Split (1)

train · 729k rows

text string	id string	dump string	url string	file_path string	language string	language_score float64	token_count int64	score float64	int_score int64	embedding list	count int64	Content string	Tokens int64	Top_Lang string	Top_Conf float64
Where would we be today without human rights? In most parts of the world if you were a woman born 100 years ago, your political voice would go unheard; you would not have the right to vote or in many cases to own property. If you were a child, you’d most likely have a job working in difficult conditions. Most likely fitting in spaces that are too small for adults. The world is not currently perfect, there are still child laborers, unequal rights between men and women, racial disparity and so on. That being said, we believe humanity is changing for the better, so we’ve decided come up with a list of ten social activists to commemorate their achievements and share the good that they’ve spread throughout the world. 10. Rosa Parks – February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005 The United States’ Congress called Rosa Parks the ‘first lady of civil rights’. Rosa Parks famously refused to give up her seat at the front of the bus in a time when Black Americans were made to sit in the back. While she was not the first to disobey the bus seating “rule”, in violating these segregation laws, by fighting the charges in court, she set a precedent for the growing civil rights movement in the United States. She became a symbol to all those in hope of greater equality throughout the country. An estimated 50,000 people payed their respects when she passed at the age of 93. 9. Nelson Mandela – July 18, 1918 – December 5, 2013 Would you spend 27 years in prison for the freedom of your people? Nelson Mandela did just that, finally taking down the apartheid system of South Africa, where Black South Africans had inferior rights to White South Africans. After his vicious battle and imprisonment, Nelson Mandela emerged as a leader of Africa, and of civil rights all across the world. Despite the aggression he was subject to in his life, he said “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world”. 8. Basquiat – December 22, 1960 – August 12, 1988 While Nelson Mandela spent 27 years in prison, our next member of the list only lived to the age of 27. Not all forms of protest involve being arrested or shaking up the establishment. Sometimes it’s through artistic analyses and statements. Jean-Michel Basquiat was a prodigious painter who eventually made friends with the likes of Andy Warhol. His artwork is characterized by a complex, symbolic narrative of social issues such as race and class inequality. Sadly, he lost the inner battle and overdosed on heroin. 7. Harriet Tubman – circa 1822 – March 10, 1913 Harriet Tubman was born into slavery, escaped, and would go on to be part of one of the largest operations to dismantle and undermine the institution of slavery in the American south. Nicknamed “Moses” because she “never lost a passenger”, Harriet Tubman successfully lead many Black American slaves to their freedom on the secret tracks of the Underground Railroad, a network of safe houses operated by people who wished to abolish slavery. In her later years, Tubman was also a women’s suffrage activist, further cementing her role as one of the great humanitarians. 6. Gil Scott Heron – April 1, 1949 – May 27, 2011 Considered by some to be the Godfather of hip-hop, Gil Scott-Heron’s lyrics would conjure social issues in his cool, jazzy spoken-word poetry. His sophisticated lyrics and speech-like delivery over instrumentals would have a big impact on the music industry, influencing the style and messages of hip-hop. At a time when a lot of rebel music was angry, his lyrics were relaxed and satirical. And while many artists have cited him as an influence on modern rap, he preferred to call himself a “bluesologist”. 5. Joan Baez – January 9, 1941 Joan Baez started her music career with the likes of Bob Dylan, singing protest songs about the state of the country. She has been performing for 55 years in the name of the environment, LGBT rights, racial rights, peace etc… you name it, she has stood up for it and sung about it. 4. Susan B. Anthony – February 15, 1820 – March 13, 1906 Can you imagine being arrested for trying to vote? Susan B. Anty played a pivotal role in the history of women’s rights. After being arrested for casting a vote, and after refusing to pay the fine, she took the issue of women’s suffrage across the country. She convinced people that it was time for women’s voices to be heard. It was not easy, her early years were fraught with ridicule, and it was only later in life that she began to receive her deserved accolades. She is a shining example of doing the right thing in the face of adversity 3. Harvey Milk – May 22, 1930 – November 27, 1978 Though politics and gay activism were not initially on his mind, as the times changed in the 60s, Harvey Milk began to understand the importance in fighting for the respect of the LGBT community. Being the first openly gay politician was no-doubt an influential move in and of itself. He would use his influence to pass laws allowing more rights for gay people, setting the precedent for people’s right of sexuality today. 2. Malcolm X – May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965 There is no more controversial figure on this list than Malcolm X. One of the most prominent civil rights activists of all time, Malcolm Little, his birth name, had a directionless start. He was gambling, pimping, prostituting himself, and generally leading an empty life until a stint in prison opened his eyes to the power of words. He became a voracious reader, converted to Islam and began to preach and protest against the racism of white America. His aggressive, even violent stances towards progress have made him a figure of contention, seemingly being a love-him or hate-him type of character. Regardless, he was a compelling speaker and his defiance cost him his life as he was shot to death. 1. Martin Luther King Jr – January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968 Considered the alternative to Malcolm X, and perhaps the most famous activist on our list, or at least the most quoted. Everybody knows Martin Luther King Jr’s “I Have a Dream” speech. He had a rough childhood due to the racial tensions in the Southern United States, and due to the intensity of his father, whose torch he would later bear. When Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on the bus, King rose to her defence and gained national prominence in helping eliminate bus segregation laws. He would go on to march on Washington and peacefully protest the treatment of the Black community in America. He was assassinated on April 4, 1968. These great men and women’s legacies live on through the daily comforts and freedoms we’re afforded today. We should take care and not squander what these people stood for. Appreciate their importance by learning to help and hold each other up in times of need instead of submitting to fear and ignorance. If you think about it, no matter what happens, we’re all in this together.	<urn:uuid:6df0287e-cc38-4404-a8f8-d09fb5daf296>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://babbletop.com/top-ten-activists-made-difference/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251689924.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126135207-20200126165207-00214.warc.gz	en	0.983961	1,530	3.640625	4	[ -0.3411019444465637, 0.22363105416297913, 0.1064007580280304, -0.35362279415130615, -0.0856829434633255, 0.336948037147522, 0.1641237437725067, -0.14261303842067719, 0.06955330073833466, 0.4599865972995758, 0.1861458420753479, 0.15181615948677063, 0.11009994894266129, 0.3450930714607239, ...	10	Where would we be today without human rights? In most parts of the world if you were a woman born 100 years ago, your political voice would go unheard; you would not have the right to vote or in many cases to own property. If you were a child, you’d most likely have a job working in difficult conditions. Most likely fitting in spaces that are too small for adults. The world is not currently perfect, there are still child laborers, unequal rights between men and women, racial disparity and so on. That being said, we believe humanity is changing for the better, so we’ve decided come up with a list of ten social activists to commemorate their achievements and share the good that they’ve spread throughout the world. 10. Rosa Parks – February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005 The United States’ Congress called Rosa Parks the ‘first lady of civil rights’. Rosa Parks famously refused to give up her seat at the front of the bus in a time when Black Americans were made to sit in the back. While she was not the first to disobey the bus seating “rule”, in violating these segregation laws, by fighting the charges in court, she set a precedent for the growing civil rights movement in the United States. She became a symbol to all those in hope of greater equality throughout the country. An estimated 50,000 people payed their respects when she passed at the age of 93. 9. Nelson Mandela – July 18, 1918 – December 5, 2013 Would you spend 27 years in prison for the freedom of your people? Nelson Mandela did just that, finally taking down the apartheid system of South Africa, where Black South Africans had inferior rights to White South Africans. After his vicious battle and imprisonment, Nelson Mandela emerged as a leader of Africa, and of civil rights all across the world. Despite the aggression he was subject to in his life, he said “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world”. 8. Basquiat – December 22, 1960 – August 12, 1988 While Nelson Mandela spent 27 years in prison, our next member of the list only lived to the age of 27. Not all forms of protest involve being arrested or shaking up the establishment. Sometimes it’s through artistic analyses and statements. Jean-Michel Basquiat was a prodigious painter who eventually made friends with the likes of Andy Warhol. His artwork is characterized by a complex, symbolic narrative of social issues such as race and class inequality. Sadly, he lost the inner battle and overdosed on heroin. 7. Harriet Tubman – circa 1822 – March 10, 1913 Harriet Tubman was born into slavery, escaped, and would go on to be part of one of the largest operations to dismantle and undermine the institution of slavery in the American south. Nicknamed “Moses” because she “never lost a passenger”, Harriet Tubman successfully lead many Black American slaves to their freedom on the secret tracks of the Underground Railroad, a network of safe houses operated by people who wished to abolish slavery. In her later years, Tubman was also a women’s suffrage activist, further cementing her role as one of the great humanitarians. 6. Gil Scott Heron – April 1, 1949 – May 27, 2011 Considered by some to be the Godfather of hip-hop, Gil Scott-Heron’s lyrics would conjure social issues in his cool, jazzy spoken-word poetry. His sophisticated lyrics and speech-like delivery over instrumentals would have a big impact on the music industry, influencing the style and messages of hip-hop. At a time when a lot of rebel music was angry, his lyrics were relaxed and satirical. And while many artists have cited him as an influence on modern rap, he preferred to call himself a “bluesologist”. 5. Joan Baez – January 9, 1941 Joan Baez started her music career with the likes of Bob Dylan, singing protest songs about the state of the country. She has been performing for 55 years in the name of the environment, LGBT rights, racial rights, peace etc… you name it, she has stood up for it and sung about it. 4. Susan B. Anthony – February 15, 1820 – March 13, 1906 Can you imagine being arrested for trying to vote? Susan B. Anty played a pivotal role in the history of women’s rights. After being arrested for casting a vote, and after refusing to pay the fine, she took the issue of women’s suffrage across the country. She convinced people that it was time for women’s voices to be heard. It was not easy, her early years were fraught with ridicule, and it was only later in life that she began to receive her deserved accolades. She is a shining example of doing the right thing in the face of adversity 3. Harvey Milk – May 22, 1930 – November 27, 1978 Though politics and gay activism were not initially on his mind, as the times changed in the 60s, Harvey Milk began to understand the importance in fighting for the respect of the LGBT community. Being the first openly gay politician was no-doubt an influential move in and of itself. He would use his influence to pass laws allowing more rights for gay people, setting the precedent for people’s right of sexuality today. 2. Malcolm X – May 19, 1925 – February 21, 1965 There is no more controversial figure on this list than Malcolm X. One of the most prominent civil rights activists of all time, Malcolm Little, his birth name, had a directionless start. He was gambling, pimping, prostituting himself, and generally leading an empty life until a stint in prison opened his eyes to the power of words. He became a voracious reader, converted to Islam and began to preach and protest against the racism of white America. His aggressive, even violent stances towards progress have made him a figure of contention, seemingly being a love-him or hate-him type of character. Regardless, he was a compelling speaker and his defiance cost him his life as he was shot to death. 1. Martin Luther King Jr – January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968 Considered the alternative to Malcolm X, and perhaps the most famous activist on our list, or at least the most quoted. Everybody knows Martin Luther King Jr’s “I Have a Dream” speech. He had a rough childhood due to the racial tensions in the Southern United States, and due to the intensity of his father, whose torch he would later bear. When Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on the bus, King rose to her defence and gained national prominence in helping eliminate bus segregation laws. He would go on to march on Washington and peacefully protest the treatment of the Black community in America. He was assassinated on April 4, 1968. These great men and women’s legacies live on through the daily comforts and freedoms we’re afforded today. We should take care and not squander what these people stood for. Appreciate their importance by learning to help and hold each other up in times of need instead of submitting to fear and ignorance. If you think about it, no matter what happens, we’re all in this together.	1,602	ENGLISH	1
Put those mediocre B-minus essays on the trash pile and level up to A-plus quality. Hopefully, with a little bit of guidance, you can successfully transition from a good writer, to a fantastic one. So put a bit of thinking into your projects, work a little harder, and don’t be afraid to try a few new strategies to turn your essay into a piece that will impress your teacher. American law that has many of the fundamental principles of the Constitution of the United States is the most respected law in the land. The law has also been used by other nations to draft their law and form the constitution. The American law is based on what is right and what is wrong. This means that it uses a lot of ethics and values of the human race. The aim of any law is not to punish people but to make it easy for people to live together and create a system where offenders get to pay for their mistakes. It is, therefore, a set of values that have in mind the nature of the human race. Though the laws are made and designed by the central government, they represent the true picture of what people feel about what is right and what is wrong. What the society feels is drafted into laws to make co values, laws and ways that people live with. A connection between morality and law exists in the American Law. This law is based on the known and cultural way of settling disputes. In the past, different kingdoms had their systems. They were unique those some had a lot of similarities. With time went on, some kingdoms came together so as to form a stronger dynasty. This led to them revising the judicial system to more formalized and organized. These systems were a great foundation of the American common law. In English Common law, cases were listened by both parties giving their side of the story. A decision would then be reached by the people presiding over the case basing on the pieces of evidence collected from both sides of the story. Before a decision is made, the judges are supposed to follow a given guideline and look at the past similar cases and their rulings. This was in the effort to give a decision that is common to all for cases that are similar. Before the American Revolution, Blackstone published a lot of material on common law. He described all systems of making a decision as a system that used prior cases before making decisions. This is commonly known as case laws. According to him, rulings are based on a collection of cases. His documentaries and literature were important for the formation of the American Law. It was vital when time to make a government system came. © Copyright 2009-2020. The-Kings-Speech.com all rights reserved	<urn:uuid:c9ef436a-4215-4b29-80b6-6673a3d7e672>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.the-kings-speech.com/essay-about-history-of-american-law/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592394.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118081234-20200118105234-00211.warc.gz	en	0.983818	548	3.625	4	[ -0.46407365798950195, -0.11483891308307648, -0.20541149377822876, -0.3201143145561218, -0.08863353729248047, 0.1461961716413498, 0.29890257120132446, -0.2047596573829651, 0.16248548030853271, 0.15969663858413696, -0.307592511177063, 0.24780601263046265, 0.08139874041080475, 0.0807907134294...	2	Put those mediocre B-minus essays on the trash pile and level up to A-plus quality. Hopefully, with a little bit of guidance, you can successfully transition from a good writer, to a fantastic one. So put a bit of thinking into your projects, work a little harder, and don’t be afraid to try a few new strategies to turn your essay into a piece that will impress your teacher. American law that has many of the fundamental principles of the Constitution of the United States is the most respected law in the land. The law has also been used by other nations to draft their law and form the constitution. The American law is based on what is right and what is wrong. This means that it uses a lot of ethics and values of the human race. The aim of any law is not to punish people but to make it easy for people to live together and create a system where offenders get to pay for their mistakes. It is, therefore, a set of values that have in mind the nature of the human race. Though the laws are made and designed by the central government, they represent the true picture of what people feel about what is right and what is wrong. What the society feels is drafted into laws to make co values, laws and ways that people live with. A connection between morality and law exists in the American Law. This law is based on the known and cultural way of settling disputes. In the past, different kingdoms had their systems. They were unique those some had a lot of similarities. With time went on, some kingdoms came together so as to form a stronger dynasty. This led to them revising the judicial system to more formalized and organized. These systems were a great foundation of the American common law. In English Common law, cases were listened by both parties giving their side of the story. A decision would then be reached by the people presiding over the case basing on the pieces of evidence collected from both sides of the story. Before a decision is made, the judges are supposed to follow a given guideline and look at the past similar cases and their rulings. This was in the effort to give a decision that is common to all for cases that are similar. Before the American Revolution, Blackstone published a lot of material on common law. He described all systems of making a decision as a system that used prior cases before making decisions. This is commonly known as case laws. According to him, rulings are based on a collection of cases. His documentaries and literature were important for the formation of the American Law. It was vital when time to make a government system came. © Copyright 2009-2020. The-Kings-Speech.com all rights reserved	546	ENGLISH	1
Health and Physical Education Strand C: Relationships with other people. Walht; work together to build a shelter that is able to protect us from the elements. We have been working in groups to build a shelter in the Gully. The shelter or bivvy was just the vehicle, the objective was to see if a group of people could work together to build a shelter that would protect them from the elements. As with any group activity, there is always a leader. We discussed what a good leader looks like and how they would act. It was nice to see the students starting to recognise and respect that other people have opinions and they do count. Even if you don’t agree with them. Most of the students really enjoyed this activity, I was on hand to ask some questions and see what would happen if it didn’t work. It was great to see how the groups solved problems and worked to together when they realised their camp was built where all the water goes when it rains and everyone will get wet. The students learnt to tie knots that you can sting a rope between two trees and pull tight to create tension so the shelter will shed water. A valuable life skill I think. I liked working as a team and doing cool fun new things and learnt new skills. Me and my teammates made our camp by working together and using nice words. We could have improved on working together more to get everyone included and get more done. Mac B Bivvies are a shelter that keeps you dry. After Mr Simm told us about bivvies we went into the gully with a little bit of rope and a tarp and started building. I have built a bivvy before but me and my group were bad at it but I liked the activity. Chloe W I think the bivvy was fun to make but I think we needed to work together because it got a bit hard towards the end. People walked off and left us to build it on our own. It was fun anyway. Donald It was fun because we all worked as a team to build a giant camp. I learnt to tie new knots, make a tent and work as a team. Harrison.	<urn:uuid:ddc553c1-42ee-445c-af7b-fabf1b5a35c9>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://wairakeitaupo.school.nz/blog/how-to-build-a-bivvy/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598726.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120110422-20200120134422-00338.warc.gz	en	0.987058	452	3.359375	3	[ -0.05397086590528488, 0.2230304330587387, 0.08441119641065598, 0.1723160594701767, 0.11547604948282242, -0.10591883212327957, -0.008848956786096096, 0.0041118888184428215, -0.31527242064476013, -0.10157535970211029, 0.11986454576253891, -0.8287641406059265, 0.2615911364555359, 0.2256289124...	1	Health and Physical Education Strand C: Relationships with other people. Walht; work together to build a shelter that is able to protect us from the elements. We have been working in groups to build a shelter in the Gully. The shelter or bivvy was just the vehicle, the objective was to see if a group of people could work together to build a shelter that would protect them from the elements. As with any group activity, there is always a leader. We discussed what a good leader looks like and how they would act. It was nice to see the students starting to recognise and respect that other people have opinions and they do count. Even if you don’t agree with them. Most of the students really enjoyed this activity, I was on hand to ask some questions and see what would happen if it didn’t work. It was great to see how the groups solved problems and worked to together when they realised their camp was built where all the water goes when it rains and everyone will get wet. The students learnt to tie knots that you can sting a rope between two trees and pull tight to create tension so the shelter will shed water. A valuable life skill I think. I liked working as a team and doing cool fun new things and learnt new skills. Me and my teammates made our camp by working together and using nice words. We could have improved on working together more to get everyone included and get more done. Mac B Bivvies are a shelter that keeps you dry. After Mr Simm told us about bivvies we went into the gully with a little bit of rope and a tarp and started building. I have built a bivvy before but me and my group were bad at it but I liked the activity. Chloe W I think the bivvy was fun to make but I think we needed to work together because it got a bit hard towards the end. People walked off and left us to build it on our own. It was fun anyway. Donald It was fun because we all worked as a team to build a giant camp. I learnt to tie new knots, make a tent and work as a team. Harrison.	440	ENGLISH	1
Only through a re-integration of humanity into the whole of nature can our people be made stronger. Hire Writer Hitler was an excellent figure head. He was what the German people could look up to and support. He was a very determined man. Although Hitler a dictator, he gave everyone a sense of purpose. Everyone had a role in their life. The Nazis brought order and stability to the German people. The people were indoctrinated to obeying instructions strictly and adhering to planning. The importance of order and stability was also drilled into the minds of the young at youth movements. These movements gave everyone a sense of identity. Everything in them was done in a military-like environment. Standards of living increased after the great depression. Wages were gradually increasing, unemployment Jews excepted was at an all-time low, and there were more industrial and consumer goods than ever! The Nazis introduced a plan known as the Four-Year plan. It had accomplished and improved many things for the German people. On the other hand there were many negative aspects as well. The Nazi legal system was very organised. Germany had become a totalitarian state which meant that the individual was completely under the power of those in authority. The law restricted freedom of expression and censorship increased. Newspaper and magazine agencies were given regular briefings on what to include in their articles. The Nazis were prepared to go quite far to make sure that Hitler and the Nazi party got very good coverage. Only certain types of music were allowed to be broadcast. This lead to the persecution of critics and opponents. The SS and the Gestapo were two security systems organised to ensure that the Nazi policies were enforced and they dealt severely with any opposition. The law did nothing to protect the individual from the activities of the SS and the Gestapo. In a democracy, there are limits set by the law on power of the government and of the police and the courts were quick to redress any abuse or excesses of power. This was not the case in Germany! Those who were brave enough to protest were liable to arrest. Punishments included internment in a concentration camp or execution. The purpose of education under Nazi rule was to create Nazis. Then, there were various and different subjects taught, like ideology, race studies and eugenics! Boys were steered towards an acceptance of war, and girls were prepared for motherhood and housecraft. Another important aspect of school life for German children was that anti-Semitism was taught, and practised, in the classrooms!Essay on German Support of Nazi Rule - “Looking back over the period of Nazi rule, this much can be said with a measure of certainty: German society as a whole did not oppose the regime’s anti-Jewish initiatives.” It is hard to believe that a whole society for the most part could be influenced by one man and his rule. Essay about The Effects of Nazi Rule on Youth in Germany Words \| 4 Pages. Effects of Nazi Rule on Youth in Germany Education was an area where policies towards women were applied. The school curriculum was based around the idea that not many of them would go on to university. The majority of German citizens conformed to Nazi rule because of the dual positive and negative pressures exerted by the regime. The Nazis designed and aggressively propagated a programme likely to be attractive to most of the community and backed thi /5(3). What were the Advantages and Disadvantages of Nazi Rule for the German People up to ? Nazism seemed to end the effects of the great depression. The Impact of Nazi Rule on the People of Germany between and Words \| 8 Pages. The Impact of Nazi Rule on the People of Germany between and Whether the Nazis made a negative or positive impact on the people of Germany, they most defiantly made one. Jun 05, · View and download nazi germany essays examples. Also discover topics, titles, outlines, thesis statements, and conclusions for your nazi germany essay.	<urn:uuid:d5051683-40fd-48fe-8ccb-a584f559b21f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://dazujunyqixaf.heartoftexashop.com/german-support-of-nazi-rule-essay-7360jh.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606975.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122101729-20200122130729-00280.warc.gz	en	0.987565	819	3.28125	3	[ -0.5071917772293091, 0.5336101055145264, -0.17989428341388702, -0.10531787574291229, -0.07760991901159286, 0.27829957008361816, 0.06615245342254639, -0.002009218093007803, -0.1369083821773529, 0.0006279139779508114, 0.3005669414997101, 0.1360689103603363, 0.320626825094223, 0.2207275182008...	1	Only through a re-integration of humanity into the whole of nature can our people be made stronger. Hire Writer Hitler was an excellent figure head. He was what the German people could look up to and support. He was a very determined man. Although Hitler a dictator, he gave everyone a sense of purpose. Everyone had a role in their life. The Nazis brought order and stability to the German people. The people were indoctrinated to obeying instructions strictly and adhering to planning. The importance of order and stability was also drilled into the minds of the young at youth movements. These movements gave everyone a sense of identity. Everything in them was done in a military-like environment. Standards of living increased after the great depression. Wages were gradually increasing, unemployment Jews excepted was at an all-time low, and there were more industrial and consumer goods than ever! The Nazis introduced a plan known as the Four-Year plan. It had accomplished and improved many things for the German people. On the other hand there were many negative aspects as well. The Nazi legal system was very organised. Germany had become a totalitarian state which meant that the individual was completely under the power of those in authority. The law restricted freedom of expression and censorship increased. Newspaper and magazine agencies were given regular briefings on what to include in their articles. The Nazis were prepared to go quite far to make sure that Hitler and the Nazi party got very good coverage. Only certain types of music were allowed to be broadcast. This lead to the persecution of critics and opponents. The SS and the Gestapo were two security systems organised to ensure that the Nazi policies were enforced and they dealt severely with any opposition. The law did nothing to protect the individual from the activities of the SS and the Gestapo. In a democracy, there are limits set by the law on power of the government and of the police and the courts were quick to redress any abuse or excesses of power. This was not the case in Germany! Those who were brave enough to protest were liable to arrest. Punishments included internment in a concentration camp or execution. The purpose of education under Nazi rule was to create Nazis. Then, there were various and different subjects taught, like ideology, race studies and eugenics! Boys were steered towards an acceptance of war, and girls were prepared for motherhood and housecraft. Another important aspect of school life for German children was that anti-Semitism was taught, and practised, in the classrooms!Essay on German Support of Nazi Rule - “Looking back over the period of Nazi rule, this much can be said with a measure of certainty: German society as a whole did not oppose the regime’s anti-Jewish initiatives.” It is hard to believe that a whole society for the most part could be influenced by one man and his rule. Essay about The Effects of Nazi Rule on Youth in Germany Words \| 4 Pages. Effects of Nazi Rule on Youth in Germany Education was an area where policies towards women were applied. The school curriculum was based around the idea that not many of them would go on to university. The majority of German citizens conformed to Nazi rule because of the dual positive and negative pressures exerted by the regime. The Nazis designed and aggressively propagated a programme likely to be attractive to most of the community and backed thi /5(3). What were the Advantages and Disadvantages of Nazi Rule for the German People up to ? Nazism seemed to end the effects of the great depression. The Impact of Nazi Rule on the People of Germany between and Words \| 8 Pages. The Impact of Nazi Rule on the People of Germany between and Whether the Nazis made a negative or positive impact on the people of Germany, they most defiantly made one. Jun 05, · View and download nazi germany essays examples. Also discover topics, titles, outlines, thesis statements, and conclusions for your nazi germany essay.	791	ENGLISH	1
