you think are the factors that can contribute to a successful career or life especially for women of color who are currently experiencing the so-called glass ceiling? According to Ms. Bradley, during her school years, she experienced being bullied and looked-down by her classmates as well as some teachers. At work, she was able to experienced being by-pass on promotions and other recognitions. She wasn’t able to get promoted due to glass ceiling. She knows she can do better jobs than other people and have what it takes to advance in the organization, but unfortunately, her skin color served as a hindrance and stumbling block for her to achieve success in her career. There were also instances when she was told not to meet with clients personally because her color might affect the business deal. At first she was bothered, experienced self-pity and loss of confidence from all the treatment she had received making her want to give up. However, she decided to prove her detractors wrong and prove to herself that she deserves better from other people. She wanted to prove that color has nothing to do with success. And that in spite of her race and cultural background, she can be better than people of other races. Eventually, she managed not to be bothered by the hurtful and discriminating remarks hurled at her. In fact when she hears a discriminating remark right now, she can even smile at it. According to her, the opinions of other people do not really matter for as long as she knows that what she’s doing is right and that her conscience is always clean. In climbing the corporate ladder, for one, she did her best in all the tasks assigned to her. There were times when the tasks given proved too difficult but it didn’t intimidate her. What she did was to stay focus and she keep in her mind that a particular task can always be accomplished with the right attitude; otherwise it will not be given to her. She also practice grace under pressure to avoid losing her temper especially in instances when a difficult task is coupled with rude remarks pertaining to her color. Her superior eventually liked her attitude in the workplace; they couldn’t say anything about her performance since she was able to meet all the standards and deadlines commendably. After this, her superiors and co-workers have no other option but to consider her for promotion and performance-based reward schemes. Soon enough, she was able to finally advance her career in the organization. At this point, she was able to realize that as her position in their company advances, people give her more regard and respect. Apart from determination and will-power, she attended training and seminars concerning her field of interest, as well as crash courses and dialogues on how to hone her advertising and marketing skills in order to be successful in her career. She also sees to it that she is always up-dated on any information that is related to the field of advertising and marketing. When she had free times, she read books and on-line journals and articles to learn new things and keep abreast with the current trends in her field. On the side she attends seminars and talks concerning self-confidence, public speaking, and other self-help forums that can contribute to her work. With regards to the workplace, she encourages teambuilding activities and other things that can promote and enhance her relationship with other people in her team. Ms. Bradley recommends to other women of color not to lose hope, give their best in everything, not to get easily affected by what they hear in times when they are being discriminated. She also advised women like her to find ways to further themselves, their skills and knowledge, have the right attitude, determination and will-power to achieve whatever it is they want to achieve, believe in themselves and most of all never be ashamed of their skin color performance in the workplace. At present, Ms. Bradley is enjoying a good treatment from the company as well as a good position and a lavishing compensation. She has several people under her supervision and has been delegated in countless times to handle important clients as well as marketing and advertising projects. The four things one can do to help their own career are: first, finish a degree. A diploma can do a lot of things as it can earn the respect of other people; it is a good contributing factor in the resume, and it is good on the self-esteem because when one look at it, it gives one a sense of fulfillment and achievement. It serves as a proof that one can actually attain success if one wants to and if one intends to. The second advice is, never think twice in applying for job post in credible and large-scales companies. This is due to the fact that a lot of women whether white or not are apprehensive in applying for jobs in well known companies for fear of being turn down not only because of their skin colors but also because of their gender. This should not be the case as there are certain job positions an there are certain women who can actually handle the work better than their male or white counterpart. Having enough guts to face the world is also advisable. A job can take one to anywhere and can help one meet all kinds of people. Never feel shy of interacting with other people in spite of the differences in ski n color, gender, and job titles. One should have enough courage and guts to face all the challenges and people along the way. The cliché no guts, no glory rings true. The fourth recommended advice is knowledge and skill enhancement. Never be content of what one has in the present. Life can only get better so do not let age and other factors hinder one from exploring other opportunities, and from developing what one has right now. Attend training and seminars to enhance and update ones skills and knowledge. This can make one more efficient at work. And being efficient can lead to favorable results such as earning the respect of other people in the company.	1,956	ENGLISH	1
\|Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army\| 马来亚人民抗日军Participant in the Anti-Japanese resistance movement in Malaya during World War II MPAJA guerrillas marching through the streets of Johor Bahru during their disbandment ceremony in December 1945. \|Active\|\|December 1941 – December 1945\| \|Leaders\|\|Lai Teck, Chin Peng\| \|Area of operations\|\|Japanese-occupied Malaya and Singapore\| \|Size\|\|~6,500 (claimed); 10,000 (estimated)\| \|Battles and war(s)\|\|World War II\| \|Flag of the MPAJA\| The Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army (Chinese :马来亚人民抗日军; abbreviated MPAJA) was a paramilitary group that was active during the Japanese occupation of Malaya from 1942 to 1945. Composed mainly of ethnic Chinese guerrilla fighters, the MPAJA was the biggest anti-Japanese resistance group in Malaya. Founded on 18 December 1941 during the Japanese invasion of Malaya, the MPAJA was conceived as a part of a combined effort by the Malayan Communist Party (MCP), British colonial government, and various anti-Japanese groups to resist the Japanese occupation of Malayan territory. Although the MPAJA and the MCP were officially different organisations, many saw the MPAJA as a de facto armed wing of the MCP due to its leadership being staffed by mostly ethnic Chinese communists. Many of the ex-guerrillas of the MPAJA would later join the MCP in its open conflict with the BMA[ non sequitur ] during the Malayan Emergency. Anti-Japanese feelings among the Chinese community in Malaya first began in 1931, with the Japanese invasion and annexation of Manchuria. Anti-Japanese sentiments reached new heights again when a formal full-scale war was declared between Japan and China in 1937. Due to its leading role in promoting strong anti-Japanese and anti-Imperialist sentiments, the MCP enjoyed huge support from the Chinese community in Malaya. More importantly, many young Chinese were attracted to the communists because they believed the MCP represented a system that would oppose Japan and her imperialist expansionism. The anti-Japanese movement naturally attracted more support from the Malayan Chinese than the other races, hence resulting in Chinese dominance of the MCP leadership. While being anti-Japanese, the MCP was also involved in its local struggle against British Imperialism in Malaya. However, political developments in 1941 prompted the MCP to withhold its hostilities against the British and seek co-operation instead. First of all, war between the Soviet Union and Germany had made the Soviets join the Allies against the Axis powers which included Japan. Additionally, the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) had formed a united front against the Japanese invasion in mainland China. As a communist organisation closely associated with the CCP and the Soviet Union, the MCP had to alter its stance towards the British as the Soviets and CCP became wartime allies with them.Secondly, the MCP viewed the imminent Japanese invasion of Malaya as a greater threat than the British. Therefore, an offer of mutual co-operation against a potential Japanese aggression was first made in July 1941 to the British. However, the offer was rejected as British officials felt that recognising the MCP would give them an unnecessary boost in legitimising its nationalist agenda Nevertheless, the eventual Japanese invasion of Malaya on 8 December 1941 presented the MCP another opportunity to seek co-operation with the British. After the Japanese forces made rapid gains against the British defences in Malaya, the MCP came out publicly to support the British war effort, encouraging Malayan Chinese to pledge their assistance to the British. As the British faced further military setbacks with the sinking of its battleships Prince of Wales and Repulse, the British finally accepted the MCP's offer of assistance on 18 December 1941.A secret meeting was held in Singapore between British officers and two MCP representatives, one of whom was Lai Teck, the MCP's secretary general. The agreement between the MCP and the British was that the MCP would recruit, and the British would provide training to resistance groups. Also, the trained resistance fighters would be used as the British Military Command saw fit.The recruits were to undergo training in sabotage and guerrilla warfare at the 101 Special Training School (STS) in Singapore, operated by the Malayan wing of the London-based Special Operations Executive (SOE). On 19 December 1941, the MCP also brought together various anti-Japanese groups, organisations such as the KMT and the Chinese Chamber of Commerce, under a broad front called the "Overseas Chinese Anti-Japanese Mobilisation Federation" (OCAJMF) with Tan Kah Kee as the leader of its "Mobilisation Council". The OCAJMF became a platform to recruit Chinese volunteer soldiers to form an independent force, which would be later known as Dalforce. The MCP contributed the most soldiers to Dalforce, although it had also received volunteers from the KMT and other independent organisations. Dalforce was disbanded upon Singapore's surrender to the Japanese on 14 February 1942. The 101 Special Training School may be regarded as the birthplace of the MPAJA.A total of 165 party members were selected by the MCP to participate in the training, which began on 21 December 1941. The training was rushed through, with individual courses lasting only ten days and a total of 7 classes. Receiving only basic training and poorly-equipped, these graduated recruits would be sent across the peninsula to operate as independent squads. The first batch of 15 recruits was sent near Kuala Lumpur, where they had some success in disrupting Japanese communication lines in northern Selangor. However, many were killed within the first few months of fighting, but the surviving ones went on to form the core leadership of the MPAJA and train new recruits. In March 1942, after liaising with the Central Committee of the MCP, these graduates of the 101 STS would officially form the First Independent Force of the MPAJA. The MCP decided to go underground as British defences collapsed quickly in the face of the Japanese army's onslaught. A policy of armed resistance throughout the occupation was declared by all top-ranking MCP members at a final meeting in Singapore in February 1942.This decision proved beneficial to the MCP's political and military advancement, as they were the only political organisation prepared to commit itself to a policy of active anti-Japanese insurgency. After the fall of Singapore resistance forces were cut off from external assistance. The lack of proper equipment and training had forced the MPAJA to go on the defensive. Hanrahan describes the early months of the MPAJA as "an all-out struggle for bare survival. Most of the Chinese guerillas were ill-prepared, both mentally and physically, to live in the jungle, and the toll from disease, desertions, enemy attacks and insanity increased by the day". At the end of 18 months, an estimated one-third of the entire guerrilla force perished. Nevertheless, the harsh and brutal treatment of the Chinese by the Japanese occupation forces drove many Chinese to the relative safety of the jungle. The desire for revenge against the Japanese inspired many young Chinese to enlist with the MPAJA guerrillas, thus ensuring a steady supply of recruits to maintain the resistance effort despite suffering from heavy losses. Unbeknownst to the leadership of the MCP, the MCP Secretary-General and MPAJA leader Lai Teck was a double agent working for the British Special Branch.Subsequently, he became triple-agent working for the Japanese after his arrest by the Kempeitai in early March 1942. There were many different accounts of how Lai Teck was caught by the Kempeitai and his subsequent agreement to collaborate with the Japanese. In his book Red Star Over Malaya, Cheah Boon Keng describes Lai Teck's arrest as such: In August 1942 Lai Teck arranged for a full meeting which included the MCP's Central Executive Committee, state party officials, and a group leaders of the MPAJA at the Batu Caves, about ten miles from Kuala Lumpur. The party meeting was then held in a small village near the caves. At daybreak of 1 September 1942, Japanese forces surrounded and attacked the village where the MCP and MPAJA leaders were resting. Caught by surprise, the ambush ended with 92 members of the resistance dead.Among those who were killed, 29 were top-ranking party officials which included 4 MPAJA "Political Commissars". The Batu Caves Massacre had effectively wiped out the entire pre-war leadership of the MCP and influential members of the MPAJA. The untimely deaths in the MCP and MPAJA hierarchy provided an opportunity for a new breed of leaders to emerge. Among this new generation of leaders was Chin Peng, who would eventually become leader of the MCP and one of the key figures in the post-war conflict with the British government of Malaya. Another individual would be Liao Wei-chung, also known as Colonel Itu, who commanded the MPAJA 5th Independent Regiment from 1943 till the end of the war. By late 1943 many of the veteran Japanese soldiers were replaced by fresh units which were less successful in executing counter-insurgency operations against the MPAJA. Meanwhile, the MPAJA were able to gain sympathy and widespread support among the Chinese communities in Malaya, who supplied them with food, supplies, intelligence and also fresh recruits. The main link and support organisation which backed the MPAJA was the Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Union (MPAJU). The MPAJU pursued an open policy of recruiting people regardless of race, class, and political belief as long as they were against the Japanese regime.Therefore, members of the MPAJU were not necessarily Chinese or communists. The MPAJA recruited manpower by organising volunteer units called the Ho Pi Tui (Reserves) in villages, towns and districts. These volunteers were not required to leave their local areas unless they were called up. After a 2-month course in the jungle, they were sent back to their villages and left under the control of village elders or other trusted community representatives to provide self-defense in the villages.By the end of 1944, the MPAJA had increased their membership to over 7,000 soldiers. After the fall of Singapore, the MPAJA had lost contact with the British command in Southeast Asia. The British attempted to reestablish communications by landing army agents in Malaya by submarine. The first party, consisting of Colonel John Davis and five Chinese agents from the Special Operations Executive organisation called Force 136, landed on the Perak coast on 24 May 1943 from a Dutch submarine.Other groups followed, including Lim Bo Seng, a prominent Straits-born Chinese businessman and KMT supporter who volunteered to join the Force 136 Malayan Unit. On 1 January 1944, MPAJA leaders arrived at the Force 136 camp at Bukit Bidor and entered into discussions with the Force 136 officers. The MPAJA agreed to accept the British Army's orders while the war with Japan lasted in return for arms, money, training, and supplies. It was also agreed that at the end of the war, all weapons supplied by Force 136 would be handed back to British authorities, and all MPAJA fighters would disarm and return to civilian life. However, Force 136 was unable to keep several pre-planned rendezvous with its submarines, and had lost its wireless sets; the result was that Allied command did not hear of the agreement until 1 February 1945, and it was only during the last months of the war that the British were able to supply the MPAJA by air.Between December 1944 and August 1945, the number of air drops totalled more than 1000, with 510 men and £1.5 million worth of equipment and supplies parachuted into Malaya. For the MPAJA, the period from 1944 until the end of the war in August 1945 was characterised as one of both "consolidation" and continued growth.With the Japanese surrender on 15 August 1945, an "interregnum" followed which marked a period of lawlessness and unrest before the delayed arrival of the British forces. During this time, the MPAJA focused its efforts on seizing control of territory across Malaya and punishing "collaborators" of the Japanese regime. Many of the "collaborators" were ethnic Malays, many of whom the Japanese employed as policemen. Although the MCP and MPAJA consistently espoused non-racial policies, the fact that their members came predominantly from the Chinese community caused their reprisals against Malays who had collaborated to be a source of racial tension. As a result, interracial clashes involving the Chinese-dominated MPAJA and Malay settlers were frequent. For example, the Malays in Sungai Manik in Perak, fought with the MPAJA and local Chinese settlers after the MPAJA attempted to take over Sungai Manik and other neighbouring towns. Fighting continued until the arrival of the British army in September. The British Military Administration (BMA) formally took over control of Malaya on 12 September 1945. The British army saw the MPAJA guerrillas as hindrance to their tasks of establishing law and order in the country and were anxious to demobilise the MPAJA as soon as possible. Fearing that the MPAJA might challenge British authority, the British army ordered all MPAJA units to concentrate in certain centres and to come under its overall command.Force 136 officers would continue to be liaison officers with the MPAJA. The BMA also declared the MPAJA no longer operational after 12 September, although they were allowed to remain armed until negotiations were finalised for their disarmament. Additionally, the MPAJA was not allowed to conduct further extrajudicial punishment on collaborators without permission from the British authorities. The MPAJA was formally dissolved on 1 December 1945. A gratuity sum of $350 was paid to each disbanded member of the MPAJA, with the option for him to enter civilian employment or to join the police, volunteer forces or the Malay Regiment.5,497 weapons were handed in by 6,800 guerrillas in demobilisation ceremonial parades held at MPAJA headquarters around the country. However, it was believed that the MPAJA did not proceed to disarm with full compliance. British authorities discovered that most of the surrendered arms were old-type weapons and suspected that the MPAJA hid the newer weapons in the jungles. One particular incident reinforced this suspicion when the British army stumbled upon an armed Chinese settlement that had its own governing body, military drilling facilities and flag while conducting a raid on one of the old MPAJA encampments. Members of this settlement open fired at the British soldiers on sight, and the skirmish ended with one Chinese man dead. Nevertheless, after the formal demobilisation of the MPAJA, associations for demobilised personnel, known as the Malayan Peoples Anti-Japanese Ex-Service Comrades Association, were established in areas where regiments had operated.The president and vice-president of the associations were the same men who commanded the MPAJA regiments in their respective areas. In other words, the leadership structure of these veteran clubs mirrored that of the former MPAJA. Although there was no direct evidence that all leaders of these associations were communists, representatives of these veteran clubs participated in meetings with communist-sponsored groups that passed political resolutions. Cheah Boon Keng argues that these ex-guerrilla associations would later become well-organised military arms for the MCP during its open conflict with the BMA in 1948. Between 1942 and 1945, the MPAJA had a total of 8 independent regiments as follows: \|Independent Regiments\|\|Place of Origin\|\|Date of Inception\|\|Leaders\| \|1st\|\|Selangor\|\|December 1941\|\|Chen Tian Ching\| Chou Yan Pin (1945) \|2nd\|\|Negri Sembilan\|\|April 1942\|\|Lai Loi Fook\| Teng Fu Long (1945) \|3rd\|\|Johor (North)\|\|January 1942\|\|Xiao Yang\| Wu Ke Xiong (1945) \|4th\|\|Johor (South)\|\|January 1942\|\|Ah Fu\| Chen Tien (1945) \|5th\|\|Perak\|\|December 1942\|\|Lai Loi Fook\| Liao Wei Chung (1945) \|6th\|\|Pahang (West) and Terengganu\|\|August 1943\|\|Zeng Guan Biao\| Wang Ching (1945) \|7th\|\|Pahang (East)\|\|November 1944\|\|Chang Chi\| Chuang Ching (1945) \|8th\|\|Kedah and Perlis\|\|15 August 1945\|\|He Xiao Li\| All eight independent regiments took orders from the Central Military Committee of the MCP.Therefore, the MPAJA was de facto controlled by the Communist leadership. Each MPAJA regiment comprised five or six patrols, and the average regimental strength was between 400 and 500 members. The 5th Regiment was considered the strongest under the leadership of Chin Peng, then-Perak State Secretary of the MCP, and Colonel Itu (aka Liao Wei Chung). There was no class distinction in the MPAJA. Each member addressed each other simply as "comrade", including the Chairman of the Central Military Committee. Although the MPAJA was directly controlled by the MCP leadership, many members were not communists, contrary to popular belief.Many had signed up for the MPAJA because of their resentment towards the Japanese army's brutal treatment of civilians. When not engaged in guerrilla activities, a typical life in an MPAJA camp consisted of military drilling, political education, cooking, collection of food supplies, and cultural affairs.The soldiers organised gatherings and invited residents, particularly the young, to participate in singing and drama events. Whenever these activities were going on, guards armed with machine-guns would be stationed at main exits of villages to keep a look-out for Japanese soldiers. The objectives of such activities was to demonstrate the strength of the group and instill public confidence. Personal accounts by British army officers who lived side-by-side with MPAJA guerrillas during the war revealed MPAJA cadres as “disciplined people” who had “great seriousness of purpose”. The MCP/MPAJA leader, Chin Peng, was also labelled as a man “with a reputation for fair dealing”. Also, the MPAJA in Perak was said to enjoy good relations with the aborigines, or Orang Asli, who “held a party for MPAJA forces” on New Year's Eve. While the MPAJA was officially a multi-racial organisation, membership was made up predominantly by Chinese. Mandarin was the lingua franca of the MPAJA, although concessions to the Malay, Tamil, and English languages were made in some of the propaganda news-sheets published by the MPAJA's propaganda bureau.Nevertheless, there were token numbers of Malay and Indians among their ranks. In Lim Pui Huen's book, War and Memory in Malaysia and Singapore, an Indian war survivor Ramasamy recalled that “in the plantations, news of guerilla activities were often a great joy to the [Indian] laborers”, and that the Indian MPAJA leaders like “Perumal and Muniandy were looked upon… as heroes because they punish the estate kirani”. The total strength of the MPAJA at the time of demobilisation was said to be between 6,000 and 7,000 soldiers. The true objectives of the MPAJA remains a debatable issue. While officially the MPAJA was an organisation formed to resist the Japanese invasion, the true motives behind its formation has often been touted by historians as an elaborate ploy by MCP to create an armed force that would resist British imperialism after the end of the Japanese Occupation of Malaya. In Ban and Yap's book Rehearsal for War: The Underground War against the Japanese, both authors argued that “while the MCP cooperated with the British against the more immediate threat from the Japanese, it never detracted from its aim of seizing power” and that its ultimate aim “right from the formation of the party in April 1930… is a communist Malaya”.Although the MPAJA was officially a separate organisation from the MCP, it was claimed that “from the start the Malayan Communist Party sought to exert an authoritarian and direct control…with Liu Yao as Chairman to oversee the activities and direction of the MPAJA”. The Central Military Commission, which was “reorganized to take full control of the MPAJA”, was headed by MCP leaders “Lai Teck, Liu Yao and Chin Peng”. Furthermore, the MPAJA deliberately kept “open and secret field units”, whereby “portions of the MPAJA field units were carefully kept out of sight, husbanded as reserves for a future conflict.” One example was the comparison between the “open” 5th Independent Regiment based in Perak which was the strongest and most active in Malaya, and the “secret” 6th Regiment in Pahang which was as well-equipped but “had a less aggressive stance”. In fact, according to Ban and Yap, “within a year of the fall of Malaya it was obvious [to the MCP]… that the return of the British was inevitable” and that the “MCP was ready to contend with its former colonial rulers.” Although “clashes between the MPAJA and the Japanese Occupation Army occurred, these never threatened the overall Japanese control of the peninsula” as the “MPAJA was conserving its resources for the real war against colonialism once the Japanese were evicted.” Therefore, the authors suggest that the MPAJA's main enemy was all along the British, and its main purpose was to wrestle independence from the British rather than to resist the Japanese. Cheah Boon Kheng's Red Star Over Malaya also echos Ban and Yap's argument. Cheah acknowledges that the MPAJA was under control of the MCP, with the “Central Military Committee of the MCP acted as supreme command of the MPAJA.”Cheah also agrees that the MCP harboured hidden motives while agreeing to co-operate with the British against the Japanese by holding on to its “secret strategy of ‘Establish the Malayan Democratic Republic’”, “ready to take advantage of the opportunity to expel the British from Malaya as soon as practicable”. On the other hand, historian Lee Ting Hui argues against the popular notion that the MCP had planned to use the MPAJA to invoke an armed struggle against the British. In his book The Open United Front: The Communist Struggle in Singapore he asserts that the MCP “was pursuing the objective of a new democratic revolution” and had “preferred to operate in the open and in conformity with the law”.The MCP had adopted Mao Tze Dong’s strategy of a “peaceful struggle”, which was to take over the countryside and get “workers, peasants and others” to conduct “strikes, acts of sabotage, demonstrations, etc.” Following Mao's doctrine, the MPAJA would “forge alliance with its secondary enemy against the primary enemy” in which secondary enemy referred to the British and the primary enemy was the Japanese. Therefore, during the war, the “MCP’s only target was the Japanese”. Casualty figures provided by both MPAJA and Japanese sources differed greatly: \|MPAJA claim\|\|Japanese claim\| \|Japanese forces casualties\|\|5,500 Japanese soldiers\| \|600 Japanese soldiers\| 2,000 local volunteers \|MPAJA casualties\|\|1,000 MPAJA\|\|2,900 MPAJA\| \|Total\|\|8,000 Japanese forces\| \|2,600 Japanese forces\| With regards to the MPAJA's contribution to the war, here are some assessments given by historians: Cheah, in his assessment of the military results of the MPAJA insurgency, says that "British accounts have reported that the guerrillas carried out a number of military engagements against Japanese installations. The MPAJA's own account claims its guerrillas undertook 340 individual operations against the Japanese during the occupation, of which 230 were considered "major" efforts -- "major" meaning involving an entire regiment."The MPAJA claimed to have eliminated 5,500 Japanese troops while losing 1,000 themselves. The Japanese claimed that their losses (killed and wounded) were 600 of their own troops and 2000 local police, and that the MPAJA losses were 2,900. Cheah believes that the Japanese report is probably more reliable, although only approximate. Ban and Yap agree with Cheah in his figures, mentioning that the MPAJA "claimed it had eliminated 5,500 Japanese soldiers and about 2,500 'traitors' while admitting that they had lost some 1,000 men".On the other hand, the Japanese released their "own figures of 600 killed or wounded and 2,000 casualties from their volunteer forces". They also claimed to have "killed some 2,900 members of the MPAJA". However, Ban and Yap feel that the Japanese might have "under-reported their casualties as the MPAJA had always been depicted as a band of ragged bandits who could pose no threat to the Imperial Army". Also, they noted that towards the end of the war the "guerrillas were matching the Japanese blow for blow" and "Japanese records admitted that they suffered some 506 casualties in one of the attacks while 550 guerrillas were killed". Cooper mentions similar casualty figures of both MPAJA and Japanese accounts in his book Decade of Change: Malaya and the Straits Settlements 1936-1945, but nevertheless suggests that the “value of the MPAJA to the Allied cause is debatable” and describes their strategy as “tantalizing [the Japanese], invariably disappearing into the depths of the jungle whenever the Japanese tried to engage them” because they were “little or no match against the Japanese”.He goes even further to add that the MPAJA's contribution “is no more than a minor irritant and certainly no strategic threat to the Japanese". On the other hand, Tie and Zhong felt that "if the atomic bomb had not put an abrupt end to the 'war and peace' problems, the anti-Japanese force could have achieved even more". The Malayan Emergency was a guerrilla war fought in the Federation of Malaya from 1948 until 1960. The conflict was between Commonwealth armed forces and the Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA), the military wing of the Malayan Communist Party (MCP). The fighting spanned both the colonial period and the creation of an independent Malaysia. Although it was referred to as "The Emergency" by colonial authorities, the MNLA referred to it as the "Anti-British National Liberation War". The conflict was called an "Emergency" by the British for insurance purposes, as London-based insurers would not have paid out in instances of civil wars. Chin Peng, former OBE, born Ong Boon Hua was a Malayan communist politician who was a long-time leader of the Malayan Communist Party (MCP). A determined anti-colonialist, he led the party's guerrilla insurgency in the Malayan Emergency, fighting against British and Commonwealth forces in an attempt to establish an independent communist state. After the MCP's defeat and subsequent Malayan independence, Chin waged a second campaign against Malaya and, after 1963, the new state of Malaysia in an attempt to replace its government with a communist one from exile, until signing the Peace Agreement of Hat Yai 1989 with the Malaysian government in 1989. Lim Bo Seng was a Chinese resistance fighter based in Singapore and Malaya during World War II. Before the outbreak of War World II, he was a prominent businessman among the Chinese community in Singapore. When the Second Sino-Japanese War broke, he participated in anti-Japanese activities in Malaya and Singapore. During Japanese occupation of Malaya and Singapore, he was tasked to establish Force 136, a guerrilla task force backed by Special Operations Executive (SOE). However, he was captured by Japanese forces and died while interred. After the war, he is remembered as a war hero in Singapore. The Malayan Communist Party (MCP), officially known as the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM), was a political party in the Federation of Malaya and Malaysia. It was founded in 1930 and laid down its arms in 1989. It is most known for its role in the Malayan Emergency. It also contributed to the independence of Malaya, in which this subject is still a taboo and is systematically erased and hidden from the public due to political interests of the dominating parties within Malaysia. Lai Teck, was a leader of the Communist Party of Malaya and Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army. A Vietnamese of mixed Sino-Vietnamese descent, prior to his arrival in Malaya, Lai Teck was believed to have led his life as Truong Phuoc Dat until 1934, during which Dat disappeared and Lai Teck appeared. Force 136 was the general cover name, from March 1944, for a branch of the British World War II organisation, the Special Operations Executive (SOE). Originally set up in 1941 as the India Mission, it absorbed what was left of SOE's Oriental Mission in April 1942, then going by the cover name of GSI(K). The man in overall charge for the duration of the war was Colin Mackenzie. Briggs' Plan was a military plan devised by British General Sir Harold Briggs shortly after his appointment in 1950 as Director of Operations in the anti-communist war in Malaya. The plan aimed to defeat the Malayan communists, who were operating out of rural areas as a guerrilla army, primarily by cutting them off from their sources of support amongst the population. To this end, a massive program of forced resettlement of Malayan peasantry was undertaken, under which about 500,000 people were eventually removed from the land and interned in guarded camps called "New Villages". There were over 400 of these guarded camps. Furthermore, 10,000 Malayan Chinese were deported to mainland China. Malaya was gradually occupied by the Japanese between 8 December 1941 and the Allied surrender at Singapore on 16 February 1942. The Japanese remained in occupation until their surrender to the Allies in 1945. The first Japanese garrison in Malaya to lay down their arms was in Penang on 2 September 1945 aboard HMS Nelson. The Federation Regiment was an attempt by British General Gerald Templer to form a multiracial infantry regiment of the Malayan Federation Army. The Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA), often mistranslated as the Malayan Races Liberation Army, was a communist guerrilla army that fought for Malayan independence from the British Empire during the Malayan Emergency (1948-1960). Their leader was an anti-fascist and trade union activist known as Chin Peng who had previously been awarded an OBE by the British for waging a guerrilla war against the Japanese occupation of Malaya. Many MNLA fighters were former members of the Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA) which had been previously trained and funded by the British to fight against Japan during WWII. Rashid Maidin, sometimes given as Rashid Mahideen, was a senior leader of the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM). Tan Sri Dr. Too Chee Chew （杜志超）P.S.M., M.B.E., J.M.N., better known as C. C. Too, was a major exponent of psychological warfare in Malaysia. The British Military Administration was the interim administrator of British Malaya from August 1945, the end of World War II, to the establishment of the Malayan Union in April 1946. The BMA was under the direct command of the Supreme Allied Commander South East Asia, Lord Louis Mountbatten. The administration had the dual function of maintaining basic subsistence during the period of reoccupation, and also of imposing the state structure upon which post-war imperial power would rest. The Communist insurgency in Malaysia, also known as the Second Malayan Emergency, was an armed conflict which occurred in Malaysia from 1968 to 1989, involving the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) and Malaysian federal security forces. This article is about the extent of terrorism in Malaysia, including historical background, laws concerning terrorism, incidence of terrorism and international terrorism from the Malaysian perspective. Lau Yew was a prominent member of the Malayan Communist Party. He was a high-ranking commander in its military arm during World War II, the Malayan Peoples Anti-Japanese Army. Eu Chooi Yip was a prominent member of the anti-colonial and Communist movements in Malaya and Singapore in the 1950s and 60s. Eu Chooi Yip was born in Kuantan, Malaysia. Ferret Force was a counter-insurgency unit formed by the British and Malayan authorities as part of their response to the communist insurgency during the Malayan Emergency. The unit only existed for six months, but was to help establish doctrine for British operations in the jungle. There were several Anti-Japanese groups in British Malaya during the Japanese Occupation. During this period, many groups were formed due to the alleged Japanese mistreatment of locals which caused discontent throughout the region. These were called anti-Japanese groups, the source of many anti-Japanese movements reflecting the local resentment of the time. The Malaysian Communist Party was an underground Malaysian communist party. MCP traced its roots to splinter groups amongst communist guerrillas in southern Thailand in the 1970s. The party conducted armed struggle in the Malaysian-Thai border areas between 1983 and 1987. It eventually accepted a deal for cessation of hostilities with the Thai military and its cadres were resettled in 'friendship villages'.	<urn:uuid:0db6d5be-a007-4d5e-b49a-9a1644ae275f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://wikimili.com/en/Malayan_Peoples'_Anti-Japanese_Army	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607118.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122131612-20200122160612-00167.warc.gz	en	0.98006	7,194	3.46875	3	[ -0.6562919616699219, 0.4377630352973938, 0.28704696893692017, -0.29811352491378784, 0.1658543050289154, 0.250613808631897, 0.17727315425872803, -0.1213800385594368, -0.31959962844848633, -0.024782497435808182, 0.5901666879653931, -0.3814200460910797, 0.37450626492500305, 0.4435335099697113...	1	\|Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army\| 马来亚人民抗日军Participant in the Anti-Japanese resistance movement in Malaya during World War II MPAJA guerrillas marching through the streets of Johor Bahru during their disbandment ceremony in December 1945. \|Active\|\|December 1941 – December 1945\| \|Leaders\|\|Lai Teck, Chin Peng\| \|Area of operations\|\|Japanese-occupied Malaya and Singapore\| \|Size\|\|~6,500 (claimed); 10,000 (estimated)\| \|Battles and war(s)\|\|World War II\| \|Flag of the MPAJA\| The Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army (Chinese :马来亚人民抗日军; abbreviated MPAJA) was a paramilitary group that was active during the Japanese occupation of Malaya from 1942 to 1945. Composed mainly of ethnic Chinese guerrilla fighters, the MPAJA was the biggest anti-Japanese resistance group in Malaya. Founded on 18 December 1941 during the Japanese invasion of Malaya, the MPAJA was conceived as a part of a combined effort by the Malayan Communist Party (MCP), British colonial government, and various anti-Japanese groups to resist the Japanese occupation of Malayan territory. Although the MPAJA and the MCP were officially different organisations, many saw the MPAJA as a de facto armed wing of the MCP due to its leadership being staffed by mostly ethnic Chinese communists. Many of the ex-guerrillas of the MPAJA would later join the MCP in its open conflict with the BMA[ non sequitur ] during the Malayan Emergency. Anti-Japanese feelings among the Chinese community in Malaya first began in 1931, with the Japanese invasion and annexation of Manchuria. Anti-Japanese sentiments reached new heights again when a formal full-scale war was declared between Japan and China in 1937. Due to its leading role in promoting strong anti-Japanese and anti-Imperialist sentiments, the MCP enjoyed huge support from the Chinese community in Malaya. More importantly, many young Chinese were attracted to the communists because they believed the MCP represented a system that would oppose Japan and her imperialist expansionism. The anti-Japanese movement naturally attracted more support from the Malayan Chinese than the other races, hence resulting in Chinese dominance of the MCP leadership. While being anti-Japanese, the MCP was also involved in its local struggle against British Imperialism in Malaya. However, political developments in 1941 prompted the MCP to withhold its hostilities against the British and seek co-operation instead. First of all, war between the Soviet Union and Germany had made the Soviets join the Allies against the Axis powers which included Japan. Additionally, the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) had formed a united front against the Japanese invasion in mainland China. As a communist organisation closely associated with the CCP and the Soviet Union, the MCP had to alter its stance towards the British as the Soviets and CCP became wartime allies with them.Secondly, the MCP viewed the imminent Japanese invasion of Malaya as a greater threat than the British. Therefore, an offer of mutual co-operation against a potential Japanese aggression was first made in July 1941 to the British. However, the offer was rejected as British officials felt that recognising the MCP would give them an unnecessary boost in legitimising its nationalist agenda Nevertheless, the eventual Japanese invasion of Malaya on 8 December 1941 presented the MCP another opportunity to seek co-operation with the British. After the Japanese forces made rapid gains against the British defences in Malaya, the MCP came out publicly to support the British war effort, encouraging Malayan Chinese to pledge their assistance to the British. As the British faced further military setbacks with the sinking of its battleships Prince of Wales and Repulse, the British finally accepted the MCP's offer of assistance on 18 December 1941.A secret meeting was held in Singapore between British officers and two MCP representatives, one of whom was Lai Teck, the MCP's secretary general. The agreement between the MCP and the British was that the MCP would recruit, and the British would provide training to resistance groups. Also, the trained resistance fighters would be used as the British Military Command saw fit.The recruits were to undergo training in sabotage and guerrilla warfare at the 101 Special Training School (STS) in Singapore, operated by the Malayan wing of the London-based Special Operations Executive (SOE). On 19 December 1941, the MCP also brought together various anti-Japanese groups, organisations such as the KMT and the Chinese Chamber of Commerce, under a broad front called the "Overseas Chinese Anti-Japanese Mobilisation Federation" (OCAJMF) with Tan Kah Kee as the leader of its "Mobilisation Council". The OCAJMF became a platform to recruit Chinese volunteer soldiers to form an independent force, which would be later known as Dalforce. The MCP contributed the most soldiers to Dalforce, although it had also received volunteers from the KMT and other independent organisations. Dalforce was disbanded upon Singapore's surrender to the Japanese on 14 February 1942. The 101 Special Training School may be regarded as the birthplace of the MPAJA.A total of 165 party members were selected by the MCP to participate in the training, which began on 21 December 1941. The training was rushed through, with individual courses lasting only ten days and a total of 7 classes. Receiving only basic training and poorly-equipped, these graduated recruits would be sent across the peninsula to operate as independent squads. The first batch of 15 recruits was sent near Kuala Lumpur, where they had some success in disrupting Japanese communication lines in northern Selangor. However, many were killed within the first few months of fighting, but the surviving ones went on to form the core leadership of the MPAJA and train new recruits. In March 1942, after liaising with the Central Committee of the MCP, these graduates of the 101 STS would officially form the First Independent Force of the MPAJA. The MCP decided to go underground as British defences collapsed quickly in the face of the Japanese army's onslaught. A policy of armed resistance throughout the occupation was declared by all top-ranking MCP members at a final meeting in Singapore in February 1942.This decision proved beneficial to the MCP's political and military advancement, as they were the only political organisation prepared to commit itself to a policy of active anti-Japanese insurgency. After the fall of Singapore resistance forces were cut off from external assistance. The lack of proper equipment and training had forced the MPAJA to go on the defensive. Hanrahan describes the early months of the MPAJA as "an all-out struggle for bare survival. Most of the Chinese guerillas were ill-prepared, both mentally and physically, to live in the jungle, and the toll from disease, desertions, enemy attacks and insanity increased by the day". At the end of 18 months, an estimated one-third of the entire guerrilla force perished. Nevertheless, the harsh and brutal treatment of the Chinese by the Japanese occupation forces drove many Chinese to the relative safety of the jungle. The desire for revenge against the Japanese inspired many young Chinese to enlist with the MPAJA guerrillas, thus ensuring a steady supply of recruits to maintain the resistance effort despite suffering from heavy losses. Unbeknownst to the leadership of the MCP, the MCP Secretary-General and MPAJA leader Lai Teck was a double agent working for the British Special Branch.Subsequently, he became triple-agent working for the Japanese after his arrest by the Kempeitai in early March 1942. There were many different accounts of how Lai Teck was caught by the Kempeitai and his subsequent agreement to collaborate with the Japanese. In his book Red Star Over Malaya, Cheah Boon Keng describes Lai Teck's arrest as such: In August 1942 Lai Teck arranged for a full meeting which included the MCP's Central Executive Committee, state party officials, and a group leaders of the MPAJA at the Batu Caves, about ten miles from Kuala Lumpur. The party meeting was then held in a small village near the caves. At daybreak of 1 September 1942, Japanese forces surrounded and attacked the village where the MCP and MPAJA leaders were resting. Caught by surprise, the ambush ended with 92 members of the resistance dead.Among those who were killed, 29 were top-ranking party officials which included 4 MPAJA "Political Commissars". The Batu Caves Massacre had effectively wiped out the entire pre-war leadership of the MCP and influential members of the MPAJA. The untimely deaths in the MCP and MPAJA hierarchy provided an opportunity for a new breed of leaders to emerge. Among this new generation of leaders was Chin Peng, who would eventually become leader of the MCP and one of the key figures in the post-war conflict with the British government of Malaya. Another individual would be Liao Wei-chung, also known as Colonel Itu, who commanded the MPAJA 5th Independent Regiment from 1943 till the end of the war. By late 1943 many of the veteran Japanese soldiers were replaced by fresh units which were less successful in executing counter-insurgency operations against the MPAJA. Meanwhile, the MPAJA were able to gain sympathy and widespread support among the Chinese communities in Malaya, who supplied them with food, supplies, intelligence and also fresh recruits. The main link and support organisation which backed the MPAJA was the Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Union (MPAJU). The MPAJU pursued an open policy of recruiting people regardless of race, class, and political belief as long as they were against the Japanese regime.Therefore, members of the MPAJU were not necessarily Chinese or communists. The MPAJA recruited manpower by organising volunteer units called the Ho Pi Tui (Reserves) in villages, towns and districts. These volunteers were not required to leave their local areas unless they were called up. After a 2-month course in the jungle, they were sent back to their villages and left under the control of village elders or other trusted community representatives to provide self-defense in the villages.By the end of 1944, the MPAJA had increased their membership to over 7,000 soldiers. After the fall of Singapore, the MPAJA had lost contact with the British command in Southeast Asia. The British attempted to reestablish communications by landing army agents in Malaya by submarine. The first party, consisting of Colonel John Davis and five Chinese agents from the Special Operations Executive organisation called Force 136, landed on the Perak coast on 24 May 1943 from a Dutch submarine.Other groups followed, including Lim Bo Seng, a prominent Straits-born Chinese businessman and KMT supporter who volunteered to join the Force 136 Malayan Unit. On 1 January 1944, MPAJA leaders arrived at the Force 136 camp at Bukit Bidor and entered into discussions with the Force 136 officers. The MPAJA agreed to accept the British Army's orders while the war with Japan lasted in return for arms, money, training, and supplies. It was also agreed that at the end of the war, all weapons supplied by Force 136 would be handed back to British authorities, and all MPAJA fighters would disarm and return to civilian life. However, Force 136 was unable to keep several pre-planned rendezvous with its submarines, and had lost its wireless sets; the result was that Allied command did not hear of the agreement until 1 February 1945, and it was only during the last months of the war that the British were able to supply the MPAJA by air.Between December 1944 and August 1945, the number of air drops totalled more than 1000, with 510 men and £1.5 million worth of equipment and supplies parachuted into Malaya. For the MPAJA, the period from 1944 until the end of the war in August 1945 was characterised as one of both "consolidation" and continued growth.With the Japanese surrender on 15 August 1945, an "interregnum" followed which marked a period of lawlessness and unrest before the delayed arrival of the British forces. During this time, the MPAJA focused its efforts on seizing control of territory across Malaya and punishing "collaborators" of the Japanese regime. Many of the "collaborators" were ethnic Malays, many of whom the Japanese employed as policemen. Although the MCP and MPAJA consistently espoused non-racial policies, the fact that their members came predominantly from the Chinese community caused their reprisals against Malays who had collaborated to be a source of racial tension. As a result, interracial clashes involving the Chinese-dominated MPAJA and Malay settlers were frequent. For example, the Malays in Sungai Manik in Perak, fought with the MPAJA and local Chinese settlers after the MPAJA attempted to take over Sungai Manik and other neighbouring towns. Fighting continued until the arrival of the British army in September. The British Military Administration (BMA) formally took over control of Malaya on 12 September 1945. The British army saw the MPAJA guerrillas as hindrance to their tasks of establishing law and order in the country and were anxious to demobilise the MPAJA as soon as possible. Fearing that the MPAJA might challenge British authority, the British army ordered all MPAJA units to concentrate in certain centres and to come under its overall command.Force 136 officers would continue to be liaison officers with the MPAJA. The BMA also declared the MPAJA no longer operational after 12 September, although they were allowed to remain armed until negotiations were finalised for their disarmament. Additionally, the MPAJA was not allowed to conduct further extrajudicial punishment on collaborators without permission from the British authorities. The MPAJA was formally dissolved on 1 December 1945. A gratuity sum of $350 was paid to each disbanded member of the MPAJA, with the option for him to enter civilian employment or to join the police, volunteer forces or the Malay Regiment.5,497 weapons were handed in by 6,800 guerrillas in demobilisation ceremonial parades held at MPAJA headquarters around the country. However, it was believed that the MPAJA did not proceed to disarm with full compliance. British authorities discovered that most of the surrendered arms were old-type weapons and suspected that the MPAJA hid the newer weapons in the jungles. One particular incident reinforced this suspicion when the British army stumbled upon an armed Chinese settlement that had its own governing body, military drilling facilities and flag while conducting a raid on one of the old MPAJA encampments. Members of this settlement open fired at the British soldiers on sight, and the skirmish ended with one Chinese man dead. Nevertheless, after the formal demobilisation of the MPAJA, associations for demobilised personnel, known as the Malayan Peoples Anti-Japanese Ex-Service Comrades Association, were established in areas where regiments had operated.The president and vice-president of the associations were the same men who commanded the MPAJA regiments in their respective areas. In other words, the leadership structure of these veteran clubs mirrored that of the former MPAJA. Although there was no direct evidence that all leaders of these associations were communists, representatives of these veteran clubs participated in meetings with communist-sponsored groups that passed political resolutions. Cheah Boon Keng argues that these ex-guerrilla associations would later become well-organised military arms for the MCP during its open conflict with the BMA in 1948. Between 1942 and 1945, the MPAJA had a total of 8 independent regiments as follows: \|Independent Regiments\|\|Place of Origin\|\|Date of Inception\|\|Leaders\| \|1st\|\|Selangor\|\|December 1941\|\|Chen Tian Ching\| Chou Yan Pin (1945) \|2nd\|\|Negri Sembilan\|\|April 1942\|\|Lai Loi Fook\| Teng Fu Long (1945) \|3rd\|\|Johor (North)\|\|January 1942\|\|Xiao Yang\| Wu Ke Xiong (1945) \|4th\|\|Johor (South)\|\|January 1942\|\|Ah Fu\| Chen Tien (1945) \|5th\|\|Perak\|\|December 1942\|\|Lai Loi Fook\| Liao Wei Chung (1945) \|6th\|\|Pahang (West) and Terengganu\|\|August 1943\|\|Zeng Guan Biao\| Wang Ching (1945) \|7th\|\|Pahang (East)\|\|November 1944\|\|Chang Chi\| Chuang Ching (1945) \|8th\|\|Kedah and Perlis\|\|15 August 1945\|\|He Xiao Li\| All eight independent regiments took orders from the Central Military Committee of the MCP.Therefore, the MPAJA was de facto controlled by the Communist leadership. Each MPAJA regiment comprised five or six patrols, and the average regimental strength was between 400 and 500 members. The 5th Regiment was considered the strongest under the leadership of Chin Peng, then-Perak State Secretary of the MCP, and Colonel Itu (aka Liao Wei Chung). There was no class distinction in the MPAJA. Each member addressed each other simply as "comrade", including the Chairman of the Central Military Committee. Although the MPAJA was directly controlled by the MCP leadership, many members were not communists, contrary to popular belief.Many had signed up for the MPAJA because of their resentment towards the Japanese army's brutal treatment of civilians. When not engaged in guerrilla activities, a typical life in an MPAJA camp consisted of military drilling, political education, cooking, collection of food supplies, and cultural affairs.The soldiers organised gatherings and invited residents, particularly the young, to participate in singing and drama events. Whenever these activities were going on, guards armed with machine-guns would be stationed at main exits of villages to keep a look-out for Japanese soldiers. The objectives of such activities was to demonstrate the strength of the group and instill public confidence. Personal accounts by British army officers who lived side-by-side with MPAJA guerrillas during the war revealed MPAJA cadres as “disciplined people” who had “great seriousness of purpose”. The MCP/MPAJA leader, Chin Peng, was also labelled as a man “with a reputation for fair dealing”. Also, the MPAJA in Perak was said to enjoy good relations with the aborigines, or Orang Asli, who “held a party for MPAJA forces” on New Year's Eve. While the MPAJA was officially a multi-racial organisation, membership was made up predominantly by Chinese. Mandarin was the lingua franca of the MPAJA, although concessions to the Malay, Tamil, and English languages were made in some of the propaganda news-sheets published by the MPAJA's propaganda bureau.Nevertheless, there were token numbers of Malay and Indians among their ranks. In Lim Pui Huen's book, War and Memory in Malaysia and Singapore, an Indian war survivor Ramasamy recalled that “in the plantations, news of guerilla activities were often a great joy to the [Indian] laborers”, and that the Indian MPAJA leaders like “Perumal and Muniandy were looked upon… as heroes because they punish the estate kirani”. The total strength of the MPAJA at the time of demobilisation was said to be between 6,000 and 7,000 soldiers. The true objectives of the MPAJA remains a debatable issue. While officially the MPAJA was an organisation formed to resist the Japanese invasion, the true motives behind its formation has often been touted by historians as an elaborate ploy by MCP to create an armed force that would resist British imperialism after the end of the Japanese Occupation of Malaya. In Ban and Yap's book Rehearsal for War: The Underground War against the Japanese, both authors argued that “while the MCP cooperated with the British against the more immediate threat from the Japanese, it never detracted from its aim of seizing power” and that its ultimate aim “right from the formation of the party in April 1930… is a communist Malaya”.Although the MPAJA was officially a separate organisation from the MCP, it was claimed that “from the start the Malayan Communist Party sought to exert an authoritarian and direct control…with Liu Yao as Chairman to oversee the activities and direction of the MPAJA”. The Central Military Commission, which was “reorganized to take full control of the MPAJA”, was headed by MCP leaders “Lai Teck, Liu Yao and Chin Peng”. Furthermore, the MPAJA deliberately kept “open and secret field units”, whereby “portions of the MPAJA field units were carefully kept out of sight, husbanded as reserves for a future conflict.” One example was the comparison between the “open” 5th Independent Regiment based in Perak which was the strongest and most active in Malaya, and the “secret” 6th Regiment in Pahang which was as well-equipped but “had a less aggressive stance”. In fact, according to Ban and Yap, “within a year of the fall of Malaya it was obvious [to the MCP]… that the return of the British was inevitable” and that the “MCP was ready to contend with its former colonial rulers.” Although “clashes between the MPAJA and the Japanese Occupation Army occurred, these never threatened the overall Japanese control of the peninsula” as the “MPAJA was conserving its resources for the real war against colonialism once the Japanese were evicted.” Therefore, the authors suggest that the MPAJA's main enemy was all along the British, and its main purpose was to wrestle independence from the British rather than to resist the Japanese. Cheah Boon Kheng's Red Star Over Malaya also echos Ban and Yap's argument. Cheah acknowledges that the MPAJA was under control of the MCP, with the “Central Military Committee of the MCP acted as supreme command of the MPAJA.”Cheah also agrees that the MCP harboured hidden motives while agreeing to co-operate with the British against the Japanese by holding on to its “secret strategy of ‘Establish the Malayan Democratic Republic’”, “ready to take advantage of the opportunity to expel the British from Malaya as soon as practicable”. On the other hand, historian Lee Ting Hui argues against the popular notion that the MCP had planned to use the MPAJA to invoke an armed struggle against the British. In his book The Open United Front: The Communist Struggle in Singapore he asserts that the MCP “was pursuing the objective of a new democratic revolution” and had “preferred to operate in the open and in conformity with the law”.The MCP had adopted Mao Tze Dong’s strategy of a “peaceful struggle”, which was to take over the countryside and get “workers, peasants and others” to conduct “strikes, acts of sabotage, demonstrations, etc.” Following Mao's doctrine, the MPAJA would “forge alliance with its secondary enemy against the primary enemy” in which secondary enemy referred to the British and the primary enemy was the Japanese. Therefore, during the war, the “MCP’s only target was the Japanese”. Casualty figures provided by both MPAJA and Japanese sources differed greatly: \|MPAJA claim\|\|Japanese claim\| \|Japanese forces casualties\|\|5,500 Japanese soldiers\| \|600 Japanese soldiers\| 2,000 local volunteers \|MPAJA casualties\|\|1,000 MPAJA\|\|2,900 MPAJA\| \|Total\|\|8,000 Japanese forces\| \|2,600 Japanese forces\| With regards to the MPAJA's contribution to the war, here are some assessments given by historians: Cheah, in his assessment of the military results of the MPAJA insurgency, says that "British accounts have reported that the guerrillas carried out a number of military engagements against Japanese installations. The MPAJA's own account claims its guerrillas undertook 340 individual operations against the Japanese during the occupation, of which 230 were considered "major" efforts -- "major" meaning involving an entire regiment."The MPAJA claimed to have eliminated 5,500 Japanese troops while losing 1,000 themselves. The Japanese claimed that their losses (killed and wounded) were 600 of their own troops and 2000 local police, and that the MPAJA losses were 2,900. Cheah believes that the Japanese report is probably more reliable, although only approximate. Ban and Yap agree with Cheah in his figures, mentioning that the MPAJA "claimed it had eliminated 5,500 Japanese soldiers and about 2,500 'traitors' while admitting that they had lost some 1,000 men".On the other hand, the Japanese released their "own figures of 600 killed or wounded and 2,000 casualties from their volunteer forces". They also claimed to have "killed some 2,900 members of the MPAJA". However, Ban and Yap feel that the Japanese might have "under-reported their casualties as the MPAJA had always been depicted as a band of ragged bandits who could pose no threat to the Imperial Army". Also, they noted that towards the end of the war the "guerrillas were matching the Japanese blow for blow" and "Japanese records admitted that they suffered some 506 casualties in one of the attacks while 550 guerrillas were killed". Cooper mentions similar casualty figures of both MPAJA and Japanese accounts in his book Decade of Change: Malaya and the Straits Settlements 1936-1945, but nevertheless suggests that the “value of the MPAJA to the Allied cause is debatable” and describes their strategy as “tantalizing [the Japanese], invariably disappearing into the depths of the jungle whenever the Japanese tried to engage them” because they were “little or no match against the Japanese”.He goes even further to add that the MPAJA's contribution “is no more than a minor irritant and certainly no strategic threat to the Japanese". On the other hand, Tie and Zhong felt that "if the atomic bomb had not put an abrupt end to the 'war and peace' problems, the anti-Japanese force could have achieved even more". The Malayan Emergency was a guerrilla war fought in the Federation of Malaya from 1948 until 1960. The conflict was between Commonwealth armed forces and the Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA), the military wing of the Malayan Communist Party (MCP). The fighting spanned both the colonial period and the creation of an independent Malaysia. Although it was referred to as "The Emergency" by colonial authorities, the MNLA referred to it as the "Anti-British National Liberation War". The conflict was called an "Emergency" by the British for insurance purposes, as London-based insurers would not have paid out in instances of civil wars. Chin Peng, former OBE, born Ong Boon Hua was a Malayan communist politician who was a long-time leader of the Malayan Communist Party (MCP). A determined anti-colonialist, he led the party's guerrilla insurgency in the Malayan Emergency, fighting against British and Commonwealth forces in an attempt to establish an independent communist state. After the MCP's defeat and subsequent Malayan independence, Chin waged a second campaign against Malaya and, after 1963, the new state of Malaysia in an attempt to replace its government with a communist one from exile, until signing the Peace Agreement of Hat Yai 1989 with the Malaysian government in 1989. Lim Bo Seng was a Chinese resistance fighter based in Singapore and Malaya during World War II. Before the outbreak of War World II, he was a prominent businessman among the Chinese community in Singapore. When the Second Sino-Japanese War broke, he participated in anti-Japanese activities in Malaya and Singapore. During Japanese occupation of Malaya and Singapore, he was tasked to establish Force 136, a guerrilla task force backed by Special Operations Executive (SOE). However, he was captured by Japanese forces and died while interred. After the war, he is remembered as a war hero in Singapore. The Malayan Communist Party (MCP), officially known as the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM), was a political party in the Federation of Malaya and Malaysia. It was founded in 1930 and laid down its arms in 1989. It is most known for its role in the Malayan Emergency. It also contributed to the independence of Malaya, in which this subject is still a taboo and is systematically erased and hidden from the public due to political interests of the dominating parties within Malaysia. Lai Teck, was a leader of the Communist Party of Malaya and Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army. A Vietnamese of mixed Sino-Vietnamese descent, prior to his arrival in Malaya, Lai Teck was believed to have led his life as Truong Phuoc Dat until 1934, during which Dat disappeared and Lai Teck appeared. Force 136 was the general cover name, from March 1944, for a branch of the British World War II organisation, the Special Operations Executive (SOE). Originally set up in 1941 as the India Mission, it absorbed what was left of SOE's Oriental Mission in April 1942, then going by the cover name of GSI(K). The man in overall charge for the duration of the war was Colin Mackenzie. Briggs' Plan was a military plan devised by British General Sir Harold Briggs shortly after his appointment in 1950 as Director of Operations in the anti-communist war in Malaya. The plan aimed to defeat the Malayan communists, who were operating out of rural areas as a guerrilla army, primarily by cutting them off from their sources of support amongst the population. To this end, a massive program of forced resettlement of Malayan peasantry was undertaken, under which about 500,000 people were eventually removed from the land and interned in guarded camps called "New Villages". There were over 400 of these guarded camps. Furthermore, 10,000 Malayan Chinese were deported to mainland China. Malaya was gradually occupied by the Japanese between 8 December 1941 and the Allied surrender at Singapore on 16 February 1942. The Japanese remained in occupation until their surrender to the Allies in 1945. The first Japanese garrison in Malaya to lay down their arms was in Penang on 2 September 1945 aboard HMS Nelson. The Federation Regiment was an attempt by British General Gerald Templer to form a multiracial infantry regiment of the Malayan Federation Army. The Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA), often mistranslated as the Malayan Races Liberation Army, was a communist guerrilla army that fought for Malayan independence from the British Empire during the Malayan Emergency (1948-1960). Their leader was an anti-fascist and trade union activist known as Chin Peng who had previously been awarded an OBE by the British for waging a guerrilla war against the Japanese occupation of Malaya. Many MNLA fighters were former members of the Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army (MPAJA) which had been previously trained and funded by the British to fight against Japan during WWII. Rashid Maidin, sometimes given as Rashid Mahideen, was a senior leader of the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM). Tan Sri Dr. Too Chee Chew （杜志超）P.S.M., M.B.E., J.M.N., better known as C. C. Too, was a major exponent of psychological warfare in Malaysia. The British Military Administration was the interim administrator of British Malaya from August 1945, the end of World War II, to the establishment of the Malayan Union in April 1946. The BMA was under the direct command of the Supreme Allied Commander South East Asia, Lord Louis Mountbatten. The administration had the dual function of maintaining basic subsistence during the period of reoccupation, and also of imposing the state structure upon which post-war imperial power would rest. The Communist insurgency in Malaysia, also known as the Second Malayan Emergency, was an armed conflict which occurred in Malaysia from 1968 to 1989, involving the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) and Malaysian federal security forces. This article is about the extent of terrorism in Malaysia, including historical background, laws concerning terrorism, incidence of terrorism and international terrorism from the Malaysian perspective. Lau Yew was a prominent member of the Malayan Communist Party. He was a high-ranking commander in its military arm during World War II, the Malayan Peoples Anti-Japanese Army. Eu Chooi Yip was a prominent member of the anti-colonial and Communist movements in Malaya and Singapore in the 1950s and 60s. Eu Chooi Yip was born in Kuantan, Malaysia. Ferret Force was a counter-insurgency unit formed by the British and Malayan authorities as part of their response to the communist insurgency during the Malayan Emergency. The unit only existed for six months, but was to help establish doctrine for British operations in the jungle. There were several Anti-Japanese groups in British Malaya during the Japanese Occupation. During this period, many groups were formed due to the alleged Japanese mistreatment of locals which caused discontent throughout the region. These were called anti-Japanese groups, the source of many anti-Japanese movements reflecting the local resentment of the time. The Malaysian Communist Party was an underground Malaysian communist party. MCP traced its roots to splinter groups amongst communist guerrillas in southern Thailand in the 1970s. The party conducted armed struggle in the Malaysian-Thai border areas between 1983 and 1987. It eventually accepted a deal for cessation of hostilities with the Thai military and its cadres were resettled in 'friendship villages'.	7,384	ENGLISH	1
NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Science English Chapter 1 The Lament are provided here with simple step-by-step explanations. These solutions for The Lament are extremely popular among Class 11 Science students for English The Lament Solutions come handy for quickly completing your homework and preparing for exams. All questions and answers from the NCERT Book of Class 11 Science English Chapter 1 are provided here for you for free. You will also love the ad-free experience on Meritnation’s NCERT Solutions. All NCERT Solutions for class Class 11 Science English are prepared by experts and are 100% accurate. Page No 142: The poem has a literal level and a figurative level. Why has the poet chosen 'tigers' and 'sheep' to convey his message? Though literally the poem talks of a short story in which a shepherd made a concord with a king of tigers to maintain peace among the two communities. However, if one tries to gauge, there is more to it than just a jungle story. It speaks of the distinction between the proprietor and the proletariat. It is about the class struggle and the oppressor and the oppressed. The shepherd is the politician, the ruler, as depicted in the poem, and other sheep are subjects. The sheepdog, is the warrior, the army, to protect sheep. However, shepherd wants to maintain his sovereignty, so sacrifices a few sheep to maintain a cordial relation with the tigers and goes on signing the pact. It is depicted how the rulers sacrifice their people to maintain their regime. Page No 142: What facet of political life does the behaviour of Ajamil illustrate? The poem Ajamil and the Tigers is a political satire by Arun Kolatkar; Ajamil and the Tigers represent the corrupt politicians and the oppressed subjects. The sheep represent the mass, the mob; the sheepdog's is the incarnation of the army. It is to be seen how the commoners, sheep and sheepdog, are annihilated by the rulers, Ajamil. How their sentiments are overlooked. The poet has beautifully retold the fantastic story of Ajamil, the believed to be good shepherd, which he possibly heard in Jejuri. When the tigers are captured by the brave sheepdog, Ajamil lets them lose, despite being warned by the dog. To show his prominence, he did not listen to the sheepdog and did not even make any eye contact with him. Rather he offered a gala feast to the tigers and gave them gifts like sheep meat, skin and wool. The audacious warriors are paid no heed to and the subjects are sacrificed for Ajamil wanted to maintain his supremacy. Page No 142: Why have the words, 'pretended' and 'seemed' been used in the lines: ...Pretended to believe every single word of what the tiger king said. And seemed to be taken in by all the lies. How does the sense of these lines connect with the line 'Ajamil wasn't a fool'? Ajamil, the good shepherd, was not a fool. The tigers' king requested him to set all the tigers free; the sheepdog tried to convince Ajamil that the tigers had come to him to offer a friendly hand. Ajamil though agreed to him and cut them all lose and even offered them a feast and signed a pact with the king of tigers that they were friends thenceforth. Ajamil was a fine politician and did not want to mess up with the lot and believed it best to maintain cordial relation with them. So, though he knew inside that, today or tomorrow, the tigers would attack the sheep again. He pretended that he believed all what the king told him and accepted the friendship offered by the tiger. He portrayed it so well that Ajamil seemed taken in by all the lies of the tiger, but in heart he knew that they will return to hunt. So, he felt it better to sacrifice a few sheep every time rather than losing them all in a possible fierce battle where he might lose his reign absolutely. It is also a little disheartening, his lack of confidence in his sheepdog. However, he played it safe and avoided the risk that was hovering over his kingdom. Page No 143: Why did Ajamil refuse to meet the sheepdog's eyes? When Ajamil accepted the tiger king's offer of friendship, the sheepdog realised the hidden intentions and tried to convey him to not agree. The sheepdog was a simple one who never told a lie. He made frantic signs to signal Ajamil. The shepherd, however, refused to meet the dog's eye and went on signing the pact and offered the tigers to stay for dinner. Ajamil was a safe player. He took calculated risk. He was a mature politician, not to mess with, who would do anything to maintain his supremacy. He disrespected by displaying his lack of confidence in his sheepdog and rather went on signing a treaty, while he could have challenged a fierce battle. However, he tried to sort it our by sacrificing a few of the sheep and not messing with the ferocious lot. The incident shows how the executive, one of the pillars of democracy, is at the mercy of the legislature. It was not jingoism that saved his regime but by shrewd politics. Page No 143: 'He is free to play a flute all day as well fed tigers and fat sheep drink from the same pond with a full stomach for a common bond.' What do the phrases 'play the flute all day' and 'a common bond' refer to? It is so that the leaders relish their living at the cost of their subjects. So did Ajamil who was a good shephered on the exterior but a shrewed politician inside whose each and every move was a calculated one. He signed a pact which was impossible to maintain forever, though it was to be so. It was obvious that once when the hunting instinct will take over the tigers they will try to attack the sheep again. However, Ajamil did not mind losing a few foot soldiers rather than waging a war and lose all his sheep in one go. He did what a smart shepherd does, to protect all, sacrifice a few. So, he can sit back and relax by playing flute all day long. He did good to both the species. He fed the tigers and saved the sheep as well. In jungle raj everything is defined by one thing alone, “the survival of the fittest” and another fact that no matter how strong or weak an animal is, they all drink water from the same pond. All survive together and so for common good, Ajamil did what he could. Page No 143: The poem is a satire against the present political class. How effectively does it convey the anger and anguish of the common man trapped in the system? Karl Marx said, “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.” The clash between the proprietor and the proletariat is natural and inevitable. The oppressor and the oppressed will always be class apart. A commoner who has no say is sandwiched between the political groups. The mob struggles; however, it is a futile war against the powerful who sacrifice their subjects to gain power and play petty politics. Like it happened in the poem how the two groups, the tigers and the shepherd, exploited the commoners, the sheep. Even though the social forces, the sheepdog, try to stop it all, on the name of “common good” the proletariat is always sacrificed. They can not raise voice against the powerful and simply have to obey the laws laid down by the dogmatic authorities. View NCERT Solutions for all chapters of Class 11	<urn:uuid:8edbe666-a1d2-4868-a4ad-2a71350858c8>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.meritnation.com/cbse-class-11-science/english/woven-words-ncert-solutions/ajamil-and-the-tigers/ncert-solutions/41_7_1344_2809_142_16130	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594705.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119180644-20200119204644-00023.warc.gz	en	0.980721	1,605	3.625	4	[ -0.356921523809433, 0.4043590724468231, 0.2195502519607544, 0.06798119843006134, -0.3257172107696533, 0.07992085814476013, 0.006142544560134411, 0.4374532103538513, -0.048986852169036865, -0.1304536908864975, 0.31955933570861816, -0.19852963089942932, 0.15692532062530518, 0.094904936850070...	2	NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Science English Chapter 1 The Lament are provided here with simple step-by-step explanations. These solutions for The Lament are extremely popular among Class 11 Science students for English The Lament Solutions come handy for quickly completing your homework and preparing for exams. All questions and answers from the NCERT Book of Class 11 Science English Chapter 1 are provided here for you for free. You will also love the ad-free experience on Meritnation’s NCERT Solutions. All NCERT Solutions for class Class 11 Science English are prepared by experts and are 100% accurate. Page No 142: The poem has a literal level and a figurative level. Why has the poet chosen 'tigers' and 'sheep' to convey his message? Though literally the poem talks of a short story in which a shepherd made a concord with a king of tigers to maintain peace among the two communities. However, if one tries to gauge, there is more to it than just a jungle story. It speaks of the distinction between the proprietor and the proletariat. It is about the class struggle and the oppressor and the oppressed. The shepherd is the politician, the ruler, as depicted in the poem, and other sheep are subjects. The sheepdog, is the warrior, the army, to protect sheep. However, shepherd wants to maintain his sovereignty, so sacrifices a few sheep to maintain a cordial relation with the tigers and goes on signing the pact. It is depicted how the rulers sacrifice their people to maintain their regime. Page No 142: What facet of political life does the behaviour of Ajamil illustrate? The poem Ajamil and the Tigers is a political satire by Arun Kolatkar; Ajamil and the Tigers represent the corrupt politicians and the oppressed subjects. The sheep represent the mass, the mob; the sheepdog's is the incarnation of the army. It is to be seen how the commoners, sheep and sheepdog, are annihilated by the rulers, Ajamil. How their sentiments are overlooked. The poet has beautifully retold the fantastic story of Ajamil, the believed to be good shepherd, which he possibly heard in Jejuri. When the tigers are captured by the brave sheepdog, Ajamil lets them lose, despite being warned by the dog. To show his prominence, he did not listen to the sheepdog and did not even make any eye contact with him. Rather he offered a gala feast to the tigers and gave them gifts like sheep meat, skin and wool. The audacious warriors are paid no heed to and the subjects are sacrificed for Ajamil wanted to maintain his supremacy. Page No 142: Why have the words, 'pretended' and 'seemed' been used in the lines: ...Pretended to believe every single word of what the tiger king said. And seemed to be taken in by all the lies. How does the sense of these lines connect with the line 'Ajamil wasn't a fool'? Ajamil, the good shepherd, was not a fool. The tigers' king requested him to set all the tigers free; the sheepdog tried to convince Ajamil that the tigers had come to him to offer a friendly hand. Ajamil though agreed to him and cut them all lose and even offered them a feast and signed a pact with the king of tigers that they were friends thenceforth. Ajamil was a fine politician and did not want to mess up with the lot and believed it best to maintain cordial relation with them. So, though he knew inside that, today or tomorrow, the tigers would attack the sheep again. He pretended that he believed all what the king told him and accepted the friendship offered by the tiger. He portrayed it so well that Ajamil seemed taken in by all the lies of the tiger, but in heart he knew that they will return to hunt. So, he felt it better to sacrifice a few sheep every time rather than losing them all in a possible fierce battle where he might lose his reign absolutely. It is also a little disheartening, his lack of confidence in his sheepdog. However, he played it safe and avoided the risk that was hovering over his kingdom. Page No 143: Why did Ajamil refuse to meet the sheepdog's eyes? When Ajamil accepted the tiger king's offer of friendship, the sheepdog realised the hidden intentions and tried to convey him to not agree. The sheepdog was a simple one who never told a lie. He made frantic signs to signal Ajamil. The shepherd, however, refused to meet the dog's eye and went on signing the pact and offered the tigers to stay for dinner. Ajamil was a safe player. He took calculated risk. He was a mature politician, not to mess with, who would do anything to maintain his supremacy. He disrespected by displaying his lack of confidence in his sheepdog and rather went on signing a treaty, while he could have challenged a fierce battle. However, he tried to sort it our by sacrificing a few of the sheep and not messing with the ferocious lot. The incident shows how the executive, one of the pillars of democracy, is at the mercy of the legislature. It was not jingoism that saved his regime but by shrewd politics. Page No 143: 'He is free to play a flute all day as well fed tigers and fat sheep drink from the same pond with a full stomach for a common bond.' What do the phrases 'play the flute all day' and 'a common bond' refer to? It is so that the leaders relish their living at the cost of their subjects. So did Ajamil who was a good shephered on the exterior but a shrewed politician inside whose each and every move was a calculated one. He signed a pact which was impossible to maintain forever, though it was to be so. It was obvious that once when the hunting instinct will take over the tigers they will try to attack the sheep again. However, Ajamil did not mind losing a few foot soldiers rather than waging a war and lose all his sheep in one go. He did what a smart shepherd does, to protect all, sacrifice a few. So, he can sit back and relax by playing flute all day long. He did good to both the species. He fed the tigers and saved the sheep as well. In jungle raj everything is defined by one thing alone, “the survival of the fittest” and another fact that no matter how strong or weak an animal is, they all drink water from the same pond. All survive together and so for common good, Ajamil did what he could. Page No 143: The poem is a satire against the present political class. How effectively does it convey the anger and anguish of the common man trapped in the system? Karl Marx said, “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles.” The clash between the proprietor and the proletariat is natural and inevitable. The oppressor and the oppressed will always be class apart. A commoner who has no say is sandwiched between the political groups. The mob struggles; however, it is a futile war against the powerful who sacrifice their subjects to gain power and play petty politics. Like it happened in the poem how the two groups, the tigers and the shepherd, exploited the commoners, the sheep. Even though the social forces, the sheepdog, try to stop it all, on the name of “common good” the proletariat is always sacrificed. They can not raise voice against the powerful and simply have to obey the laws laid down by the dogmatic authorities. View NCERT Solutions for all chapters of Class 11	1,600	ENGLISH	1