Analyzing the idea of recollection as represented In the Meno and the Phaedo, the character of Socrates states for the recollection theory of learning. In this daily news I will initially briefly clarify what the recollection theory of learning is. Then, Let me consider how Socrates argues for the recollection theory in the Phaedo. Next, I will consider why Socrates believes that the recollection theory of learning supports the claim the fact that soul of your person is immortal. I actually conclude simply by raising a great objection to Socrates’ make use of the recollection theory to support the immortality of the heart. Only $13.90 / page The recollection theory of learning suggests that most learning is usually purely memory space. At birth, all of us forget what we knew ahead of, but we are able to recollect the data by simply staying questioned. Relating to Socrates, the fact that individuals are given birth to with expertise from birth means that the soul need to have existed just before they were created. In the Meno, Socrates illustrates the memory space theory of learning simply by questioning a slave young man about angles. The youngster has never been officially educated regarding geometry, although through Socrates questioning, the boy can figure out problems about the lengths of the sides of a rectangular. Socrates points out that this must mean that the boy acquired knowledge of angles in him already that he was remembering to answer Socrates inquiries and figure out the proper answer. In the Phaedo, Socrates argues for the recollection theory of learning simply by presenting the case of seeing an object that belongs to a loved one. When one particular sees the object, they quickly are told of the owner. Although the target and the family member are two distinct things, a person gains the knowledge of one and recalls the information of the second. (pg. 111) This demonstrates we can be reminded of some things whenever we are made aware about others. Socrates as well pulls inside the theory of forms in to his reason of the memory space theory. He admits that that being reminded of anything, we must first have obtained the knowledge at some time. We know that you will find such a thing as the forms because we have seen particular issues that are totally different from the forms (imperfect forms). An example of this may be seeing a circle and being informed that there is this kind of a thing as perfect circle-ness. We must are getting to be consciously conscious of this familiarity with forms through recollection, which means that we had prior knowledge of the forms. If we did not have knowledge of the pure forms, then we would not be able to become reminded of those the first time through perception. Which means that we will need to have had this knowledge prior to we could perceive anything, that could only be ahead of birth. This kind of proves that individuals must have experienced the knowledge of forms ahead of we were delivered, to Socrates, this indicates which the soul been around before we were born and carried the knowledge with this. (pg. 113) One of the defects of Socrates view with the recollection theory of learning is that he admits that the spirit has understanding of absolute varieties that can be recollected if asked the right queries, but it will not always appear to be the case with such fuzy, non-material forms such as splendor or rights. It is simple for the mind to think of definitional varieties and imagine them. For instance , if there was two separate cakes part by side”one a three coating wedding cake and the different a single cut of yellow-colored cake”it can be very easy to assume the two being equal. Your brain could easily picture two cakes rather that were actual replicas of just one another. These kinds of definitional forms are the ones that are easy for the mind to bring in, the problem occurs when a even more abstract contact form is thought of. If a properly designed building and a sunset may be compared regarding beauty, it might be impossible for the mind to think of a case through which both were perfect types of beauty. The majority of it would be based upon the person’s qualifications. An architect would almost certainly say that the building was a better example of splendor, while a park placer may think the fact that sunset is obviously the one that is usually closer to the pure kind of beauty. To get forms including beauty, proper rights, love and also other more abstract terms, persons do not are most often recollecting the idea of forms nevertheless instead are applying their particular experiences and making your own definition intended for the absolute varieties. This is troublesome with Socrates’s idea that the soul is knowing with the forms since every person would have a different explanation for each contact form, meaning that we were holding not true explanations because there can not be more than one complete form. This could suggest that the soul would not actually know the absolute forms for your head to recollect, or perhaps that people were remembering wrongly the varieties that all their soul understood. The main point being it is not necessarily the spirit that allows people to recollect thinking about forms but just their particular personal meanings created by way of a imaginations, giving forms up to personal thoughts and opinions instead of really being absolutes. Socrates also never explains so why the heart and soul would ignore everything and make the brain recollect issues instead of maintaining the knowledge through lives. There will be not any reasoning at the rear of why Socrates thinks that is the case. Socrates says that the heart has all this forgotten know-how to be recollected by the mind, but it can simply be done through the correct wondering. This was shown when he asked the uneducated slave son in the Eccetto. I’m not sure it was totally sound demonstration because the way that Socrates asked the questions made it very obvious what answers he was trying to find, or most he needed was pertaining to the youngster to accept him to prove his point. That did not seem to be as though the boy was recalling the information, but it appeared as though Socrates was pointing him on the answers and after that acting like the young man had performed it all on his own. I actually am entirely skeptical about the memory space theory in general because Socrates examples quite often had weaknesses or occasions in which the recollection theory wasn’t able to really be utilized. He hardly ever came up with any real evidence and his caractère were rigged to make it seems as though having been correct. The recollection theory of learning does declare the information could be coaxed away of someone through the right concerns, and I imagine if the inquiries are almost directly directing to the answer, then certainly, the memory space theory of learning does seem valid. But to myself, it does not appear as though anyone is recalling data that was never educated to them, instead they seem to be sketching off of previous experiences to visit new results.	<urn:uuid:49e4159a-2ea9-4a43-ab3c-3db1be687679>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://mabuty.com/analyzing-the-idea-of-recollection-as-represented/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251688806.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126104828-20200126134828-00023.warc.gz	en	0.980228	1,389	3.453125	3	[ -0.2361217439174652, 0.4629475474357605, 0.08954799175262451, -0.22647646069526672, -0.7202906608581543, -0.10392750054597855, 0.5403478145599365, 0.41439738869667053, 0.1336391568183899, -0.5903036594390869, 0.15502047538757324, -0.5134869813919067, 0.03991183638572693, 0.5547191500663757...	2	Analyzing the idea of recollection as represented In the Meno and the Phaedo, the character of Socrates states for the recollection theory of learning. In this daily news I will initially briefly clarify what the recollection theory of learning is. Then, Let me consider how Socrates argues for the recollection theory in the Phaedo. Next, I will consider why Socrates believes that the recollection theory of learning supports the claim the fact that soul of your person is immortal. I actually conclude simply by raising a great objection to Socrates’ make use of the recollection theory to support the immortality of the heart. Only $13.90 / page The recollection theory of learning suggests that most learning is usually purely memory space. At birth, all of us forget what we knew ahead of, but we are able to recollect the data by simply staying questioned. Relating to Socrates, the fact that individuals are given birth to with expertise from birth means that the soul need to have existed just before they were created. In the Meno, Socrates illustrates the memory space theory of learning simply by questioning a slave young man about angles. The youngster has never been officially educated regarding geometry, although through Socrates questioning, the boy can figure out problems about the lengths of the sides of a rectangular. Socrates points out that this must mean that the boy acquired knowledge of angles in him already that he was remembering to answer Socrates inquiries and figure out the proper answer. In the Phaedo, Socrates argues for the recollection theory of learning simply by presenting the case of seeing an object that belongs to a loved one. When one particular sees the object, they quickly are told of the owner. Although the target and the family member are two distinct things, a person gains the knowledge of one and recalls the information of the second. (pg. 111) This demonstrates we can be reminded of some things whenever we are made aware about others. Socrates as well pulls inside the theory of forms in to his reason of the memory space theory. He admits that that being reminded of anything, we must first have obtained the knowledge at some time. We know that you will find such a thing as the forms because we have seen particular issues that are totally different from the forms (imperfect forms). An example of this may be seeing a circle and being informed that there is this kind of a thing as perfect circle-ness. We must are getting to be consciously conscious of this familiarity with forms through recollection, which means that we had prior knowledge of the forms. If we did not have knowledge of the pure forms, then we would not be able to become reminded of those the first time through perception. Which means that we will need to have had this knowledge prior to we could perceive anything, that could only be ahead of birth. This kind of proves that individuals must have experienced the knowledge of forms ahead of we were delivered, to Socrates, this indicates which the soul been around before we were born and carried the knowledge with this. (pg. 113) One of the defects of Socrates view with the recollection theory of learning is that he admits that the spirit has understanding of absolute varieties that can be recollected if asked the right queries, but it will not always appear to be the case with such fuzy, non-material forms such as splendor or rights. It is simple for the mind to think of definitional varieties and imagine them. For instance , if there was two separate cakes part by side”one a three coating wedding cake and the different a single cut of yellow-colored cake”it can be very easy to assume the two being equal. Your brain could easily picture two cakes rather that were actual replicas of just one another. These kinds of definitional forms are the ones that are easy for the mind to bring in, the problem occurs when a even more abstract contact form is thought of. If a properly designed building and a sunset may be compared regarding beauty, it might be impossible for the mind to think of a case through which both were perfect types of beauty. The majority of it would be based upon the person’s qualifications. An architect would almost certainly say that the building was a better example of splendor, while a park placer may think the fact that sunset is obviously the one that is usually closer to the pure kind of beauty. To get forms including beauty, proper rights, love and also other more abstract terms, persons do not are most often recollecting the idea of forms nevertheless instead are applying their particular experiences and making your own definition intended for the absolute varieties. This is troublesome with Socrates’s idea that the soul is knowing with the forms since every person would have a different explanation for each contact form, meaning that we were holding not true explanations because there can not be more than one complete form. This could suggest that the soul would not actually know the absolute forms for your head to recollect, or perhaps that people were remembering wrongly the varieties that all their soul understood. The main point being it is not necessarily the spirit that allows people to recollect thinking about forms but just their particular personal meanings created by way of a imaginations, giving forms up to personal thoughts and opinions instead of really being absolutes. Socrates also never explains so why the heart and soul would ignore everything and make the brain recollect issues instead of maintaining the knowledge through lives. There will be not any reasoning at the rear of why Socrates thinks that is the case. Socrates says that the heart has all this forgotten know-how to be recollected by the mind, but it can simply be done through the correct wondering. This was shown when he asked the uneducated slave son in the Eccetto. I’m not sure it was totally sound demonstration because the way that Socrates asked the questions made it very obvious what answers he was trying to find, or most he needed was pertaining to the youngster to accept him to prove his point. That did not seem to be as though the boy was recalling the information, but it appeared as though Socrates was pointing him on the answers and after that acting like the young man had performed it all on his own. I actually am entirely skeptical about the memory space theory in general because Socrates examples quite often had weaknesses or occasions in which the recollection theory wasn’t able to really be utilized. He hardly ever came up with any real evidence and his caractère were rigged to make it seems as though having been correct. The recollection theory of learning does declare the information could be coaxed away of someone through the right concerns, and I imagine if the inquiries are almost directly directing to the answer, then certainly, the memory space theory of learning does seem valid. But to myself, it does not appear as though anyone is recalling data that was never educated to them, instead they seem to be sketching off of previous experiences to visit new results.	1,405	ENGLISH	1
World War Two came to America on December 7th, 1941. The focus on America's involvement in the war generally focuses on the European front. What must be remembered is the time and sacrifices made in the Pacific theatre. America's entry into the war on the Pacific was not an immediate success. It took American forces until the summer of 1942 at the Battle of Midway to become properly prepared for the war. The American military learned much from their losses – both through the strengths of the Japanese forces and America's own faults. After these losses were realized, changes were made within the military. These improvements allowed the American forces to turn the war back and begin to have successes in the Pacific. Pearl Harbour was, of course, a devastating opening blow to America when they entered the war. Significant losses continued for a number of months before the American forces were able to turn the tide. From these losses, the American military was able to learn two forms of helpful information: the Japanese strengths and the American weaknesses. Within this, the strengths and weaknesses took three forms: strategic, tactical and technological. Japan was clearly prepared to enter the war with America from well before the incident of Pearl Harbour. Strategically, Japan was well prepared. As the aggressor in the war between the two countries, Japan was able to plan assaults on numerous islands in the Pacific to coincide with the attack on Pearl Harbour. These attacks were unexpected and very successful; they were most often air assaults early in the morning1. Due to the unpreparedness of the Americans, it was noted that “opposition was feeble and damage extensive,”2. These preemptive strikes show the Japanese were well coordinated before the war began and were therefore prepared when they initiated war with America. Another aspect of the Japanese success was powerful and effective tactics. Tactics include the training of the Japanese soldiers and their objectives in battle. Japanese soldiers were trained to die honourable – to fight to the death and never be taken prisoner3. Training the soldiers to fight this way was not only traditionally Japanese, but it inspired them to continue fighting beyond what would be seen as a reasonable time. This sincere dedication to defending their people and Emperor (the cause of this training) allowed the Japanese soldiers to be effective killers even when faced with undeniable defeat4. Beyond their training, the Japanese had other advantages in their battle objectives. The use of radar was essential to the Americans, and so the Japanese were often ordered to target the radar stations on islands before beginning full assaults5. Targeting the radar stations prevented the Americans from properly estimating the Japanese forces or from knowing where they were headed. The final tactical advantage the Japanese had was that their air force consisted of small experienced squads –...	<urn:uuid:adbae6fc-8a43-4878-9c25-227f2a489ed7>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://brightkite.com/essay-on/wwii-and-the-road-to-midway	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783342.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128215526-20200129005526-00414.warc.gz	en	0.985837	548	4.09375	4	[ -0.1475173681974411, 0.19431167840957642, 0.040981195867061615, -0.38145625591278076, 0.12034474313259125, 0.43563592433929443, -0.12316954135894775, 0.4882817268371582, -0.012371877208352089, -0.07827804982662201, 0.38258588314056396, -0.07840254157781601, 0.25183185935020447, 0.566242098...	1	World War Two came to America on December 7th, 1941. The focus on America's involvement in the war generally focuses on the European front. What must be remembered is the time and sacrifices made in the Pacific theatre. America's entry into the war on the Pacific was not an immediate success. It took American forces until the summer of 1942 at the Battle of Midway to become properly prepared for the war. The American military learned much from their losses – both through the strengths of the Japanese forces and America's own faults. After these losses were realized, changes were made within the military. These improvements allowed the American forces to turn the war back and begin to have successes in the Pacific. Pearl Harbour was, of course, a devastating opening blow to America when they entered the war. Significant losses continued for a number of months before the American forces were able to turn the tide. From these losses, the American military was able to learn two forms of helpful information: the Japanese strengths and the American weaknesses. Within this, the strengths and weaknesses took three forms: strategic, tactical and technological. Japan was clearly prepared to enter the war with America from well before the incident of Pearl Harbour. Strategically, Japan was well prepared. As the aggressor in the war between the two countries, Japan was able to plan assaults on numerous islands in the Pacific to coincide with the attack on Pearl Harbour. These attacks were unexpected and very successful; they were most often air assaults early in the morning1. Due to the unpreparedness of the Americans, it was noted that “opposition was feeble and damage extensive,”2. These preemptive strikes show the Japanese were well coordinated before the war began and were therefore prepared when they initiated war with America. Another aspect of the Japanese success was powerful and effective tactics. Tactics include the training of the Japanese soldiers and their objectives in battle. Japanese soldiers were trained to die honourable – to fight to the death and never be taken prisoner3. Training the soldiers to fight this way was not only traditionally Japanese, but it inspired them to continue fighting beyond what would be seen as a reasonable time. This sincere dedication to defending their people and Emperor (the cause of this training) allowed the Japanese soldiers to be effective killers even when faced with undeniable defeat4. Beyond their training, the Japanese had other advantages in their battle objectives. The use of radar was essential to the Americans, and so the Japanese were often ordered to target the radar stations on islands before beginning full assaults5. Targeting the radar stations prevented the Americans from properly estimating the Japanese forces or from knowing where they were headed. The final tactical advantage the Japanese had was that their air force consisted of small experienced squads –...	553	ENGLISH	1
Pages that link here: We built ships even before we learned how to write history. From the primitive ships that could carry small crew and could not sail far from fear of breaking we today have floating cities that can survive any natural condition and last for years. Ships can differ according to the material they were made of, what is their role, how they were designed, how many masts they have or what type of sails they carry. They changed in time and many of them are not in use anymore. Read about historical ships and its types. It is difficult to classify ships. They are generally made on the same principle - not to sink and because of that they have basically the same parts. Because of that they are classified according to their function. Read more about ships types and classifications. We use ships for thousands of years and they’ve developed in time from three barks that could float on the water to steel ships that can do the same. Here are some interesting facts about ships.	<urn:uuid:4e91f803-35ce-422a-b71b-e4bcfd987a71>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.historyofships.net/picture/picture-of-bell-at-ship/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251776516.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128060946-20200128090946-00361.warc.gz	en	0.987033	206	3.265625	3	[ 0.18741926550865173, 0.040323927998542786, 0.08323772251605988, -0.37280359864234924, 0.09072700142860413, -0.030425403267145157, 0.10897570848464966, -0.04581272974610329, -0.1872389167547226, -0.34463486075401306, 0.09032499045133591, -0.19439385831356049, -0.42763522267341614, 0.0710858...	1	Pages that link here: We built ships even before we learned how to write history. From the primitive ships that could carry small crew and could not sail far from fear of breaking we today have floating cities that can survive any natural condition and last for years. Ships can differ according to the material they were made of, what is their role, how they were designed, how many masts they have or what type of sails they carry. They changed in time and many of them are not in use anymore. Read about historical ships and its types. It is difficult to classify ships. They are generally made on the same principle - not to sink and because of that they have basically the same parts. Because of that they are classified according to their function. Read more about ships types and classifications. We use ships for thousands of years and they’ve developed in time from three barks that could float on the water to steel ships that can do the same. Here are some interesting facts about ships.	199	ENGLISH	1
The Danish kings who followed Canute were not like him. They were cruel, unjust rulers and all the people of England hated them. So when in the year 1042 the last of them died, Edward, the son of the Saxon Ethelred, was elected king. He is known in history as Edward the Confessor. He was a man of holy life and after his death was made a saint by the Church, with the title of "the Confessor." Though born in England , he passed the greater part of his life in Normandy as an exile from his native land. He was thirty-eight years old when he returned from Normandy to become king. As he had lived so long in Normandy he always seemed more like a Norman than one of English birth. He generally spoke the French language and he chose Normans to fill many of the highest offices in his kingdom. For the first eight years of his reign there was perfect peace in his kingdom, except in the counties of Kent and Essex, where pirates from the North Sea made occasional attacks. These pirates were mostly Norwegians, whose leader was a barbarian named Kerdric. They would come sweeping down upon the Kentish coast in many ships, make a landing where there were no soldiers, and fall upon the towns and plunder them. Then, as swiftly and suddenly as they had come, they would sail away homeward, before they could be captured. One day Kerdic's fleet arrived off the coast, and as no opposing force was visible, the pirates landed and started toward the nearest town to plunder it. By a quick march a body of English soldiers reached the town before the pirates, and when the latter arrived they found a strong force drawn up to give them battle. A short struggle took place. More than half of the pirates were slain and the remainder were taken prisoners. After the prisoners had been secured the English ships that were stationed on the coast attacked the pirate fleet and destroyed it.	<urn:uuid:193177ce-dd4d-49c5-b7f8-d2cd8b6c26cc>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://e-reading.mobi/chapter.php/70959/66/Haaren_-_Famous_Men_of_The_Middle_Ages.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594603.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119122744-20200119150744-00241.warc.gz	en	0.994386	406	3.578125	4	[ -0.03072459250688553, 0.7008237242698669, 0.0930081158876419, -0.41500845551490784, -0.03625021129846573, -0.3369748294353485, 0.11388078331947327, -0.11975404620170593, 0.14486490190029144, -0.1664784550666809, 0.05961199849843979, -0.3975479006767273, 0.23439627885818481, 0.0310034807771...	1	The Danish kings who followed Canute were not like him. They were cruel, unjust rulers and all the people of England hated them. So when in the year 1042 the last of them died, Edward, the son of the Saxon Ethelred, was elected king. He is known in history as Edward the Confessor. He was a man of holy life and after his death was made a saint by the Church, with the title of "the Confessor." Though born in England , he passed the greater part of his life in Normandy as an exile from his native land. He was thirty-eight years old when he returned from Normandy to become king. As he had lived so long in Normandy he always seemed more like a Norman than one of English birth. He generally spoke the French language and he chose Normans to fill many of the highest offices in his kingdom. For the first eight years of his reign there was perfect peace in his kingdom, except in the counties of Kent and Essex, where pirates from the North Sea made occasional attacks. These pirates were mostly Norwegians, whose leader was a barbarian named Kerdric. They would come sweeping down upon the Kentish coast in many ships, make a landing where there were no soldiers, and fall upon the towns and plunder them. Then, as swiftly and suddenly as they had come, they would sail away homeward, before they could be captured. One day Kerdic's fleet arrived off the coast, and as no opposing force was visible, the pirates landed and started toward the nearest town to plunder it. By a quick march a body of English soldiers reached the town before the pirates, and when the latter arrived they found a strong force drawn up to give them battle. A short struggle took place. More than half of the pirates were slain and the remainder were taken prisoners. After the prisoners had been secured the English ships that were stationed on the coast attacked the pirate fleet and destroyed it.	402	ENGLISH	1
Australia Day is a public holiday held on 26 January every year in Australia. It is celebrated to remember the day that the First Fleet landed in Australia. On 26 January 1788 British people landed at Sydney Cove and began a British convict settlement. Some people do not believe that Australia Day should be celebrated on this date. For example, some indigenous Australians call the date Invasion Day or Survival Day because it was the day that their native land was invaded. Arrival of the First FleetEdit On 13 May 1787, 11 ships were sent from Great Britain to Australia. The ships carried mostly prisoners to Australia where many were going to be living the rest of their lives. The ships were led by Captain Arthur Phillip, who was later promoted to an Admiral.	<urn:uuid:41fd9a06-417b-4e7a-942d-dba257ccd2e7>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_Day	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700988.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127143516-20200127173516-00141.warc.gz	en	0.985308	152	3.78125	4	[ 0.07395368069410324, 0.34497296810150146, 0.342392235994339, -0.1487748771905899, -0.2171187698841095, -0.11223650723695755, 0.23095452785491943, 0.05600694939494133, -0.3595763146877289, 0.23183397948741913, 0.5100828409194946, -0.24417734146118164, -0.13084696233272552, 0.582092225551605...	4	Australia Day is a public holiday held on 26 January every year in Australia. It is celebrated to remember the day that the First Fleet landed in Australia. On 26 January 1788 British people landed at Sydney Cove and began a British convict settlement. Some people do not believe that Australia Day should be celebrated on this date. For example, some indigenous Australians call the date Invasion Day or Survival Day because it was the day that their native land was invaded. Arrival of the First FleetEdit On 13 May 1787, 11 ships were sent from Great Britain to Australia. The ships carried mostly prisoners to Australia where many were going to be living the rest of their lives. The ships were led by Captain Arthur Phillip, who was later promoted to an Admiral.	164	ENGLISH	1