Shipping companies gradually switched from horses to tractors for winter freighting. The Patricia Transportation Company used Fordson tractors but replaced them in 1931. The Fordson tractors could only pull 2 sleighs. These tractors were dangerous and often would tip or roll backwards when pulling freight up hills. In 1930, the Northern Transportation Company (later Starratt Airways and Transportation), bought tractors. Both companies purchased Cletac tractors, which were gasoline-powered crawlers. These tractors were much safer but used a lot of gasoline. By the mid-1930s, both companies replaced their tractors with new models more equipped to handle the winter weather. The tractors pulled several sleighs tied together. Today, this is often referred to as a tractor train as these tractors would pull up to 6 sleighs. In the 1930s and 1940s, these joined sleighs were often referred to as a “swing” just like the barges. The crew consisted of 2 drivers and 2 cable slingers, who would hook and unhook the sleighs as well as cook meals. For each crew of 4 men, one was appointed the swing boss. Tractor Train Driving in Deep Slush, 1937 Tipped tractor train, date unknown Fordson tractor pulling snow	<urn:uuid:3a1f0c8b-6ad7-4323-ad9b-edfd627a0929>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.redlakemuseum.com/by-tractor.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250615407.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124040939-20200124065939-00279.warc.gz	en	0.981503	274	3.734375	4	[ -0.33124634623527527, -0.3218231499195099, 0.31358301639556885, 0.15022853016853333, 0.1946011334657669, -0.019664278253912926, -0.015044376254081726, 0.1895121932029724, -0.4452756643295288, -0.10927864164113998, 0.08514751493930817, -0.012722580693662167, 0.1273796111345291, 0.0402595810...	14	Shipping companies gradually switched from horses to tractors for winter freighting. The Patricia Transportation Company used Fordson tractors but replaced them in 1931. The Fordson tractors could only pull 2 sleighs. These tractors were dangerous and often would tip or roll backwards when pulling freight up hills. In 1930, the Northern Transportation Company (later Starratt Airways and Transportation), bought tractors. Both companies purchased Cletac tractors, which were gasoline-powered crawlers. These tractors were much safer but used a lot of gasoline. By the mid-1930s, both companies replaced their tractors with new models more equipped to handle the winter weather. The tractors pulled several sleighs tied together. Today, this is often referred to as a tractor train as these tractors would pull up to 6 sleighs. In the 1930s and 1940s, these joined sleighs were often referred to as a “swing” just like the barges. The crew consisted of 2 drivers and 2 cable slingers, who would hook and unhook the sleighs as well as cook meals. For each crew of 4 men, one was appointed the swing boss. Tractor Train Driving in Deep Slush, 1937 Tipped tractor train, date unknown Fordson tractor pulling snow	295	ENGLISH	1
The trade routes were very important to Ancient Africa. They moved their goods over the trade routes and sold them in area. Ancient Africa became very rich because of their trade. Trade was very important to the economy of the Ancient African Empires. The African Empires traded with other nations. The would take goods from Western and Central Africa and send them on the trade routes to Europe, India and the Middle East. The main goods that were traded were gold and salt. The West African gold mines made the West African Empires very rich. They also traded Kola nuts, ivory, cloth, metal goods, beads and slaves. Major trade centers developed and grew. Timbuktu, Gao, Djenne and Sijilmasas were trade centers in West Africa. Tunis, Marrakesh and Cairo were trade centers along the coast of North Africa. Anothr important trade center was Adulis on the Red Sea. Trade goods were moved from Western and Central Africa on the trade routes across the Sahara Desert to the trade port centers along the Mediterranean Sea. The trade route from Timbuktu across the Sahara to Sikkimese was very important. When the goods reach Sijimasa they would be moved to many places. Much of the goods would go to Marrakesh or Tunis. Another important trade route went from Gao to Tunis and another from Cairo to Agadez. All of theses trade routes were very important to Ancient Africa's economy. The trade merchants moved their goods across the Sahara in large caravans. The caravans were made up of camels who moved the goods. Sometimes goods were carried by slaves. The caravans would usually have 1,000 camels in them, but there were caravans that would have up to 10,0000 camels. Before the caravans started across the Sahara Desert the camels were fattened up for the trip. The camels would store fat in their humps to give them energy on the long trips. Camels eyes are protected by a double row of eyelashes that protect their eyes. Camels will also close their nostrils to keep the sand out of their nose. The most important part of a caravan is the camels. If they had not had the camels the trade merchants probably would not have made it across the Sahara. Camels can go for days without water. They can stand the hot days and the cold nights of the desert. The Berbers of North Africa domesticated the camel in 300 AD. The trade increased dramatically after the Arabs conquered North Africa. The Islamic traders came and started trading gold and slaves from Western Africa. They would ship gold and slaves to Europe. This trade made the Islamic traders very rich. The trade routes were very important to the Ancient African economy until the 1500s. India's culture and economy became popular in other countries through the travellers who visited here. Read about the important foreign travellers to here.. We may have heard the Rosetta stone before but never understand what it means and what is its significance to our history. This article explains the importance of the discovery of this piece of black slab in understanding the ancient civilizations of man.. In every society, at any given point of time, there is a tendency for people to form groups and develop their group identities. Ancient India was no different.	<urn:uuid:ebeec8e7-5299-4141-bdf7-d04237777dc0>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://travelandculture.expertscolumn.com/ancient-africa-trade-routes	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700988.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127143516-20200127173516-00407.warc.gz	en	0.983427	684	3.671875	4	[ -0.23846642673015594, 0.35625264048576355, 0.2465626448392868, 0.18687227368354797, 0.20415174961090088, -0.1882275938987732, 0.37993374466896057, 0.09213435649871826, -0.2023836076259613, 0.3001866936683655, 0.04254571348428726, -0.49872761964797974, 0.13775791227817535, 0.371095508337020...	1	The trade routes were very important to Ancient Africa. They moved their goods over the trade routes and sold them in area. Ancient Africa became very rich because of their trade. Trade was very important to the economy of the Ancient African Empires. The African Empires traded with other nations. The would take goods from Western and Central Africa and send them on the trade routes to Europe, India and the Middle East. The main goods that were traded were gold and salt. The West African gold mines made the West African Empires very rich. They also traded Kola nuts, ivory, cloth, metal goods, beads and slaves. Major trade centers developed and grew. Timbuktu, Gao, Djenne and Sijilmasas were trade centers in West Africa. Tunis, Marrakesh and Cairo were trade centers along the coast of North Africa. Anothr important trade center was Adulis on the Red Sea. Trade goods were moved from Western and Central Africa on the trade routes across the Sahara Desert to the trade port centers along the Mediterranean Sea. The trade route from Timbuktu across the Sahara to Sikkimese was very important. When the goods reach Sijimasa they would be moved to many places. Much of the goods would go to Marrakesh or Tunis. Another important trade route went from Gao to Tunis and another from Cairo to Agadez. All of theses trade routes were very important to Ancient Africa's economy. The trade merchants moved their goods across the Sahara in large caravans. The caravans were made up of camels who moved the goods. Sometimes goods were carried by slaves. The caravans would usually have 1,000 camels in them, but there were caravans that would have up to 10,0000 camels. Before the caravans started across the Sahara Desert the camels were fattened up for the trip. The camels would store fat in their humps to give them energy on the long trips. Camels eyes are protected by a double row of eyelashes that protect their eyes. Camels will also close their nostrils to keep the sand out of their nose. The most important part of a caravan is the camels. If they had not had the camels the trade merchants probably would not have made it across the Sahara. Camels can go for days without water. They can stand the hot days and the cold nights of the desert. The Berbers of North Africa domesticated the camel in 300 AD. The trade increased dramatically after the Arabs conquered North Africa. The Islamic traders came and started trading gold and slaves from Western Africa. They would ship gold and slaves to Europe. This trade made the Islamic traders very rich. The trade routes were very important to the Ancient African economy until the 1500s. India's culture and economy became popular in other countries through the travellers who visited here. Read about the important foreign travellers to here.. We may have heard the Rosetta stone before but never understand what it means and what is its significance to our history. This article explains the importance of the discovery of this piece of black slab in understanding the ancient civilizations of man.. In every society, at any given point of time, there is a tendency for people to form groups and develop their group identities. Ancient India was no different.	690	ENGLISH	1
How have African-Americans worked to end segregation, discrimination, and isolation to attain equality and civil rights? Laquanda Washington HIS204: American History Since 1865 Hector Galano 21 November 2011 How have African-Americans worked to end segregation, discrimination, and isolation to attain equality and civil rights? African Americans have been working hard every since the slavery days to end segregation, discrimination, and isolation. Many civil rights leaders such as Malcolm X, Martin Luther King Jr, Ruby Bridges, John Brown, Fredrick Douglas, Nat Turner, and Linda Brown, have worked together so that blacks can have the same things that whites have. First off I will like to inform you on what segregation, discrimination, and isolation is. Segregation is the practice of keeping ethnic, racial, religious, or gender groups separate, especially by enforcing the use of separate schools, transportation, housing, and other facilities, and usually discriminating against a minority group. Don’t waste your time! Order your assignment! Isolation is the process of separating somebody or something from others, or the fact of being alone and separated from others. And discrimination is unfair treatment of one person or group, usually because of prejudice about race, ethnicity, age, religion, or gender. Segregation was a by-product of the slaves being freed. Of course they were segregated before but that was because they were believed to be property not people. After the slaves were freed is when the problem began because they were not given rights when they were freed so many tried to restrict where they could go, what they could do. Many whites were mad about this and did not want to eat, go to school, use the water fountain, use the bathroom, are do anything else with blacks. Segregation was not politically noticed until the Plessey versus Ferguson case. This was a Supreme Court case in 1898, in which the Court ruled that blacks and whites should have separate but equal facilities. This is where people such as Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King and Malcolm X come into play. Rosa Parks was a 55 year old elderly lady that was arrested and thrown in jail because she refused to give her seat to a white man on the bus. While during research I found out that the bus driver immediately slammed on brakes and came back with a policeman and Mrs. Parks was arrested for violating segregation laws. Rosa Parks was not the only African American who was treated unfairly. Another African American was Ruby Bridges. Ruby was one of the first black children to go to an all white school, when the courts first allowed integration on November 14, 1960, her parents allowed her to participate in this with the NAACP. The kids at school never talked to her, parents took their kids out of the school and the teachers decided not to teach as long as it was a black child in the school. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court ruled in the case of Brown v. Board of Education that racial segregation (separation of people according to race) in public schools is unconstitutional (violates laws stated in the U. S. Constitution). This decision overturned the long-standing “separate but equal” doctrine laid down in 1896 by the case of Plessey v. Fergusson, which had encouraged segregation in certain areas of the country. The struggle over desegregation now centered upon the school question. By the end of 1957 nine of the 17 states and the District of Columbia had begun integration of their school systems. Another five states had some integrated schools by 1961. Rosa Parks and Ruby Bridges where not the only females who worked to end segregation in American other females such as Mary McLeod Bethune (Mary McLeod Bethune created schools for black students and worked with several US presidents to make sure all children received a good education. Read about her accomplishments and the teacher who inspired her. Harriet Tubman (Harriet Tubman was another slave who worked to free slaves. She ran away because she was afraid of being shipped further south where slaves were treated very badly. Learn more about her escape and how she went on to help many others escape to freedom) Linda Brown (Linda Brown was a little girl when she became famous for fighting the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas in the Supreme Court. Her case, Brown v. Board of Education, helped all black children get a better education) and Sojourner Truth (Sojourner Truth was also a slave, but she won her freedom) Women were not the only people who participated in the civil rights movement. Men such as John Brown were an American revolutionary abolitionist, who in the 1850s advocated and practiced armed insurrection as a means to abolish slavery in the United States. He led the Pottawatomie Massacre during which five men were killed in 1856 in Bleeding Kansas and made his name in the unsuccessful raid at Harpers Ferry in 1859. Later that year he was executed but his speeches at the trial captured national attention. Brown has been called “the most controversial of all 19th-century American and “America’s first domestic terrorist. Brown’s attempt in 1859 to start a liberation movement among enslaved African Americans in Harpers Ferry, Virginia electrified the nation. He was tried for treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia, the murder of five pro-slavery Southerners, and inciting a slave insurrection, found guilty on all counts, and was hanged. Southerners alleged that his rebellion was the tip of the abolitionist iceberg and represented the wishes of the Republican Party to end slavery. Historians agree that the Harpers Ferry raid in 1859 escalated tensions that, a year later, led to secession and the American Civil War. Another man was Fredrick Douglas was an American social reformer, orator, writer and statesman. After escaping from slavery, he became a leader of the abolitionist movement, gaining note for his dazzling oratory and incisive antislavery writing. He stood as a living counter-example to slaveholders’ arguments that slaves did not have the intellectual capacity to function as independent American citizens. Many Northerners also found it hard to believe that such a great orator had been a slave. Douglass wrote several autobiographies, eloquently describing his experiences in slavery in his 1845 autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, which became influential in its support for abolition. He wrote two more autobiographies, with his last, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, published in 1881 and covering events through and after the Civil War. After the Civil War, Douglass remained active in the United States’ struggle to reach its potential as a “land of the free”. Douglass actively supported women’s suffrage. Without his approval he became the first African American nominated for Vice President of the United States as the running mate of Victoria Woodhull on the impracticable and small Equal Rights Party ticket. Douglass held multiple public offices. Douglass was a firm believer in the equality of all people, whether black, female, Native American, or recent immigrant, famously quoted as saying, “I would unite with anybody to do right and with nobody to do wrong” Another man was the famous Martin Luther King Jr. MLK was thrown out of restaurants because he was black; he was attacked by police dogs and even sprayed down in restaurants. Even though he went through so much he did not give up, he fought for what he believed was right, he even had a million man march in Alabama because he believed that whites and blacks should be equal, which he talked about in his famous “I HAVE A DREAM” speech. Martin Luther King was shot to death on the balcony of a hotel because he was fighting for something he knew was wrong and he. And after his death the vision of his dream came true. Many African Americans worked to end segregation and many of them worked to end discrimination also. The situations that I have stated above are also examples of them being discriminated against because of the color of their skin. African Americans had the bus boycotts where they would not get on the buses. They had things such as sit-ins and also had marches that where nonviolent. For example the march I stated above that Martin Luther King Jr. held. Blacks were not allowed to work at the same places as white people because of the color of their skin. They couldn’t go to the same movie theatre are attend public functions. This brings me to talking about African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955???1968) refers to the movements in the United States aimed at outlawing racial discrimination against African Americans and restoring voting rights to them. This article covers the phase of the movement between 1955 and 1968, particularly in the South. The emergence of the Black Power Movement, which lasted roughly from 1966 to 1975, enlarged the aims of the Civil Rights Movement to include racial dignity, economic and political self-sufficiency, and freedom from oppression by white Americans. Many African Americans felt as if they should be treated equally even though there skin color was different. Another African American who fought for blacks to have equal rights was a civil rights leader by the name of Malcolm X. It’s said that Malcolm X wanted to change things for blacks because his father was killed by whites and at least one of his uncles was launched. Seeing how blacks were treated Mr. X did speeches, protested against the treatment and was even thrown in jail just like Mr. King. Malcolm X was thrown in jail just like all other civil rights leaders. African Americans were treated as if they were nothing because of the color of their skins. An African American who we all are familiar with is Harriet Tubman. Ms Tubman was a slaved who helped other slaves finds their way to freedom. She did everything she could for them and with them. She knew that it was a great risk that she was taken but she was determined for blacks to be free and for them to stop belonging to somebody else. She didn’t want them to be discriminated against so she helped them escape for the south and find their way to the north. She was beaten, whipped, and denied food because she wanted blacks to have the same rights as blacks. Another lady that I spoke of earlier was Sojourner Truth who was born Isabella Baumfree. She was an African American abolitionist, she was born a slave but she escaped with a daughter. Later in life she went to court against a white man and she won the case and opened the door for African Americans to be able to go to court. She also fought for women and became a writer where she wrote famous speeches for women and African Americans. She even went on to help get African Americans in the army, the whites allowed her to help them recruit men. Next we have W. E. B Du Bois he helped out African Americans in many ways, but first I would like to speak on who he is. Du Bois was an American sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, author, and editor. Born in Massachusetts, Du Bois attended Harvard, where he was the first African American to earn a doctorate. He was a professor of history, sociology, and economics at Atlanta University, and he was one of the co-founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People also known as the NAACP (is an African-American civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909. Its mission is “to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination”. Its name, retained in accordance with tradition, uses the once common term colored people. African Americans where isolated in schools, restaurants, theaters, and other public places as I stated above. The fight to end all of this was fought by many blacks and even some white people. But African Americans were treated the worse when they tried to fight because of how they looked. We as blacks were looked upon as trash and dirt we were not clean enough to do anything that white people did. From the very start dated black as slavery things for us were hard, and even after slavery ended we were still looked upon as if we were disgusting. After the fight that my ancestors fought things in America have slowly started to change, we have a black president. But you can still tell that we still are fighting the same fight for equal rights because many people are even trying to kill him. Sure we as blacks can vote, eat where we want to and even go to schools with whites, but there are still many of them who don’t want black kids sitting in the classrooms with the white kids. Many people who work in places where blacks eat even feel offended when they have to serve blacks. The fight that had been fought since way back when will always be fought. Because all people will never accept blacks as real human beings. Many will always isolate blacks and treat us like animals. \| \| \| \| \| Reference Bridges Hall, Ruby. Through My Eyes, Scholastic Press, 1999. Coles, Robert. The Story of Ruby Bridges, Scholastic Press, 1995. Crouch, Stanley and Playthell, Benjamin, Reconsidering The Souls of Black Folk. Running Press, Philadelphia, PA. 2002. DeCaro, Louis A. Jr. John Brown???The Cost of Freedom: Selections from His Life ; Letters (New York: International Publishers, 2007) Franklin Sanborn (ed. ) (1891): The Life and Letters of John Brown Gooding-Williams, Robert. In the Shadow of Du Bois: Afro-Modern Political Thought in America. Harvard University Press, 2009. Hubbard, Dolan (Ed. ). The Souls of Black Folk: One Hundred Years Later. University of Missouri Press. 2003 Louis Ruchames, ed. A John Brown Reader: The Story of John Brown in His Own Words, in the Words of Those who Knew Him (1959) Miller, William. Frederick Douglass: The Last Day of Slavery. Illus. by Cedric Lucas. Lee ; Low Books, 1995. Steinbeck, John. Travels with Charley in Search of America, Viking Adult, 1962. The Unfinished Agenda of Brown v. Board of Education, John Wiley ; Sons, 2004. Weidt, Maryann N. Voice of Freedom: a Story about Frederick Douglass. Illus. by Jeni Reeves. Lerner Publications, (2001).	<urn:uuid:417471d9-ed65-4330-8453-5d9021943d5b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://anyassignment.com/sociology/how-african-americans-worked-to-end-segregation-assignment-54752/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598726.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120110422-20200120134422-00476.warc.gz	en	0.984953	2,976	4.0625	4	[ -0.2571907043457031, -0.06776873767375946, 0.046552568674087524, 0.057288460433483124, -0.2733667492866516, -0.0806378722190857, 0.09056659042835236, -0.3623499870300293, 0.03916588053107262, 0.2653043568134308, 0.28826066851615906, 0.1202666163444519, -0.22696423530578613, 0.0476497113704...	4	How have African-Americans worked to end segregation, discrimination, and isolation to attain equality and civil rights? Laquanda Washington HIS204: American History Since 1865 Hector Galano 21 November 2011 How have African-Americans worked to end segregation, discrimination, and isolation to attain equality and civil rights? African Americans have been working hard every since the slavery days to end segregation, discrimination, and isolation. Many civil rights leaders such as Malcolm X, Martin Luther King Jr, Ruby Bridges, John Brown, Fredrick Douglas, Nat Turner, and Linda Brown, have worked together so that blacks can have the same things that whites have. First off I will like to inform you on what segregation, discrimination, and isolation is. Segregation is the practice of keeping ethnic, racial, religious, or gender groups separate, especially by enforcing the use of separate schools, transportation, housing, and other facilities, and usually discriminating against a minority group. Don’t waste your time! Order your assignment! Isolation is the process of separating somebody or something from others, or the fact of being alone and separated from others. And discrimination is unfair treatment of one person or group, usually because of prejudice about race, ethnicity, age, religion, or gender. Segregation was a by-product of the slaves being freed. Of course they were segregated before but that was because they were believed to be property not people. After the slaves were freed is when the problem began because they were not given rights when they were freed so many tried to restrict where they could go, what they could do. Many whites were mad about this and did not want to eat, go to school, use the water fountain, use the bathroom, are do anything else with blacks. Segregation was not politically noticed until the Plessey versus Ferguson case. This was a Supreme Court case in 1898, in which the Court ruled that blacks and whites should have separate but equal facilities. This is where people such as Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King and Malcolm X come into play. Rosa Parks was a 55 year old elderly lady that was arrested and thrown in jail because she refused to give her seat to a white man on the bus. While during research I found out that the bus driver immediately slammed on brakes and came back with a policeman and Mrs. Parks was arrested for violating segregation laws. Rosa Parks was not the only African American who was treated unfairly. Another African American was Ruby Bridges. Ruby was one of the first black children to go to an all white school, when the courts first allowed integration on November 14, 1960, her parents allowed her to participate in this with the NAACP. The kids at school never talked to her, parents took their kids out of the school and the teachers decided not to teach as long as it was a black child in the school. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court ruled in the case of Brown v. Board of Education that racial segregation (separation of people according to race) in public schools is unconstitutional (violates laws stated in the U. S. Constitution). This decision overturned the long-standing “separate but equal” doctrine laid down in 1896 by the case of Plessey v. Fergusson, which had encouraged segregation in certain areas of the country. The struggle over desegregation now centered upon the school question. By the end of 1957 nine of the 17 states and the District of Columbia had begun integration of their school systems. Another five states had some integrated schools by 1961. Rosa Parks and Ruby Bridges where not the only females who worked to end segregation in American other females such as Mary McLeod Bethune (Mary McLeod Bethune created schools for black students and worked with several US presidents to make sure all children received a good education. Read about her accomplishments and the teacher who inspired her. Harriet Tubman (Harriet Tubman was another slave who worked to free slaves. She ran away because she was afraid of being shipped further south where slaves were treated very badly. Learn more about her escape and how she went on to help many others escape to freedom) Linda Brown (Linda Brown was a little girl when she became famous for fighting the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas in the Supreme Court. Her case, Brown v. Board of Education, helped all black children get a better education) and Sojourner Truth (Sojourner Truth was also a slave, but she won her freedom) Women were not the only people who participated in the civil rights movement. Men such as John Brown were an American revolutionary abolitionist, who in the 1850s advocated and practiced armed insurrection as a means to abolish slavery in the United States. He led the Pottawatomie Massacre during which five men were killed in 1856 in Bleeding Kansas and made his name in the unsuccessful raid at Harpers Ferry in 1859. Later that year he was executed but his speeches at the trial captured national attention. Brown has been called “the most controversial of all 19th-century American and “America’s first domestic terrorist. Brown’s attempt in 1859 to start a liberation movement among enslaved African Americans in Harpers Ferry, Virginia electrified the nation. He was tried for treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia, the murder of five pro-slavery Southerners, and inciting a slave insurrection, found guilty on all counts, and was hanged. Southerners alleged that his rebellion was the tip of the abolitionist iceberg and represented the wishes of the Republican Party to end slavery. Historians agree that the Harpers Ferry raid in 1859 escalated tensions that, a year later, led to secession and the American Civil War. Another man was Fredrick Douglas was an American social reformer, orator, writer and statesman. After escaping from slavery, he became a leader of the abolitionist movement, gaining note for his dazzling oratory and incisive antislavery writing. He stood as a living counter-example to slaveholders’ arguments that slaves did not have the intellectual capacity to function as independent American citizens. Many Northerners also found it hard to believe that such a great orator had been a slave. Douglass wrote several autobiographies, eloquently describing his experiences in slavery in his 1845 autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, which became influential in its support for abolition. He wrote two more autobiographies, with his last, Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, published in 1881 and covering events through and after the Civil War. After the Civil War, Douglass remained active in the United States’ struggle to reach its potential as a “land of the free”. Douglass actively supported women’s suffrage. Without his approval he became the first African American nominated for Vice President of the United States as the running mate of Victoria Woodhull on the impracticable and small Equal Rights Party ticket. Douglass held multiple public offices. Douglass was a firm believer in the equality of all people, whether black, female, Native American, or recent immigrant, famously quoted as saying, “I would unite with anybody to do right and with nobody to do wrong” Another man was the famous Martin Luther King Jr. MLK was thrown out of restaurants because he was black; he was attacked by police dogs and even sprayed down in restaurants. Even though he went through so much he did not give up, he fought for what he believed was right, he even had a million man march in Alabama because he believed that whites and blacks should be equal, which he talked about in his famous “I HAVE A DREAM” speech. Martin Luther King was shot to death on the balcony of a hotel because he was fighting for something he knew was wrong and he. And after his death the vision of his dream came true. Many African Americans worked to end segregation and many of them worked to end discrimination also. The situations that I have stated above are also examples of them being discriminated against because of the color of their skin. African Americans had the bus boycotts where they would not get on the buses. They had things such as sit-ins and also had marches that where nonviolent. For example the march I stated above that Martin Luther King Jr. held. Blacks were not allowed to work at the same places as white people because of the color of their skin. They couldn’t go to the same movie theatre are attend public functions. This brings me to talking about African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955???1968) refers to the movements in the United States aimed at outlawing racial discrimination against African Americans and restoring voting rights to them. This article covers the phase of the movement between 1955 and 1968, particularly in the South. The emergence of the Black Power Movement, which lasted roughly from 1966 to 1975, enlarged the aims of the Civil Rights Movement to include racial dignity, economic and political self-sufficiency, and freedom from oppression by white Americans. Many African Americans felt as if they should be treated equally even though there skin color was different. Another African American who fought for blacks to have equal rights was a civil rights leader by the name of Malcolm X. It’s said that Malcolm X wanted to change things for blacks because his father was killed by whites and at least one of his uncles was launched. Seeing how blacks were treated Mr. X did speeches, protested against the treatment and was even thrown in jail just like Mr. King. Malcolm X was thrown in jail just like all other civil rights leaders. African Americans were treated as if they were nothing because of the color of their skins. An African American who we all are familiar with is Harriet Tubman. Ms Tubman was a slaved who helped other slaves finds their way to freedom. She did everything she could for them and with them. She knew that it was a great risk that she was taken but she was determined for blacks to be free and for them to stop belonging to somebody else. She didn’t want them to be discriminated against so she helped them escape for the south and find their way to the north. She was beaten, whipped, and denied food because she wanted blacks to have the same rights as blacks. Another lady that I spoke of earlier was Sojourner Truth who was born Isabella Baumfree. She was an African American abolitionist, she was born a slave but she escaped with a daughter. Later in life she went to court against a white man and she won the case and opened the door for African Americans to be able to go to court. She also fought for women and became a writer where she wrote famous speeches for women and African Americans. She even went on to help get African Americans in the army, the whites allowed her to help them recruit men. Next we have W. E. B Du Bois he helped out African Americans in many ways, but first I would like to speak on who he is. Du Bois was an American sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, author, and editor. Born in Massachusetts, Du Bois attended Harvard, where he was the first African American to earn a doctorate. He was a professor of history, sociology, and economics at Atlanta University, and he was one of the co-founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People also known as the NAACP (is an African-American civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909. Its mission is “to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination”. Its name, retained in accordance with tradition, uses the once common term colored people. African Americans where isolated in schools, restaurants, theaters, and other public places as I stated above. The fight to end all of this was fought by many blacks and even some white people. But African Americans were treated the worse when they tried to fight because of how they looked. We as blacks were looked upon as trash and dirt we were not clean enough to do anything that white people did. From the very start dated black as slavery things for us were hard, and even after slavery ended we were still looked upon as if we were disgusting. After the fight that my ancestors fought things in America have slowly started to change, we have a black president. But you can still tell that we still are fighting the same fight for equal rights because many people are even trying to kill him. Sure we as blacks can vote, eat where we want to and even go to schools with whites, but there are still many of them who don’t want black kids sitting in the classrooms with the white kids. Many people who work in places where blacks eat even feel offended when they have to serve blacks. The fight that had been fought since way back when will always be fought. Because all people will never accept blacks as real human beings. Many will always isolate blacks and treat us like animals. \| \| \| \| \| Reference Bridges Hall, Ruby. Through My Eyes, Scholastic Press, 1999. Coles, Robert. The Story of Ruby Bridges, Scholastic Press, 1995. Crouch, Stanley and Playthell, Benjamin, Reconsidering The Souls of Black Folk. Running Press, Philadelphia, PA. 2002. DeCaro, Louis A. Jr. John Brown???The Cost of Freedom: Selections from His Life ; Letters (New York: International Publishers, 2007) Franklin Sanborn (ed. ) (1891): The Life and Letters of John Brown Gooding-Williams, Robert. In the Shadow of Du Bois: Afro-Modern Political Thought in America. Harvard University Press, 2009. Hubbard, Dolan (Ed. ). The Souls of Black Folk: One Hundred Years Later. University of Missouri Press. 2003 Louis Ruchames, ed. A John Brown Reader: The Story of John Brown in His Own Words, in the Words of Those who Knew Him (1959) Miller, William. Frederick Douglass: The Last Day of Slavery. Illus. by Cedric Lucas. Lee ; Low Books, 1995. Steinbeck, John. Travels with Charley in Search of America, Viking Adult, 1962. The Unfinished Agenda of Brown v. Board of Education, John Wiley ; Sons, 2004. Weidt, Maryann N. Voice of Freedom: a Story about Frederick Douglass. Illus. by Jeni Reeves. Lerner Publications, (2001).	3,057	ENGLISH	1
Questions for Bible study groups - What happened at a crucifixion? - Where was Calvary (Golgotha)? - What crimes was Jesus accused of? Crucifixion: the punishment Crucifixion was a shameful punishment inflicted on slaves, criminals and rebels. No Roman citizen could be crucified without the personal authorization of the emperor himself. The suffering in this form of execution is still reflected in the English word ‘excruciating’. For a Jew, crucifixion had an extra, terrifying dimension: according to Deuteronomy 21:22-23 a man who was crucified was cursed by God: ‘And if a man has committed a crime punishable by death and he is put to death and you hang him on a tree his body shall not remain all night upon the tree, but you shall bury him the same day, for a hanged man is accursed by God…’ The crucified man was tortured and demeaned in every possible way. Throughout the Roman world, men were crucified naked – though this may not have been the case when Jesus died. Jewish laws stipulated that if a man was stoned to death he must be allowed to wear a loincloth. Did the Romans respect Jewish law when Jesus was crucified, and allow him to wear a loincloth? There is no way of knowing. Calvary (Latin) Golgotha (Greek) After a battle, the Romans hung a cuirass on a horizontal pole as a sign of victory The exact location of Calvary is unknown, but Jewish and Roman practice was to perform executions outside the walls of a city or town. The site of Jesus’ death must have overlooked a main road outside Jerusalem, since the gruesome spectacle was meant to frighten as many people as possible. The site of execution was called the ‘place of the skull’, but not because there were skulls or bones lying on the ground there, as is sometimes shown in paintings. The Jewish people were scrupulous in their treatment of human remains, and would not have allowed such a thing. The Aramaic name suggests a rounded bare hill, like the rounded top of a skull. The hill could not have been a high one, since passers-by who mocked Jesus must have been close enough to read the inscription placed above his head. What the cross looked like There was some variety in the shape of crosses, but the one used for Jesus was probably similar to the traditional cross shown in Christian paintings. The main upright beam was permanently fixed in the ground; it had a detachable cross-beam which the condemned man was forced to carry to the place of execution. The cross-beam was fixed so that the victim’s feet were off the ground. There might be a small wooden projection which he could straddle, though in Jesus’ case this does not seem to have been the case: the projection was meant to prolong a man’s life and suffering, but Jesus died quickly. Both the cross-bar and the upright were re-used many times, and they and the whole area would have been covered with blood and body-fluids, a magnet for flies and vermin. Jesus, as he died, was tormented not only by his wounds but by swarms of biting flies.	<urn:uuid:d0095c05-8d80-44c3-9840-d80a98587169>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.jesus-story.net/crucifixion/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250613416.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123191130-20200123220130-00489.warc.gz	en	0.986803	693	3.65625	4	[ -0.030949492007493973, 0.36434680223464966, 0.02824164181947708, 0.18550598621368408, -0.007273162715137005, -0.11582589149475098, 0.25060248374938965, 0.27274468541145325, -0.006994566414505243, -0.0033980971202254295, 0.1610223948955536, -0.24648869037628174, 0.05578765273094177, 0.34949...	2	Questions for Bible study groups - What happened at a crucifixion? - Where was Calvary (Golgotha)? - What crimes was Jesus accused of? Crucifixion: the punishment Crucifixion was a shameful punishment inflicted on slaves, criminals and rebels. No Roman citizen could be crucified without the personal authorization of the emperor himself. The suffering in this form of execution is still reflected in the English word ‘excruciating’. For a Jew, crucifixion had an extra, terrifying dimension: according to Deuteronomy 21:22-23 a man who was crucified was cursed by God: ‘And if a man has committed a crime punishable by death and he is put to death and you hang him on a tree his body shall not remain all night upon the tree, but you shall bury him the same day, for a hanged man is accursed by God…’ The crucified man was tortured and demeaned in every possible way. Throughout the Roman world, men were crucified naked – though this may not have been the case when Jesus died. Jewish laws stipulated that if a man was stoned to death he must be allowed to wear a loincloth. Did the Romans respect Jewish law when Jesus was crucified, and allow him to wear a loincloth? There is no way of knowing. Calvary (Latin) Golgotha (Greek) After a battle, the Romans hung a cuirass on a horizontal pole as a sign of victory The exact location of Calvary is unknown, but Jewish and Roman practice was to perform executions outside the walls of a city or town. The site of Jesus’ death must have overlooked a main road outside Jerusalem, since the gruesome spectacle was meant to frighten as many people as possible. The site of execution was called the ‘place of the skull’, but not because there were skulls or bones lying on the ground there, as is sometimes shown in paintings. The Jewish people were scrupulous in their treatment of human remains, and would not have allowed such a thing. The Aramaic name suggests a rounded bare hill, like the rounded top of a skull. The hill could not have been a high one, since passers-by who mocked Jesus must have been close enough to read the inscription placed above his head. What the cross looked like There was some variety in the shape of crosses, but the one used for Jesus was probably similar to the traditional cross shown in Christian paintings. The main upright beam was permanently fixed in the ground; it had a detachable cross-beam which the condemned man was forced to carry to the place of execution. The cross-beam was fixed so that the victim’s feet were off the ground. There might be a small wooden projection which he could straddle, though in Jesus’ case this does not seem to have been the case: the projection was meant to prolong a man’s life and suffering, but Jesus died quickly. Both the cross-bar and the upright were re-used many times, and they and the whole area would have been covered with blood and body-fluids, a magnet for flies and vermin. Jesus, as he died, was tormented not only by his wounds but by swarms of biting flies.	668	ENGLISH	1
Ku Klux Klan Over the years many people havecreated groups to support their beliefs. The people who believed in "White Pride" came together against the advancement of African Americans, Jews, and other minorities. The KKK members were very violent and used harsh actions to get their point across, but their actions were supported by their strong belief in their religion and the culture in which they were brought up in. The Klan did as it believed, they did what they thought was right and for their time period they were just acting in the way their culture brought them up to act. The name Ku Klux Klan comes from the Greek word kuklos, meaning circle. The oldest symbol of unity is a circle. The Klan represents itself as the "oldest American White civil rights group. Klan members went on "night rides. They would threaten these blacks with what would happen if they voted or took positions of power. The Klan provided middle-class whites with stability. This era of the Klan came together against African Americans, Catholics, Jews, Asians, immigrants, anyone who had pre-and extra-marital escapades, and many other minorities. This Klan era was the First Era to use automobiles as part of the lynching. The Third Era was started in May of when the Supreme Court ruled that segregating of public schools by race was unconstitutional. This generation of Klansmen at one point numbered 40, At one point a count was taken and there had been over one hundred and fifty acts of racial and anti-Semitic acts of violence in the south. The Third Era mainly used their own forms of bombs to destroy residents and churches of their enemies. Duke used a sort of Nazi flavor to revamp the KKK, and his best addition to the Klan was his manipulation of the media. Dukes main attacks were at affirmative action, he attracted new youthful members, recruiting from high schools and colleges. The most well known act of terrorism occurred in Greensboro inwhere the Communist Workers Party rallied against the Klan, their motto was "Death to the Klan".The historical essays in this magazine explain the roots of racism and prejudice which sustain the Ku Klux Klan. As a young civil rights activist working alongside John Lewis, Andrew Young, the late Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and many others, I saw the Ku Klux Klan as an all-too visible power in many of the places we went to organize voter. Essay The Ku Klux Klan, better known as the KKK, was started in Tennessee in The people who believed in "White Pride" came together against the advancement of African Americans, Jews, and other minorities. Essay/Term paper: The ku klux klan Essay, term paper, research paper: Society. Ku Klux Klan, FBI Michèle St-Amant is a Research Assistant at the Program on Extremism at George Washington University’s Center for Cyber & Homeland Security and is currently pursuing an MA in Political Science at George Mason University. History on the Klu Klux Klan Essay Klu Klux Klan When was the Ku Klux Klan founded? The Ku Klux Klan was started after the civil war. The first branch was started in Pulaski Tennessee in May About a year later groups of local Klan’s were established in Nashville, in April Most leaders were former members of the confederate army. The Ku Klux Klan is a native-born American racist terrorist organization that helped overthrow Republican Reconstruction governments in the South after the Civil War and drive black people out of politics. The Ku Klux Klan was founded by six veteran soldiers of the Confederacy after the loss and the abolishment of slavery with the Thirteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. Their priorities and motives were about overthrowing the Republicans who ended white supremacy and maintaining it once again (McVeigh, R.	<urn:uuid:5e90ccb0-2d2e-4aeb-b001-a2b9ee81e56e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://kywidit.metin2sell.com/the-klu-klux-klan-essay-116gm.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690095.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126165718-20200126195718-00402.warc.gz	en	0.981674	779	3.421875	3	[ -0.10714499652385712, 0.19328147172927856, 0.03801874816417694, -0.0762040764093399, 0.09659650176763535, 0.24367199838161469, 0.11246342957019806, 0.06360866129398346, -0.08036140352487564, 0.010786166414618492, 0.3340054452419281, 0.2186983972787857, -0.09938118606805801, -0.390077084302...	1	Ku Klux Klan Over the years many people havecreated groups to support their beliefs. The people who believed in "White Pride" came together against the advancement of African Americans, Jews, and other minorities. The KKK members were very violent and used harsh actions to get their point across, but their actions were supported by their strong belief in their religion and the culture in which they were brought up in. The Klan did as it believed, they did what they thought was right and for their time period they were just acting in the way their culture brought them up to act. The name Ku Klux Klan comes from the Greek word kuklos, meaning circle. The oldest symbol of unity is a circle. The Klan represents itself as the "oldest American White civil rights group. Klan members went on "night rides. They would threaten these blacks with what would happen if they voted or took positions of power. The Klan provided middle-class whites with stability. This era of the Klan came together against African Americans, Catholics, Jews, Asians, immigrants, anyone who had pre-and extra-marital escapades, and many other minorities. This Klan era was the First Era to use automobiles as part of the lynching. The Third Era was started in May of when the Supreme Court ruled that segregating of public schools by race was unconstitutional. This generation of Klansmen at one point numbered 40, At one point a count was taken and there had been over one hundred and fifty acts of racial and anti-Semitic acts of violence in the south. The Third Era mainly used their own forms of bombs to destroy residents and churches of their enemies. Duke used a sort of Nazi flavor to revamp the KKK, and his best addition to the Klan was his manipulation of the media. Dukes main attacks were at affirmative action, he attracted new youthful members, recruiting from high schools and colleges. The most well known act of terrorism occurred in Greensboro inwhere the Communist Workers Party rallied against the Klan, their motto was "Death to the Klan".The historical essays in this magazine explain the roots of racism and prejudice which sustain the Ku Klux Klan. As a young civil rights activist working alongside John Lewis, Andrew Young, the late Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and many others, I saw the Ku Klux Klan as an all-too visible power in many of the places we went to organize voter. Essay The Ku Klux Klan, better known as the KKK, was started in Tennessee in The people who believed in "White Pride" came together against the advancement of African Americans, Jews, and other minorities. Essay/Term paper: The ku klux klan Essay, term paper, research paper: Society. Ku Klux Klan, FBI Michèle St-Amant is a Research Assistant at the Program on Extremism at George Washington University’s Center for Cyber & Homeland Security and is currently pursuing an MA in Political Science at George Mason University. History on the Klu Klux Klan Essay Klu Klux Klan When was the Ku Klux Klan founded? The Ku Klux Klan was started after the civil war. The first branch was started in Pulaski Tennessee in May About a year later groups of local Klan’s were established in Nashville, in April Most leaders were former members of the confederate army. The Ku Klux Klan is a native-born American racist terrorist organization that helped overthrow Republican Reconstruction governments in the South after the Civil War and drive black people out of politics. The Ku Klux Klan was founded by six veteran soldiers of the Confederacy after the loss and the abolishment of slavery with the Thirteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. Their priorities and motives were about overthrowing the Republicans who ended white supremacy and maintaining it once again (McVeigh, R.	768	ENGLISH	1
When I was in high school my government class went on a trip to Washington D. But Chancellorsville has stuck in my head. Not because the battle held any meaning. But I remember my government teacher telling us this was where Stonewall Jackson was shot, lost his arm, and then died shortly after from pneumonia. He said losing Stonewall was a huge loss for the Confederates and his death changed the course of the war. Civil War books for kids can help spark an interest in history or fuel a fire that's already been lit. The Civil War was not only the last war fought entirely on U. While some of the earliest works written about the war tended to be one-sided, the authors of today try to take a more balanced view of both sides of the conflict. These award-winning books of historical fiction for middle-grade readers are all excellent stories. These books represent time periods from the s to the s and appeal to kids in the upper elementary and middle school range grades 4 through 8. The book focuses on his involvement in the Revolutionary War and the impact it has on his life.	<urn:uuid:6733d975-831c-4cf8-9620-e87b70e41a3d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://chabowka.info/big-dick/young-adult-literature-civil-war-39257.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592394.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118081234-20200118105234-00387.warc.gz	en	0.984539	228	3.640625	4	[ -0.415006160736084, 0.4373546242713928, 0.3232651352882385, -0.10842017084360123, -0.2066717892885208, 0.35593876242637634, -0.2771969437599182, 0.41318002343177795, -0.18205739557743073, 0.08218997716903687, -0.054362956434488297, 0.27083805203437805, -0.062386613339185715, 0.216561645269...	2	When I was in high school my government class went on a trip to Washington D. But Chancellorsville has stuck in my head. Not because the battle held any meaning. But I remember my government teacher telling us this was where Stonewall Jackson was shot, lost his arm, and then died shortly after from pneumonia. He said losing Stonewall was a huge loss for the Confederates and his death changed the course of the war. Civil War books for kids can help spark an interest in history or fuel a fire that's already been lit. The Civil War was not only the last war fought entirely on U. While some of the earliest works written about the war tended to be one-sided, the authors of today try to take a more balanced view of both sides of the conflict. These award-winning books of historical fiction for middle-grade readers are all excellent stories. These books represent time periods from the s to the s and appeal to kids in the upper elementary and middle school range grades 4 through 8. The book focuses on his involvement in the Revolutionary War and the impact it has on his life.	225	ENGLISH	1
1885 Antwerp Universal Exhibition, Belgium’s first Expo The closing of the river Schelde, which links Antwerp with the North Sea, after the Belgian uprising in 1830, had also closed Belgium to the world. Thr Treaty of Vienna in 1939, signed by Belgium & Holland, Great Britain, France, Prussia, Austria and Russia guaranteed not only Belgium’s neutrality but also free navigation from the North Sea to Antwerp. This had not happened for some 300 years. The early 1880s saw the building of a dry dock as trade burgeoned. In January 1884, at the urging of shipbuilders and industrialists from Antwerp, a committee was formed to organise a commercial, maritime. industrial and artistic exhibition. The government agreed, which led to the1985 exhibition running from 2 May to 2 November. The cost was 4 million francs and recorded 3.5 million visitors. A basin served for the maritime section, while 3 halls and part of a railway station housed the machines. There were 14,472 exhibitors of whom 3,411 were Belgian. France also made up a third of the total numbers. One of the major attractions was a display of mechanical and electrical traction, which featured all the types of motor vehicles existing then. Also long distance telephone communications between Brussels and Antwerp allowed a local group to hear a concert given in Brussels, which is some 50 km distant. While no special stamps or cachets were used, a series of medals was struck and awarded for good displays. A bronze medal awarded at the 1885 Antwerp Exhibition Belgium had dipped her toe into the water with a successful exhibition. However, it was to be another 9 years until the next exhibition in Antwerp. This was followed three years later by the first exhibition in Brussels. The great era of international trade fairs had begun. 93 total views, 2 views today	<urn:uuid:3906e3ee-e46a-4ee0-ac16-d68b0c74696a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://aps.org.au/bardens-collections/belgium-international-trade-fairs/antwerp-1885/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251671078.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125071430-20200125100430-00090.warc.gz	en	0.981563	393	3.53125	4	[ 0.1558064967393875, 0.1496656984090805, 0.7322227358818054, -0.02109372802078724, 0.2006024569272995, -0.10145449638366699, -0.20306864380836487, 0.3341311812400818, -0.22970035672187805, 0.013694732449948788, 0.03838864341378212, -0.6374962329864502, -0.08416187763214111, 0.13493910431861...	1	1885 Antwerp Universal Exhibition, Belgium’s first Expo The closing of the river Schelde, which links Antwerp with the North Sea, after the Belgian uprising in 1830, had also closed Belgium to the world. Thr Treaty of Vienna in 1939, signed by Belgium & Holland, Great Britain, France, Prussia, Austria and Russia guaranteed not only Belgium’s neutrality but also free navigation from the North Sea to Antwerp. This had not happened for some 300 years. The early 1880s saw the building of a dry dock as trade burgeoned. In January 1884, at the urging of shipbuilders and industrialists from Antwerp, a committee was formed to organise a commercial, maritime. industrial and artistic exhibition. The government agreed, which led to the1985 exhibition running from 2 May to 2 November. The cost was 4 million francs and recorded 3.5 million visitors. A basin served for the maritime section, while 3 halls and part of a railway station housed the machines. There were 14,472 exhibitors of whom 3,411 were Belgian. France also made up a third of the total numbers. One of the major attractions was a display of mechanical and electrical traction, which featured all the types of motor vehicles existing then. Also long distance telephone communications between Brussels and Antwerp allowed a local group to hear a concert given in Brussels, which is some 50 km distant. While no special stamps or cachets were used, a series of medals was struck and awarded for good displays. A bronze medal awarded at the 1885 Antwerp Exhibition Belgium had dipped her toe into the water with a successful exhibition. However, it was to be another 9 years until the next exhibition in Antwerp. This was followed three years later by the first exhibition in Brussels. The great era of international trade fairs had begun. 93 total views, 2 views today	419	ENGLISH	1
Injustice in The Scarlet Letter Choose a character from The Scarlet Letter who responds in some significant way to justice or injustice. Then write a well-developed essay in which you analyze the character’s understanding of justice, the degree to which the character’s search for justice is successful, and the significance of this search for the work as a whole. In your essay, do not merely summarize the plot. Use quotes and examples from the play to illustrate your points. The Scarlet Letter showed many accounts of justice and injustice in the novel. Many of these accounts were appointed to that of one of the main characters, Hester Prynne. Hester Prynne was a character of The Scarlet Letter who was trialed and condemned of the sin adultery. Although there was a sin committed, Hester`s ordeal wasn`t a justified case. Hester`s husband was away and was said to have been at the bottom of the sea. Therefore, there wasn’t really a sin that was committed. Due to her sin, Hester Prynne was cut off from society, imprisoned and forced to live in shame without any fair judgment of the situation. But, she bravely stood at the scaffold, with the letter on her chest and her child in her arms. For seven years she suffered the consequences of a sin that she had committed. Even though she was harshly punished for what she did, Hester stayed calm and would have appeared to not be effected by her consequences. She took on the life of a peaceful, kind, and helpful person. Hester’s actions were motivated by two elements, “Freedom of her soul, and the right to raise her child” (Injustice and Punishments 2013). By confessing to the sin, she freed her soul from corruption and suffered the consequences. God forgave her and she acknowledges that by raising her daughter, Pearl, the best way she could. Hester dealt with what she did by staying humble and accepting the consequences of what she did. In the 3rd paragraph of chapter 13, Hawthorne writes, “Such helpfulness was found in her, —so much power to do, and power to sympathize, —that many people refused to interpret the scarlet A by its original signification. They said that it meant Abel; so strong was Hester Prynne, with a woman’s strength. ” Hester had changed from an unremorseful person, into a kinder, helping individual. Many people would have thought that Hester`s harsh punishments would have stripped her of all happiness and made her continuously feel guilty and ashamed, but it did not. Hester seemed satisfied with the new life she had taken on due to her sin. In chapter 13, it states, “The scarlet letter had not done its office. ” What ever was meant for Hester to feel did not take over her or affect her. She responded to the unfair punishment with such dignity and pride. It was almost as if she never committed the sin at all. “…the sin did not destroy her inward spirit; instead, she gathered her strength and courage, and flourished in spite of the letter A. ” (Diane Sauder 2000) References Injustice and punishments. (2013). Retrieved from www. antiessays. com Sauder, D. (2000). The scarlet letter. Retrieved from www. pinkymonkey. com	<urn:uuid:5644cb8f-1132-4273-8fdc-399ebcbdadf0>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://freebooksummary.com/injustice-in-the-scarlet-letter-8043	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597230.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120023523-20200120051523-00309.warc.gz	en	0.981178	709	3.78125	4	[ -0.6938718557357788, 0.3248513340950012, 0.05060030519962311, -0.2464873194694519, -0.4850539565086365, 0.2758423388004303, 0.7030293941497803, 0.23183514177799225, 0.046139441430568695, -0.19918791949748993, -0.12455049902200699, 0.32423076033592224, 0.15178896486759186, 0.048015542328357...	3	Injustice in The Scarlet Letter Choose a character from The Scarlet Letter who responds in some significant way to justice or injustice. Then write a well-developed essay in which you analyze the character’s understanding of justice, the degree to which the character’s search for justice is successful, and the significance of this search for the work as a whole. In your essay, do not merely summarize the plot. Use quotes and examples from the play to illustrate your points. The Scarlet Letter showed many accounts of justice and injustice in the novel. Many of these accounts were appointed to that of one of the main characters, Hester Prynne. Hester Prynne was a character of The Scarlet Letter who was trialed and condemned of the sin adultery. Although there was a sin committed, Hester`s ordeal wasn`t a justified case. Hester`s husband was away and was said to have been at the bottom of the sea. Therefore, there wasn’t really a sin that was committed. Due to her sin, Hester Prynne was cut off from society, imprisoned and forced to live in shame without any fair judgment of the situation. But, she bravely stood at the scaffold, with the letter on her chest and her child in her arms. For seven years she suffered the consequences of a sin that she had committed. Even though she was harshly punished for what she did, Hester stayed calm and would have appeared to not be effected by her consequences. She took on the life of a peaceful, kind, and helpful person. Hester’s actions were motivated by two elements, “Freedom of her soul, and the right to raise her child” (Injustice and Punishments 2013). By confessing to the sin, she freed her soul from corruption and suffered the consequences. God forgave her and she acknowledges that by raising her daughter, Pearl, the best way she could. Hester dealt with what she did by staying humble and accepting the consequences of what she did. In the 3rd paragraph of chapter 13, Hawthorne writes, “Such helpfulness was found in her, —so much power to do, and power to sympathize, —that many people refused to interpret the scarlet A by its original signification. They said that it meant Abel; so strong was Hester Prynne, with a woman’s strength. ” Hester had changed from an unremorseful person, into a kinder, helping individual. Many people would have thought that Hester`s harsh punishments would have stripped her of all happiness and made her continuously feel guilty and ashamed, but it did not. Hester seemed satisfied with the new life she had taken on due to her sin. In chapter 13, it states, “The scarlet letter had not done its office. ” What ever was meant for Hester to feel did not take over her or affect her. She responded to the unfair punishment with such dignity and pride. It was almost as if she never committed the sin at all. “…the sin did not destroy her inward spirit; instead, she gathered her strength and courage, and flourished in spite of the letter A. ” (Diane Sauder 2000) References Injustice and punishments. (2013). Retrieved from www. antiessays. com Sauder, D. (2000). The scarlet letter. Retrieved from www. pinkymonkey. com	703	ENGLISH	1
What are the origins of Thanksgiving? I’d stuffed many a turkey before I really understood Thanksgiving. Oh sure, I knew we were supposed to be thankful, and once I became a Christian I knew who we were thanking. But the Thanksgiving story is more than just the tale of Pilgrims and Indians. It’s a portrait of God’s hand in bringing people together to accomplish a specific purpose. In the early 1600s the Wampanoag (Wam-pa-NO-ag) Native Americans inhabited the coast of what we now call New England. They raised crops, lived close to the ocean in summer for seafood, and moved inland in winter to set up hunting camps. Their encounters with Europeans over the years were mostly friendly. But there was one exception: In 1614 Captain Thomas Hunt captured several Wampanoag, along with a Patuxet Native American named Squanto, to be sold into slavery in Spain. A Spanish monk purchased Squanto’s freedom, taught him Spanish, introduced him to Jesus Christ and sent him to England. In 1619, Squanto returned to his native land, only to find that his tribe had been wiped out by an epidemic. Thereafter he made his home with the Wampanoag. Meanwhile, in 1608, a British group called Separatists fled to Leyden, Holland. There they found religious freedom, but also poverty, grueling work hours, and a secular culture that threatened to undo the values they had carefully instilled in their children. In 1620, they sold all their belongings to help finance their journey to America. On the Mayflower’s voyage, the Separatists were joined by another group of people bound for America. They called these people Strangers. The two groups, 102 people altogether, were called Pilgrims. Their journey lasted nine weeks. In one of those divine “accidents” that change the course of history, the ship lost its course and landed far north of its destination at what we now know as Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Once outside the territory covered by the King’s Charter, the Pilgrims became responsible for their own government, and so they wrote a set of laws called The Mayflower Compact. On December 21, 1620, they began their new life at the place they named Plymouth. The winter was devastating. Wind whipped through their settlement and sleet and snow chilled them to the bone. Half of the Pilgrims died. But the Separatists clung to their faith; not one person chose to return to England when the Mayflower made her return voyage. Spring brought unexpected relief—the help of Squanto. He taught them how to grow corn, use fertilizer, stalk deer, and catch fish. William Bradford, the governor of Plymouth, wrote that Squanto was “a special instrument sent of God for good beyond our expectations.” And so their first harvest was good. Governor Bradford proclaimed a day of thanksgiving to God, and the Pilgrims invited their Native American friends. Chief Massasoit and 90 members of his tribe came, along with Squanto, bearing venison and wild turkeys for everyone to share. Both groups feasted, played games, ran races, and showed their prowess with bows and arrows and muskets. With so much to be grateful for, the Pilgrims celebrated that first Thanksgiving for three days! Adapted from “Let’s Talk Turkey,” by Barbara Curtis, Kyria.com. Click here to read the original article in its entirety.	<urn:uuid:d85239cd-6cda-4643-930e-f49258920e33>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://centralumchurch.wordpress.com/2018/11/18/what-are-the-origins-of-thanksgiving/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250625097.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124191133-20200124220133-00042.warc.gz	en	0.982605	737	3.609375	4	[ 0.06092407554388046, 0.27907079458236694, 0.21597428619861603, -0.06980850547552109, -0.14894406497478485, -0.03289324790239334, 0.33154547214508057, 0.13525478541851044, 0.11247050762176514, 0.1869882047176361, -0.17867393791675568, -0.1111302301287651, -0.2907610833644867, 0.180730849504...	2	What are the origins of Thanksgiving? I’d stuffed many a turkey before I really understood Thanksgiving. Oh sure, I knew we were supposed to be thankful, and once I became a Christian I knew who we were thanking. But the Thanksgiving story is more than just the tale of Pilgrims and Indians. It’s a portrait of God’s hand in bringing people together to accomplish a specific purpose. In the early 1600s the Wampanoag (Wam-pa-NO-ag) Native Americans inhabited the coast of what we now call New England. They raised crops, lived close to the ocean in summer for seafood, and moved inland in winter to set up hunting camps. Their encounters with Europeans over the years were mostly friendly. But there was one exception: In 1614 Captain Thomas Hunt captured several Wampanoag, along with a Patuxet Native American named Squanto, to be sold into slavery in Spain. A Spanish monk purchased Squanto’s freedom, taught him Spanish, introduced him to Jesus Christ and sent him to England. In 1619, Squanto returned to his native land, only to find that his tribe had been wiped out by an epidemic. Thereafter he made his home with the Wampanoag. Meanwhile, in 1608, a British group called Separatists fled to Leyden, Holland. There they found religious freedom, but also poverty, grueling work hours, and a secular culture that threatened to undo the values they had carefully instilled in their children. In 1620, they sold all their belongings to help finance their journey to America. On the Mayflower’s voyage, the Separatists were joined by another group of people bound for America. They called these people Strangers. The two groups, 102 people altogether, were called Pilgrims. Their journey lasted nine weeks. In one of those divine “accidents” that change the course of history, the ship lost its course and landed far north of its destination at what we now know as Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Once outside the territory covered by the King’s Charter, the Pilgrims became responsible for their own government, and so they wrote a set of laws called The Mayflower Compact. On December 21, 1620, they began their new life at the place they named Plymouth. The winter was devastating. Wind whipped through their settlement and sleet and snow chilled them to the bone. Half of the Pilgrims died. But the Separatists clung to their faith; not one person chose to return to England when the Mayflower made her return voyage. Spring brought unexpected relief—the help of Squanto. He taught them how to grow corn, use fertilizer, stalk deer, and catch fish. William Bradford, the governor of Plymouth, wrote that Squanto was “a special instrument sent of God for good beyond our expectations.” And so their first harvest was good. Governor Bradford proclaimed a day of thanksgiving to God, and the Pilgrims invited their Native American friends. Chief Massasoit and 90 members of his tribe came, along with Squanto, bearing venison and wild turkeys for everyone to share. Both groups feasted, played games, ran races, and showed their prowess with bows and arrows and muskets. With so much to be grateful for, the Pilgrims celebrated that first Thanksgiving for three days! Adapted from “Let’s Talk Turkey,” by Barbara Curtis, Kyria.com. Click here to read the original article in its entirety.	735	ENGLISH	1
Historian Andy Masich joins Tim to discuss the battle of Little Bighorn, one of the most well known and possibly misunderstood battles in the history of the American West. An author, speaker and college educator, Andy also serves as CEO of the Heinz History Center in Pittsburgh. In this episode he puts the story of Little Bighorn into perspective for today and how America changed afterward. June 25, 1876 , American Indians defeat George Custer at and the U.S. Army at Little Bighorn, which is in southern Montana. The U.S. Army had been forcing American Indians onto reservations, but there were resistors led by chiefs Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse. As Americans moved West, Indian nations had repeatedly entered into treaties with the U.S. government but the terms changed as more and more people moved West. Then gold was discovered in South Dakota’s Black Hills in South Dakota, which had been considered sacred ground to plains Indians. In 1875 the U.S. Army was said to have ignored treaty provisions and invaded the Black Hills. That prompted many plains Indians to leave their reservations and join Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse in Montana. Battle lines were drawn. In late 1875, the U.S. Army ordered “hostile Indians” in Montana to return to their reservations or be subject to attack. Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse ignored the order, then urged other warriors to join with them to fight the army. By late Spring 1876, thousands of American Indian men, women and children had gathered at a massive camp along a river in Southern Montana called Little Bighorn. On June 17th, General George Crook of U.S. Army was stunned by size and ferocity of the Indian attack nearby and pulled back. Two other Army columns remained, one commanded by General Alfred Terry and one by General John Gibbon. General Terry ordered the 7th Cavalry under Lt. Colonel George Custer to scout ahead. Instead of proceeding cautiously, he dismissed his scouts when they told him of a gigantic Indian village nearby in the valley of Little Bighorn. Believing that there was a village but discounting its size, his main fear was that when word got to the village, the people would scatter before he could emerge victorious. He divided roughly 600 men into three battalions, keeping about 215 under his direct command. He did this to keep the Indians from scattering to escaping his invasion. The people did not scatter, they mobilized. Sitting Bull was too old for battle, but younger Crazy Horse sped into battle with a large force to meet the U.S. Army. With Custer’s troops divided and advancing, they found it was they who were under attack by a rapidly growing number of warriors. Custer and the others had tried to regroup his regiment but it was too late. Everyone was under attack. Custer himself, and his 215 men were cut off and under attack by as many as 3,000 armed braves. In less than a 2 hours, they were all killed to the last man. Eyewitness Lakota Chief Red Horse said this in 1881 – “The Sioux did not take a single soldier prisoner, but killed all of them. None were left alive for even a few minutes.” Other regiments survived with heavy casualties but were able to hold for a day until the Indians withdrew. There were 50 known deaths among Sitting Bull’s followers. While the Battle of Little Bighorn was the greatest victory for the plains Indians, and the army’s worst defeat in what was called the Plains Indian War, the Indians were not able to revel in victory. The story of "Custer's Last Stand" outraged many Americans and created national perceptions of merciless Indians. The federal government became that much more determined to crush the "hostile Indians." In less than 5 years, almost all of the plains Indians were confined to reservations.	<urn:uuid:f9ec51f6-7710-44b2-ae69-309e97216c75>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.podchaser.com/podcasts/shaping-opinion-656789/episodes/the-battle-of-little-bighorn-c-29719743	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783342.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128215526-20200129005526-00291.warc.gz	en	0.98778	816	3.96875	4	[ -0.10401084274053574, 0.16047826409339905, -0.011342138983309269, 0.30206507444381714, -0.05341513454914093, -0.05709894746541977, -0.3595361113548279, -0.07529986649751663, -0.4945300221443176, -0.3104296624660492, 0.08975984156131744, -0.05377102643251419, 0.23456008732318878, 0.01844168...	1	Historian Andy Masich joins Tim to discuss the battle of Little Bighorn, one of the most well known and possibly misunderstood battles in the history of the American West. An author, speaker and college educator, Andy also serves as CEO of the Heinz History Center in Pittsburgh. In this episode he puts the story of Little Bighorn into perspective for today and how America changed afterward. June 25, 1876 , American Indians defeat George Custer at and the U.S. Army at Little Bighorn, which is in southern Montana. The U.S. Army had been forcing American Indians onto reservations, but there were resistors led by chiefs Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse. As Americans moved West, Indian nations had repeatedly entered into treaties with the U.S. government but the terms changed as more and more people moved West. Then gold was discovered in South Dakota’s Black Hills in South Dakota, which had been considered sacred ground to plains Indians. In 1875 the U.S. Army was said to have ignored treaty provisions and invaded the Black Hills. That prompted many plains Indians to leave their reservations and join Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse in Montana. Battle lines were drawn. In late 1875, the U.S. Army ordered “hostile Indians” in Montana to return to their reservations or be subject to attack. Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse ignored the order, then urged other warriors to join with them to fight the army. By late Spring 1876, thousands of American Indian men, women and children had gathered at a massive camp along a river in Southern Montana called Little Bighorn. On June 17th, General George Crook of U.S. Army was stunned by size and ferocity of the Indian attack nearby and pulled back. Two other Army columns remained, one commanded by General Alfred Terry and one by General John Gibbon. General Terry ordered the 7th Cavalry under Lt. Colonel George Custer to scout ahead. Instead of proceeding cautiously, he dismissed his scouts when they told him of a gigantic Indian village nearby in the valley of Little Bighorn. Believing that there was a village but discounting its size, his main fear was that when word got to the village, the people would scatter before he could emerge victorious. He divided roughly 600 men into three battalions, keeping about 215 under his direct command. He did this to keep the Indians from scattering to escaping his invasion. The people did not scatter, they mobilized. Sitting Bull was too old for battle, but younger Crazy Horse sped into battle with a large force to meet the U.S. Army. With Custer’s troops divided and advancing, they found it was they who were under attack by a rapidly growing number of warriors. Custer and the others had tried to regroup his regiment but it was too late. Everyone was under attack. Custer himself, and his 215 men were cut off and under attack by as many as 3,000 armed braves. In less than a 2 hours, they were all killed to the last man. Eyewitness Lakota Chief Red Horse said this in 1881 – “The Sioux did not take a single soldier prisoner, but killed all of them. None were left alive for even a few minutes.” Other regiments survived with heavy casualties but were able to hold for a day until the Indians withdrew. There were 50 known deaths among Sitting Bull’s followers. While the Battle of Little Bighorn was the greatest victory for the plains Indians, and the army’s worst defeat in what was called the Plains Indian War, the Indians were not able to revel in victory. The story of "Custer's Last Stand" outraged many Americans and created national perceptions of merciless Indians. The federal government became that much more determined to crush the "hostile Indians." In less than 5 years, almost all of the plains Indians were confined to reservations.	815	ENGLISH	1
On December 15, 1890, Hunkpapa itancan Sitting Bull (Tatanka Iyotake) was killed on the Standing Rock Agency by Indian police at his residence along the Grand River. The respected leader’s murder sent shockwaves throughout the Lakota oyate, and a group of his followers, who feared they would be targeted next, fled the agency to seek refuge and guidance from Mnicoujou Itancan Hehaka Gleska (Spotted Elk). There are varied stories about what occurred after the group of Hunkpapa arrived near the area of Bridger, but it is known that in the dead of night on December 23, Spotted Elk led the group south to the Pine Ridge Agency to meet Oglala leader Red Cloud. During the journey, the elderly Spotted Elk fell ill with pneumonia and his condition slowed the group, and eventually, they were intercepted by the 7th Calvary on December 28 near Wounded Knee Creek. A makeshift camp was set up and there, the people slept with the calvary surrounding them. The next morning, Spotted Elk and other men met with Colonel James W. Forsyth who demanded the Lakotas to give up their arms, and a shot was fired by an unknown person, which prompted the soldiers to open fire on the unarmed Lakotas. After a few hours and after the dust settled, over 250 Lakotas lay dead, including Spotted Elk. Lifeless bodies were reportedly found three miles from the creek. The wounded and those who were able to flee, began their journey back to the Cheyenne River Agency, and returned to the areas of Takini, Bridger, and Cherry Creek. Fearing retaliation, the calvary returned to the Pine Ridge Agency where they entrenched themselves until January 3, when they returned to the massacre site to bury the slain. Photographers accompanied the military unit, and their photos captured the harrowing images the frozen corpses of women, children, men, and Spotted Elk. And every year, on the date of Sitting Bulls killing, the people remember their respected leader, and those who were killed and those who survived the Wounded Massacre with a memorial ride, a run, and other honoring ceremonies along the way. Riders on horseback begin their two-week journey south to Cheyenne River, where they stop along the way at residences, including that of Arvol Looking Horse, Keeper of the Pipe. At each stop, the group of riders and those following in vehicles are given provisions and are fed. At some stops, honor ceremonies are conducted, such as the one that occurred on December 23 in Bridger. The HAWK 1890 Descendants group provided a meal at the UCC Church and remembered individuals who have journeyed into the spirit world, and had, during their lifetime, contributed greatly to the memorial ride. Chairs were set up in the church with blankets placed over them. The empty chairs represented the following individuals: Daniel Afraid of Hawk, Chubbs Thunder Hawk, Richard Larrabee, Byron Buffalo, Rocke Afraid of Hawk, Birgil Kills Straight, John Around Him and Guy White Thunder. The next day, riders got back on their horse and made their way to Big Foot Pass by way of 4 Corners, and continued on their journey. A severe winter storm hit the state on Saturday, December 28, as temperatures dropped and snow began to fall. The storm and brutal winter conditions did not deter the hundreds of riders as they made their way to burial site in Wounded Knee. A caravan of vehicles followed the riders and runners carried staffs as the riders began riding in a circle. Women trilled and men whooped and hollered. Prayers and songs were conducted and a meal was provided. The next day, the storm worsened as winds were projected to reach over 55 miles per hour. As the survivors and wounded did that horrific day in 1890, a group of runners began making their way back to Cheyenne River, covering 180 miles where the run will end in Takini. Joseph Brings Plenty Sr. has participated in and is an advocate for the survivor run, posted this message on his Facebook account on Sunday: “Nearing Potato Creek. There’s a ridge to the south of the community. This is where children with wounds from the massacre gathered, the families in the area here cared for them until they died from their injuries and were buried along that ridge.” Brings Plenty has been outspoken about remembering those whose journeys did not end at the massacre in Wounded Knee. In a 2014 interview with lastrealindians.com, Brings Plenty stated: “Some of the relatives journeyed back to Takini. Through the cold air and during the night, the only light that led their way was the moon. Some of the relatives that started the journey back to Takini, never made it back. Some were subdued by their injuries and they were still hunted, through territories that are now occupied by ranchers, settlers and small towns. They had to travel at night and stay hidden during the day. An elder in the Bridger area shared a story with me, about two young boys who were wounded at the massacre sight, traveled back to the Bridger area, only to eventually die from their wounds. This run is done in remembrance of our relatives that endured and persevered through times when a world that was known as home to our people was turned upside down on them by political interests measured in resources of minerals, water, land and ownership.” On Tuesday afternoon, December 31, the group of runners arrived in Takini where they were honored with prayer, ceremony and a meal.	<urn:uuid:737c05dc-b834-4000-8467-2067ed0a1da9>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.westrivereagle.com/articles/wounded-knee-massacre-remembered-with-horse-ride-and-run/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251776516.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128060946-20200128090946-00016.warc.gz	en	0.981413	1,187	3.34375	3	[ 0.10687969624996185, 0.1024298295378685, 0.13078168034553528, -0.18166320025920868, 0.32146769762039185, -0.17922380566596985, 0.09204433113336563, -0.019668156281113625, -0.35377684235572815, -0.24493589997291565, 0.4944167137145996, -0.06041437014937401, 0.10390757024288177, 0.3930383920...	2	On December 15, 1890, Hunkpapa itancan Sitting Bull (Tatanka Iyotake) was killed on the Standing Rock Agency by Indian police at his residence along the Grand River. The respected leader’s murder sent shockwaves throughout the Lakota oyate, and a group of his followers, who feared they would be targeted next, fled the agency to seek refuge and guidance from Mnicoujou Itancan Hehaka Gleska (Spotted Elk). There are varied stories about what occurred after the group of Hunkpapa arrived near the area of Bridger, but it is known that in the dead of night on December 23, Spotted Elk led the group south to the Pine Ridge Agency to meet Oglala leader Red Cloud. During the journey, the elderly Spotted Elk fell ill with pneumonia and his condition slowed the group, and eventually, they were intercepted by the 7th Calvary on December 28 near Wounded Knee Creek. A makeshift camp was set up and there, the people slept with the calvary surrounding them. The next morning, Spotted Elk and other men met with Colonel James W. Forsyth who demanded the Lakotas to give up their arms, and a shot was fired by an unknown person, which prompted the soldiers to open fire on the unarmed Lakotas. After a few hours and after the dust settled, over 250 Lakotas lay dead, including Spotted Elk. Lifeless bodies were reportedly found three miles from the creek. The wounded and those who were able to flee, began their journey back to the Cheyenne River Agency, and returned to the areas of Takini, Bridger, and Cherry Creek. Fearing retaliation, the calvary returned to the Pine Ridge Agency where they entrenched themselves until January 3, when they returned to the massacre site to bury the slain. Photographers accompanied the military unit, and their photos captured the harrowing images the frozen corpses of women, children, men, and Spotted Elk. And every year, on the date of Sitting Bulls killing, the people remember their respected leader, and those who were killed and those who survived the Wounded Massacre with a memorial ride, a run, and other honoring ceremonies along the way. Riders on horseback begin their two-week journey south to Cheyenne River, where they stop along the way at residences, including that of Arvol Looking Horse, Keeper of the Pipe. At each stop, the group of riders and those following in vehicles are given provisions and are fed. At some stops, honor ceremonies are conducted, such as the one that occurred on December 23 in Bridger. The HAWK 1890 Descendants group provided a meal at the UCC Church and remembered individuals who have journeyed into the spirit world, and had, during their lifetime, contributed greatly to the memorial ride. Chairs were set up in the church with blankets placed over them. The empty chairs represented the following individuals: Daniel Afraid of Hawk, Chubbs Thunder Hawk, Richard Larrabee, Byron Buffalo, Rocke Afraid of Hawk, Birgil Kills Straight, John Around Him and Guy White Thunder. The next day, riders got back on their horse and made their way to Big Foot Pass by way of 4 Corners, and continued on their journey. A severe winter storm hit the state on Saturday, December 28, as temperatures dropped and snow began to fall. The storm and brutal winter conditions did not deter the hundreds of riders as they made their way to burial site in Wounded Knee. A caravan of vehicles followed the riders and runners carried staffs as the riders began riding in a circle. Women trilled and men whooped and hollered. Prayers and songs were conducted and a meal was provided. The next day, the storm worsened as winds were projected to reach over 55 miles per hour. As the survivors and wounded did that horrific day in 1890, a group of runners began making their way back to Cheyenne River, covering 180 miles where the run will end in Takini. Joseph Brings Plenty Sr. has participated in and is an advocate for the survivor run, posted this message on his Facebook account on Sunday: “Nearing Potato Creek. There’s a ridge to the south of the community. This is where children with wounds from the massacre gathered, the families in the area here cared for them until they died from their injuries and were buried along that ridge.” Brings Plenty has been outspoken about remembering those whose journeys did not end at the massacre in Wounded Knee. In a 2014 interview with lastrealindians.com, Brings Plenty stated: “Some of the relatives journeyed back to Takini. Through the cold air and during the night, the only light that led their way was the moon. Some of the relatives that started the journey back to Takini, never made it back. Some were subdued by their injuries and they were still hunted, through territories that are now occupied by ranchers, settlers and small towns. They had to travel at night and stay hidden during the day. An elder in the Bridger area shared a story with me, about two young boys who were wounded at the massacre sight, traveled back to the Bridger area, only to eventually die from their wounds. This run is done in remembrance of our relatives that endured and persevered through times when a world that was known as home to our people was turned upside down on them by political interests measured in resources of minerals, water, land and ownership.” On Tuesday afternoon, December 31, the group of runners arrived in Takini where they were honored with prayer, ceremony and a meal.	1,184	ENGLISH	1
Despite great obstacles, Jews throughout occupied Europe attempted armed resistance against the Germans and their Axis partners. They faced overwhelming odds and desperate scenarios, including lack of weapons and training, operating in hostile zones, parting from family members, and facing an ever-present Nazi terror. Yet thousands resisted by joining or forming partisan units. Among them was Norman Salsitz. Norman Salsitz was born May 6, 1920, in a small town in southern Poland. Though he has gone by seven different names in his lifetime, Norman Salsitz has always been the same person: tough, resourceful, and honest. The youngest of nine siblings, Norman was among the Jewish inhabitants forced into a ghetto in June of 1941 by the Germans. Looking for strong labor, the Germans selected Norman and other healthy young Jews to dismantle recently decimated ghettos. While Norman worked to destroy any remaining signs of his heritage and religion, the Germans began sending his friends and family to the death camps. Norman knew that with each ghetto they demolished, the workers drew closer to their own murders. In October of 1942, Norman organized an escape group of 55 people and fled to the surrounding forest. He had some money he had found during his ghetto work, and he used it to buy his first revolver. The sympathetic Pole who sold him the weapon also led Norman to a group of resistance fighters in the woods. These fighters fought through harsh weather conditions on rough terrain to dismantle and damage German railroads, mills, and police stations. In 1944, Norman joined the AK Polish underground, despite the strong presence of antisemitism. He knew that as a Jew, he would never be able to make the contribution to defeat the Nazis he wanted to without disguising his Jewish idenitity and joining the powerful AK. Norman worked with the underground to defeat their common foes until the command was given to seek out and kill Jews being hidden on a farm. Norman volunteered for the mission, killing the Poles who had been sent with him and rescuing the Jews in hiding. He then fled the AK and returned to his original partisan unit where he remained until he was liberated by the Russians. Norman Salsitz’s mother’s dying wish was for her son to keep their stories alive. He has honored that wish by writing books and speaking about his war experiences. From the horrors of mass murder to the inspiration of weary fighters singing hymns, Norman continues to fight for the truth. In his own words: “This is why I keep going, we have to tell the world what the German murderers did to us.” Norman Salsitz died on October 11, 2006. Critical Thinking Questions - What obstacles and limitations did Jews face when considering resistance? - What pressures and motivations may have influenced Norman Salsitz's decisions and actions? Are these factors unique to this history or universal? - How can societies, communities, and individuals reinforce and strengthen the willingness to stand up for others?	<urn:uuid:f7501053-951b-4e9f-b88b-da1b3daedff3>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/norman-salsitz	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250603761.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121103642-20200121132642-00114.warc.gz	en	0.980314	611	3.453125	3	[ -0.6323562860488892, 0.6311336755752563, -0.6425512433052063, 0.01903991587460041, 0.1916590929031372, 0.23715901374816895, 0.26456621289253235, 0.27334097027778625, -0.35397493839263916, -0.17390698194503784, -0.11841326951980591, -0.14020013809204102, 0.2352297604084015, 0.28211423754692...	17	Despite great obstacles, Jews throughout occupied Europe attempted armed resistance against the Germans and their Axis partners. They faced overwhelming odds and desperate scenarios, including lack of weapons and training, operating in hostile zones, parting from family members, and facing an ever-present Nazi terror. Yet thousands resisted by joining or forming partisan units. Among them was Norman Salsitz. Norman Salsitz was born May 6, 1920, in a small town in southern Poland. Though he has gone by seven different names in his lifetime, Norman Salsitz has always been the same person: tough, resourceful, and honest. The youngest of nine siblings, Norman was among the Jewish inhabitants forced into a ghetto in June of 1941 by the Germans. Looking for strong labor, the Germans selected Norman and other healthy young Jews to dismantle recently decimated ghettos. While Norman worked to destroy any remaining signs of his heritage and religion, the Germans began sending his friends and family to the death camps. Norman knew that with each ghetto they demolished, the workers drew closer to their own murders. In October of 1942, Norman organized an escape group of 55 people and fled to the surrounding forest. He had some money he had found during his ghetto work, and he used it to buy his first revolver. The sympathetic Pole who sold him the weapon also led Norman to a group of resistance fighters in the woods. These fighters fought through harsh weather conditions on rough terrain to dismantle and damage German railroads, mills, and police stations. In 1944, Norman joined the AK Polish underground, despite the strong presence of antisemitism. He knew that as a Jew, he would never be able to make the contribution to defeat the Nazis he wanted to without disguising his Jewish idenitity and joining the powerful AK. Norman worked with the underground to defeat their common foes until the command was given to seek out and kill Jews being hidden on a farm. Norman volunteered for the mission, killing the Poles who had been sent with him and rescuing the Jews in hiding. He then fled the AK and returned to his original partisan unit where he remained until he was liberated by the Russians. Norman Salsitz’s mother’s dying wish was for her son to keep their stories alive. He has honored that wish by writing books and speaking about his war experiences. From the horrors of mass murder to the inspiration of weary fighters singing hymns, Norman continues to fight for the truth. In his own words: “This is why I keep going, we have to tell the world what the German murderers did to us.” Norman Salsitz died on October 11, 2006. Critical Thinking Questions - What obstacles and limitations did Jews face when considering resistance? - What pressures and motivations may have influenced Norman Salsitz's decisions and actions? Are these factors unique to this history or universal? - How can societies, communities, and individuals reinforce and strengthen the willingness to stand up for others?	618	ENGLISH	1
The time period in which this poem, Cousin Kate, was written makes the message all the more meaningful. The writer, Christina Rossetti, was a woman of the Victorian era. Born in 1830, Rossetti lived during a time when women had no choice but to be chaste. Anything else was to be outcasted from society. Men, on the other hand, were known to often use prostitutes as an outlet for their sexuality until (and sometimes after) they were married. During this time period, however, women were also thought to be inferior to men in many ways including physically and intellectually. However, they were thought to be superior to men morally. Thus, a much higher moral expectation was placed on women. They were thought to have little to no sexual desire aside from for the purpose of becoming a mother. Therefore, when a woman was found out to have had sexual relations outside of marriage, it was treated as something entirely different from when men had premarital sex. For women, it was looked upon as an act of defiance against family, society, and God. For men, it was seen as a moment of weakness in which they gave in to an overwhelming sexual desire. During this time, women were also considered the property of men. They were to obey them. This presented a problem for women. If a Lord, Duke, or perhaps even the King wanted to have a woman sexually, she was expected to obey him. And when he was done using her, she bore the shame of losing her virginity before marriage. This poem speaks to that exact kind of circumstance. The speaker in Cousin Kate was lured away by a lord. His magnificence and place in life probably made her feel intimidated. Her whole life, she was taught that a woman’s role was to obey men, especially a man in position of authority. Thus, when the lord sought her out, if was natural for her to obey. Her cousin, Kate, watched the whole thing. Then, when the lord was tired of the speaker, he went after her cousin, Kate. Kate, having seen her cousin brought to shame by the lord, denied him sexually. Because she did this, the lord married her and she was brought to a place of honor while her poor cousin was destined to live the rest of her life in shame. Cousin Kate Analysis WAS a cottage maiden Hardened by sun and air, Contented with my cottage mates, Not mindful I was fair. Why did a great lord find me out, And praise my flaxen hair? Why did a great lord find me out To fill my heart with care? Cousin Kate begins with the description of a beautiful young maiden who spent her days out in the sun and the air. This young maiden was content to be with her cottage mates. She had no thought for a man and no desire for anything that she did not already have. She claims that she did not even know that she was a beautiful girl until a great lord found her out. She asks, “Why did a great lord find me out, and praise my flaxen hair?” The tone of this question suggests that the affair with the great lord will not end well for the speaker. She asks again, “Why did a great lord find me out to fill my heart with care?” This reveals that the great lord made the speaker feel something for him. While she was once a beautiful young maiden without a care in the world, the attentions of the great lord caused her to become a young maiden quite in love with someone much above her in social status. Of course, during the Victorian era, few people married for love. Most men married when a handsome dowry could be offered, and most women sought to marry in such a way that would move them up the societal ladder. He lured me to his palace home– Woe’s me for joy thereof– To lead a shameless shameful life, His plaything and his love. He wore me like a silken knot, He changed me like a glove; So now I moan, an unclean thing, Who might have been a dove. The speaker uses the word “lured” to further suggest that the great lord did not have pure intentions in his praise of her. The speaker says that when he took her into his home, he “woe[ed her] for joy thereof”. Here, the readers can see that what the great lord did for his own joy, was the woe of the young maiden. She says that he took her “to lead a shameless shameful life” and to make her “his plaything and his love”. The way the speaker describes her life as the mistress of the great lord reveals that he used her for his own satisfaction without a thought for the way that it would alter the course of her life for the rest of her days. In the sixth line of this stanza, the speaker reveals that he finally set her aside completely. She says, “He changed me like a glove”. She clearly felt that she was nothing more than a toy or an article of clothing to this man. He would use her while she was new and exciting, but he would set her aside when he was done with her. He had no concern for what it would do to her. But she cries out to tell her story through these words. She says, “So now I moan, an unclean thing who might have been a dove”. Her place in society, her future, and her value for herself were all destroyed and all so that a powerful man might use her to amuse himself for a while. O Lady Kate, my cousin Kate, You grew more fair than I: He saw you at your father’s gate, Chose you, and cast me by. He watched your steps along the lane, Your work among the rye; He lifted you from mean estate To sit with him on high. There is a shift with this stanza so that the speaker is not talking to the readers anymore, but to her cousin, Kate. It is possible that she has been talking to Kate all along. When she calls her “Lady Kate” she makes it clear that her cousin has risen in social status to become a Lady. The speaker reveals that her little cousin grew to be more beautiful than she was herself. And the great lord saw her at her father’s gate, chose her, and cast aside the speaker. Because you were so good and pure He bound you with his ring: The neighbours call you good and pure, Call me an outcast thing. Even so I sit and howl in dust, You sit in gold and sing: Now which of us has tenderer heart? You had the stronger wing. With this stanza, the speaker reveals that Kate was “good and pure” and so “he bound [her] with his ring”. Because Kate would not allow the great lord to take her to his bed without a marriage, the lord married her. Thus, she rose to the position of a lady. The speaker says to her, “the neighbors call you good and pure, call me an outcast thing”. Then she says that she sits in the dust and howls. This imagery comes from the biblical book of Job, and the description of sitting in the dust and howling is well known as the epitome of despair. The speaker contrasts herself with Kate, saying that Kate sings while she sits in gold. This is a stark contrast to the speaker, who howls in the dust. But then, the speaker asks a question to Kate. She says, “Which of us has a tenderer heart?” The question implies that the speaker believes herself to have a more feeling heart than Kate. In the last line of this stanza, the speaker claims that Kate “had the stronger wing”, but her previous question leaves the readers with a picture of the speaker as the sweeter and more tender of the two, while Kate was the stronger. O cousin Kate, my love was true, Your love was writ in sand: If he had fooled not me but you, If you stood where I stand, He’d not have won me with his love Nor bought me with his land; I would have spit into his face And not have taken his hand. With this stanza, the speaker begins to draw a more distinct line between herself and her cousin. She appeals to her, exclaiming, “O cousin Kate, my love was true, Your love was writ in sand”. This reveals that the speaker did feel herself in love with the lord, though he used her as he did. She compares her true love with the love of her cousin, which she claims was not a true and deep love, but one that was written in the sand and could have been washing away by the tide. The speaker continues to explain her heart to her cousin. She says, “If he had fooled not me but you, if you stood where I stand, He’d not have won me with his love”. Kate was fortunate enough to be able to watch what happened with her cousin before the lord took an interest in herself. The speaker says that if it had been the other way around, and the lord had seduced Kate first, and she herself “would have spit into his face and not have taken his hand”. The speaker clearly regrets that she allowed herself to care for this man and to go into his bed. She wants Kate to know that the difference between the two of them really came down to the coincidence that the lord went after the speaker first, and Kate second. Yet I’ve a gift you have not got, And seem not like to get: For all your clothes and wedding-ring I’ve little doubt you fret. My fair-haired son, my shame, my pride, Cling closer, closer yet: Your father would give lands for one To wear his coronet. With the final stanza, the speaker continues to contrast herself with Kate. Up until now, she has shown that she is living a life of shame while Kate lives a life of glory. She has shown that Kate was stronger, but the speaker’s own love was more true. Here, she says to Kate, “I’ve a gift you have not got and seem not like to get”. She goes on to dismiss Kate’s clothes and her wedding ring. She tells her cousin that she knows that she must fret about what she does not have. Then she reveals what this gift is. The great lord had given her a “fair-haired son” which she calls her “shame” and her “pride” in one breath. This son brought her shame in the eyes of society. And yet, as every mother can understand, the child was also her pride and joy. She does not consider him a curse but a gift. Then, she tells Kate, “Your father would give lands for one to wear his coronet”. A coronet, a small simple crown, was often worn by lesser royalty. The speaker reminds Kate that although she is named a Lady and has a great husband, she herself will come to nothing without a son to inherit the wealth of his parents and grandparents. During this time, women were married away with a dowry, but they were not given an inheritance. It is not clear whether Kate was unable to have children, or whether she seemed to have only baby girls. Whatever the case, the speaker asserts that Kate seemed likely not to have a boy. It is very likely, then, that the speaker’s own boy would inherit the wealth of his father. Often if there was no legitimate son to inherit wealth, an illegitimate son would be named heir. Thus, despite losing her husband and place in society, the speaker clings to the hope that one day her son will have a better life through inheriting the wealth of his father. Christina Rossetti Background Given the author’s background, Cousin Kate is somewhat ironic. One might expect to find that Rossetti had once been in the same position as the speaker, but it does not appear so. From what is known about Rossetti, she was a highly religious woman who never married and even broke off an engagement because her fiance had become a Roman Catholic, and she was a loyal member of the Anglican church. Perhaps her adherence to her beliefs led her to this kind of sympathy for a woman in the position of the speaker of Cousin Kate. After all, Jesus himself had a heart for the woman who was caught in the very act of prostitution. Likewise, Rossetti, though seemingly pious and religious, shows sympathy for her fellow women who were not so fortunate as to have escaped being lured in by a man. Her poem particularly shows sympathy for women and skepticism of men. The man in Cousin Kate is clearly vile and the women are at his mercy. Perhaps this fear of men and their power over women is what lead Rossetti to remain single, though she received two offers of marriage. Christina Rossetti received a second offer of marriage – her suitor in this instance, being a man of letters and pre-eminently a scholar. Again, she was favorably disposed to her suitor, and again actuated by religious scruples, she was constrained to reject his offer (Bell). This reveals that the author had probably been in love more than once in her life, but that she was afraid to do the wrong thing and sought to adhere to the church rather than marry when she was not sure that it was entirely right to do so. Although the author could not entirely identify with her speaker in Cousin Kate, she clearly was able to have empathy for all the women in her society who had given in to their passions and been ruined by them. Cousin Kate also reveals her fear that had she responded to her suitors, she may end up cast aside. - Bell, Mackenzie. Christina Rossetti: A Biographical and Critical Study. Thomas Burleigh, 1898. - Murray, Janet Horowitz. Strong-minded women: and other lost voices from nineteenth-century England. Pantheon, 1982.	<urn:uuid:6df0433d-f861-4396-973a-d9f6eecc498b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://poemanalysis.com/christina-rossetti/cousin-kate	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681412.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125191854-20200125221854-00142.warc.gz	en	0.990764	2,997	3.78125	4	[ -0.17491617798805237, 0.4686993956565857, 0.4067860245704651, -0.09225387871265411, -0.09164208173751831, -0.2875475287437439, 0.2879011929035187, 0.05812937021255493, 0.3750976324081421, -0.4970785975456238, 0.426626592874527, 0.09598834812641144, 0.31662097573280334, 0.22404789924621582,...	2	The time period in which this poem, Cousin Kate, was written makes the message all the more meaningful. The writer, Christina Rossetti, was a woman of the Victorian era. Born in 1830, Rossetti lived during a time when women had no choice but to be chaste. Anything else was to be outcasted from society. Men, on the other hand, were known to often use prostitutes as an outlet for their sexuality until (and sometimes after) they were married. During this time period, however, women were also thought to be inferior to men in many ways including physically and intellectually. However, they were thought to be superior to men morally. Thus, a much higher moral expectation was placed on women. They were thought to have little to no sexual desire aside from for the purpose of becoming a mother. Therefore, when a woman was found out to have had sexual relations outside of marriage, it was treated as something entirely different from when men had premarital sex. For women, it was looked upon as an act of defiance against family, society, and God. For men, it was seen as a moment of weakness in which they gave in to an overwhelming sexual desire. During this time, women were also considered the property of men. They were to obey them. This presented a problem for women. If a Lord, Duke, or perhaps even the King wanted to have a woman sexually, she was expected to obey him. And when he was done using her, she bore the shame of losing her virginity before marriage. This poem speaks to that exact kind of circumstance. The speaker in Cousin Kate was lured away by a lord. His magnificence and place in life probably made her feel intimidated. Her whole life, she was taught that a woman’s role was to obey men, especially a man in position of authority. Thus, when the lord sought her out, if was natural for her to obey. Her cousin, Kate, watched the whole thing. Then, when the lord was tired of the speaker, he went after her cousin, Kate. Kate, having seen her cousin brought to shame by the lord, denied him sexually. Because she did this, the lord married her and she was brought to a place of honor while her poor cousin was destined to live the rest of her life in shame. Cousin Kate Analysis WAS a cottage maiden Hardened by sun and air, Contented with my cottage mates, Not mindful I was fair. Why did a great lord find me out, And praise my flaxen hair? Why did a great lord find me out To fill my heart with care? Cousin Kate begins with the description of a beautiful young maiden who spent her days out in the sun and the air. This young maiden was content to be with her cottage mates. She had no thought for a man and no desire for anything that she did not already have. She claims that she did not even know that she was a beautiful girl until a great lord found her out. She asks, “Why did a great lord find me out, and praise my flaxen hair?” The tone of this question suggests that the affair with the great lord will not end well for the speaker. She asks again, “Why did a great lord find me out to fill my heart with care?” This reveals that the great lord made the speaker feel something for him. While she was once a beautiful young maiden without a care in the world, the attentions of the great lord caused her to become a young maiden quite in love with someone much above her in social status. Of course, during the Victorian era, few people married for love. Most men married when a handsome dowry could be offered, and most women sought to marry in such a way that would move them up the societal ladder. He lured me to his palace home– Woe’s me for joy thereof– To lead a shameless shameful life, His plaything and his love. He wore me like a silken knot, He changed me like a glove; So now I moan, an unclean thing, Who might have been a dove. The speaker uses the word “lured” to further suggest that the great lord did not have pure intentions in his praise of her. The speaker says that when he took her into his home, he “woe[ed her] for joy thereof”. Here, the readers can see that what the great lord did for his own joy, was the woe of the young maiden. She says that he took her “to lead a shameless shameful life” and to make her “his plaything and his love”. The way the speaker describes her life as the mistress of the great lord reveals that he used her for his own satisfaction without a thought for the way that it would alter the course of her life for the rest of her days. In the sixth line of this stanza, the speaker reveals that he finally set her aside completely. She says, “He changed me like a glove”. She clearly felt that she was nothing more than a toy or an article of clothing to this man. He would use her while she was new and exciting, but he would set her aside when he was done with her. He had no concern for what it would do to her. But she cries out to tell her story through these words. She says, “So now I moan, an unclean thing who might have been a dove”. Her place in society, her future, and her value for herself were all destroyed and all so that a powerful man might use her to amuse himself for a while. O Lady Kate, my cousin Kate, You grew more fair than I: He saw you at your father’s gate, Chose you, and cast me by. He watched your steps along the lane, Your work among the rye; He lifted you from mean estate To sit with him on high. There is a shift with this stanza so that the speaker is not talking to the readers anymore, but to her cousin, Kate. It is possible that she has been talking to Kate all along. When she calls her “Lady Kate” she makes it clear that her cousin has risen in social status to become a Lady. The speaker reveals that her little cousin grew to be more beautiful than she was herself. And the great lord saw her at her father’s gate, chose her, and cast aside the speaker. Because you were so good and pure He bound you with his ring: The neighbours call you good and pure, Call me an outcast thing. Even so I sit and howl in dust, You sit in gold and sing: Now which of us has tenderer heart? You had the stronger wing. With this stanza, the speaker reveals that Kate was “good and pure” and so “he bound [her] with his ring”. Because Kate would not allow the great lord to take her to his bed without a marriage, the lord married her. Thus, she rose to the position of a lady. The speaker says to her, “the neighbors call you good and pure, call me an outcast thing”. Then she says that she sits in the dust and howls. This imagery comes from the biblical book of Job, and the description of sitting in the dust and howling is well known as the epitome of despair. The speaker contrasts herself with Kate, saying that Kate sings while she sits in gold. This is a stark contrast to the speaker, who howls in the dust. But then, the speaker asks a question to Kate. She says, “Which of us has a tenderer heart?” The question implies that the speaker believes herself to have a more feeling heart than Kate. In the last line of this stanza, the speaker claims that Kate “had the stronger wing”, but her previous question leaves the readers with a picture of the speaker as the sweeter and more tender of the two, while Kate was the stronger. O cousin Kate, my love was true, Your love was writ in sand: If he had fooled not me but you, If you stood where I stand, He’d not have won me with his love Nor bought me with his land; I would have spit into his face And not have taken his hand. With this stanza, the speaker begins to draw a more distinct line between herself and her cousin. She appeals to her, exclaiming, “O cousin Kate, my love was true, Your love was writ in sand”. This reveals that the speaker did feel herself in love with the lord, though he used her as he did. She compares her true love with the love of her cousin, which she claims was not a true and deep love, but one that was written in the sand and could have been washing away by the tide. The speaker continues to explain her heart to her cousin. She says, “If he had fooled not me but you, if you stood where I stand, He’d not have won me with his love”. Kate was fortunate enough to be able to watch what happened with her cousin before the lord took an interest in herself. The speaker says that if it had been the other way around, and the lord had seduced Kate first, and she herself “would have spit into his face and not have taken his hand”. The speaker clearly regrets that she allowed herself to care for this man and to go into his bed. She wants Kate to know that the difference between the two of them really came down to the coincidence that the lord went after the speaker first, and Kate second. Yet I’ve a gift you have not got, And seem not like to get: For all your clothes and wedding-ring I’ve little doubt you fret. My fair-haired son, my shame, my pride, Cling closer, closer yet: Your father would give lands for one To wear his coronet. With the final stanza, the speaker continues to contrast herself with Kate. Up until now, she has shown that she is living a life of shame while Kate lives a life of glory. She has shown that Kate was stronger, but the speaker’s own love was more true. Here, she says to Kate, “I’ve a gift you have not got and seem not like to get”. She goes on to dismiss Kate’s clothes and her wedding ring. She tells her cousin that she knows that she must fret about what she does not have. Then she reveals what this gift is. The great lord had given her a “fair-haired son” which she calls her “shame” and her “pride” in one breath. This son brought her shame in the eyes of society. And yet, as every mother can understand, the child was also her pride and joy. She does not consider him a curse but a gift. Then, she tells Kate, “Your father would give lands for one to wear his coronet”. A coronet, a small simple crown, was often worn by lesser royalty. The speaker reminds Kate that although she is named a Lady and has a great husband, she herself will come to nothing without a son to inherit the wealth of his parents and grandparents. During this time, women were married away with a dowry, but they were not given an inheritance. It is not clear whether Kate was unable to have children, or whether she seemed to have only baby girls. Whatever the case, the speaker asserts that Kate seemed likely not to have a boy. It is very likely, then, that the speaker’s own boy would inherit the wealth of his father. Often if there was no legitimate son to inherit wealth, an illegitimate son would be named heir. Thus, despite losing her husband and place in society, the speaker clings to the hope that one day her son will have a better life through inheriting the wealth of his father. Christina Rossetti Background Given the author’s background, Cousin Kate is somewhat ironic. One might expect to find that Rossetti had once been in the same position as the speaker, but it does not appear so. From what is known about Rossetti, she was a highly religious woman who never married and even broke off an engagement because her fiance had become a Roman Catholic, and she was a loyal member of the Anglican church. Perhaps her adherence to her beliefs led her to this kind of sympathy for a woman in the position of the speaker of Cousin Kate. After all, Jesus himself had a heart for the woman who was caught in the very act of prostitution. Likewise, Rossetti, though seemingly pious and religious, shows sympathy for her fellow women who were not so fortunate as to have escaped being lured in by a man. Her poem particularly shows sympathy for women and skepticism of men. The man in Cousin Kate is clearly vile and the women are at his mercy. Perhaps this fear of men and their power over women is what lead Rossetti to remain single, though she received two offers of marriage. Christina Rossetti received a second offer of marriage – her suitor in this instance, being a man of letters and pre-eminently a scholar. Again, she was favorably disposed to her suitor, and again actuated by religious scruples, she was constrained to reject his offer (Bell). This reveals that the author had probably been in love more than once in her life, but that she was afraid to do the wrong thing and sought to adhere to the church rather than marry when she was not sure that it was entirely right to do so. Although the author could not entirely identify with her speaker in Cousin Kate, she clearly was able to have empathy for all the women in her society who had given in to their passions and been ruined by them. Cousin Kate also reveals her fear that had she responded to her suitors, she may end up cast aside. - Bell, Mackenzie. Christina Rossetti: A Biographical and Critical Study. Thomas Burleigh, 1898. - Murray, Janet Horowitz. Strong-minded women: and other lost voices from nineteenth-century England. Pantheon, 1982.	2,886	ENGLISH	1
Reconstruction was the period after the Civil War from 1963-1977 when the Confederacy was going to be readmitted into the United States. Also the South was divided into districts for elections to set up state governments. Lincoln also planned to pardon all Confederates except high-ranking officials. All of us slaves love Lincoln's plan because he is going to set us free!! Johnson's plan is to follow Lincoln and abolish slavery but he doesn't think us slaves should have equal rights. Johnson's plan followed Lincoln's plan by applying the 13th amendment, which abolished slavery. Radical Republican's plan The Radical Republican's plan made it so the slave got rights like the 14th amendment and 15th amendment. Which states that the slaves would get to vote and that anyone born in the United States becomes a citizen Freedman's Bureau was put into place by congress to help millions of former slaves and poor whites after the war Gangs like the Ku Klux Klan were rivals because they didn't believe in the African Americans having rights. Us slaves love the Radical Republican's plan because they are going to grant us slaves many rights. Freedman's bureau was funded by congress and majority of it's original employees were former members of the war. The Black Codes were passed in 1865 and 1866 to restrict African Americans freedoms.	<urn:uuid:76731611-56fa-4c05-824b-edb70481694e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.storyboardthat.com/storyboards/coltonganske/reconstruction	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251669967.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125041318-20200125070318-00445.warc.gz	en	0.981459	275	3.96875	4	[ -0.669470489025116, 0.19461160898208618, -0.031244894489645958, 0.14548636972904205, -0.12136446684598923, 0.09046728909015656, -0.24445165693759918, -0.20540925860404968, -0.4808758497238159, 0.2040654718875885, 0.3678513467311859, 0.25612708926200867, -0.17217861115932465, 0.249267518520...	1	Reconstruction was the period after the Civil War from 1963-1977 when the Confederacy was going to be readmitted into the United States. Also the South was divided into districts for elections to set up state governments. Lincoln also planned to pardon all Confederates except high-ranking officials. All of us slaves love Lincoln's plan because he is going to set us free!! Johnson's plan is to follow Lincoln and abolish slavery but he doesn't think us slaves should have equal rights. Johnson's plan followed Lincoln's plan by applying the 13th amendment, which abolished slavery. Radical Republican's plan The Radical Republican's plan made it so the slave got rights like the 14th amendment and 15th amendment. Which states that the slaves would get to vote and that anyone born in the United States becomes a citizen Freedman's Bureau was put into place by congress to help millions of former slaves and poor whites after the war Gangs like the Ku Klux Klan were rivals because they didn't believe in the African Americans having rights. Us slaves love the Radical Republican's plan because they are going to grant us slaves many rights. Freedman's bureau was funded by congress and majority of it's original employees were former members of the war. The Black Codes were passed in 1865 and 1866 to restrict African Americans freedoms.	287	ENGLISH	1
The reality of living in a perfect world is a statement that is far from the truth. Although many of us would like to believe that everyone lives equal lives, is treated respectfully, and has equal rights, it is clear that these aspects are not consistently present in today's society. We live in a diverse world that is separated by race, orientation and gender. A world where the media defines what makes a person “normal” and what types of people are secluded from society because of what they believe in and what they look like. In the eyes of God we are seen as a unique creature with our own individuality, however, to others, the sense of being different is often viewed in a negative way. Racism occurs everyday in school, workplaces and in the community through actions and voice, intentionally and unintentionally. It has the ability to lower a person's self esteem; often to the point where they may feel that life is no longer worth living. Racism could be eliminated if acceptance and equality were present and practiced in our world today. Racism, which can be considered any action or attitude conscious or unconscious, that subordinates an individual or group based on skin colour, or race, (Human Rights Commission (HRC)) is an action that takes three steps to complete. A racist action consists of a prejudgment or negative opinion about a group or person. It is a stereotype or “set image” that is usually based on false information. The last step of racism is discrimination. Discrimination combines prejudice and stereotype together to create an offensive action that has the “effect of limiting opportunities of certain individuals or groups because of personal characteristics such as race or colour.” (HRC) All humans belong to the same species, live in the same world and were created equally by God. We were all born with dignity and rights and “have the potential to attain a high level of intellectual, social, economic and cultural development.” (HRC) We are all unique individuals that contribute to the world that we live in. Unfortunately, culture, skin colour and beliefs have a way of breaking the knot that holds us as humans together. Even in the 21st century, where we have become much more sophisticated individuals, the word racism is not a new word in our vocabulary. Discrimination has been around forever. Historical evidence of discrimination dates back to the 1930's and 40's when Adolph Hitler was in power in Germany. Hitler was the leader of the Nazi party that exterminated thousands of Jewish people. During the years of the Holocaust, Jewish people were forced to wear arm bands so everyone new their beliefs. They were forced to work as slaves and were sent to concentration camps were they were shot or marched until they dropped dead. They were stripped of their dignity and rights and were viewed as “play” objects instead of human individuals. When looking back on the Holocaust today, some may find it hard to believe that prejudice and racism still exist despite the horrific impact that is had in the past. Although no event as large as the Holocaust has occurred since 1946, racism is still seen in schools, workplaces, and communities today. It is important to understand that children are not born racist. They learn it through their parents, friends, and community. Children that are not exposed to racism throughout their childhood are less likely to become racist. (HRC) Although many parents strive to raise their children to respect others, this idea can be quickly broken while they are at school. In Kitchener-Waterloo, most elementary school classrooms have an equal ratio of students from Canada, and those who have immigrated here. (City of Kitchener) Different skin colours, religions and nationalities are placed in a classroom to interact with each other and learn. Young children do not have the intellectuality to know or fully understand what racism is and what it can cause. Because of this, racial actions can start at a young age with children choosing not to let someone join in their recess game due to the colour of their skin. What seems like a minor action grows through elementary school and into high school. It creates a person who disrespects others because of their beliefs. When walking through a high school cafeteria you can often see the division between ethnicity. There are Black people sitting at one table, Asians at another, Polish on one side, Spanish at the other with Caucasians in the middle. Why is it that we choose to sit with people are in our eyes are mostly like us? Why is it that we would most likely become friends with someone of our own race? Dependant upon the way you are raised, a Black person and a White person may have very compatible personalities, but since they look different from each other, they may never get the chance to figure that out. For example, an Asian girl was brought up in a home where it was she was only allowed to date people of her own ethnicity. Her parents, being racist believed that her boyfriend was “dirty” because he was Mexican. At first the racist views of her parents had no impact on her relationship, but after constant negative expressions were made by her parents, she felt as if she needed to end her relationship. (Cosmo Girl) In most cases, the Black and White person does not become friends not because they don't respect each other because of their colour differences. Instead, there is an unintentional force that keeps these two people from getting to know each other. Similarly, all schools have a unique mascot that is used to represent the school population. Have you ever taken a good look at a mascot's characteristic? One schools mascot, “Rodney the Raider” was drawn as an Aboriginal with a large nose and a big pot belly. (Logos for the Future) This is an example of unintentional racism. In no way did this school intend to be racist to Aboriginal people. This mascot was created years ago when people were oblivious to the effects of racism. Racism also occurs in the workplace. Although that job selection process is supposed to be fair, some races often have an advantage over others. Eight out of ten times, a black person has to work harder to obtain a job. (Taking a Stand against Racism and Racial Discrimination) In addition, the workplace often closely resembles high school. It is not uncommon to hear co-workers make racial jokes without even considering the true meaning of what was said. “Other cases of workplace racism include unfair job requirements for the same amount of pay and unethical labor expectations.” (One Workplace Equal Rights) If the bible states that “access to employment and to professions must be open to all without unjust discriminations,” why is it that there us injustice in the workplace? When you walk down the street, do you ever catch yourself staring at people or watching your belongings more closely when a certain race walks by? For example, when a White man walks past a White woman on the street, she usually doesn't feel threatened. When a Black man walks past a White woman, they often walk faster, hold their purse tighter and grasp onto the man beside them. (Crash) The bible teaches us that “our relationship with our neighbors are recognized as personal in character, the neighbor is not a “unit” in the human collective; he is “someone” who by his known origin deserves particular attention.” (The Bible) If we were to practice the bibles lessons, this type of reaction to walking past a Black man would not be present. Moreover, racism in the community often leads to violence and “gang” fights. In today's society, it is not uncommon to hear about or see two groups of teenagers fighting in the streets. In addition to the physical part of the fight, you often hear racist remarks that are intended to anger and hurt others. Hate against races in communities is often sparked by the media. We live in a technological advanced era where the average person owns at least one TV and one computer and believes everything that they see and read on them. Many people use these resources as a source of information. Thus, when you see discrimination in movies, most accept that as being an unimportant reality, and that racism should just be accepted as something that occurs. Being racist is an action that is often very easy to do. The most common type of racism is “racial name calling and put downs that are directed at a particular ethnic group.” (Taking a Stand against Racism and Racial Discrimination) Any type of racism can leave a person feeling pain, anger, shame, hostility, guilt and embarrassment. How does someone feel gratitude and pleasure from causing someone to go through racist tormenting? The saying “sticks and stones may break my bones but names will never hurt me,” is a common phrase that is used by children. Children are taught at a young age to be unaffected from hurtful words that are directed towards them. The seriousness of racial words and phrases breaks the “sticks and stones” saying. Although they are just “words” the meaning behind them are hateful and destructive. Racism can also occur through actions. “A Persian man was stereotyped for being Arab. He was called Osama and was kicked out of the store.” (Crash) Racial actions such as this one occur because of the ignorance that we as humans have. Today, most people are prejudice towards Muslims because of the actions that a group of Muslims decided to partake in. Ever since 9/11, anyone that looks Arab is stereotyped as a terrorist. Similarly, when a person walks down the street and sees someone with a bandana around their head and pants down by their knees they automatically assume that they are part of a gang and are out to cause trouble. This is the prejudice that society has because of the media and the actions that one person does which causes a generalization of everyone that looks and acts that way. Many times a race is judged without a good reason. A Spanish locksmith was judged by a wealthy White woman who thought that he was going to sell her house key to his “gangster” friends. Meanwhile this man was just doing his job and trying to make a decent amount of money so his daughter could go through life with the same opportunities as every other child. (Crash) A situation such as this one shows us never to judge a person without getting to know them first. Racism is also seen with the law and rights. If a White person and a Black person are caught at the scene of a crime, eight out of ten times the Black person will be questioned first.(Violence in Society) How does the colour of your skin have an impact of being more likely to commit a crime? There is no such thing as a criminology gene. Committing a crime is a decision that a person makes based on their morals and any person regardless of their race should be punished equally and accordingly to the severity of the crime. Ending racism is not a simple task. You can see that just in this short essay, many unanswered questions have arose. It is very hard to stop racism when it is so hard to understand the rationality behind it. Racism takes the hard work and dedication of a person to take the stand and act out. One way to eliminate racism is to stop being a bystander. When someone is witnessing a person being discriminated against, their initial reaction is to stand on the side lines and watch. This action of being a bystander makes the situation worse. When a bully sees a crowd forming they get a sense of satisfaction and continue to insult their victim. By acting out and standing your ground you are showing the bully that he/she doesn't have authority. When people are with their friends they often use racist words and phrases that are meant to be humorous and descriptive about certain occurrences. Phrases such as “that's gay” are often said without realizing what the actual meaning is behind it. Avoiding using phrases like these could help stop racism amongst friends and in the community. Sometimes speaking out against racism cannot be done because of fear. In some cases a person is not able to speak out because they may get harassed or killed. “The man watched as the White policeman sexually assaulted his wife. He stood there with his mouth shut and pain in his eyes, not being able to say a word because of the fear of been arrested.” (Crash) Since racism is often a common act, some people being to accept it. Racism is a crime that should not be tolerated under any circumstance. It is a form of abuse that can lower a person's confidence. If a person is exposed to racism for a long period of time, they may begin to feel that their life is no longer worth living. Many of life's lessons are taught to us through the bible. One of the most important lessons that everyone should strive to live by is that the life and dignity of every human person is sacred and special. The bible tells us that “human beings are all made in the image if God and all he wants from his incarnations is love and the goodness for and from all.” (Living Justice and Peace) A racist act takes away the love that we as humans have; instead of love it shows hatred towards individuals. The dignity that a person is born with cannot physically be taken away, although sometimes a racist act can leave someone feeling empty and worthless. “The Black women stood there as the White police officer “felt her up” and sexually abused her, pretending that he was searching for weapons.” (Crash) This woman had no choice but to allow the police man to assault her. Once he finished she felt as though she was striped of her dignity and worthless because of what had just happened to her. God says to respect all human life. Respect is not judging others on their appearance, using offensive and “hate” language or abusing someone physically, mentally or emotionally. It is accepting others for who they are; standing up for someone when they are being picked on and being a voice for those who cant speak up. With all of the negative impacts of racism, it is hard to understand why it has not been eliminated from our society. One person alone cannot put an end to racism; it would take the commitment of everyone in the world. Racism happens in many situations every day through actions and voice. A racist action has the ability of lowering a persons self esteem and making one feel as if they have been striped of their dignity. Putting an end to racism is like making soup. In order to make soup a variety of ingredients are needed. The ingredients, representing people, on their own would not be able to end racism or make a good pot of soup. Once all of the ingredients are put into the pot and have mixed together, a powerful and fulfilling bowl of soup can be enjoyed. This group of committed and dedicated people is large enough to stand up to racism. If we as humans could open our eyes to other races and see the person that they are on the inside and stop judging them on colour, our world would be one step closer to perfect.	<urn:uuid:e6239109-a60f-49a4-b7a7-61b666524874>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://writing-help.org/blog/racism-essay	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589861.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117152059-20200117180059-00037.warc.gz	en	0.984405	3,092	3.734375	4	[ 0.08179672062397003, 0.16847950220108032, -0.14365582168102264, 0.042992837727069855, 0.07849220186471939, 0.5089441537857056, 0.5264849662780762, -0.0824231207370758, 0.13024044036865234, 0.4008253514766693, 0.2739710807800293, -0.3382163941860199, -0.14239341020584106, 0.2630406618118286...	13	The reality of living in a perfect world is a statement that is far from the truth. Although many of us would like to believe that everyone lives equal lives, is treated respectfully, and has equal rights, it is clear that these aspects are not consistently present in today's society. We live in a diverse world that is separated by race, orientation and gender. A world where the media defines what makes a person “normal” and what types of people are secluded from society because of what they believe in and what they look like. In the eyes of God we are seen as a unique creature with our own individuality, however, to others, the sense of being different is often viewed in a negative way. Racism occurs everyday in school, workplaces and in the community through actions and voice, intentionally and unintentionally. It has the ability to lower a person's self esteem; often to the point where they may feel that life is no longer worth living. Racism could be eliminated if acceptance and equality were present and practiced in our world today. Racism, which can be considered any action or attitude conscious or unconscious, that subordinates an individual or group based on skin colour, or race, (Human Rights Commission (HRC)) is an action that takes three steps to complete. A racist action consists of a prejudgment or negative opinion about a group or person. It is a stereotype or “set image” that is usually based on false information. The last step of racism is discrimination. Discrimination combines prejudice and stereotype together to create an offensive action that has the “effect of limiting opportunities of certain individuals or groups because of personal characteristics such as race or colour.” (HRC) All humans belong to the same species, live in the same world and were created equally by God. We were all born with dignity and rights and “have the potential to attain a high level of intellectual, social, economic and cultural development.” (HRC) We are all unique individuals that contribute to the world that we live in. Unfortunately, culture, skin colour and beliefs have a way of breaking the knot that holds us as humans together. Even in the 21st century, where we have become much more sophisticated individuals, the word racism is not a new word in our vocabulary. Discrimination has been around forever. Historical evidence of discrimination dates back to the 1930's and 40's when Adolph Hitler was in power in Germany. Hitler was the leader of the Nazi party that exterminated thousands of Jewish people. During the years of the Holocaust, Jewish people were forced to wear arm bands so everyone new their beliefs. They were forced to work as slaves and were sent to concentration camps were they were shot or marched until they dropped dead. They were stripped of their dignity and rights and were viewed as “play” objects instead of human individuals. When looking back on the Holocaust today, some may find it hard to believe that prejudice and racism still exist despite the horrific impact that is had in the past. Although no event as large as the Holocaust has occurred since 1946, racism is still seen in schools, workplaces, and communities today. It is important to understand that children are not born racist. They learn it through their parents, friends, and community. Children that are not exposed to racism throughout their childhood are less likely to become racist. (HRC) Although many parents strive to raise their children to respect others, this idea can be quickly broken while they are at school. In Kitchener-Waterloo, most elementary school classrooms have an equal ratio of students from Canada, and those who have immigrated here. (City of Kitchener) Different skin colours, religions and nationalities are placed in a classroom to interact with each other and learn. Young children do not have the intellectuality to know or fully understand what racism is and what it can cause. Because of this, racial actions can start at a young age with children choosing not to let someone join in their recess game due to the colour of their skin. What seems like a minor action grows through elementary school and into high school. It creates a person who disrespects others because of their beliefs. When walking through a high school cafeteria you can often see the division between ethnicity. There are Black people sitting at one table, Asians at another, Polish on one side, Spanish at the other with Caucasians in the middle. Why is it that we choose to sit with people are in our eyes are mostly like us? Why is it that we would most likely become friends with someone of our own race? Dependant upon the way you are raised, a Black person and a White person may have very compatible personalities, but since they look different from each other, they may never get the chance to figure that out. For example, an Asian girl was brought up in a home where it was she was only allowed to date people of her own ethnicity. Her parents, being racist believed that her boyfriend was “dirty” because he was Mexican. At first the racist views of her parents had no impact on her relationship, but after constant negative expressions were made by her parents, she felt as if she needed to end her relationship. (Cosmo Girl) In most cases, the Black and White person does not become friends not because they don't respect each other because of their colour differences. Instead, there is an unintentional force that keeps these two people from getting to know each other. Similarly, all schools have a unique mascot that is used to represent the school population. Have you ever taken a good look at a mascot's characteristic? One schools mascot, “Rodney the Raider” was drawn as an Aboriginal with a large nose and a big pot belly. (Logos for the Future) This is an example of unintentional racism. In no way did this school intend to be racist to Aboriginal people. This mascot was created years ago when people were oblivious to the effects of racism. Racism also occurs in the workplace. Although that job selection process is supposed to be fair, some races often have an advantage over others. Eight out of ten times, a black person has to work harder to obtain a job. (Taking a Stand against Racism and Racial Discrimination) In addition, the workplace often closely resembles high school. It is not uncommon to hear co-workers make racial jokes without even considering the true meaning of what was said. “Other cases of workplace racism include unfair job requirements for the same amount of pay and unethical labor expectations.” (One Workplace Equal Rights) If the bible states that “access to employment and to professions must be open to all without unjust discriminations,” why is it that there us injustice in the workplace? When you walk down the street, do you ever catch yourself staring at people or watching your belongings more closely when a certain race walks by? For example, when a White man walks past a White woman on the street, she usually doesn't feel threatened. When a Black man walks past a White woman, they often walk faster, hold their purse tighter and grasp onto the man beside them. (Crash) The bible teaches us that “our relationship with our neighbors are recognized as personal in character, the neighbor is not a “unit” in the human collective; he is “someone” who by his known origin deserves particular attention.” (The Bible) If we were to practice the bibles lessons, this type of reaction to walking past a Black man would not be present. Moreover, racism in the community often leads to violence and “gang” fights. In today's society, it is not uncommon to hear about or see two groups of teenagers fighting in the streets. In addition to the physical part of the fight, you often hear racist remarks that are intended to anger and hurt others. Hate against races in communities is often sparked by the media. We live in a technological advanced era where the average person owns at least one TV and one computer and believes everything that they see and read on them. Many people use these resources as a source of information. Thus, when you see discrimination in movies, most accept that as being an unimportant reality, and that racism should just be accepted as something that occurs. Being racist is an action that is often very easy to do. The most common type of racism is “racial name calling and put downs that are directed at a particular ethnic group.” (Taking a Stand against Racism and Racial Discrimination) Any type of racism can leave a person feeling pain, anger, shame, hostility, guilt and embarrassment. How does someone feel gratitude and pleasure from causing someone to go through racist tormenting? The saying “sticks and stones may break my bones but names will never hurt me,” is a common phrase that is used by children. Children are taught at a young age to be unaffected from hurtful words that are directed towards them. The seriousness of racial words and phrases breaks the “sticks and stones” saying. Although they are just “words” the meaning behind them are hateful and destructive. Racism can also occur through actions. “A Persian man was stereotyped for being Arab. He was called Osama and was kicked out of the store.” (Crash) Racial actions such as this one occur because of the ignorance that we as humans have. Today, most people are prejudice towards Muslims because of the actions that a group of Muslims decided to partake in. Ever since 9/11, anyone that looks Arab is stereotyped as a terrorist. Similarly, when a person walks down the street and sees someone with a bandana around their head and pants down by their knees they automatically assume that they are part of a gang and are out to cause trouble. This is the prejudice that society has because of the media and the actions that one person does which causes a generalization of everyone that looks and acts that way. Many times a race is judged without a good reason. A Spanish locksmith was judged by a wealthy White woman who thought that he was going to sell her house key to his “gangster” friends. Meanwhile this man was just doing his job and trying to make a decent amount of money so his daughter could go through life with the same opportunities as every other child. (Crash) A situation such as this one shows us never to judge a person without getting to know them first. Racism is also seen with the law and rights. If a White person and a Black person are caught at the scene of a crime, eight out of ten times the Black person will be questioned first.(Violence in Society) How does the colour of your skin have an impact of being more likely to commit a crime? There is no such thing as a criminology gene. Committing a crime is a decision that a person makes based on their morals and any person regardless of their race should be punished equally and accordingly to the severity of the crime. Ending racism is not a simple task. You can see that just in this short essay, many unanswered questions have arose. It is very hard to stop racism when it is so hard to understand the rationality behind it. Racism takes the hard work and dedication of a person to take the stand and act out. One way to eliminate racism is to stop being a bystander. When someone is witnessing a person being discriminated against, their initial reaction is to stand on the side lines and watch. This action of being a bystander makes the situation worse. When a bully sees a crowd forming they get a sense of satisfaction and continue to insult their victim. By acting out and standing your ground you are showing the bully that he/she doesn't have authority. When people are with their friends they often use racist words and phrases that are meant to be humorous and descriptive about certain occurrences. Phrases such as “that's gay” are often said without realizing what the actual meaning is behind it. Avoiding using phrases like these could help stop racism amongst friends and in the community. Sometimes speaking out against racism cannot be done because of fear. In some cases a person is not able to speak out because they may get harassed or killed. “The man watched as the White policeman sexually assaulted his wife. He stood there with his mouth shut and pain in his eyes, not being able to say a word because of the fear of been arrested.” (Crash) Since racism is often a common act, some people being to accept it. Racism is a crime that should not be tolerated under any circumstance. It is a form of abuse that can lower a person's confidence. If a person is exposed to racism for a long period of time, they may begin to feel that their life is no longer worth living. Many of life's lessons are taught to us through the bible. One of the most important lessons that everyone should strive to live by is that the life and dignity of every human person is sacred and special. The bible tells us that “human beings are all made in the image if God and all he wants from his incarnations is love and the goodness for and from all.” (Living Justice and Peace) A racist act takes away the love that we as humans have; instead of love it shows hatred towards individuals. The dignity that a person is born with cannot physically be taken away, although sometimes a racist act can leave someone feeling empty and worthless. “The Black women stood there as the White police officer “felt her up” and sexually abused her, pretending that he was searching for weapons.” (Crash) This woman had no choice but to allow the police man to assault her. Once he finished she felt as though she was striped of her dignity and worthless because of what had just happened to her. God says to respect all human life. Respect is not judging others on their appearance, using offensive and “hate” language or abusing someone physically, mentally or emotionally. It is accepting others for who they are; standing up for someone when they are being picked on and being a voice for those who cant speak up. With all of the negative impacts of racism, it is hard to understand why it has not been eliminated from our society. One person alone cannot put an end to racism; it would take the commitment of everyone in the world. Racism happens in many situations every day through actions and voice. A racist action has the ability of lowering a persons self esteem and making one feel as if they have been striped of their dignity. Putting an end to racism is like making soup. In order to make soup a variety of ingredients are needed. The ingredients, representing people, on their own would not be able to end racism or make a good pot of soup. Once all of the ingredients are put into the pot and have mixed together, a powerful and fulfilling bowl of soup can be enjoyed. This group of committed and dedicated people is large enough to stand up to racism. If we as humans could open our eyes to other races and see the person that they are on the inside and stop judging them on colour, our world would be one step closer to perfect.	3,049	ENGLISH	1