The Great Depression Facts - When: 1930-1941 - Causes: Weak banking system, stock market crash, over production and spending - Where: Started In USA, spread worldwide - President: Herbert Hoover - Annual Income: Average $1,368 - Stock Market Crash: October 29, 1929 - Unemployment: 25% (11 million) - Other Names: Dirty Thirties - Definition: Economic crisis with low business activity - Effects: Business closures, family abandonment, relocation - Causes: The Great Depression had Many Causes - Celebrities: Al Capone Opened a Soup Kitchen - Mortality: Suicide Rates Rose Drastically - Race: Minorities Suffered the Most During the Depression - Comparison: The Stock Market Crash Would Look Very Different Today - Government: There Were Two Presidents During the Great Depression - Culture: The Great Depression Changed the Fashion World - Housing: People Lived in Makeshift Towns - Culture: The Great Depression Had an Impact on Pop Culture - Family: Family Life Was Greatly Affected - The Board Game Monopoly Became Popular - New York Was Filled with Apple Sellers - Crime Rose During the Great Depression - World War II Is Thought to Be the End of the Great Depression The Great Depression had Many Causes The Great Depression facts show that there was no one single cause of the Great Depression, but historians have put together a list of contributing factors. The 1920s made many people a lot of money, but the prosperity was not shared throughout the economy. Banking systems were weak, and, with the stock market crash, there were many bank runs which threw off the economical balance. Al Capone Opened a Soup Kitchen Al Capone, a famous Chicago gangster, was known for his violent temper and for taking revenge on his rivals. He was compassionate though during the Great Depression, and was the first to open a soup kitchen. Soup kitchens became popular and, for many struggling people, provided their only food source for the day. Capone also demanded that store owners give clothes and food to people and send him the bill. Suicide Rates Rose Drastically Many business owners who lost everything during the Great Depression felt that their only option was suicide. There are rumors that clerks in hotels in New York’s financial district would actually ask patrons if they were reserving a room for sleeping or jumping. One sheep farmer took matters into his own hands and killed all 3,000 of his sheep. He felt this was a better option than watching them starve to death, as he no longer had the means to provide for them. Minorities Suffered the Most During the Depression African Americans were usually the first to be laid off in a company, according to Great Depression facts. They also found it harder to secure new work. Mexican immigrants were often intimidated to return back to Mexico as Americans believed that jobs were being stolen from them by immigrants. Women were also discriminated against. They were often laid off before men and were seen as a threat in the shrinking workforce. The Stock Market Crash Would Look Very Different Today On October 29 1929, which has become known as Black Tuesday, the stock market lost 14 billion dollars. When combined with the losses of the entire week, the total reached 30 billion dollars. If the same loss happened today, the amount with inflation would be over 377 billion dollars. However, many historians believe that since the average family today has two incomes, the individual impact on families would be much less. There Were Two Presidents During the Great Depression Herbert Hoover was President when the Great Depression started. He stated in March 1930 that the country had “passed the worst”, but was ultimately proved very wrong. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt took office in March 1933 and promised what was known as a “New Deal for the American People.” He dedicated his first 100 days in office to attempting to create jobs as he started what became known as “Alphabet Agencies.” They include the TVA, NRA, CCC and WPA. It is still highly debated whether this act helped or worsened the Depression. The Great Depression Changed the Fashion World Great Depression facts show that with less money being spent on designer clothing, companies were forced to come up with more economical choices. For example, hemlines were extended to lessen the need for stockings, and lower heels were made that were more universal. The focus was placed on accessories, since they could change the feel of an outfit without the need to buy a whole new set of clothes. People Lived in Makeshift Towns When people lost their homes, they could seek shelter in what were known as Hoovervilles, or shanty towns. The term for soup kitchen food was Hoover Stew, and Hoover Blankets were newspapers that were used as blankets. Hoover Wagons were broken down cars that were pulled by mules. President Hoover is often blamed for the Great Depression, and these terms show how the public viewed the President during and after his time in office. The Great Depression Had an Impact on Pop Culture Great Depression facts show that chain letters first originated during the time period, most likely being crafted as part of a get rich quick scheme. The post office received so many chain letters that they actually had to hire help for the extra work. Movies were also incredibly popular during the time as they were one of the only affordable forms of entertainment for families. Movies like King Kong, The Wizard of Oz and Gone with the Wind were some of the big blockbusters of the time. Family Life Was Greatly Affected Many couples put off marriage during the Great Depression as they didn’t have the means to fund a large celebration. The opposite was also true: some married couples put off officially divorcing to save on lawyer and court fees. Some men simply abandoned their families, with many leaving in the middle of the night. A poll was conducted in 1940 that revealed 1.5 million married men had left their wives and families. The Board Game Monopoly Became Popular The famous board game Monopoly was released in 1935. It quickly became popular, as it served as an outlet for people to live their financial dreams. Monopoly is still one of the world’s most popular board games today and is available in many different versions. Some of the newest games even include credit cards that are swiped instead of the traditional paper money. New York Was Filled with Apple Sellers Many men who found themselves jobless turned to selling apples on the street. At one point, close to 5,000 apple vendors filled the streets, selling apples for a nickel a piece. Before the Depression, apples were fifty cents each. Once the phase passed, many of the same vendors started offering street side shoe shining. Crime Rose During the Great Depression Without jobs, many people who had never been in trouble with the law were forced into illegal lifestyles. Stealing was common, and some of the most well-known crime stories come from the time of the Great Depression. Bonnie and Clyde thrived during the era, and the infamous kidnapping and murder of aviator Charles Lindbergh’s son was committed by a man named Bruno Hauptmann seeking money. World War II Is Thought to Be the End of the Great Depression The ending of the Depression is similar to the beginning. There is not one single event that ended it, but most historians point to the end of World War II. Others point to President Roosevelt’s New Deal, which created jobs and unemployment insurance. It is speculated that if President Roosevelt had implemented the New Deal sooner, leading to the end of the Depression, World War II might never have happened. Great Depression Facts – Facts about the Great Depression Summary Great Depression facts show how powerful this time in American history was. It affected families to the core, and countless businesses and farms were lost. Suicide and crime became the only options for some individuals who had lost everything. Fashion and pop culture were changed, and some of the fads introduced are still very much a part of lifestyles today.	<urn:uuid:bbce7e5c-8162-4739-8fd4-507c3adec064>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://facts.net/history/great-depression-facts	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251779833.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128153713-20200128183713-00068.warc.gz	en	0.984975	1,665	3.375	3	[ 0.044533658772706985, 0.23747007548809052, 0.19995459914207458, 0.10943140089511871, 0.004499033093452454, 0.24588751792907715, 0.30755650997161865, 0.03745095059275627, 0.16968987882137299, -0.22499680519104004, 0.1996949017047882, 0.5104004740715027, 0.35261213779449463, 0.41326266527175...	1	The Great Depression Facts - When: 1930-1941 - Causes: Weak banking system, stock market crash, over production and spending - Where: Started In USA, spread worldwide - President: Herbert Hoover - Annual Income: Average $1,368 - Stock Market Crash: October 29, 1929 - Unemployment: 25% (11 million) - Other Names: Dirty Thirties - Definition: Economic crisis with low business activity - Effects: Business closures, family abandonment, relocation - Causes: The Great Depression had Many Causes - Celebrities: Al Capone Opened a Soup Kitchen - Mortality: Suicide Rates Rose Drastically - Race: Minorities Suffered the Most During the Depression - Comparison: The Stock Market Crash Would Look Very Different Today - Government: There Were Two Presidents During the Great Depression - Culture: The Great Depression Changed the Fashion World - Housing: People Lived in Makeshift Towns - Culture: The Great Depression Had an Impact on Pop Culture - Family: Family Life Was Greatly Affected - The Board Game Monopoly Became Popular - New York Was Filled with Apple Sellers - Crime Rose During the Great Depression - World War II Is Thought to Be the End of the Great Depression The Great Depression had Many Causes The Great Depression facts show that there was no one single cause of the Great Depression, but historians have put together a list of contributing factors. The 1920s made many people a lot of money, but the prosperity was not shared throughout the economy. Banking systems were weak, and, with the stock market crash, there were many bank runs which threw off the economical balance. Al Capone Opened a Soup Kitchen Al Capone, a famous Chicago gangster, was known for his violent temper and for taking revenge on his rivals. He was compassionate though during the Great Depression, and was the first to open a soup kitchen. Soup kitchens became popular and, for many struggling people, provided their only food source for the day. Capone also demanded that store owners give clothes and food to people and send him the bill. Suicide Rates Rose Drastically Many business owners who lost everything during the Great Depression felt that their only option was suicide. There are rumors that clerks in hotels in New York’s financial district would actually ask patrons if they were reserving a room for sleeping or jumping. One sheep farmer took matters into his own hands and killed all 3,000 of his sheep. He felt this was a better option than watching them starve to death, as he no longer had the means to provide for them. Minorities Suffered the Most During the Depression African Americans were usually the first to be laid off in a company, according to Great Depression facts. They also found it harder to secure new work. Mexican immigrants were often intimidated to return back to Mexico as Americans believed that jobs were being stolen from them by immigrants. Women were also discriminated against. They were often laid off before men and were seen as a threat in the shrinking workforce. The Stock Market Crash Would Look Very Different Today On October 29 1929, which has become known as Black Tuesday, the stock market lost 14 billion dollars. When combined with the losses of the entire week, the total reached 30 billion dollars. If the same loss happened today, the amount with inflation would be over 377 billion dollars. However, many historians believe that since the average family today has two incomes, the individual impact on families would be much less. There Were Two Presidents During the Great Depression Herbert Hoover was President when the Great Depression started. He stated in March 1930 that the country had “passed the worst”, but was ultimately proved very wrong. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt took office in March 1933 and promised what was known as a “New Deal for the American People.” He dedicated his first 100 days in office to attempting to create jobs as he started what became known as “Alphabet Agencies.” They include the TVA, NRA, CCC and WPA. It is still highly debated whether this act helped or worsened the Depression. The Great Depression Changed the Fashion World Great Depression facts show that with less money being spent on designer clothing, companies were forced to come up with more economical choices. For example, hemlines were extended to lessen the need for stockings, and lower heels were made that were more universal. The focus was placed on accessories, since they could change the feel of an outfit without the need to buy a whole new set of clothes. People Lived in Makeshift Towns When people lost their homes, they could seek shelter in what were known as Hoovervilles, or shanty towns. The term for soup kitchen food was Hoover Stew, and Hoover Blankets were newspapers that were used as blankets. Hoover Wagons were broken down cars that were pulled by mules. President Hoover is often blamed for the Great Depression, and these terms show how the public viewed the President during and after his time in office. The Great Depression Had an Impact on Pop Culture Great Depression facts show that chain letters first originated during the time period, most likely being crafted as part of a get rich quick scheme. The post office received so many chain letters that they actually had to hire help for the extra work. Movies were also incredibly popular during the time as they were one of the only affordable forms of entertainment for families. Movies like King Kong, The Wizard of Oz and Gone with the Wind were some of the big blockbusters of the time. Family Life Was Greatly Affected Many couples put off marriage during the Great Depression as they didn’t have the means to fund a large celebration. The opposite was also true: some married couples put off officially divorcing to save on lawyer and court fees. Some men simply abandoned their families, with many leaving in the middle of the night. A poll was conducted in 1940 that revealed 1.5 million married men had left their wives and families. The Board Game Monopoly Became Popular The famous board game Monopoly was released in 1935. It quickly became popular, as it served as an outlet for people to live their financial dreams. Monopoly is still one of the world’s most popular board games today and is available in many different versions. Some of the newest games even include credit cards that are swiped instead of the traditional paper money. New York Was Filled with Apple Sellers Many men who found themselves jobless turned to selling apples on the street. At one point, close to 5,000 apple vendors filled the streets, selling apples for a nickel a piece. Before the Depression, apples were fifty cents each. Once the phase passed, many of the same vendors started offering street side shoe shining. Crime Rose During the Great Depression Without jobs, many people who had never been in trouble with the law were forced into illegal lifestyles. Stealing was common, and some of the most well-known crime stories come from the time of the Great Depression. Bonnie and Clyde thrived during the era, and the infamous kidnapping and murder of aviator Charles Lindbergh’s son was committed by a man named Bruno Hauptmann seeking money. World War II Is Thought to Be the End of the Great Depression The ending of the Depression is similar to the beginning. There is not one single event that ended it, but most historians point to the end of World War II. Others point to President Roosevelt’s New Deal, which created jobs and unemployment insurance. It is speculated that if President Roosevelt had implemented the New Deal sooner, leading to the end of the Depression, World War II might never have happened. Great Depression Facts – Facts about the Great Depression Summary Great Depression facts show how powerful this time in American history was. It affected families to the core, and countless businesses and farms were lost. Suicide and crime became the only options for some individuals who had lost everything. Fashion and pop culture were changed, and some of the fads introduced are still very much a part of lifestyles today.	1,688	ENGLISH	1
The Armenian music originated in the 2nd millennium BC. First, it was mentioned in the works of the Armenian historians Movses Khorenatsi and Pavstos Buzand. According to Khorenatsi, the Armenians had a unique musical tool, called “Pandir”. Pavstos Buzand mentioned that Armenians had already pipe, lyre, trumpet, and drums already in the 5th century. In ancient manuscripts were found songs about Ara Gexhetsik and Shamiram (pre-Christian period). According to historian Agatangheghos, already in the 4th century Armenians taught music in schools. After the creation of the Armenian Alphabet, developed spiritual songs were already written in Armenian. In the 5th century were originated psalms that were widely used in church ceremonies. Creators of the Armenian Music In the 16th century appeared a new type of music, the artist of which were called minstrels. They were national singer-poets who played a big role in the history of Armenian music. The famous minstrels were worldwide famous Sayat-Nova. Naghash Hovnatan, Jivani, Sheram, and Havasi. The classical music appeared in Armenia in the 19th century (1813-1815), which founder was Hambardzum Limonchian. The Armenian first opera was created by Tigran Chukhachian (1868), called “Arshak 2nd”. In that period a new culture of music developed in national-liberation ideas. In the 1880s professional composers started to gather and develop ancient Armenian songs. They were Makar Yekmalian, Nikoghaios Tirgranian. The most important historical figure in Armenian history is Komitas who began his career at that time and changed the history of Armenian music. He was a teacher who left huge cultural heredity that is still being used in nowadays Armenian music. A new page of our music history opened Aleksandr Spendarian who founded orchestral music in Armenia. A famous composer Armen Tigranian performed “Anoush” performance (1912) in the Armenian Language. In 1930 was performed the second famous opera by Aleksandr Spenidarian called “Almast” (means diamond). One of the most famous composers of that time was Aram Khachaturian. His compositions were used in different performances and movies. The Armenian national dances The Armenian national dances were developed in a pre-Christian period. They were the inseparable part of ritual ceremonies. Then, they lost their importance and were used only for weddings and events. According to Armenian historians, Goght province was famous for his musicians and dancers who played “pandir” and danced traditional dances. The Armenian National dances include group, solo, couple and round dances. There are many types of dances, but the most widespread are the followings	<urn:uuid:11eacc7b-d98d-4dce-aa52-fe9370b40eef>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://armeniadiscovery.com/en/articles/music	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251779833.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128153713-20200128183713-00208.warc.gz	en	0.983612	620	3.5	4	[ -0.002376415766775608, 0.19930490851402283, 0.3182831406593323, -0.3107045292854309, -0.5466383099555969, 0.05027474835515022, 0.004501932300627232, 0.20239213109016418, -0.07051599025726318, -0.49167531728744507, -0.25511276721954346, 0.28202956914901733, -0.04030618071556091, 0.245822384...	6	The Armenian music originated in the 2nd millennium BC. First, it was mentioned in the works of the Armenian historians Movses Khorenatsi and Pavstos Buzand. According to Khorenatsi, the Armenians had a unique musical tool, called “Pandir”. Pavstos Buzand mentioned that Armenians had already pipe, lyre, trumpet, and drums already in the 5th century. In ancient manuscripts were found songs about Ara Gexhetsik and Shamiram (pre-Christian period). According to historian Agatangheghos, already in the 4th century Armenians taught music in schools. After the creation of the Armenian Alphabet, developed spiritual songs were already written in Armenian. In the 5th century were originated psalms that were widely used in church ceremonies. Creators of the Armenian Music In the 16th century appeared a new type of music, the artist of which were called minstrels. They were national singer-poets who played a big role in the history of Armenian music. The famous minstrels were worldwide famous Sayat-Nova. Naghash Hovnatan, Jivani, Sheram, and Havasi. The classical music appeared in Armenia in the 19th century (1813-1815), which founder was Hambardzum Limonchian. The Armenian first opera was created by Tigran Chukhachian (1868), called “Arshak 2nd”. In that period a new culture of music developed in national-liberation ideas. In the 1880s professional composers started to gather and develop ancient Armenian songs. They were Makar Yekmalian, Nikoghaios Tirgranian. The most important historical figure in Armenian history is Komitas who began his career at that time and changed the history of Armenian music. He was a teacher who left huge cultural heredity that is still being used in nowadays Armenian music. A new page of our music history opened Aleksandr Spendarian who founded orchestral music in Armenia. A famous composer Armen Tigranian performed “Anoush” performance (1912) in the Armenian Language. In 1930 was performed the second famous opera by Aleksandr Spenidarian called “Almast” (means diamond). One of the most famous composers of that time was Aram Khachaturian. His compositions were used in different performances and movies. The Armenian national dances The Armenian national dances were developed in a pre-Christian period. They were the inseparable part of ritual ceremonies. Then, they lost their importance and were used only for weddings and events. According to Armenian historians, Goght province was famous for his musicians and dancers who played “pandir” and danced traditional dances. The Armenian National dances include group, solo, couple and round dances. There are many types of dances, but the most widespread are the followings	614	ENGLISH	1
Attention: For textbook, access codes and supplements are not guaranteed with used items. Machiavelli was born at Florence on 3rd May 1469. He was the second son of Bernardo di Nicolo Machiavelli, a lawyer of some repute, and of Bartolommea di Stefano Nelli, his wife. Both parents were members of the old Florentine nobility. His life falls naturally into three periods, each of which singularly enough constitutes a distinct and important era in the history of Florence. His youth was concurrent with the greatness of Florence as an Italian power under the guidance of Lorenzo de' Medici, Il Magnifico. The downfall of the Medici in Florence occurred in 1494, in which year Machiavelli entered the public service. During his official career Florence was free under the government of a Republic, which lasted until 1512, when the Medici returned to power, and Machiavelli lost his office. The Medici again ruled Florence from 1512 until 1527, when they were once more driven out. This was the period of Machiavelli's literary activity and increasing influence; but he died, within a few weeks of the expulsion of the Medici, on 22nd June 1527, in his fifty-eighth year, without having regained office. The Art of War was the work Machiavelli considered his most important, one that lays out military strategy and objectives in order to secure victory. As Voltaire put it, Machiavelli taught Europe the art of war; it had long been practiced, without being known.	<urn:uuid:c1d6e5ee-1ed4-412e-aa95-683150638457>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://bookhillside.com/products/9781496165077-1496165071-the-art-of-war	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589560.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117123339-20200117151339-00408.warc.gz	en	0.984359	330	4.0625	4	[ 0.016820227727293968, 0.41267257928848267, 0.3406599462032318, 0.1573043316602707, -0.5680060386657715, 0.26732420921325684, 0.20618586242198944, 0.38954487442970276, -0.12835419178009033, -0.25790902972221375, 0.08254276216030121, -0.04227409139275551, 0.3492963910102844, 0.14898395538330...	1	Attention: For textbook, access codes and supplements are not guaranteed with used items. Machiavelli was born at Florence on 3rd May 1469. He was the second son of Bernardo di Nicolo Machiavelli, a lawyer of some repute, and of Bartolommea di Stefano Nelli, his wife. Both parents were members of the old Florentine nobility. His life falls naturally into three periods, each of which singularly enough constitutes a distinct and important era in the history of Florence. His youth was concurrent with the greatness of Florence as an Italian power under the guidance of Lorenzo de' Medici, Il Magnifico. The downfall of the Medici in Florence occurred in 1494, in which year Machiavelli entered the public service. During his official career Florence was free under the government of a Republic, which lasted until 1512, when the Medici returned to power, and Machiavelli lost his office. The Medici again ruled Florence from 1512 until 1527, when they were once more driven out. This was the period of Machiavelli's literary activity and increasing influence; but he died, within a few weeks of the expulsion of the Medici, on 22nd June 1527, in his fifty-eighth year, without having regained office. The Art of War was the work Machiavelli considered his most important, one that lays out military strategy and objectives in order to secure victory. As Voltaire put it, Machiavelli taught Europe the art of war; it had long been practiced, without being known.	349	ENGLISH	1
The Hague Convention on Hospital Ships is a 1904 multilateral treaty that supplemented the 1899 Hague Convention for the adaptation to Maritime Warfare of the Principles of the Geneva Convention. The convention established that during times of war, hospital ships would be exempted from dues and taxes imposed on vessels in the ports of the states that ratify the treaty. It is the one treaty on the laws of war that was concluded between the two conferences at The Hague in 1899 and 1907. Hague Convention on Hospital Ships Wikipedia The Hague Convention on Hospital Ships was concluded on 21 December 1904 and entered into force on 26 March 1907. It was signed by 26 states and as of 2014 it is in force for 30 states. One state—Serbia—signed the treaty but has not ratified it. The convention remains in force for the states that ratified it.	<urn:uuid:ee138e0a-feec-435f-ad34-b16d965d5521>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://alchetron.com/Hague-Convention-on-Hospital-Ships	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250624328.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124161014-20200124190014-00463.warc.gz	en	0.983861	165	3.53125	4	[ -0.16439610719680786, -0.02436942793428898, 0.3303350508213043, -0.14452846348285675, 0.11546190083026886, 0.07477880269289017, 0.17994026839733124, 0.24211370944976807, -0.209097757935524, -0.19903340935707092, 0.15029014647006989, -0.4351293444633484, -0.3475091755390167, 0.5891256332397...	2	The Hague Convention on Hospital Ships is a 1904 multilateral treaty that supplemented the 1899 Hague Convention for the adaptation to Maritime Warfare of the Principles of the Geneva Convention. The convention established that during times of war, hospital ships would be exempted from dues and taxes imposed on vessels in the ports of the states that ratify the treaty. It is the one treaty on the laws of war that was concluded between the two conferences at The Hague in 1899 and 1907. Hague Convention on Hospital Ships Wikipedia The Hague Convention on Hospital Ships was concluded on 21 December 1904 and entered into force on 26 March 1907. It was signed by 26 states and as of 2014 it is in force for 30 states. One state—Serbia—signed the treaty but has not ratified it. The convention remains in force for the states that ratified it.	201	ENGLISH	1