It was a village in India. The people were poor. However, they were not unhappy. After all, their forefathers had lived in the same way for centuries. Then one day, some visitors from the city arrived. They told the villagers there were some people elsewhere who liked to eat frog's legs. However, they did not have enough frogs of their own ，and so they wanted to buy frogs from other places. This seemed like money for nothing. There were millions of frogs in the fields around，and they were no use to the villagers. All they had to do was catch them. Agreement was reached，and the children were sent into the fields to catch frogs. Every week a truck arrived to collect the catch and hand over the money. For the first time, the people were able to dream of a better future. But the dream didn't last long. The change was hardly noticed at first, but it seemed as if the crops were not doing so well. More worrying was that the children fell ill more often, and, there seemed to be more insects around lately. The villagers decided that they couldn't just wait to see the crops failing and the children getting weak. They would have to use the money earned to buy pesticides (杀虫剂) and medicines. Soon there was no money left. Then the people realized what was happening. It was the frog. They hadn't been useless. They had been doing an important job—eating insects. Now with so many frogs killed, the insects were increasing more rapidly. They were damaging the crops and spreading diseases. Now，the people are still poor. But in the evenings they sit in the village square and listen to sounds of insects and frogs. These sounds of the night now have a much deeper meaning. 1. From Paragraph 1，we learn that the villagers________. A. worked very hard for centuries B. dreamed of having a better life C. were poor but somewhat content D. lived a different life from their forefathers 2. Why did the villagers agree to sell frogs? A. The frogs were easy money. B. They needed money to buy medicine. C. They wanted to please the visitors. D. The frogs made too much noise. 3. What might be the cause of the children's sickness? A. The crops didn't do well. B. There were too many insects. C. The visitors brought in diseases. D. The pesticides were overused. 4. What can we infer from the last sentence of the text? A. Happiness comes from peaceful life in the country. B. Health is more important than money. C. The harmony between man and nature is important. D. Good old days will never be forgotten. 1．C 细节理解题。第一段中有“The people were poor.However, they were not unhappy.”和C项意思一致。 2．A 细节理解题。根据第二段的“This seemed like money for nothing.”句中for nothing 是“免费的”意思，说明青蛙容易得到，并能赚到钱，村民才答应卖。 3．B 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“They had been doing an important job—eating insects. Now with so many frogs killed, the insects were increasing more rapidly. They were damaging the crops and spreading diseases.”可以推断出庄稼收成不好，孩子生病与青蛙减少、害虫增多有关。	<urn:uuid:02b87fd3-4b6b-4109-a6c9-02dab0257b0c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://gaokao.hujiang.com/gkst/yingyu/p200727/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598800.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120135447-20200120164447-00093.warc.gz	en	0.983841	912	3.515625	4	[ 0.06002102792263031, -0.07038042694330215, 0.21975885331630707, -0.1587046980857849, 0.08260893821716309, -0.16104656457901, 0.2964032292366028, 0.16831201314926147, 0.011902401223778725, 0.17103742063045502, 0.486447811126709, -0.18119554221630096, 0.3879901170730591, 0.19297653436660767,...	4	It was a village in India. The people were poor. However, they were not unhappy. After all, their forefathers had lived in the same way for centuries. Then one day, some visitors from the city arrived. They told the villagers there were some people elsewhere who liked to eat frog's legs. However, they did not have enough frogs of their own ，and so they wanted to buy frogs from other places. This seemed like money for nothing. There were millions of frogs in the fields around，and they were no use to the villagers. All they had to do was catch them. Agreement was reached，and the children were sent into the fields to catch frogs. Every week a truck arrived to collect the catch and hand over the money. For the first time, the people were able to dream of a better future. But the dream didn't last long. The change was hardly noticed at first, but it seemed as if the crops were not doing so well. More worrying was that the children fell ill more often, and, there seemed to be more insects around lately. The villagers decided that they couldn't just wait to see the crops failing and the children getting weak. They would have to use the money earned to buy pesticides (杀虫剂) and medicines. Soon there was no money left. Then the people realized what was happening. It was the frog. They hadn't been useless. They had been doing an important job—eating insects. Now with so many frogs killed, the insects were increasing more rapidly. They were damaging the crops and spreading diseases. Now，the people are still poor. But in the evenings they sit in the village square and listen to sounds of insects and frogs. These sounds of the night now have a much deeper meaning. 1. From Paragraph 1，we learn that the villagers________. A. worked very hard for centuries B. dreamed of having a better life C. were poor but somewhat content D. lived a different life from their forefathers 2. Why did the villagers agree to sell frogs? A. The frogs were easy money. B. They needed money to buy medicine. C. They wanted to please the visitors. D. The frogs made too much noise. 3. What might be the cause of the children's sickness? A. The crops didn't do well. B. There were too many insects. C. The visitors brought in diseases. D. The pesticides were overused. 4. What can we infer from the last sentence of the text? A. Happiness comes from peaceful life in the country. B. Health is more important than money. C. The harmony between man and nature is important. D. Good old days will never be forgotten. 1．C 细节理解题。第一段中有“The people were poor.However, they were not unhappy.”和C项意思一致。 2．A 细节理解题。根据第二段的“This seemed like money for nothing.”句中for nothing 是“免费的”意思，说明青蛙容易得到，并能赚到钱，村民才答应卖。 3．B 推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中“They had been doing an important job—eating insects. Now with so many frogs killed, the insects were increasing more rapidly. They were damaging the crops and spreading diseases.”可以推断出庄稼收成不好，孩子生病与青蛙减少、害虫增多有关。	701	ENGLISH	1
Boatswains have long been part of the crew of sailing ships. The word is old, coming from the Middle English bote-swayn, meaning one who looks after ships. Shakespeare included one in the opening scene of The Tempest and when the first European ships set out on their epic voyages of discovery, they all took boatswains with them. Traditionally boatswains began life as seamen, who through talent, experience and ability were promoted. They had a deep understanding of seamanship, gained over long years of practice, which made them highly prized members of any crew. In the 18th century Royal Navy, a boatswain was one of a ship’s standing officers. This meant that they were warranted to the ship when it was built and, in theory at least, would stay with the vessel to the end of its, or the boatswain’s, career. Commissioned officers and crew might come and go, but the he would stay. When the ship was laid up during peacetime, they remained living onboard the empty hull, often joined by their wives and children. Along with the carpenter, they would supervise a team of ship-keepers who would maintain the fabric of the vessel, so that it would be ready for service whenever war threatened. Such long service gave a boatswain an intimate knowledge of his ship. It was a wise captain who made use of this reservoir of knowledge when he first took up a new command. Once at sea, a boatswain could show his true worth. They were responsible for all the seamanlike activities that a captain might require, other than the actual handling of the ship. In a large 18th century warship this was a considerable responsibility, with an enormous amount of spars, sails and rigging that all had to operate correctly. Even a modest sized warship, such as a 36 gun frigate, would have three masts, each composed of three separate pieces, and a bowsprit made from two more. Hung on these masts were twelve yards and booms, the largest of which was over eighty feet long, and a foot and a half in diameter. Together it made a structure that could bear up to thirty seven sails, and was rigged with over twenty miles of rope. But a boatswain was not just responsible for maintaining and repairing a static mass of timber and rope. He also had to be able to take it apart and reassemble it. The volume of such an enormous spread of wood and hemp could imperil a ship in a strong wind, even if no sail was set. When this happened, upper masts and their accompanying yards and standing rigging had to be dismantled and safely lowered to the deck. This was skilled work, carried out high up in the air, with large and heavy pieces of timber; all while the ship that was in motion. And once the wind moderated, the boatswain and his team would have to supervise setting it back up again. If a boatswain’s lot was hard in peacetime, it became perilous when the ship was in action. The rigging of a warship sustains considerable damage in battle, and is often deliberately targeted by an enemy. The boatswain’s role was to supervise running repairs aloft, splicing a severed line here, fishing a damaged yard there, all under fire, whilst knowing that the very masts they worked on might collapse at any moment. Even when the ship was not in action, or needed its upper masts swayed down, the boatswain was still busy. He had overall responsibility for the forecastle, the part of the ship that most needed his expertise. Remote from the officer of the watch on the quarterdeck, it was from here that the head and fore sails were handled, the most import ones for manoeuvring a ship. It was also the place from where the tricky business of anchoring was organised. They supplied one final element onboard a ship, which could be vital in times of stress. As a promoted seaman, they inhabited two worlds. They had an understanding of the concerns of the lower deck, while being a trusted member of their ship’s command structure. As such they provided a useful conduit between the two. It became a tradition of the service that a boatswain would raise the complaints and issues of the men directly with the officers. Boatswains and their mates were readily distinguished on board ship on account of their ‘calls,’ short metal pipes ending in a round sphere, with which they could send a variety of piercing signals. These were used both for summoning and directing the crew, and also as part of the ceremonial of greeting visiting officers. As sail was slowly replaced with steam, engineers began to eclipse boatswains in importance. But they are still a significant member of a modern warship’s crew, even if they are not as pre-eminent as they once were. They do still retain their calls, however, and use them to this day, just as their forbears did in the past.	<urn:uuid:55ed5fd3-1071-4c02-be78-8c488d064ca3>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.philipkallan.com/single-post/2018/09/03/Boatswains	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251789055.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129071944-20200129101944-00135.warc.gz	en	0.992304	1,047	3.578125	4	[ -0.06029047444462776, 0.20073255896568298, 0.09400849044322968, -0.3870624303817749, 0.0528532899916172, -0.18798813223838806, 0.21913549304008484, -0.040623925626277924, -0.2413363754749298, -0.2816738486289978, 0.22246959805488586, -0.23660078644752502, -0.29103007912635803, 0.1873925030...	10	Boatswains have long been part of the crew of sailing ships. The word is old, coming from the Middle English bote-swayn, meaning one who looks after ships. Shakespeare included one in the opening scene of The Tempest and when the first European ships set out on their epic voyages of discovery, they all took boatswains with them. Traditionally boatswains began life as seamen, who through talent, experience and ability were promoted. They had a deep understanding of seamanship, gained over long years of practice, which made them highly prized members of any crew. In the 18th century Royal Navy, a boatswain was one of a ship’s standing officers. This meant that they were warranted to the ship when it was built and, in theory at least, would stay with the vessel to the end of its, or the boatswain’s, career. Commissioned officers and crew might come and go, but the he would stay. When the ship was laid up during peacetime, they remained living onboard the empty hull, often joined by their wives and children. Along with the carpenter, they would supervise a team of ship-keepers who would maintain the fabric of the vessel, so that it would be ready for service whenever war threatened. Such long service gave a boatswain an intimate knowledge of his ship. It was a wise captain who made use of this reservoir of knowledge when he first took up a new command. Once at sea, a boatswain could show his true worth. They were responsible for all the seamanlike activities that a captain might require, other than the actual handling of the ship. In a large 18th century warship this was a considerable responsibility, with an enormous amount of spars, sails and rigging that all had to operate correctly. Even a modest sized warship, such as a 36 gun frigate, would have three masts, each composed of three separate pieces, and a bowsprit made from two more. Hung on these masts were twelve yards and booms, the largest of which was over eighty feet long, and a foot and a half in diameter. Together it made a structure that could bear up to thirty seven sails, and was rigged with over twenty miles of rope. But a boatswain was not just responsible for maintaining and repairing a static mass of timber and rope. He also had to be able to take it apart and reassemble it. The volume of such an enormous spread of wood and hemp could imperil a ship in a strong wind, even if no sail was set. When this happened, upper masts and their accompanying yards and standing rigging had to be dismantled and safely lowered to the deck. This was skilled work, carried out high up in the air, with large and heavy pieces of timber; all while the ship that was in motion. And once the wind moderated, the boatswain and his team would have to supervise setting it back up again. If a boatswain’s lot was hard in peacetime, it became perilous when the ship was in action. The rigging of a warship sustains considerable damage in battle, and is often deliberately targeted by an enemy. The boatswain’s role was to supervise running repairs aloft, splicing a severed line here, fishing a damaged yard there, all under fire, whilst knowing that the very masts they worked on might collapse at any moment. Even when the ship was not in action, or needed its upper masts swayed down, the boatswain was still busy. He had overall responsibility for the forecastle, the part of the ship that most needed his expertise. Remote from the officer of the watch on the quarterdeck, it was from here that the head and fore sails were handled, the most import ones for manoeuvring a ship. It was also the place from where the tricky business of anchoring was organised. They supplied one final element onboard a ship, which could be vital in times of stress. As a promoted seaman, they inhabited two worlds. They had an understanding of the concerns of the lower deck, while being a trusted member of their ship’s command structure. As such they provided a useful conduit between the two. It became a tradition of the service that a boatswain would raise the complaints and issues of the men directly with the officers. Boatswains and their mates were readily distinguished on board ship on account of their ‘calls,’ short metal pipes ending in a round sphere, with which they could send a variety of piercing signals. These were used both for summoning and directing the crew, and also as part of the ceremonial of greeting visiting officers. As sail was slowly replaced with steam, engineers began to eclipse boatswains in importance. But they are still a significant member of a modern warship’s crew, even if they are not as pre-eminent as they once were. They do still retain their calls, however, and use them to this day, just as their forbears did in the past.	1,033	ENGLISH	1
What is the theme of Walt Whitman's poem "Beat! Beat! Drums!"? This poem "Beat! Beat! Drums!" is from book xxi Drum-Taps. What does it stand alone, and what is the theme? This section of Drum Taps is different than those in the beginning parts. There all were excited to go off to war. None knew what war was really like. They glorified it and many were killed or wounded. Later on the poems show the negative effects war has on people and communities. This particular section wants to call all to war, so the drums must be loud and beckon to all to come forward, yet many don't want to. They know what they're in for. The theme of this poem revolves around people's reactions to war. The cry for war is very loud and disturbing. The people listed throughout the poem don't want to hear about it. They are not happy about being involved in (what is referred to in this poem) the Civil War. Whitman wants the drums and bugles to be loud and fierce--enough to even wake the dead. He doesn't care who is there to hear the war cry, but it affects all people young and old: "Mind not the old man beseeching the young man; Let not the child’s voice be heard, nor the mother’s entreaties" He wants the drums to beat so loudly that it drowns out their disagreeing replies. All must be called to war. check Approved by eNotes Editorial	<urn:uuid:a9c93b0a-52a3-4a68-a043-572334bf7a00>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/walt-whitman-poem-beat-beat-drums-what-theme-68441	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595282.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119205448-20200119233448-00136.warc.gz	en	0.983147	320	3.375	3	[ -0.3969026505947113, 0.27028176188468933, 0.3547634780406952, 0.1282961070537567, -0.1934020072221756, 0.027398554608225822, 0.3597792387008667, 0.09685725718736649, 0.056395240128040314, -0.14733624458312988, 0.21798142790794373, -0.02602909505367279, -0.022399401292204857, 0.447484880685...	1	What is the theme of Walt Whitman's poem "Beat! Beat! Drums!"? This poem "Beat! Beat! Drums!" is from book xxi Drum-Taps. What does it stand alone, and what is the theme? This section of Drum Taps is different than those in the beginning parts. There all were excited to go off to war. None knew what war was really like. They glorified it and many were killed or wounded. Later on the poems show the negative effects war has on people and communities. This particular section wants to call all to war, so the drums must be loud and beckon to all to come forward, yet many don't want to. They know what they're in for. The theme of this poem revolves around people's reactions to war. The cry for war is very loud and disturbing. The people listed throughout the poem don't want to hear about it. They are not happy about being involved in (what is referred to in this poem) the Civil War. Whitman wants the drums and bugles to be loud and fierce--enough to even wake the dead. He doesn't care who is there to hear the war cry, but it affects all people young and old: "Mind not the old man beseeching the young man; Let not the child’s voice be heard, nor the mother’s entreaties" He wants the drums to beat so loudly that it drowns out their disagreeing replies. All must be called to war. check Approved by eNotes Editorial	313	ENGLISH	1
The Nazis dehumanized the Jews because they viewed the Jews as an undesirable, worthless racial group that was responsible for communism, capitalism, liberalism, socialism, and revolution. The Germans dehumanized many Jews at the concentration camps. When Elie first arrived at Birkenau, he and his father went through a selection process and were sent to the barracks. Unimaginable… No individual should ever be deprived of the basic essentials of human life: This hell, known as the Holocaust, became a reality for many. The unthinkable occurred all because of one man and his goal to create a super-race. That one man was Adolf Hitler. We will write a custom essay sample on Dehumanization: Concentration camps were used to confine millions of Jews as a group to be cleansed from the German nation. Communists, Gypsies, homosexuals, and other groups of people considered undesirable according to Nazi principles, and anyone who opposed the government, were also placed in concentration camps. Individuals are made to feel inferior and develop the mindset that they are nuisances to society. The persecutors work toward depriving a person of the attributes that make them human, depriving them of their right and ability to truly be an individual. During the Holocaust, dehumanization was used as a weapon that made the SS feel that they were ingenious. When they no longer considered the Jews to be humans, they were beaten, starved and annihilated in the most inhumane ways. This demonstrates the hatred toward the Jews that Adolf Hitler inspired in others. Hitler achieved this dehumanization process by depriving and dissecting every aspect of the Jewish population. His ploy was to remove the Jews from their homes; destroying the one place a human can feel ultimately safe. First, there the Jews were not allowed to leave their homes for three days. The SS took their most prized possessions away from them including their gold, jewels, or any other objects of value. When those three days passed, every Jew was forced to wear a yellow star. This made it easier to others to stereotype because it showed that they were all of the Jewish society. The ghettos were created to restrict and isolate the Jewish community. Jews were stripped of their right to property and forced from their homes once more. A bag on our backs, some food, a few clothes. The Jews were then forced into cattle cars and moved to various concentration camps. The arrival was overwhelming for them with numerous death areas crowding the immense size of the camp. One of the most famous of these prison camps was Auschwitz, where Elie Wiesel was forced to stay and await his destined fate. This illustrates that the Jews are no longer people; they are property of the Germans. Upon their arrival, the SS immediately gave orders. The Jews were to be separated into two groups, a group of men and a group of women. Families from that very instant were destroyed. Many would never see their loved ones again. Their last moments were there, right in front of them.Jacinda Ruzicka Mrs. Jones Advanced World Literature 7 April Dehumanization: Unimaginable No individual should ever be deprived of the basic essentials of human life: food, shelter, citizenship and a family to lean on. This hell, known as the Holocaust, became a reality for many. The Holocaust was the systemic genocide of over six million [ ]. The Holocaust during World War II and the Rwandan Genocide have both been cited as atrocities facilitated by a government sanctioned dehumanization of its citizens. In terms of the Holocaust, government proliferated propaganda created a culture of dehumanization of the Jewish population. Exhibition Kraków under Nazi Occupation – is located in the former administrative building of Oskar Schindler’s Enamel Factory at 4 Lipowa Street. Pre-Holocaust European Jewry. The Jews of Germany and Western Europe The Jews of Western Europe, including Germany, did not see themselves as a separate national minority within the countries in . I don’t know what possessed me to buy this depressing novel. Especially as it was the first novel I had read from months, I just cannot read when depressed, and then I came across a . Eliezer Wiesel loses his faith in god, family and humanity through the experiences he has from the Nazi concentration camp. Eliezer loses faith in god. He struggles physically and mentally for life and no longer believes there is a god. "Never shall I forget those moments which murdered my god and.	<urn:uuid:fb15301a-9649-4312-b183-be53a403007c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://ruxuwyjibuboniced.benjaminpohle.com/dehumanization-the-holocaust-and-wiesel-26993qc.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594705.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119180644-20200119204644-00474.warc.gz	en	0.982305	930	3.296875	3	[ -0.15794923901557922, 0.5891992449760437, 0.14678341150283813, 0.1644076406955719, -0.02133571356534958, 0.2902001440525055, 0.3294808864593506, 0.2155860960483551, -0.08767319470643997, 0.2180679738521576, 0.2550494074821472, -0.24110983312129974, -0.020934024825692177, 0.3887313604354858...	2	The Nazis dehumanized the Jews because they viewed the Jews as an undesirable, worthless racial group that was responsible for communism, capitalism, liberalism, socialism, and revolution. The Germans dehumanized many Jews at the concentration camps. When Elie first arrived at Birkenau, he and his father went through a selection process and were sent to the barracks. Unimaginable… No individual should ever be deprived of the basic essentials of human life: This hell, known as the Holocaust, became a reality for many. The unthinkable occurred all because of one man and his goal to create a super-race. That one man was Adolf Hitler. We will write a custom essay sample on Dehumanization: Concentration camps were used to confine millions of Jews as a group to be cleansed from the German nation. Communists, Gypsies, homosexuals, and other groups of people considered undesirable according to Nazi principles, and anyone who opposed the government, were also placed in concentration camps. Individuals are made to feel inferior and develop the mindset that they are nuisances to society. The persecutors work toward depriving a person of the attributes that make them human, depriving them of their right and ability to truly be an individual. During the Holocaust, dehumanization was used as a weapon that made the SS feel that they were ingenious. When they no longer considered the Jews to be humans, they were beaten, starved and annihilated in the most inhumane ways. This demonstrates the hatred toward the Jews that Adolf Hitler inspired in others. Hitler achieved this dehumanization process by depriving and dissecting every aspect of the Jewish population. His ploy was to remove the Jews from their homes; destroying the one place a human can feel ultimately safe. First, there the Jews were not allowed to leave their homes for three days. The SS took their most prized possessions away from them including their gold, jewels, or any other objects of value. When those three days passed, every Jew was forced to wear a yellow star. This made it easier to others to stereotype because it showed that they were all of the Jewish society. The ghettos were created to restrict and isolate the Jewish community. Jews were stripped of their right to property and forced from their homes once more. A bag on our backs, some food, a few clothes. The Jews were then forced into cattle cars and moved to various concentration camps. The arrival was overwhelming for them with numerous death areas crowding the immense size of the camp. One of the most famous of these prison camps was Auschwitz, where Elie Wiesel was forced to stay and await his destined fate. This illustrates that the Jews are no longer people; they are property of the Germans. Upon their arrival, the SS immediately gave orders. The Jews were to be separated into two groups, a group of men and a group of women. Families from that very instant were destroyed. Many would never see their loved ones again. Their last moments were there, right in front of them.Jacinda Ruzicka Mrs. Jones Advanced World Literature 7 April Dehumanization: Unimaginable No individual should ever be deprived of the basic essentials of human life: food, shelter, citizenship and a family to lean on. This hell, known as the Holocaust, became a reality for many. The Holocaust was the systemic genocide of over six million [ ]. The Holocaust during World War II and the Rwandan Genocide have both been cited as atrocities facilitated by a government sanctioned dehumanization of its citizens. In terms of the Holocaust, government proliferated propaganda created a culture of dehumanization of the Jewish population. Exhibition Kraków under Nazi Occupation – is located in the former administrative building of Oskar Schindler’s Enamel Factory at 4 Lipowa Street. Pre-Holocaust European Jewry. The Jews of Germany and Western Europe The Jews of Western Europe, including Germany, did not see themselves as a separate national minority within the countries in . I don’t know what possessed me to buy this depressing novel. Especially as it was the first novel I had read from months, I just cannot read when depressed, and then I came across a . Eliezer Wiesel loses his faith in god, family and humanity through the experiences he has from the Nazi concentration camp. Eliezer loses faith in god. He struggles physically and mentally for life and no longer believes there is a god. "Never shall I forget those moments which murdered my god and.	912	ENGLISH	1
The mind is like an iceberg, it floats with one-seventh of its bulk above water. Sigmund Freud the most influential thinker of the 20th century lived and worked in Vienna for more than half of his life. He explored the human mind more thoroughly than any other thinker before him. Freud was radical in his ideas, he promoted cocaine as the medicine, but figured it out that this idea can be very addictive and dangerous. Although he is one of the most successful and respected intellectual in history, he was often unhappy and obsessed with his death. He was even convinced that he will die between 61 and 62 years of age, although he died at the age 83. He claimed that all people are driven by the pleasure principle and that all of our life we are trying to control and suppress this principle in order to function normally in a society. These disturbances he called neurosis and he used them to explain a lot of things and even fail in societies and constant wars. In order to cope with neurosis Freud developed set of theories and therapeutic techniques called psychoanalysis. Freud was his own the most loyal patient and was obsessed with explaining the simple question “Why the life is hard”. He also helped us to understand why our relationships and our lives in general are full of pain and confusion. If you have asked yourself the same or similar questions, or you are in general interested in this genius it could be a good idea to visit Sigmund Freud Museum in Vienna, at Berggasse 19. The museum is located in the apartment building, where his practice was located and where he used to live with his family for 47 years before he fled Austria from Nazis due to his Jewish ancestry. At this address Freud wrote the most of his writings. Museum also incorporates the biggest library dedicated to psychoanalysis. Part of the original furniture from the practice’s waiting room and some of the original items owned by Freud can be seen at display. Live it yourself as a memorable local experience!Discover the Live Stories Like this story? Get more! Subscribe to our monthly inspiration newsletter.	<urn:uuid:ddb0545e-8c62-4842-87e0-96683c49ba2b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.itinari.com/explore-your-unconscious-mind-in-freud-museum-eb73	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598800.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120135447-20200120164447-00077.warc.gz	en	0.983677	428	3.28125	3	[ 0.022324088960886, 0.6947797536849976, 0.15919281542301178, 0.0870978981256485, -0.010079995729029179, 0.5866609811782837, 0.89947509765625, 0.17562592029571533, 0.06862859427928925, -0.45230793952941895, 0.1271236538887024, -0.13308186829090118, -0.04595912992954254, 0.5743829011917114, ...	1	The mind is like an iceberg, it floats with one-seventh of its bulk above water. Sigmund Freud the most influential thinker of the 20th century lived and worked in Vienna for more than half of his life. He explored the human mind more thoroughly than any other thinker before him. Freud was radical in his ideas, he promoted cocaine as the medicine, but figured it out that this idea can be very addictive and dangerous. Although he is one of the most successful and respected intellectual in history, he was often unhappy and obsessed with his death. He was even convinced that he will die between 61 and 62 years of age, although he died at the age 83. He claimed that all people are driven by the pleasure principle and that all of our life we are trying to control and suppress this principle in order to function normally in a society. These disturbances he called neurosis and he used them to explain a lot of things and even fail in societies and constant wars. In order to cope with neurosis Freud developed set of theories and therapeutic techniques called psychoanalysis. Freud was his own the most loyal patient and was obsessed with explaining the simple question “Why the life is hard”. He also helped us to understand why our relationships and our lives in general are full of pain and confusion. If you have asked yourself the same or similar questions, or you are in general interested in this genius it could be a good idea to visit Sigmund Freud Museum in Vienna, at Berggasse 19. The museum is located in the apartment building, where his practice was located and where he used to live with his family for 47 years before he fled Austria from Nazis due to his Jewish ancestry. At this address Freud wrote the most of his writings. Museum also incorporates the biggest library dedicated to psychoanalysis. Part of the original furniture from the practice’s waiting room and some of the original items owned by Freud can be seen at display. Live it yourself as a memorable local experience!Discover the Live Stories Like this story? Get more! Subscribe to our monthly inspiration newsletter.	428	ENGLISH	1
For more than two hundred years during the Middle Ages the Christian countries of Europe were attacked on the southwest by the Saracens of Spain, and on the northwest by the Norsemen, or Northmen. The Northmen were so called because they came into Middle Europe from the north. Sometimes they were called Vikings (Vi'-kings), or pirates, because they were adventurous sea-robbers who plundered all countries which they could reach by sea. Their ships were long and swift. In the center was placed a single mast, which carried one large sail. For the most part, however, the Norsemen depended on rowing, not on the wind, and sometimes there were twenty rowers in one vessel. The Vikings were a terror to all their neighbors; but the two regions that suffered most from their attacks were the Island of Britain and that part of Charlemagne's empire in which the Franks were settled. Nearly fifty times in two hundred years the lands of the Franks were invaded. The Vikings sailed up the large rivers into the heart of the region which we now call France and captured and pillaged cities and towns. Some years after Charlemagne's death they went as far as his capital, Aix (aks), took the place, and stabled their horses in the cathedral which the great emperor had built. In the year 860 they discovered Iceland and made a settlement upon its shores. A few years later they sailed as far as Greenland , and there established settlements which existed for about a century. These Vikings were the first discoverers of the continent on which we live. Ancient books found in Iceland tell the story of the discovery. It is related that a Viking ship was driven during a storm to a strange coast, which is thought to have been that part of America now known as Labrador . When the captain of the ship returned home he told what he had seen. His tale so excited the curiosity of a young Viking prince, called Leif the Lucky, that he sailed to the newly discovered coast. Going ashore, he found that the country abounded in wild grapes; and so he called it Vinland , or the land of Vines . Vinland is thought to have been a part of what is now the Rhode Island coast. The Vikings were not aware that they had found a great unknown continent. No one in the more civilized parts of Europe knew anything about their discovery; and after a while the story of the Vinland voyages seems to have been forgotten, even among the Vikings themselves. So it is not to them that we owe the discovery of America , but to Columbus ; because his discovery, though nearly five hundred years later than that of the Norsemen, actually made known to all Europe , for all time, the existence of the New World .	<urn:uuid:06de650b-672f-4a15-a52d-aad187e364f1>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://e-reading.mobi/chapter.php/70959/51/Haaren_-_Famous_Men_of_The_Middle_Ages.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778272.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128122813-20200128152813-00173.warc.gz	en	0.991404	570	3.6875	4	[ 0.015732593834400177, 0.43666189908981323, 0.012118570506572723, -0.19831418991088867, 0.13768425583839417, -0.24699249863624573, -0.3905712366104126, 0.40345481038093567, 0.1126498430967331, 0.061404407024383545, 0.3556250333786011, -0.2989322543144226, -0.19004517793655396, 0.11140376329...	1	For more than two hundred years during the Middle Ages the Christian countries of Europe were attacked on the southwest by the Saracens of Spain, and on the northwest by the Norsemen, or Northmen. The Northmen were so called because they came into Middle Europe from the north. Sometimes they were called Vikings (Vi'-kings), or pirates, because they were adventurous sea-robbers who plundered all countries which they could reach by sea. Their ships were long and swift. In the center was placed a single mast, which carried one large sail. For the most part, however, the Norsemen depended on rowing, not on the wind, and sometimes there were twenty rowers in one vessel. The Vikings were a terror to all their neighbors; but the two regions that suffered most from their attacks were the Island of Britain and that part of Charlemagne's empire in which the Franks were settled. Nearly fifty times in two hundred years the lands of the Franks were invaded. The Vikings sailed up the large rivers into the heart of the region which we now call France and captured and pillaged cities and towns. Some years after Charlemagne's death they went as far as his capital, Aix (aks), took the place, and stabled their horses in the cathedral which the great emperor had built. In the year 860 they discovered Iceland and made a settlement upon its shores. A few years later they sailed as far as Greenland , and there established settlements which existed for about a century. These Vikings were the first discoverers of the continent on which we live. Ancient books found in Iceland tell the story of the discovery. It is related that a Viking ship was driven during a storm to a strange coast, which is thought to have been that part of America now known as Labrador . When the captain of the ship returned home he told what he had seen. His tale so excited the curiosity of a young Viking prince, called Leif the Lucky, that he sailed to the newly discovered coast. Going ashore, he found that the country abounded in wild grapes; and so he called it Vinland , or the land of Vines . Vinland is thought to have been a part of what is now the Rhode Island coast. The Vikings were not aware that they had found a great unknown continent. No one in the more civilized parts of Europe knew anything about their discovery; and after a while the story of the Vinland voyages seems to have been forgotten, even among the Vikings themselves. So it is not to them that we owe the discovery of America , but to Columbus ; because his discovery, though nearly five hundred years later than that of the Norsemen, actually made known to all Europe , for all time, the existence of the New World .	564	ENGLISH	1
An engineer who works for NASA has put forward a proposal for a new way to travel through interstellar space—a "helical engine" that could, potentially, push a spacecraft forward without the need for any propellant at all. David Burns, from NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, presented his idea on the space agency's Technical Reports Server, which provides access to documents relating to aerospace that were created or funded by NASA, including meetings, journal papers, reports, and patents. Burns' research, which he funded himself, is described as an "attempt to define an in-space propulsion engine that does not expend propellant." He says he is aware of the pitfalls of the work, saying the idea is a thought experiment and even the "basic concept is unproven." However, speaking to New Scientist—which first reported on his work—Burns said he is prepared for any and all criticism. "If someone says it doesn't work, I'll be the first to say it was worth a shot," he told the magazine. "You have to be prepared to be embarrassed. It is very difficult to invent something that is new under the sun and actually works."	<urn:uuid:bf51524d-9d68-4ea1-a863-1937c1bd48e0>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.dsiac.org/resources/news/nasa-engineer-proposes-helical-engine-interstellar-travel-no-propellant	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610919.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123131001-20200123160001-00136.warc.gz	en	0.982908	238	3.359375	3	[ -0.47070592641830444, 0.19078516960144043, 0.006663051433861256, -0.10073032975196838, -0.19792766869068146, -0.08024526387453079, -0.17838487029075623, 0.3787122368812561, -0.2886161208152771, -0.30735352635383606, 0.15774188935756683, -0.11059519648551941, -0.2361425906419754, 0.13764917...	1	An engineer who works for NASA has put forward a proposal for a new way to travel through interstellar space—a "helical engine" that could, potentially, push a spacecraft forward without the need for any propellant at all. David Burns, from NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, presented his idea on the space agency's Technical Reports Server, which provides access to documents relating to aerospace that were created or funded by NASA, including meetings, journal papers, reports, and patents. Burns' research, which he funded himself, is described as an "attempt to define an in-space propulsion engine that does not expend propellant." He says he is aware of the pitfalls of the work, saying the idea is a thought experiment and even the "basic concept is unproven." However, speaking to New Scientist—which first reported on his work—Burns said he is prepared for any and all criticism. "If someone says it doesn't work, I'll be the first to say it was worth a shot," he told the magazine. "You have to be prepared to be embarrassed. It is very difficult to invent something that is new under the sun and actually works."	234	ENGLISH	1
Sitting deep in the American South, the University of Louisiana at Lafayette is not immune to a past of racial segregation. At the time when segregation was legal, the University was known as the Southwestern Louisiana Institute of Liberal and Technical Learning (SLI). “In 1953, several black students from Lafayette attempted to enroll in SLI,” Michael Martin, Ph.D. said. “They were not allowed to enroll because of the state's segregation laws. Therefore, they filed suit against the university, its president Joel Fletcher, and its registrar. The case became known as Constantine v. SLI, from the name of the first of four students in the suit, Clara Dell Constantine.” Martin is a professor in the history department, and he organized the commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the desegregation of the university back in 2004. “By the spring of 1954, it was evident that the US District Court was going to rule in favor of the plaintiffs, and Constantine and her cohort would be allowed to enroll,” Martin said. “That May, the U.S. Supreme Court issued its ruling in Brown v. Board, which declared separate but equal unconstitutional in educational facilities, and that pretty much sealed the deal. That fall about 90 black students enrolled at SLI.” And thus, SLI became a pinnacle of southern desegregation. “That makes SLI's the earliest large scale desegregation of a previously all-white college in the deep South,” Martin said. The university has clung to the idea of their peaceful desegregation. According to the university’s website, “there was no bloodshed when four black students were granted admission.” But Martin reveals another point of view. “Two things should be understood about the desegregation of SLI,” Martin said. “First, because it happened peacefully, many observers, especially those affiliated with the university, try to portray the desegregation as some kind of point of pride. In reality, this likely would have been peaceful whether it happened when and where it did or not. Almost every college desegregation in the south happened peacefully.” Martin holds that secondly, despite being first to desegregate, SLI was far from a progressive beacon in the south. “Second, just because SLI was first doesn't mean that the college or its leadership was particularly progressive. In reality, they had to be forced to let black students in. And they fought hard for it not to happen,” Martin said. “Even after black students were on campus, it was made clear that they could only go to certain areas and they were very much disliked by most of the school's faculty and administration.” An article by Darla Montgomery on KLFY holds that the event was not without issues. “The campus was spared violent clashes, but the progress was not without racial tension,” Montgomery said. “The experience was acrimonious…” And it is that history that can sometimes still be felt at the university. “Of course the separation of races is still evident here at UL. However, that has decreased dramatically in the 16 years I've been a faculty member,” Martin said. “The big concern I have about this has less to do with interactions on campus and more to do with access to the university itself, something that is reminiscent of what was going on in 1954, although it is not necessarily something sanctioned by law.” He admits that these issues are far greater than the university. “If you compare the ratio of black to white students at UL to the ratio of their populations in Louisiana and even in the Lafayette area, it seems clear that they don't match up,” Martin said. “I suspect that this is a failure of our underfunded primary and secondary educational systems, but it also reflects an economic issue: the wide disparity in pay between the races. In short, university educations everywhere are becoming more expensive, even with things like TOPS, and that's putting college education out of reach for those who don't have as much income.”	<urn:uuid:b94531b7-8ffd-4ca4-b0c3-53770825a2cc>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.thevermilion.com/news/professor-discusses-ul-s-racial-history-and-integration-issues-remaining/article_83aefb5a-f5c3-11e9-af24-6bcc540edf46.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250626449.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124221147-20200125010147-00270.warc.gz	en	0.983841	868	3.4375	3	[ -0.6872860193252563, 0.13308535516262054, -0.15143407881259918, -0.290194571018219, -0.18730878829956055, 0.14390984177589417, -0.23397189378738403, -0.05056164413690567, 0.5434734225273132, -0.21353477239608765, -0.09421569854021072, 0.3920133411884308, 0.24752682447433472, 0.293851912021...	1	Sitting deep in the American South, the University of Louisiana at Lafayette is not immune to a past of racial segregation. At the time when segregation was legal, the University was known as the Southwestern Louisiana Institute of Liberal and Technical Learning (SLI). “In 1953, several black students from Lafayette attempted to enroll in SLI,” Michael Martin, Ph.D. said. “They were not allowed to enroll because of the state's segregation laws. Therefore, they filed suit against the university, its president Joel Fletcher, and its registrar. The case became known as Constantine v. SLI, from the name of the first of four students in the suit, Clara Dell Constantine.” Martin is a professor in the history department, and he organized the commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the desegregation of the university back in 2004. “By the spring of 1954, it was evident that the US District Court was going to rule in favor of the plaintiffs, and Constantine and her cohort would be allowed to enroll,” Martin said. “That May, the U.S. Supreme Court issued its ruling in Brown v. Board, which declared separate but equal unconstitutional in educational facilities, and that pretty much sealed the deal. That fall about 90 black students enrolled at SLI.” And thus, SLI became a pinnacle of southern desegregation. “That makes SLI's the earliest large scale desegregation of a previously all-white college in the deep South,” Martin said. The university has clung to the idea of their peaceful desegregation. According to the university’s website, “there was no bloodshed when four black students were granted admission.” But Martin reveals another point of view. “Two things should be understood about the desegregation of SLI,” Martin said. “First, because it happened peacefully, many observers, especially those affiliated with the university, try to portray the desegregation as some kind of point of pride. In reality, this likely would have been peaceful whether it happened when and where it did or not. Almost every college desegregation in the south happened peacefully.” Martin holds that secondly, despite being first to desegregate, SLI was far from a progressive beacon in the south. “Second, just because SLI was first doesn't mean that the college or its leadership was particularly progressive. In reality, they had to be forced to let black students in. And they fought hard for it not to happen,” Martin said. “Even after black students were on campus, it was made clear that they could only go to certain areas and they were very much disliked by most of the school's faculty and administration.” An article by Darla Montgomery on KLFY holds that the event was not without issues. “The campus was spared violent clashes, but the progress was not without racial tension,” Montgomery said. “The experience was acrimonious…” And it is that history that can sometimes still be felt at the university. “Of course the separation of races is still evident here at UL. However, that has decreased dramatically in the 16 years I've been a faculty member,” Martin said. “The big concern I have about this has less to do with interactions on campus and more to do with access to the university itself, something that is reminiscent of what was going on in 1954, although it is not necessarily something sanctioned by law.” He admits that these issues are far greater than the university. “If you compare the ratio of black to white students at UL to the ratio of their populations in Louisiana and even in the Lafayette area, it seems clear that they don't match up,” Martin said. “I suspect that this is a failure of our underfunded primary and secondary educational systems, but it also reflects an economic issue: the wide disparity in pay between the races. In short, university educations everywhere are becoming more expensive, even with things like TOPS, and that's putting college education out of reach for those who don't have as much income.”	829	ENGLISH	1
When the giant Titanic struck an iceberg and sank on April 15th, 1912, over 1,500 people died in the cold waters of the North Atlantic. Along the Titanic’s starboard side, the iceberg caused a crack of over 200ft. This made five of the forward compartments flooded. It is believed that if the collision was head-on, the ship would have survived. The temperature of the Atlantic Ocean was below zero and that is why many people died within minutes of entering the water. About 700 people survived and out of those 700. we have some of the most powerful stories of the Titanic survivors. 1. The Navratil Orphans The young Michel and Edmond Navratil were on board to the bow of the Titanic in 1912. They were accompanied by their father who was still smarting from his recent separation from their mother, Marcelle Caretto. They were in the second-class of the Titanic. When the Titanic struck the iceberg, Navratil was able to get the boys aboard a lifeboat the very last lifeboat to leave the ship. Their father died in the disaster but the sons survived. They were known as the ‘Titanic Orphans’ because they were the only children rescued without a parent or guardian. 2. The Unsinkable Molly Brown Margaret Brown is famously known as ‘The Unsinkable Molly Brown’ after she survived the wreck of the Titanic. She got her nickname by effectively taking over one of the ship’s lifeboats and threatening to throw the quartermaster overboard. Later, the authors called Molly Brown ‘The Unsinkable Molly Brown’ because she helped in the evacuation of the ship. She took an oar herself in her lifeboat and urged that the lifeboat go back and save more people. 3. Eliza Millvina Dean Eliza Gladys Millvina Dean holds the special honor of having been both the youngest passenger on the Titanic when it sank. She was the last living person to have survived the disaster. She was just two months old when the Titanic ship went down in April of 1912. Millvina Dean and her family never intended to board the Titanic. They had initially booked passage to the United States on another ship. However, a strike forced them onto the luxury liner instead. 4. Frederick Fleet A British sailor and was just 25 years old when he signed on as a crewman on the Titanic. He was one of five lookouts, and it was Fleet who made the famous call to the bridge: ‘Iceberg! Right ahead’ Frederick Fleet spotted the iceberg suddenly off the bow. He rang the bell and notified the bridge. Fleet always insisted that he could have prevented it if he just had binoculars. When he reached old age, he suffered from depression and ultimately committed suicide in 1965. Afterward, Fleet made his way to the Boat Deck and there the Second Officer put him to help Quarter-Master Robert Lichen load and launch lifeboat 6, the first boat to be launched from the port side. They loaded 28 women and children. As the boat was being lowered, there was a need for an experienced seaman. Frederick Fleet was asked to go down and in the morning, lifeboat 6 was picked up by the Carpathia. 5. Masabumi Hosono The only Japanese person, Masabumi Hosono was aboard the Titanic. He ultimately endured the scorn of his countrymen for taking a spot on a lifeboat and not going down with the ship. Hosono was asleep in his cabin at the time of collision. He woke to a frantic knock on the door and the sound of footsteps in the hallway. When he arrived at the lifeboats, he was turned away because he was a foreigner. But when the man turned his back, Hosono saw his chance and joined the man in the lifeboat, the screams of the drowning echoing in his ears as the boat pulled away. 6. Harold Bride Harold Bride was a junior wireless officer on the Titanic. He was one of the two people responsible for sending SOS messages to nearby ships to rescue the Titanic survivors. He raced to send distress signals to nearby ships. He worked frantically until Captain Edward Smith came and told them they were relieved of duty; the ship had nearly lost power, and only two lifeboats remained. Harold Bride and 15 others scrambled onto the waterlogged, sinking collapsible and survived until other lifeboats collected them and conveyed them to the Carpathia. Harold Bride had to be carried ashore when the Carpathia made land. He had sprained one foot in the plunge into the ocean, and the other was frostbitten after a night in the Atlantic’s frigid waters. 7. Lucile Carter Lucile Carter was also a passenger on the Titanic. She boarded the ship with her husband, her children, a small cadre of servants, and her husband’s car. Despite Lucile’s aristocratic upbringing, she was not afraid to get her hand dirty and help lead one of the lifeboats to safety. Lucile emerged from the tragedy but her husband was not so lucky. She claimed that her husband had led her and their children to the lifeboats before going off to wait stoically with the other men. Millvina Dean was two months old at the time of sinking and was the youngest passenger aboard. She was the final survivor of the sinking and was a British civil servant, cartographer. She died in 2009 at the age of 97. At the time the Titanic entered service, it was the largest ship afloat as well as the second of three Olympic-class ocean liners operated by the White Star Line. The Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast built the Titanic. It was under the command of Capt. Edward Smith. The Titanic carried some of the wealthiest people in the world.	<urn:uuid:d8a1735f-4158-4021-8efa-03b6e4086a3d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.titanicheritagetrust.org.uk/7-titanic-survivors-and-their-fascinating-stories/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250605075.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121192553-20200121221553-00236.warc.gz	en	0.987675	1,234	3.328125	3	[ 0.018299728631973267, 0.14131216704845428, -0.04630610719323158, -0.4443145990371704, -0.1644478589296341, 0.302870512008667, 0.08015397191047668, 0.06695840507745743, -0.2682763338088989, -0.32046669721603394, 0.5151323080062866, -0.2535673975944519, -0.059673599898815155, -0.109247833490...	15	When the giant Titanic struck an iceberg and sank on April 15th, 1912, over 1,500 people died in the cold waters of the North Atlantic. Along the Titanic’s starboard side, the iceberg caused a crack of over 200ft. This made five of the forward compartments flooded. It is believed that if the collision was head-on, the ship would have survived. The temperature of the Atlantic Ocean was below zero and that is why many people died within minutes of entering the water. About 700 people survived and out of those 700. we have some of the most powerful stories of the Titanic survivors. 1. The Navratil Orphans The young Michel and Edmond Navratil were on board to the bow of the Titanic in 1912. They were accompanied by their father who was still smarting from his recent separation from their mother, Marcelle Caretto. They were in the second-class of the Titanic. When the Titanic struck the iceberg, Navratil was able to get the boys aboard a lifeboat the very last lifeboat to leave the ship. Their father died in the disaster but the sons survived. They were known as the ‘Titanic Orphans’ because they were the only children rescued without a parent or guardian. 2. The Unsinkable Molly Brown Margaret Brown is famously known as ‘The Unsinkable Molly Brown’ after she survived the wreck of the Titanic. She got her nickname by effectively taking over one of the ship’s lifeboats and threatening to throw the quartermaster overboard. Later, the authors called Molly Brown ‘The Unsinkable Molly Brown’ because she helped in the evacuation of the ship. She took an oar herself in her lifeboat and urged that the lifeboat go back and save more people. 3. Eliza Millvina Dean Eliza Gladys Millvina Dean holds the special honor of having been both the youngest passenger on the Titanic when it sank. She was the last living person to have survived the disaster. She was just two months old when the Titanic ship went down in April of 1912. Millvina Dean and her family never intended to board the Titanic. They had initially booked passage to the United States on another ship. However, a strike forced them onto the luxury liner instead. 4. Frederick Fleet A British sailor and was just 25 years old when he signed on as a crewman on the Titanic. He was one of five lookouts, and it was Fleet who made the famous call to the bridge: ‘Iceberg! Right ahead’ Frederick Fleet spotted the iceberg suddenly off the bow. He rang the bell and notified the bridge. Fleet always insisted that he could have prevented it if he just had binoculars. When he reached old age, he suffered from depression and ultimately committed suicide in 1965. Afterward, Fleet made his way to the Boat Deck and there the Second Officer put him to help Quarter-Master Robert Lichen load and launch lifeboat 6, the first boat to be launched from the port side. They loaded 28 women and children. As the boat was being lowered, there was a need for an experienced seaman. Frederick Fleet was asked to go down and in the morning, lifeboat 6 was picked up by the Carpathia. 5. Masabumi Hosono The only Japanese person, Masabumi Hosono was aboard the Titanic. He ultimately endured the scorn of his countrymen for taking a spot on a lifeboat and not going down with the ship. Hosono was asleep in his cabin at the time of collision. He woke to a frantic knock on the door and the sound of footsteps in the hallway. When he arrived at the lifeboats, he was turned away because he was a foreigner. But when the man turned his back, Hosono saw his chance and joined the man in the lifeboat, the screams of the drowning echoing in his ears as the boat pulled away. 6. Harold Bride Harold Bride was a junior wireless officer on the Titanic. He was one of the two people responsible for sending SOS messages to nearby ships to rescue the Titanic survivors. He raced to send distress signals to nearby ships. He worked frantically until Captain Edward Smith came and told them they were relieved of duty; the ship had nearly lost power, and only two lifeboats remained. Harold Bride and 15 others scrambled onto the waterlogged, sinking collapsible and survived until other lifeboats collected them and conveyed them to the Carpathia. Harold Bride had to be carried ashore when the Carpathia made land. He had sprained one foot in the plunge into the ocean, and the other was frostbitten after a night in the Atlantic’s frigid waters. 7. Lucile Carter Lucile Carter was also a passenger on the Titanic. She boarded the ship with her husband, her children, a small cadre of servants, and her husband’s car. Despite Lucile’s aristocratic upbringing, she was not afraid to get her hand dirty and help lead one of the lifeboats to safety. Lucile emerged from the tragedy but her husband was not so lucky. She claimed that her husband had led her and their children to the lifeboats before going off to wait stoically with the other men. Millvina Dean was two months old at the time of sinking and was the youngest passenger aboard. She was the final survivor of the sinking and was a British civil servant, cartographer. She died in 2009 at the age of 97. At the time the Titanic entered service, it was the largest ship afloat as well as the second of three Olympic-class ocean liners operated by the White Star Line. The Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast built the Titanic. It was under the command of Capt. Edward Smith. The Titanic carried some of the wealthiest people in the world.	1,229	ENGLISH	1
The correct answer is: Traditional Roman and Greek art forms. At the end of the 4th century AC, the Roman Empire was going through a deep political and economic crisis. The emperor Theodosius decided to divide the empire in two blocks and distribute them among his two sons. These two portions were the Western Roman Empire, with its capital in Rome, and the Eastern Roman Empire, with its capital in Byzantium, later called Constantinople. The Western Empire was strongly under the influence of the Roman culture and Latin language, while the Eastern Empire was ruled by a Greek elite, it had a strong Greek culture and Greek language was very extended. What both empires had in common was their traditional art forms and culture. The Roman and Greek civilization were very similar since Roman took many elements from the Greek culture in the fields of religion, philosophy, politics, art, and architecture. These Greek and Roman roots shared by both empires were joined with the Jewish-Christian culture when Christianity was adopted as the official Roman religion, giving place to the cultural basis of the European continent.	<urn:uuid:0f0524ac-8985-461a-be53-e935e04ccf90>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://assignmentgrade.com/wealthy-roman-nobles-known-as-_____________-controlled-the-new-roman-republic-by-electing-officials-from-their-own-social-class-to-run-the-governmen-200758/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607314.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122161553-20200122190553-00278.warc.gz	en	0.987993	216	4.40625	4	[ 0.16826322674751282, 0.19417782127857208, 0.58668452501297, -0.11827100068330765, -0.2921244204044342, -0.13352444767951965, -0.6068063378334045, 0.33918628096580505, -0.13346369564533234, -0.31749427318573, -0.40793532133102417, -0.19331012666225433, -0.1348152458667755, 0.270924657583236...	1	The correct answer is: Traditional Roman and Greek art forms. At the end of the 4th century AC, the Roman Empire was going through a deep political and economic crisis. The emperor Theodosius decided to divide the empire in two blocks and distribute them among his two sons. These two portions were the Western Roman Empire, with its capital in Rome, and the Eastern Roman Empire, with its capital in Byzantium, later called Constantinople. The Western Empire was strongly under the influence of the Roman culture and Latin language, while the Eastern Empire was ruled by a Greek elite, it had a strong Greek culture and Greek language was very extended. What both empires had in common was their traditional art forms and culture. The Roman and Greek civilization were very similar since Roman took many elements from the Greek culture in the fields of religion, philosophy, politics, art, and architecture. These Greek and Roman roots shared by both empires were joined with the Jewish-Christian culture when Christianity was adopted as the official Roman religion, giving place to the cultural basis of the European continent.	215	ENGLISH	1
A Comparison of Michelangelo’s and Donatello’s Sculptures of DavidMichelangelo and Donatello were the most respected and inspiring artists of their time. Michelangelo of the High Renaissance and Donatello of the Early Renaissance both hailed from Italy. Both tell the biblical story of David versus Goliath, as told in I Samuel 17:28-51, in their sculptures “David.” David was a Shepherd boy who killed the giant Goliath with nothing but a slingshot in his hands. Michelangelo displays David before the battle while Donatello shows David after the battle with Goliath. Michelangelo and Donatello were two of four famous artists who have created a statue depicting their image of David; Bernini and Andrea del Verrocchio were the others, but Michelangelo’s and Donatello’s were far more famous. Donatello had a more detailed and wide-ranging knowledge of ancient sculpture than any other artist of his day. Some time between 1404 and 1407, he became a member of the workshop of Lorenzo Ghiberti, who taught Donatello how to sculpt in bronze. Donatello, the first to create a statue of David, did so between the years of 1430-1440. This bronze figure was life-size at 5’2?” and was nude, which was done for the first time that we know of since antiquity. 4David is seen with a feminine body structure that serves both as a possible explanation for Jonathan’s love for him as well as to show that David’s accomplishment in tossing the stone at Goliath was not a result of his feminine physic, but rather of God’s will. 1Donatello was a very homosexual person and might have drawn upon it in his characterization of David. 1The sophistication of the gleaming bronze, together with David’s self-absorption, feminine pose, and slime, graceful, ad… …isplays David before the battle while Donatello shows David after the battle with Goliath. 2Michelangelo shows the scene where David might have heard that his people are hesitating and he sees Goliath jeering and mocking them. Donatello shows the scene of David standing on Goliath’s head, which he cut off his body with Goliath’s sword after defeating the mighty giant. These two pieces of David are some of the best artworks in history. Michelangelo and Donatello are the best and most respected artists of their time. It is hard to compare and contrast these works since they are both very similar and so remarkable. I grew up knowing of only the David made by Michelangelo, but once I saw Donatellos, I was speechless. There are so many similarities, yet both tell their own story. I do not think we will ever see works as magnificent as these in our lifetime.	<urn:uuid:a0228ca4-b7d0-4de0-b2d7-7b58148b6b60>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://nsucurrent.com/a-comparison-of-michelangelos-and-donatellos-sculptures-of-david-essay/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687958.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126074227-20200126104227-00269.warc.gz	en	0.982359	603	3.46875	3	[ -0.1605345755815506, 0.2443498969078064, 0.5184256434440613, 0.15708458423614502, -0.7841137647628784, 0.06503546237945557, 0.12564419209957123, 0.37888258695602417, 0.006361364386975765, -0.0850447416305542, -0.036686282604932785, -0.3206627368927002, 0.3692634701728821, 0.453130066394805...	2	A Comparison of Michelangelo’s and Donatello’s Sculptures of DavidMichelangelo and Donatello were the most respected and inspiring artists of their time. Michelangelo of the High Renaissance and Donatello of the Early Renaissance both hailed from Italy. Both tell the biblical story of David versus Goliath, as told in I Samuel 17:28-51, in their sculptures “David.” David was a Shepherd boy who killed the giant Goliath with nothing but a slingshot in his hands. Michelangelo displays David before the battle while Donatello shows David after the battle with Goliath. Michelangelo and Donatello were two of four famous artists who have created a statue depicting their image of David; Bernini and Andrea del Verrocchio were the others, but Michelangelo’s and Donatello’s were far more famous. Donatello had a more detailed and wide-ranging knowledge of ancient sculpture than any other artist of his day. Some time between 1404 and 1407, he became a member of the workshop of Lorenzo Ghiberti, who taught Donatello how to sculpt in bronze. Donatello, the first to create a statue of David, did so between the years of 1430-1440. This bronze figure was life-size at 5’2?” and was nude, which was done for the first time that we know of since antiquity. 4David is seen with a feminine body structure that serves both as a possible explanation for Jonathan’s love for him as well as to show that David’s accomplishment in tossing the stone at Goliath was not a result of his feminine physic, but rather of God’s will. 1Donatello was a very homosexual person and might have drawn upon it in his characterization of David. 1The sophistication of the gleaming bronze, together with David’s self-absorption, feminine pose, and slime, graceful, ad… …isplays David before the battle while Donatello shows David after the battle with Goliath. 2Michelangelo shows the scene where David might have heard that his people are hesitating and he sees Goliath jeering and mocking them. Donatello shows the scene of David standing on Goliath’s head, which he cut off his body with Goliath’s sword after defeating the mighty giant. These two pieces of David are some of the best artworks in history. Michelangelo and Donatello are the best and most respected artists of their time. It is hard to compare and contrast these works since they are both very similar and so remarkable. I grew up knowing of only the David made by Michelangelo, but once I saw Donatellos, I was speechless. There are so many similarities, yet both tell their own story. I do not think we will ever see works as magnificent as these in our lifetime.	598	ENGLISH	1
On March 16, 1697, as Hannah Duston was resting after giving birth to her newest baby in Haverhill, MA, the Abenaki Indians raided the area. Her husband Thomas and their eight older children fled, leaving Hannah, her nurse Mary, and her newborn to fend for themselves. The Indians captured and canoed them up the Merrimac River into New Hampshire. While making their journey, one of the warriors killed Hannah’s newborn. Hannah, who was furious, waited for six weeks after being abducted to launch her attack. Once all her captors were asleep, she and her two companions, her nurse and another captured boy, attacked the Abenaki. Hannah used a hatchet during the attack, killing all 10 and scalping some to collect a bounty. They then took a canoe and paddled back down the Merrimack River to join her family once more. As a result, the Massachusetts General Court awarded her 25 pounds and she would become known as the Heroine of Haverhill. In 1879, a statue of Hannah Duston was erected in Grand Army Park in Haverhill, MA, making her the first woman to be honored with a statue.	<urn:uuid:43943d8b-0fa3-4d48-bed9-cc724fc82aa6>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://thefolklorist.newtv.org/the-heroine-of-of-haverhill/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251684146.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126013015-20200126043015-00361.warc.gz	en	0.981117	247	3.78125	4	[ -0.15737344324588776, -0.007483882363885641, 0.11298836767673492, 0.06276427209377289, -0.5586281418800354, 0.11632765829563141, 0.12090599536895752, 0.149886354804039, -0.24859631061553955, 0.09487093240022659, 0.07759989798069, -0.7873969078063965, -0.09061118215322495, 0.211800485849380...	5	On March 16, 1697, as Hannah Duston was resting after giving birth to her newest baby in Haverhill, MA, the Abenaki Indians raided the area. Her husband Thomas and their eight older children fled, leaving Hannah, her nurse Mary, and her newborn to fend for themselves. The Indians captured and canoed them up the Merrimac River into New Hampshire. While making their journey, one of the warriors killed Hannah’s newborn. Hannah, who was furious, waited for six weeks after being abducted to launch her attack. Once all her captors were asleep, she and her two companions, her nurse and another captured boy, attacked the Abenaki. Hannah used a hatchet during the attack, killing all 10 and scalping some to collect a bounty. They then took a canoe and paddled back down the Merrimack River to join her family once more. As a result, the Massachusetts General Court awarded her 25 pounds and she would become known as the Heroine of Haverhill. In 1879, a statue of Hannah Duston was erected in Grand Army Park in Haverhill, MA, making her the first woman to be honored with a statue.	255	ENGLISH	1
There are many reasons people move to a new place. Sometimes, it’s for a new job or opportunity. Other times, it’s to be with family. In the early 1800s, people began moving to Michigan for similar reasons. Let’s look at some reasons why people were leaving their homes, and why they were choosing to come to Michigan. The Push from Home What makes people decide to leave their home for another place? Beginning in the 1830s, many people were coming to Michigan from the eastern part of the United States. The eastern United States was a crowded place. One reason people started leaving was there wasn’t any land to buy. If a family owned farmland, it was passed down to the oldest son. If you weren’t the oldest son, you had to go somewhere else to buy land. Another reason people left home was for opportunity. There were many places in the United States where people didn’t have the opportunity to own land, vote, get a job or open their own business. People would sometimes leave home to look for those opportunities. They could find them in Michigan. The Pull to Michigan Why did people choose to move to Michigan? One big reason people chose Michigan was that there was a lot of cheap land. Michigan was much bigger than states on the east coast. In addition to size, the United States government took a lot of land from from Michigan’s Tribal Nations during the entire Statehood Era and after. The United States then made this land available to settlers for a cheap price. In 1830, a person could buy good farm land for about $1.50 an acre, and small farms were 40 acres. In states like New York, farms for sale were much smaller and cost much more. By 1840, prices were between $2.00-$6.00 per acre for land in western Michigan. Most importantly just about anyone could own land in Michigan. That wasn’t true of other states. In some states, if you were a woman or if you weren’t white, you couldn’t own land. Another reason people chose Michigan was for opportunity. With so many people moving to Michigan, it was a great place to open a business. Taverns (hotels), bakeries, grocery shops and clothing shops were necessary in Michigan’s new towns and cities. Finally, once the mining and logging industries begin, there are plenty of jobs for people in Michigan. Moving to a new place can be scary and a little strange. After the Erie Canal opened and the tribes were removed from their land, a lot of people chose to move to Michigan for land and opportunity.	<urn:uuid:360bfb66-9bdb-4f65-919f-9df76cef903f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://staging.seekingmichigan.org/stories/why-michigan/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687958.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126074227-20200126104227-00203.warc.gz	en	0.989623	552	3.59375	4	[ -0.351883202791214, -0.35025978088378906, 0.11982804536819458, -0.010533255524933338, 0.31148386001586914, -0.007151579484343529, 0.12656007707118988, 0.01368302758783102, -0.27856817841529846, 0.07574927806854248, 0.4317379295825958, 0.3633711338043213, -0.28684377670288086, 0.13460019230...	14	There are many reasons people move to a new place. Sometimes, it’s for a new job or opportunity. Other times, it’s to be with family. In the early 1800s, people began moving to Michigan for similar reasons. Let’s look at some reasons why people were leaving their homes, and why they were choosing to come to Michigan. The Push from Home What makes people decide to leave their home for another place? Beginning in the 1830s, many people were coming to Michigan from the eastern part of the United States. The eastern United States was a crowded place. One reason people started leaving was there wasn’t any land to buy. If a family owned farmland, it was passed down to the oldest son. If you weren’t the oldest son, you had to go somewhere else to buy land. Another reason people left home was for opportunity. There were many places in the United States where people didn’t have the opportunity to own land, vote, get a job or open their own business. People would sometimes leave home to look for those opportunities. They could find them in Michigan. The Pull to Michigan Why did people choose to move to Michigan? One big reason people chose Michigan was that there was a lot of cheap land. Michigan was much bigger than states on the east coast. In addition to size, the United States government took a lot of land from from Michigan’s Tribal Nations during the entire Statehood Era and after. The United States then made this land available to settlers for a cheap price. In 1830, a person could buy good farm land for about $1.50 an acre, and small farms were 40 acres. In states like New York, farms for sale were much smaller and cost much more. By 1840, prices were between $2.00-$6.00 per acre for land in western Michigan. Most importantly just about anyone could own land in Michigan. That wasn’t true of other states. In some states, if you were a woman or if you weren’t white, you couldn’t own land. Another reason people chose Michigan was for opportunity. With so many people moving to Michigan, it was a great place to open a business. Taverns (hotels), bakeries, grocery shops and clothing shops were necessary in Michigan’s new towns and cities. Finally, once the mining and logging industries begin, there are plenty of jobs for people in Michigan. Moving to a new place can be scary and a little strange. After the Erie Canal opened and the tribes were removed from their land, a lot of people chose to move to Michigan for land and opportunity.	546	ENGLISH	1
The beginning of the English drama dates from a late period in the history of this country. Until the reign of Elizabeth, dramatic literature was really non-existent. During the Middle Ages, the religious drama held complete sway over the populace, producing such an abiding effect that no other kind of performance was tolerated. In England the first germs of a dramatic nature emanated from the church, chiefly in connection with the festival at Eastertide. At this time of the year the ritual was solemnized in a highly theatrical fashion. Processions marched round the sacred edifice, various scenes from the Gospels were introduced, accompanied by music and song. The festivals of Christmas and Corpus Christi were observed with great enthusiasm, sacred episodes taken from church history were acted with such fervour and ecstasy that the congregation remained spellbound during the service. The next development in the evolution of the drama is the representation of the liturgical play, written in Latin, gradually being superseded by the religious play written in the vernacular; the scenes depicted consisted chiefly of episodes in connection with the Birth of the Saviour, also of events narrating the Lives of the Saints, together with other legendary characters. All these scenes were called Miracle Plays, a name by which in this country all religious dramas were known, regardless of the origin of their source. In course of time these first offshoots of the ordinary service had grown to such dimensions that it was found impracticable that these spectacles should be presented inside the church, consequently, a larger space outside was deemed more convenient, but still remaining within the precincts. Even this innovation was not entirely successful, as the ground allotted for the performance was not extensive enough for the numerous throng that assembled on these occasions. Then a further step was taken by transferring the scene of action from the sacred precincts to the open spaces within the town. The development of the drama was greatly accelerated by this innovation. During the period that these plays formed part of the religious service, the clergy only were allowed the privilege of assuming the different characters, but when spectacular episodes were added to the ordinary ritual they became secularized by calling in the aid of the various guilds, assisted by professional entertainers. By these means the plays gradually lost their religious significance, finally being regarded as a popular form of amusement. By an act of Pope Gregory in 1210, the priests were forbidden to officiate in these interludes in any capacity, even if held inside the church. After the act had been confirmed by the Council of Trent in 1227, the clergy were strictly prohibited from joining the open-air performance.	<urn:uuid:123eabc1-ab2a-4561-bb63-be16e0693166>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://books.apple.com/jp/book/shakespeare-and-the-stage-with-a-complete-list-of-theatrical/id1219679656	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00232.warc.gz	en	0.982845	528	3.5625	4	[ 0.36823102831840515, 0.018705975264310837, 0.5326453447341919, -0.43226757645606995, 0.09025688469409943, 0.217359259724617, -0.318271279335022, -0.1564931869506836, 0.4485170245170593, -0.025740159675478935, -0.02086455374956131, 0.22419922053813934, 0.21570618450641632, 0.122063055634498...	1	The beginning of the English drama dates from a late period in the history of this country. Until the reign of Elizabeth, dramatic literature was really non-existent. During the Middle Ages, the religious drama held complete sway over the populace, producing such an abiding effect that no other kind of performance was tolerated. In England the first germs of a dramatic nature emanated from the church, chiefly in connection with the festival at Eastertide. At this time of the year the ritual was solemnized in a highly theatrical fashion. Processions marched round the sacred edifice, various scenes from the Gospels were introduced, accompanied by music and song. The festivals of Christmas and Corpus Christi were observed with great enthusiasm, sacred episodes taken from church history were acted with such fervour and ecstasy that the congregation remained spellbound during the service. The next development in the evolution of the drama is the representation of the liturgical play, written in Latin, gradually being superseded by the religious play written in the vernacular; the scenes depicted consisted chiefly of episodes in connection with the Birth of the Saviour, also of events narrating the Lives of the Saints, together with other legendary characters. All these scenes were called Miracle Plays, a name by which in this country all religious dramas were known, regardless of the origin of their source. In course of time these first offshoots of the ordinary service had grown to such dimensions that it was found impracticable that these spectacles should be presented inside the church, consequently, a larger space outside was deemed more convenient, but still remaining within the precincts. Even this innovation was not entirely successful, as the ground allotted for the performance was not extensive enough for the numerous throng that assembled on these occasions. Then a further step was taken by transferring the scene of action from the sacred precincts to the open spaces within the town. The development of the drama was greatly accelerated by this innovation. During the period that these plays formed part of the religious service, the clergy only were allowed the privilege of assuming the different characters, but when spectacular episodes were added to the ordinary ritual they became secularized by calling in the aid of the various guilds, assisted by professional entertainers. By these means the plays gradually lost their religious significance, finally being regarded as a popular form of amusement. By an act of Pope Gregory in 1210, the priests were forbidden to officiate in these interludes in any capacity, even if held inside the church. After the act had been confirmed by the Council of Trent in 1227, the clergy were strictly prohibited from joining the open-air performance.	532	ENGLISH	1
When we have new double glazing installed, we take it for granted that the glass will be the most modern, technologically advanced and durable available from Glass Suppliers and glaziers Bristol. But have you ever wondered where it all began? Humans have been making things with glass for far longer than you might think. Archaeologists have discovered glass artefacts in Egypt and East Mesopotamia that proves that manufacture was taking place as far back as 3,000 BC. During the same period in history, similar techniques were being used in Greece, Egypt and China. As you can imagine, the process was slow, laborious and expensive. It remained a top luxury goods, not very affordable for the masses. The discovery of glass blowing, however, was a game changer in the evolution of glass making. Enjoy new glass in your home with Glass suppliers and glaziers Bristol at a site like Roman Glass. It is said that this method was started by Syrian craftsmen in the 1st century. Glass-blowing was faster, cheaper and easier for the first time in human history and more readily available to the common citizen. The techniques of the beginning have changed little since their invention and traditional and ancient techniques are still used today. Glass-making became hugely popular, especially in the Roman Empire, reaching out West crossing into the swathes of Europe and the Mediterranean. Glass became one of the most important objects that was traded outside the Empire’s borders. Clear glass was found in Alexandria around 100 AD, and thus began the use of glass for architectural purposes and buildings. You could say this was the birth of a glass window. The glass-making industry grew, particularly in Venice towards the end of the 1200s. Glass-making had started here during the Crusades between 1096 and 1270. During 1291, the industry moved to the Venetian island of Murano, which has been producing world-class glass since. Attempts were made to closely guard their secrets of glass making, but these techniques eventually escaped out into the rest of Europe. Not until the 16th century did the manufacture of glass really become important in England. Lead glass was invented in 1674 by George Ravenscroft, which represented a significant advance in the glass-making process. It was not until the Industrial Revolution that mass production of glass got under way. A mechanical blowing machine to make bottles was invented in 1903 which could produce more than two thousand bottles per hour. These days we see the glass-making industry as a highly advanced and technological industry, but it has evolved over many centuries to become what it is. A modern manufacturing plant can produce millions of items of glass across a rainbow of colours with hundreds of different purposes and applications.	<urn:uuid:25b2f6e9-03e0-4766-84e7-26bd8ec622fa>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://trenchpress.com/evolution-of-glass-making/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608062.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123011418-20200123040418-00341.warc.gz	en	0.980883	559	3.390625	3	[ -0.056797683238983154, 0.2616806924343109, 0.5869258642196655, -0.3599039912223816, -0.2929239273071289, -0.26511630415916443, -0.022071247920393944, 0.18544843792915344, -0.09719963371753693, -0.09193052351474762, -0.20947259664535522, -0.32502397894859314, -0.41305702924728394, 0.1428782...	9	When we have new double glazing installed, we take it for granted that the glass will be the most modern, technologically advanced and durable available from Glass Suppliers and glaziers Bristol. But have you ever wondered where it all began? Humans have been making things with glass for far longer than you might think. Archaeologists have discovered glass artefacts in Egypt and East Mesopotamia that proves that manufacture was taking place as far back as 3,000 BC. During the same period in history, similar techniques were being used in Greece, Egypt and China. As you can imagine, the process was slow, laborious and expensive. It remained a top luxury goods, not very affordable for the masses. The discovery of glass blowing, however, was a game changer in the evolution of glass making. Enjoy new glass in your home with Glass suppliers and glaziers Bristol at a site like Roman Glass. It is said that this method was started by Syrian craftsmen in the 1st century. Glass-blowing was faster, cheaper and easier for the first time in human history and more readily available to the common citizen. The techniques of the beginning have changed little since their invention and traditional and ancient techniques are still used today. Glass-making became hugely popular, especially in the Roman Empire, reaching out West crossing into the swathes of Europe and the Mediterranean. Glass became one of the most important objects that was traded outside the Empire’s borders. Clear glass was found in Alexandria around 100 AD, and thus began the use of glass for architectural purposes and buildings. You could say this was the birth of a glass window. The glass-making industry grew, particularly in Venice towards the end of the 1200s. Glass-making had started here during the Crusades between 1096 and 1270. During 1291, the industry moved to the Venetian island of Murano, which has been producing world-class glass since. Attempts were made to closely guard their secrets of glass making, but these techniques eventually escaped out into the rest of Europe. Not until the 16th century did the manufacture of glass really become important in England. Lead glass was invented in 1674 by George Ravenscroft, which represented a significant advance in the glass-making process. It was not until the Industrial Revolution that mass production of glass got under way. A mechanical blowing machine to make bottles was invented in 1903 which could produce more than two thousand bottles per hour. These days we see the glass-making industry as a highly advanced and technological industry, but it has evolved over many centuries to become what it is. A modern manufacturing plant can produce millions of items of glass across a rainbow of colours with hundreds of different purposes and applications.	568	ENGLISH	1
The volcanic eruption of Thera is also known as the Santorini Eruption or the Minoan Eruption. It was this historic event that made stopping at Santorini one of the most anticipated of my Greece trip. What really got me excited when I read about Thera’s eruption was the magnitude of it, and how it affected history, may have been a part of a biblical story and could have also created a famous myth. As I stood at the edge of the crater, looking down at the sea filled caldera, I tried to picture what it may have looked like before the historic eruption. Geological studies have shown that it looked very much as it does today. The caldera, as today, was filled by the sea. However instead of five islands ringing the caldera it was nearly one continuous landmass then. There was one small opening at the south end of the ring, the only entrance into the inter harbor. That opening would have been between today’s Thera and Aspronisi islands. At the center of the caldera, as today, would have been a smoldering island volcano that would be the center of the cataclysmic eruption to come. To the Minoans, being people of the sea, they were drawn to the protected harbor, making it a perfect place to build one of their main trading ports. It is believed that the Thera volcano had erupted many times over the several hundred thousand years before the Bronze Age event. It had repeated the process of building a volcano, then a violent eruption with the island collapsing into a rough circle and the sea filling the caldera. But the Minoans were unaware of this process due to the fact that there were centuries between each of these events. At around 1627 and 1600 BC the new volcano at center of the caldera became active. First there were earthquakes. This made the residences of the island aware that something was happening. Studies suggest that there were four phases to the eruption after the earthquakes began. The first was a thin expulsion of ash. This preliminary activity most likely gave the population a few months to flee the island. This could be one of the reasons why there no human remains or valuables found at the buried city of Akrotiri. But did the Minoans flee far enough to save themselves? And what effect did the final eruption have on the Minoan civilization and that of the whole region. So how big was the final eruption? To gage the size of a volcanic eruption volcanologist use what is called a Volcanic Exclusivity Index, or VEI. Using this index the Thera eruption is believed to have been a 7. So how does Thera’s compare to other famous known eruptions? Mt. Vesuvius in 79 AD, that buried Pompeii, is figured to have been at a 5, Mt. St. Helens in 1980 at a 4, and the famous 1883 eruption of Krakatoa is rated at a 6. An VEI rating of 7 makes the Thera event one of the largest in history. The total volume of ejected material is estimated at approximately 24 cu mi, projecting an ash plume up to 22 miles into the stratosphere. The final explosion generated a mega-tsunamis that is thought to have reached a height from 115 to 492 feet, washing over the coasts and islands of the eastern Mediterranean. The Thera eruption would have also affected the climate of the entire northern hemisphere for years after. This super eruption has been theorized to have played a part in the Hebrew Exodus from Egypt, as helping to cause the plaques and the parting of the sea. It is also believed to have led to the collapse of the Minoan civilization, which ended at around 1400 BC. There is no way that the centers of that civilization could have withstood the destruction that would have been caused by that eruption. So even if the population of Thera had left before the final blast they would have still been subjected to the aftermath caused by it. But what really fascinated me about this massive eruption was its provable connection to Plato’s Atlantis! More on that in a later post!	<urn:uuid:ace3e231-de2b-4e0f-95bb-894adff90f43>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://stillcurrent.blog/2016/03/31/the-thera-eruption-an-event-that-changed-the-ancient-world/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250626449.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124221147-20200125010147-00081.warc.gz	en	0.983747	864	4.03125	4	[ 0.303670734167099, 0.08109402656555176, 0.2963106632232666, -0.22491508722305298, -0.09786305576562881, 0.06351946294307709, 0.000769403763115406, 0.3156082034111023, -0.20866848528385162, 0.13334324955940247, -0.1911790817975998, -0.33566391468048096, 0.012364678084850311, 0.5470610857009...	13	The volcanic eruption of Thera is also known as the Santorini Eruption or the Minoan Eruption. It was this historic event that made stopping at Santorini one of the most anticipated of my Greece trip. What really got me excited when I read about Thera’s eruption was the magnitude of it, and how it affected history, may have been a part of a biblical story and could have also created a famous myth. As I stood at the edge of the crater, looking down at the sea filled caldera, I tried to picture what it may have looked like before the historic eruption. Geological studies have shown that it looked very much as it does today. The caldera, as today, was filled by the sea. However instead of five islands ringing the caldera it was nearly one continuous landmass then. There was one small opening at the south end of the ring, the only entrance into the inter harbor. That opening would have been between today’s Thera and Aspronisi islands. At the center of the caldera, as today, would have been a smoldering island volcano that would be the center of the cataclysmic eruption to come. To the Minoans, being people of the sea, they were drawn to the protected harbor, making it a perfect place to build one of their main trading ports. It is believed that the Thera volcano had erupted many times over the several hundred thousand years before the Bronze Age event. It had repeated the process of building a volcano, then a violent eruption with the island collapsing into a rough circle and the sea filling the caldera. But the Minoans were unaware of this process due to the fact that there were centuries between each of these events. At around 1627 and 1600 BC the new volcano at center of the caldera became active. First there were earthquakes. This made the residences of the island aware that something was happening. Studies suggest that there were four phases to the eruption after the earthquakes began. The first was a thin expulsion of ash. This preliminary activity most likely gave the population a few months to flee the island. This could be one of the reasons why there no human remains or valuables found at the buried city of Akrotiri. But did the Minoans flee far enough to save themselves? And what effect did the final eruption have on the Minoan civilization and that of the whole region. So how big was the final eruption? To gage the size of a volcanic eruption volcanologist use what is called a Volcanic Exclusivity Index, or VEI. Using this index the Thera eruption is believed to have been a 7. So how does Thera’s compare to other famous known eruptions? Mt. Vesuvius in 79 AD, that buried Pompeii, is figured to have been at a 5, Mt. St. Helens in 1980 at a 4, and the famous 1883 eruption of Krakatoa is rated at a 6. An VEI rating of 7 makes the Thera event one of the largest in history. The total volume of ejected material is estimated at approximately 24 cu mi, projecting an ash plume up to 22 miles into the stratosphere. The final explosion generated a mega-tsunamis that is thought to have reached a height from 115 to 492 feet, washing over the coasts and islands of the eastern Mediterranean. The Thera eruption would have also affected the climate of the entire northern hemisphere for years after. This super eruption has been theorized to have played a part in the Hebrew Exodus from Egypt, as helping to cause the plaques and the parting of the sea. It is also believed to have led to the collapse of the Minoan civilization, which ended at around 1400 BC. There is no way that the centers of that civilization could have withstood the destruction that would have been caused by that eruption. So even if the population of Thera had left before the final blast they would have still been subjected to the aftermath caused by it. But what really fascinated me about this massive eruption was its provable connection to Plato’s Atlantis! More on that in a later post!	878	ENGLISH	1
The city of Gaza, just across the Palestine border and close to the Mediterranean coast, was more than just the gateway to Palestine; it was the heart of the main Turkish defence in southern Palestine and the scene of three major attacks in 1917. The first attack on 26 March was called off at the point of victory when General Dobell worried that the water so vital for the mounted forces would not be captured soon enough, voiced his concerns to General Chetwode. The Generals, concerned with the slow progress of the infantry, agreed that if the city wasn’t captured by sunset, the operation would be called to a halt and all units would be withdrawn. After the war a senior officer who was there with the 9th Light Horse Regiment, wrote how surprised he and the men were when they received orders to the effect that the whole force was retire to the Wadi Ghuzze during the night. "It was the first time our force had received such order, and everyone wondered at the cause, some doubting the genuineness, but as they were verified shortly afterwards it was realized by all that there must be some good and sufficient reason for them." To both the infantry and the mounted troops who had by then found water and linked up in eastern streets of the city, the recall was unbelievable. "The fight was broken off and our men, suffering a sense of disappointment scarcely less than that felt at the evacuation of Gallipoli, were withdrawn." In his report to the War Office General Murray wrote that it had been a ‘most successful operation’ with only the fog and lack of available water being all that saved the enemy from complete disaster. "It has filled our troops with enthusiasm, and proved conclusively that the enemy has no chance against our troops in the open." In fact, the troops knowing they had decisively beaten the enemy were bitterly resentful about receiving the order to withdraw. Further resources - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Gaza Although their first attempt to take the city had cost approximately 4,000 casualties (mainly infantry) Generals Murray and Dobell, determined to succeed, developed a plan for a second attempt. Their new plan called for the infantry to conduct a frontal assault while the dismounted men of the Camel Brigade and the Imperial Mounted Division attacked further east. The attack would be supported by six tanks, which in addition to their normal allocation of HE shells were issued gas shells that until then had never been used against Turkish troops. The ANZAC Mounted Division moved further out to the south-east and there became the screen to repel inland Turkish forces should they attempt to reinforce their comrades in Gaza. By the time the second Battle of Gaza commenced on 19 April 1917 the Turks had significantly extended and improved their already strong defences. After launching the attack in the early hours of the morning, and fighting all day and into the night, the action here developed into the bloodiest battle the Australians fought in Palestine. For many hours, they advanced up bare slopes in the face of murderous machine gun fire, high explosive shells, shrapnel and heavy rifle fire. In some places, they made ground, pushed the enemy back, and at a place later named ‘Tank Redoubt’ two companies of the Camel Brigade, in cooperation with the British infantry on their flank, captured for a time one of the key Turkish positions. The tanks proved to be of limited value against the well sited Turkish redoubts and as for the gas; its affects were so weak that some Turkish commanders reported it as the fumes of high explosive. The Turks with their force so superior in numbers and equipment stood fast along the Gaza-Beersheba line and after a long, vicious and bloody fight the attack having gained no significant ground, was called off; two days after the battle, Dobell was relieved of Eastern Force. Major General Sir H G Chauvel was promoted to Lieutenant General, (the first Australian to attain that rank) took command of the Desert Column and Brigadier Chaytor, a New Zealander, took command of the ANZAC Mounted Division. For further resources - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Gaza Darley, T H, With the Ninth Light Horse in the Great War, Adelaide, 1924, p. 79-80 Gullett, Barrett & Barker - Australia in Palestine - Angus & Robertson, Sydney, 1919, p. 13-14 Gullett,, H S ,Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918, Volume VII, Angus & Robertson, Sydney, 1923, p. 296	<urn:uuid:8fc7d70f-e32c-422c-887e-2320ab105f1f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://vwma.org.au/explore/campaigns/75	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608295.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123041345-20200123070345-00078.warc.gz	en	0.982463	962	3.5	4	[ -0.0022048112004995346, 0.46550408005714417, 0.2252333015203476, 0.17005452513694763, -0.25549161434173584, -0.0736396387219429, 0.1437784731388092, 0.25109419226646423, 0.017567863687872887, 0.1989067792892456, -0.06748291105031967, -0.28606605529785156, 0.14427483081817627, 0.47556355595...	9	The city of Gaza, just across the Palestine border and close to the Mediterranean coast, was more than just the gateway to Palestine; it was the heart of the main Turkish defence in southern Palestine and the scene of three major attacks in 1917. The first attack on 26 March was called off at the point of victory when General Dobell worried that the water so vital for the mounted forces would not be captured soon enough, voiced his concerns to General Chetwode. The Generals, concerned with the slow progress of the infantry, agreed that if the city wasn’t captured by sunset, the operation would be called to a halt and all units would be withdrawn. After the war a senior officer who was there with the 9th Light Horse Regiment, wrote how surprised he and the men were when they received orders to the effect that the whole force was retire to the Wadi Ghuzze during the night. "It was the first time our force had received such order, and everyone wondered at the cause, some doubting the genuineness, but as they were verified shortly afterwards it was realized by all that there must be some good and sufficient reason for them." To both the infantry and the mounted troops who had by then found water and linked up in eastern streets of the city, the recall was unbelievable. "The fight was broken off and our men, suffering a sense of disappointment scarcely less than that felt at the evacuation of Gallipoli, were withdrawn." In his report to the War Office General Murray wrote that it had been a ‘most successful operation’ with only the fog and lack of available water being all that saved the enemy from complete disaster. "It has filled our troops with enthusiasm, and proved conclusively that the enemy has no chance against our troops in the open." In fact, the troops knowing they had decisively beaten the enemy were bitterly resentful about receiving the order to withdraw. Further resources - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Gaza Although their first attempt to take the city had cost approximately 4,000 casualties (mainly infantry) Generals Murray and Dobell, determined to succeed, developed a plan for a second attempt. Their new plan called for the infantry to conduct a frontal assault while the dismounted men of the Camel Brigade and the Imperial Mounted Division attacked further east. The attack would be supported by six tanks, which in addition to their normal allocation of HE shells were issued gas shells that until then had never been used against Turkish troops. The ANZAC Mounted Division moved further out to the south-east and there became the screen to repel inland Turkish forces should they attempt to reinforce their comrades in Gaza. By the time the second Battle of Gaza commenced on 19 April 1917 the Turks had significantly extended and improved their already strong defences. After launching the attack in the early hours of the morning, and fighting all day and into the night, the action here developed into the bloodiest battle the Australians fought in Palestine. For many hours, they advanced up bare slopes in the face of murderous machine gun fire, high explosive shells, shrapnel and heavy rifle fire. In some places, they made ground, pushed the enemy back, and at a place later named ‘Tank Redoubt’ two companies of the Camel Brigade, in cooperation with the British infantry on their flank, captured for a time one of the key Turkish positions. The tanks proved to be of limited value against the well sited Turkish redoubts and as for the gas; its affects were so weak that some Turkish commanders reported it as the fumes of high explosive. The Turks with their force so superior in numbers and equipment stood fast along the Gaza-Beersheba line and after a long, vicious and bloody fight the attack having gained no significant ground, was called off; two days after the battle, Dobell was relieved of Eastern Force. Major General Sir H G Chauvel was promoted to Lieutenant General, (the first Australian to attain that rank) took command of the Desert Column and Brigadier Chaytor, a New Zealander, took command of the ANZAC Mounted Division. For further resources - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Gaza Darley, T H, With the Ninth Light Horse in the Great War, Adelaide, 1924, p. 79-80 Gullett, Barrett & Barker - Australia in Palestine - Angus & Robertson, Sydney, 1919, p. 13-14 Gullett,, H S ,Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918, Volume VII, Angus & Robertson, Sydney, 1923, p. 296	978	ENGLISH	1
The huge blast furnace was located where the parking lot is today. It was the heart of the ironworks, where the pig iron was produced. Melting iron ore requires a temperature of 1540 degrees Celsius, and the blast furnace was hence equipped with water-powered bellows. The iron ore was first roasted and beaten into smaller pieces. Layers of ore and charcoal was placed in the blast furnace, and lime added if necessary. The blast furnace was operating continously for 2-3 years at the time. Know-how and technology came from Germany and was transferred orally. It wasn’t until the Royal Mining Academy at Kongsberg was established in 1757, that expertize on subjects like metallurgy developed in Norway. During the 19th century, the Norwegian iron industry struggled with low demand and increased foreign competition. Here at Eidsfoss, the blast furnace production was phased out in the 1880s, when the company, as most Norwegian ironworks, became an iron foundry. That meant remelteing scrap iron in cupola furnaces. The last stoves were made at Eidsfoss in 1961. Bridges and waterways connecting it all On this map, stemming from the later years of the ironworks period, we see how the blast furnace and the other industrial buildings were interconnected by a canals and waterways, fuelling bellows and wheels in shops and huts. There were also bridges between Storage houses and the furnace. The two round furnaces on each side of this bridge, was were the ore was roasted and hacked into small enough pieces to melt in the blast furnace. Most buildings in todays indsutrial site further downstream, were built after WWII. The mighty blast furnace was located approx. where there is a parking lot today. It was key to the production of pig iron for centuries. The furnace burned continously for years at the time, and consumed an incredible amount of charcoal. Illustration: Marianne Karlsen	<urn:uuid:eb647962-3a9c-473c-83ff-71e779913995>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://visiteidsfoss.no/en/severdigheter/masovnen/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690095.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126165718-20200126195718-00323.warc.gz	en	0.986883	404	3.578125	4	[ -0.3056459426879883, 0.5496438145637512, 0.22987595200538635, 0.21285030245780945, -0.14202530682086945, -0.02835160121321678, -0.02654234878718853, -0.05285040661692619, -0.5837430357933044, -0.5616626143455505, -0.10664836317300797, -0.5723872184753418, 0.05215984210371971, 0.50174605846...	9	The huge blast furnace was located where the parking lot is today. It was the heart of the ironworks, where the pig iron was produced. Melting iron ore requires a temperature of 1540 degrees Celsius, and the blast furnace was hence equipped with water-powered bellows. The iron ore was first roasted and beaten into smaller pieces. Layers of ore and charcoal was placed in the blast furnace, and lime added if necessary. The blast furnace was operating continously for 2-3 years at the time. Know-how and technology came from Germany and was transferred orally. It wasn’t until the Royal Mining Academy at Kongsberg was established in 1757, that expertize on subjects like metallurgy developed in Norway. During the 19th century, the Norwegian iron industry struggled with low demand and increased foreign competition. Here at Eidsfoss, the blast furnace production was phased out in the 1880s, when the company, as most Norwegian ironworks, became an iron foundry. That meant remelteing scrap iron in cupola furnaces. The last stoves were made at Eidsfoss in 1961. Bridges and waterways connecting it all On this map, stemming from the later years of the ironworks period, we see how the blast furnace and the other industrial buildings were interconnected by a canals and waterways, fuelling bellows and wheels in shops and huts. There were also bridges between Storage houses and the furnace. The two round furnaces on each side of this bridge, was were the ore was roasted and hacked into small enough pieces to melt in the blast furnace. Most buildings in todays indsutrial site further downstream, were built after WWII. The mighty blast furnace was located approx. where there is a parking lot today. It was key to the production of pig iron for centuries. The furnace burned continously for years at the time, and consumed an incredible amount of charcoal. Illustration: Marianne Karlsen	413	ENGLISH	1
Jane Kennedy – Activist In The Service Of Moral Values 1975 – Past Daily Reference Room Jane Kennedy is a name not immediately familiar to a lot of people, and only a bit more familiar to people who remember the Vietnam War era and the Protest movements which sprung up because of it. But she was a vital and notable figure in the anti-war movement as someone who did what they did out of a sense of moral values, and a basic enduring love for the human race and who wanted to make a difference. Since today is International Women’s Day, and we’re looking at those women who have made a difference, and are continuing to make a difference, I ran across this 1975 interview/documentary with Jane Kennedy from CBC Radio in Canada, and felt it would be a perfect addition to the growing list of women who have made a difference and whose contributions have shaped our history and culture. Kennedy was a nurse and educator who, in her 40s became swept up in the activism which surrounded the Vietnam War and the growing voices of dissent against our involvement in it. Lending her nursing skills to the front lines of protest during those often violent days, Kennedy went on to become more involved, taking “direct action”; first by breaking into Dow Corning‘s Napalm producing Plant in Midland Michigan and destroying magnetic tapes containing manufacturing data. And a week later was involved in the destruction of Records at an Indianapolis Draft Board. Both events got her prison sentences; one in Michigan for a year from the Dow-Corning incident and the other, two years later for another year at the Women’s Federal Penitentiary in Alderson, West Virginia. And to quote Harriet Gross in her biography of Jane Kennedy: “Jane’s story begins in the early sixties in Chicago. She had come to enter graduate school at the University of Chicago in nursing. She left graduate school before complete the degree to accept a position on the nursing faculty of Loyola University, also in Chicago. Previous, after completing Master’s degree at the University of Pennsylvania, she had stayed on on as a member of their nursing faculty and then had taught at the university of Kentucky where she helped organize a new school of nursing It was while she was teaching at Loyola that a friend’s recounting of his experiences with cvili rights protest in the South prompted her to think about her own beliefs and the commitment they implied”. Here is that CBC Radio interview with Jane Kennedy, as it was broadcast in 1975, shortly before her second prison stay.	<urn:uuid:66302e31-38ee-4dc0-ae5d-9e4485738071>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://pastdaily.com/2017/03/08/jane-kennedy-activist-1975-past-daily/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681412.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125191854-20200125221854-00529.warc.gz	en	0.981779	530	3.53125	4	[ -0.3897313177585602, 0.23028314113616943, 0.06465830653905869, -0.06431474536657333, 0.2880466878414154, 0.8465150594711304, 0.08274387568235397, 0.26056814193725586, -0.14509443938732147, -0.011619556695222855, -0.006017331499606371, 0.08115126192569733, -0.15990327298641205, 0.0873590335...	2	Jane Kennedy – Activist In The Service Of Moral Values 1975 – Past Daily Reference Room Jane Kennedy is a name not immediately familiar to a lot of people, and only a bit more familiar to people who remember the Vietnam War era and the Protest movements which sprung up because of it. But she was a vital and notable figure in the anti-war movement as someone who did what they did out of a sense of moral values, and a basic enduring love for the human race and who wanted to make a difference. Since today is International Women’s Day, and we’re looking at those women who have made a difference, and are continuing to make a difference, I ran across this 1975 interview/documentary with Jane Kennedy from CBC Radio in Canada, and felt it would be a perfect addition to the growing list of women who have made a difference and whose contributions have shaped our history and culture. Kennedy was a nurse and educator who, in her 40s became swept up in the activism which surrounded the Vietnam War and the growing voices of dissent against our involvement in it. Lending her nursing skills to the front lines of protest during those often violent days, Kennedy went on to become more involved, taking “direct action”; first by breaking into Dow Corning‘s Napalm producing Plant in Midland Michigan and destroying magnetic tapes containing manufacturing data. And a week later was involved in the destruction of Records at an Indianapolis Draft Board. Both events got her prison sentences; one in Michigan for a year from the Dow-Corning incident and the other, two years later for another year at the Women’s Federal Penitentiary in Alderson, West Virginia. And to quote Harriet Gross in her biography of Jane Kennedy: “Jane’s story begins in the early sixties in Chicago. She had come to enter graduate school at the University of Chicago in nursing. She left graduate school before complete the degree to accept a position on the nursing faculty of Loyola University, also in Chicago. Previous, after completing Master’s degree at the University of Pennsylvania, she had stayed on on as a member of their nursing faculty and then had taught at the university of Kentucky where she helped organize a new school of nursing It was while she was teaching at Loyola that a friend’s recounting of his experiences with cvili rights protest in the South prompted her to think about her own beliefs and the commitment they implied”. Here is that CBC Radio interview with Jane Kennedy, as it was broadcast in 1975, shortly before her second prison stay.	517	ENGLISH	1
John the Baptist was the son of Zacharias and Elizabeth (the cousin of Mary, mother of Christ) John the Baptist was the son of Zacharias and Elizabeth (the cousin of Mary, mother of Christ). Both Zacharias and Elizabeth were from the tribe of Levi, so John was the symbol of the Law of Moses. The tribe of Levi did not receive an inheritance in the Holy Land when the Israelites arrived from Egypt. They were to be supported by the people. They received parcels in the cities where they could live and serve, and they had assignments in the temple. John was so important to God’s work that the angel Gabriel announced his pending birth and prophesied his greatness. Zacharias was struck dumb after the visitation from Gabriel in the temple as he attended to his priestly duties. His voice returned during the brit for John, when John was given a name and received circumcision (8 days after birth). There is a legend that Zacharias was murdered as he held onto the horns of the temple altar, which is a place of safety and sanctuary. But this story may be incorrect. There is nothing about it in the Bible, and it’s similar to stories about other prophets with the same name. John was a “forerunner” for Jesus. He prepared the people to hear Jesus and to understand who Jesus was. He was a transition from the Aaronic Priesthood of Moses to the higher priesthood of Christ. Jesus loved John dearly, but we don’t know from the biblical account how much time they actually spent together. John’s family lived in Judea, and Jesus’ family went down there for every high holy festival in Jerusalem. But the Bible says John was raised in the Judean wilderness. How much time he spent there, we don’t know. The area where John taught and baptized is near Jericho at the north end of the Dead Sea. In the scriptures, it says that John lived on locusts and honey. Some people like to comfort themselves thinking that John ate from the wild locust trees. But locusts—yes, the ones that are like grasshoppers—are kosher to eat according to the Law of Moses.	<urn:uuid:940c7ddb-280d-43a7-8b95-87529e8c8c07>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://jesus.christ.org/history-rituals/about-john-the-baptist/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251779833.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128153713-20200128183713-00282.warc.gz	en	0.986269	460	3.390625	3	[ -0.27584320306777954, 0.8317539691925049, 0.17695128917694092, -0.09829255193471909, -0.30318477749824524, -0.07256821542978287, 0.2791858911514282, 0.1454664021730423, 0.029978398233652115, 0.21428219974040985, -0.3019808232784271, 0.28601548075675964, 0.05026501789689064, -0.141260311007...	9	John the Baptist was the son of Zacharias and Elizabeth (the cousin of Mary, mother of Christ) John the Baptist was the son of Zacharias and Elizabeth (the cousin of Mary, mother of Christ). Both Zacharias and Elizabeth were from the tribe of Levi, so John was the symbol of the Law of Moses. The tribe of Levi did not receive an inheritance in the Holy Land when the Israelites arrived from Egypt. They were to be supported by the people. They received parcels in the cities where they could live and serve, and they had assignments in the temple. John was so important to God’s work that the angel Gabriel announced his pending birth and prophesied his greatness. Zacharias was struck dumb after the visitation from Gabriel in the temple as he attended to his priestly duties. His voice returned during the brit for John, when John was given a name and received circumcision (8 days after birth). There is a legend that Zacharias was murdered as he held onto the horns of the temple altar, which is a place of safety and sanctuary. But this story may be incorrect. There is nothing about it in the Bible, and it’s similar to stories about other prophets with the same name. John was a “forerunner” for Jesus. He prepared the people to hear Jesus and to understand who Jesus was. He was a transition from the Aaronic Priesthood of Moses to the higher priesthood of Christ. Jesus loved John dearly, but we don’t know from the biblical account how much time they actually spent together. John’s family lived in Judea, and Jesus’ family went down there for every high holy festival in Jerusalem. But the Bible says John was raised in the Judean wilderness. How much time he spent there, we don’t know. The area where John taught and baptized is near Jericho at the north end of the Dead Sea. In the scriptures, it says that John lived on locusts and honey. Some people like to comfort themselves thinking that John ate from the wild locust trees. But locusts—yes, the ones that are like grasshoppers—are kosher to eat according to the Law of Moses.	438	ENGLISH	1
Music was as important to the ancient Egyptians as it is in our modern society. Although it is thought that music played a role throughout the history of Egypt, those that study the Egyptian writings have discovered that music seemed to become more important in what is called the ‘pharaonic’ period of their history. This was the time when the Egyptian dynasties of the pharaohs were established (around 3100 BCE) and music was found in many parts of every day Egyptian life. Ancient Egyptian Music Arrangement The ancient Egyptians were very organized and this included how they organized and arranged music and musicians. They brought music to their religious ceremonies, but it was also played and performed in workshops, palaces, the farms, on the battlefield and even in their tombs. The Egyptian gods Hathor and Bes were their gods of music and they had many ceremonies devoted to them that involved song and dance to accompany the playing of musical instruments. Ancient Egyptian Musical Instruments Egyptologists are the professionals that study Egypt. When examining the hieroglyphs (pictures) they have found that Egyptians created a wonderful selection of musical instruments. They had stringed, wind and percussion instruments. They also accompanied their musical performances with hand clapping as well as singing by both men and women. Many instruments that have been found show how much they valued them because they had them inscribed with the names of their gods. Ancient Egyptian Percussion Instruments The percussion instruments included rattles, hand-held drums, bells, castanets and an instrument called the sistrum. The sistrum was a hand-held metallic instrument in the shape of a ‘U’ and had small metal or bronze pieces hanging from it. When moved or shaken it gave off many sounds, depending upon the metal. Some sounded like a loud clanking, while others a soft jingling. Ancient Egyptian Wind Instruments Wind instruments looked very close to the ones we use today and included trumpets as well as both single and double reed flutes and some flutes without any reeds. The stringed instruments were all plucked, rather than ‘bowed’ (like a violin) and there are many images of Egyptians playing lyres, harps and lutes. Ancient Egyptians Musicians Ancient Egyptians had a number of professional musicians that performed for many occasions. Since their society was set up with social levels, this meant that different musicians could play only for specific events. A musician with a high status could play for religious ceremonies at the temples, where a lower class musician might only be able to play for regular community members. The highest honor to achieve was the status of ‘shemayet’, which gave these musicians the ability to play for a particular god or goddess and these musicians were mostly women. The royal family of the pharaoh had personal musicians of the highest quality. These included not only those that played instruments, such as the harp, but also singers. Lower class musicians performed as entertainers for many of the festivals and parties and it was common to see dancers and informal singers perform with them. Egyptians valued music in all of its forms as part of their religious praise to their gods as well as part of celebration of everyday life. Some of the pictures that have been found show groups of people playing instruments, clapping their hands, and singing, and the ‘inscriptions’ (which are their words) underneath the pictures have been translated into the words for songs. The Egyptians wrote lyrics for some of their music and they are like the same type of poetry that has been used in many other cultures. Some of these songs praised their gods, while other songs were written just for the pharaoh, his wife and members of the royal family. Music is Fun The people of ancient Egypt shared the same love of music as so many civilizations around the world. And, just as other cultures, they used music to express their emotions and feelings Facts about Ancient Egyptian Music - They used small shells as whistles - They believed the God Bat invented music - In many rituals music and chanting was commonly used - Chanting played an important role in Egyptian religion and was often accompanied by clappers - There is evidence showing that in the old Kingdom they use flutes, harps and even clarinets	<urn:uuid:cdddaa4b-f1e8-403d-abce-70e343efaed4>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.historyforkids.net/egyptian-music.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607596.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122221541-20200123010541-00415.warc.gz	en	0.987933	903	4.09375	4	[ 0.13997891545295715, 0.7635424733161926, 0.5757954120635986, -0.34122759103775024, -0.8092817068099976, 0.10076704621315002, 0.2864261567592621, -0.2938321828842163, 0.02483825758099556, -0.10790276527404785, -0.0747186616063118, -0.3825927972793579, 0.11048810184001923, 0.1163108497858047...	14	Music was as important to the ancient Egyptians as it is in our modern society. Although it is thought that music played a role throughout the history of Egypt, those that study the Egyptian writings have discovered that music seemed to become more important in what is called the ‘pharaonic’ period of their history. This was the time when the Egyptian dynasties of the pharaohs were established (around 3100 BCE) and music was found in many parts of every day Egyptian life. Ancient Egyptian Music Arrangement The ancient Egyptians were very organized and this included how they organized and arranged music and musicians. They brought music to their religious ceremonies, but it was also played and performed in workshops, palaces, the farms, on the battlefield and even in their tombs. The Egyptian gods Hathor and Bes were their gods of music and they had many ceremonies devoted to them that involved song and dance to accompany the playing of musical instruments. Ancient Egyptian Musical Instruments Egyptologists are the professionals that study Egypt. When examining the hieroglyphs (pictures) they have found that Egyptians created a wonderful selection of musical instruments. They had stringed, wind and percussion instruments. They also accompanied their musical performances with hand clapping as well as singing by both men and women. Many instruments that have been found show how much they valued them because they had them inscribed with the names of their gods. Ancient Egyptian Percussion Instruments The percussion instruments included rattles, hand-held drums, bells, castanets and an instrument called the sistrum. The sistrum was a hand-held metallic instrument in the shape of a ‘U’ and had small metal or bronze pieces hanging from it. When moved or shaken it gave off many sounds, depending upon the metal. Some sounded like a loud clanking, while others a soft jingling. Ancient Egyptian Wind Instruments Wind instruments looked very close to the ones we use today and included trumpets as well as both single and double reed flutes and some flutes without any reeds. The stringed instruments were all plucked, rather than ‘bowed’ (like a violin) and there are many images of Egyptians playing lyres, harps and lutes. Ancient Egyptians Musicians Ancient Egyptians had a number of professional musicians that performed for many occasions. Since their society was set up with social levels, this meant that different musicians could play only for specific events. A musician with a high status could play for religious ceremonies at the temples, where a lower class musician might only be able to play for regular community members. The highest honor to achieve was the status of ‘shemayet’, which gave these musicians the ability to play for a particular god or goddess and these musicians were mostly women. The royal family of the pharaoh had personal musicians of the highest quality. These included not only those that played instruments, such as the harp, but also singers. Lower class musicians performed as entertainers for many of the festivals and parties and it was common to see dancers and informal singers perform with them. Egyptians valued music in all of its forms as part of their religious praise to their gods as well as part of celebration of everyday life. Some of the pictures that have been found show groups of people playing instruments, clapping their hands, and singing, and the ‘inscriptions’ (which are their words) underneath the pictures have been translated into the words for songs. The Egyptians wrote lyrics for some of their music and they are like the same type of poetry that has been used in many other cultures. Some of these songs praised their gods, while other songs were written just for the pharaoh, his wife and members of the royal family. Music is Fun The people of ancient Egypt shared the same love of music as so many civilizations around the world. And, just as other cultures, they used music to express their emotions and feelings Facts about Ancient Egyptian Music - They used small shells as whistles - They believed the God Bat invented music - In many rituals music and chanting was commonly used - Chanting played an important role in Egyptian religion and was often accompanied by clappers - There is evidence showing that in the old Kingdom they use flutes, harps and even clarinets	874	ENGLISH	1
James Otto Lewis. “Com-No-Sa-Qua. A Pottowattomie Chief. Painted at the treaty of Missinnewa 1827 by J.O. Lewis.” From The Aboriginal Portfolio. Philadelphia: J. O. Lewis, 1835-1836. Lithograph by Lehman & Duval. Signed in the stone by J. Barincou. Original hand coloring. Image ca. 9 1/2 x 7 1/2. James Otto Lewis’ very rare The Aboriginal Portfolio was the first published collection of portraits of native North Americans. The portfolio consisted of 80 portraits which were made “on the spot and in the field” by James Otto Lewis (1799-1858). Lewis began his work on American natives in 1823 with a portrait of Tens-qua-ta-wa, or the Prophet, which was commissioned by Governor Cass of Michigan. Born in Philadelphia, Lewis moved to St. Louis in 1815 as an actor and engraver. There he met and befriended Chester Harding, a portrait painter among whose sitters were some Indians. Harding had made a name for himself with his portrait of Daniel Boone, the only one Boone is known to have sat for. Lewis proceeded to engrave and publish this portrait, and this print, of which only one example is known to survive, is the only contemporary full-length print of Boone, and is also the earliest known print made west of the Mississippi. In 1822 or 23, Lewis moved to Detroit, where he set up business as a portrait painter. It was there that Lewis received the commission to paint the Prophet. This painting was sent by Governor Cass to Thomas McKenney, head of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Cass suggested that Lewis be given $200 from the War Department to paint other Indian chiefs that visited Detroit, to which the impressed McKenney agreed. Cass asked Lewis to accompany him to Prairie du Chien in 1825, where a treaty was to be negotiated among the various mid-western tribes, and where Lewis painted 50 or 60 of the most prominent chiefs. In all Lewis was to accompany Cass to three other treaties, making a unique record of the chiefs who attended. Some of the portraits that Lewis made were sent to Thomas McKenney, who was planning the publication of a series of prints with likenesses of important Indian chiefs and squaws. While most of these prints were based on the work of Charles Bird King, Lewis was the original artist for 27 of the 150 prints that were eventually published in McKenney’s History of the Indian Tribes of North America. Perhaps inspired by or in competition with McKenney, Lewis also planned such a portfolio of prints. Lewis’ Aboriginal Portfolio was to be published in ten monthly parts, beginning in May 1835, each part of which was to contain eight hand colored lithographs and was to be priced at $2. Unfortunately, the project ran into financial difficulties after the ninth part, and only a few of the tenth part are known to have been published, and of these only five of the eight prints are by Lewis. Even the first nine parts were not issued in great number, and very few complete sets [a portfolio of 72 prints is usually considered complete] or individual prints have survived.	<urn:uuid:4ec0ffd6-03bd-4d3b-9a05-c6cb43f3b09d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://pps-west.com/product/james-otto-lewis-com-no-sa-qua/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594705.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119180644-20200119204644-00311.warc.gz	en	0.983106	679	3.5	4	[ -0.44680774211883545, 0.10749955475330353, 0.39449071884155273, 0.3852108120918274, -0.17460112273693085, -0.1567959487438202, 0.04579710215330124, -0.18461285531520844, -0.46117886900901794, 0.1418573558330536, 0.1998046338558197, -0.18339192867279053, -0.07314810901880264, -0.05632641166...	2	James Otto Lewis. “Com-No-Sa-Qua. A Pottowattomie Chief. Painted at the treaty of Missinnewa 1827 by J.O. Lewis.” From The Aboriginal Portfolio. Philadelphia: J. O. Lewis, 1835-1836. Lithograph by Lehman & Duval. Signed in the stone by J. Barincou. Original hand coloring. Image ca. 9 1/2 x 7 1/2. James Otto Lewis’ very rare The Aboriginal Portfolio was the first published collection of portraits of native North Americans. The portfolio consisted of 80 portraits which were made “on the spot and in the field” by James Otto Lewis (1799-1858). Lewis began his work on American natives in 1823 with a portrait of Tens-qua-ta-wa, or the Prophet, which was commissioned by Governor Cass of Michigan. Born in Philadelphia, Lewis moved to St. Louis in 1815 as an actor and engraver. There he met and befriended Chester Harding, a portrait painter among whose sitters were some Indians. Harding had made a name for himself with his portrait of Daniel Boone, the only one Boone is known to have sat for. Lewis proceeded to engrave and publish this portrait, and this print, of which only one example is known to survive, is the only contemporary full-length print of Boone, and is also the earliest known print made west of the Mississippi. In 1822 or 23, Lewis moved to Detroit, where he set up business as a portrait painter. It was there that Lewis received the commission to paint the Prophet. This painting was sent by Governor Cass to Thomas McKenney, head of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Cass suggested that Lewis be given $200 from the War Department to paint other Indian chiefs that visited Detroit, to which the impressed McKenney agreed. Cass asked Lewis to accompany him to Prairie du Chien in 1825, where a treaty was to be negotiated among the various mid-western tribes, and where Lewis painted 50 or 60 of the most prominent chiefs. In all Lewis was to accompany Cass to three other treaties, making a unique record of the chiefs who attended. Some of the portraits that Lewis made were sent to Thomas McKenney, who was planning the publication of a series of prints with likenesses of important Indian chiefs and squaws. While most of these prints were based on the work of Charles Bird King, Lewis was the original artist for 27 of the 150 prints that were eventually published in McKenney’s History of the Indian Tribes of North America. Perhaps inspired by or in competition with McKenney, Lewis also planned such a portfolio of prints. Lewis’ Aboriginal Portfolio was to be published in ten monthly parts, beginning in May 1835, each part of which was to contain eight hand colored lithographs and was to be priced at $2. Unfortunately, the project ran into financial difficulties after the ninth part, and only a few of the tenth part are known to have been published, and of these only five of the eight prints are by Lewis. Even the first nine parts were not issued in great number, and very few complete sets [a portfolio of 72 prints is usually considered complete] or individual prints have survived.	709	ENGLISH	1
Benito Mussolini was born on July 29th 1883 near Predappio, in north-east Italy. His father, Alessandro, was a blacksmith while his mother, Rosa, was a school teacher. Mussolini had a younger brother and younger sister. Despite having two incomes coming in to the house, the Mussolini’s were poor, as were many families in Italy at this time. As soon as he was able to do so, Mussolini helped out his father in his forge. Working with his father gave the two time to talk. Alessandro was a socialist and a republican. He believed that there should be a fairer share of wealth in Italy and that the monarchy should be scrapped. Alessandro wanted the people to decide who should lead them. He did not accept a system whereby his son would automatically follow the king. Many Italians shared the views of Mussolini’s father and it would have been normal for the young Mussolini to take on board what his father said. Alessandro was also a firm believer that all Italians should live under Italian rule. Some Italians lived under the rule of Austria in the Austro-Hungarian Empire and people like Alessandro could not accept this. In this sense, Alessandro was a nationalist. The young Mussolini grew up in an environment where the talk would have been about socialism, republicanism and nationalism. He also grew up supporting the view of his father that the Roman Catholic Church was an enemy of Italy as it did not support the state itself. Mussolini did not take to school. He found that he rebelled against most things. Catholic monks ran his first school. His mother had insisted on him attending such a school but his behaviour was so bad that he got expelled from it. Mussolini did better at his next school and he went on to become a qualified teacher even if he was not interested in teaching. Mussolini had developed passions for politics. In June 1902, Mussolini went to Switzerland. He took with him no obvious skills and he was forced to live rough. He got involved with some Italian socialists who worked in Switzerland, got employment as a bricklayer and joined a trade union. He got expelled from Switzerland in 1903 when he suggested a general strike – a very revolutionary idea then. He went to France but returned to Italy to do his military service. After this he went to a region called Trentino. This area was in north Italy but the Austrians ruled it. The Austrian authorities soon marked him down as a troublemaker as he encouraged trade unions and attacked the Catholic Church. He was expelled from Trentino in 1909. Mussolini went south to the Po Valley. Here he helped the farmers in their efforts to get a better wage. He became the secretary of the local socialist party in Forli and became the editor of the socialist newspaper “The Class Struggle” (La Lotta di Classe). In 1911, the Italians attacked Libya in North Africa. Mussolini led demonstrations against this attack in Forli. He was arrested and sent to prison for five months. However, his action had got him noticed by socialist movements outside of Forli. He was rewarded with the job of editor of “Avanti” (Forward) the socialist newspaper – an appointment he got in April 1912. Most of the contents in the paper he did himself. The popularity of the paper increased and his views reached many people and thus expanded his influence. World War One saw a major change in Mussolini. At the start of the war, as with most if not all socialists, he condemned the war as workers being forced to fight other workers while the factory bosses got richer at their expense. However, his views changed during the war. In “Avanti” he wrote: \|“Let a single cry arise from the vast multitudes of the proletariat and let it be repeated in the squares and streets of Italy: down with war! The proletariat provides raw material, cannon fodder with which states make their history.”\| In October 1915, five months after Italy’s entry into World War One, Mussolini left “Avanti”. He now saw the war as a “great drama” not to be missed. \|“It is to you, young men of Italy…..that I address my call to arms…..Today I am forced to utter loudly and clearly in sincere good faith the fearful and fascinating word – war!”\| Mussolini still claimed to be a socialist but his colleagues disagreed. At a meeting in Milan they decided to expel him from the Socialist Party. He told them \|“You cannot get rid of me because I am and always will be a socialist. You hate me because you still love me.”\| Why did Mussolini change his stance? It is possible that the influence of his father’s nationalism might have taken precedence over his socialism. But Mussolini, like many others in Europe, answered his country’s call when it was needed. In August 1915, Mussolini had been called up for military service. Mussolini in World War One He joined the army and rose to the rank of corporal. A mortar bomb wounded him in February 1917 and this put an end to his military service. Italy got very little out of the Treaty of Versailles. She had fought on the side of the Allies and expected more as a member of the conquering nations. In fact, Orlando, the Italian representative at Versailles, had been barely spoken to by the American, British and French representatives. This by itself, insulted Italian national pride. After the war, Mussolini became very influenced by Gabriele D’Annunzio; an Italian nationalist who felt Italy should have got more out of the Versailles Treaty. During the war, D’Annunzio had made daring flying raids over Austria and showered some cities there with pamphlets explaining Italy’s rights to territory in the Adriatic. He became a national hero. In particular, D’Annunzio believed that Italy had a right to Fiume. After World War One, this port was given to the newly created Yugoslavia but many Italians lived there. D’Annunzio tried to take the port using force. As editor of the paper “Il Popolo d’Italia”, Mussolini raised money for D’Annunzio via an appeal in the paper. Mussolini learned a great deal from D’Annunzio about public speaking. D’Annunzio held public meetings where his supporters were expected to join in. Gesticulating at the audience, D’Annunzio would ask them questions and expected them to reply. Mussolini used a lot of this approach in his own public speaking. - Mussolini's Dictatorship Mussolini’s road to a dictatorship took much longer than Hitler’s in 1933. Hitler was appointed chancellor on January 30th 1933. By April 1st…	<urn:uuid:e2c0a7a5-ae0e-4299-9fe9-a5e36b901b72>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/modern-world-history-1918-to-1980/italy-1900-to-1939/benito-mussolini/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592261.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118052321-20200118080321-00102.warc.gz	en	0.990812	1,464	3.734375	4	[ -0.18511468172073364, 0.7574113011360168, 0.05063348263502121, -0.28720617294311523, -0.5112525224685669, -0.19391071796417236, 0.5027382969856262, 0.050503894686698914, -0.03170178830623627, -0.16688008606433868, -0.004304123111069202, -0.2767987847328186, 0.4857180714607239, 0.6818975806...	6	Benito Mussolini was born on July 29th 1883 near Predappio, in north-east Italy. His father, Alessandro, was a blacksmith while his mother, Rosa, was a school teacher. Mussolini had a younger brother and younger sister. Despite having two incomes coming in to the house, the Mussolini’s were poor, as were many families in Italy at this time. As soon as he was able to do so, Mussolini helped out his father in his forge. Working with his father gave the two time to talk. Alessandro was a socialist and a republican. He believed that there should be a fairer share of wealth in Italy and that the monarchy should be scrapped. Alessandro wanted the people to decide who should lead them. He did not accept a system whereby his son would automatically follow the king. Many Italians shared the views of Mussolini’s father and it would have been normal for the young Mussolini to take on board what his father said. Alessandro was also a firm believer that all Italians should live under Italian rule. Some Italians lived under the rule of Austria in the Austro-Hungarian Empire and people like Alessandro could not accept this. In this sense, Alessandro was a nationalist. The young Mussolini grew up in an environment where the talk would have been about socialism, republicanism and nationalism. He also grew up supporting the view of his father that the Roman Catholic Church was an enemy of Italy as it did not support the state itself. Mussolini did not take to school. He found that he rebelled against most things. Catholic monks ran his first school. His mother had insisted on him attending such a school but his behaviour was so bad that he got expelled from it. Mussolini did better at his next school and he went on to become a qualified teacher even if he was not interested in teaching. Mussolini had developed passions for politics. In June 1902, Mussolini went to Switzerland. He took with him no obvious skills and he was forced to live rough. He got involved with some Italian socialists who worked in Switzerland, got employment as a bricklayer and joined a trade union. He got expelled from Switzerland in 1903 when he suggested a general strike – a very revolutionary idea then. He went to France but returned to Italy to do his military service. After this he went to a region called Trentino. This area was in north Italy but the Austrians ruled it. The Austrian authorities soon marked him down as a troublemaker as he encouraged trade unions and attacked the Catholic Church. He was expelled from Trentino in 1909. Mussolini went south to the Po Valley. Here he helped the farmers in their efforts to get a better wage. He became the secretary of the local socialist party in Forli and became the editor of the socialist newspaper “The Class Struggle” (La Lotta di Classe). In 1911, the Italians attacked Libya in North Africa. Mussolini led demonstrations against this attack in Forli. He was arrested and sent to prison for five months. However, his action had got him noticed by socialist movements outside of Forli. He was rewarded with the job of editor of “Avanti” (Forward) the socialist newspaper – an appointment he got in April 1912. Most of the contents in the paper he did himself. The popularity of the paper increased and his views reached many people and thus expanded his influence. World War One saw a major change in Mussolini. At the start of the war, as with most if not all socialists, he condemned the war as workers being forced to fight other workers while the factory bosses got richer at their expense. However, his views changed during the war. In “Avanti” he wrote: \|“Let a single cry arise from the vast multitudes of the proletariat and let it be repeated in the squares and streets of Italy: down with war! The proletariat provides raw material, cannon fodder with which states make their history.”\| In October 1915, five months after Italy’s entry into World War One, Mussolini left “Avanti”. He now saw the war as a “great drama” not to be missed. \|“It is to you, young men of Italy…..that I address my call to arms…..Today I am forced to utter loudly and clearly in sincere good faith the fearful and fascinating word – war!”\| Mussolini still claimed to be a socialist but his colleagues disagreed. At a meeting in Milan they decided to expel him from the Socialist Party. He told them \|“You cannot get rid of me because I am and always will be a socialist. You hate me because you still love me.”\| Why did Mussolini change his stance? It is possible that the influence of his father’s nationalism might have taken precedence over his socialism. But Mussolini, like many others in Europe, answered his country’s call when it was needed. In August 1915, Mussolini had been called up for military service. Mussolini in World War One He joined the army and rose to the rank of corporal. A mortar bomb wounded him in February 1917 and this put an end to his military service. Italy got very little out of the Treaty of Versailles. She had fought on the side of the Allies and expected more as a member of the conquering nations. In fact, Orlando, the Italian representative at Versailles, had been barely spoken to by the American, British and French representatives. This by itself, insulted Italian national pride. After the war, Mussolini became very influenced by Gabriele D’Annunzio; an Italian nationalist who felt Italy should have got more out of the Versailles Treaty. During the war, D’Annunzio had made daring flying raids over Austria and showered some cities there with pamphlets explaining Italy’s rights to territory in the Adriatic. He became a national hero. In particular, D’Annunzio believed that Italy had a right to Fiume. After World War One, this port was given to the newly created Yugoslavia but many Italians lived there. D’Annunzio tried to take the port using force. As editor of the paper “Il Popolo d’Italia”, Mussolini raised money for D’Annunzio via an appeal in the paper. Mussolini learned a great deal from D’Annunzio about public speaking. D’Annunzio held public meetings where his supporters were expected to join in. Gesticulating at the audience, D’Annunzio would ask them questions and expected them to reply. Mussolini used a lot of this approach in his own public speaking. - Mussolini's Dictatorship Mussolini’s road to a dictatorship took much longer than Hitler’s in 1933. Hitler was appointed chancellor on January 30th 1933. By April 1st…	1,439	ENGLISH	1