St. Louis, one of the first cities in Missouri. The city got started by a man named Pierre Laclede Liguest. He discovered the perfect place for a trading post. Picking a high bluff next to the Mississippi River in 1763. Starting the next year, Laclede had his stepson and thirty men begin to clear the heavily forested land for a new town. Laclede declared, “This settlement will become one of the finest cities in America.” After clearing the land, the first structures included a large building for the fur company’s headquarters. Of course, they also built cabins and storage sheds. This was just the beginning then came the streets and soon more buildings. Trappers and traders first populated the settlement. How did St Louis get named? The town was referred to as Laclede’s Village by its new residents. Laclede himself pronounced the town name as “St. Louis” in honor of King Louis IX of France. In 1766, the growing town had about 75 buildings. Most were built of stone or timber posts, quarried along the river bluff. The growing settlement was called home to about 300 residents now. Growing quickly through the end of the century, St. Louis boasted almost 1000 citizens by 1800. Most nationalities at the time were French, Spanish and Indians. In 1804, when the Louisiana Purchase was officially transferred to the United States. The town then included a bakery, two taverns, three blacksmiths, two mills, and a doctor. Some stores also operated from their homes. The problem was merchandise being sold at outrageous prices due to high transport costs. St. Louis was the staging point for Lewis & Clark. Thomas Jefferson sent Lewis & Clark to explore the new Louisiana Territory in May 1804. A couple of years later when Lewis and Clark returned in September 1806, St Louis became known as the “Gateway to the West”. Mountain men, adventurers, and settlers called it the “Gateway to the West” as they followed the path of Lewis and Clark into the new frontier. A few years after being nicknamed the “Gateway to the West”, the first steamboat arrived on July 27, 1817. This was a major and a big turning point for St Louis. This making St. Louis an important river city. It was even common to see several steamboats lining the cobblestone levee. Starting in the 1830s after a decade of growth and prosperity. The burgeoning river city had another building boom. Many new churches were built. A public-school system was started. The city implemented a new water system. By 1840, St. Louis had grown to almost 17,000 residents. The next decade saw many immigrants populating the river city. They came from all over, especially from Germany and Ireland. People were looking for something new and were driven by the Old-World potato famine. St Louis devastating History St. Louis suffered two major setbacks. The first was a raging fire that destroyed 15 city blocks and 23 steamboats along the riverfront in 1849. Later that year, St. Louis would suffer a serious epidemic of cholera, taking many lives. River traffic had increased so much by 1850 that St. Louis became the second largest port in the country and the largest city west of Pittsburgh that year. With commercial tonnage exceeded only by New York. On some days, the steamboats numbered in the 100’s along the levee. The steamboats were literally “floating palaces,” some complete with chandeliers, lush carpets, and fine furnishings. St. Louis saw additional richness as the gateway to the west, outfitting many wagon trains, trappers, miners, and traders. Travel to the vast west began at the start of what is known as the “Gold Rush”. In the early 1850s the construction of the railroads began and St. Louis had a population of almost 80,000 people. The first westbound train left St. Louis in 1855. This eventually leads to the downfall of the riverboat traffic. History of the Fur Trade in St Louis St. Louis has been around for a long time, since before the American Revolution. When the trappers started to build the city, it was not a part of the United States, but in fact, belonged to France. With the way the territories were set up, St. Louis was originally considered to be a part of Louisiana. St. Louis did not become a part of the United States until the Louisiana Purchase. The whole reason that St. Louis came into existence is because of the fur trade. The rivers and forest surrounding St. Louis was a trapper’s dream, full of animals that had rich pelts that the European milliners could not wait to use. The problem that the trappers had was how to ship their furs to the milliners, after all, it was not like they could afford to spend the time it would take them to travel from the woods to Europe, and even the east coast was not a viable option. The location of St. Louis made it accessible to both the traders and the ships that would haul the furs to the shops. In addition to needing a place to sell the pelts that they spent months gathering, the fur traders also needed to get supplies. Since the trappers had not seen another human in some time and were also flush with money from selling their furs, they usually did not give much thought to how they spent their money while they were in town, this kind of attitude quickly drew several merchants to the city, who then set up shop and quickly began to make a fortune selling both much-needed supplies and also pretty baubles that tended to catch the trappers eyes. Eventually, more people came to the city and pretty soon it was not only running smoothly but had grown to a respectable size by the time it was purchased as part of the Louisiana Purchase that Jefferson made. The days when the St. Louis economy was driven by the fur trade have long passed, but that does not mean that the city is not proud of its heritage. When you visit the city you will find that the city still maintains a strong French vibe which can be traced all the way back to those first French trappers who thought that they had found the perfect place to create a city.	<urn:uuid:f08e12d3-4aad-4996-a2f6-3c8539d517b2>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.stlouiscitycenterhotel.com/early-years/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251671078.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125071430-20200125100430-00319.warc.gz	en	0.985067	1,329	3.65625	4	[ 0.06345020979642868, -0.04241448640823364, 0.4002262055873871, -0.3894761800765991, -0.23985111713409424, -0.556303083896637, -0.16741153597831726, 0.3156178593635559, -0.22897493839263916, 0.11285331845283508, 0.2861810326576233, -0.21144895255565643, -0.20438849925994873, 0.0459342896938...	14	St. Louis, one of the first cities in Missouri. The city got started by a man named Pierre Laclede Liguest. He discovered the perfect place for a trading post. Picking a high bluff next to the Mississippi River in 1763. Starting the next year, Laclede had his stepson and thirty men begin to clear the heavily forested land for a new town. Laclede declared, “This settlement will become one of the finest cities in America.” After clearing the land, the first structures included a large building for the fur company’s headquarters. Of course, they also built cabins and storage sheds. This was just the beginning then came the streets and soon more buildings. Trappers and traders first populated the settlement. How did St Louis get named? The town was referred to as Laclede’s Village by its new residents. Laclede himself pronounced the town name as “St. Louis” in honor of King Louis IX of France. In 1766, the growing town had about 75 buildings. Most were built of stone or timber posts, quarried along the river bluff. The growing settlement was called home to about 300 residents now. Growing quickly through the end of the century, St. Louis boasted almost 1000 citizens by 1800. Most nationalities at the time were French, Spanish and Indians. In 1804, when the Louisiana Purchase was officially transferred to the United States. The town then included a bakery, two taverns, three blacksmiths, two mills, and a doctor. Some stores also operated from their homes. The problem was merchandise being sold at outrageous prices due to high transport costs. St. Louis was the staging point for Lewis & Clark. Thomas Jefferson sent Lewis & Clark to explore the new Louisiana Territory in May 1804. A couple of years later when Lewis and Clark returned in September 1806, St Louis became known as the “Gateway to the West”. Mountain men, adventurers, and settlers called it the “Gateway to the West” as they followed the path of Lewis and Clark into the new frontier. A few years after being nicknamed the “Gateway to the West”, the first steamboat arrived on July 27, 1817. This was a major and a big turning point for St Louis. This making St. Louis an important river city. It was even common to see several steamboats lining the cobblestone levee. Starting in the 1830s after a decade of growth and prosperity. The burgeoning river city had another building boom. Many new churches were built. A public-school system was started. The city implemented a new water system. By 1840, St. Louis had grown to almost 17,000 residents. The next decade saw many immigrants populating the river city. They came from all over, especially from Germany and Ireland. People were looking for something new and were driven by the Old-World potato famine. St Louis devastating History St. Louis suffered two major setbacks. The first was a raging fire that destroyed 15 city blocks and 23 steamboats along the riverfront in 1849. Later that year, St. Louis would suffer a serious epidemic of cholera, taking many lives. River traffic had increased so much by 1850 that St. Louis became the second largest port in the country and the largest city west of Pittsburgh that year. With commercial tonnage exceeded only by New York. On some days, the steamboats numbered in the 100’s along the levee. The steamboats were literally “floating palaces,” some complete with chandeliers, lush carpets, and fine furnishings. St. Louis saw additional richness as the gateway to the west, outfitting many wagon trains, trappers, miners, and traders. Travel to the vast west began at the start of what is known as the “Gold Rush”. In the early 1850s the construction of the railroads began and St. Louis had a population of almost 80,000 people. The first westbound train left St. Louis in 1855. This eventually leads to the downfall of the riverboat traffic. History of the Fur Trade in St Louis St. Louis has been around for a long time, since before the American Revolution. When the trappers started to build the city, it was not a part of the United States, but in fact, belonged to France. With the way the territories were set up, St. Louis was originally considered to be a part of Louisiana. St. Louis did not become a part of the United States until the Louisiana Purchase. The whole reason that St. Louis came into existence is because of the fur trade. The rivers and forest surrounding St. Louis was a trapper’s dream, full of animals that had rich pelts that the European milliners could not wait to use. The problem that the trappers had was how to ship their furs to the milliners, after all, it was not like they could afford to spend the time it would take them to travel from the woods to Europe, and even the east coast was not a viable option. The location of St. Louis made it accessible to both the traders and the ships that would haul the furs to the shops. In addition to needing a place to sell the pelts that they spent months gathering, the fur traders also needed to get supplies. Since the trappers had not seen another human in some time and were also flush with money from selling their furs, they usually did not give much thought to how they spent their money while they were in town, this kind of attitude quickly drew several merchants to the city, who then set up shop and quickly began to make a fortune selling both much-needed supplies and also pretty baubles that tended to catch the trappers eyes. Eventually, more people came to the city and pretty soon it was not only running smoothly but had grown to a respectable size by the time it was purchased as part of the Louisiana Purchase that Jefferson made. The days when the St. Louis economy was driven by the fur trade have long passed, but that does not mean that the city is not proud of its heritage. When you visit the city you will find that the city still maintains a strong French vibe which can be traced all the way back to those first French trappers who thought that they had found the perfect place to create a city.	1,342	ENGLISH	1
Based on the jugular vein seen in several of Michelangelo’s sculptures, it seems as though he was pretty knowledgeable with the body’s circulatory system – a century before doctors were. The jugular vein is especially visible in the sculpture he created of David (from the story of David and Goliath). The sculpture depicts an excited David which indicates that Michelangelo made the connection between excitement and a swollen jugular vein which doctors didn’t document until 124 years after the sculpture was made. While a swollen jugular can indicate illnesses such as heart failure or an elevated intracardiac pressure, the vein also bulges out for a short time during a heightened state of excitement. Although Michelangelo created the famous sculpture over 500 years ago, it was only recently that the bulging jugular vein had been noticed by cardiologist Daniel Gelfman from the Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine in Indianapolis. “Michelangelo, like some of his artistic contemporaries, had anatomical training,” Dr. Gelfman wrote in his research paper, adding, “I realized that Michelangelo must have noticed temporary jugular venous distension in healthy individuals who are excited.” He went on to explain, “At the time the David was created, in 1504, [anatomist and physician] William Harvey had yet to describe the true mechanics of the circulatory system.” “This did not occur until 1628.” David wasn’t Michelangelo’s only work of art that showed a swollen jugular vein, as the sculpture of Moses that was ordered by Pope Julius II in the year 1505 also had the same feature. He created the sculpture in reference to when Moses returned from Mount Sinai after he received the Ten Commandments. But when he saw people worshiping a calf, he got extremely angry and that anger was portrayed in the sculpture with his glaring expression and tense left arm. As for his sculpture titled Pietà, the jugular vein is not visible as it depicted the death of Jesus; therefore, portraying a very sad time. “In sculpture, one can only show a single image in time,” Dr. Gelfman explained, adding that with his art depicting the angry Moses and nervous David, he “must have wanted to express this [circulatory] observation in his work.” Marcin Kowalski, who is a cardiac electrophysiologist from the Staten Island University Hospital in New York, weighed in by stating, “It is incredible that a 500-year-old statue can depict physical findings that might be used in diagnosis.” It’s amazing to think that Michelangelo had knowledge of the circulatory system over a century before doctors did. Michelangelo Buonarroti was born in Caprese, Italy, in 1475, but spent the majority of his life in Rome until 1564 when he passed away at 88 years of age. During his life, he was a painter, sculptor, architect, and even wrote sonnets. One of his most recognized accomplishments was his ceiling painting in the Sistine Chapel. According to the National Gallery in London, he was the first artist to ever be recognized by his peers as a genius.	<urn:uuid:64dd855e-7af6-4fff-99c3-c4d7f817f070>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://mysteriousuniverse.org/2019/12/michelangelos-sculptures-indicate-he-knew-about-the-circulatory-system-a-century-before-doctors/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251669967.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125041318-20200125070318-00554.warc.gz	en	0.983343	675	3.734375	4	[ -0.35687828063964844, 0.21629703044891357, 0.5623751878738403, 0.1929088532924652, -0.6256513595581055, 0.03664963319897652, 0.7195026874542236, 0.2761710286140442, 0.019505247473716736, -0.00046378932893276215, 0.27909141778945923, -0.23200036585330963, -0.004101834259927273, 0.5180435776...	7	Based on the jugular vein seen in several of Michelangelo’s sculptures, it seems as though he was pretty knowledgeable with the body’s circulatory system – a century before doctors were. The jugular vein is especially visible in the sculpture he created of David (from the story of David and Goliath). The sculpture depicts an excited David which indicates that Michelangelo made the connection between excitement and a swollen jugular vein which doctors didn’t document until 124 years after the sculpture was made. While a swollen jugular can indicate illnesses such as heart failure or an elevated intracardiac pressure, the vein also bulges out for a short time during a heightened state of excitement. Although Michelangelo created the famous sculpture over 500 years ago, it was only recently that the bulging jugular vein had been noticed by cardiologist Daniel Gelfman from the Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine in Indianapolis. “Michelangelo, like some of his artistic contemporaries, had anatomical training,” Dr. Gelfman wrote in his research paper, adding, “I realized that Michelangelo must have noticed temporary jugular venous distension in healthy individuals who are excited.” He went on to explain, “At the time the David was created, in 1504, [anatomist and physician] William Harvey had yet to describe the true mechanics of the circulatory system.” “This did not occur until 1628.” David wasn’t Michelangelo’s only work of art that showed a swollen jugular vein, as the sculpture of Moses that was ordered by Pope Julius II in the year 1505 also had the same feature. He created the sculpture in reference to when Moses returned from Mount Sinai after he received the Ten Commandments. But when he saw people worshiping a calf, he got extremely angry and that anger was portrayed in the sculpture with his glaring expression and tense left arm. As for his sculpture titled Pietà, the jugular vein is not visible as it depicted the death of Jesus; therefore, portraying a very sad time. “In sculpture, one can only show a single image in time,” Dr. Gelfman explained, adding that with his art depicting the angry Moses and nervous David, he “must have wanted to express this [circulatory] observation in his work.” Marcin Kowalski, who is a cardiac electrophysiologist from the Staten Island University Hospital in New York, weighed in by stating, “It is incredible that a 500-year-old statue can depict physical findings that might be used in diagnosis.” It’s amazing to think that Michelangelo had knowledge of the circulatory system over a century before doctors did. Michelangelo Buonarroti was born in Caprese, Italy, in 1475, but spent the majority of his life in Rome until 1564 when he passed away at 88 years of age. During his life, he was a painter, sculptor, architect, and even wrote sonnets. One of his most recognized accomplishments was his ceiling painting in the Sistine Chapel. According to the National Gallery in London, he was the first artist to ever be recognized by his peers as a genius.	661	ENGLISH	1
A Short Biography below is an excerpt of an observation taken from the exhibit on display: Yarrow Mamout (b. circa 1736 - d. 1824) was an enslaved Muslim from Africa, who was owned by the Beall family of Montgomery County. Yarrow was born about 1736 in Guinea. He was taken from his native homeland and brought to Maryland, where he was purchased by Colonel Samuel Beall, Jr. of Montgomery County. Samuel Beall, died in September of 1777 and his son Brooke Beall, Esq., acquired Yarrow. Not much is known about Yarrow's personal life, but he did have one son Aquilla "Quilla" Yarrow. Mamout's son was owned by Ann Chambers of Montgomery County, MD. Brooke Beall initially lived in Montgomery County and was the first Clerk of the Court when Montgomery County was formed from Frederick. In 1783 Brooke Beall moved his family and slaves from Montgomery County to Georgetown, where he worked as a shipping merchant. Yarrow worked as a brick maker at the Georgetown home of Brooke Beall. According to the ledger of Brooke Beall, Yarrow was hired out for two days of work on board the Maryland.7 Beall died July 11, 1795 leaving Yarrow in the care of his widow Margaret Johns Beall. In previous accounts it was said that Yarrow was manumitted by his deceased master's widow Margaret Beall. However, Yarrow was manumitted August 22, 1796 by Upton Beall, the son of Brooke and Margaret Beall. His son Aquilla, who was seven at the time, was manumitted by Ann Chambers in March, but wasn't allowed to be free until he could earn a living for himself or unless his father took him into his care. Aquilla would not have been completely manumitted if Yarrow hadn't received his manumission. Four years after he was manumitted, Yarrow Mamout purchased his own property in Georgetown, where there was a growing free black population. In 1819, Charles Willson Peale painted a portrait of the elderly Mamout. According to Peale, Yarrow Mamout was a self professed Mohammedan, practicing Islam. Three years later, Yarrow was painted by James Alexander Simpson of Georgetown. Mamout was a well known figure in Georgetown and crossed paths with many affluent families. Yarrow Mamout died in Georgetown, D.C. on January 19, 1824. Visit the NewAfricaCenter for more. < Back to The Museum Page Hours & Contact Info 1am to 6pm Wednesday, Thursday, Friday & Saturday 4243 Lancaster Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19104 1-610-352-0424 \| firstname.lastname@example.org Muslim American Museum & Archive - Our primary purpose is to preserve the African American Muslim rich cultural heritage and legacy to pass on to future generations. NEW AFRICA CENTER is a trademark of ICPIC © 2019 All Rights Reserved.	<urn:uuid:b376734a-6971-4229-a245-8d4344141c1e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://newafricacenter.com/yarrow-mamout.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594603.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119122744-20200119150744-00549.warc.gz	en	0.987495	620	3.296875	3	[ -0.12080929428339005, 0.3124150335788727, 0.31562137603759766, 0.18478384613990784, -0.2436085045337677, 0.09186197072267532, 0.07047837972640991, -0.20076437294483185, -0.15494543313980103, -0.23212051391601562, -0.12065844982862473, -0.17566020786762238, 0.14743265509605408, -0.067210912...	1	A Short Biography below is an excerpt of an observation taken from the exhibit on display: Yarrow Mamout (b. circa 1736 - d. 1824) was an enslaved Muslim from Africa, who was owned by the Beall family of Montgomery County. Yarrow was born about 1736 in Guinea. He was taken from his native homeland and brought to Maryland, where he was purchased by Colonel Samuel Beall, Jr. of Montgomery County. Samuel Beall, died in September of 1777 and his son Brooke Beall, Esq., acquired Yarrow. Not much is known about Yarrow's personal life, but he did have one son Aquilla "Quilla" Yarrow. Mamout's son was owned by Ann Chambers of Montgomery County, MD. Brooke Beall initially lived in Montgomery County and was the first Clerk of the Court when Montgomery County was formed from Frederick. In 1783 Brooke Beall moved his family and slaves from Montgomery County to Georgetown, where he worked as a shipping merchant. Yarrow worked as a brick maker at the Georgetown home of Brooke Beall. According to the ledger of Brooke Beall, Yarrow was hired out for two days of work on board the Maryland.7 Beall died July 11, 1795 leaving Yarrow in the care of his widow Margaret Johns Beall. In previous accounts it was said that Yarrow was manumitted by his deceased master's widow Margaret Beall. However, Yarrow was manumitted August 22, 1796 by Upton Beall, the son of Brooke and Margaret Beall. His son Aquilla, who was seven at the time, was manumitted by Ann Chambers in March, but wasn't allowed to be free until he could earn a living for himself or unless his father took him into his care. Aquilla would not have been completely manumitted if Yarrow hadn't received his manumission. Four years after he was manumitted, Yarrow Mamout purchased his own property in Georgetown, where there was a growing free black population. In 1819, Charles Willson Peale painted a portrait of the elderly Mamout. According to Peale, Yarrow Mamout was a self professed Mohammedan, practicing Islam. Three years later, Yarrow was painted by James Alexander Simpson of Georgetown. Mamout was a well known figure in Georgetown and crossed paths with many affluent families. Yarrow Mamout died in Georgetown, D.C. on January 19, 1824. Visit the NewAfricaCenter for more. < Back to The Museum Page Hours & Contact Info 1am to 6pm Wednesday, Thursday, Friday & Saturday 4243 Lancaster Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19104 1-610-352-0424 \| firstname.lastname@example.org Muslim American Museum & Archive - Our primary purpose is to preserve the African American Muslim rich cultural heritage and legacy to pass on to future generations. NEW AFRICA CENTER is a trademark of ICPIC © 2019 All Rights Reserved.	659	ENGLISH	1
November 15, 1979: On this day Sir William Arthur Lewis won the Nobel Prize for economics for his pioneering research on developing nations, the first black person to win a Nobel aside from the peace prize. Arthur Lewis was born in Castries, Saint Lucia, then still part of the British Windward Islands federal colony, as the fourth of five children of George and Ida Lewis. His parents had migrated from Antigua shortly after the turn of the century. George Lewis died when Arthur turned seven, and Ida raised their five children alone. Arthur was a gifted student and was promoted two classes ahead of his age. After finishing school at the age of 14, Lewis worked as a clerk, while waiting to take his university entrance exam. During this time he became friends with Eric Williams, the future first prime minister of Trinidad and Tobago, and the two remained lifelong friends. After graduating, Lewis’ initial career choice was to become an engineer. He made the eventual switch to economics because the governments and companies of British Colonies, such as St. Lucia, refused to hire blacks. At the age of 18, he would go on to earn a scholarship to attend the London School of Economics. Not only was this an opportunity for Lewis to study at perhaps the most prestigious University for Economics in the world, but he would also be the first black individual to ever gain acceptance at LSE. While enrolled, Lewis would achieve similar success here as he did in grade in school. Lewis’ academic superiority was noticed and admired by his peers and professors. While at LSE, Lewis had the opportunity to study under the likes of John Hicks, Arnold Plant, Lionel Robbins, and Friedrich Hayek. After gaining his Bachelor of Science degree in 1937 and a Ph.D. degree in 1940 at the London School of Economics (LSE) under supervision of Arnold Plant, Lewis worked as a member of the staff at the LSE until 1948. In 1947, he married Gladys Jacobs, and they had two daughters together. That year he was selected as a lecturer at the University of Manchester, and moved there with his family. He taught at Manchester until 1957. During this period, he developed some of his most important concepts about the patterns of capital and wages in developing countries. He particularly became known for his contributions to development economics, of great interest as former colonies began to gain independence from European nations. Lewis served as an Economic advisor to numerous African and Caribbean governments, i.e. Nigeria, Ghana, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica and Barbados. That year, he was also appointed a University Professor at Princeton University and moved to the United States. Lewis worked at Princeton for the next two decades, teaching generations of students until his retirement in 1983. In 1970 Lewis also was selected as the first president of the Caribbean Development Bank, serving in that capacity until 1973. He died on 15 June 1991 in Bridgetown, Barbados. He was buried in the grounds of the St Lucian community college named in his honour. He was survived by his wife, Gladys Jacobs, Lady Lewis of Barbados and Princeton, NJ; two daughters, Elizabeth Lewis of Cranbury, NJ, and Barbara Virgil of Brooklyn; and four brothers: Stanley Lewis of Ghana, Earl Lewis of Trinidad, Allen Montgomery Lewis, a former Governor General of St Lucia, and Victor Lewis of St Lucia. Legacy and honours - Arthur Lewis Community College, St. Lucia, was named in his honour. - The Arthur Lewis Building (opened in 2007) at the University of Manchester was named for him, as he had lectured there for several years before entering governmental positions. - Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies at The University of the West Indies. - Sir Arthur Lewis portrait appears on the 100 dollar East Caribbean Bill.	<urn:uuid:de696bd2-3a30-453a-a13a-c1eb0be4e6dc>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://blackwithnochaser.com/black-in-the-day-a-nobel-first/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251669967.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125041318-20200125070318-00453.warc.gz	en	0.984206	779	3.65625	4	[ -0.38859519362449646, 0.5274540185928345, 0.23084500432014465, 0.3104316294193268, 0.025753654539585114, -0.03309690207242966, 0.3491993248462677, -0.12258154153823853, 0.0009490458760410547, 0.13084298372268677, 0.2346603274345398, -0.2910589575767517, -0.2988707423210144, -0.041079372167...	12	November 15, 1979: On this day Sir William Arthur Lewis won the Nobel Prize for economics for his pioneering research on developing nations, the first black person to win a Nobel aside from the peace prize. Arthur Lewis was born in Castries, Saint Lucia, then still part of the British Windward Islands federal colony, as the fourth of five children of George and Ida Lewis. His parents had migrated from Antigua shortly after the turn of the century. George Lewis died when Arthur turned seven, and Ida raised their five children alone. Arthur was a gifted student and was promoted two classes ahead of his age. After finishing school at the age of 14, Lewis worked as a clerk, while waiting to take his university entrance exam. During this time he became friends with Eric Williams, the future first prime minister of Trinidad and Tobago, and the two remained lifelong friends. After graduating, Lewis’ initial career choice was to become an engineer. He made the eventual switch to economics because the governments and companies of British Colonies, such as St. Lucia, refused to hire blacks. At the age of 18, he would go on to earn a scholarship to attend the London School of Economics. Not only was this an opportunity for Lewis to study at perhaps the most prestigious University for Economics in the world, but he would also be the first black individual to ever gain acceptance at LSE. While enrolled, Lewis would achieve similar success here as he did in grade in school. Lewis’ academic superiority was noticed and admired by his peers and professors. While at LSE, Lewis had the opportunity to study under the likes of John Hicks, Arnold Plant, Lionel Robbins, and Friedrich Hayek. After gaining his Bachelor of Science degree in 1937 and a Ph.D. degree in 1940 at the London School of Economics (LSE) under supervision of Arnold Plant, Lewis worked as a member of the staff at the LSE until 1948. In 1947, he married Gladys Jacobs, and they had two daughters together. That year he was selected as a lecturer at the University of Manchester, and moved there with his family. He taught at Manchester until 1957. During this period, he developed some of his most important concepts about the patterns of capital and wages in developing countries. He particularly became known for his contributions to development economics, of great interest as former colonies began to gain independence from European nations. Lewis served as an Economic advisor to numerous African and Caribbean governments, i.e. Nigeria, Ghana, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica and Barbados. That year, he was also appointed a University Professor at Princeton University and moved to the United States. Lewis worked at Princeton for the next two decades, teaching generations of students until his retirement in 1983. In 1970 Lewis also was selected as the first president of the Caribbean Development Bank, serving in that capacity until 1973. He died on 15 June 1991 in Bridgetown, Barbados. He was buried in the grounds of the St Lucian community college named in his honour. He was survived by his wife, Gladys Jacobs, Lady Lewis of Barbados and Princeton, NJ; two daughters, Elizabeth Lewis of Cranbury, NJ, and Barbara Virgil of Brooklyn; and four brothers: Stanley Lewis of Ghana, Earl Lewis of Trinidad, Allen Montgomery Lewis, a former Governor General of St Lucia, and Victor Lewis of St Lucia. Legacy and honours - Arthur Lewis Community College, St. Lucia, was named in his honour. - The Arthur Lewis Building (opened in 2007) at the University of Manchester was named for him, as he had lectured there for several years before entering governmental positions. - Sir Arthur Lewis Institute of Social and Economic Studies at The University of the West Indies. - Sir Arthur Lewis portrait appears on the 100 dollar East Caribbean Bill.	817	ENGLISH	1
According to NASA "New Horizons launched on Jan. 19, 2006" according to Wikipedia this is about the same time Pluto started on the path to loss of planet status. Is it just coincidence that both of these happened at the same time or is there a relationship? The official trigger for what caused Pluto's demotion as a planet was the discovery of Eris, in October 2005. For a number of years, starting with the discovery of non-Pluto Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs), and later with the discovery of other large objects in the Kuiper Belt. When Eris was discovered, the IAU decided that it needed to decide what a planet was. New Horizons had absolutely nothing to do with the team that ultimately discovered Eris (Although they probably have some interest as the post-Pluto mission to visit a KBO). The discussion had been happening for some time before, but ultimately New Horizons had nothing to do with the vote that demoted Pluto as a planet, and had far more to do with the discovery of an object larger than Pluto in the Kuiper belt. It might be worth mentioning that essentially the same thing happened with the Asteroid belt. The first asteroids discovered were considered planets, and after a large number of them had been found, they were re-classified. Ceres was the first, discovered in 1801. By 1851, they were classified as Asteroids. See Wikipedia for a bit more history. It's just a coincidence, and officially, the dates aren't that close. The IAU (International Astronomical Union) General Assembly in Prague, Czech Republic where the new definition of a planet was endorsed and with it Pluto losing its planetary status, happened in late August, 2006. Final draft that was voted on states: A planet is a celestial body that - is in orbit around the Sun, - has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape, - has cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit. A dwarf planet is a celestial body that - is in orbit around the Sun, - has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape - has not cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit, - is not a satellite. All other objects except satellites orbiting the Sun shall be referred to collectively as Small Solar-System Bodies. The New Horizons launch was more than seven months earlier, in mid January that same year. How this IAU process happened is explained in this Harvard-Smithsonian's Center for Astrophysics (CfA) lecture, presented by David A. Aguilar: It's unclear how many scientists that voted had vested interest in New Horizons mission, but apparently not enough, if that would have skewed the vote at all. I'm not saying that it would or that it should, but New Horizons Principal Investigator (PI) Alan Stern made his stance clear on several occasions that he stands behind the notion that Pluto is and should be considered a planet: It's an awful definition; it's sloppy science and it would never pass peer review – for two reasons. Firstly, it is impossible and contrived to put a dividing line between dwarf planets and planets. It's as if we declared people not people for some arbitrary reason, like 'they tend to live in groups'. Secondly, the actual definition is even worse, because it's inconsistent. But he didn't get to vote in Prague: I was not allowed to vote because I was not in a room in Prague on Thursday 24th. Of 10,000 astronomers, 4% were in that room - you can't even claim consensus.	<urn:uuid:9ecadd3c-96fd-4605-b823-4e6323f8e5b5>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://space.stackexchange.com/questions/9631/what-is-the-relationship-between-new-horizons-launch-and-plutos-loss-of-planet	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251688806.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126104828-20200126134828-00431.warc.gz	en	0.981551	771	3.78125	4	[ -0.2942436635494232, 0.04216645658016205, 0.055063627660274506, -0.26749005913734436, -0.05966872721910477, -0.04685709998011589, -0.0782715231180191, 0.21020209789276123, 0.10505491495132446, 0.35899999737739563, 0.3778929114341736, -0.45269259810447693, -0.016472093760967255, 0.096976146...	6	According to NASA "New Horizons launched on Jan. 19, 2006" according to Wikipedia this is about the same time Pluto started on the path to loss of planet status. Is it just coincidence that both of these happened at the same time or is there a relationship? The official trigger for what caused Pluto's demotion as a planet was the discovery of Eris, in October 2005. For a number of years, starting with the discovery of non-Pluto Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs), and later with the discovery of other large objects in the Kuiper Belt. When Eris was discovered, the IAU decided that it needed to decide what a planet was. New Horizons had absolutely nothing to do with the team that ultimately discovered Eris (Although they probably have some interest as the post-Pluto mission to visit a KBO). The discussion had been happening for some time before, but ultimately New Horizons had nothing to do with the vote that demoted Pluto as a planet, and had far more to do with the discovery of an object larger than Pluto in the Kuiper belt. It might be worth mentioning that essentially the same thing happened with the Asteroid belt. The first asteroids discovered were considered planets, and after a large number of them had been found, they were re-classified. Ceres was the first, discovered in 1801. By 1851, they were classified as Asteroids. See Wikipedia for a bit more history. It's just a coincidence, and officially, the dates aren't that close. The IAU (International Astronomical Union) General Assembly in Prague, Czech Republic where the new definition of a planet was endorsed and with it Pluto losing its planetary status, happened in late August, 2006. Final draft that was voted on states: A planet is a celestial body that - is in orbit around the Sun, - has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape, - has cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit. A dwarf planet is a celestial body that - is in orbit around the Sun, - has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape - has not cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit, - is not a satellite. All other objects except satellites orbiting the Sun shall be referred to collectively as Small Solar-System Bodies. The New Horizons launch was more than seven months earlier, in mid January that same year. How this IAU process happened is explained in this Harvard-Smithsonian's Center for Astrophysics (CfA) lecture, presented by David A. Aguilar: It's unclear how many scientists that voted had vested interest in New Horizons mission, but apparently not enough, if that would have skewed the vote at all. I'm not saying that it would or that it should, but New Horizons Principal Investigator (PI) Alan Stern made his stance clear on several occasions that he stands behind the notion that Pluto is and should be considered a planet: It's an awful definition; it's sloppy science and it would never pass peer review – for two reasons. Firstly, it is impossible and contrived to put a dividing line between dwarf planets and planets. It's as if we declared people not people for some arbitrary reason, like 'they tend to live in groups'. Secondly, the actual definition is even worse, because it's inconsistent. But he didn't get to vote in Prague: I was not allowed to vote because I was not in a room in Prague on Thursday 24th. Of 10,000 astronomers, 4% were in that room - you can't even claim consensus.	785	ENGLISH	1
Religion in the Middle Ages was dominated by Christianity. It is the era in which the great cathedrals of Europe were built and the Catholic Church started its universities in Paris, Tubingen, Cambridge and Oxford. During the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church was the only church in Europe. The laws of the land and leading roles in the government were all in the hands of the leading church leaders like bishops and archbishops. It was an era when the vested powers in the hands of the Pope were so great that he could even excommunicate a king for a misdeed. From birth to death, the life of the medieval people was dominated entirely by the church and many religious institutions gained power and wealth. Large Cathedrals were built when the traditional Roman style churches became insufficient for accommodating the increased population by the twelfth Century. Lausanne Cathedral and Regensburg Cathedral are among the most famous one built during this age, they are known for their architecture. The monks and nuns in the Christian monasteries had to live by the rules set by St Benedict and were known as Benedictines. They were forbidden the right to their own property, to leave the monastery or get involved in worldly concerns and desires. They had to perform manual labour and follow the stringent regulations of the Church. Monks and nuns of this era were generally well educated; they devoted their entire lives to learning and writing. Various scriptures on history and science in the era were written by monks. The monasteries also served as a place for the preservation of the knowledge and learning of classical world. Monks were encouraged to copy valuable manuscripts in various languages making monasteries a haven for learning. Pilgrimages were also an important religious activity of the medieval people. Visit to holy shrines such as the Church of St. James at Santiago de Compostela in Spain, the Canterbury cathedral in England, and sites in Jerusalem and Rome was considered to redeem people from their sins and open the gates of heaven. The Early Middle Ages also saw an extensive increase in missionary activities. The missionaries spread Christianity to various parts of the world and helped in the fusion of various cultures along with it. Christian Campaigns against other Religions Since Christianity was the dominant religion during the Middle Ages, attempts to purify the church and society led to many Christian campaigns against other religions. These campaigns were led by bishops, scholars and warriors who made efforts to make the Christian world free of all the non-Christians. This included Jews, Muslims and Pagans and Gypsies. Jews in fact suffered the most as they were considered to be the greatest threat to Christianity. Anti-Semitic hatred was increased among the common masses by quoting biblical texts which put the blame of the crucifixion of Christ on the Jews. They were banished from various European countries. They were in fact skilful tradesmen and goldsmiths in the whole of Europe, because all those works that were dealing with money were considered not pure by the Catholics. Judaism in the Middle Ages was thus practiced in private to avoid persecution. Islam was in its golden period during the Middle Ages. The philosophers, scientists and engineers of the Islamic World contributed greatly to knowledge, arts, civilization and architecture. The spread of this religion was perceived as a threat to Christianity. The Muslims were increasing their territory in fighting wars with Christian and Hindu rulers. The Pope Urban II in 1095 proclaimed a “holy war” against Islam with the conquest of Jerusalem by Islamic Turks. The Church very subtly played on the psychology of the common people by giving them assurance that their sins would be forgiven if they would fight for this “holy war” too. Thousands of innocent lives were taken in the name of religion. Disagreements within Christianity itself were reason enough. The Church would call a bad Christian a heretic and his belief as heresy. A heretic would generally be burnt at the stake. Law and Religion During the later Middle Ages, the law of Europe was governed by the Church. An entire jurisdiction was exercised by the church which protected the widows, orphans and helpless and also dealt with offenses. The church could exercise its jurisdiction in collaboration with the secular courts. The church also penalized a number of religious offenses like heresy, sorcery, apostasy and sexual sins. Matrimonial cases too were considered like matters relating to the legitimacy of children, recording of marriages, wills and personal property. Various religious orders were followed by the Catholic Church of which the Benedictines and Cistercians were most popular. The Benedictines or followers of St. Benedict wore black robes and lived in monasteries built in towns or in the countryside. On the other hand, the Cistercians wore white robes and remained in remote areas to avoid distraction in their prayers. A new order was found towards the later Middle Ages by the name of Friars for spreading Christianity. The friars also took religious vows and lived in religious communities. But unlike monks, they could leave their priories every day for spreading their religion to the masses. The Roman Catholic Church was the supreme power during the Middle Ages. It was the stabilizing force in everyday life which kept the community framework together. The laws and rules of the land, public policies and governance of the people were all affected by religion during the Middle Ages. Any attempt at threatening Christianity by other religions was met with force and all measures were taken to spread the religion in other parts of the world. The society was superstitious and ignorant and believed in what the religious institutions taught them. Islam was also shaping up in this era with a wide spread in the religion during this period. Many territories were fought and won in the name of religion. Judaism, which had many setbacks towards the end of the middle ages, also survived the ordeal. Many other small religions also came up in various parts of the world shaping societies. The arts, architecture and teachings of this era bear testimony to this fact.	<urn:uuid:35330e50-d0e0-4a66-a89c-61c140b6fb90>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.thefinertimes.com/Middle-Ages/religion-in-the-middle-ages.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250619323.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124100832-20200124125832-00316.warc.gz	en	0.988419	1,209	4.03125	4	[ 0.22613373398780823, 0.47898009419441223, 0.09641087800264359, -0.2634838819503784, -0.09200817346572876, 0.12920910120010376, -0.5066407322883606, -0.09614378213882446, 0.19786939024925232, 0.1169014722108841, -0.20856182277202606, -0.0005994385574012995, -0.0031796202529221773, 0.2909926...	1	Religion in the Middle Ages was dominated by Christianity. It is the era in which the great cathedrals of Europe were built and the Catholic Church started its universities in Paris, Tubingen, Cambridge and Oxford. During the Middle Ages, the Catholic Church was the only church in Europe. The laws of the land and leading roles in the government were all in the hands of the leading church leaders like bishops and archbishops. It was an era when the vested powers in the hands of the Pope were so great that he could even excommunicate a king for a misdeed. From birth to death, the life of the medieval people was dominated entirely by the church and many religious institutions gained power and wealth. Large Cathedrals were built when the traditional Roman style churches became insufficient for accommodating the increased population by the twelfth Century. Lausanne Cathedral and Regensburg Cathedral are among the most famous one built during this age, they are known for their architecture. The monks and nuns in the Christian monasteries had to live by the rules set by St Benedict and were known as Benedictines. They were forbidden the right to their own property, to leave the monastery or get involved in worldly concerns and desires. They had to perform manual labour and follow the stringent regulations of the Church. Monks and nuns of this era were generally well educated; they devoted their entire lives to learning and writing. Various scriptures on history and science in the era were written by monks. The monasteries also served as a place for the preservation of the knowledge and learning of classical world. Monks were encouraged to copy valuable manuscripts in various languages making monasteries a haven for learning. Pilgrimages were also an important religious activity of the medieval people. Visit to holy shrines such as the Church of St. James at Santiago de Compostela in Spain, the Canterbury cathedral in England, and sites in Jerusalem and Rome was considered to redeem people from their sins and open the gates of heaven. The Early Middle Ages also saw an extensive increase in missionary activities. The missionaries spread Christianity to various parts of the world and helped in the fusion of various cultures along with it. Christian Campaigns against other Religions Since Christianity was the dominant religion during the Middle Ages, attempts to purify the church and society led to many Christian campaigns against other religions. These campaigns were led by bishops, scholars and warriors who made efforts to make the Christian world free of all the non-Christians. This included Jews, Muslims and Pagans and Gypsies. Jews in fact suffered the most as they were considered to be the greatest threat to Christianity. Anti-Semitic hatred was increased among the common masses by quoting biblical texts which put the blame of the crucifixion of Christ on the Jews. They were banished from various European countries. They were in fact skilful tradesmen and goldsmiths in the whole of Europe, because all those works that were dealing with money were considered not pure by the Catholics. Judaism in the Middle Ages was thus practiced in private to avoid persecution. Islam was in its golden period during the Middle Ages. The philosophers, scientists and engineers of the Islamic World contributed greatly to knowledge, arts, civilization and architecture. The spread of this religion was perceived as a threat to Christianity. The Muslims were increasing their territory in fighting wars with Christian and Hindu rulers. The Pope Urban II in 1095 proclaimed a “holy war” against Islam with the conquest of Jerusalem by Islamic Turks. The Church very subtly played on the psychology of the common people by giving them assurance that their sins would be forgiven if they would fight for this “holy war” too. Thousands of innocent lives were taken in the name of religion. Disagreements within Christianity itself were reason enough. The Church would call a bad Christian a heretic and his belief as heresy. A heretic would generally be burnt at the stake. Law and Religion During the later Middle Ages, the law of Europe was governed by the Church. An entire jurisdiction was exercised by the church which protected the widows, orphans and helpless and also dealt with offenses. The church could exercise its jurisdiction in collaboration with the secular courts. The church also penalized a number of religious offenses like heresy, sorcery, apostasy and sexual sins. Matrimonial cases too were considered like matters relating to the legitimacy of children, recording of marriages, wills and personal property. Various religious orders were followed by the Catholic Church of which the Benedictines and Cistercians were most popular. The Benedictines or followers of St. Benedict wore black robes and lived in monasteries built in towns or in the countryside. On the other hand, the Cistercians wore white robes and remained in remote areas to avoid distraction in their prayers. A new order was found towards the later Middle Ages by the name of Friars for spreading Christianity. The friars also took religious vows and lived in religious communities. But unlike monks, they could leave their priories every day for spreading their religion to the masses. The Roman Catholic Church was the supreme power during the Middle Ages. It was the stabilizing force in everyday life which kept the community framework together. The laws and rules of the land, public policies and governance of the people were all affected by religion during the Middle Ages. Any attempt at threatening Christianity by other religions was met with force and all measures were taken to spread the religion in other parts of the world. The society was superstitious and ignorant and believed in what the religious institutions taught them. Islam was also shaping up in this era with a wide spread in the religion during this period. Many territories were fought and won in the name of religion. Judaism, which had many setbacks towards the end of the middle ages, also survived the ordeal. Many other small religions also came up in various parts of the world shaping societies. The arts, architecture and teachings of this era bear testimony to this fact.	1,208	ENGLISH	1
As one looks back over the German invasions it is natural to ask upon what terms the newcomers lived among the old inhabitants of the Empire, how far they adopted the customs of those among whom they settled, and how far they clung to their old habits? These questions cannot be answered very satisfactorily; so little is known of the confused period of which we have been speaking that it is impossible to follow closely the amalgamation of the two races. Yet a few things are tolerably clear. In the first place, we must be on our guard against exaggerating the numbers in the various bodies of invaders. The writers of the time indicate that the West Goths, when they were first admitted to the Empire before the battle of Adrianople, amounted to four or five hundred thousand persons, including men, women, and children. This is the largest band reported, and it must have been greatly reduced before the West Goths, after long wanderings and many battles, finally settled in Spain and southern Gaul. The Burgundians, when they appear for the first time on the banks of the Rhine, are reported to have had eighty thousand warriors among them. When Clovis and his army were baptized the chronicler speaks of “over three thousand” soldiers who became Christians upon that occasion. This would seem to indicate that the Frankish king had no larger force at this time. Undoubtedly these figures are very meager and unreliable. But the readiness with which the Germans appear to have adopted the language and customs of the Romans would tend to prove that the invaders formed but a small minority of the population. Since hundreds of thousands of barbarians had been assimilated during the previous five centuries, the great invasions of the fifth century can hardly have made an abrupt change in the character of the population. The barbarians within the old empire were soon speaking the same conversational Latin which was everywhere used by the Romans about them. This was much simpler than the elaborate and complicated language used in books, which we find so much difficulty in learning nowadays. The speech of the common people was gradually diverging more and more, in the various countries of southern Europe, from the written Latin, and finally grew into French, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese. But the barbarians did not produce this change, for it had begun before they came and would have gone on without them. They did no more than contribute a few convenient words to the new languages. The Germans appear to have had no dislike for the Romans nor the Romans for them, except as long as the Germans remained Arian Christians. Where there was no religious barrier the two races intermarried freely from the first. The Frankish kings did not hesitate to appoint Romans to important positions in the government and in the army, just as the Romans had long been in the habit of employing the barbarians. In only one respect were the two races distinguished for a time,–each had its particular law. The West Goths in the time of Euric were probably the first to write down their ancient laws, using the Latin language. Their example was followed by the Franks, the Burgundians, and later by the Lombards and other peoples. These codes make up the “Laws of the Barbarians,” which form our most important source of knowledge of the habits and ideas of the Germans at the time of the invasions. For several centuries following the conquest, the members of the various German tribes appear to have been judged by the laws of the particular people to which they belonged. The older inhabitants of the Empire, on the contrary, continued to have their lawsuits decided according to the Roman law. This survived all through the Middle Ages in southern Europe, where the Germans were few. Elsewhere the Germans’ more primitive ideas of law prevailed until the thirteenth or fourteenth century. A good example of these is the picturesque mediæval ordeal by which the guilt or innocence of a suspected person was determined. The German laws did not provide for the trial, either in the Roman or the modern sense of the word, of a suspected person. There was no attempt to gather and weigh evidence and base the decision upon it. Such a mode of procedure was far too elaborate for the simple-minded Germans. Instead of a regular trial, one of the parties to the case was designated to prove that his assertions were true by one of the following methods: (1) He might solemnly swear that he was telling the truth and get as many other persons of his own class as the court required, to swear that they believed that he was telling the truth. This was called compurgation. It was believed that the divine vengeance would be visited upon those who swore falsely. (2) On the other hand, the parties to the case, or persons representing them, might meet in combat, on the supposition that Heaven would grant victory to the right. This was the so-called wager of battle. (3) Lastly, one or other of the parties might be required to submit to the ordeal in one of its various forms: He might plunge his arm into hot water, or carry a bit of hot iron for some distance, and if at the end of three days he showed no ill effects, the case was decided in his favor. He might be ordered to walk over hot plowshares, and if he was not burned, it was assumed that God had intervened by a miracle to establish the right. This method of trial is but one example of the rude civilization which displaced the refined and elaborate organization of the Romans. The account which has been given of the conditions in the Roman Empire, and of the manner in which the barbarians occupied its western part, makes clear the great problem of the Middle Ages. The Germans, no doubt, varied a good deal in their habits and spirit. The Goths differed from the Lombards, and the Franks from the Vandals; but they all agreed in knowing nothing of the art, literature, and science which had been developed by the Greeks and adopted by the Romans. The invaders were ignorant, simple, vigorous people, with no taste for anything except fighting and bodily comfort. Such was the disorder that their coming produced, that the declining civilization of the Empire was pretty nearly submerged. The libraries, buildings, and works of art were destroyed and there was no one to see that they were restored. So the western world fell back into a condition similar to that in which it had been before the Romans conquered and civilized it. The loss was, however, temporary. The barbarians did not utterly destroy what they found, but utilized the ruins of the Roman Empire in their gradual construction of a new society. They received suggestions from the Roman methods of agriculture. When they reached a point where they needed them, they used the models offered by Roman roads and buildings. In short, the great heritage of skill and invention which had been slowly accumulated in Egypt, Phoenicia, and Greece, and which formed a part of the culture which the Romans diffused, did not wholly perish. It required about a thousand years to educate the new race; but at last Europe, including districts never embraced in the Roman Empire, caught up once more with antiquity. When, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, first Italy, and then the rest of Europe, awoke again to the beauty and truth of the classical literature and began to emulate the ancient art, the process of educating the barbarians may be said to have been completed. Yet the Middle Ages had been by no means a sterile period. They had added their part to the heritage of the West. From the union of two great elements, the ancient civilization, which was completely revived at the opening of the sixteenth century, and the vigor and the political and social ideals of the Germans, a new thing was formed, namely, our modern civilization. () (Source: “An Introduction to the History of Western Europe”, by James Harvery Robinson) () We have some objections here. The ‘new Europeans’ started getting seriously familiar with the Classical World back in the 13th century; after brutally conquering and plundering the Capital of the Roman Empire in the East, Constantinople. They stole and brought back to the West countless treasures from the East, including many books and works of art. After the final fall of the Roman Empire in the East, in 1453, scholars from the East fled to Italy, where they started teaching the Classics. The ‘new West’ learned a fraction of the Ancient Culture, very late in History and, actually, distorted it from the very beginning -but now, there was no one there to object/oppose this rape of Truth, as the East had been forced to live under Islamic Law. And this ‘rape of Truth’ and distortion goes on until our days. It must also be stated here that even this ‘fraction’ has suffered distortions and discontinuities already in the East (definitely smaller, of course, in comparison), due to major events like the Plague -that largely costed the loss of the majority of the Scientists, Scholars and Artisans of the, then, largest urban centers-, the Islamic conquests and the loss of core cultural and intellectual centers like Alexandria and Antioch, various other military events and disasters, etc. Anyhow, it is always a completely different thing to ‘learn about‘ a Civilization and another thing to ‘live a Civilization‘, hence the ‘distortions’ we mentioned previously. As for the ‘social ideas’ of the Germans -with all due respect to the individual- we all know what Communism and Nazism, two of their well known ones, ‘offered’ to Europe and the World. Research-Selection-Comments for NovoScriptorium: Anastasius Philoponus	<urn:uuid:1b415fc0-0e78-40ee-8bf5-b040a23f77b6>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://novoscriptorium.com/2019/02/24/the-post-roman-europe/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783000.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128184745-20200128214745-00258.warc.gz	en	0.98089	2,024	3.609375	4	[ -0.274045467376709, 0.32883012294769287, 0.046732097864151, 0.05832459777593613, -0.2193422019481659, -0.2237897515296936, -0.2729426324367523, -0.1170523464679718, 0.01330089382827282, -0.2576143145561218, 0.21502608060836792, -0.3961476981639862, -0.1744862198829651, 0.016121748834848404...	