In the early 1890's there was widespread discontentment amongst Highland crofters. They had little security of tenure. Few had written leases and many were dependent entirely on the goodwill of their landlords. All too often crofters were still moved off less fertile holdings to make way for sheep, grazing or for shooting. Many crofters also faced crippling poverty. Plots were too small to support families. But crofters were frequently prevented from increasing their holdings to a size that was sufficient and sustainable. Eventually matters did boil over. In April 1882 there was the Battle of the Braes on Skye at the foot of Ben Lee. Lord MacDonald tried to deprive crofters of some pasturage to which they claimed a right. Crofters then refused to pay rent. On 7th April an attempt was made to serve a "summonds of ejection" on them. The crofters responded by burning the "summonds" and by chasing off a sheriff's assistant. On 17th April some 50 Glasgow police officers were sent to effect the arrest of six ringleaders. They too were set upon by the crofters. The Government was worried. So much so that at one stage a gunboat appeared in Portree Harbour! Eventually, in March 1883, a Royal Commission was set up in response to the unrest. And in 1885 two Highland Land League candidates and three "independent Crofters" won seats in the North West of Scotland in that year's General Election. In 1886 the Crofters Act was passed as a result. It gave security of tenure to most smallholders in crofting communities. It also established a Crofting Commission to hear appeals and determine fair rents. Rents fell by 30% as a result. Arrears fell by 60%.	<urn:uuid:6931aff0-aa1d-4725-8a4d-91d4c79cf8b9>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.srsm.scot/forum-1/general-discussions/the-battle-of-the-braes-how-it-led-to-crofter-s-rights	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251789055.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129071944-20200129101944-00084.warc.gz	en	0.991606	360	3.796875	4	[ -0.295495867729187, -0.013400542549788952, 0.266080766916275, 0.31779274344444275, 0.30763328075408936, -0.08778069168329239, -0.15745066106319427, -0.2219390869140625, 0.00925222598016262, 0.32568517327308655, 0.19355428218841553, -0.21388325095176697, -0.02914385497570038, 0.121238112449...	7	In the early 1890's there was widespread discontentment amongst Highland crofters. They had little security of tenure. Few had written leases and many were dependent entirely on the goodwill of their landlords. All too often crofters were still moved off less fertile holdings to make way for sheep, grazing or for shooting. Many crofters also faced crippling poverty. Plots were too small to support families. But crofters were frequently prevented from increasing their holdings to a size that was sufficient and sustainable. Eventually matters did boil over. In April 1882 there was the Battle of the Braes on Skye at the foot of Ben Lee. Lord MacDonald tried to deprive crofters of some pasturage to which they claimed a right. Crofters then refused to pay rent. On 7th April an attempt was made to serve a "summonds of ejection" on them. The crofters responded by burning the "summonds" and by chasing off a sheriff's assistant. On 17th April some 50 Glasgow police officers were sent to effect the arrest of six ringleaders. They too were set upon by the crofters. The Government was worried. So much so that at one stage a gunboat appeared in Portree Harbour! Eventually, in March 1883, a Royal Commission was set up in response to the unrest. And in 1885 two Highland Land League candidates and three "independent Crofters" won seats in the North West of Scotland in that year's General Election. In 1886 the Crofters Act was passed as a result. It gave security of tenure to most smallholders in crofting communities. It also established a Crofting Commission to hear appeals and determine fair rents. Rents fell by 30% as a result. Arrears fell by 60%.	393	ENGLISH	1
Inca Art for Kids Three pre-Incan cultures from the Lake Titicaca Basin had a profound effect on the development of future Incan artist media and styles. The Chiripa culture existed between 1400 and 850BC. On the Bolivian side of the lake they developed sophisticated ceramic styles that included: bowls, cooking pots, and drinking vessels painted in red, black and cream polychrome paint. The Chiripa potters also produced ceramic trumpets. The trumpets are some of the earliest known instruments found in the Western Hemisphere. These people also worked with copper, tin, and brass. The Pukara culture was located 65 miles northwest of Lake Titicaca. It emerged around 400BC. The Pukara ceramics were highly sophisticated, passing through several stages of development. The vessels were slip-painted in red, yellow, and black, and decorated in pictures of birds, llamas, cats, and humans. They also developed a ceramic trumpet and drinking vessels with beakers. The Pukara were also excellent sculptors. They created both full round and flat relief stelae type carvings on stone slabs. Full round sculptures usually were of realistic human origin, while the stelae were of cats, serpents, lizards, fish, and people. The Tuahuanaco or Tiwanaku culture developed 12 miles southeast of Lake Titicaca. This culture lasted for more than 1000 years before it ended around 1000AD. It had more direct influence on the Inca Civilization than any other. These people were very technologically advanced. They worked intricately with textiles, ornate wood carvings, and gold jewelry. They also created amazing stone carvings. Artist and craftsmen were held in high esteem by Inca royalty. These specialists were recruited by the thousands to work as metal smiths, jewelers, ceramicists, and textiles. Artisans were important because the ancient Incas used textiles and jewelry as currency. Here artisans were so valuable that they were allowed to wear ear spools which was a privilege otherwise reserved for the Inca elite. The great art styles of the Andes are referred to as government or corporate art styles. This is because the ancient Inca used textiles and art work as currency. This placed artisans in direct service of the state. Artisans and craftsmen were subsidized by the government and the nature of their work was dictated by the Incan royal family. It was the great Incan ruler Pachacuti who fostered the idea of royal government and religious design motifs and iconography. It was not easy turning peasants into skilled artisans. The rulers of Cuzco turned toward the city-state of Chimor to fill this need. The lords of Chimor had subsidized legions of metallurgists in an attempt to monopolize the production and circulation of gold and silver. Next, the Incas would conquer the ancient city of Lambayeque and resettled tens of thousand of artist and craftsmen to the city of Chan Chan so that they could directly serve the Inca rulers. Almost all of this beautiful work created by the metallurgists was melted by the Spanish Conquistadors. 1875 Wood Engraving Paul Marcoy Journey South America Writer Costume Rifle - Original Engraving Entertainment Memorabilia (Authenticated) What is good info. About the aztec. It was against the law to be drunk in public in the Aztec empire, unless you were over 70 years old! use the link for more info! What is some info on the Aztecs. The Aztec people/tribe were certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica in t	<urn:uuid:3d99a7e6-77d5-4fe0-9338-e53f8ada98e1>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://the-maya.eu/Inca/inca-art-for-kids	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592394.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118081234-20200118105234-00451.warc.gz	en	0.980535	783	4.03125	4	[ -0.11064766347408295, -0.03380351886153221, 0.4351345896720886, -0.0892796441912651, -0.35771292448043823, 0.04864975064992905, 0.18952183425426483, -0.07982601225376129, -0.16290965676307678, 0.0930260568857193, 0.2289217710494995, -0.5863750576972961, -0.036486342549324036, 0.39595517516...	8	Inca Art for Kids Three pre-Incan cultures from the Lake Titicaca Basin had a profound effect on the development of future Incan artist media and styles. The Chiripa culture existed between 1400 and 850BC. On the Bolivian side of the lake they developed sophisticated ceramic styles that included: bowls, cooking pots, and drinking vessels painted in red, black and cream polychrome paint. The Chiripa potters also produced ceramic trumpets. The trumpets are some of the earliest known instruments found in the Western Hemisphere. These people also worked with copper, tin, and brass. The Pukara culture was located 65 miles northwest of Lake Titicaca. It emerged around 400BC. The Pukara ceramics were highly sophisticated, passing through several stages of development. The vessels were slip-painted in red, yellow, and black, and decorated in pictures of birds, llamas, cats, and humans. They also developed a ceramic trumpet and drinking vessels with beakers. The Pukara were also excellent sculptors. They created both full round and flat relief stelae type carvings on stone slabs. Full round sculptures usually were of realistic human origin, while the stelae were of cats, serpents, lizards, fish, and people. The Tuahuanaco or Tiwanaku culture developed 12 miles southeast of Lake Titicaca. This culture lasted for more than 1000 years before it ended around 1000AD. It had more direct influence on the Inca Civilization than any other. These people were very technologically advanced. They worked intricately with textiles, ornate wood carvings, and gold jewelry. They also created amazing stone carvings. Artist and craftsmen were held in high esteem by Inca royalty. These specialists were recruited by the thousands to work as metal smiths, jewelers, ceramicists, and textiles. Artisans were important because the ancient Incas used textiles and jewelry as currency. Here artisans were so valuable that they were allowed to wear ear spools which was a privilege otherwise reserved for the Inca elite. The great art styles of the Andes are referred to as government or corporate art styles. This is because the ancient Inca used textiles and art work as currency. This placed artisans in direct service of the state. Artisans and craftsmen were subsidized by the government and the nature of their work was dictated by the Incan royal family. It was the great Incan ruler Pachacuti who fostered the idea of royal government and religious design motifs and iconography. It was not easy turning peasants into skilled artisans. The rulers of Cuzco turned toward the city-state of Chimor to fill this need. The lords of Chimor had subsidized legions of metallurgists in an attempt to monopolize the production and circulation of gold and silver. Next, the Incas would conquer the ancient city of Lambayeque and resettled tens of thousand of artist and craftsmen to the city of Chan Chan so that they could directly serve the Inca rulers. Almost all of this beautiful work created by the metallurgists was melted by the Spanish Conquistadors. 1875 Wood Engraving Paul Marcoy Journey South America Writer Costume Rifle - Original Engraving Entertainment Memorabilia (Authenticated) What is good info. About the aztec. It was against the law to be drunk in public in the Aztec empire, unless you were over 70 years old! use the link for more info! What is some info on the Aztecs. The Aztec people/tribe were certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica in t	785	ENGLISH	1
Hawaii, December 23: American spiritual leader Ram Dass breathed his last on December 23 in Hawaii’s Maui. Richard Alpert, known as Ram Dass, was 88 years old. He was influenced by the religions of the Eastern worls and introduced them to the western countries. Ram Dass, in 1960s joined Timothy Leary for the research on Psilocybin, LSD-75 and other psychedelics. US Man Put LSD in Colleagues' Coffee and Drinks to Keep Away 'Negative Energy'. In 1967, Ram Dass visited India where he met his Guru Neem Karoli Baba who showed him a spiritual path and renamed him as Ram Dass. After he was fired from Harvard University for giving LSD to an undergraduate student as a part of his research. He was born in a Jewish family. His father, George Alpert, was a lawyer in Boston. Psychedelic Drug Use May Reduce Violence Against Partners, Says Study. His way of mediation was a mix of Hindu, Advaita, Buddhist, Sufi teachings and Jewish mysticism. Ram Dass was also an author to many books including “Be Here Now”. The spiritual guru launched the Hanuman foundation for helping his students get a more practical approach. The foundation promoted teachings of Neem Karoli Baba. He was part of the Dying Project, based in California. In 2013, Ram Dass released a memoir and summary of his teaching, “Polishing the Mirror: How to Live from Your Spiritual Heart.”	<urn:uuid:029a0eb4-58cc-48e9-8a3f-2dfec3e7ca5b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.latestly.com/world/ram-dass-american-spiritual-guru-dies-at-88-1423979.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250620381.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124130719-20200124155719-00363.warc.gz	en	0.983216	318	3.265625	3	[ 0.1209922656416893, 0.7260551452636719, -0.3127998113632202, -0.1522490233182907, -0.2965518534183502, 0.2662171721458435, 0.11508114635944366, -0.38324087858200073, 0.19488263130187988, -0.11353784799575806, -0.09180280566215515, -0.17483995854854584, 0.1406337320804596, 0.367972820997238...	1	Hawaii, December 23: American spiritual leader Ram Dass breathed his last on December 23 in Hawaii’s Maui. Richard Alpert, known as Ram Dass, was 88 years old. He was influenced by the religions of the Eastern worls and introduced them to the western countries. Ram Dass, in 1960s joined Timothy Leary for the research on Psilocybin, LSD-75 and other psychedelics. US Man Put LSD in Colleagues' Coffee and Drinks to Keep Away 'Negative Energy'. In 1967, Ram Dass visited India where he met his Guru Neem Karoli Baba who showed him a spiritual path and renamed him as Ram Dass. After he was fired from Harvard University for giving LSD to an undergraduate student as a part of his research. He was born in a Jewish family. His father, George Alpert, was a lawyer in Boston. Psychedelic Drug Use May Reduce Violence Against Partners, Says Study. His way of mediation was a mix of Hindu, Advaita, Buddhist, Sufi teachings and Jewish mysticism. Ram Dass was also an author to many books including “Be Here Now”. The spiritual guru launched the Hanuman foundation for helping his students get a more practical approach. The foundation promoted teachings of Neem Karoli Baba. He was part of the Dying Project, based in California. In 2013, Ram Dass released a memoir and summary of his teaching, “Polishing the Mirror: How to Live from Your Spiritual Heart.”	324	ENGLISH	1
How the election of December 14, 1918, led to the sitting of the first free Dáil. The Great War ended on November 11, 1918. Soon to follow would be the general election on December 14. It would be a crucial step on the journey to Irish nationhood. There were four critical actions that led to Irish freedom: - The 1916 Easter Rising - The general election of 1918 and the subsequent establishment of the First Dáil - The War of Independence 1919-1921 - The Anglo-Irish Treaty of December 6, 1921 Count Plunkett leads the way The general election of 1918 was as important as the other three events because for the Irish state to come into existence there must be not only a military solution but also a political one. And the Sinn Féiners, as they were called, became very good at the polling booth from 1917 on. It should be noted that the Irish felt endangered by England’s adventure on the continent. The biggest danger throughout 1917 and into 1918 was the English threat to start conscripting, or drafting, Irishmen into the British army. For once, the country, from the Republican leadership to the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP), to the hierarchy of the Catholic Church, stood united. The rebels’ introduction to electoral politics came in early 1917 when James J. Kelly, MP, of the Irish Parliamentary Party representing the North Roscommon constituency, died. It was decided that Count George Noble Plunkett, father of 1916 martyr Joseph Mary Plunkett, would stand for the seat. His campaign was run by Father Michael O’Flanagan. In her important book, “All in the Blood,” Geraldine Plunkett Dillon, daughter of Count Plunkett, recalls the campaign. “Pa made a favourable impression of good feeling, culture and proper democracy and he would go into a pub and take a drink and converse politely with everyone. Joe’s death was still a heavy grief to him and, in spite of his efforts not to show it, it got him down sometimes. Ma [Countess Plunkett], who joined him there, was not a success. She condescended too much and her political gossip was idiotic.” Plunkett political victory on February 3, 1917, shocked everyone, including Plunkett and the IPP. “Pa polled 3,022 votes,” Dillon wrote, “was elected with a majority of about 1,200. We had thought he might scrape in but the big majority was incredible. There was great rejoicing. The people in sympathy were experiencing a sensation new to people of that time, a sensation of success—a new kind of victory for them and for Ireland. The actual amount of support for a revolutionary policy was surprising and it became apparent that the work had to go on and that it was being pushed from below. The Irish Party followers were stunned, they described the Roscommon result as ruinous and took it very badly.” Plunkett’s victory also would lead to another important symbol of resistance. At that point, the IPP led by John Redmond was still urging Irishmen to join the British army and be slaughtered on the fields of France. The IPP was also still sitting in the parliament at Westminster, the seat of the British government. Plunkett decided that he would not take his seat at Westminster in protest against the British. “I am returned to Dublin pledged by the electors of North Roscommon to recognize no foreign authority,” Count Plunkett wrote, “to maintain the rights of Ireland to independence and to initiate Ireland’s work of taking control of her own affairs.” By taking this stand, Plunkett—and all future elected Republican parliamentary figures—would be taking Ireland’s future into their own hands without British interference. “Put Him In to Get Him Out” Three months later in May 1917, the Sinn Féin had another opportunity in Longford. Michael Collins thought it would be a good idea for Joseph McGuinness, locked up in Lewes jail for his actions during 1916, to stand for the seat. Eamon de Valera, also incarcerated in England at this time, didn’t agree. “As regards the contesting of elections questions,” de Valera wrote, “it is so extremely dangerous from several points of view that most of us here consider it unwise.” Collins decided to ignore de Valera. Even without McGuinness’ permission, Collins put him up for election with a poster proclaiming: “Put Him In to Get Him Out.” It was a close race. According to Tim Pat Coogan in his “Michael Collins: A Biography,” “On the first count the Irish Parliamentary Party candidate, Patrick MacKenna, was declared elected. However, as [Collins biographer Piaras] Beaslai puts it, ‘a bundle of uncounted votes was then discovered’ and McGuinness won by thirty-seven votes.” That’s the sanitized account. Others have said that the “recount” happened with Michael Collins holding a .45 at the head of the tallyman. The end result was that the rebels gained another seat that would not be represented at Westminster. The general election of 1918 On November 11, there were celebrations by loyalists—Trinity College students, British soldiers and Dublin Metropolitan Police—in Dublin. Drunk with hubris at the Allies’ victory, they marched up to Sinn Féin headquarters at #6 Harcourt Street and a riot ensued. Led by Harry Boland, Republicans took to the streets with cudgels to mute said celebrations. The Mater, St. Vincent’s and Jervis Street hospitals filled with injured loyalists, much to the pleasure of Michael Collins as he wrote to Austin Stack: “As a result of the various encounters there were 125 cases of wounded soldiers treated at the Dublin hospitals that night….Before morning, 3 soldiers and 1 officer had ceased to need any attention and one other died the following day. A policeman too was in a very precarious condition up to a few days ago when I ceased to take any further interest in him. He was unlikely to recover.” Thus, the stage was set for the General Election on December 14, 1918. The Republicans echoed Count Plunkett and said that they would not go to Westminster but would have their own parliament in Dublin. What resulted was an overwhelming victory for Sinn Féin as described by Tim Pat Coogan in his Collins biography: “For the moment the country was so grateful for the defeat of conscription that it obliterated the Irish Parliamentary Party and gave Sinn Féin a majority in all but four counties, Antrim, Derry, Armagh, and Down. Sinn Féin won 73 out of 105 seats. The Irish Parliamentary Party was reduced from 80 to 6 seats. The Unionists, whose voices sounded so loud at the Council Chambers of the mighty in London, made a fainter sound in Ireland, securing 315,394 votes out of a total of 1,526,910. But this was not the customary four-fifths majority of Home Rule. In this election, the electorate had cast their votes for a party that said it stood for the All-Ireland Irish Republic, sovereign and independent of England.” The first Dáil Éireann convenes While Ulster’s loyalist MPs headed for Westminster, the first Dáil convened at the Mansion House in Dublin on January 21, 1919. The Republic’s first Teachtai Dála, Deputies to the Dáil, or TDs (the Irish version of MP), were sworn in. Twenty-five—including Collins who was in England trying to break de Valera out of Lincoln Gaol, were listed as “i láthair” or “present.” Forty-three, including de Valera, were not as lucky. In their absence, they were described as being “fé ghlas ag Gallaibh,” or “imprisoned by the foreign enemy.” De Valera, sprung from prison, became the Príomh-Aire, or First Minister (AKA, Prime Minister) of the Dáil. Then in May of 1919, he disappeared to America and signed himself into the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City as the august “President” of the Irish Republic. Thus, with a flick of the pen, Príomh-Aire was no more and the world got themselves “President” de Valera. In de Valera’s absence, the Minister for Finance, Michael Collins, swiftly moved in to fill the void. In the summer of 1919 he created his infamous assassination Squad, the “Twelve Apostles,” and there was a full-blown guerrilla war underway, not only in the countryside but also in the streets of Dublin. During the height of the War of Independence, the Government of Ireland Act (AKA, the fourth Home Rule Bill) was introduced in 1920. It was described, apparently with a straight face, as “An Act to provide for the better government of Ireland.” Under this Act, the government of Northern Ireland was created on May 3, 1921. It consisted of the Ulster counties of Antrim, Armagh, Down, Fermanagh, Derry and Tyrone. When the Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed on December 6, 1921, the Northern Ireland parliament petitioned King George V to opt out of the Treaty which created the Irish Free State and which by 1949 would morph into the Republic of Ireland. Thus, on the small island of Ireland, there were two distinct and separate governments. The Anglo-Irish Treaty was approved by Dáil Éireann on January 7, 1922. The final vote was 64-57. With the establishment of the Free State, Ireland was, albeit fractured, a nation once again. * Dermot McEvoy is the author of the “The 13th Apostle: A Novel of Michael Collins and the Irish Uprising” and “Our Lady of Greenwich Village,” both now available in paperback, Kindle and Audio from Skyhorse Publishing. He may be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org. Follow him at www.dermotmcevoy.com. Follow The 13th Apostle on Facebook at https://www.facebook.com/13thApostleMcEvoy.	<urn:uuid:b4926d69-d948-46e7-b287-12be20ac82a5>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.irishcentral.com/roots/history/centenary-irish-general-election-1918	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610919.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123131001-20200123160001-00258.warc.gz	en	0.98039	2,222	3.640625	4	[ -0.03361979126930237, 0.12345791608095169, 0.09251301735639572, -0.36360254883766174, -0.21332211792469025, 0.2205304503440857, -0.12015615403652191, -0.1545192450284958, -0.03780819848179817, -0.12080277502536774, -0.07388126850128174, 0.1067846417427063, 0.0592251680791378, 0.43513798713...	4	How the election of December 14, 1918, led to the sitting of the first free Dáil. The Great War ended on November 11, 1918. Soon to follow would be the general election on December 14. It would be a crucial step on the journey to Irish nationhood. There were four critical actions that led to Irish freedom: - The 1916 Easter Rising - The general election of 1918 and the subsequent establishment of the First Dáil - The War of Independence 1919-1921 - The Anglo-Irish Treaty of December 6, 1921 Count Plunkett leads the way The general election of 1918 was as important as the other three events because for the Irish state to come into existence there must be not only a military solution but also a political one. And the Sinn Féiners, as they were called, became very good at the polling booth from 1917 on. It should be noted that the Irish felt endangered by England’s adventure on the continent. The biggest danger throughout 1917 and into 1918 was the English threat to start conscripting, or drafting, Irishmen into the British army. For once, the country, from the Republican leadership to the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP), to the hierarchy of the Catholic Church, stood united. The rebels’ introduction to electoral politics came in early 1917 when James J. Kelly, MP, of the Irish Parliamentary Party representing the North Roscommon constituency, died. It was decided that Count George Noble Plunkett, father of 1916 martyr Joseph Mary Plunkett, would stand for the seat. His campaign was run by Father Michael O’Flanagan. In her important book, “All in the Blood,” Geraldine Plunkett Dillon, daughter of Count Plunkett, recalls the campaign. “Pa made a favourable impression of good feeling, culture and proper democracy and he would go into a pub and take a drink and converse politely with everyone. Joe’s death was still a heavy grief to him and, in spite of his efforts not to show it, it got him down sometimes. Ma [Countess Plunkett], who joined him there, was not a success. She condescended too much and her political gossip was idiotic.” Plunkett political victory on February 3, 1917, shocked everyone, including Plunkett and the IPP. “Pa polled 3,022 votes,” Dillon wrote, “was elected with a majority of about 1,200. We had thought he might scrape in but the big majority was incredible. There was great rejoicing. The people in sympathy were experiencing a sensation new to people of that time, a sensation of success—a new kind of victory for them and for Ireland. The actual amount of support for a revolutionary policy was surprising and it became apparent that the work had to go on and that it was being pushed from below. The Irish Party followers were stunned, they described the Roscommon result as ruinous and took it very badly.” Plunkett’s victory also would lead to another important symbol of resistance. At that point, the IPP led by John Redmond was still urging Irishmen to join the British army and be slaughtered on the fields of France. The IPP was also still sitting in the parliament at Westminster, the seat of the British government. Plunkett decided that he would not take his seat at Westminster in protest against the British. “I am returned to Dublin pledged by the electors of North Roscommon to recognize no foreign authority,” Count Plunkett wrote, “to maintain the rights of Ireland to independence and to initiate Ireland’s work of taking control of her own affairs.” By taking this stand, Plunkett—and all future elected Republican parliamentary figures—would be taking Ireland’s future into their own hands without British interference. “Put Him In to Get Him Out” Three months later in May 1917, the Sinn Féin had another opportunity in Longford. Michael Collins thought it would be a good idea for Joseph McGuinness, locked up in Lewes jail for his actions during 1916, to stand for the seat. Eamon de Valera, also incarcerated in England at this time, didn’t agree. “As regards the contesting of elections questions,” de Valera wrote, “it is so extremely dangerous from several points of view that most of us here consider it unwise.” Collins decided to ignore de Valera. Even without McGuinness’ permission, Collins put him up for election with a poster proclaiming: “Put Him In to Get Him Out.” It was a close race. According to Tim Pat Coogan in his “Michael Collins: A Biography,” “On the first count the Irish Parliamentary Party candidate, Patrick MacKenna, was declared elected. However, as [Collins biographer Piaras] Beaslai puts it, ‘a bundle of uncounted votes was then discovered’ and McGuinness won by thirty-seven votes.” That’s the sanitized account. Others have said that the “recount” happened with Michael Collins holding a .45 at the head of the tallyman. The end result was that the rebels gained another seat that would not be represented at Westminster. The general election of 1918 On November 11, there were celebrations by loyalists—Trinity College students, British soldiers and Dublin Metropolitan Police—in Dublin. Drunk with hubris at the Allies’ victory, they marched up to Sinn Féin headquarters at #6 Harcourt Street and a riot ensued. Led by Harry Boland, Republicans took to the streets with cudgels to mute said celebrations. The Mater, St. Vincent’s and Jervis Street hospitals filled with injured loyalists, much to the pleasure of Michael Collins as he wrote to Austin Stack: “As a result of the various encounters there were 125 cases of wounded soldiers treated at the Dublin hospitals that night….Before morning, 3 soldiers and 1 officer had ceased to need any attention and one other died the following day. A policeman too was in a very precarious condition up to a few days ago when I ceased to take any further interest in him. He was unlikely to recover.” Thus, the stage was set for the General Election on December 14, 1918. The Republicans echoed Count Plunkett and said that they would not go to Westminster but would have their own parliament in Dublin. What resulted was an overwhelming victory for Sinn Féin as described by Tim Pat Coogan in his Collins biography: “For the moment the country was so grateful for the defeat of conscription that it obliterated the Irish Parliamentary Party and gave Sinn Féin a majority in all but four counties, Antrim, Derry, Armagh, and Down. Sinn Féin won 73 out of 105 seats. The Irish Parliamentary Party was reduced from 80 to 6 seats. The Unionists, whose voices sounded so loud at the Council Chambers of the mighty in London, made a fainter sound in Ireland, securing 315,394 votes out of a total of 1,526,910. But this was not the customary four-fifths majority of Home Rule. In this election, the electorate had cast their votes for a party that said it stood for the All-Ireland Irish Republic, sovereign and independent of England.” The first Dáil Éireann convenes While Ulster’s loyalist MPs headed for Westminster, the first Dáil convened at the Mansion House in Dublin on January 21, 1919. The Republic’s first Teachtai Dála, Deputies to the Dáil, or TDs (the Irish version of MP), were sworn in. Twenty-five—including Collins who was in England trying to break de Valera out of Lincoln Gaol, were listed as “i láthair” or “present.” Forty-three, including de Valera, were not as lucky. In their absence, they were described as being “fé ghlas ag Gallaibh,” or “imprisoned by the foreign enemy.” De Valera, sprung from prison, became the Príomh-Aire, or First Minister (AKA, Prime Minister) of the Dáil. Then in May of 1919, he disappeared to America and signed himself into the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City as the august “President” of the Irish Republic. Thus, with a flick of the pen, Príomh-Aire was no more and the world got themselves “President” de Valera. In de Valera’s absence, the Minister for Finance, Michael Collins, swiftly moved in to fill the void. In the summer of 1919 he created his infamous assassination Squad, the “Twelve Apostles,” and there was a full-blown guerrilla war underway, not only in the countryside but also in the streets of Dublin. During the height of the War of Independence, the Government of Ireland Act (AKA, the fourth Home Rule Bill) was introduced in 1920. It was described, apparently with a straight face, as “An Act to provide for the better government of Ireland.” Under this Act, the government of Northern Ireland was created on May 3, 1921. It consisted of the Ulster counties of Antrim, Armagh, Down, Fermanagh, Derry and Tyrone. When the Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed on December 6, 1921, the Northern Ireland parliament petitioned King George V to opt out of the Treaty which created the Irish Free State and which by 1949 would morph into the Republic of Ireland. Thus, on the small island of Ireland, there were two distinct and separate governments. The Anglo-Irish Treaty was approved by Dáil Éireann on January 7, 1922. The final vote was 64-57. With the establishment of the Free State, Ireland was, albeit fractured, a nation once again. * Dermot McEvoy is the author of the “The 13th Apostle: A Novel of Michael Collins and the Irish Uprising” and “Our Lady of Greenwich Village,” both now available in paperback, Kindle and Audio from Skyhorse Publishing. He may be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org. Follow him at www.dermotmcevoy.com. Follow The 13th Apostle on Facebook at https://www.facebook.com/13thApostleMcEvoy.	2,220	ENGLISH	1
The English people chose to establish social classes by the colors they wore and this had an affect on costumes used in theatre. Secondly, priests were considered leaders and forms of authority; much importance was given to them by the ordinary citizens. However the times were very unsanitary. The privateers were actually encouraged by the government to pillage their enemies. Elizabethan England was a time of change, because of its developments, cultural traditions, entertainment, theatre, battlefield victories, and explorations of the New World Witchcraft is a form of magic that is used against religion and medical purposes. There was no way for the poor to get help that they needed. She believed in the absolute power of the Queen and that God had pointed her to be his deputy in the Kingdom. There was some much to do as the times were changing rapidly. History tends to focus on the military achievements of the time, such as the successful defeat of the Spanish Armada in , or the religious developments of the time, such as the overthrow of the Catholic Church in England and the implementation of the Protestant Church. There was a specific punishment for everything from begging to high treason. Without doubt, the most important task following her accession was to resolve the ideological divisions in the country brought about by the religious changes in the past three monarch's reigns. The discovery of phosphorus, the flushing toilet, and even magnetism came out of this period. The catalyst for such a divide culminated in the 16th Century, where courageous reformers like Martin Luther and Jean Calvin found the practices of the Roman Catholic Church absolutely corrupt, and sought reformation of such practices. This is natural as he is considered to be the greatest figure of English Literature. The Elizabethan theater flourishes the pieces of William Shakespeare and others, it also revolutionizes the way to write dramas. The renaissance, helped spark this movement by inspiring scientific and artistic creativity throughout the land. A battle was brewing during these times. It also affected the people as those of the two religions did not trust each other and conflicts would break out, thus shaping the mind sets of the people There were many different beliefs and diseases, like the Plague. One of the changes during this era was the revolution of a new industry. All through London theatre was very popular. But one type stands out among the rest, and that is Kabuki theatre. Other popular venues were gambling dens and houses. Conclusion of elizabethan era The most common weapons used were crossbows, longbows, war hammers, spears, early forms of pistol and cannons. Medicine remained attached to astrology and other beliefs such as the supernatural. They said that the main cause of how it kept on getting transmitted and still going on was because rodents and other insects such as rats lice and fleas kept contaminating everything. Not since ancient Athens has there been such gluttony of talent, producing stories for the ages. It was arguably one of the first major challenges to the omnipotent control of the Roman Catholic Church. Over the Medieval period, weapons were advancing and the elegant rapier began to be obsolete as the musket became popular. The reason behind this is that she never wedded or gave birth a son to proceed with her legacy. Fashion has been around for many years, and whether we know it or not, Elizabethan fashion has influenced the way modern fashion is today This paper will provide you with more information about the music during the Elizabethan era. As alluded to be the name of the period this was during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. However, they are oppressed and not given the same fundamental, human rights as men, like access to education, leaving this discrimination and sexism to span over prolonged periods of time. The emphasis on magic and astrology, however, lessened in Elizabethan times. It was a highly fashioned age that prized a look that was artificial, elaborate, and striking. Furthermore, the people in general didn't not just hold certain morals, but the different classes in the Victorian society also held their own beliefs on moral code. Another one would be an attraction based on sexual desire or an affection and tenderness felt by lovers. Queen Elizabeth I she ruled England over five hundred ago. They also could not act. based on 27 review	<urn:uuid:bb4150c2-9f88-4370-9490-fdd3b5d03268>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://lisylafadiciwu.whatshanesaid.com/elizabethan-essay599609894vi.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251669967.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125041318-20200125070318-00068.warc.gz	en	0.981831	864	3.484375	3	[ 0.03266996145248413, 0.06504831463098526, 0.7122819423675537, -0.12749269604682922, -0.14199452102184296, 0.13730058073997498, 0.03645560145378113, 0.24314235150814056, -0.11060098558664322, -0.2251586616039276, -0.16750873625278473, 0.19159147143363953, 0.09306301176548004, 0.183802455663...	1	The English people chose to establish social classes by the colors they wore and this had an affect on costumes used in theatre. Secondly, priests were considered leaders and forms of authority; much importance was given to them by the ordinary citizens. However the times were very unsanitary. The privateers were actually encouraged by the government to pillage their enemies. Elizabethan England was a time of change, because of its developments, cultural traditions, entertainment, theatre, battlefield victories, and explorations of the New World Witchcraft is a form of magic that is used against religion and medical purposes. There was no way for the poor to get help that they needed. She believed in the absolute power of the Queen and that God had pointed her to be his deputy in the Kingdom. There was some much to do as the times were changing rapidly. History tends to focus on the military achievements of the time, such as the successful defeat of the Spanish Armada in , or the religious developments of the time, such as the overthrow of the Catholic Church in England and the implementation of the Protestant Church. There was a specific punishment for everything from begging to high treason. Without doubt, the most important task following her accession was to resolve the ideological divisions in the country brought about by the religious changes in the past three monarch's reigns. The discovery of phosphorus, the flushing toilet, and even magnetism came out of this period. The catalyst for such a divide culminated in the 16th Century, where courageous reformers like Martin Luther and Jean Calvin found the practices of the Roman Catholic Church absolutely corrupt, and sought reformation of such practices. This is natural as he is considered to be the greatest figure of English Literature. The Elizabethan theater flourishes the pieces of William Shakespeare and others, it also revolutionizes the way to write dramas. The renaissance, helped spark this movement by inspiring scientific and artistic creativity throughout the land. A battle was brewing during these times. It also affected the people as those of the two religions did not trust each other and conflicts would break out, thus shaping the mind sets of the people There were many different beliefs and diseases, like the Plague. One of the changes during this era was the revolution of a new industry. All through London theatre was very popular. But one type stands out among the rest, and that is Kabuki theatre. Other popular venues were gambling dens and houses. Conclusion of elizabethan era The most common weapons used were crossbows, longbows, war hammers, spears, early forms of pistol and cannons. Medicine remained attached to astrology and other beliefs such as the supernatural. They said that the main cause of how it kept on getting transmitted and still going on was because rodents and other insects such as rats lice and fleas kept contaminating everything. Not since ancient Athens has there been such gluttony of talent, producing stories for the ages. It was arguably one of the first major challenges to the omnipotent control of the Roman Catholic Church. Over the Medieval period, weapons were advancing and the elegant rapier began to be obsolete as the musket became popular. The reason behind this is that she never wedded or gave birth a son to proceed with her legacy. Fashion has been around for many years, and whether we know it or not, Elizabethan fashion has influenced the way modern fashion is today This paper will provide you with more information about the music during the Elizabethan era. As alluded to be the name of the period this was during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. However, they are oppressed and not given the same fundamental, human rights as men, like access to education, leaving this discrimination and sexism to span over prolonged periods of time. The emphasis on magic and astrology, however, lessened in Elizabethan times. It was a highly fashioned age that prized a look that was artificial, elaborate, and striking. Furthermore, the people in general didn't not just hold certain morals, but the different classes in the Victorian society also held their own beliefs on moral code. Another one would be an attraction based on sexual desire or an affection and tenderness felt by lovers. Queen Elizabeth I she ruled England over five hundred ago. They also could not act. based on 27 review	862	ENGLISH	1
Magna Carta Short Summary The “Magna Carta” is a charter of rights that was approved and agreed to by John, King of England and Stephen Langton. The agreement took place in June 1215 in Windsor. The first charter was drafted to create peace between a king and some barons. It is viewed as one of the crucial peace treaties in history. A Quick Look into the Story King John is remembered in history as a poor king. This is because he tried to dethrone his brother and take the crown for himself while Richard had gone out of his country. King John was also the royal backing of the known Robin Hood society. However, it is also King John who gave the world Magna Carta, which came to be one of the most important documents in history. The main reason for the Magna Carta was to make the king and the barons leave the meadow without any further bloodshed. It had several clauses that advocated the release of war prisoners, and everyone getting home alive and intact. Secondly, it contained a list of various grievances that were directed to King Johns ruling. King John was known to abuse power by making up taxes and claiming the land he did not own and even delivering judgment to people before allowing them to be tried. John was great in administration but unskilled in matters of war. Even the church clergy feared him because he took possessions from the church. The church even excommunicated him in 1209. The Magna Carta was to ensure that he did not go back to these ways, and that is why the barons were open to it. The church got granted its previous privileges. They also ensured that there were clauses for legal proceedings and justice. The adherence to the Magna Carta, the barons, were given a clause and the power to enforce it if the king goes astray.	<urn:uuid:0c2865df-de4b-4859-a888-1578d8b8b5d2>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://summarystory.com/magna-carta/magna-carta-short-summary/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595787.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119234426-20200120022426-00367.warc.gz	en	0.991694	384	4.21875	4	[ -0.3935166299343109, 0.4075501263141632, 0.36967262625694275, -0.20454178750514984, -0.3353259265422821, 0.0970870777964592, 0.4677550494670868, -0.0493200458586216, 0.183305561542511, 0.20311982929706573, -0.39930179715156555, -0.015393203124403954, 0.2907939553260803, 0.1950310915708542,...	11	Magna Carta Short Summary The “Magna Carta” is a charter of rights that was approved and agreed to by John, King of England and Stephen Langton. The agreement took place in June 1215 in Windsor. The first charter was drafted to create peace between a king and some barons. It is viewed as one of the crucial peace treaties in history. A Quick Look into the Story King John is remembered in history as a poor king. This is because he tried to dethrone his brother and take the crown for himself while Richard had gone out of his country. King John was also the royal backing of the known Robin Hood society. However, it is also King John who gave the world Magna Carta, which came to be one of the most important documents in history. The main reason for the Magna Carta was to make the king and the barons leave the meadow without any further bloodshed. It had several clauses that advocated the release of war prisoners, and everyone getting home alive and intact. Secondly, it contained a list of various grievances that were directed to King Johns ruling. King John was known to abuse power by making up taxes and claiming the land he did not own and even delivering judgment to people before allowing them to be tried. John was great in administration but unskilled in matters of war. Even the church clergy feared him because he took possessions from the church. The church even excommunicated him in 1209. The Magna Carta was to ensure that he did not go back to these ways, and that is why the barons were open to it. The church got granted its previous privileges. They also ensured that there were clauses for legal proceedings and justice. The adherence to the Magna Carta, the barons, were given a clause and the power to enforce it if the king goes astray.	387	ENGLISH	1
Understanding Drought Stress in Cereal Crops Jeff Dahlberg is the Director at the University of California Ag and Natural Resources Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center. He and his team are analyzing how the sorghum plant responds to varying levels of drought stress. Dahlberg…”We've, we've always known that drought is not an easy thing to really understand. And, we saw that in this case as well. There's lots of genes that get turned on and off. Depending on what kind of response we're seeing in either pre- or post-flowering drought stress. It seems that the roots are much more sensitive to that as well. So we were seeing lots of genes being turned off when the drought was trying to impact the roots. But that also had an impact on some of these microbial communities that we were looking at as well. So there seems to be some interaction between the genes and how the roots were responding to how these communities were responding as well. It's just incredible the amount of information that we have and also how little we understand how these plants are really interacting.” Dahlberg hopes these findings in sorghum will lead to a better understanding of drought tolerance in all cereal grains.	<urn:uuid:f6027435-4760-48ca-aa69-b9bb27d60b6e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.aginfo.net/report/44541/Market-Line/Understanding-Drought-Stress-in-Cereal-Crops	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598726.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120110422-20200120134422-00201.warc.gz	en	0.985721	253	3.375	3	[ -0.13823136687278748, 0.3056986331939697, 0.15184922516345978, 0.4456845223903656, 0.9941417574882507, -0.2700619399547577, -0.05587159842252731, -0.25418412685394287, -0.37011274695396423, -0.00018350654863752425, -0.09462262690067291, -0.5951916575431824, 0.35607656836509705, -0.05427585...	4	Understanding Drought Stress in Cereal Crops Jeff Dahlberg is the Director at the University of California Ag and Natural Resources Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center. He and his team are analyzing how the sorghum plant responds to varying levels of drought stress. Dahlberg…”We've, we've always known that drought is not an easy thing to really understand. And, we saw that in this case as well. There's lots of genes that get turned on and off. Depending on what kind of response we're seeing in either pre- or post-flowering drought stress. It seems that the roots are much more sensitive to that as well. So we were seeing lots of genes being turned off when the drought was trying to impact the roots. But that also had an impact on some of these microbial communities that we were looking at as well. So there seems to be some interaction between the genes and how the roots were responding to how these communities were responding as well. It's just incredible the amount of information that we have and also how little we understand how these plants are really interacting.” Dahlberg hopes these findings in sorghum will lead to a better understanding of drought tolerance in all cereal grains.	245	ENGLISH	1
Two more 16th-century anchors have been found at the spot where conquistador Hernan Cortes is believed to have scuttled his ships, experts said Monday. Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History said that while the anchors can't be positively IDed as belonging to Cortes' fleet, they appear to match the time period, the AP reports. Another Spanish expedition came to the area just after Cortes, so the anchors could have been from those ships. An anchor previously found in 2018 still had its wood crosspiece, and the wood has been dated to between 1450 and 1530. The wood was IDed as a type of oak that grows in northern Spain. Neither of the two anchors found this year still had wood, but the anchor design appeared to be from the same period. The institute said the two anchors were found by divers in the Gulf of Mexico near the town of Antigua. Veracruz. It said the two anchors were in water about 33 to 50 feet deep, buried in about a yard of sediment, and that they'd be reburied in the sediment to preserve them. The anchors were found lying in positions indicating they were part of a fleet. However, "Villa Rica," as the port was once known, was a busy port that hosted many ships until it changed location around 1600. A magnetic seabed survey suggests 15 additional sites may contain anchors. Cortes landed in Veracruz in April 1519 and is said to have ordered 10 of his ships scuttled to prevent 400 troops from deserting. Outnumbered by Aztec warriors, Cortes allied with other indigenous groups and conquered the Aztecs in 1521. Mexico has struggled with how to mark the 500th anniversary of the conquest, which resulted in the death of a large part of the country's pre-Hispanic population. (Read more Mexico	<urn:uuid:81cb25cf-1173-4e54-bef2-40693b324c56>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.newser.com/story/284535/mexico-may-have-found-2-more-of-conquistadors-anchors.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604397.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121132900-20200121161900-00399.warc.gz	en	0.989444	384	3.375	3	[ 0.03913971409201622, 0.2667486071586609, 0.14421476423740387, -0.30953851342201233, 0.07458154112100601, -0.19427751004695892, -0.31905287504196167, 0.12320894002914429, 0.024059075862169266, -0.6605257987976074, 0.3610728085041046, -0.12863194942474365, -0.4038970172405243, 0.088216252624...	5	Two more 16th-century anchors have been found at the spot where conquistador Hernan Cortes is believed to have scuttled his ships, experts said Monday. Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History said that while the anchors can't be positively IDed as belonging to Cortes' fleet, they appear to match the time period, the AP reports. Another Spanish expedition came to the area just after Cortes, so the anchors could have been from those ships. An anchor previously found in 2018 still had its wood crosspiece, and the wood has been dated to between 1450 and 1530. The wood was IDed as a type of oak that grows in northern Spain. Neither of the two anchors found this year still had wood, but the anchor design appeared to be from the same period. The institute said the two anchors were found by divers in the Gulf of Mexico near the town of Antigua. Veracruz. It said the two anchors were in water about 33 to 50 feet deep, buried in about a yard of sediment, and that they'd be reburied in the sediment to preserve them. The anchors were found lying in positions indicating they were part of a fleet. However, "Villa Rica," as the port was once known, was a busy port that hosted many ships until it changed location around 1600. A magnetic seabed survey suggests 15 additional sites may contain anchors. Cortes landed in Veracruz in April 1519 and is said to have ordered 10 of his ships scuttled to prevent 400 troops from deserting. Outnumbered by Aztec warriors, Cortes allied with other indigenous groups and conquered the Aztecs in 1521. Mexico has struggled with how to mark the 500th anniversary of the conquest, which resulted in the death of a large part of the country's pre-Hispanic population. (Read more Mexico	415	ENGLISH	1
Column: Pioneers tamed wilderness Before the dams were built on the Ohio River, it was a like a highway, easy to cross. As a result both sides of the river have similar development and the residents lead similar lives. It was like a small community where both sides socialized, worked and even married. Hamilton County was established in 1790 and Boone County in 1798. Both sides had Indian ruins. In 1783 George Washington and a group of French and Continental officers started the Society of Cincinnati. Its purpose was to preserve the rights and liberties they fought for and to foster the bonds of friendship they had formed. In Ohio, John Cleves Symmes was a founding member of the organization. He bought 311,682 acres from the Congress in 1788, which he had to sell. He encouraged member and soldiers to come to Ohio and Kentucky to use their land grants for the fertile Ohio River Valley. As a result the residents were military officers from the Revolutionary War and their friends. The soldiers turned their land grants from war into large plantations. John Cleves Symmes started the village of North Bend. He built a mansion house in North Bend and many cabins. His son in law, President William Henry Harrison, had a large tract of land and built a mansion house and established Cleves. The only thing remaining to remember these families is the Congress Green Cemetery. In Ohio, Capt. John Matson settled on 240 acres on the Muddy Creek which is now Sayler Park. Peter Cross was not an officer, but he obtained an 80-acre land grant which became industry, and is now part of Sayler Park. Col. Cornelius Sedam obtained a 640-acre land grant which became Sedamsville and Riverside. On his land he started a camp for wounded military soldiers. Revolutionary War officer Zebulon Pike, also from New Jersey, settled in Lawrenceburg, Indiana. He was the father of famous explorer Zebulon Montgomery Pike. Across from North Bend, Ohio, was North Bend, Kentucky. Cave Johnson, a Kentucky militia colonel, built a large Federal-style mansion facing the river. He was from Virginia and traveled across the river frequently to visit William Henry Harrison. Capt. John Brown built Sugar Grove Plantation on 650 acres of fertile land. He was friends with John Cleves Symmes and they frequently visited each other. They both were widowers and had daughters that married military officers. Anna Symmes married William Henry Harrison and Clara Brown married Zebulon Montgomery Pike. Colonel Jacob Piatt served with George Washington and was in the society. He was seriously injured in the war. With his land grants he built a mansion called Federal Hall, west of North Bend over looking the Ohio River. Brig. Gen. Zebulon Montgomery Pike’s wife, Clara, lived on Sugar Grove Plantation while he was out exploring Pike’s Peak. His daughter married John Cleves Symmes Harrison. The only thing remaining of these families is the Pike/Brown/Harrison cemetery. These were the leaders among the pioneers that came to the wilderness and tamed it. Betty Kamuf is a winner of Griffin Yeatman Award for Historical Preservation. She lives in Sayler Park. You can email her at firstname.lastname@example.org.	<urn:uuid:d2b8be5b-91ec-4f48-a066-f0f6ab76ab41>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/local/community-news/2017/06/28/column-pioneers-tamed-wilderness-give-us-ohio-kentucky/103143610/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601040.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120224950-20200121013950-00518.warc.gz	en	0.98196	682	3.328125	3	[ -0.3412584662437439, 0.4782004952430725, 0.28655725717544556, 0.09055300056934357, -0.3596622943878174, 0.23058319091796875, 0.11724208295345306, -0.16598540544509888, -0.19857534766197205, -0.19561411440372467, 0.158418208360672, -0.2347082495689392, 0.28434813022613525, 0.330115616321563...	1	Column: Pioneers tamed wilderness Before the dams were built on the Ohio River, it was a like a highway, easy to cross. As a result both sides of the river have similar development and the residents lead similar lives. It was like a small community where both sides socialized, worked and even married. Hamilton County was established in 1790 and Boone County in 1798. Both sides had Indian ruins. In 1783 George Washington and a group of French and Continental officers started the Society of Cincinnati. Its purpose was to preserve the rights and liberties they fought for and to foster the bonds of friendship they had formed. In Ohio, John Cleves Symmes was a founding member of the organization. He bought 311,682 acres from the Congress in 1788, which he had to sell. He encouraged member and soldiers to come to Ohio and Kentucky to use their land grants for the fertile Ohio River Valley. As a result the residents were military officers from the Revolutionary War and their friends. The soldiers turned their land grants from war into large plantations. John Cleves Symmes started the village of North Bend. He built a mansion house in North Bend and many cabins. His son in law, President William Henry Harrison, had a large tract of land and built a mansion house and established Cleves. The only thing remaining to remember these families is the Congress Green Cemetery. In Ohio, Capt. John Matson settled on 240 acres on the Muddy Creek which is now Sayler Park. Peter Cross was not an officer, but he obtained an 80-acre land grant which became industry, and is now part of Sayler Park. Col. Cornelius Sedam obtained a 640-acre land grant which became Sedamsville and Riverside. On his land he started a camp for wounded military soldiers. Revolutionary War officer Zebulon Pike, also from New Jersey, settled in Lawrenceburg, Indiana. He was the father of famous explorer Zebulon Montgomery Pike. Across from North Bend, Ohio, was North Bend, Kentucky. Cave Johnson, a Kentucky militia colonel, built a large Federal-style mansion facing the river. He was from Virginia and traveled across the river frequently to visit William Henry Harrison. Capt. John Brown built Sugar Grove Plantation on 650 acres of fertile land. He was friends with John Cleves Symmes and they frequently visited each other. They both were widowers and had daughters that married military officers. Anna Symmes married William Henry Harrison and Clara Brown married Zebulon Montgomery Pike. Colonel Jacob Piatt served with George Washington and was in the society. He was seriously injured in the war. With his land grants he built a mansion called Federal Hall, west of North Bend over looking the Ohio River. Brig. Gen. Zebulon Montgomery Pike’s wife, Clara, lived on Sugar Grove Plantation while he was out exploring Pike’s Peak. His daughter married John Cleves Symmes Harrison. The only thing remaining of these families is the Pike/Brown/Harrison cemetery. These were the leaders among the pioneers that came to the wilderness and tamed it. Betty Kamuf is a winner of Griffin Yeatman Award for Historical Preservation. She lives in Sayler Park. You can email her at firstname.lastname@example.org.	688	ENGLISH	1
Put in your water and shovel in your coal. Put your head out the window, watch them drivers roll! I'll run her till she leaves the rail, Cause we're eight hours late with the western mail! From the US folksong Casey Jones, attributed to Newton and Seibert (1909) THE development of the American west, to a very large extent, depended upon the steam locomotive. Not only did the coal-driven trains of the transcontinental railroad transport the mail, but such items as tools, produce, and people were carried by this service. Long before Casey Jones, and long before the taming of steam, people had investigated the physics of the steam engine. In fact, as briefly discussed in Chapter 3, demonstrations of thrust produced by steam escaping from a vent may be the first historical application of the rocket principle. In 50 BC, Hero of Alexandria constructed an "aeropile," which consisted of a boiler and two vertical pipes that were attached to a horizontal axle on which a hollow sphere was mounted. A vent was located within the sphere. The boiler was filled with water. A fire was lit under the boiler; steam rose into the hollow sphere and was forced out of the vent. The reaction to this "thrust" caused the aeropile to spin, much to the delight of onlookers. Perhaps, if this device had been productively employed in the Greco-Roman world, the Industrial Revolution would have dawned 1,500 years earlier! But alas, the application of the aeropile might have reduced the need for menial labor, and slavery was a sociologically important institution in the classical world. Many centuries after Hero, engineers realized that the vented steam could be impacted against the blades of a turbine, and so the steamboat was born, in which the spinning turbine was itself attached to a paddlewheel. These water craft successfully competed with and ultimately replaced sailing ships. In the nineteenth century, the spinning turbine was attached to a wheel axle, miles of track were laid and the first coal-fueled locomotives began to chug across the landscape. Today, a new type of steamship is being considered. This one uses a very different type of steam and will travel between planets, not just across a continent. It is called a solar-thermal rocket. Was this article helpful? Lets start by identifying what exactly certain boats are. Sometimes the terminology can get lost on beginners, so well look at some of the most common boats and what theyre called. These boats are exactly what the name implies. They are meant to be used for fishing. Most fishing boats are powered by outboard motors, and many also have a trolling motor mounted on the bow. Bass boats can be made of aluminium or fibreglass.	<urn:uuid:96d878c0-7ed3-414d-8d64-5ad5b0cc51d3>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.astronomyclub.xyz/electric-propulsion/steam-lcmtbve.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592261.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118052321-20200118080321-00380.warc.gz	en	0.981192	576	3.828125	4	[ -0.20146191120147705, 0.16006413102149963, 0.26113808155059814, 0.021602250635623932, -0.3574376106262207, 0.10403366386890411, -0.06315700709819794, 0.11145016551017761, -0.49931198358535767, -0.004437755793333054, -0.13399679958820343, -0.1755629926919937, -0.2787354290485382, -0.0439813...	1	Put in your water and shovel in your coal. Put your head out the window, watch them drivers roll! I'll run her till she leaves the rail, Cause we're eight hours late with the western mail! From the US folksong Casey Jones, attributed to Newton and Seibert (1909) THE development of the American west, to a very large extent, depended upon the steam locomotive. Not only did the coal-driven trains of the transcontinental railroad transport the mail, but such items as tools, produce, and people were carried by this service. Long before Casey Jones, and long before the taming of steam, people had investigated the physics of the steam engine. In fact, as briefly discussed in Chapter 3, demonstrations of thrust produced by steam escaping from a vent may be the first historical application of the rocket principle. In 50 BC, Hero of Alexandria constructed an "aeropile," which consisted of a boiler and two vertical pipes that were attached to a horizontal axle on which a hollow sphere was mounted. A vent was located within the sphere. The boiler was filled with water. A fire was lit under the boiler; steam rose into the hollow sphere and was forced out of the vent. The reaction to this "thrust" caused the aeropile to spin, much to the delight of onlookers. Perhaps, if this device had been productively employed in the Greco-Roman world, the Industrial Revolution would have dawned 1,500 years earlier! But alas, the application of the aeropile might have reduced the need for menial labor, and slavery was a sociologically important institution in the classical world. Many centuries after Hero, engineers realized that the vented steam could be impacted against the blades of a turbine, and so the steamboat was born, in which the spinning turbine was itself attached to a paddlewheel. These water craft successfully competed with and ultimately replaced sailing ships. In the nineteenth century, the spinning turbine was attached to a wheel axle, miles of track were laid and the first coal-fueled locomotives began to chug across the landscape. Today, a new type of steamship is being considered. This one uses a very different type of steam and will travel between planets, not just across a continent. It is called a solar-thermal rocket. Was this article helpful? Lets start by identifying what exactly certain boats are. Sometimes the terminology can get lost on beginners, so well look at some of the most common boats and what theyre called. These boats are exactly what the name implies. They are meant to be used for fishing. Most fishing boats are powered by outboard motors, and many also have a trolling motor mounted on the bow. Bass boats can be made of aluminium or fibreglass.	569	ENGLISH	1
Zurich developed a particularly active coinage during the 18th century. The city could well afford it. Thanks to considerable profits from the textile industry, more then 3 million guldens flowed into its treasury between 1672 and 1798. To find a reasonable use for these funds (and thus to make more money), the Zurich authorities initiated an 'interest committee' in the 1750s. it was the beginning of Zurich as a financial center. President of the committee became Johann Jacob Leu, the city’s financial minister at that time. The company was located in the town hall, and given the name of 'Leu et Compagnie'. It was later to become Bank Leu. 'Leu et Compagnie' turned Zurich into a courted city, with whose help many a prince hoped to improve his desolate financial situation. Soon the company was in business with many European noble houses. Best known is the case of the Austrian archduchess Maria Theresa who requested – and got – a loan over 30,000 guldens.	<urn:uuid:64d7cfaf-51a1-43ad-a9d5-e322046ac97b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.moneymuseum.com/en/coins?id=1440	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783000.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128184745-20200128214745-00207.warc.gz	en	0.982296	216	3.375	3	[ -0.09056750684976578, 0.2502323091030121, -0.08516943454742432, -0.07275638729333878, 0.039859041571617126, -0.5609984397888184, -0.09715501219034195, 0.20845802128314972, -0.03456367179751396, 0.17000477015972137, 0.09822503477334976, -0.1671600639820099, 0.010776114650070667, 0.146229341...	6	Zurich developed a particularly active coinage during the 18th century. The city could well afford it. Thanks to considerable profits from the textile industry, more then 3 million guldens flowed into its treasury between 1672 and 1798. To find a reasonable use for these funds (and thus to make more money), the Zurich authorities initiated an 'interest committee' in the 1750s. it was the beginning of Zurich as a financial center. President of the committee became Johann Jacob Leu, the city’s financial minister at that time. The company was located in the town hall, and given the name of 'Leu et Compagnie'. It was later to become Bank Leu. 'Leu et Compagnie' turned Zurich into a courted city, with whose help many a prince hoped to improve his desolate financial situation. Soon the company was in business with many European noble houses. Best known is the case of the Austrian archduchess Maria Theresa who requested – and got – a loan over 30,000 guldens.	230	ENGLISH	1
by Brianny Martinez The story behind this chest begins about 150 years ago, in South Carolina with a slave owner named Jacob Cooley. He commanded his slave, Hosea, to build a chest for him. When Hosea completed the task, Cooley was unsatisfied with the chest that Hosea built so he beat him to death. Hosea’s fellow slaves avenged his death by asking a conjurer to curse the chest. The curse is believed to have led to the death of 17 people close to Cooley because these people inherited the chest after him. His brother, for example, was stabbed to death by his servant after gaining ownership of the chest. Eventually, the curse was lifted by a conjure woman and it now resides in the Kentucky History Museum.	<urn:uuid:b8ffa08d-6a94-456c-a2ae-f6380ff20d94>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://sghsrambler.com/2018/01/18/2018-1-15-the-conjure-chest/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608295.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123041345-20200123070345-00122.warc.gz	en	0.988388	161	3.28125	3	[ -0.2414817363023758, 0.4103572368621826, 0.4209250509738922, -0.19783076643943787, -0.2445630133152008, -0.04336363822221756, 0.705356776714325, -0.35218551754951477, -0.10630025714635849, 0.10981359332799911, 0.0459945872426033, -0.10246815532445908, -0.15947577357292175, 0.12806615233421...	7	by Brianny Martinez The story behind this chest begins about 150 years ago, in South Carolina with a slave owner named Jacob Cooley. He commanded his slave, Hosea, to build a chest for him. When Hosea completed the task, Cooley was unsatisfied with the chest that Hosea built so he beat him to death. Hosea’s fellow slaves avenged his death by asking a conjurer to curse the chest. The curse is believed to have led to the death of 17 people close to Cooley because these people inherited the chest after him. His brother, for example, was stabbed to death by his servant after gaining ownership of the chest. Eventually, the curse was lifted by a conjure woman and it now resides in the Kentucky History Museum.	161	ENGLISH	1