10	As one looks back over the German invasions it is natural to ask upon what terms the newcomers lived among the old inhabitants of the Empire, how far they adopted the customs of those among whom they settled, and how far they clung to their old habits? These questions cannot be answered very satisfactorily; so little is known of the confused period of which we have been speaking that it is impossible to follow closely the amalgamation of the two races. Yet a few things are tolerably clear. In the first place, we must be on our guard against exaggerating the numbers in the various bodies of invaders. The writers of the time indicate that the West Goths, when they were first admitted to the Empire before the battle of Adrianople, amounted to four or five hundred thousand persons, including men, women, and children. This is the largest band reported, and it must have been greatly reduced before the West Goths, after long wanderings and many battles, finally settled in Spain and southern Gaul. The Burgundians, when they appear for the first time on the banks of the Rhine, are reported to have had eighty thousand warriors among them. When Clovis and his army were baptized the chronicler speaks of “over three thousand” soldiers who became Christians upon that occasion. This would seem to indicate that the Frankish king had no larger force at this time. Undoubtedly these figures are very meager and unreliable. But the readiness with which the Germans appear to have adopted the language and customs of the Romans would tend to prove that the invaders formed but a small minority of the population. Since hundreds of thousands of barbarians had been assimilated during the previous five centuries, the great invasions of the fifth century can hardly have made an abrupt change in the character of the population. The barbarians within the old empire were soon speaking the same conversational Latin which was everywhere used by the Romans about them. This was much simpler than the elaborate and complicated language used in books, which we find so much difficulty in learning nowadays. The speech of the common people was gradually diverging more and more, in the various countries of southern Europe, from the written Latin, and finally grew into French, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese. But the barbarians did not produce this change, for it had begun before they came and would have gone on without them. They did no more than contribute a few convenient words to the new languages. The Germans appear to have had no dislike for the Romans nor the Romans for them, except as long as the Germans remained Arian Christians. Where there was no religious barrier the two races intermarried freely from the first. The Frankish kings did not hesitate to appoint Romans to important positions in the government and in the army, just as the Romans had long been in the habit of employing the barbarians. In only one respect were the two races distinguished for a time,–each had its particular law. The West Goths in the time of Euric were probably the first to write down their ancient laws, using the Latin language. Their example was followed by the Franks, the Burgundians, and later by the Lombards and other peoples. These codes make up the “Laws of the Barbarians,” which form our most important source of knowledge of the habits and ideas of the Germans at the time of the invasions. For several centuries following the conquest, the members of the various German tribes appear to have been judged by the laws of the particular people to which they belonged. The older inhabitants of the Empire, on the contrary, continued to have their lawsuits decided according to the Roman law. This survived all through the Middle Ages in southern Europe, where the Germans were few. Elsewhere the Germans’ more primitive ideas of law prevailed until the thirteenth or fourteenth century. A good example of these is the picturesque mediæval ordeal by which the guilt or innocence of a suspected person was determined. The German laws did not provide for the trial, either in the Roman or the modern sense of the word, of a suspected person. There was no attempt to gather and weigh evidence and base the decision upon it. Such a mode of procedure was far too elaborate for the simple-minded Germans. Instead of a regular trial, one of the parties to the case was designated to prove that his assertions were true by one of the following methods: (1) He might solemnly swear that he was telling the truth and get as many other persons of his own class as the court required, to swear that they believed that he was telling the truth. This was called compurgation. It was believed that the divine vengeance would be visited upon those who swore falsely. (2) On the other hand, the parties to the case, or persons representing them, might meet in combat, on the supposition that Heaven would grant victory to the right. This was the so-called wager of battle. (3) Lastly, one or other of the parties might be required to submit to the ordeal in one of its various forms: He might plunge his arm into hot water, or carry a bit of hot iron for some distance, and if at the end of three days he showed no ill effects, the case was decided in his favor. He might be ordered to walk over hot plowshares, and if he was not burned, it was assumed that God had intervened by a miracle to establish the right. This method of trial is but one example of the rude civilization which displaced the refined and elaborate organization of the Romans. The account which has been given of the conditions in the Roman Empire, and of the manner in which the barbarians occupied its western part, makes clear the great problem of the Middle Ages. The Germans, no doubt, varied a good deal in their habits and spirit. The Goths differed from the Lombards, and the Franks from the Vandals; but they all agreed in knowing nothing of the art, literature, and science which had been developed by the Greeks and adopted by the Romans. The invaders were ignorant, simple, vigorous people, with no taste for anything except fighting and bodily comfort. Such was the disorder that their coming produced, that the declining civilization of the Empire was pretty nearly submerged. The libraries, buildings, and works of art were destroyed and there was no one to see that they were restored. So the western world fell back into a condition similar to that in which it had been before the Romans conquered and civilized it. The loss was, however, temporary. The barbarians did not utterly destroy what they found, but utilized the ruins of the Roman Empire in their gradual construction of a new society. They received suggestions from the Roman methods of agriculture. When they reached a point where they needed them, they used the models offered by Roman roads and buildings. In short, the great heritage of skill and invention which had been slowly accumulated in Egypt, Phoenicia, and Greece, and which formed a part of the culture which the Romans diffused, did not wholly perish. It required about a thousand years to educate the new race; but at last Europe, including districts never embraced in the Roman Empire, caught up once more with antiquity. When, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, first Italy, and then the rest of Europe, awoke again to the beauty and truth of the classical literature and began to emulate the ancient art, the process of educating the barbarians may be said to have been completed. Yet the Middle Ages had been by no means a sterile period. They had added their part to the heritage of the West. From the union of two great elements, the ancient civilization, which was completely revived at the opening of the sixteenth century, and the vigor and the political and social ideals of the Germans, a new thing was formed, namely, our modern civilization. () (Source: “An Introduction to the History of Western Europe”, by James Harvery Robinson) () We have some objections here. The ‘new Europeans’ started getting seriously familiar with the Classical World back in the 13th century; after brutally conquering and plundering the Capital of the Roman Empire in the East, Constantinople. They stole and brought back to the West countless treasures from the East, including many books and works of art. After the final fall of the Roman Empire in the East, in 1453, scholars from the East fled to Italy, where they started teaching the Classics. The ‘new West’ learned a fraction of the Ancient Culture, very late in History and, actually, distorted it from the very beginning -but now, there was no one there to object/oppose this rape of Truth, as the East had been forced to live under Islamic Law. And this ‘rape of Truth’ and distortion goes on until our days. It must also be stated here that even this ‘fraction’ has suffered distortions and discontinuities already in the East (definitely smaller, of course, in comparison), due to major events like the Plague -that largely costed the loss of the majority of the Scientists, Scholars and Artisans of the, then, largest urban centers-, the Islamic conquests and the loss of core cultural and intellectual centers like Alexandria and Antioch, various other military events and disasters, etc. Anyhow, it is always a completely different thing to ‘learn about‘ a Civilization and another thing to ‘live a Civilization‘, hence the ‘distortions’ we mentioned previously. As for the ‘social ideas’ of the Germans -with all due respect to the individual- we all know what Communism and Nazism, two of their well known ones, ‘offered’ to Europe and the World. Research-Selection-Comments for NovoScriptorium: Anastasius Philoponus	1,983	ENGLISH	1
Chapter 16 Outline APUSH The South and the Slavery Controversy I. “Cotton Is King!” 1. Before the 1793 invention of Eli Whitney’s cotton gin, slavery was a dying business, since the South was burdened with depressed prices, unmarketable goods, and overcropped lands. o After the gin was invented, growing cotton became wildly profitable and easier, and more slaves were needed. 2. The North also transported the cotton to England and the rest of Europe, so they were in part responsible for the slave trade as well. 3. The South produced more than half the world’s supply of cotton, and held an advantage over countries like England, an industrial giant, which needed cotton to make cloth, etc… 4. The South believed that since England was so dependent on them that, if civil war was to ever break out, England would support the South that it so heavily depended on. II. The Planter “Aristocracy” 1. In 1850, only 1733 families owned more than 100 slaves each, and they were the wealthy aristocracy of the South, with big houses and huge plantations. 2. The Southern aristocrats widened the gap between the rich and the poor and hampered public-funded education by sending their children to private schools. o Also, a favorite author among them was Sir Walter Scott, author of Ivanhoe, who helped them idealize a feudal society with them as the kings and queens and the slaves as their subjects. 3. The plantation system shaped the lives of southern women. o Mistresses of the house commanded a sizable household of mostly female slaves who cooked, sewed, cared for the children, and washed things. o Mistresses could be kind or cruel, but all of them did at one point or another abuse their slaves to some degree; there was no “perfect mistress.” III. Slaves of the Slave System 1. Cotton production spoiled the earth, and even though profits were quick and high, the land was ruined, and cotton producers were always in need of new land. 2. The economic structure of the South became increasingly monopolistic because as land ran out, smaller farmers sold their land to the large estate owners. 3. Also, the temptation to over-speculate in land and in slaves caused many planters to plunge deep into debt. o Slaves were valuable, but they were also a gamble, since they might run away or be killed by disease. 4. The dominance of King Cotton likewise led to a one-crop economy whose price level was at the mercy of world conditions. 5. Southerners resented the Northerners who got rich at their expense while they were dependent on the North for clothing, food, and manufactured goods. 6. The South repelled immigrants from Europe, who went to the North, making it richer. IV. The White Majority 1. Beneath the aristocracy were the whites that owned one or two, or a small family of slaves; they worked hard on the land with their slaves and the only difference between them and their northern neighbors was that there were slaves living with them. 2. Beneath these people were the slaveless whites (a full 3/4 of the white population) that raised corn and hogs, sneered at the rich cotton “snobocracy” and lived simply and poorly. o Some of the poorest were known as “poor white trash,” “hillbillies” and “clayeaters” and were described as listless, shiftless, and misshapen. Chapter 16 Outline APUSH It is now known that these people weren’t lazy, just sick, suffering from malnutrition and parasites like hookworm (which they got eating/chewing clay for minerals) 3. Even the slaveless whites defended the slavery system because they all hoped to own a slave or two some day, and they could take perverse pleasure in knowing that, no matter how bad they were, they always “outranked” Blacks. 4. Mountain whites, those who lived isolated in the wilderness under Spartan frontier conditions, hated white aristocrats and Blacks, and they were key in crippling the Southern secessionists during the Civil War. o V. Free Blacks: Slaves Without Masters 1. By 1860, free Blacks in the South numbered about 250,000. 2. In the upper South, these Blacks were descended from those freed by the idealism of the Revolutionary War (“all men were created equal”). 3. In the deep South, they were usually mulattoes (Black mother, White father who was usually a master) freed when their masters died. 4. Many owned property; a few owned slaves themselves. 5. Free Blacks were prohibited from working in certain occupations and forbidden from testifying against whites in court; and as examples of what slaves could be, Whites resented them. 6. In the North, free Blacks were also unpopular, as several states denied their entrance, most denied them the right to vote and most barred them from public schools. 7. Northern Blacks were especially hated by the Irish, with whom they competed for jobs. 8. Anti-black feeling was stronger in the North, where people liked the race but not the individual, than in the South, were people liked the individual (with whom they’d often grown up), but not the race. VI. Plantation Slavery 1. Although slave importation was banned in 1808, smuggling of them continued due to their high demand and despite death sentences to smugglers 2. However, the slave increase (4 million by 1860) was mostly due to their natural reproduction. 3. Slaves were an investment, and thus were treated better and more kindly and were spared the most dangerous jobs, like putting a roof on a house, draining a swamp, or blasting caves. o Usually, Irishmen were used to do that sort of work. 4. Slavery also created majorities or near-majorities in the Deep South, and the states of South Carolina, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana accounted for half of all slaves in the South. 5. Breeding slaves was not encouraged, but thousands of slaves were “sold down the river” to toil as field-gang workers, and women who gave birth to many children were prized. o Some were promised freedom after ten children born. 6. Slave auctions were brutal, with slaves being inspected like animals and families often mercilessly separated; Harriet Beecher Stowe seized the emotional power of this scene in her Uncle Tom’s Cabin. VII. Life Under the Lash 1. Slave life varied from place to place, but for slaves everywhere, life meant hard work, no civil or political rights, and whipping if orders weren’t followed. 2. Laws that tried to protect slaves were difficult to enforce. 3. Lash beatings weren’t that common, since a master could lower the value of his slave if he whipped him too much. Chapter 16 Outline APUSH 4. Forced separation of spouses, parents and children seem to have been more common in the upper South, among smaller plantations. 5. Still, most slaves were raised in stable two-parent households and continuity of family identity across generations was evidenced in the widespread practice of naming children for grandparents or adopting the surname of a forebear’s master. 6. In contrast to the White planters, Africans avoided marriage of first cousins. 7. Africans also mixed the Christian religion with their own native religion, and often, they sang Christian hymns as signals and codes for news of possible freedom; many of them sang songs that emphasize bondage. (“Let my people go.”) VIII. The Burdens of Bondage 1. Slaves had no dignity, were illiterate, and had no chance of achieving the “American dream.” 2. They also devised countless ways to make trouble without getting punished too badly. o They worked as slowly as they could without getting lashed. o They stole food and sabotaged expensive equipment. o Occasionally, they poisoned their masters’ food. 3. Rebellions, such as the 1800 insurrection by a slave named Gabriel in Richmond, Virginia, and the 1822 Charleston rebellion led by Denmark Vesey, and the 1831 revolt semiliterate preacher Nat Turner, were never successful. However, they did scare the jeepers out of whites, which led to tightened rules. 4. Whites became paranoid of Black revolts, and they had to degrade themselves, along with their victims, as noted by distinguished Black leader Booker T. Washington. IX. Early Abolitionism 1. In 1817, the American Colonization Society was founded for the purpose of transporting Blacks back to Africa, and in 1822, the Republic of Liberia was founded for Blacks to live. o Most Blacks had no wish to be transplanted into a strange civilization after having been partially Americanized. o By 1860, virtually all slaves were not Africans, but native-born AfricanAmericans. 2. In the 1830s, abolitionism really took off, with the Second Great Awakening and other things providing support. 3. Theodore Dwight Weld was among those who were inflamed against slavery. 4. Inspired by Charles Grandison Finney, Weld preached against slavery and even wrote a pamphlet, American Slavery As It Is. X. Radical Abolitionism 1. On January 1st, 1831, William Lloyd Garrison published the first edition of The Liberator triggering a 30-year war of words and in a sense firing one of the first shots of the Civil War. 2. Other dedicated abolitionists rallied around Garrison, such as Wendell Phillips, a Boston patrician known as “abolition’s golden trumpet” who refused to eat cane sugar or wore cotton cloth, since both were made by slaves. 3. David Walker, a Black abolitionist, wrote Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World in 1829 and advocated a bloody end to white supremacy. 4. Sojourner Truth, a freed Black woman who fought for black emancipation and women’s rights, and Martin Delaney, one of the few people who seriously reconsidered Black relocation to Africa, also fought for Black rights. 5. The greatest Black abolitionist was an escaped black, Frederick Douglass, who was a great speaker and fought for the Black cause despite being beaten and harassed. Chapter 16 Outline APUSH o His autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, depicted his remarkable struggle and his origins, as well as his life. o While Garrison seemed more concerned with his own righteousness, Douglass increasingly looked to politics to solve the slavery problem. o He and others backed the Liberty Party in 1840, the Free Soil Party in 1848, and the Republican Party in the 1850s. 6. In the end, many abolitionists supported war as the price for emancipation. XI. The South Lashes Back 1. In the South, abolitionist efforts increasingly came under attack and fire. 2. Southerners began to organize a campaign talking about slavery’s positive good, conveniently forgetting about how their previous doubts about “peculiar institution’s” (slavery’s) morality. 3. Southern slave supporters pointed out how masters taught their slaves religion, made them civilized, treated them well, and gave them “happy” lives. 4. They also noted the lot of northern free Blacks, now were persecuted and harassed, as opposed to southern Black slaves, who were treated well, given meals, and cared for in old age. 5. In 1836, Southern House members passed a “gag resolution” requiring all antislavery appeals to be tabled without debate, arousing the ire of northerners like John Quincy Adams. 6. Southerners also resented the flood of propaganda in the form of pamphlets, drawings, etc… XII. The Abolitionist Impact in the North 1. For a long time, abolitionists like the extreme Garrisonians were unpopular, since many had been raised to believe the values of the slavery compromises in the Constitution. o Also, his secessionist talks contrasted against Webster’s cries for union. 2. The South owed the North $300 million by the late 1850s, and northern factories depended on southern cotton to make goods. 3. Many abolitionists’ speeches provoked violence and mob outbursts in the North, such as the 1834 trashing of Lewis Tappan’s New York House. 4. In 1835, Garrison miraculously escaped a mob that dragged him around the streets of Boston. 5. Reverend Elijah P. Lovejoy of Alton, Illinois, who impugned the chastity of Catholic women, had his printing press destroyed four times and was killed by a mob in 1837; he became an abolitionist martyr. 6. Yet by the 1850s, abolitionist outcries had been an impact on northern minds and were beginning to sway more and more toward their side.	<urn:uuid:7723634e-aed3-41ba-8e2e-0085a6233585>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://studylib.net/doc/8206034/chapter-16-outline-apush-the-south-and-the-slavery-contro..	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778168.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128091916-20200128121916-00296.warc.gz	en	0.983135	2,674	3.921875	4	[ -0.1875176727771759, 0.18881596624851227, 0.38945478200912476, 0.09839625656604767, 0.11981339752674103, -0.35412049293518066, 0.10083868354558945, -0.14129917323589325, -0.2088887244462967, 0.3243013024330139, 0.23593711853027344, 0.08531360328197479, 0.13701331615447998, 0.01989541202783...	1	Chapter 16 Outline APUSH The South and the Slavery Controversy I. “Cotton Is King!” 1. Before the 1793 invention of Eli Whitney’s cotton gin, slavery was a dying business, since the South was burdened with depressed prices, unmarketable goods, and overcropped lands. o After the gin was invented, growing cotton became wildly profitable and easier, and more slaves were needed. 2. The North also transported the cotton to England and the rest of Europe, so they were in part responsible for the slave trade as well. 3. The South produced more than half the world’s supply of cotton, and held an advantage over countries like England, an industrial giant, which needed cotton to make cloth, etc… 4. The South believed that since England was so dependent on them that, if civil war was to ever break out, England would support the South that it so heavily depended on. II. The Planter “Aristocracy” 1. In 1850, only 1733 families owned more than 100 slaves each, and they were the wealthy aristocracy of the South, with big houses and huge plantations. 2. The Southern aristocrats widened the gap between the rich and the poor and hampered public-funded education by sending their children to private schools. o Also, a favorite author among them was Sir Walter Scott, author of Ivanhoe, who helped them idealize a feudal society with them as the kings and queens and the slaves as their subjects. 3. The plantation system shaped the lives of southern women. o Mistresses of the house commanded a sizable household of mostly female slaves who cooked, sewed, cared for the children, and washed things. o Mistresses could be kind or cruel, but all of them did at one point or another abuse their slaves to some degree; there was no “perfect mistress.” III. Slaves of the Slave System 1. Cotton production spoiled the earth, and even though profits were quick and high, the land was ruined, and cotton producers were always in need of new land. 2. The economic structure of the South became increasingly monopolistic because as land ran out, smaller farmers sold their land to the large estate owners. 3. Also, the temptation to over-speculate in land and in slaves caused many planters to plunge deep into debt. o Slaves were valuable, but they were also a gamble, since they might run away or be killed by disease. 4. The dominance of King Cotton likewise led to a one-crop economy whose price level was at the mercy of world conditions. 5. Southerners resented the Northerners who got rich at their expense while they were dependent on the North for clothing, food, and manufactured goods. 6. The South repelled immigrants from Europe, who went to the North, making it richer. IV. The White Majority 1. Beneath the aristocracy were the whites that owned one or two, or a small family of slaves; they worked hard on the land with their slaves and the only difference between them and their northern neighbors was that there were slaves living with them. 2. Beneath these people were the slaveless whites (a full 3/4 of the white population) that raised corn and hogs, sneered at the rich cotton “snobocracy” and lived simply and poorly. o Some of the poorest were known as “poor white trash,” “hillbillies” and “clayeaters” and were described as listless, shiftless, and misshapen. Chapter 16 Outline APUSH It is now known that these people weren’t lazy, just sick, suffering from malnutrition and parasites like hookworm (which they got eating/chewing clay for minerals) 3. Even the slaveless whites defended the slavery system because they all hoped to own a slave or two some day, and they could take perverse pleasure in knowing that, no matter how bad they were, they always “outranked” Blacks. 4. Mountain whites, those who lived isolated in the wilderness under Spartan frontier conditions, hated white aristocrats and Blacks, and they were key in crippling the Southern secessionists during the Civil War. o V. Free Blacks: Slaves Without Masters 1. By 1860, free Blacks in the South numbered about 250,000. 2. In the upper South, these Blacks were descended from those freed by the idealism of the Revolutionary War (“all men were created equal”). 3. In the deep South, they were usually mulattoes (Black mother, White father who was usually a master) freed when their masters died. 4. Many owned property; a few owned slaves themselves. 5. Free Blacks were prohibited from working in certain occupations and forbidden from testifying against whites in court; and as examples of what slaves could be, Whites resented them. 6. In the North, free Blacks were also unpopular, as several states denied their entrance, most denied them the right to vote and most barred them from public schools. 7. Northern Blacks were especially hated by the Irish, with whom they competed for jobs. 8. Anti-black feeling was stronger in the North, where people liked the race but not the individual, than in the South, were people liked the individual (with whom they’d often grown up), but not the race. VI. Plantation Slavery 1. Although slave importation was banned in 1808, smuggling of them continued due to their high demand and despite death sentences to smugglers 2. However, the slave increase (4 million by 1860) was mostly due to their natural reproduction. 3. Slaves were an investment, and thus were treated better and more kindly and were spared the most dangerous jobs, like putting a roof on a house, draining a swamp, or blasting caves. o Usually, Irishmen were used to do that sort of work. 4. Slavery also created majorities or near-majorities in the Deep South, and the states of South Carolina, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana accounted for half of all slaves in the South. 5. Breeding slaves was not encouraged, but thousands of slaves were “sold down the river” to toil as field-gang workers, and women who gave birth to many children were prized. o Some were promised freedom after ten children born. 6. Slave auctions were brutal, with slaves being inspected like animals and families often mercilessly separated; Harriet Beecher Stowe seized the emotional power of this scene in her Uncle Tom’s Cabin. VII. Life Under the Lash 1. Slave life varied from place to place, but for slaves everywhere, life meant hard work, no civil or political rights, and whipping if orders weren’t followed. 2. Laws that tried to protect slaves were difficult to enforce. 3. Lash beatings weren’t that common, since a master could lower the value of his slave if he whipped him too much. Chapter 16 Outline APUSH 4. Forced separation of spouses, parents and children seem to have been more common in the upper South, among smaller plantations. 5. Still, most slaves were raised in stable two-parent households and continuity of family identity across generations was evidenced in the widespread practice of naming children for grandparents or adopting the surname of a forebear’s master. 6. In contrast to the White planters, Africans avoided marriage of first cousins. 7. Africans also mixed the Christian religion with their own native religion, and often, they sang Christian hymns as signals and codes for news of possible freedom; many of them sang songs that emphasize bondage. (“Let my people go.”) VIII. The Burdens of Bondage 1. Slaves had no dignity, were illiterate, and had no chance of achieving the “American dream.” 2. They also devised countless ways to make trouble without getting punished too badly. o They worked as slowly as they could without getting lashed. o They stole food and sabotaged expensive equipment. o Occasionally, they poisoned their masters’ food. 3. Rebellions, such as the 1800 insurrection by a slave named Gabriel in Richmond, Virginia, and the 1822 Charleston rebellion led by Denmark Vesey, and the 1831 revolt semiliterate preacher Nat Turner, were never successful. However, they did scare the jeepers out of whites, which led to tightened rules. 4. Whites became paranoid of Black revolts, and they had to degrade themselves, along with their victims, as noted by distinguished Black leader Booker T. Washington. IX. Early Abolitionism 1. In 1817, the American Colonization Society was founded for the purpose of transporting Blacks back to Africa, and in 1822, the Republic of Liberia was founded for Blacks to live. o Most Blacks had no wish to be transplanted into a strange civilization after having been partially Americanized. o By 1860, virtually all slaves were not Africans, but native-born AfricanAmericans. 2. In the 1830s, abolitionism really took off, with the Second Great Awakening and other things providing support. 3. Theodore Dwight Weld was among those who were inflamed against slavery. 4. Inspired by Charles Grandison Finney, Weld preached against slavery and even wrote a pamphlet, American Slavery As It Is. X. Radical Abolitionism 1. On January 1st, 1831, William Lloyd Garrison published the first edition of The Liberator triggering a 30-year war of words and in a sense firing one of the first shots of the Civil War. 2. Other dedicated abolitionists rallied around Garrison, such as Wendell Phillips, a Boston patrician known as “abolition’s golden trumpet” who refused to eat cane sugar or wore cotton cloth, since both were made by slaves. 3. David Walker, a Black abolitionist, wrote Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World in 1829 and advocated a bloody end to white supremacy. 4. Sojourner Truth, a freed Black woman who fought for black emancipation and women’s rights, and Martin Delaney, one of the few people who seriously reconsidered Black relocation to Africa, also fought for Black rights. 5. The greatest Black abolitionist was an escaped black, Frederick Douglass, who was a great speaker and fought for the Black cause despite being beaten and harassed. Chapter 16 Outline APUSH o His autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, depicted his remarkable struggle and his origins, as well as his life. o While Garrison seemed more concerned with his own righteousness, Douglass increasingly looked to politics to solve the slavery problem. o He and others backed the Liberty Party in 1840, the Free Soil Party in 1848, and the Republican Party in the 1850s. 6. In the end, many abolitionists supported war as the price for emancipation. XI. The South Lashes Back 1. In the South, abolitionist efforts increasingly came under attack and fire. 2. Southerners began to organize a campaign talking about slavery’s positive good, conveniently forgetting about how their previous doubts about “peculiar institution’s” (slavery’s) morality. 3. Southern slave supporters pointed out how masters taught their slaves religion, made them civilized, treated them well, and gave them “happy” lives. 4. They also noted the lot of northern free Blacks, now were persecuted and harassed, as opposed to southern Black slaves, who were treated well, given meals, and cared for in old age. 5. In 1836, Southern House members passed a “gag resolution” requiring all antislavery appeals to be tabled without debate, arousing the ire of northerners like John Quincy Adams. 6. Southerners also resented the flood of propaganda in the form of pamphlets, drawings, etc… XII. The Abolitionist Impact in the North 1. For a long time, abolitionists like the extreme Garrisonians were unpopular, since many had been raised to believe the values of the slavery compromises in the Constitution. o Also, his secessionist talks contrasted against Webster’s cries for union. 2. The South owed the North $300 million by the late 1850s, and northern factories depended on southern cotton to make goods. 3. Many abolitionists’ speeches provoked violence and mob outbursts in the North, such as the 1834 trashing of Lewis Tappan’s New York House. 4. In 1835, Garrison miraculously escaped a mob that dragged him around the streets of Boston. 5. Reverend Elijah P. Lovejoy of Alton, Illinois, who impugned the chastity of Catholic women, had his printing press destroyed four times and was killed by a mob in 1837; he became an abolitionist martyr. 6. Yet by the 1850s, abolitionist outcries had been an impact on northern minds and were beginning to sway more and more toward their side.	2,771	ENGLISH	1