Elements of Music Music is referred to as the art of combining different sounds arranged in a manner that makes them produce something that is continuous, evocative and unified through harmony, melody, rhythm as well as timbre. According to Webster’s II, music does not have a single meaning as it may mean different thing to different people. Webster also claimed that music is a unique aspect of any person’s life and gives an example with a musician. To a musician, music is all their life as they do it for their daily needs and so their passion is highly tied to the music. To others, music is their source of pleasure and a way through which they are able to pass time. In other people, music arouses their interests and makes them feel that they can only express their feelings through the music whether through listening to it or doing it that is through singing (Dorrell, 2005). A fan on the other hand might learn music as well as how to play the instruments but since they do not possess that passion that a musician has, they just do everything for fun. Another group of people may consider music as a way of relaxing while others enjoy listening to the sounds rhythms and melodies that music brings to their minds, hearts and ears. It is therefore clear that music has different impacts on people’s lives depending on how they perceive it. \|Watch out! This sample can be used by anyone… Order your own unique sample on “Elements of Music” *Service is provided by our writing partner Gradesfixer. Different people have tried to bring in the deeper meaning of music in respect to different perspectives. Music is seen a s a science since it is specific, exact and demand for exact acoustics. The full score of a conductor is a graph which is used to indicate frequencies, volume changes, intensities , harmony and melody as well a the exact control of time that is required to make all these work in harmony and bring out the music that is deserved. It is also mathematical since it is mainly based on subdivisions that divide it into fractions and for any music to be successful, this must be done even though not on paper as would be expected. It is also considered as a foreign language since it uses many terms that are borrowed from other languages which include Italian, French and Germany. The music notation is not also English and endash (Dorrell, 2005). It is a highly developed type of shorthand and makes the use of symbols to represent ideas. The music semantics happens to be the most complete as well as being the universal language. Music is also a history since it reflects on the environment and the times within which it was created. Sometimes it also gets to the extent of a country as well as the racial feeling that it brings about. Music is physical education since any of the body movements associated with it must be coordinated with the sounds to enhance harmony and rhythm. Music is an art since it allows people to erase all these technical definitions and enables them express their emotions and this is one thing that science can never be able to duplicate that is humanism. Essentially, there are different types of music and it is also clear that different people have different tastes for music. Some people like listening to blues which is soft music and mostly attached to love feelings. Others may prefer gospel music since that is the only way in which they feel that they maintain their closeness with God. Soft music makes the mind relax and enables one to reflect on their past and even try to create their future based on their past. Others claim that once they listen to some music they are able to let go the hard things that surround their daily lives and create a world that they feel they do not have hard times. Other people prefer rock music while others want music that will enable them to dance (Levitin, 2008). According to these people, dancing is a way through which they are able to express their feelings and once they dance they tend to feel that they are free from what they were experiencing. There are therefore different types or genres of music and which are preferred different by many people. Research has found that music is something that many people love listening to and almost everyone in the world has their taste of music which makes them feel better once they listen to it. In relation to this, different music is also played in different occasions so that every place has music that is applicable. There is music that is played in the church and not in any other place. Other music can only be played in the clubs and depending on occasions, some music is only played in burial ceremonies while other music is played in wedding ceremonies. It is thus clear that different music applies differently and to different occasions. It has also been found that people like listening to music at their comfort so that some prefer loud music while other prefers listening to music through their headsets. Different types of music could also be explained through the different times when it was created. For example some music is tied to the colonization period of nations thus its history. Research has found that music affects the mood of an individual since music and mood are highly interrelated. The changes in moods do not only affect how one feel but also how they perceive things. This is because all music has some message behind it and once the message has been transmitted into one’s mind, they start creating a perception that either makes them happy or sad. This explains why some people will be found smiling throughout since they have a good feeling about themselves while others are found to be sad or sorrowful and this is dependent on the message behind the music that they are always found listening to (Walton, 1974). A research done by Jacob Jolij and Maaike Meurs of the Psychology Department in the University of Groningen has shown that music has dramatic effects on the perception of any individual and this explains why some people are found to be always happy even though there is nothing to make them happy but the music dictates their mood.. On the other hand, other people are found to be sad since they are always listening to music with sad messages and therefore they feel that there is nothing to be happy about. It is through expectation that people feel different after listening to the different types of music. Through research it was found out that some people preferred listening to a particular pieces of music. The researchers were able to find out that the main reason as to why people preferred such music as sad music was because they felt that the music was beautiful or because it had beautiful words in it. According to researchers, listening to such kind of music was a way of enhancing moods by the individuals. After assessing some people, the researchers found out that most people, who underwent sad situations in their lives, choose to listened to sad music. The reason behind this was based on their expectations as they listened to that kind of music. The fact that they thought they would be consoled after such music made people yearn to listen to music that best suited the situations they had gone through in their lives (Levitin, 2008). According to psychologists on the other hand, some people listened to some music with the aim of triggering past memories which made them sad and in doing this, they do not achieve the aim of being better but they end up ruining their moods. It was therefore clear that those people who succeeded in enhancing their moods were those who were able to recognize the aesthetic value of music. Music acts as a source of encouragement in some people’s lives. It cannot be said that people only listen to one type of music but people should admit that different types of music create different impacts’ in people’s lives. For example, after the death of one’s best friend or a close person, the feeling of having nothing left in the world becomes common and some may even develop psychological disorders. Most of them would release all the sadness through listening to sad music which eventually made them cry out their sadness. In doing this, they trigger the memories that they had together with their friends and make it clear in their minds that there was no other time that they would ever have such good times as they had already had in the past. It was also a way through which they were able to appreciate their friends even in their absentia as they felt that they had formed a part of their life which could not be erased. They did not love the music in speakers but listened to it through earphones and everywhere (Walton, 1974). Their aim of listening to the sad and soft music was focused on getting the message that lay deep inside the music and enhance acceptance that it had already happened to them and there was no way in which they could have reversed the situation. It was only to hammer the fact that there was nothing that they could do about it. Though this was a time of psychological torture, they were still able to overcome the situation and got back on their feet. Dance music is also another type of music that makes one feel that they had already expressed what runs in their mind. The motivation on dancing was triggered through the club hits that one listened to when they were still young. Dance music is not only attached to the heavy beats that are done clubs. People were found to make simple movements but they meant so much to them. They were thus able to express their emotions as well as tell the world what they expected. Researchers were also able to find out that some people did not dance to the music but to the beats and that was the major case in most of the clubs. The beats of the music were found to possess some power that just made people go wild and everybody including the drunkards were able dance in their own styles. Dancing was found to be a part of many as they could not say it by the word of mouth as sometimes it was hard for people to express their feelings freely and they were always able to say what they felt was important in their life. Dance music could only be explained as a way through which the electronic sounds evoked the body and made it feel that there was need to move and not only moving in any way but in a way that made one feel that the message in their minds had been communicated (Deutsch, 2012). The dance moves were always one way through which most people let go. Most young people have therefore formed dance groups in which they learn more and new styles of dancing an activity that has made some become professionals. Being in the music industry or having an interest in music made many people have the interest of wanting to learn more about music. The way music is perceived is different but is very important to understand the best way in which to perceive music so as to have the clear message that is incorporated in music. It is only through the understanding of different music types that people are able to use the music that is through listening to it, in a way that makes them achieve what they expect from the music (Walton, 1974). Dancing does not only entail the club hits but the soft music has its dancing moves that are associated with it and make it better to those who love it. In relation to this, it becomes possible for all people to enjoy the music that they love since they can always make their simple movements and refer to it as dancing to the rhythm of the music. Research has found out that most of the people who allow their bodies to be moved by the music that they listen to seem happier and satisfied with it than those who only listen to it. It is also clear that music is one way through which people with differences gets closer to each other and creates something that is common in all of them. In relation to this, most musicians have been born from different backgrounds and this also means that they have different cultures that they uphold. They are therefore able to share their cultures through their music all over the world as their music has to conform to their cultures. The listeners of the music are also people with different cultures but since they end up listening to the same type of music, they become one in their way of living. The type of music that people listen to determines their way of lives and in most cases this applies to the youths who seem to identify themselves with other youths from different continents of the world. Research has found out that most of the youths for example, listen to the same type of music all over the world. This is also reflected on the music that they watch and their musician role models (Caplin, Hepokoski, Webster, Berge? & European Conference of Music Analysis. 2009). Most of them admire the same musicians and this therefore explains the reason as to why they end up copying the lifestyles of the musicians. This explains the reason as to why most of the youths behave the same way all over the world. They aim of identifying themselves with the youths from other parts of the world and this includes the borrowing of even their music and cultural values. It has also been noted that there are dance groups that have been formed in different nations and compete with each other and they are composed of the youths. This is a culture that has been adopted by different nations bringing in a common factor among the youths. Music is a machine that collects similar feelings and puts them together to enhance their being solved. For example, different musicians have got different ways of expressing how they feel about a certain occurrences in their lives. It is then possible to have different music but based on one aspect for example love. This means that it is possible to have different genres of music expressing love. Rock music can be based on love, reggae music can as well have the expression of love and so does gospel music. Therefore, even as different musicians create their works, they may be talking of one thing but in different ways. This thus creates commonality among musicians as well as the listeners since they may also be listening to different types of music but with the same message incorporated in them. This explains the reason as to why music creates commonality to the differences that exist between individuals. It has also been found that different genres of music originated from different nations. They have then spread all over the world and have made people start generating all these genres in their own nations (Deutsch, 2012). This is another aspect that has made the music world a village and especially due to the use of advanced technology which has expanded the music industry. According to research, music has its own experiences that it brings to people. Some people listen to music with the aim of flashbacking on their lives and this means that their aim is focusing on their past that they have experienced. Based on this, they may end up feeling terrible about what happened in their past and may even tend to think that their future holds nothing good for them in the long run. In relation to this it is in a way important to focus on the present happenings in one’s life rather than the past that happened many years back. On the other hand, many people listen to music and focus on building castles in the air so that they start mediating things that do not exist in their real life (Caplin, Hepokoski, Webster, Berge?, & European Conference of Music Analysis. 2009). Sometimes it is good to meditate on things and in this case music so as to ensure that one’s mind is clear and gives them hope for a better tomorrow. It thus becomes confusing to determine the best experience that music should give one as both the co- present and the mediated seem equally good. According to research, the co present experiences are found to be better than the mediated experiences in music. Participating in the music industry is important as it enables one to learn new skills and may finally be able to identify their talent as a result of continued participation. According to research, music has given people the experience on how to cope with life. This does not only happen to the musicians but also to those who listen to the music in general. When it comes to dancing, this is seen as a form of exercise that people engage in as it is seen to keep them fit and healthy at the same time. The body movements during dance are considered as the physical education which ensures that the musicians as well as the listeners are healthy as all their body parts are actively engaged. Psychologists have also argued that music is one thing that acts as a cure to psychological disorders that affect most of the people in the society (Hesmondhalgh, 2013). Through music most people are able to focus on how they can become better and admirable in the societies within which they live. Some other kinds of music contains words of encouragement to the listeners which makes them forget their worries and keep on smiling even when their lives are greatly affected by things that are undesirable. Psychologists therefore explain that if there is one therapy to depression that is found to yield fast and good results is listening to music as well as participating in music. Music is also seen as one way through which people are able to build their characters as in most cases it is calm and requires less energy to let go what is undesirable to the participant. Most students have the belief that music is one way of shaping their lives is deeply instilled in them. They explained that music was a way through which they could get directions in their lives and that this would enable them be the persons they always desired to be in future. Additionally, they believed that their pride, responsibility, compassion, respect and patience among others were all inculcated in them through music as a part and therefore they owed a part of their success to music. In cure for depression, since it is a condition that makes people lose their quality of life as well as their general functioning of their body systems, music was found to be the best nourishing material that could rejuvenate their strength and make them better in their lives. This was especially a common disorder to the working class people (Caplin, Hepokoski, Webster, Berge? & European Conference of Music Analysis. 2009). The best thing that they could therefore do was to listen to music and mostly through their headphones since they did not have time to sit down just listening to music. Once they used their earphones, they would then be able to work as their music was still playing. In doing this, they could not have time to think of their many troubles as music would create them another world. Although music has all these positive attributes, if some is overdone, then it can have negative impacts for example club music can be the introduction of one to full time drunkenness. It is also important for the music participants to ensure that they uphold their morals since some music can make one forget their real personality. Some music has been generated and aimed at criticizing the politics of a given nation. It has been found that some gospel is aimed at spreading propaganda against some political leaders or even parties. Some musicians have therefore based their business on “correcting” the politicians due to their wrong acts, speech or even ideas. The message in this music is not only hidden but also twisted since this is against the laws of any state (Deutsch, 2012). It therefore becomes music that has parables in it but is aimed at reaching the few politicians in the governments or the government as a whole. In other cases, music has been used to accomplish politics but today, music is fully politics as all that requires to be done in the political world is incorporated in music and thus is the message in politics. In relation to this, some races have also decided to use their languages to promote their politicians and go against politicians from other races. It has therefore become sensitive to people as politics has been included in the industry that reaches everyone in the world. This has put many nations at risk since there is no confidentiality in the matters related to the politics of the state. Music is one thing that spreads easily and quickly all over the world. Diasporic music has had many effects on the cultures of different nations. There may be some effects that are positive but in most cases through the borrowing of cultures that are exhibited by different musicians. This has led to the abandoning of the original cultures of people and adopting new cultures that belong to other nations in the world (Stige, 2010). The borrowing of cultures therefore has made people live in a way that they do not even recognize their roles in the society and their morals have also been washed away from them so that they only act in ways which they deem important and beneficial to them not considering what the society expects of them. Cultures are therefore no longer meaningful as they have already been contaminated. Different genders participate in the music industry but it has been found that some genders are more prominent in one genre of music as compared to the other. In most cases, women have been found to participate in love music more than men. Men on the other hand have been found to focus on other aspects of life that they feel suit them best for example politics. In relation to this, reggae music for example has been left to men as they dominate the genre. It is through this music that they are able to express their feelings best (Hesmondhalgh, 2013). The women on the other hand have dominated the blues genre where they are able to bring out their emotions as well as their expectations from those that they love. Through music, people with differences can be brought together and this would create a platform for socializing and making each other understand the other freely. This is one way through which the world has become a village as people can easily socialize and therefore nations have created relationships that are of benefit for example trade relationships. NERD is a group of musicians and has been in the music industry for some years. Recently, they released new song for example Squeeze me and then people were fascinated by the album. It received so many positive comments although there were dislikes. The group explained their struggle for five years to release the film. The film scored a rating of 8 which means that it was satisfying and made many feel good. Creativity is an aspect that every musician must have for his or her survival and success in the music industry (Hesmondhalgh, 2013). It is through creativity that the best music is made and also spread. Creativity also facilitates commerce since it is through creativity that competitive business is created and made to thrive successfully. The two therefore work hand in hand and are aimed at ensuring achievement of success without strain. It is impossible for any of them to succeed without the other. This therefore explains the reasons as to why the musicians must be creative with the aim of giving the society what it requires. Music cannot be done away with in any society since it has a role that it plays. It is a way of life to others and has been found to make other people’s lives better. There is no music genre that does not have a role since every person has their taste of music. It has been in the history of many nations that music must be in existence. It can be said that music is a wind that is continuously blowing and in different directions meaning that different music from different parts of the world, covers different aspects of life. Through music, many people have been able to identify themselves as well as develop their future as they focus not on the past (Stige, 2010). Listening to music has been found to be one activity that makes the mind get relaxed and anticipate for more things to come which are batter and in their favor. It is also a way through which one clears the anger, disgust, hatred and envy that may lie in their hearts. Music is power to them that believe so and it also heals when given time. It is also clear that music is an art as well as a science that continues to develop and have impact on the people living in the society. Dorrell, P. (2005). What is music?: Solving a scientific mystery. United Kingdom: Philip Dorrell. Levitin, D. J. (2008). This is your brain on music: Understanding a human obsession. London: Atlantic Books. Walton, C. W. (1974). Basic forms in music. New York. Caplin, W. E., Hepokoski, J. A., Webster, J., Berge?, P., & European Conference of Music Analysis. (2009). Musical form, forms & Formenlehre: Three methodological reflections. Leuven: Leuven University Press. Deutsch, D. (2012). The psychology of music. S.l.: Academic Press. Stige, B. (2010). Where music helps: Community music therapy in action and reflection. Farnham, England: Ashgate. Hesmondhalgh, D. (2013). Why music matters.	<urn:uuid:b2be18b4-3030-4f55-8d01-11738515d1fb>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.aresearchguide.com/music.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607596.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122221541-20200123010541-00297.warc.gz	en	0.987881	5,037	3.484375	3	[ 0.22077904641628265, -0.08148466050624847, 0.26005271077156067, -0.3547596037387848, -0.3658227324485779, 0.025128118693828583, 0.16075123846530914, -0.12163156270980835, 0.3776164948940277, -0.4068858027458191, 0.1063103973865509, 0.11426760256290436, 0.41434335708618164, -0.0734623819589...	2	Elements of Music Music is referred to as the art of combining different sounds arranged in a manner that makes them produce something that is continuous, evocative and unified through harmony, melody, rhythm as well as timbre. According to Webster’s II, music does not have a single meaning as it may mean different thing to different people. Webster also claimed that music is a unique aspect of any person’s life and gives an example with a musician. To a musician, music is all their life as they do it for their daily needs and so their passion is highly tied to the music. To others, music is their source of pleasure and a way through which they are able to pass time. In other people, music arouses their interests and makes them feel that they can only express their feelings through the music whether through listening to it or doing it that is through singing (Dorrell, 2005). A fan on the other hand might learn music as well as how to play the instruments but since they do not possess that passion that a musician has, they just do everything for fun. Another group of people may consider music as a way of relaxing while others enjoy listening to the sounds rhythms and melodies that music brings to their minds, hearts and ears. It is therefore clear that music has different impacts on people’s lives depending on how they perceive it. \|Watch out! This sample can be used by anyone… Order your own unique sample on “Elements of Music” *Service is provided by our writing partner Gradesfixer. Different people have tried to bring in the deeper meaning of music in respect to different perspectives. Music is seen a s a science since it is specific, exact and demand for exact acoustics. The full score of a conductor is a graph which is used to indicate frequencies, volume changes, intensities , harmony and melody as well a the exact control of time that is required to make all these work in harmony and bring out the music that is deserved. It is also mathematical since it is mainly based on subdivisions that divide it into fractions and for any music to be successful, this must be done even though not on paper as would be expected. It is also considered as a foreign language since it uses many terms that are borrowed from other languages which include Italian, French and Germany. The music notation is not also English and endash (Dorrell, 2005). It is a highly developed type of shorthand and makes the use of symbols to represent ideas. The music semantics happens to be the most complete as well as being the universal language. Music is also a history since it reflects on the environment and the times within which it was created. Sometimes it also gets to the extent of a country as well as the racial feeling that it brings about. Music is physical education since any of the body movements associated with it must be coordinated with the sounds to enhance harmony and rhythm. Music is an art since it allows people to erase all these technical definitions and enables them express their emotions and this is one thing that science can never be able to duplicate that is humanism. Essentially, there are different types of music and it is also clear that different people have different tastes for music. Some people like listening to blues which is soft music and mostly attached to love feelings. Others may prefer gospel music since that is the only way in which they feel that they maintain their closeness with God. Soft music makes the mind relax and enables one to reflect on their past and even try to create their future based on their past. Others claim that once they listen to some music they are able to let go the hard things that surround their daily lives and create a world that they feel they do not have hard times. Other people prefer rock music while others want music that will enable them to dance (Levitin, 2008). According to these people, dancing is a way through which they are able to express their feelings and once they dance they tend to feel that they are free from what they were experiencing. There are therefore different types or genres of music and which are preferred different by many people. Research has found that music is something that many people love listening to and almost everyone in the world has their taste of music which makes them feel better once they listen to it. In relation to this, different music is also played in different occasions so that every place has music that is applicable. There is music that is played in the church and not in any other place. Other music can only be played in the clubs and depending on occasions, some music is only played in burial ceremonies while other music is played in wedding ceremonies. It is thus clear that different music applies differently and to different occasions. It has also been found that people like listening to music at their comfort so that some prefer loud music while other prefers listening to music through their headsets. Different types of music could also be explained through the different times when it was created. For example some music is tied to the colonization period of nations thus its history. Research has found that music affects the mood of an individual since music and mood are highly interrelated. The changes in moods do not only affect how one feel but also how they perceive things. This is because all music has some message behind it and once the message has been transmitted into one’s mind, they start creating a perception that either makes them happy or sad. This explains why some people will be found smiling throughout since they have a good feeling about themselves while others are found to be sad or sorrowful and this is dependent on the message behind the music that they are always found listening to (Walton, 1974). A research done by Jacob Jolij and Maaike Meurs of the Psychology Department in the University of Groningen has shown that music has dramatic effects on the perception of any individual and this explains why some people are found to be always happy even though there is nothing to make them happy but the music dictates their mood.. On the other hand, other people are found to be sad since they are always listening to music with sad messages and therefore they feel that there is nothing to be happy about. It is through expectation that people feel different after listening to the different types of music. Through research it was found out that some people preferred listening to a particular pieces of music. The researchers were able to find out that the main reason as to why people preferred such music as sad music was because they felt that the music was beautiful or because it had beautiful words in it. According to researchers, listening to such kind of music was a way of enhancing moods by the individuals. After assessing some people, the researchers found out that most people, who underwent sad situations in their lives, choose to listened to sad music. The reason behind this was based on their expectations as they listened to that kind of music. The fact that they thought they would be consoled after such music made people yearn to listen to music that best suited the situations they had gone through in their lives (Levitin, 2008). According to psychologists on the other hand, some people listened to some music with the aim of triggering past memories which made them sad and in doing this, they do not achieve the aim of being better but they end up ruining their moods. It was therefore clear that those people who succeeded in enhancing their moods were those who were able to recognize the aesthetic value of music. Music acts as a source of encouragement in some people’s lives. It cannot be said that people only listen to one type of music but people should admit that different types of music create different impacts’ in people’s lives. For example, after the death of one’s best friend or a close person, the feeling of having nothing left in the world becomes common and some may even develop psychological disorders. Most of them would release all the sadness through listening to sad music which eventually made them cry out their sadness. In doing this, they trigger the memories that they had together with their friends and make it clear in their minds that there was no other time that they would ever have such good times as they had already had in the past. It was also a way through which they were able to appreciate their friends even in their absentia as they felt that they had formed a part of their life which could not be erased. They did not love the music in speakers but listened to it through earphones and everywhere (Walton, 1974). Their aim of listening to the sad and soft music was focused on getting the message that lay deep inside the music and enhance acceptance that it had already happened to them and there was no way in which they could have reversed the situation. It was only to hammer the fact that there was nothing that they could do about it. Though this was a time of psychological torture, they were still able to overcome the situation and got back on their feet. Dance music is also another type of music that makes one feel that they had already expressed what runs in their mind. The motivation on dancing was triggered through the club hits that one listened to when they were still young. Dance music is not only attached to the heavy beats that are done clubs. People were found to make simple movements but they meant so much to them. They were thus able to express their emotions as well as tell the world what they expected. Researchers were also able to find out that some people did not dance to the music but to the beats and that was the major case in most of the clubs. The beats of the music were found to possess some power that just made people go wild and everybody including the drunkards were able dance in their own styles. Dancing was found to be a part of many as they could not say it by the word of mouth as sometimes it was hard for people to express their feelings freely and they were always able to say what they felt was important in their life. Dance music could only be explained as a way through which the electronic sounds evoked the body and made it feel that there was need to move and not only moving in any way but in a way that made one feel that the message in their minds had been communicated (Deutsch, 2012). The dance moves were always one way through which most people let go. Most young people have therefore formed dance groups in which they learn more and new styles of dancing an activity that has made some become professionals. Being in the music industry or having an interest in music made many people have the interest of wanting to learn more about music. The way music is perceived is different but is very important to understand the best way in which to perceive music so as to have the clear message that is incorporated in music. It is only through the understanding of different music types that people are able to use the music that is through listening to it, in a way that makes them achieve what they expect from the music (Walton, 1974). Dancing does not only entail the club hits but the soft music has its dancing moves that are associated with it and make it better to those who love it. In relation to this, it becomes possible for all people to enjoy the music that they love since they can always make their simple movements and refer to it as dancing to the rhythm of the music. Research has found out that most of the people who allow their bodies to be moved by the music that they listen to seem happier and satisfied with it than those who only listen to it. It is also clear that music is one way through which people with differences gets closer to each other and creates something that is common in all of them. In relation to this, most musicians have been born from different backgrounds and this also means that they have different cultures that they uphold. They are therefore able to share their cultures through their music all over the world as their music has to conform to their cultures. The listeners of the music are also people with different cultures but since they end up listening to the same type of music, they become one in their way of living. The type of music that people listen to determines their way of lives and in most cases this applies to the youths who seem to identify themselves with other youths from different continents of the world. Research has found out that most of the youths for example, listen to the same type of music all over the world. This is also reflected on the music that they watch and their musician role models (Caplin, Hepokoski, Webster, Berge? & European Conference of Music Analysis. 2009). Most of them admire the same musicians and this therefore explains the reason as to why they end up copying the lifestyles of the musicians. This explains the reason as to why most of the youths behave the same way all over the world. They aim of identifying themselves with the youths from other parts of the world and this includes the borrowing of even their music and cultural values. It has also been noted that there are dance groups that have been formed in different nations and compete with each other and they are composed of the youths. This is a culture that has been adopted by different nations bringing in a common factor among the youths. Music is a machine that collects similar feelings and puts them together to enhance their being solved. For example, different musicians have got different ways of expressing how they feel about a certain occurrences in their lives. It is then possible to have different music but based on one aspect for example love. This means that it is possible to have different genres of music expressing love. Rock music can be based on love, reggae music can as well have the expression of love and so does gospel music. Therefore, even as different musicians create their works, they may be talking of one thing but in different ways. This thus creates commonality among musicians as well as the listeners since they may also be listening to different types of music but with the same message incorporated in them. This explains the reason as to why music creates commonality to the differences that exist between individuals. It has also been found that different genres of music originated from different nations. They have then spread all over the world and have made people start generating all these genres in their own nations (Deutsch, 2012). This is another aspect that has made the music world a village and especially due to the use of advanced technology which has expanded the music industry. According to research, music has its own experiences that it brings to people. Some people listen to music with the aim of flashbacking on their lives and this means that their aim is focusing on their past that they have experienced. Based on this, they may end up feeling terrible about what happened in their past and may even tend to think that their future holds nothing good for them in the long run. In relation to this it is in a way important to focus on the present happenings in one’s life rather than the past that happened many years back. On the other hand, many people listen to music and focus on building castles in the air so that they start mediating things that do not exist in their real life (Caplin, Hepokoski, Webster, Berge?, & European Conference of Music Analysis. 2009). Sometimes it is good to meditate on things and in this case music so as to ensure that one’s mind is clear and gives them hope for a better tomorrow. It thus becomes confusing to determine the best experience that music should give one as both the co- present and the mediated seem equally good. According to research, the co present experiences are found to be better than the mediated experiences in music. Participating in the music industry is important as it enables one to learn new skills and may finally be able to identify their talent as a result of continued participation. According to research, music has given people the experience on how to cope with life. This does not only happen to the musicians but also to those who listen to the music in general. When it comes to dancing, this is seen as a form of exercise that people engage in as it is seen to keep them fit and healthy at the same time. The body movements during dance are considered as the physical education which ensures that the musicians as well as the listeners are healthy as all their body parts are actively engaged. Psychologists have also argued that music is one thing that acts as a cure to psychological disorders that affect most of the people in the society (Hesmondhalgh, 2013). Through music most people are able to focus on how they can become better and admirable in the societies within which they live. Some other kinds of music contains words of encouragement to the listeners which makes them forget their worries and keep on smiling even when their lives are greatly affected by things that are undesirable. Psychologists therefore explain that if there is one therapy to depression that is found to yield fast and good results is listening to music as well as participating in music. Music is also seen as one way through which people are able to build their characters as in most cases it is calm and requires less energy to let go what is undesirable to the participant. Most students have the belief that music is one way of shaping their lives is deeply instilled in them. They explained that music was a way through which they could get directions in their lives and that this would enable them be the persons they always desired to be in future. Additionally, they believed that their pride, responsibility, compassion, respect and patience among others were all inculcated in them through music as a part and therefore they owed a part of their success to music. In cure for depression, since it is a condition that makes people lose their quality of life as well as their general functioning of their body systems, music was found to be the best nourishing material that could rejuvenate their strength and make them better in their lives. This was especially a common disorder to the working class people (Caplin, Hepokoski, Webster, Berge? & European Conference of Music Analysis. 2009). The best thing that they could therefore do was to listen to music and mostly through their headphones since they did not have time to sit down just listening to music. Once they used their earphones, they would then be able to work as their music was still playing. In doing this, they could not have time to think of their many troubles as music would create them another world. Although music has all these positive attributes, if some is overdone, then it can have negative impacts for example club music can be the introduction of one to full time drunkenness. It is also important for the music participants to ensure that they uphold their morals since some music can make one forget their real personality. Some music has been generated and aimed at criticizing the politics of a given nation. It has been found that some gospel is aimed at spreading propaganda against some political leaders or even parties. Some musicians have therefore based their business on “correcting” the politicians due to their wrong acts, speech or even ideas. The message in this music is not only hidden but also twisted since this is against the laws of any state (Deutsch, 2012). It therefore becomes music that has parables in it but is aimed at reaching the few politicians in the governments or the government as a whole. In other cases, music has been used to accomplish politics but today, music is fully politics as all that requires to be done in the political world is incorporated in music and thus is the message in politics. In relation to this, some races have also decided to use their languages to promote their politicians and go against politicians from other races. It has therefore become sensitive to people as politics has been included in the industry that reaches everyone in the world. This has put many nations at risk since there is no confidentiality in the matters related to the politics of the state. Music is one thing that spreads easily and quickly all over the world. Diasporic music has had many effects on the cultures of different nations. There may be some effects that are positive but in most cases through the borrowing of cultures that are exhibited by different musicians. This has led to the abandoning of the original cultures of people and adopting new cultures that belong to other nations in the world (Stige, 2010). The borrowing of cultures therefore has made people live in a way that they do not even recognize their roles in the society and their morals have also been washed away from them so that they only act in ways which they deem important and beneficial to them not considering what the society expects of them. Cultures are therefore no longer meaningful as they have already been contaminated. Different genders participate in the music industry but it has been found that some genders are more prominent in one genre of music as compared to the other. In most cases, women have been found to participate in love music more than men. Men on the other hand have been found to focus on other aspects of life that they feel suit them best for example politics. In relation to this, reggae music for example has been left to men as they dominate the genre. It is through this music that they are able to express their feelings best (Hesmondhalgh, 2013). The women on the other hand have dominated the blues genre where they are able to bring out their emotions as well as their expectations from those that they love. Through music, people with differences can be brought together and this would create a platform for socializing and making each other understand the other freely. This is one way through which the world has become a village as people can easily socialize and therefore nations have created relationships that are of benefit for example trade relationships. NERD is a group of musicians and has been in the music industry for some years. Recently, they released new song for example Squeeze me and then people were fascinated by the album. It received so many positive comments although there were dislikes. The group explained their struggle for five years to release the film. The film scored a rating of 8 which means that it was satisfying and made many feel good. Creativity is an aspect that every musician must have for his or her survival and success in the music industry (Hesmondhalgh, 2013). It is through creativity that the best music is made and also spread. Creativity also facilitates commerce since it is through creativity that competitive business is created and made to thrive successfully. The two therefore work hand in hand and are aimed at ensuring achievement of success without strain. It is impossible for any of them to succeed without the other. This therefore explains the reasons as to why the musicians must be creative with the aim of giving the society what it requires. Music cannot be done away with in any society since it has a role that it plays. It is a way of life to others and has been found to make other people’s lives better. There is no music genre that does not have a role since every person has their taste of music. It has been in the history of many nations that music must be in existence. It can be said that music is a wind that is continuously blowing and in different directions meaning that different music from different parts of the world, covers different aspects of life. Through music, many people have been able to identify themselves as well as develop their future as they focus not on the past (Stige, 2010). Listening to music has been found to be one activity that makes the mind get relaxed and anticipate for more things to come which are batter and in their favor. It is also a way through which one clears the anger, disgust, hatred and envy that may lie in their hearts. Music is power to them that believe so and it also heals when given time. It is also clear that music is an art as well as a science that continues to develop and have impact on the people living in the society. Dorrell, P. (2005). What is music?: Solving a scientific mystery. United Kingdom: Philip Dorrell. Levitin, D. J. (2008). This is your brain on music: Understanding a human obsession. London: Atlantic Books. Walton, C. W. (1974). Basic forms in music. New York. Caplin, W. E., Hepokoski, J. A., Webster, J., Berge?, P., & European Conference of Music Analysis. (2009). Musical form, forms & Formenlehre: Three methodological reflections. Leuven: Leuven University Press. Deutsch, D. (2012). The psychology of music. S.l.: Academic Press. Stige, B. (2010). Where music helps: Community music therapy in action and reflection. Farnham, England: Ashgate. Hesmondhalgh, D. (2013). Why music matters.	5,054	ENGLISH	1
An ancient skull with a preserved piece of brain was discovered in the UK in 2008. Since then, scientists have been trying to figure out how the tissue managed to last. Nearly 12 years ago, a 2600-year-old human skull was discovered near York. An examination established that its owner was most likely beheaded. However, there is another interesting fact: over 26 centuries, the tissues should have decomposed a long time ago, but it did not happen. After years of research, scientists are still not ready to answer all the questions we have. But one thing is certain: the soft tissue structure has been preserved with the help of aggregated protein clots, more stable than that of modern humans. Protein aggregation is a clear sign of aging and Alzheimer's disease, but in this case it could have been caused by a particular way of burial of the deceased, which might have been part of an ancient ritual. The find is of great importance for science and will now serve for a more detailed assessment of other survived remains. Share this with your friends!	<urn:uuid:fffc92f8-6d70-43d4-9f67-bf3e82615201>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://hitecher.com/news/what-does-a-2600-year-old-human-brain-look-like	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599789.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120195035-20200120224035-00486.warc.gz	en	0.98267	217	3.953125	4	[ -0.5751563906669617, 0.02099039778113365, 0.18614035844802856, -0.036089763045310974, 0.029787831008434296, 0.1842857152223587, 0.43290793895721436, -0.13623684644699097, -0.13687877357006073, 0.019721124321222305, 0.12107890844345093, -0.409214586019516, 0.19819539785385132, 0.34221267700...	11	An ancient skull with a preserved piece of brain was discovered in the UK in 2008. Since then, scientists have been trying to figure out how the tissue managed to last. Nearly 12 years ago, a 2600-year-old human skull was discovered near York. An examination established that its owner was most likely beheaded. However, there is another interesting fact: over 26 centuries, the tissues should have decomposed a long time ago, but it did not happen. After years of research, scientists are still not ready to answer all the questions we have. But one thing is certain: the soft tissue structure has been preserved with the help of aggregated protein clots, more stable than that of modern humans. Protein aggregation is a clear sign of aging and Alzheimer's disease, but in this case it could have been caused by a particular way of burial of the deceased, which might have been part of an ancient ritual. The find is of great importance for science and will now serve for a more detailed assessment of other survived remains. Share this with your friends!	222	ENGLISH	1
Posted in Did You Know Thu Sep 15 2016 History of compensation... In the early 20th century, baseball players in North America were bound to their teams due to a reserve clause. This allowed team owners to retain players as long as they desired – even after the contract itself expired - and blocked athletes from contracting with another team. Even though baseball's popularity had become a lucrative business for teams, players were at a disadvantage because they were not free agents. The dissolution of the reserve clause in 1975 gave baseball players the ability to negotiate higher salaries and paved the way for them to become free agents. When other North American professional team sports (ice hockey, football, and basketball) developed leagues, their owners emulated baseball's reserve clause. But once baseball's reserve system was dismantled, other sports soon followed suit. In 1920, the average salary in baseball was $5,000 a year. In the early 1970s salaries averaged $30,000, but with the reserve clause out of the picture, the average player salary jumped to $143,000 by 1980. Today, the average baseball player salary is $3.3 million. See More Posts	<urn:uuid:b8d9457a-0198-463c-ba5b-284c45de2cd5>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.peopleticker.com/news-blog/did-you-know-day-72-subscriber-list	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250613416.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123191130-20200123220130-00169.warc.gz	en	0.985863	234	3.953125	4	[ -0.4307147264480591, 0.22930273413658142, 0.056816063821315765, -0.32627758383750916, 0.3402780294418335, 0.1441950798034668, 0.20489495992660522, -0.030211934819817543, 0.37319323420524597, 0.3985064625740051, 0.46035847067832947, 0.05073578283190727, -0.05571417883038521, -0.175256669521...	3	Posted in Did You Know Thu Sep 15 2016 History of compensation... In the early 20th century, baseball players in North America were bound to their teams due to a reserve clause. This allowed team owners to retain players as long as they desired – even after the contract itself expired - and blocked athletes from contracting with another team. Even though baseball's popularity had become a lucrative business for teams, players were at a disadvantage because they were not free agents. The dissolution of the reserve clause in 1975 gave baseball players the ability to negotiate higher salaries and paved the way for them to become free agents. When other North American professional team sports (ice hockey, football, and basketball) developed leagues, their owners emulated baseball's reserve clause. But once baseball's reserve system was dismantled, other sports soon followed suit. In 1920, the average salary in baseball was $5,000 a year. In the early 1970s salaries averaged $30,000, but with the reserve clause out of the picture, the average player salary jumped to $143,000 by 1980. Today, the average baseball player salary is $3.3 million. See More Posts	265	ENGLISH	1
At the NMGMS November meeting, we were excited to have George Phillips, paleontologist with the Mississippi Museum of Natural Science, as our guest speaker. George gave an overview of some of the history about petrified wood found in Mississippi. Petrified wood was designated as the state’s official rock in 1976. Some of the things we learned from George’s presentation were: petrified wood has been known to be found in the state since the 1850’s, petrified wood has been documented to be found in at least 67 of the 82 counties in Mississippi, Native American artifacts have been found that were made from petrified wood, the tree species that the piece of petrified wood originated from cannot readily be identified with the naked eye, except perhaps for palm, and petrified palm wood is not a true wood; palm is a grass(monocot). George went on to explain that most of the petrified wood is found in river and gravel deposits and is less than a few million years old. The palm “wood” is of Miocene or Oligocene age. George apologized that his slide show did not include certain topics like how wood actually becomes petrified, but he did go on to give us some explanations of the process. Thank you, George for another great program. Submitted by Nancy Roberts Photos submitted by Jim and Nancy Roberts.	<urn:uuid:ebd5f738-f4aa-48ef-8c82-09a09b5ecc3c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://nmgms.org/petrified-wood-in-mississippi/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608062.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123011418-20200123040418-00235.warc.gz	en	0.983208	283	3.5625	4	[ -0.2414240539073944, 0.34439435601234436, 0.15312080085277557, -0.2249552607536316, 0.056846167892217636, -0.15390217304229736, -0.03359765559434891, -0.14839573204517365, -0.26800504326820374, 0.4094553589820862, 0.027315735816955566, -0.4658701419830322, -0.338733047246933, 0.58390843868...	22	At the NMGMS November meeting, we were excited to have George Phillips, paleontologist with the Mississippi Museum of Natural Science, as our guest speaker. George gave an overview of some of the history about petrified wood found in Mississippi. Petrified wood was designated as the state’s official rock in 1976. Some of the things we learned from George’s presentation were: petrified wood has been known to be found in the state since the 1850’s, petrified wood has been documented to be found in at least 67 of the 82 counties in Mississippi, Native American artifacts have been found that were made from petrified wood, the tree species that the piece of petrified wood originated from cannot readily be identified with the naked eye, except perhaps for palm, and petrified palm wood is not a true wood; palm is a grass(monocot). George went on to explain that most of the petrified wood is found in river and gravel deposits and is less than a few million years old. The palm “wood” is of Miocene or Oligocene age. George apologized that his slide show did not include certain topics like how wood actually becomes petrified, but he did go on to give us some explanations of the process. Thank you, George for another great program. Submitted by Nancy Roberts Photos submitted by Jim and Nancy Roberts.	290	ENGLISH	1
Editor's note: This story is the first of a series of profiles on peacebuilders throughout history. Nelson was born "Rolihlahla" Mandela, which means "troublemaker" in Xhosa. His parents were illiterate, and he herded cattle. When he was 12 his father died, leaving him feeling "cut adrift", but Mandela inherited his father's "proud rebelliousness" and he grew up listening to stories of ancestors’ valor during wars of resistance. He studied law, became an activist for equal rights and fought against the apartheid government in South Africa. He was sentenced to life imprisonment, and his cell on the infamous Robben Island was only 7ft by 8ft. Twenty-seven years later he was released, but rather than seek revenge, he chose reconciliation. He negotiated an end to apartheid and organized a multiracial election, going on to become South Africa's first black president. He was called the "Father of the Nation", and was renowned for his mischievous sense of humor, as well as his stubbornness and loyalty. Throughout his presidency he emphasized peacebuilding, even using the 1995 Rugby World Cup to mend divisions. Springbok Captain François Pienaar, famously said of the opening match that "...when the final whistle blew this country changed forever”. "For to be free is not merely to cast off one's chains, but to live in a way that respects and enhances the freedom of others." - Nelson Mandela	<urn:uuid:846e9596-f279-46be-8748-1701920d546b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.peacenews.com/single-post/2017/12/15/The-Making-of-Mandela	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601241.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121014531-20200121043531-00228.warc.gz	en	0.986983	311	3.28125	3	[ -0.20109738409519196, 0.9238853454589844, 0.17728176712989807, -0.41228026151657104, -0.09397844225168228, 0.22537972033023834, 0.22365014255046844, -0.33222678303718567, 0.08284144848585129, 0.2838987112045288, 0.46295616030693054, -0.26677682995796204, 0.1497824788093567, 0.3518147170543...	3	Editor's note: This story is the first of a series of profiles on peacebuilders throughout history. Nelson was born "Rolihlahla" Mandela, which means "troublemaker" in Xhosa. His parents were illiterate, and he herded cattle. When he was 12 his father died, leaving him feeling "cut adrift", but Mandela inherited his father's "proud rebelliousness" and he grew up listening to stories of ancestors’ valor during wars of resistance. He studied law, became an activist for equal rights and fought against the apartheid government in South Africa. He was sentenced to life imprisonment, and his cell on the infamous Robben Island was only 7ft by 8ft. Twenty-seven years later he was released, but rather than seek revenge, he chose reconciliation. He negotiated an end to apartheid and organized a multiracial election, going on to become South Africa's first black president. He was called the "Father of the Nation", and was renowned for his mischievous sense of humor, as well as his stubbornness and loyalty. Throughout his presidency he emphasized peacebuilding, even using the 1995 Rugby World Cup to mend divisions. Springbok Captain François Pienaar, famously said of the opening match that "...when the final whistle blew this country changed forever”. "For to be free is not merely to cast off one's chains, but to live in a way that respects and enhances the freedom of others." - Nelson Mandela	306	ENGLISH	1
Some flashes of lambent light, much like the aurora borealis, were first observed on the northern part of the heavens…. It was then about 25 minutes after nine o’clock in the evening. This ball, at the beginning, appeared of a faint blue light, and soon began to move, at first ascending above the horizon in an oblique direction towards the east. Its course in this direction was very short, perhaps five or six degrees; after which it turned itself towards the east, and moving in a direction nearly parallel to the horizon, reached as far as the S. E. by E. where it finally disappeared…. A short time after the beginning of its motion, the luminous body passed behind the above-mentioned small cloud, so that during this passage we observed only the light that was cast in the heavens from behind the cloud, without actually seeing the body from which it proceeded, for about the sixth or at most the fifth part of its track; but as soon as the meteor emerged from behind the cloud, its light was prodigious. From “Description of a Meteor, observed Aug. 18, 1783. By Mr. Tiberius Cavallo, F.R.S. Read Jan. 15, 1784” (Transactions of the Royal Society). Cavallo was a physicist, and his description of a meteor streaking across England’s sky on a warm evening in August is both elegant and precise. Many others witnessed the event, including the artist Thomas Sandby, who made a watercolor painting and then, with his brother Paul, printed and hand-colored copies, one of which was recently acquired by Harvard’s Houghton Library. Sandby’s image is especially remarkable for its “stop-motion” effect, depicting the fireball in three locations as it crosses the sky from left to right (the observers, interestingly, seem to be looking at its initial appearance).	<urn:uuid:5375d22c-5a16-412f-b629-f1dc1d8d88ee>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.gearfuse.com/how-to-paint-a-fireball-in-the-sky/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250611127.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123160903-20200123185903-00165.warc.gz	en	0.980369	396	3.359375	3	[ -0.3048713207244873, -0.07713814079761505, -0.30640938878059387, -0.03682917729020119, 0.4219200015068054, 0.25077635049819946, -0.05085430666804314, 0.024046191945672035, 0.01864207722246647, 0.00523727061226964, -0.027114471420645714, -0.10720189660787582, 0.025985917076468468, 0.2141206...	4	Some flashes of lambent light, much like the aurora borealis, were first observed on the northern part of the heavens…. It was then about 25 minutes after nine o’clock in the evening. This ball, at the beginning, appeared of a faint blue light, and soon began to move, at first ascending above the horizon in an oblique direction towards the east. Its course in this direction was very short, perhaps five or six degrees; after which it turned itself towards the east, and moving in a direction nearly parallel to the horizon, reached as far as the S. E. by E. where it finally disappeared…. A short time after the beginning of its motion, the luminous body passed behind the above-mentioned small cloud, so that during this passage we observed only the light that was cast in the heavens from behind the cloud, without actually seeing the body from which it proceeded, for about the sixth or at most the fifth part of its track; but as soon as the meteor emerged from behind the cloud, its light was prodigious. From “Description of a Meteor, observed Aug. 18, 1783. By Mr. Tiberius Cavallo, F.R.S. Read Jan. 15, 1784” (Transactions of the Royal Society). Cavallo was a physicist, and his description of a meteor streaking across England’s sky on a warm evening in August is both elegant and precise. Many others witnessed the event, including the artist Thomas Sandby, who made a watercolor painting and then, with his brother Paul, printed and hand-colored copies, one of which was recently acquired by Harvard’s Houghton Library. Sandby’s image is especially remarkable for its “stop-motion” effect, depicting the fireball in three locations as it crosses the sky from left to right (the observers, interestingly, seem to be looking at its initial appearance).	393	ENGLISH	1
There has been a cathedral in Canterbury since St Augustine’s baptism of the Saxon king Ethelbert in 597. Canterbury Cathedral has long been home to the most important and iconic religious icon in the region, the Archbishop of Canterbury, who resided at the cathedral itself. As a result, the building had huge significance in Medieval England, both in terms of religion and politic. However, it became better known as a pilgrimage destination after Thomas Becket’s murder within the cathedral walls in 1170. Little of the original cathedral remains as a result of the fire that spread through the building in 1067. This also goes for the rebuilding of the cathedral in a Norman style at the time when Lanfranc was the Archbishop of Canterbury - having been appointed by William the Conqueror in 1070 - for which poor upkeep resulted in rapid decay. However, the writings of English monk Bede has provided historians with an insight into how it looked in both instances. Gervase, a famous chronicler, also described an account of the cathedral’s choir appearing during its reconstruction towards the end of the 12th Century. Most of the troubles faced by the cathedral were due to periods with a lack of money, which meant upkeep was inconsistent. For example, the nave constructed during Lanfranc’s time in post managed to survive another cathedral fire in 1174, only to end up decaying through lack of care. The nave’s condition was so poor, in fact, that at the end of the 1370s Archbishop Sudbury ordered work on a replacement. Henry Yeveley, one of King Edward III’s master masons, was appointed to lead the project, which took 25 years to complete and can still be seen today. Before working on Canterbury Cathedral, the naves constructed by Yeveley had been restricted in both length and width. However, the only limit for this project was the engineering knowledge of the time, which made it possible for the mason to construct a nave of almost 80 feet in height from the floor to the vaulting. The decision was made in the 16th Century to reinforce the central tower with a stone girder placed above an alter. Although master masons were restricted by basic tools in Medieval England, the standard of the skills used to construct the cathedral are clear. It’s central tower, the Bell Harry Tower, is just one example of this. Stretching 235 feet into the sky, the tower had its weight carefully balanced through fan-shaped vaulting that spread it to the foundations. The tower’s geometric ceiling is also a triumph of medieval architecture, created by skilled craftsmen who lay on their backs on unsteady scaffolding in in the name of religion. Another of the cathedral’s most popular features is its stained class window, which sits at the east end of the building and depicts Bible stories. Underneath this window is the patriarchal chair, which was crafted out of marble and has been used to enthrone all archbishops since the 12th Century. Originally it was believed that the chair was created as part of the original cathedral, but historians now think it was placed there during the choir’s reconstruction. The city of Canterbury itself has also developed over the years to account for the vast number of people who have travelled to the cathedral to visit the shrine of Thomas Becket, whose remains were transferred from the crypt to Trinity Chapel in 1220. The pilgrimage made by so many was explored in Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, which was written in 1390. The Canterbury Tales tells the story of a group of pilgrims who undertook the pilgrimage to Canterbury Cathedral via the route along the Old Kent Road in London, which resulted in the creation of the “Pilgrim’s Way” trail from Rochester to Canterbury. Although there is no clear record of how many people have travelled to Canterbury on pilgrimage, in 1420 it is believed that approximately 100,000 pilgrims travelled on the name to Pilgrim’s Steps on their knees. See also: Building a Medieval Cathedral "Canterbury Cathedral". HistoryLearning.com. 2015. Web.	<urn:uuid:44b55074-6441-4385-aff7-160bf3b395fe>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://historylearning.com/medieval-england/canterbury-cathedral/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607118.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122131612-20200122160612-00150.warc.gz	en	0.980397	859	3.703125	4	[ 0.09721691906452179, 0.4817986488342285, 0.02802322246134281, -0.07130477577447891, -0.27676910161972046, 0.20968273282051086, -0.1937752068042755, -0.0211295448243618, -0.05639667436480522, 0.17271296679973602, -0.1301659792661667, -0.3898433744907379, 0.19035369157791138, 0.2802546024322...	7	There has been a cathedral in Canterbury since St Augustine’s baptism of the Saxon king Ethelbert in 597. Canterbury Cathedral has long been home to the most important and iconic religious icon in the region, the Archbishop of Canterbury, who resided at the cathedral itself. As a result, the building had huge significance in Medieval England, both in terms of religion and politic. However, it became better known as a pilgrimage destination after Thomas Becket’s murder within the cathedral walls in 1170. Little of the original cathedral remains as a result of the fire that spread through the building in 1067. This also goes for the rebuilding of the cathedral in a Norman style at the time when Lanfranc was the Archbishop of Canterbury - having been appointed by William the Conqueror in 1070 - for which poor upkeep resulted in rapid decay. However, the writings of English monk Bede has provided historians with an insight into how it looked in both instances. Gervase, a famous chronicler, also described an account of the cathedral’s choir appearing during its reconstruction towards the end of the 12th Century. Most of the troubles faced by the cathedral were due to periods with a lack of money, which meant upkeep was inconsistent. For example, the nave constructed during Lanfranc’s time in post managed to survive another cathedral fire in 1174, only to end up decaying through lack of care. The nave’s condition was so poor, in fact, that at the end of the 1370s Archbishop Sudbury ordered work on a replacement. Henry Yeveley, one of King Edward III’s master masons, was appointed to lead the project, which took 25 years to complete and can still be seen today. Before working on Canterbury Cathedral, the naves constructed by Yeveley had been restricted in both length and width. However, the only limit for this project was the engineering knowledge of the time, which made it possible for the mason to construct a nave of almost 80 feet in height from the floor to the vaulting. The decision was made in the 16th Century to reinforce the central tower with a stone girder placed above an alter. Although master masons were restricted by basic tools in Medieval England, the standard of the skills used to construct the cathedral are clear. It’s central tower, the Bell Harry Tower, is just one example of this. Stretching 235 feet into the sky, the tower had its weight carefully balanced through fan-shaped vaulting that spread it to the foundations. The tower’s geometric ceiling is also a triumph of medieval architecture, created by skilled craftsmen who lay on their backs on unsteady scaffolding in in the name of religion. Another of the cathedral’s most popular features is its stained class window, which sits at the east end of the building and depicts Bible stories. Underneath this window is the patriarchal chair, which was crafted out of marble and has been used to enthrone all archbishops since the 12th Century. Originally it was believed that the chair was created as part of the original cathedral, but historians now think it was placed there during the choir’s reconstruction. The city of Canterbury itself has also developed over the years to account for the vast number of people who have travelled to the cathedral to visit the shrine of Thomas Becket, whose remains were transferred from the crypt to Trinity Chapel in 1220. The pilgrimage made by so many was explored in Geoffrey Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales, which was written in 1390. The Canterbury Tales tells the story of a group of pilgrims who undertook the pilgrimage to Canterbury Cathedral via the route along the Old Kent Road in London, which resulted in the creation of the “Pilgrim’s Way” trail from Rochester to Canterbury. Although there is no clear record of how many people have travelled to Canterbury on pilgrimage, in 1420 it is believed that approximately 100,000 pilgrims travelled on the name to Pilgrim’s Steps on their knees. See also: Building a Medieval Cathedral "Canterbury Cathedral". HistoryLearning.com. 2015. Web.	870	ENGLISH	1
Traditionally, it was assumed that the book of Esther was the product of an eyewitness of the events it records, or at least by someone closely connected with the events. The great medieval Jewish commentator Rashi asserted that the text was the work of Mordecai himself, based on Esth 9:20: ?And Mordecai wrote these things.?? This judgment has been followed by many popular treatments of the text, though few scholars seem to hold to it today. Indeed, the text itself seems to militate against this idea. In Esth 10:3, we read, ?For Mordecai the Jew was second to King Xerxes, and prominent among the Jews, and held in esteem by the multitude of his fellow Jews, because he sought the good of his people and spoke up for the welfare of all his kin.? Not only do these words seem to lack in modesty, but they also read like a eulogy. Similarly, Esth 10:2 seems to imply that King Xerxes was already dead when the text was written. According to the Talmud, Esther was composed by the men of the Great Synagogue (b.B. Bat. 15a), the transmitters of tradition between the time of the prophets and the earliest rabbis. Most scholars, however, have little confidence in the literal existence of the Great Synagogue, let alone its literary undertakings. No mention of such a group appears in the contemporary literature of the period (e.g., Ezra-Nehemiah, Ben Sira, the Books of Maccabees, or the Dead Sea Scrolls). Furthermore, Jewish society in the Second Temple period exhibits a great deal of religious diversity, especially in the area of halakhah (legal interpretation), and it seems unlikely that any doctrinaire central authority such as the Great Synagogue could have existed in the period. Some conservative scholars have argued that the book was composed by Ezra (following Augustine, City of God, 18.36) or Nehemiah. These were individuals who would have been familiar with both the Persian court and with Jewish history and traditions. They would have possessed the knowledge of the Hebrew Scriptures that the author of Esther undoubtedly possessed. This theory, however, is pure speculation, based not on evidence, but on a desire to provide the book with the authority of a known biblical figure. Surely there were many people who would have knowledge of Persian customs and Jewish Scriptures. Furthermore, the writing style of Esther?its use of humor, irony, and most of all, its lack of overt religious language?is jarringly at odds with the pious and serious tones of Ezra and Nehemiah. Finally, both Ezra and Nehemiah strongly opposed the intermarriage of Jews with Gentiles (see Ezra 9; Neh 10:10; 13:23?30). How could they have written approvingly of Esther?s marriage to the king of Persia? In light of these facts, it is highly unlikely that Ezra or Nehemiah wrote this book. Most conservative scholars simply state that the author of the book is ?unknown,? while nonetheless maintaining that he must have been intimately acquainted with Persian customs and society. Critical scholars have been even less inclined to try to identify Esther?s author, except in terms of general characteristics. For those who believe that the book was written in the Persian period, it is commonly argued that the book was written by a Persian Jew?Persian, because of his familiarity with Persian society and customs, and Jewish, because of the obvious spirit of nationalism that pervades the work. Scholars who argue that the book is a product of the Greek age hold that it was written by a Palestinian Jewish author, striving to encourage Jewish resistance against the Greeks. The issue is complicated, however, by the fact that most modern scholars believe that the book of Esther went through a long editorial process, and may be composed of multiple sources. In this case, we would not be seeking a single author, but only the final redactor of source documents originating in different times, circumstances, and perhaps even different languages. * * *	<urn:uuid:0d9f7dba-8dec-44e5-86ee-55c9edb21401>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://blog.lexhampress.com/2015/06/11/2015611who-authored-the-book-of-esther/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594101.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119010920-20200119034920-00105.warc.gz	en	0.981287	833	3.46875	3	[ -0.2930658161640167, 0.6358493566513062, -0.007664118893444538, 0.003173928242176771, -0.07852502167224884, -0.09145045280456543, -0.06890194118022919, 0.5087270736694336, -0.011577393859624863, -0.1280127465724945, -0.4489072263240814, 0.14456313848495483, -0.08125703781843185, 0.42974373...	7	Traditionally, it was assumed that the book of Esther was the product of an eyewitness of the events it records, or at least by someone closely connected with the events. The great medieval Jewish commentator Rashi asserted that the text was the work of Mordecai himself, based on Esth 9:20: ?And Mordecai wrote these things.?? This judgment has been followed by many popular treatments of the text, though few scholars seem to hold to it today. Indeed, the text itself seems to militate against this idea. In Esth 10:3, we read, ?For Mordecai the Jew was second to King Xerxes, and prominent among the Jews, and held in esteem by the multitude of his fellow Jews, because he sought the good of his people and spoke up for the welfare of all his kin.? Not only do these words seem to lack in modesty, but they also read like a eulogy. Similarly, Esth 10:2 seems to imply that King Xerxes was already dead when the text was written. According to the Talmud, Esther was composed by the men of the Great Synagogue (b.B. Bat. 15a), the transmitters of tradition between the time of the prophets and the earliest rabbis. Most scholars, however, have little confidence in the literal existence of the Great Synagogue, let alone its literary undertakings. No mention of such a group appears in the contemporary literature of the period (e.g., Ezra-Nehemiah, Ben Sira, the Books of Maccabees, or the Dead Sea Scrolls). Furthermore, Jewish society in the Second Temple period exhibits a great deal of religious diversity, especially in the area of halakhah (legal interpretation), and it seems unlikely that any doctrinaire central authority such as the Great Synagogue could have existed in the period. Some conservative scholars have argued that the book was composed by Ezra (following Augustine, City of God, 18.36) or Nehemiah. These were individuals who would have been familiar with both the Persian court and with Jewish history and traditions. They would have possessed the knowledge of the Hebrew Scriptures that the author of Esther undoubtedly possessed. This theory, however, is pure speculation, based not on evidence, but on a desire to provide the book with the authority of a known biblical figure. Surely there were many people who would have knowledge of Persian customs and Jewish Scriptures. Furthermore, the writing style of Esther?its use of humor, irony, and most of all, its lack of overt religious language?is jarringly at odds with the pious and serious tones of Ezra and Nehemiah. Finally, both Ezra and Nehemiah strongly opposed the intermarriage of Jews with Gentiles (see Ezra 9; Neh 10:10; 13:23?30). How could they have written approvingly of Esther?s marriage to the king of Persia? In light of these facts, it is highly unlikely that Ezra or Nehemiah wrote this book. Most conservative scholars simply state that the author of the book is ?unknown,? while nonetheless maintaining that he must have been intimately acquainted with Persian customs and society. Critical scholars have been even less inclined to try to identify Esther?s author, except in terms of general characteristics. For those who believe that the book was written in the Persian period, it is commonly argued that the book was written by a Persian Jew?Persian, because of his familiarity with Persian society and customs, and Jewish, because of the obvious spirit of nationalism that pervades the work. Scholars who argue that the book is a product of the Greek age hold that it was written by a Palestinian Jewish author, striving to encourage Jewish resistance against the Greeks. The issue is complicated, however, by the fact that most modern scholars believe that the book of Esther went through a long editorial process, and may be composed of multiple sources. In this case, we would not be seeking a single author, but only the final redactor of source documents originating in different times, circumstances, and perhaps even different languages. * * *	846	ENGLISH	1
The story of Beowulf is full of vigor and excitement; it is also composed of many different elements especially when talking about the characters and their psychological complexity. When talking about the story of Beowulf we need to recall that it was written around 1000 A.D. therefore, we would assume that the characters are not fully developed or that they cannot compare in complexity to the characters of today’s novels. However, I find this untrue, the characters in Beowulf are more dynamic and have greater moral value when compared and contrasted to characters in most modern day novels. When we think of the epic “Beowulf” the first thing that comes to mind is the main character of the story Beowulf himself. Throughout the story he is by far the most dynamic character and we see more of his inner self than anyone else in the story. We witness Beowulf develop from an upstart young man into a wise, courteous, old king. For example, we observe this change mostly in the reason that he fights; when he was young Beowulf fought for himself, for self glory, at the end of the epic (in the fight with the dragon) we see that he fights for his people selflessly and without care for his own safety. In his younger days Beowulf fought Grendel without weapons so that the fight would be on fair terms, but when we look upon Beowulf when he is older, he does not leave behind any advantage when he pits himself against the dragon, it is this unique change that tells us so much about how he feels about the dragon as apposed to how he felt of Grendel when they did battle. In that battle Beowulf wanted to prove himself, so he did not use weapons so that the fight would be on even terms; conversely, in the battle with the dragon he was protecting his people so he used all his weapons and skills to defeat the beast, he wanted to ensure that he would not lose at any cost. While looking for a modern day novel to contrast with Beowulf I found an enormous series of novels written by... Please join StudyMode to read the full document	<urn:uuid:d69f8901-49c2-4370-9a0c-a84461662bcd>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.studymode.com/essays/The-Comparison-Of-Characters-In-Reference-63608281.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681625.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125222506-20200126012506-00232.warc.gz	en	0.98248	447	3.546875	4	[ -0.41578659415245056, 0.5773652195930481, 0.2851833701133728, 0.07911847531795502, -0.9519612789154053, 0.17556065320968628, 0.2699253559112549, 0.13955940306186676, -0.04590446874499321, -0.10345354676246643, -0.37125706672668457, -0.08498413860797882, 0.521493136882782, 0.159861892461776...	2	The story of Beowulf is full of vigor and excitement; it is also composed of many different elements especially when talking about the characters and their psychological complexity. When talking about the story of Beowulf we need to recall that it was written around 1000 A.D. therefore, we would assume that the characters are not fully developed or that they cannot compare in complexity to the characters of today’s novels. However, I find this untrue, the characters in Beowulf are more dynamic and have greater moral value when compared and contrasted to characters in most modern day novels. When we think of the epic “Beowulf” the first thing that comes to mind is the main character of the story Beowulf himself. Throughout the story he is by far the most dynamic character and we see more of his inner self than anyone else in the story. We witness Beowulf develop from an upstart young man into a wise, courteous, old king. For example, we observe this change mostly in the reason that he fights; when he was young Beowulf fought for himself, for self glory, at the end of the epic (in the fight with the dragon) we see that he fights for his people selflessly and without care for his own safety. In his younger days Beowulf fought Grendel without weapons so that the fight would be on fair terms, but when we look upon Beowulf when he is older, he does not leave behind any advantage when he pits himself against the dragon, it is this unique change that tells us so much about how he feels about the dragon as apposed to how he felt of Grendel when they did battle. In that battle Beowulf wanted to prove himself, so he did not use weapons so that the fight would be on even terms; conversely, in the battle with the dragon he was protecting his people so he used all his weapons and skills to defeat the beast, he wanted to ensure that he would not lose at any cost. While looking for a modern day novel to contrast with Beowulf I found an enormous series of novels written by... Please join StudyMode to read the full document	441	ENGLISH	1
Today we made pizza's as part of learning about Italy this week. We had to read the instructions, and then put the steps back in the right order as they all got mixed up. We then made the dough and added our toppings. We had a special visit from the fire service. We learnt all about their job and we looked inside their fire engine. We got see their uniform and we learnt about what to do if we hear the smoke alarm. This week we have been looking at the number bonds to 5. We have investigated this in many ways. We know that the number bonds to 5 are 5 and 0 4 and 1 3 and 2 Thank you to all the parents that joined us at our learning together event this week. We focused on vocabulary. We looked at the phrase "Supertato was thrown into the icy depths of the freezer" and discussed its meaning. We described the evil pea and Supertato. This week our learning has been all about England. We know that England is the country we live in and that it is part of the United Kingdom. We have talked about London and its landmarks and we know that London is the capital city of England. This week we have made a Victoria sponge cake as it originates from a England. We had to read and follow the instructions and then measure and weigh the ingredients. This half term our class reader is Supertato by Sue Hendra. We had a great time at the Christmas party. We met Santa and some of his reindeer. This morning we investigated the frost outside. We discovered that putting water on the frost made it melt because it is warmer than the cold frost. We practised our writing in the frost and explored the objects frozen in the ice. In mathematics this week we have been learning to work out 1 less than a given number. We worked outside with chalk to show our understanding. When given a number problem we had to show our working out on the floor. If the problem was "one less than 4" we had to draw 4 circles and then take away one. The amount we had left was our answer. We could say and show that "one less than 4 is 3". Thank you to all the parents that came to support at our phonics learning together. We had lots of fun learning to segment and blend the sounds in words. This week in phonics we have been learning to read and write words containing the sounds y,z,zz,qu. In phonics this week, we have been looking at the sounds ll, ss and ff. We can segment and blend words such as bell, mess and huff. We have also been practising reading and writing our tricky words (words that cannot be sounded out): I, the, no, go, to, into. Our class reader for this half term is "How to Grow a Dinosaur" by Caryl Hart. We have predicted what the book will be about and can identify the title, author, blurb, front cover and back cover. Please take a look at our class newsletter. This week our maths learning has been focused on sorting into groups. In teams we had to find 6 objects in our outdoor classroom. We then had to think of a rule for sorting. Our rules for sorting were: - Blue and not blue. -Food and not food. -Things found on a tree and not found on a tree. -Objects in the water and not in the water. -Circular shape and not circular shape. We knew that whichever way we sorted, we would always have 6 in total as this was our whole number. Today we had a problem to solve. One of our hoops went over the fence. We had to find a way of getting the hoop without going into F1. Some of us tried rope, others used sticks and some of us built a tower using the rabbits. With lots of team work, we managed to get the hoop and we built on our shape space and measure learning. This week our maths learning is all about the number 5. Today we had to count out 5 from a larger group. We showed 5 in different ways, such as 2 + 3, 4 + 1. This week our learning was based on the story Whatever Next! We designed space rockets, described them in our writing and then made our space rockets out of junk. We also role played the story in our book corner. This week our learning has been based around the story of "We're Going on a Bear Hunt" by Michael Rosen. We have looked at the vocabulary in the story and acted out the story in P.E. Well done to all the children who have tried getting changed independently into their P.E. kit this week. Welcome to Foundation 2's class webpage We have had a great day at Anker Woods. We learnt about what we can grow in our garden and planted cress. We visited the animals. We met goats, a pig, rabbits and ginuea pigs. We also got to hold a chicken and get a kiss of an alpaca. We then went on a walk through the treetops! We finished our day by walking a through a maze. At the end of it we found a tee pee. Can you remember what a tee pee is? Thank you to all the parents that came to our writing stay and learn. We have learnt lots of new Vocabulary this week, such as 'bulbous' and 'fins'. We have been describing and visualising fish, after reading our class reader, Commotion in the Ocean. Today we had a visit from the RNLI. We learnt all about what they do and how to stay safe near water. We even got to try on a lifeguards uniform and a life jacket. Can you remember what the different flags mean? Can you remember which numbers to ring in an emergency? Today in maths we explored addition to 12. We used our part part whole models to find out all the different ways of making 12. We worked with our partners to write down number sentences. This week we have been using our creative skills to make under the sea collages. We then used some new vocabulary, such as "ocean" and "angel fish" to describe what we have done. Today we have had an Easter hunt. We worked in teams to find the eggs and to get the treasure at the end. We had to use out reading skills to work out where the next egg was. We then used our fantastic writing skills to make our own clues. Today we had a lovely visit from the RSPB. They helped us find mini-beasts in our outside area. We bought them inside to have a closed look. Thank - you RSPB! F2 have been finding out all the ways of making 10. We had 10 counting kids or dominos and we rolled the ball to knock them down. We know that however many were knocked down + how many were still standing always equaled 10. We wrote number sentences to show the this. In maths we are working on addition. Today we carried out an investigation to find out the different ways of making 8. We used part part whole models and counters to represent people. We moved the people to either the beach or the park and then we could see the different ways of making 8. F2 have had a fantastic half term, with lots of our learning linked to our class reader, Supertato. F2 have learnt lots of new vocabulary, such as grin, gasp and distress. We have used our counting and adding skills and we have used our physical skills to mash supertato and the evil pea. We have also used our phonics to complete fantastic pieces of writing all about Supertato. This week we have been learning all about Mexico. We have made sombreros and listened to Mexican music. We used our understanding and listening skills to follow instructions to make burritos. We have also tried nachos and salsa. This week, in maths, F2 have been focusing on measuring. We know that when we measure we are finding out how long something is. We have been measuring objects using cubes and we have been measuring the distance of a bean bag throw. To celebrate the Chinese New Year, F2 have been making dancing dragons. The children had to use their cutting, colouring and folding skills to create these wonderful dragons. Today our learning has all been based on money. We looked at what coins we have and how many we would need to buy different items from the shop. In our classroom we have fruit which are all different amounts. The children discussed how much they were and which coins they needed to use to buy them. Then a group of children visited our local shop with Mrs Lewis and Miss Buckley. We needed to buy three items; pasta, cheese and chopped tomatoes. The children gave the shop keeper five coins because the total amount was £4.70. In the next few weeks there will be two more groups of children who will be visiting the shop. In maths we have been learning all about subtraction. We know that subtraction means take away. We have used lots of different resources to help us learn about subtraction such as counters and beads. Today we used chalk. We know that we need to draw the first number in the number sentence and then takeaway the second number. For example, if our number problem is 5 - 2. We can draw 5 circles and then cross out 2. The amount we have left is our answer. F2 have done some amazing learning at Sherwood Pines. We went on a special trail where we met lots of reindeer. Along the way we had challenges to do. We have to create some floor art of a reindeer and we got a red nose to finish the picture off! We also had to create a shelter for some little elves using branches and leaves. We then had to do some exercises along the way, such as prancing like a reindeer and swirling like star. After this we decorated a Christmas tree with things we made ourselves at school. We then finished off the day by meeting someone a bit scary - THE GRUFFALO! Back at school we had a warm hot chocolate and talked about all the things we had seen. Something has happened to our classroom! We came back to school after the weekend and there is a huge mess! Whoever it was has knocked over the chairs, left footprints, read the book "how to grow a dinosaur" and has laid 2 eggs. Some of us think in it could be a monster, some of think it could be a dinosaur! Hopefully we will get more clues throughout the week to help us figure out what happened! F2 have been learning all about money in maths this week. The children can recognise and use 1p, 2p, 5p and 10p. Foundation 2 have been very busy! Last week we read the story We're Going on a Bear Hunt. We made our own maps and then went out on our very own bear hunt.... it was so much fun and maybe a little scary!	<urn:uuid:f112cc0f-2467-439d-bf7f-8a3b091234e7>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.henrywhipple.co.uk/foundation-2-1/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607407.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122191620-20200122220620-00030.warc.gz	en	0.980548	2,303	3.4375	3	[ -0.557533323764801, -0.00787300430238247, 0.23770363628864288, -0.2602790594100952, -0.1304749846458435, 0.05961037799715996, 0.21146517992019653, 0.2124631702899933, -0.1948128491640091, 0.15993307530879974, -0.20784682035446167, -0.47193029522895813, 0.26949000358581543, 0.63785576820373...	1	Today we made pizza's as part of learning about Italy this week. We had to read the instructions, and then put the steps back in the right order as they all got mixed up. We then made the dough and added our toppings. We had a special visit from the fire service. We learnt all about their job and we looked inside their fire engine. We got see their uniform and we learnt about what to do if we hear the smoke alarm. This week we have been looking at the number bonds to 5. We have investigated this in many ways. We know that the number bonds to 5 are 5 and 0 4 and 1 3 and 2 Thank you to all the parents that joined us at our learning together event this week. We focused on vocabulary. We looked at the phrase "Supertato was thrown into the icy depths of the freezer" and discussed its meaning. We described the evil pea and Supertato. This week our learning has been all about England. We know that England is the country we live in and that it is part of the United Kingdom. We have talked about London and its landmarks and we know that London is the capital city of England. This week we have made a Victoria sponge cake as it originates from a England. We had to read and follow the instructions and then measure and weigh the ingredients. This half term our class reader is Supertato by Sue Hendra. We had a great time at the Christmas party. We met Santa and some of his reindeer. This morning we investigated the frost outside. We discovered that putting water on the frost made it melt because it is warmer than the cold frost. We practised our writing in the frost and explored the objects frozen in the ice. In mathematics this week we have been learning to work out 1 less than a given number. We worked outside with chalk to show our understanding. When given a number problem we had to show our working out on the floor. If the problem was "one less than 4" we had to draw 4 circles and then take away one. The amount we had left was our answer. We could say and show that "one less than 4 is 3". Thank you to all the parents that came to support at our phonics learning together. We had lots of fun learning to segment and blend the sounds in words. This week in phonics we have been learning to read and write words containing the sounds y,z,zz,qu. In phonics this week, we have been looking at the sounds ll, ss and ff. We can segment and blend words such as bell, mess and huff. We have also been practising reading and writing our tricky words (words that cannot be sounded out): I, the, no, go, to, into. Our class reader for this half term is "How to Grow a Dinosaur" by Caryl Hart. We have predicted what the book will be about and can identify the title, author, blurb, front cover and back cover. Please take a look at our class newsletter. This week our maths learning has been focused on sorting into groups. In teams we had to find 6 objects in our outdoor classroom. We then had to think of a rule for sorting. Our rules for sorting were: - Blue and not blue. -Food and not food. -Things found on a tree and not found on a tree. -Objects in the water and not in the water. -Circular shape and not circular shape. We knew that whichever way we sorted, we would always have 6 in total as this was our whole number. Today we had a problem to solve. One of our hoops went over the fence. We had to find a way of getting the hoop without going into F1. Some of us tried rope, others used sticks and some of us built a tower using the rabbits. With lots of team work, we managed to get the hoop and we built on our shape space and measure learning. This week our maths learning is all about the number 5. Today we had to count out 5 from a larger group. We showed 5 in different ways, such as 2 + 3, 4 + 1. This week our learning was based on the story Whatever Next! We designed space rockets, described them in our writing and then made our space rockets out of junk. We also role played the story in our book corner. This week our learning has been based around the story of "We're Going on a Bear Hunt" by Michael Rosen. We have looked at the vocabulary in the story and acted out the story in P.E. Well done to all the children who have tried getting changed independently into their P.E. kit this week. Welcome to Foundation 2's class webpage We have had a great day at Anker Woods. We learnt about what we can grow in our garden and planted cress. We visited the animals. We met goats, a pig, rabbits and ginuea pigs. We also got to hold a chicken and get a kiss of an alpaca. We then went on a walk through the treetops! We finished our day by walking a through a maze. At the end of it we found a tee pee. Can you remember what a tee pee is? Thank you to all the parents that came to our writing stay and learn. We have learnt lots of new Vocabulary this week, such as 'bulbous' and 'fins'. We have been describing and visualising fish, after reading our class reader, Commotion in the Ocean. Today we had a visit from the RNLI. We learnt all about what they do and how to stay safe near water. We even got to try on a lifeguards uniform and a life jacket. Can you remember what the different flags mean? Can you remember which numbers to ring in an emergency? Today in maths we explored addition to 12. We used our part part whole models to find out all the different ways of making 12. We worked with our partners to write down number sentences. This week we have been using our creative skills to make under the sea collages. We then used some new vocabulary, such as "ocean" and "angel fish" to describe what we have done. Today we have had an Easter hunt. We worked in teams to find the eggs and to get the treasure at the end. We had to use out reading skills to work out where the next egg was. We then used our fantastic writing skills to make our own clues. Today we had a lovely visit from the RSPB. They helped us find mini-beasts in our outside area. We bought them inside to have a closed look. Thank - you RSPB! F2 have been finding out all the ways of making 10. We had 10 counting kids or dominos and we rolled the ball to knock them down. We know that however many were knocked down + how many were still standing always equaled 10. We wrote number sentences to show the this. In maths we are working on addition. Today we carried out an investigation to find out the different ways of making 8. We used part part whole models and counters to represent people. We moved the people to either the beach or the park and then we could see the different ways of making 8. F2 have had a fantastic half term, with lots of our learning linked to our class reader, Supertato. F2 have learnt lots of new vocabulary, such as grin, gasp and distress. We have used our counting and adding skills and we have used our physical skills to mash supertato and the evil pea. We have also used our phonics to complete fantastic pieces of writing all about Supertato. This week we have been learning all about Mexico. We have made sombreros and listened to Mexican music. We used our understanding and listening skills to follow instructions to make burritos. We have also tried nachos and salsa. This week, in maths, F2 have been focusing on measuring. We know that when we measure we are finding out how long something is. We have been measuring objects using cubes and we have been measuring the distance of a bean bag throw. To celebrate the Chinese New Year, F2 have been making dancing dragons. The children had to use their cutting, colouring and folding skills to create these wonderful dragons. Today our learning has all been based on money. We looked at what coins we have and how many we would need to buy different items from the shop. In our classroom we have fruit which are all different amounts. The children discussed how much they were and which coins they needed to use to buy them. Then a group of children visited our local shop with Mrs Lewis and Miss Buckley. We needed to buy three items; pasta, cheese and chopped tomatoes. The children gave the shop keeper five coins because the total amount was £4.70. In the next few weeks there will be two more groups of children who will be visiting the shop. In maths we have been learning all about subtraction. We know that subtraction means take away. We have used lots of different resources to help us learn about subtraction such as counters and beads. Today we used chalk. We know that we need to draw the first number in the number sentence and then takeaway the second number. For example, if our number problem is 5 - 2. We can draw 5 circles and then cross out 2. The amount we have left is our answer. F2 have done some amazing learning at Sherwood Pines. We went on a special trail where we met lots of reindeer. Along the way we had challenges to do. We have to create some floor art of a reindeer and we got a red nose to finish the picture off! We also had to create a shelter for some little elves using branches and leaves. We then had to do some exercises along the way, such as prancing like a reindeer and swirling like star. After this we decorated a Christmas tree with things we made ourselves at school. We then finished off the day by meeting someone a bit scary - THE GRUFFALO! Back at school we had a warm hot chocolate and talked about all the things we had seen. Something has happened to our classroom! We came back to school after the weekend and there is a huge mess! Whoever it was has knocked over the chairs, left footprints, read the book "how to grow a dinosaur" and has laid 2 eggs. Some of us think in it could be a monster, some of think it could be a dinosaur! Hopefully we will get more clues throughout the week to help us figure out what happened! F2 have been learning all about money in maths this week. The children can recognise and use 1p, 2p, 5p and 10p. Foundation 2 have been very busy! Last week we read the story We're Going on a Bear Hunt. We made our own maps and then went out on our very own bear hunt.... it was so much fun and maybe a little scary!	2,278	ENGLISH	1
The Segmental Arch Like almost all of the engineering feats we've listed, the Romans didn't invent the arch -- but they sure did perfect it. Arches had been around for nearly two thousand years before the Romans got a hold of them. What Roman engineers realized (quite brilliantly, as it turned out) was that arches need not be continuous; that is, they don't have to span a gap in one go. Instead of trying to cross gaps in one great leap, they could be broken up into several, smaller sections. Turning an arch into a perfect semicircle wasn't necessary so long as each section had struts underneath. That's where the segmental arch came in. This new form of arch-building had two distinct advantages. First, because the arches could be repeated rather than having a single stretch across a gap, the potential distance for a bridge span could be increased exponentially. Second, because less material was required, segmental arch bridges were more amenable to the flow of water underneath them. Instead of forcing water through a single small opening, water under segmented bridges could flow through freely, reducing both danger of flooding and the amount of wear on the supports.	<urn:uuid:426f178e-1d9f-4f12-bb31-5138c2f25d15>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://science.howstuffworks.com/engineering/structural/10-roman-engineering-tricks9.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250620381.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124130719-20200124155719-00146.warc.gz	en	0.98119	244	4.0625	4	[ -0.4162708520889282, -0.08672063052654266, 0.6173554062843323, -0.09513755887746811, -0.6262484192848206, -0.1800919771194458, -0.40253502130508423, 0.42130208015441895, 0.09398216754198074, -0.24534758925437927, 0.21709251403808594, -0.2426668107509613, -0.017231930047273636, -0.017692131...	3	The Segmental Arch Like almost all of the engineering feats we've listed, the Romans didn't invent the arch -- but they sure did perfect it. Arches had been around for nearly two thousand years before the Romans got a hold of them. What Roman engineers realized (quite brilliantly, as it turned out) was that arches need not be continuous; that is, they don't have to span a gap in one go. Instead of trying to cross gaps in one great leap, they could be broken up into several, smaller sections. Turning an arch into a perfect semicircle wasn't necessary so long as each section had struts underneath. That's where the segmental arch came in. This new form of arch-building had two distinct advantages. First, because the arches could be repeated rather than having a single stretch across a gap, the potential distance for a bridge span could be increased exponentially. Second, because less material was required, segmental arch bridges were more amenable to the flow of water underneath them. Instead of forcing water through a single small opening, water under segmented bridges could flow through freely, reducing both danger of flooding and the amount of wear on the supports.	240	ENGLISH	1
Debate On Algeria – December 3, 1960 The conflict in Algeria. The war for independence which lasted throughout the 1950s and up until 1962 was costly and bloody. A colony of France since 1830 Algeria, like so many countries during the post-World War 2 period, sought independence for former rulers – those countries which either had lost the war and were stripped of their colonial status, or those who were having what little resources were left, dried up by colonies they could no longer keep. The Independence Movement was a strong one, with numerous African countries seeking freedom from European influence, but getting themselves stuck in bloody conflicts often as a result. Algeria was only one nation in Africa undergoing great upheavals. In 1960, around the time of this live debate, Belgium was going through a crisis with their former colony of The Congo. Britain was also going through major changes on the world picture – with India achieving independent in the late 1940s and the subsequent violence which sprang up between independent India and independent Pakistan. But there was also a considerable movement afoot to gain independence for a number of African nations from Britain. All in all, it was a violence-torn period of time with factions and growing pains and economic freedom to contend with. But the big news was on Algeria and what could be done to finally end the bloody conflict which had taken so many lives and had created a deep wedge within French society. Clearly, there was no easy answer. But in this debate, aired live throughout the world on this day in 1960 the representatives faced tough questions and put forth cases with the hopes something positive could come out of it. Arguing the issues were Jacques Soustelle, former Governor General of Algeria and former cabinet minister in the government of Charles De Gaulle. Alex Quaison Sackey, former Ambassador of Ghana to the United Nations. The debate was then joined by a question and answer period which showed just how divided the world in general was over the issue of an independent Algeria. Here is that episode of The Nation’ Future and the Debate on The Algerian Conflict, from December 3, 1960.	<urn:uuid:3fd770b4-d245-4544-92a8-a7d2d0eb1f79>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://pastdaily.com/2015/12/03/debate-on-algeria-december-3-1960/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251779833.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128153713-20200128183713-00351.warc.gz	en	0.986069	428	3.375	3	[ -0.729689359664917, 0.6470482349395752, -0.1805700808763504, 0.003428324591368437, 0.11307751387357712, 0.11483367532491684, -0.09464771300554276, 0.10022077709436417, 0.039403047412633896, 0.2329806387424469, 0.05254441872239113, -0.18646126985549927, 0.17290326952934265, 0.48173749446868...	4	Debate On Algeria – December 3, 1960 The conflict in Algeria. The war for independence which lasted throughout the 1950s and up until 1962 was costly and bloody. A colony of France since 1830 Algeria, like so many countries during the post-World War 2 period, sought independence for former rulers – those countries which either had lost the war and were stripped of their colonial status, or those who were having what little resources were left, dried up by colonies they could no longer keep. The Independence Movement was a strong one, with numerous African countries seeking freedom from European influence, but getting themselves stuck in bloody conflicts often as a result. Algeria was only one nation in Africa undergoing great upheavals. In 1960, around the time of this live debate, Belgium was going through a crisis with their former colony of The Congo. Britain was also going through major changes on the world picture – with India achieving independent in the late 1940s and the subsequent violence which sprang up between independent India and independent Pakistan. But there was also a considerable movement afoot to gain independence for a number of African nations from Britain. All in all, it was a violence-torn period of time with factions and growing pains and economic freedom to contend with. But the big news was on Algeria and what could be done to finally end the bloody conflict which had taken so many lives and had created a deep wedge within French society. Clearly, there was no easy answer. But in this debate, aired live throughout the world on this day in 1960 the representatives faced tough questions and put forth cases with the hopes something positive could come out of it. Arguing the issues were Jacques Soustelle, former Governor General of Algeria and former cabinet minister in the government of Charles De Gaulle. Alex Quaison Sackey, former Ambassador of Ghana to the United Nations. The debate was then joined by a question and answer period which showed just how divided the world in general was over the issue of an independent Algeria. Here is that episode of The Nation’ Future and the Debate on The Algerian Conflict, from December 3, 1960.	459	ENGLISH	1
Jackie Robinson was an African American professional baseball player who broke Major Leagues Baseball’s infamous “color barrier” when he started at first base for the Brooklyn Dodgers on April 15, 1947. Until that time, professional ballplayers of color suited up for teams only in the Negro Leagues. Today, April 15th is observed as Jackie Robinson Day throughout MLB franchises, with players wearing the former Dodgers’ jersey number 42. Robinson’s dazzling athletic prowess and grace under pressure effectively led to the integration of the Major Leagues, and his 10-year career with the Dodgers — and his outspoken activism in his later years — helped set the stage for the burgeoning civil rights movement. When Was Jackie Robinson Born? Jackie Robinson was born on January 31, 1919, in Cairo, Georgia, to a family of sharecroppers. He was the youngest of five children. After his father abandoned the family in 1920, they moved to Pasadena, California, where his mother, Mallie, worked a series of odd jobs to support herself and her children. Though Pasadena was a fairly affluent suburb of Los Angeles at the time, the Robinsons were poor, and Jackie and his friends in the city’s small black community were often excluded from recreational activities. That began to change when Jackie enrolled at John Muir High School in 1935. His older brother Mack, a silver medalist in track and field at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, inspired him to pursue his interest in athletics, and the younger Robinson ultimately earned varsity letters in baseball, basketball, football and track while at Muir. After graduating high school, Jackie attended Pasadena Junior College for two years, where he continued to have success in all four sports. Following the death of another older brother, Frank, in a motorcycle accident, Jackie decided to honor his memory by enrolling at UCLA in 1939. There, he became the first Bruin to earn varsity letters in four sports — the same four in which he starred in high school — and he won the NCAA long jump championship in 1940. Jackie also met his future wife, Rachel, while at UCLA. Jackie Robinson in the U.S. Army Jackie ultimately left college in the spring of his senior year, just a few credits short of his graduation. He accepted a job as an athletic administrator, but his dreams remained focused on the field of play. He spent two years playing semi-professional football for integrated teams in leagues in Hawaii and California before being drafted into the U.S. Army in the spring of 1942, during World War II, although he never saw combat. He was accepted into Officer Candidate School and was assigned to segregated Army units, first in Kansas and then in Texas. During this time, however, he remained close to Rachel, with whom he became engaged in 1943. In 1944, Jackie was nearly court-martialed after he boarded a bus at Fort Hood in Texas and refused the driver’s order to sit in the back, as segregationist practices in the United States dictated at the time. He was acquitted on all the charges at court martial, but it has been said that his experiences during the proceedings likely shaped his response to the racist taunts he received, a few years later, from fans and fellow players at the start of his professional baseball career. Jackie was honorably discharged from the Army in November 1944, and he took a job coaching basketball at a college in Austin, Texas. Jackie Robinson's Professional Sports Career In early 1945, Jackie Robinson was signed by the Negro League team the Kansas City Monarchs, where he starred for one season, hitting .387. At the time, Brooklyn Dodgers executive Branch Rickey was scouting the Negro Leagues, looking for players who not only had the talent but the demeanor to withstand the pressures associated with integrating Major League Baseball. Robinson was one of several players Rickey interviewed in August 1945 for assignment to the Dodgers’ farm team in Montreal, the Royals. It is said that during the interview, Rickey demanded that Robinson not respond when on the receiving end of racial abuse. Robinson reportedly said, “Are you looking for a Negro who is afraid to fight back?” To which Rickey replied that he was looking for a person “with guts enough not to fight back.” Once Robinson agreed to “turn the other cheek,” a Biblical phrase used by the religious baseball executive, he was assigned to the Royals for the 1946 season, where he was embraced by Montreal fans and batted an impressive .349. His performance both on and off the field earned him a call-up to Brooklyn the following season. Jackie Robinson and the Dodgers His debut with the Dodgers in 1947 was greeted with a lot of attention — not all of it positive. Although Robinson quickly proved he belonged as a player, the color of his skin was an issue for opposing teams and fans. Hearing racist taunts from fans and players prior to a game, Dodgers teammate Pee Wee Reese is said to have put his arm around Robinson on the field to indicate that he was accepted by those wearing a Brooklyn uniform. Still, Robinson endured racist obscenities, hate mail and death threats for much of his career. It was his play in the field that ultimately silenced his critics. In 1947, his first year with the Dodgers, he earned the inaugural “Rookie of the Year” award. Despite having been signed by the Dodgers at the relatively old age of 28, Robinson would go on to hit .311 over a 10-year career. He became the first black player to win the National League Most Valuable Player Award in 1949, when he led the league in hitting with a .342 average, most stolen bases (37) and achieving career-high 124 RBI. Robinson was an All Star every year from 1949-1954. He led Brooklyn to a World Series championship over the rival New York Yankees in 1956. Robinson retired after that season, and thus didn’t follow the Dodgers when the club moved to Los Angeles following the 1957 campaign. Jackie Robinson Quotes “I’m not concerned with your liking or disliking me … all I ask is that you respect me as a human being.” “A life is not important except in the impact it has on other lives.” "Baseball is like a poker game. Nobody wants to quit when he's losing; nobody wants you to quit when you're ahead.” "Life is not a spectator sport. If you're going to spend your whole life in the grandstand just watching what goes on, in my opinion you're wasting your life." "There's not an American in this country free until every one of us is free." "As I write these words now I cannot stand and sing the National Anthem. I have learned that I remain a black in a white world." "Above anything else, I hate to lose." Jackie Robinson: Legacy and Death Weakened by heart disease and diabetes, Robinson died in 1972 at the age of 53 from a heart attack suffered at his home in Stamford, Connecticut. Thousands attended his funeral service, including former teammates and other professional athletes. His eulogy was delivered by the Reverend Jesse Jackson, who declared, “When Jackie took the field, something reminded us of our birthright to be free.” Jackie Robinson Foundation Scholarship Following his death, his wife Rachel, by then an assistant professor in the Yale School of Nursing, established the Jackie Robinson Foundation. In addition to recognizing other trailblazers in sports, the foundation awards the Jackie Robinson Foundation Scholarship to minority students. Robinson’s jersey number 42 was retired by all big-league teams in 1997, meaning it could no longer be worn by any player. Those players already wearing the number were allowed to keep it. The gesture was meant to honor Robinson’s legacy and the historic impact he had on professional baseball, sports in general and, by extension, American society, and in recognition of the difficulties the athlete faced in breaking Major League Baseball’s color barrier. Jackie Robinson Movies: ‘The Jackie Robinson Story’ and ‘42’ In 1950, Robinson played himself in a movie on his life called “The Jackie Robinson Story.” And in 2013, a movie about Robinson’s life called “42” was released to critical acclaim, with his widow involved in the production. Baseball Hall of Fame. “Jackie Robinson.” BaseballHall.org. Lamb, C. (2019). “How Jackie Robinson’s wife, Rachel, helped him break baseball’s color line.” TheConversation.com. Breslin, Jimmy. (2011). Branch Rickey: A Life. Penguin Random House. Jackie Robinson: 7 memorable quotes. ABC7NY.com. Jackie Robinson. Baseball Reference.	<urn:uuid:d5046521-fd71-4406-a0b9-e640526241dd>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/jackie-robinson	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250590107.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117180950-20200117204950-00262.warc.gz	en	0.981872	1,860	3.609375	4	[ -0.3697165846824646, 0.6019123196601868, -0.11301830410957336, -0.3943086862564087, -0.008804388344287872, 0.3517153263092041, 0.3722308278083801, 0.046449363231658936, 0.07177203893661499, -0.11673521250486374, 0.1951484978199005, -0.22232747077941895, -0.17391780018806458, 0.006315600126...	7	Jackie Robinson was an African American professional baseball player who broke Major Leagues Baseball’s infamous “color barrier” when he started at first base for the Brooklyn Dodgers on April 15, 1947. Until that time, professional ballplayers of color suited up for teams only in the Negro Leagues. Today, April 15th is observed as Jackie Robinson Day throughout MLB franchises, with players wearing the former Dodgers’ jersey number 42. Robinson’s dazzling athletic prowess and grace under pressure effectively led to the integration of the Major Leagues, and his 10-year career with the Dodgers — and his outspoken activism in his later years — helped set the stage for the burgeoning civil rights movement. When Was Jackie Robinson Born? Jackie Robinson was born on January 31, 1919, in Cairo, Georgia, to a family of sharecroppers. He was the youngest of five children. After his father abandoned the family in 1920, they moved to Pasadena, California, where his mother, Mallie, worked a series of odd jobs to support herself and her children. Though Pasadena was a fairly affluent suburb of Los Angeles at the time, the Robinsons were poor, and Jackie and his friends in the city’s small black community were often excluded from recreational activities. That began to change when Jackie enrolled at John Muir High School in 1935. His older brother Mack, a silver medalist in track and field at the 1936 Olympics in Berlin, inspired him to pursue his interest in athletics, and the younger Robinson ultimately earned varsity letters in baseball, basketball, football and track while at Muir. After graduating high school, Jackie attended Pasadena Junior College for two years, where he continued to have success in all four sports. Following the death of another older brother, Frank, in a motorcycle accident, Jackie decided to honor his memory by enrolling at UCLA in 1939. There, he became the first Bruin to earn varsity letters in four sports — the same four in which he starred in high school — and he won the NCAA long jump championship in 1940. Jackie also met his future wife, Rachel, while at UCLA. Jackie Robinson in the U.S. Army Jackie ultimately left college in the spring of his senior year, just a few credits short of his graduation. He accepted a job as an athletic administrator, but his dreams remained focused on the field of play. He spent two years playing semi-professional football for integrated teams in leagues in Hawaii and California before being drafted into the U.S. Army in the spring of 1942, during World War II, although he never saw combat. He was accepted into Officer Candidate School and was assigned to segregated Army units, first in Kansas and then in Texas. During this time, however, he remained close to Rachel, with whom he became engaged in 1943. In 1944, Jackie was nearly court-martialed after he boarded a bus at Fort Hood in Texas and refused the driver’s order to sit in the back, as segregationist practices in the United States dictated at the time. He was acquitted on all the charges at court martial, but it has been said that his experiences during the proceedings likely shaped his response to the racist taunts he received, a few years later, from fans and fellow players at the start of his professional baseball career. Jackie was honorably discharged from the Army in November 1944, and he took a job coaching basketball at a college in Austin, Texas. Jackie Robinson's Professional Sports Career In early 1945, Jackie Robinson was signed by the Negro League team the Kansas City Monarchs, where he starred for one season, hitting .387. At the time, Brooklyn Dodgers executive Branch Rickey was scouting the Negro Leagues, looking for players who not only had the talent but the demeanor to withstand the pressures associated with integrating Major League Baseball. Robinson was one of several players Rickey interviewed in August 1945 for assignment to the Dodgers’ farm team in Montreal, the Royals. It is said that during the interview, Rickey demanded that Robinson not respond when on the receiving end of racial abuse. Robinson reportedly said, “Are you looking for a Negro who is afraid to fight back?” To which Rickey replied that he was looking for a person “with guts enough not to fight back.” Once Robinson agreed to “turn the other cheek,” a Biblical phrase used by the religious baseball executive, he was assigned to the Royals for the 1946 season, where he was embraced by Montreal fans and batted an impressive .349. His performance both on and off the field earned him a call-up to Brooklyn the following season. Jackie Robinson and the Dodgers His debut with the Dodgers in 1947 was greeted with a lot of attention — not all of it positive. Although Robinson quickly proved he belonged as a player, the color of his skin was an issue for opposing teams and fans. Hearing racist taunts from fans and players prior to a game, Dodgers teammate Pee Wee Reese is said to have put his arm around Robinson on the field to indicate that he was accepted by those wearing a Brooklyn uniform. Still, Robinson endured racist obscenities, hate mail and death threats for much of his career. It was his play in the field that ultimately silenced his critics. In 1947, his first year with the Dodgers, he earned the inaugural “Rookie of the Year” award. Despite having been signed by the Dodgers at the relatively old age of 28, Robinson would go on to hit .311 over a 10-year career. He became the first black player to win the National League Most Valuable Player Award in 1949, when he led the league in hitting with a .342 average, most stolen bases (37) and achieving career-high 124 RBI. Robinson was an All Star every year from 1949-1954. He led Brooklyn to a World Series championship over the rival New York Yankees in 1956. Robinson retired after that season, and thus didn’t follow the Dodgers when the club moved to Los Angeles following the 1957 campaign. Jackie Robinson Quotes “I’m not concerned with your liking or disliking me … all I ask is that you respect me as a human being.” “A life is not important except in the impact it has on other lives.” "Baseball is like a poker game. Nobody wants to quit when he's losing; nobody wants you to quit when you're ahead.” "Life is not a spectator sport. If you're going to spend your whole life in the grandstand just watching what goes on, in my opinion you're wasting your life." "There's not an American in this country free until every one of us is free." "As I write these words now I cannot stand and sing the National Anthem. I have learned that I remain a black in a white world." "Above anything else, I hate to lose." Jackie Robinson: Legacy and Death Weakened by heart disease and diabetes, Robinson died in 1972 at the age of 53 from a heart attack suffered at his home in Stamford, Connecticut. Thousands attended his funeral service, including former teammates and other professional athletes. His eulogy was delivered by the Reverend Jesse Jackson, who declared, “When Jackie took the field, something reminded us of our birthright to be free.” Jackie Robinson Foundation Scholarship Following his death, his wife Rachel, by then an assistant professor in the Yale School of Nursing, established the Jackie Robinson Foundation. In addition to recognizing other trailblazers in sports, the foundation awards the Jackie Robinson Foundation Scholarship to minority students. Robinson’s jersey number 42 was retired by all big-league teams in 1997, meaning it could no longer be worn by any player. Those players already wearing the number were allowed to keep it. The gesture was meant to honor Robinson’s legacy and the historic impact he had on professional baseball, sports in general and, by extension, American society, and in recognition of the difficulties the athlete faced in breaking Major League Baseball’s color barrier. Jackie Robinson Movies: ‘The Jackie Robinson Story’ and ‘42’ In 1950, Robinson played himself in a movie on his life called “The Jackie Robinson Story.” And in 2013, a movie about Robinson’s life called “42” was released to critical acclaim, with his widow involved in the production. Baseball Hall of Fame. “Jackie Robinson.” BaseballHall.org. Lamb, C. (2019). “How Jackie Robinson’s wife, Rachel, helped him break baseball’s color line.” TheConversation.com. Breslin, Jimmy. (2011). Branch Rickey: A Life. Penguin Random House. Jackie Robinson: 7 memorable quotes. ABC7NY.com. Jackie Robinson. Baseball Reference.	1,878	ENGLISH	1
Thirty-two–year-old Jason is a general laborer, who fell ill shortly after working on a job digging up old water pipes for the town he lived in. The task involved working around shallow pools of stagnant water. Ten days after the contract ended, Jason developed a fever and aching muscles. He also had nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Jason’s friend took him to his physician who listened carefully to Jason’s history. She told him she suspected West Nile fever and ordered serological testing. Jason went home to recover and was feeling better by the end of the week. Jason’s physician ordered serological tests. How would antibody titers assist the doctor in confirming his diagnosis? When Jason was feeling at his worst, he had extreme malaise, vomiting, and diarrhea. What stage of the illness was he experiencing at that time? What are the physiological mechanisms that give rise to the signs and symptoms of infectious illness? West Nile virus has a single-stranded RNA genome. How does this virus replicate? In general terms, what are the various effects viruses can have on host cells?	<urn:uuid:d10c4c61-05ce-4a76-a8b8-e494a18ab0e7>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://nursingwritingservices.net/how-does-this-virus-replicate-in-general-terms-what-are-the-various-effects-viruses-can-have-on-host-cells/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250628549.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125011232-20200125040232-00519.warc.gz	en	0.986666	231	4.15625	4	[ -0.031910814344882965, 0.23910938203334808, 0.27030259370803833, 0.22901040315628052, -0.07948705554008484, -0.17267051339149475, 0.7506048083305359, 0.65531986951828, -0.5372071862220764, 0.038956135511398315, 0.12827685475349426, -0.2473108321428299, 0.12416353821754456, -0.0943347737193...	4	Thirty-two–year-old Jason is a general laborer, who fell ill shortly after working on a job digging up old water pipes for the town he lived in. The task involved working around shallow pools of stagnant water. Ten days after the contract ended, Jason developed a fever and aching muscles. He also had nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Jason’s friend took him to his physician who listened carefully to Jason’s history. She told him she suspected West Nile fever and ordered serological testing. Jason went home to recover and was feeling better by the end of the week. Jason’s physician ordered serological tests. How would antibody titers assist the doctor in confirming his diagnosis? When Jason was feeling at his worst, he had extreme malaise, vomiting, and diarrhea. What stage of the illness was he experiencing at that time? What are the physiological mechanisms that give rise to the signs and symptoms of infectious illness? West Nile virus has a single-stranded RNA genome. How does this virus replicate? In general terms, what are the various effects viruses can have on host cells?	218	ENGLISH	1
Donatello was one of the greatest sculptors of all time. His real name was Donato de Betto di Bardi. Donatello was born in Florence in 1386 and died at 1466. He grew up being called Donatello, which means Little Donato. There is very little known about Donatellos family, except his father was Nicalo di Bardi a wool comber. There is no record of Donatello ever being married or having children. Donatello began his career as a goldsmith. At the age of twelve, he began working in the shop of the great architect Brunelleschi in 1399. Next, Donatello had the opportunity to work as an apprentice for the most famous sculptor of the time Lorenzo Ghiberte. He assisted Ghiberte in constructing and decorating the famous bronze doors for baptistery in Florence. Each bronze door contained fourteen sculpted panels with scenes from the New Testament. It took Ghiberte almost twenty years to complete the doors. This experience of studying under Ghiberte continues to influence Donatellos style of sculpting for the rest of his life. Donatellos first work of art, which was recognized, was a larger than life, statue of St. Mark. The statue measured seven feet nine inches and was sculpted out of marble. This was his first great sculpture. It took him more than two years to finish. The thing that is most remarkable about the statue is the penetrating gaze of St. Mark. Michelangelo is reported to have said that he had never seen anyone who looked more like a honest man then Donatellos statue of St. Mark. Donatellos earliest sculptures were very realistic In 1415 Donatello was commissioned to sculpt a statue of St. George, the slayer of dragons. The statue stands today in Florence. It took him two years to complete the six foot nine inch statue. The statue of St. George is that he seems very alive. The youthful looking St. George is dressed in a full suit of armor and his eyes are fired on his sword arm. Although, the statue stands firmly you almost sense that he is ready to move. The body language of St. George suggests a person ready for battle. The face and pose of St. George is very vivid and controlled that is compared to the classical Greek and Roman sculptures. By the time Donatello was in his late thirties, wealthy people were buying his sculptures. The Medici family of Florence commissioned most of his works. The Medicis dominated the financial and political house of Florence for several generations. Donatello sculpted a four-foot six-inch bronze statue of David, which was the biblical hero for the Medici Family. David was one of Donatellos most famous sculptures. His sculpture of David was inspired by many works of Ancient Rome. It was also the first nude figure to be cast in bronze since the end of the Roman Empire. The statue captures a mood of triumph as David gazes down quietly at the severed head of Goliath. Portraying a mood or emotion in his sculptures, was definitely Donatellos style. In 1446 Donatello sculpted his largest statue, Gattamelate. Donatello was hired to sculpt a statue of Erasmo da Narni, a well-known mercenary who died in 1443. The statue Gattamelata stands today in Piazzo del Santo in Padua. The statue measured eleven feet two inches. The horse in Gattamelata is a life size horse built to carry a warrior in full armor. The statue is a horse frozen in mid stride moving forward with authority and power. Donatello has portrayed an emotion in his sculpture. Donatellos sculpting style continued to show natural and realistic figures. After completing the statue of Gattamelata, Donatello accepted commissions in several northern Italian cities, but he returned to Florence in 1554 at the age of sixty-seven. He continued to work full time and employed at least twenty apprentices to help meet the demands of his work. Donatellos later works became more philosophical than earlier in his life. He focused on biblical stories that illustrated moral values. In 1454 Donatello sculpted a statue of Mary Mogdalena. The statue of Mary Magdalena was a wooden statue measuring six feet two inches. At first sight, most viewers are horrified at the freakish sight of her	<urn:uuid:7a7b606a-44ef-4345-a3fe-7bc61a45d9d6>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://pennsylvaniaangerclass.com/donato-di-donatello/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601040.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120224950-20200121013950-00468.warc.gz	en	0.985247	912	3.46875	3	[ -0.1412198841571808, 0.3721790909767151, 0.6745580434799194, 0.04571683704853058, -0.8588731288909912, 0.13141702115535736, 0.24761894345283508, 0.1782442331314087, 0.11765258014202118, 0.16770291328430176, -0.3060495853424072, -0.09436573088169098, 0.2123051881790161, 0.4902094006538391, ...	1	Donatello was one of the greatest sculptors of all time. His real name was Donato de Betto di Bardi. Donatello was born in Florence in 1386 and died at 1466. He grew up being called Donatello, which means Little Donato. There is very little known about Donatellos family, except his father was Nicalo di Bardi a wool comber. There is no record of Donatello ever being married or having children. Donatello began his career as a goldsmith. At the age of twelve, he began working in the shop of the great architect Brunelleschi in 1399. Next, Donatello had the opportunity to work as an apprentice for the most famous sculptor of the time Lorenzo Ghiberte. He assisted Ghiberte in constructing and decorating the famous bronze doors for baptistery in Florence. Each bronze door contained fourteen sculpted panels with scenes from the New Testament. It took Ghiberte almost twenty years to complete the doors. This experience of studying under Ghiberte continues to influence Donatellos style of sculpting for the rest of his life. Donatellos first work of art, which was recognized, was a larger than life, statue of St. Mark. The statue measured seven feet nine inches and was sculpted out of marble. This was his first great sculpture. It took him more than two years to finish. The thing that is most remarkable about the statue is the penetrating gaze of St. Mark. Michelangelo is reported to have said that he had never seen anyone who looked more like a honest man then Donatellos statue of St. Mark. Donatellos earliest sculptures were very realistic In 1415 Donatello was commissioned to sculpt a statue of St. George, the slayer of dragons. The statue stands today in Florence. It took him two years to complete the six foot nine inch statue. The statue of St. George is that he seems very alive. The youthful looking St. George is dressed in a full suit of armor and his eyes are fired on his sword arm. Although, the statue stands firmly you almost sense that he is ready to move. The body language of St. George suggests a person ready for battle. The face and pose of St. George is very vivid and controlled that is compared to the classical Greek and Roman sculptures. By the time Donatello was in his late thirties, wealthy people were buying his sculptures. The Medici family of Florence commissioned most of his works. The Medicis dominated the financial and political house of Florence for several generations. Donatello sculpted a four-foot six-inch bronze statue of David, which was the biblical hero for the Medici Family. David was one of Donatellos most famous sculptures. His sculpture of David was inspired by many works of Ancient Rome. It was also the first nude figure to be cast in bronze since the end of the Roman Empire. The statue captures a mood of triumph as David gazes down quietly at the severed head of Goliath. Portraying a mood or emotion in his sculptures, was definitely Donatellos style. In 1446 Donatello sculpted his largest statue, Gattamelate. Donatello was hired to sculpt a statue of Erasmo da Narni, a well-known mercenary who died in 1443. The statue Gattamelata stands today in Piazzo del Santo in Padua. The statue measured eleven feet two inches. The horse in Gattamelata is a life size horse built to carry a warrior in full armor. The statue is a horse frozen in mid stride moving forward with authority and power. Donatello has portrayed an emotion in his sculpture. Donatellos sculpting style continued to show natural and realistic figures. After completing the statue of Gattamelata, Donatello accepted commissions in several northern Italian cities, but he returned to Florence in 1554 at the age of sixty-seven. He continued to work full time and employed at least twenty apprentices to help meet the demands of his work. Donatellos later works became more philosophical than earlier in his life. He focused on biblical stories that illustrated moral values. In 1454 Donatello sculpted a statue of Mary Mogdalena. The statue of Mary Magdalena was a wooden statue measuring six feet two inches. At first sight, most viewers are horrified at the freakish sight of her	926	ENGLISH	1
Aspasia was an influential immigrant to Athens who was a companion of the statesman Pericles. The couple had a son Pericles the Young, but the full details of the couple's marital status are unknown. According to Plutarch, her house became an intellectual centre in Athens, attracting the most prominent writers and thinkers, including the philosopher Socrates. It has also been suggested that the teachings of Aspasia influenced Socrates. Aspasia was mentioned in the writing of philosophers Plato, Aristophanes, Xenophon, and other authors of the day. Though she spent most of her adult life in Greece, few details of her life are fully known. Some scholars suggest that Aspasia was a brothel keeper and a harlot. Aspasia's role in history provides crucial insight to the understanding of the women of ancient Greece. Very little is known about women from her time period. In fact, one scholar stated that, To ask questions about Aspasia, is to ask questions about half of humanity. Aspasia was born in the Ionian Greek city of Miletus (in the modern province of Aydın, Turkey). Little is known about her family except that her father's name was Axiochus, although it is evident that she must have belonged to a wealthy family, for only the well-to-do could have afforded the excellent education that she received. Some ancient sources claim that she was a Carian prisoner-of-war turned slave; these statements are generally regarded as false. It is not known under what circumstances she first traveled to Athens. The discovery of a 4th-century grave inscription that mentions the names of Axiochus and Aspasius has led historian Peter K. Bicknell to attempt a reconstruction of Aspasia's family background and Athenian connections. His theory connects her to Alcibiades II of Scambonidae (grandfather of the famous Alcibiades), who was ostracized from Athens in 460 BC and may have spent his exile in Miletus. Bicknell conjectures that, following his exile, the elder Alcibiades went to Miletus, where he married the daughter of a certain Axiochus. Alcibiades apparently returned to Athens with his new wife and her younger sister, Aspasia. Bicknell argues that the first child of this marriage was named Axiochus (uncle of the famous Alcibiades) and the second Aspasios. He also maintains that Pericles met Aspasia through his close connections with Alcibiades's household. According to the disputed statements of the ancient writers and some modern scholars, in Athens Aspasia became a hetaera and probably ran a brothel. Hetaerae were professional high-class entertainers, as well as courtesans. Besides displaying physical beauty, they differed from most Athenian women in being educated (often to a high standard, as in Aspasia's case), having independence, and paying taxes. They were the nearest thing perhaps to liberated women; and Aspasia, who became a vivid figure in Athenian society, was probably an obvious example. According to Plutarch, Aspasia was compared to the famous Thargelia, another renowned Ionian hetaera of ancient times. Being a foreigner and possibly a hetaera, Aspasia was free of the legal restraints that traditionally confined married women to their homes, and thereby was allowed to participate in the public life of the city. She became the mistress of the statesman Pericles in the early 440s. After he divorced his first wife (c. 445 BC), Aspasia began to live with him, although her marital status remains disputed. Their son, Pericles the Younger, must have been born by 440 BC. Aspasia would have to have been quite young, if she were able to bear a child to Lysicles c. 428 BC. In social circles, Aspasia was noted for her ability as a conversationalist and adviser rather than merely an object of physical beauty. Plutarch writes that, despite her immoral life, Athenian men would bring their wives to hear her converse. Though they were influential, Pericles, Aspasia and their friends were not immune from attack, as preeminence in democratic Athens was not equivalent to absolute rule. Her relationship with Pericles and her subsequent political influence aroused many reactions. Donald Kagan, a Yale historian, believes that Aspasia was particularly unpopular in the years immediately following the Samian War. In 440 BC, Samos was at war with Miletus over Priene, an ancient city of Ionia in the foot-hills of Mycale. Worsted in the war, the Milesians came to Athens to plead their case against the Samians. When the Athenians ordered the two sides to stop fighting and submit the case to arbitration at Athens, the Samians refused. In response, Pericles passed a decree dispatching an expedition to Samos.The campaign proved to be difficult and the Athenians had to endure heavy casualties before Samos was defeated. According to Plutarch, it was thought that Aspasia, who came from Miletus, was responsible for the Samian War, and that Pericles had decided against and attacked Samos to gratify her. "Thus far the evil was not serious and we were the only sufferers. But now some young drunkards go to Megara and carry off the courtesan Simaetha; the Megarians, hurt to the quick, run off in turn with two harlots of the house of Aspasia; and so for three whores Greece is set ablaze. Then Pericles, aflame with ire on his Olympian height, let loose the lightning, caused the thunder to roll, upset Greece and passed an edict, which ran like the song, That the Megarians be banished both from our land and from our markets and from the sea and from the continent."From Aristophanes' comedic play, The Acharnians (523–533) Before the eruption of the Peloponnesian War (431 BC–404 BC), Pericles, some of his closest associates and Aspasia faced a series of personal and legal attacks. Aspasia, in particular, was accused of corrupting the women of Athens in order to satisfy Pericles' perversions.[ε] According to Plutarch, she was put on trial for impiety, with the comic poet Hermippus as prosecutor.[στ] All these accusations were probably nothing more than unproven slanders, but the whole experience was bitter for the Athenian leader. Although Aspasia was acquitted thanks to a rare emotional outburst of Pericles,[ζ] his friend, Phidias, died in prison. Another friend of his, Anaxagoras, was attacked by the ecclesia (the Athenian Assembly) for his religious beliefs. According to Kagan it is possible that Aspasia's trial and acquittal were late inventions, "in which real slanders, suspicions and ribald jokes were converted into an imaginary lawsuit". Anthony J. Podlecki, Professor of Classics at the University of British Columbia, asserts that Plutarch or his source possibly misunderstood a scene in some comedy. Kagan argues that even if we believe these stories, Aspasia was unharmed with or without the help of Pericles. In The Acharnians, Aristophanes blames Aspasia for the Peloponnesian War. He claims that the Megarian decree of Pericles, which excluded Megara from trade with Athens or its allies, was retaliation for prostitutes being kidnapped from the house of Aspasia by Megarians. Aristophanes' portrayal of Aspasia as responsible, from personal motives, for the outbreak of the war with Sparta may reflect memory of the earlier episode involving Miletus and Samos. Plutarch reports also the taunting comments of other comic poets, such as Eupolis and Cratinus. According to Podlecki, Douris appears to have propounded the view that Aspasia instigated both the Samian and Peloponnesian Wars. Aspasia was labeled the "New Omphale",[η] "Deianira",[η] "Hera"[θ] and "Helen".[ι] Further attacks on Pericles' relationship with Aspasia are reported by Athenaeus. Even Pericles' own son, Xanthippus, who had political ambitions, did not hesitate to slander his father about his domestic affairs. In 429 BC during the Plague of Athens, Pericles witnessed the death of his sister and of both his legitimate sons, Paralus and Xanthippus, from his first wife. With his morale undermined, he burst into tears, and not even Aspasia's companionship could console him. Just before his death, the Athenians allowed a change in the citizenship law of 451 BC that made his half-Athenian son with Aspasia, Pericles the Younger, a citizen and legitimate heir, a decision all the more striking in considering that Pericles himself had proposed the law confining citizenship to those of Athenian parentage on both sides. Pericles died of the plague in the autumn of 429 BC. Plutarch cites Aeschines Socraticus, who wrote a dialogue on Aspasia (now lost), to the effect that after Pericles's death, Aspasia lived with Lysicles, an Athenian general and democratic leader, with whom she had another son; and that she made him the first man at Athens. Lysicles was killed in action in 428 BC. With Lysicles' death the contemporaneous record ends. It is unknown, for example, if she was alive when her son, Pericles, was elected general or when he was executed after the Battle of Arginusae. The time of her death that most historians give (c. 401 BC-400 BC) is based on the assessment that Aspasia died before the execution of Socrates in 399 BC, a chronology which is implied in the structure of Aeschines' Aspasia Aspasia appears in the philosophical writings of Plato, Xenophon, Aeschines Socraticus and Antisthenes. Some scholars argue that Plato was impressed by her intelligence and wit and based his character Diotima in the Symposium on her, while others suggest that Diotima was in fact a historical figure. According to Charles Kahn, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania, Diotima is in many respects Plato's response to Aeschines' Aspasia No relations set No events set	<urn:uuid:062699fd-bb14-434f-8a9a-1d061e0c7250>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://nekropole.info/en/Aspasia	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00270.warc.gz	en	0.982125	2,222	3.828125	4	[ -0.09431038796901703, 0.4793790578842163, 0.13721920549869537, -0.0974060446023941, -0.6458804607391357, -0.37024420499801636, 0.3846921920776367, 0.2798635959625244, -0.05245884880423546, -0.18432524800300598, -0.1562642604112625, -0.1662079095840454, 0.01068588625639677, 0.30736213922500...	2	Aspasia was an influential immigrant to Athens who was a companion of the statesman Pericles. The couple had a son Pericles the Young, but the full details of the couple's marital status are unknown. According to Plutarch, her house became an intellectual centre in Athens, attracting the most prominent writers and thinkers, including the philosopher Socrates. It has also been suggested that the teachings of Aspasia influenced Socrates. Aspasia was mentioned in the writing of philosophers Plato, Aristophanes, Xenophon, and other authors of the day. Though she spent most of her adult life in Greece, few details of her life are fully known. Some scholars suggest that Aspasia was a brothel keeper and a harlot. Aspasia's role in history provides crucial insight to the understanding of the women of ancient Greece. Very little is known about women from her time period. In fact, one scholar stated that, To ask questions about Aspasia, is to ask questions about half of humanity. Aspasia was born in the Ionian Greek city of Miletus (in the modern province of Aydın, Turkey). Little is known about her family except that her father's name was Axiochus, although it is evident that she must have belonged to a wealthy family, for only the well-to-do could have afforded the excellent education that she received. Some ancient sources claim that she was a Carian prisoner-of-war turned slave; these statements are generally regarded as false. It is not known under what circumstances she first traveled to Athens. The discovery of a 4th-century grave inscription that mentions the names of Axiochus and Aspasius has led historian Peter K. Bicknell to attempt a reconstruction of Aspasia's family background and Athenian connections. His theory connects her to Alcibiades II of Scambonidae (grandfather of the famous Alcibiades), who was ostracized from Athens in 460 BC and may have spent his exile in Miletus. Bicknell conjectures that, following his exile, the elder Alcibiades went to Miletus, where he married the daughter of a certain Axiochus. Alcibiades apparently returned to Athens with his new wife and her younger sister, Aspasia. Bicknell argues that the first child of this marriage was named Axiochus (uncle of the famous Alcibiades) and the second Aspasios. He also maintains that Pericles met Aspasia through his close connections with Alcibiades's household. According to the disputed statements of the ancient writers and some modern scholars, in Athens Aspasia became a hetaera and probably ran a brothel. Hetaerae were professional high-class entertainers, as well as courtesans. Besides displaying physical beauty, they differed from most Athenian women in being educated (often to a high standard, as in Aspasia's case), having independence, and paying taxes. They were the nearest thing perhaps to liberated women; and Aspasia, who became a vivid figure in Athenian society, was probably an obvious example. According to Plutarch, Aspasia was compared to the famous Thargelia, another renowned Ionian hetaera of ancient times. Being a foreigner and possibly a hetaera, Aspasia was free of the legal restraints that traditionally confined married women to their homes, and thereby was allowed to participate in the public life of the city. She became the mistress of the statesman Pericles in the early 440s. After he divorced his first wife (c. 445 BC), Aspasia began to live with him, although her marital status remains disputed. Their son, Pericles the Younger, must have been born by 440 BC. Aspasia would have to have been quite young, if she were able to bear a child to Lysicles c. 428 BC. In social circles, Aspasia was noted for her ability as a conversationalist and adviser rather than merely an object of physical beauty. Plutarch writes that, despite her immoral life, Athenian men would bring their wives to hear her converse. Though they were influential, Pericles, Aspasia and their friends were not immune from attack, as preeminence in democratic Athens was not equivalent to absolute rule. Her relationship with Pericles and her subsequent political influence aroused many reactions. Donald Kagan, a Yale historian, believes that Aspasia was particularly unpopular in the years immediately following the Samian War. In 440 BC, Samos was at war with Miletus over Priene, an ancient city of Ionia in the foot-hills of Mycale. Worsted in the war, the Milesians came to Athens to plead their case against the Samians. When the Athenians ordered the two sides to stop fighting and submit the case to arbitration at Athens, the Samians refused. In response, Pericles passed a decree dispatching an expedition to Samos.The campaign proved to be difficult and the Athenians had to endure heavy casualties before Samos was defeated. According to Plutarch, it was thought that Aspasia, who came from Miletus, was responsible for the Samian War, and that Pericles had decided against and attacked Samos to gratify her. "Thus far the evil was not serious and we were the only sufferers. But now some young drunkards go to Megara and carry off the courtesan Simaetha; the Megarians, hurt to the quick, run off in turn with two harlots of the house of Aspasia; and so for three whores Greece is set ablaze. Then Pericles, aflame with ire on his Olympian height, let loose the lightning, caused the thunder to roll, upset Greece and passed an edict, which ran like the song, That the Megarians be banished both from our land and from our markets and from the sea and from the continent."From Aristophanes' comedic play, The Acharnians (523–533) Before the eruption of the Peloponnesian War (431 BC–404 BC), Pericles, some of his closest associates and Aspasia faced a series of personal and legal attacks. Aspasia, in particular, was accused of corrupting the women of Athens in order to satisfy Pericles' perversions.[ε] According to Plutarch, she was put on trial for impiety, with the comic poet Hermippus as prosecutor.[στ] All these accusations were probably nothing more than unproven slanders, but the whole experience was bitter for the Athenian leader. Although Aspasia was acquitted thanks to a rare emotional outburst of Pericles,[ζ] his friend, Phidias, died in prison. Another friend of his, Anaxagoras, was attacked by the ecclesia (the Athenian Assembly) for his religious beliefs. According to Kagan it is possible that Aspasia's trial and acquittal were late inventions, "in which real slanders, suspicions and ribald jokes were converted into an imaginary lawsuit". Anthony J. Podlecki, Professor of Classics at the University of British Columbia, asserts that Plutarch or his source possibly misunderstood a scene in some comedy. Kagan argues that even if we believe these stories, Aspasia was unharmed with or without the help of Pericles. In The Acharnians, Aristophanes blames Aspasia for the Peloponnesian War. He claims that the Megarian decree of Pericles, which excluded Megara from trade with Athens or its allies, was retaliation for prostitutes being kidnapped from the house of Aspasia by Megarians. Aristophanes' portrayal of Aspasia as responsible, from personal motives, for the outbreak of the war with Sparta may reflect memory of the earlier episode involving Miletus and Samos. Plutarch reports also the taunting comments of other comic poets, such as Eupolis and Cratinus. According to Podlecki, Douris appears to have propounded the view that Aspasia instigated both the Samian and Peloponnesian Wars. Aspasia was labeled the "New Omphale",[η] "Deianira",[η] "Hera"[θ] and "Helen".[ι] Further attacks on Pericles' relationship with Aspasia are reported by Athenaeus. Even Pericles' own son, Xanthippus, who had political ambitions, did not hesitate to slander his father about his domestic affairs. In 429 BC during the Plague of Athens, Pericles witnessed the death of his sister and of both his legitimate sons, Paralus and Xanthippus, from his first wife. With his morale undermined, he burst into tears, and not even Aspasia's companionship could console him. Just before his death, the Athenians allowed a change in the citizenship law of 451 BC that made his half-Athenian son with Aspasia, Pericles the Younger, a citizen and legitimate heir, a decision all the more striking in considering that Pericles himself had proposed the law confining citizenship to those of Athenian parentage on both sides. Pericles died of the plague in the autumn of 429 BC. Plutarch cites Aeschines Socraticus, who wrote a dialogue on Aspasia (now lost), to the effect that after Pericles's death, Aspasia lived with Lysicles, an Athenian general and democratic leader, with whom she had another son; and that she made him the first man at Athens. Lysicles was killed in action in 428 BC. With Lysicles' death the contemporaneous record ends. It is unknown, for example, if she was alive when her son, Pericles, was elected general or when he was executed after the Battle of Arginusae. The time of her death that most historians give (c. 401 BC-400 BC) is based on the assessment that Aspasia died before the execution of Socrates in 399 BC, a chronology which is implied in the structure of Aeschines' Aspasia Aspasia appears in the philosophical writings of Plato, Xenophon, Aeschines Socraticus and Antisthenes. Some scholars argue that Plato was impressed by her intelligence and wit and based his character Diotima in the Symposium on her, while others suggest that Diotima was in fact a historical figure. According to Charles Kahn, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania, Diotima is in many respects Plato's response to Aeschines' Aspasia No relations set No events set	2,247	ENGLISH	1

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