The first “atoms” in the universe were not atoms at all—they were just nuclei that had not found electrons yet. The simplest nucleus, that of common hydrogen, is a bare proton with no frills. When the universe banged into existence, energy was rampant. Everything was smashing into everything else. Protons and neutrons often collided, and some formed larger nuclei, such as that of deuterium (containing a proton and a neutron), as well as helium nuclei with two protons and two neutrons. Various other arrangements of protons and neutrons also formed, but because the identity of an atom is determined by its number of protons, all these other conglomerations were basically just different versions of hydrogen, helium and traces of lithium.	<urn:uuid:7efb8302-2f9f-4fdc-b766-391592f68ad6>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-first-molecule-in-the-universe/?error=cookies_not_supported&code=8fe21905-1aae-4bdd-8fd2-1181eefee564	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778272.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128122813-20200128152813-00371.warc.gz	en	0.983046	160	3.453125	3	[ -0.41252338886260986, -0.10949826240539551, -0.3610813021659851, 0.05554866045713425, -0.1678147315979004, 0.007971104234457016, 0.14379440248012543, -0.09570113569498062, 0.3679128885269165, -0.01915324479341507, 0.3464130759239197, -0.5145901441574097, 0.4032522737979889, 0.0803257972002...	1	The first “atoms” in the universe were not atoms at all—they were just nuclei that had not found electrons yet. The simplest nucleus, that of common hydrogen, is a bare proton with no frills. When the universe banged into existence, energy was rampant. Everything was smashing into everything else. Protons and neutrons often collided, and some formed larger nuclei, such as that of deuterium (containing a proton and a neutron), as well as helium nuclei with two protons and two neutrons. Various other arrangements of protons and neutrons also formed, but because the identity of an atom is determined by its number of protons, all these other conglomerations were basically just different versions of hydrogen, helium and traces of lithium.	151	ENGLISH	1
Why was Napoleon defeated at Waterloo? The Battle of Waterloo is one of the most famous battles in history. The battle was fought by France on one side and Great Britain, Prussia, and their allies on the other. The battle was a victory for the British and the Prussians and it is widely seen as the end of the series of wars that had ravaged Europe since the French Revolution (1789). The Battle of Waterloo was the last attempt by Napoleon to establish himself in France and Europe after his defeat in 1814. Why was Napoleon defeated at Waterloo? It was a mixture of the stubborn British resistance, their superior cavalry, Wellington’s leadership and, most importantly, the timely arrival of the Prussian army on the battlefield. Napoleon has become the master of most of Europe by 1805 after his victory over the Austrians and the Russians at the Battle of Austerlitz. For several years Napoleon and France dominated Europe and only the British continued to oppose Bonaparte’s ambitions. Napoleon decided to invade the Russian Empire, to force the Tsar to join a trade embargo on Britain. The French army marched into Russian and captured Moscow, but it disintegrated in the terrible Russian winter. Napoleon retreated into Europe and in the process lost the majority of his army. The French Empire was severely weakened after the Russian Invasion, and eventually, the allies, (Britain, Russian, Austria, and Prussia) marched into France and deposed Napoleon and restored the Bourbon Monarchy. Napoleon was exiled on Elba Island - Isola d'Elba - in 1814. However, Napoleon escaped from Elba in 1815 and returned to France. His return prompted many in France to declare their loyalty to their old Emperor. The recently installed new French King fled and once more Napoleon was controlled France. The allies were stunned and began to mobilize their armies to crush the French once and for all. From the east the Russian army advanced and the Austrians began to gather their forces in Italy. The British assembled a large force in the Low Countries and the Prussian army advanced through Germany and planned to link up with their British allies. Napoleon was effectively surrounded but he soon had taken control of his old army, that was still a formidable force. Preparations for the Battle Napoleon was declared an outlaw by the allies and they decided not to negotiate with him. They were focused on defeating him so that he could never threaten the peace of Europe. Napoleon decided to target the British in the Low Countries. He wanted to secure a quick and rapid victory. The French army’s aim was to destroy the British before they were joined by the Prussian army, which was rapidly making its way to Belgium. Had Napoleon succeeded in destroying the army of General Wellington, located south of Brussels before it was reinforced, he might have been able to drive the British back to the sea. This would allow Napoleon to turn his focus on the Prussians and knock them out of the war and enable the French to concentrate all their armies on the Austrians and Russians. Napoleon also knew that many in the French-speaking community in Belgium were sympathetic to him and a French victory could trigger a revolution in that country. French Intelligence was very well-informed of the strengths and weaknesses of the British troops in Belgium. Napoleon knew that the army under General Wellington was mostly second-line troops as most of the veterans had been dispatched to fight in North America. Napoleon gathered his forces together in a rapid period. Many of his old soldiers and generals rallied to his cause, and soon they were on the march. Where is Waterloo? The speed of the French advance stunned the British and Wellington was forced to adopt a defensive posture south of Brussels at Waterloo. By this time the advance Prussians units had arrived in Belgium, but the French surprised and defeated them at the Battle of Ligny. Wellington decided to retreat towards Waterloo and wait for the main Prussian army under General Blucher to reinforce him. Once again Napoleon’s speed caught everyone by surprise, and before the Prussians could meet up with Wellington, he had arrived at Waterloo and was determined to force the British into a decisive battle. Wellington Engages Napoleon The French and the British armies were roughly evenly matched in numbers. The French had slightly more cavalry and artillery. Wellington was very concerned about the quality of his multinational army. Many of who were Dutch and Belgian soldiers who were not battle hardened and in the British ranks there were also many inexperienced soldiers. There was also a large German contingent who though experienced had at one time served in the French army. The French army was composed of veterans, including elite units such as the ‘Old Guard.’ Wellington was a highly experienced soldier, and he established a strong defensive position on a ridge and had fortified some farmhouses in the area, to protect his flanks. Napoleon as ever was in a hurry and decided to attack the British and their allies before the Prussians arrived. He chose to attack the British the day after arriving at Waterloo. He scheduled the attack to begin in the early morning of the 18th of June, but he delayed it because of the saturated ground. The wet conditions meant that the cavalry could not conduct any charges. At 11 in the morning, Napoleon ordered his forces to attack the village of Mont-Saint-Jean as he believed that here was the main concentration of Wellington’s army. The British were stationed below the village on some high ground. When the French saw the position of the British, they commenced bombarding their lines. After an hour the French began their assault, and their goal was to seize the Hougoumont farmhouse. There was fierce fighting at this farmhouse all day, but the British managed to hold out. Wellington was obliged to divert some of his reserves into this battle. This weakened his center and Napoleon decided to launch a massive attack on the British lines. The French after another bombardment charged up the slopes to the British lines and after an hour of fierce fighting, they had forced Wellington’s lines back. It seemed that the British were on the verge of defeat. Then the British commander ordered his Heavy Cavalry Brigade to stage a counterattack. This managed to push back the French advance, although at a hefty cost. Napoleon ordered his cavalry to attack the British line and then ordered repeated infantry charges. This resulted in very high French casualties. The British under the leadership of Wellington held firm. Suddenly, the Prussians appeared on Napoleon’s right flank and they had arrived sooner than anyone had anticipated. Napoleon knew that his situation was precarious and he ordered his best troops, the Imperial Guard forward, to rout the British. However, once again despite the heroism of the Imperial Guard, the allied forces under Wellington held firm. The Prussians under Blucher began to arrive in ever higher numbers and as they did the French army began to disintegrate. The Old Guard, composed of veterans of many battles, fought to the last man and this allowed the remaining French forces to flee the fighting. That night Blucher and Wellington met, and that is considered the end of the Battle. Waterloo was a victory for the allies, but as Wellington himself asserted afterward it was a narrow victory. Outcome of the Battle Waterloo cost the British army around 14,500 dead or wounded, and the Prussians under Blücher suffered some 7,200 casualties. The French army had some 25,000 to 26,000 killed or wounded. Some 6000 to 7000 French soldiers were taken the prisoner and another 15,000 men deserted. Waterloo was a decisive victory for the allies. Napoleon’s army was no longer an organized fighting force, and the British and Prussians were about to invade France, which was practically defenseless. It was evident that the situation was hopeless and after a failed suicide bid Napoleon was sent to the island of St Helena where he would die. If Bonaparte had won it seems likely that Europe would have once again experienced a series of wars. Waterloo ended the career of Napoleon - one of the greatest generals in history. It also ended the last serious attempt by France to dominate Europe. The battle was to bring four decades of international peace to Europe. In the aftermath of the defeat of Napoleon, the great powers organized an international system that provided Europe with much-needed stability. At the Congress of Vienna, the great powers except for Britain established principles that provided some stability for Europe until the Crimean War, in a period of significant change. Related DailyHistory.org Articles - How Did the Merovingian Dynasty Impact European History? - Top Ten Books on Napoleon Bonaparte - The Coming of the French Revolution - Book Review - Why was the French Foreign Legion Created? - How did the XYZ Affair lead to the Quasi-War between France and the United States? - How did the United States react to the French Revolution? Why was Napoleon's Defeated? The are several reasons Napoleon failed at Waterloo. A significant factor in Napoleon's defeat was the timely arrival of Blucher, which was not anticipated by the French. Napoleon had not prepared for the arrival of the Prussian army. Wellington in his despatches to London made it clear how import Blucher's arrival was to the outcome of the battle. Another key reason was the unexpected bravery of the British and the other allied soldiers. Though inexperienced, they bravely resisted the onslaught of the French. They withstood several French attacks, including an assault from the Imperial Guard, the finest soldiers in Europe. Wellington and his officers had been able to provide the men with resolute leadership which meant that their soldiers did not buckle under the repeated French charges. Another factor was the terrible weather, heavy rain had turned much of the battlefield into a mud bath, and this had greatly slowed the French during their attacks. This was particularly the case given that the forces of Napoleon were attacking uphill. The weather had also delayed the French attack by several hours and this was to prove crucial. If the French had been able to attack in the early hours they could have swept the British from the field before the arrival of their Prussian allies. Then there was Napoleon’s mistake in organizing the first attack on the British centre. The formation of the First French Corps was not suitable for a swift attack and this meant that it was relatively ineffective. According to an official French investigation into the battle the ‘inconceivable formation of the first corps, in masses very much too deep for the first grand attack.’ Then there was the superiority of the British cavalry. Because of the constant wars, the European armies could not access good horses. The British were able to secure excellent horses from England and especially Ireland and this meant that they were more effective at Waterloo. On the other hand, the French cavalry horses were not as good and this was a real disadvantage. The charge of the British Heavy Brigade was particularly important at a most dangerous stage in the battle for the British and when they seemed on the verge of defeat. The superior horses of the British gave them an ‘important advantage on the battlefield.’ Waterloo was the end of an era, and the defeat of Napoleon ushered in a period of peace in Europe. Napoleon had come close to victory, but Wellington and Blucher had been able to turn the tide of battle and inflict a decisive defeat on the French army. The British army proved to be more capable than expected. The weather was also not in favor of the French, and the British had superior cavalry. Napoleon’s strategy was once again of the highest quality, but the timely arrival of the Prussians changed the course of the battle. It seems likely that Wellington would have been forced to retreat if the Prussians had not arrived, their arrival led to the destruction of the French army and the end of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe. - Palmer, R.R., A History of the Modern World, (New York: Knopf, 1956), p. 143 - Palmer, p. 156 - Palmer, p. 157 - Adkin, Mark, The Waterloo Companion, (Aurum, London, 2001), p. 6 - Adkins, p. 17 - Adkins, p. 67 - Barbero, Alessandro, The Battle: A New History of Waterloo (translated by John Cullen) (paperback ed.), Walker & Company, London, 2006), p. 57 - Barbero, p. 114 - Barbero, p. 156 - Adkin, p. 178 - Chandler, David , The Campaigns of Napoleon, (New York: Macmillan, 1966), p. 156 - Barbero, p. 178 - Palmer, p. 234 - Chandler, p. 134. - Adkin, p. 157 - Comte d'Erlon, Jean-Baptiste Drouet (1815), Drouet's account of Waterloo to the French Parliament, p. 3 - Adkin, p. 212 - Fletcher, Ian , Galloping at Everything: The British Cavalry in the Peninsula and at Waterloo 1808–15, (Staplehurst, Spellmount, 1999), 201 - Drouet, p. 3 Updated January 21, 2019	<urn:uuid:4e1908c9-e3ff-4aef-b5ba-ea0f507cddc1>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://dailyhistory.org/Why_was_Napoleon_defeated_at_Waterloo%3F	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681625.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125222506-20200126012506-00330.warc.gz	en	0.984236	2,737	3.578125	4	[ -0.26005563139915466, 0.3234533965587616, 0.5721489191055298, 0.09632149338722229, -0.6140367984771729, -0.7435749769210815, 0.104886993765831, 0.4960196614265442, 0.06407464295625687, -0.04119500145316124, 0.013650236651301384, -0.8676018714904785, 0.094644695520401, 0.25092777609825134, ...	5	Why was Napoleon defeated at Waterloo? The Battle of Waterloo is one of the most famous battles in history. The battle was fought by France on one side and Great Britain, Prussia, and their allies on the other. The battle was a victory for the British and the Prussians and it is widely seen as the end of the series of wars that had ravaged Europe since the French Revolution (1789). The Battle of Waterloo was the last attempt by Napoleon to establish himself in France and Europe after his defeat in 1814. Why was Napoleon defeated at Waterloo? It was a mixture of the stubborn British resistance, their superior cavalry, Wellington’s leadership and, most importantly, the timely arrival of the Prussian army on the battlefield. Napoleon has become the master of most of Europe by 1805 after his victory over the Austrians and the Russians at the Battle of Austerlitz. For several years Napoleon and France dominated Europe and only the British continued to oppose Bonaparte’s ambitions. Napoleon decided to invade the Russian Empire, to force the Tsar to join a trade embargo on Britain. The French army marched into Russian and captured Moscow, but it disintegrated in the terrible Russian winter. Napoleon retreated into Europe and in the process lost the majority of his army. The French Empire was severely weakened after the Russian Invasion, and eventually, the allies, (Britain, Russian, Austria, and Prussia) marched into France and deposed Napoleon and restored the Bourbon Monarchy. Napoleon was exiled on Elba Island - Isola d'Elba - in 1814. However, Napoleon escaped from Elba in 1815 and returned to France. His return prompted many in France to declare their loyalty to their old Emperor. The recently installed new French King fled and once more Napoleon was controlled France. The allies were stunned and began to mobilize their armies to crush the French once and for all. From the east the Russian army advanced and the Austrians began to gather their forces in Italy. The British assembled a large force in the Low Countries and the Prussian army advanced through Germany and planned to link up with their British allies. Napoleon was effectively surrounded but he soon had taken control of his old army, that was still a formidable force. Preparations for the Battle Napoleon was declared an outlaw by the allies and they decided not to negotiate with him. They were focused on defeating him so that he could never threaten the peace of Europe. Napoleon decided to target the British in the Low Countries. He wanted to secure a quick and rapid victory. The French army’s aim was to destroy the British before they were joined by the Prussian army, which was rapidly making its way to Belgium. Had Napoleon succeeded in destroying the army of General Wellington, located south of Brussels before it was reinforced, he might have been able to drive the British back to the sea. This would allow Napoleon to turn his focus on the Prussians and knock them out of the war and enable the French to concentrate all their armies on the Austrians and Russians. Napoleon also knew that many in the French-speaking community in Belgium were sympathetic to him and a French victory could trigger a revolution in that country. French Intelligence was very well-informed of the strengths and weaknesses of the British troops in Belgium. Napoleon knew that the army under General Wellington was mostly second-line troops as most of the veterans had been dispatched to fight in North America. Napoleon gathered his forces together in a rapid period. Many of his old soldiers and generals rallied to his cause, and soon they were on the march. Where is Waterloo? The speed of the French advance stunned the British and Wellington was forced to adopt a defensive posture south of Brussels at Waterloo. By this time the advance Prussians units had arrived in Belgium, but the French surprised and defeated them at the Battle of Ligny. Wellington decided to retreat towards Waterloo and wait for the main Prussian army under General Blucher to reinforce him. Once again Napoleon’s speed caught everyone by surprise, and before the Prussians could meet up with Wellington, he had arrived at Waterloo and was determined to force the British into a decisive battle. Wellington Engages Napoleon The French and the British armies were roughly evenly matched in numbers. The French had slightly more cavalry and artillery. Wellington was very concerned about the quality of his multinational army. Many of who were Dutch and Belgian soldiers who were not battle hardened and in the British ranks there were also many inexperienced soldiers. There was also a large German contingent who though experienced had at one time served in the French army. The French army was composed of veterans, including elite units such as the ‘Old Guard.’ Wellington was a highly experienced soldier, and he established a strong defensive position on a ridge and had fortified some farmhouses in the area, to protect his flanks. Napoleon as ever was in a hurry and decided to attack the British and their allies before the Prussians arrived. He chose to attack the British the day after arriving at Waterloo. He scheduled the attack to begin in the early morning of the 18th of June, but he delayed it because of the saturated ground. The wet conditions meant that the cavalry could not conduct any charges. At 11 in the morning, Napoleon ordered his forces to attack the village of Mont-Saint-Jean as he believed that here was the main concentration of Wellington’s army. The British were stationed below the village on some high ground. When the French saw the position of the British, they commenced bombarding their lines. After an hour the French began their assault, and their goal was to seize the Hougoumont farmhouse. There was fierce fighting at this farmhouse all day, but the British managed to hold out. Wellington was obliged to divert some of his reserves into this battle. This weakened his center and Napoleon decided to launch a massive attack on the British lines. The French after another bombardment charged up the slopes to the British lines and after an hour of fierce fighting, they had forced Wellington’s lines back. It seemed that the British were on the verge of defeat. Then the British commander ordered his Heavy Cavalry Brigade to stage a counterattack. This managed to push back the French advance, although at a hefty cost. Napoleon ordered his cavalry to attack the British line and then ordered repeated infantry charges. This resulted in very high French casualties. The British under the leadership of Wellington held firm. Suddenly, the Prussians appeared on Napoleon’s right flank and they had arrived sooner than anyone had anticipated. Napoleon knew that his situation was precarious and he ordered his best troops, the Imperial Guard forward, to rout the British. However, once again despite the heroism of the Imperial Guard, the allied forces under Wellington held firm. The Prussians under Blucher began to arrive in ever higher numbers and as they did the French army began to disintegrate. The Old Guard, composed of veterans of many battles, fought to the last man and this allowed the remaining French forces to flee the fighting. That night Blucher and Wellington met, and that is considered the end of the Battle. Waterloo was a victory for the allies, but as Wellington himself asserted afterward it was a narrow victory. Outcome of the Battle Waterloo cost the British army around 14,500 dead or wounded, and the Prussians under Blücher suffered some 7,200 casualties. The French army had some 25,000 to 26,000 killed or wounded. Some 6000 to 7000 French soldiers were taken the prisoner and another 15,000 men deserted. Waterloo was a decisive victory for the allies. Napoleon’s army was no longer an organized fighting force, and the British and Prussians were about to invade France, which was practically defenseless. It was evident that the situation was hopeless and after a failed suicide bid Napoleon was sent to the island of St Helena where he would die. If Bonaparte had won it seems likely that Europe would have once again experienced a series of wars. Waterloo ended the career of Napoleon - one of the greatest generals in history. It also ended the last serious attempt by France to dominate Europe. The battle was to bring four decades of international peace to Europe. In the aftermath of the defeat of Napoleon, the great powers organized an international system that provided Europe with much-needed stability. At the Congress of Vienna, the great powers except for Britain established principles that provided some stability for Europe until the Crimean War, in a period of significant change. Related DailyHistory.org Articles - How Did the Merovingian Dynasty Impact European History? - Top Ten Books on Napoleon Bonaparte - The Coming of the French Revolution - Book Review - Why was the French Foreign Legion Created? - How did the XYZ Affair lead to the Quasi-War between France and the United States? - How did the United States react to the French Revolution? Why was Napoleon's Defeated? The are several reasons Napoleon failed at Waterloo. A significant factor in Napoleon's defeat was the timely arrival of Blucher, which was not anticipated by the French. Napoleon had not prepared for the arrival of the Prussian army. Wellington in his despatches to London made it clear how import Blucher's arrival was to the outcome of the battle. Another key reason was the unexpected bravery of the British and the other allied soldiers. Though inexperienced, they bravely resisted the onslaught of the French. They withstood several French attacks, including an assault from the Imperial Guard, the finest soldiers in Europe. Wellington and his officers had been able to provide the men with resolute leadership which meant that their soldiers did not buckle under the repeated French charges. Another factor was the terrible weather, heavy rain had turned much of the battlefield into a mud bath, and this had greatly slowed the French during their attacks. This was particularly the case given that the forces of Napoleon were attacking uphill. The weather had also delayed the French attack by several hours and this was to prove crucial. If the French had been able to attack in the early hours they could have swept the British from the field before the arrival of their Prussian allies. Then there was Napoleon’s mistake in organizing the first attack on the British centre. The formation of the First French Corps was not suitable for a swift attack and this meant that it was relatively ineffective. According to an official French investigation into the battle the ‘inconceivable formation of the first corps, in masses very much too deep for the first grand attack.’ Then there was the superiority of the British cavalry. Because of the constant wars, the European armies could not access good horses. The British were able to secure excellent horses from England and especially Ireland and this meant that they were more effective at Waterloo. On the other hand, the French cavalry horses were not as good and this was a real disadvantage. The charge of the British Heavy Brigade was particularly important at a most dangerous stage in the battle for the British and when they seemed on the verge of defeat. The superior horses of the British gave them an ‘important advantage on the battlefield.’ Waterloo was the end of an era, and the defeat of Napoleon ushered in a period of peace in Europe. Napoleon had come close to victory, but Wellington and Blucher had been able to turn the tide of battle and inflict a decisive defeat on the French army. The British army proved to be more capable than expected. The weather was also not in favor of the French, and the British had superior cavalry. Napoleon’s strategy was once again of the highest quality, but the timely arrival of the Prussians changed the course of the battle. It seems likely that Wellington would have been forced to retreat if the Prussians had not arrived, their arrival led to the destruction of the French army and the end of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe. - Palmer, R.R., A History of the Modern World, (New York: Knopf, 1956), p. 143 - Palmer, p. 156 - Palmer, p. 157 - Adkin, Mark, The Waterloo Companion, (Aurum, London, 2001), p. 6 - Adkins, p. 17 - Adkins, p. 67 - Barbero, Alessandro, The Battle: A New History of Waterloo (translated by John Cullen) (paperback ed.), Walker & Company, London, 2006), p. 57 - Barbero, p. 114 - Barbero, p. 156 - Adkin, p. 178 - Chandler, David , The Campaigns of Napoleon, (New York: Macmillan, 1966), p. 156 - Barbero, p. 178 - Palmer, p. 234 - Chandler, p. 134. - Adkin, p. 157 - Comte d'Erlon, Jean-Baptiste Drouet (1815), Drouet's account of Waterloo to the French Parliament, p. 3 - Adkin, p. 212 - Fletcher, Ian , Galloping at Everything: The British Cavalry in the Peninsula and at Waterloo 1808–15, (Staplehurst, Spellmount, 1999), 201 - Drouet, p. 3 Updated January 21, 2019	2,804	ENGLISH	1
Playing is, perhaps, the most effective way for a child to learn. Play promotes children’s development, learning and general well-being. During play, children develop understanding about themselves and other people. Through playing, children can process whatever is going on in their lives. Imagination allows children to experience different roles and ideas. Our group, “the could chasers” had an opportunity to go to a kindergarten to educate children about recycling, as a part of our school project. The kids were five and six year olds, so we were wondering how to educate them in an easy way in order to actually make them learn something new. We all agreed, that little children learn the best when they can play and participate as much as possible. We played several games with them and saw how that learning method worked perfectly. The children were very engaged and excited about the games that we played. And the best part is that they all learned something new. It was a successful day to all of us. Through play a child can improve their cognitive skills, such as thinking, memory and language. The secret about learning through playing is that when playing a new game, a child needs problem solving, thinking and understanding. Those are the exact same three things that they’ll need to learn.	<urn:uuid:33cc3c08-f505-4eae-b129-b3c8b5972ceb>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://showcase.laurea.fi/opiskelijablogit/exerting-influence/cloud-chasers/2019/the-importance-of-play/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593994.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118221909-20200119005909-00445.warc.gz	en	0.988638	263	4	4	[ -0.01844547688961029, -0.28995776176452637, 0.45085203647613525, -0.624508798122406, -0.36973631381988525, 0.3272267282009125, 0.25778788328170776, 0.12003735452890396, -0.06461744010448456, -0.008794926106929779, 0.2061764895915985, 0.1405818909406662, -0.050582122057676315, 0.35563990473...	4	Playing is, perhaps, the most effective way for a child to learn. Play promotes children’s development, learning and general well-being. During play, children develop understanding about themselves and other people. Through playing, children can process whatever is going on in their lives. Imagination allows children to experience different roles and ideas. Our group, “the could chasers” had an opportunity to go to a kindergarten to educate children about recycling, as a part of our school project. The kids were five and six year olds, so we were wondering how to educate them in an easy way in order to actually make them learn something new. We all agreed, that little children learn the best when they can play and participate as much as possible. We played several games with them and saw how that learning method worked perfectly. The children were very engaged and excited about the games that we played. And the best part is that they all learned something new. It was a successful day to all of us. Through play a child can improve their cognitive skills, such as thinking, memory and language. The secret about learning through playing is that when playing a new game, a child needs problem solving, thinking and understanding. Those are the exact same three things that they’ll need to learn.	254	ENGLISH	1
According to Wikipedia, the Nuremberg trials were a series of military tribunals held after World War II (1939 – 1945) after the defeat of Germany’s Adolf Hitler and his Axis Alliance (Germany, Japan and Italy) by the Allied Powers (Britain, France, USSR and the United States) under international law and the laws of war. The trials were most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, judicial, and economic leadership of Nazi Germany, who planned, carried out, or otherwise participated in the Holocaust and other war crimes. The trials were held in Nuremberg, Germany, and their decisions marked a turning point between classical and contemporary international law. The first and best known of the trials was that of the major war criminals before the International Military Tribunal (IMT). It was described as "the greatest trial in history" by Sir Norman Birkett, one of the British judges present throughout. Held between 20 November 1945 and 1 October 1946, the Tribunal was given the task of trying 24 of the most important political and military leaders of the Third Reich. Martin Bormann had, unknown to the Allies, died in May 1945 and was tried in absentia. Another defendant, Robert Ley, committed suicide within a week of the trial's commencement. Adolf Hitler (on April 30, 1945) and Joseph Goebbels (24 hours later, together with his wife and six children) had both committed suicide to avoid capture. Heinrich Himmler attempted to commit suicide, but was captured before he could succeed; he committed suicide one day after being arrested by British forces. Heinrich Müller disappeared the day after Hitler's suicide, the most senior figure of the Nazi regime whose fate remains unknown. Reinhard Heydrich had been assassinated by Czech partisans in 1942. Josef Terboven killed himself with dynamite in Norway in 1945. Adolf Eichmann fled to Argentina to avoid capture but was apprehended by Israel's intelligence service (Mossad) and hanged in 1962. Hermann Göring was sentenced to death but, in defiance of his captors, committed suicide by swallowing cyanide the night before his execution. Primarily treated here is the first trial, conducted by the International Military Tribunal. Further trials of lesser war criminals were conducted under Control Council Law No. 10 at the U.S. Nuremberg Military Tribunal (NMT), which included the Doctors' trial and the Judges' Trial. The categorization of the crimes and the constitution of the court represented a juridical advance that would be followed afterward by the United Nations for the development of an international jurisprudence in matters of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and wars of aggression, and led to the creation of the International Criminal Court. For the first time in international law, the Nuremberg indictments also mentioned genocide (war crimes) particularly against Jews, Poles, Gypsies and others)" We can see from the above that Nuremberg, the German city where Ike Ekweremadu’s own “trial” took place last Saturday, is not an ordinary city; it was where leaders of Nazi Germany accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity were tried at the end of the Second World War after the Allied Powers had defeated the Axis Powers. What were Ekweremadu’s own “crimes”? He was accused by his attackers of, among other things, crimes against Biafra, duplicity, and complicity with the Nigerian nation and State apparatus. He was harassed, beaten, and prevented from speaking to the crowd he had come to address and attending the yam festival he had travelled all the way from Nigeria to attend. In the end, he could not eat the yam he had savored to eat! He had to be whisked away Gestapo-style or else… Whereas he had arrived at the venue in high spirit gallivanting with a prepared speech possibly tucked somewhere in his well-iron traditional Igbo dress called isi-agu, he scampered out of the place disheveled and wondering what had hit him. Thank God he survived to tell the story by himself! War crimes and crimes against humanity brought Hitler and his henchmen to Nuremberg. According to information pieced together from Ekweremadu’s own accounts and those of the Independent People of Biafra (IPOB), which claimed responsibility for the attack, the still serving Senator was accused of being IPOB’s persona non grata and an adversary of its cause of an independent state of Biafra. He was accused of being instrumental to the branding of IPOB as a terrorist organization and its subsequent proscription by governors of South-East states; he was held accountable for the deployment of “Operation Python Dance” to the South-East by the Muhammadu Buhari administration and the many atrocities allegedly committed by the military in the region in general and specifically against IPOB members and its sympathizers; that the isi-agu worn by Ekweremadu to the occasion had the Nigerian coat-of-arm, which is the insignia or symbol of authority of the Nigeria State, which the attackers saw as insensitivity and effrontery on Ekweremadu’s part and an affront to a people reeling from the oft-touted marginalization from the same Nigeria State and victimization of its leaders (e.g. Nnamdi Kadu) as well as its aspirations ( e.g. actualization of Biafra); and that Ekweremadu, as one of the foremost Igbo leaders, has not done enough to address the atrocities of Fulani herdsmen in Igboland. These, no doubt, are weighty allegations. In his defence, Ekweremadu has described himself as, perhaps, one of the best friends of Ndigbo and its cause. He said he had often spoken out in defence of Ndigbo, regardless whose ox is gored and not minding placing his neck even on the chopping block. He related the role he played in getting IPOB leader, Nnamdi Kanu, the bail that got him out of Buhari’s gulag. He had also been a veritable mouth-piece of Ndigbo in the Senate as well as in the corridors of powers. It is doubtful if anyone, including IPOB, will deny that Ekweremadu has done all of that but it would appear as if the outrage in the land, as a result of the atrocities of those who wear impunity as a badge and who use their exalted offices to serve tribal and religious causes, have become so exacting that the people’s anger draws no limit and makes no distinction any more. So, Ekweremadu became guilty by association. He is seen pure and simple as a member of the oppressive ruling class. He is one of the cabal. He is also seen as a member of the ineffectual and docile class of Southern or Igbo leaders who, because of their privileged position, are unable to adequately stand up for their own people against the atrocities being visited on them from outside. In other words, the contributions being flagged by Ekweremadu are seen as mere tokenism, which are not far-reaching enough to address the critical situations at hand. Ndigbo expects Ekweremadu and his likes to have done more. In Nuremberg, Ndigbo gave a clear message to Ekweremadu and his likes to henceforth begin to do more or else… “There were present at that season some that told him of the Galilaeans, whose blood Pilate had mingled with their sacrifices. And Jesus answering said unto them, Suppose ye that these Galilaeans were sinners above all the Galilaeans, because they suffered such things? I tell you, Nay: but, except ye repent, ye shall all likewise perish. Or the eighteen, upon whom the tower in Siloam fell, and slew them, think ye that they were sinners above all men that dwelt in Jerusalem? I tell you, Nay: but, except ye repent, ye shall likewise perish” – Luke 13: 1 – 5. Suppose ye that Ekweremadu is the greatest offender amongst fawning and compromising Igbo leaders? Nay; not at all! His Nuremberg travail, unfortunate as it is, is a signal to other Igbo leaders; nay, all compromising and genuflecting leaders down South; who are too timid and selfish to stand up for the defence of their own people. Yet, once the oppressors have finished using them, they dump them. Witness Kemi Adeosun, erstwhile Finance Minister; and witness ex-CJN Walter Onnoghen! They are already preparing Fowler (Federal Internal Revenue Service) and Oyo-Ita (Head of Federal Civil Service) for the slaughter. You would think only southerners have issues! Good, that Ekweremadu has accepted his fate and has moved on; his Nuremberg trial should not discourage him from doing more for Ndigbo; in fact, he should, more than ever before, re-dedicate himself to the cause of his people; so also other Ndigbo leaders, especially the governors. The ruling class outcry against IPOB as a result of Nuremberg is understandable. As our people would say, the death that kills your contemporary is telling you to get ready. The positive in Ekweremadu’s unsavoury experience, however, is that more of our leaders will now sit at home instead of squandering our riches on needless foreign trips!	<urn:uuid:2bd7d97d-a1d5-41f6-8b2b-65abaa5900ac>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://newsscrollngr.com/index.php/component/k2/item/18655-ekweremadu-s-nuremberg-trial-bola-bolawole	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778168.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128091916-20200128121916-00132.warc.gz	en	0.983428	1,996	3.515625	4	[ -0.5646654367446899, 0.772464394569397, 0.00017369847046211362, -0.09631405770778656, 0.1309455931186676, 0.16517578065395355, 0.31976062059402466, -0.01314395572990179, 0.1808135062456131, -0.4344995617866516, 0.2876198887825012, -0.123042032122612, 0.008288648910820484, 0.710953831672668...	1	According to Wikipedia, the Nuremberg trials were a series of military tribunals held after World War II (1939 – 1945) after the defeat of Germany’s Adolf Hitler and his Axis Alliance (Germany, Japan and Italy) by the Allied Powers (Britain, France, USSR and the United States) under international law and the laws of war. The trials were most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, judicial, and economic leadership of Nazi Germany, who planned, carried out, or otherwise participated in the Holocaust and other war crimes. The trials were held in Nuremberg, Germany, and their decisions marked a turning point between classical and contemporary international law. The first and best known of the trials was that of the major war criminals before the International Military Tribunal (IMT). It was described as "the greatest trial in history" by Sir Norman Birkett, one of the British judges present throughout. Held between 20 November 1945 and 1 October 1946, the Tribunal was given the task of trying 24 of the most important political and military leaders of the Third Reich. Martin Bormann had, unknown to the Allies, died in May 1945 and was tried in absentia. Another defendant, Robert Ley, committed suicide within a week of the trial's commencement. Adolf Hitler (on April 30, 1945) and Joseph Goebbels (24 hours later, together with his wife and six children) had both committed suicide to avoid capture. Heinrich Himmler attempted to commit suicide, but was captured before he could succeed; he committed suicide one day after being arrested by British forces. Heinrich Müller disappeared the day after Hitler's suicide, the most senior figure of the Nazi regime whose fate remains unknown. Reinhard Heydrich had been assassinated by Czech partisans in 1942. Josef Terboven killed himself with dynamite in Norway in 1945. Adolf Eichmann fled to Argentina to avoid capture but was apprehended by Israel's intelligence service (Mossad) and hanged in 1962. Hermann Göring was sentenced to death but, in defiance of his captors, committed suicide by swallowing cyanide the night before his execution. Primarily treated here is the first trial, conducted by the International Military Tribunal. Further trials of lesser war criminals were conducted under Control Council Law No. 10 at the U.S. Nuremberg Military Tribunal (NMT), which included the Doctors' trial and the Judges' Trial. The categorization of the crimes and the constitution of the court represented a juridical advance that would be followed afterward by the United Nations for the development of an international jurisprudence in matters of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and wars of aggression, and led to the creation of the International Criminal Court. For the first time in international law, the Nuremberg indictments also mentioned genocide (war crimes) particularly against Jews, Poles, Gypsies and others)" We can see from the above that Nuremberg, the German city where Ike Ekweremadu’s own “trial” took place last Saturday, is not an ordinary city; it was where leaders of Nazi Germany accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity were tried at the end of the Second World War after the Allied Powers had defeated the Axis Powers. What were Ekweremadu’s own “crimes”? He was accused by his attackers of, among other things, crimes against Biafra, duplicity, and complicity with the Nigerian nation and State apparatus. He was harassed, beaten, and prevented from speaking to the crowd he had come to address and attending the yam festival he had travelled all the way from Nigeria to attend. In the end, he could not eat the yam he had savored to eat! He had to be whisked away Gestapo-style or else… Whereas he had arrived at the venue in high spirit gallivanting with a prepared speech possibly tucked somewhere in his well-iron traditional Igbo dress called isi-agu, he scampered out of the place disheveled and wondering what had hit him. Thank God he survived to tell the story by himself! War crimes and crimes against humanity brought Hitler and his henchmen to Nuremberg. According to information pieced together from Ekweremadu’s own accounts and those of the Independent People of Biafra (IPOB), which claimed responsibility for the attack, the still serving Senator was accused of being IPOB’s persona non grata and an adversary of its cause of an independent state of Biafra. He was accused of being instrumental to the branding of IPOB as a terrorist organization and its subsequent proscription by governors of South-East states; he was held accountable for the deployment of “Operation Python Dance” to the South-East by the Muhammadu Buhari administration and the many atrocities allegedly committed by the military in the region in general and specifically against IPOB members and its sympathizers; that the isi-agu worn by Ekweremadu to the occasion had the Nigerian coat-of-arm, which is the insignia or symbol of authority of the Nigeria State, which the attackers saw as insensitivity and effrontery on Ekweremadu’s part and an affront to a people reeling from the oft-touted marginalization from the same Nigeria State and victimization of its leaders (e.g. Nnamdi Kadu) as well as its aspirations ( e.g. actualization of Biafra); and that Ekweremadu, as one of the foremost Igbo leaders, has not done enough to address the atrocities of Fulani herdsmen in Igboland. These, no doubt, are weighty allegations. In his defence, Ekweremadu has described himself as, perhaps, one of the best friends of Ndigbo and its cause. He said he had often spoken out in defence of Ndigbo, regardless whose ox is gored and not minding placing his neck even on the chopping block. He related the role he played in getting IPOB leader, Nnamdi Kanu, the bail that got him out of Buhari’s gulag. He had also been a veritable mouth-piece of Ndigbo in the Senate as well as in the corridors of powers. It is doubtful if anyone, including IPOB, will deny that Ekweremadu has done all of that but it would appear as if the outrage in the land, as a result of the atrocities of those who wear impunity as a badge and who use their exalted offices to serve tribal and religious causes, have become so exacting that the people’s anger draws no limit and makes no distinction any more. So, Ekweremadu became guilty by association. He is seen pure and simple as a member of the oppressive ruling class. He is one of the cabal. He is also seen as a member of the ineffectual and docile class of Southern or Igbo leaders who, because of their privileged position, are unable to adequately stand up for their own people against the atrocities being visited on them from outside. In other words, the contributions being flagged by Ekweremadu are seen as mere tokenism, which are not far-reaching enough to address the critical situations at hand. Ndigbo expects Ekweremadu and his likes to have done more. In Nuremberg, Ndigbo gave a clear message to Ekweremadu and his likes to henceforth begin to do more or else… “There were present at that season some that told him of the Galilaeans, whose blood Pilate had mingled with their sacrifices. And Jesus answering said unto them, Suppose ye that these Galilaeans were sinners above all the Galilaeans, because they suffered such things? I tell you, Nay: but, except ye repent, ye shall all likewise perish. Or the eighteen, upon whom the tower in Siloam fell, and slew them, think ye that they were sinners above all men that dwelt in Jerusalem? I tell you, Nay: but, except ye repent, ye shall likewise perish” – Luke 13: 1 – 5. Suppose ye that Ekweremadu is the greatest offender amongst fawning and compromising Igbo leaders? Nay; not at all! His Nuremberg travail, unfortunate as it is, is a signal to other Igbo leaders; nay, all compromising and genuflecting leaders down South; who are too timid and selfish to stand up for the defence of their own people. Yet, once the oppressors have finished using them, they dump them. Witness Kemi Adeosun, erstwhile Finance Minister; and witness ex-CJN Walter Onnoghen! They are already preparing Fowler (Federal Internal Revenue Service) and Oyo-Ita (Head of Federal Civil Service) for the slaughter. You would think only southerners have issues! Good, that Ekweremadu has accepted his fate and has moved on; his Nuremberg trial should not discourage him from doing more for Ndigbo; in fact, he should, more than ever before, re-dedicate himself to the cause of his people; so also other Ndigbo leaders, especially the governors. The ruling class outcry against IPOB as a result of Nuremberg is understandable. As our people would say, the death that kills your contemporary is telling you to get ready. The positive in Ekweremadu’s unsavoury experience, however, is that more of our leaders will now sit at home instead of squandering our riches on needless foreign trips!	2,017	ENGLISH	1
British naval service Commander Thomas Searle commissioned Grasshopper in November 1806. He then sailed her for the Mediterranean on 1 February 1807. Early in the morning of 7 November, boats from Renommee and Grasshopper cut out a Spanish brig and a French tartan, each armed with six guns, from under the Torre de Estacio. The prize crews were not able to prevent winds and tides from causing the two vessels to ground. The boats and the two vessels were under a constant fire from the tower that wounded several prisoners. After about three hours the British abandoned their prizes as they could not free them and were unwilling to set fire to them as the captured vessels had prisoners and women and children aboard, many of whom were wounded. The British had two men badly wounded in the action; although the enemy suffered many wounded, they apparently had no deaths. That same day Grasshopper captured the American schooner Henrietta, Joseph Dawson, master. Then in December Grasshopper and Renommee were detached to sail off Carthagena to monitor the Spanish squadron there. Grasshopper was on lookout on 11 December and sailed ahead, leaving Renommee behind. While off Cape Palos, Searle observed several enemy vessels at anchor. His Catholic Majesty's brig St Joseph, of twelve 24-pounders guns, with a crew of 99 men under the command of Teniento de naviro Don Antonio de Torrea, got under weigh, and sailed towards Grasshoper. Two more naval vessels, St Medusa Mestrio (ten 24-pounders and 77 men), and St Aigle Mestrio (eight 24-pounders and 50 men) followed St Joseph. Grasshopper brought St Joseph to action. Within 15 minutes St Joseph had struck and run onshore, at which point many men of her crew abandoned her and swam for shore. The two other vessels then sailed away. The British were able to recover St Joseph, which Searle described as being of 145 tons burthen (bm), six years old, copper-fastened, well-found, pierced for 16 guns, a "remarkably fast sailer", and suitable for service in the Royal Navy. In the engagement Grasshopper had two men wounded. Searle had no estimate of enemy casualties, but believed that many men had drowned when they jumped overboard to avoid capture. The head and prize money was remitted from Gibraltar and Renommee's share was paid out to her officers and crew in December 1813. On Christmas Day, Grasshopper captured Industry. Grasshoper captured Neutrality on 4 February 1808. She shared the proceeds of the capture with Hydra. The next day she captured Eliza. The action that took place on 4 April off the coast off Rota near Cadiz, Spain, began when the Royal Naval frigates Mercury and Alceste, and Grasshopper, intercepted a large Spanish convoy protected by twenty gunboats and a train of shore batteries. The British destroyed two of the escorts and drove many of the merchants ashore. They also silenced the shore batteries. Marines and sailors of the British ships subsequently captured and sailed seven vessels back out to sea. Grasshopper was badly damaged and had one man mortally wounded and three others slightly wounded. The prizes were loaded with timber for the arsenal at Cadiz. In 1847 the Admiralty awarded the Naval General Service Medal with clasp "Off Rota 4 April 1808" to all surviving claimants from the action. On 23 April Grasshopper and the gun-brig Rapid encountered two Spanish vessels from South America, sailing under the protection of four gunboats. After a short chase, the convoy anchored under the guns of a shore battery near Faro, Portugal. Searle anchored Grasshopper within grapeshot (i.e., short) range of the Spanish vessels and commenced firing. After two and a half hours, the gun crews of the shore battery had abandoned their guns, and the British had driven two gunboats ashore and destroyed them. The British also captured two gunboats and the two merchant vessels. Grasshopper had one man killed and three severely wounded. Searle himself was lightly wounded. Rapid had three men severely wounded. Spanish casualties were heavy, numbering some 40 dead and wounded on the two captured gunboats alone. Searle put 14 of the wounded on shore at Faro as he did not have the resources to deal with them as well as his own casualties. Searle estimated the value of the cargo on each of the two merchant vessels at £30,000. This action also resulted in the Admiralty awarding clasps to the Naval General Service Medal marked "Grasshopper 24 April 1808" and "Rapid 24 April 1808". Lieutenant Henry Fanshawe received promotion to Commander and the appointment to command of Grasshopper on 2 May 1808; in June 1808 he took command. She remained in the Mediterranean in 1808 and 1809. Between 4 and 11 August 1809, the merchant vessel Thetis, Clark, master, arrived at Gibraltar. As she was sailing from Cagliari, a French privateer had captured Thetis, but Grasshopper had recaptured her. Grasshopper escorted a convoy to Quebec, sailing on 21 June 1810. She then escorted another convoy, of 25 vessels, back from Quebec, arriving in British waters around mid-October. Grasshopper served in the North Sea in 1811. Grasshopper, together with the 74-gun Hero, the ship-sloop Egeria, and the hired armed ship Prince William left Göteborg on 18 December 1811 as escorts to a convoy of 15 transports and a fleet of merchantmen, some 120 sail or more. Four or five days later Egeria and Prince William separated, together with the vessels going to the Humber and Scotland, including most of the merchant vessels. The transports and a handful of the merchantmen proceeded with Hero and Grasshopper. On 24 December Hero wrecked off the Texel in a storm with the loss of all but 12 men of her 600 man crew. Grasshopper observed Hero ground, but too late to avoid also grounding. Grasshopper was able to get over the sandbank into deeper water, where she anchored, though striking ground repeatedly. She was unable to go to the assistance of Hero and within 15 minutes the distress signals from Hero ceased. Next morning Grasshopper observed Hero completely wrecked. Neither she nor the Dutch schuyts could get to Hero. Grasshopper, though herself safe about a mile away, found herself trapped. She had no loss of life among her crew, though the pilot was killed. On 25 December Fanshawe saw no option but to surrender. He sailed Grasshopper to the Helder and there struck to the fleet under the command of Vice-Admiral De Winter. Apparently, she surrendered to the French frigate Gloire and gunboat Ferreter, and her crew were taken prisoner. Among her crew was the future penal reformer Alexander Maconochie Ten of the transports of Hero's convoy were also lost. One of them was Archimedes, whose crew, however, was saved. Dutch naval service In June 1810 France had disbanded the Kingdom of Holland, annexing the Netherlands to France, a situation that lasted until 1813. Grasshopper became part of the Nieuwediep Squadron of the Dutch Navy, which was not amalgamated into the French Navy. The British blockade prevented the Dutch from putting Grasshopper to extensive use immediately and she essentially sat until the end of the Napoleonic wars, though as a result of one pursuit she received the reputation of being the best sailer in the squadron. On 11 December 1812, the Minister of Marine mandated that the Dutch transfer Grasshopper to the French Navy. The Dutch had intended to transfer a small, 6-gun brig named Irene. Instead, they sold Irene and transferred Grasshopper. On 2 January 1813 Grasshopper was renamed Irene when the French Navy took possession of her. Dutch partisans captured Irene in December 1813, during the Dutch uprising. After the Netherlands regained its independence in 1814, Irene returned to active duty. She convoyed ships to the Dutch colonies in the West Indies (1815–16), and Spain and the Mediterranean (1816–18). She then served in the East Indies between 1819 and 1821. In October 1819 Irene took part in the first expedition to Palembang, which the Dutch mounted against insurgents in Sumatra. She sailed up the Palembang River in company with the frigate Wilhelmina (44 guns), sloops Eendracht (20 guns) and Ajax (20 guns), and several smaller ships. However, the squadron had to withdraw after suffering heavy losses and then restricted its efforts to coastal blockade. A second expedition to Palembang in 1821 was more successful, though it did not involve Irene. In 1821, Irene returned to the Netherlands. The next year she was broken up in Vlissingen (Flushing).	<urn:uuid:d4d984ef-740b-4ca0-ba60-60e93bcd6539>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://alchetron.com/HMS-Grasshopper-%281806%29	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594209.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119035851-20200119063851-00080.warc.gz	en	0.980208	1,900	3.46875	3	[ 0.14549699425697327, 0.2613217532634735, 0.15418212115764618, -0.6869743466377258, -0.2509618401527405, -0.016530131921172142, -0.08304356038570404, 0.1956881731748581, 0.11762911081314087, 0.05175626650452614, 0.6458456516265869, -0.5633909106254578, -0.23763932287693024, 0.50044322013854...	2	British naval service Commander Thomas Searle commissioned Grasshopper in November 1806. He then sailed her for the Mediterranean on 1 February 1807. Early in the morning of 7 November, boats from Renommee and Grasshopper cut out a Spanish brig and a French tartan, each armed with six guns, from under the Torre de Estacio. The prize crews were not able to prevent winds and tides from causing the two vessels to ground. The boats and the two vessels were under a constant fire from the tower that wounded several prisoners. After about three hours the British abandoned their prizes as they could not free them and were unwilling to set fire to them as the captured vessels had prisoners and women and children aboard, many of whom were wounded. The British had two men badly wounded in the action; although the enemy suffered many wounded, they apparently had no deaths. That same day Grasshopper captured the American schooner Henrietta, Joseph Dawson, master. Then in December Grasshopper and Renommee were detached to sail off Carthagena to monitor the Spanish squadron there. Grasshopper was on lookout on 11 December and sailed ahead, leaving Renommee behind. While off Cape Palos, Searle observed several enemy vessels at anchor. His Catholic Majesty's brig St Joseph, of twelve 24-pounders guns, with a crew of 99 men under the command of Teniento de naviro Don Antonio de Torrea, got under weigh, and sailed towards Grasshoper. Two more naval vessels, St Medusa Mestrio (ten 24-pounders and 77 men), and St Aigle Mestrio (eight 24-pounders and 50 men) followed St Joseph. Grasshopper brought St Joseph to action. Within 15 minutes St Joseph had struck and run onshore, at which point many men of her crew abandoned her and swam for shore. The two other vessels then sailed away. The British were able to recover St Joseph, which Searle described as being of 145 tons burthen (bm), six years old, copper-fastened, well-found, pierced for 16 guns, a "remarkably fast sailer", and suitable for service in the Royal Navy. In the engagement Grasshopper had two men wounded. Searle had no estimate of enemy casualties, but believed that many men had drowned when they jumped overboard to avoid capture. The head and prize money was remitted from Gibraltar and Renommee's share was paid out to her officers and crew in December 1813. On Christmas Day, Grasshopper captured Industry. Grasshoper captured Neutrality on 4 February 1808. She shared the proceeds of the capture with Hydra. The next day she captured Eliza. The action that took place on 4 April off the coast off Rota near Cadiz, Spain, began when the Royal Naval frigates Mercury and Alceste, and Grasshopper, intercepted a large Spanish convoy protected by twenty gunboats and a train of shore batteries. The British destroyed two of the escorts and drove many of the merchants ashore. They also silenced the shore batteries. Marines and sailors of the British ships subsequently captured and sailed seven vessels back out to sea. Grasshopper was badly damaged and had one man mortally wounded and three others slightly wounded. The prizes were loaded with timber for the arsenal at Cadiz. In 1847 the Admiralty awarded the Naval General Service Medal with clasp "Off Rota 4 April 1808" to all surviving claimants from the action. On 23 April Grasshopper and the gun-brig Rapid encountered two Spanish vessels from South America, sailing under the protection of four gunboats. After a short chase, the convoy anchored under the guns of a shore battery near Faro, Portugal. Searle anchored Grasshopper within grapeshot (i.e., short) range of the Spanish vessels and commenced firing. After two and a half hours, the gun crews of the shore battery had abandoned their guns, and the British had driven two gunboats ashore and destroyed them. The British also captured two gunboats and the two merchant vessels. Grasshopper had one man killed and three severely wounded. Searle himself was lightly wounded. Rapid had three men severely wounded. Spanish casualties were heavy, numbering some 40 dead and wounded on the two captured gunboats alone. Searle put 14 of the wounded on shore at Faro as he did not have the resources to deal with them as well as his own casualties. Searle estimated the value of the cargo on each of the two merchant vessels at £30,000. This action also resulted in the Admiralty awarding clasps to the Naval General Service Medal marked "Grasshopper 24 April 1808" and "Rapid 24 April 1808". Lieutenant Henry Fanshawe received promotion to Commander and the appointment to command of Grasshopper on 2 May 1808; in June 1808 he took command. She remained in the Mediterranean in 1808 and 1809. Between 4 and 11 August 1809, the merchant vessel Thetis, Clark, master, arrived at Gibraltar. As she was sailing from Cagliari, a French privateer had captured Thetis, but Grasshopper had recaptured her. Grasshopper escorted a convoy to Quebec, sailing on 21 June 1810. She then escorted another convoy, of 25 vessels, back from Quebec, arriving in British waters around mid-October. Grasshopper served in the North Sea in 1811. Grasshopper, together with the 74-gun Hero, the ship-sloop Egeria, and the hired armed ship Prince William left Göteborg on 18 December 1811 as escorts to a convoy of 15 transports and a fleet of merchantmen, some 120 sail or more. Four or five days later Egeria and Prince William separated, together with the vessels going to the Humber and Scotland, including most of the merchant vessels. The transports and a handful of the merchantmen proceeded with Hero and Grasshopper. On 24 December Hero wrecked off the Texel in a storm with the loss of all but 12 men of her 600 man crew. Grasshopper observed Hero ground, but too late to avoid also grounding. Grasshopper was able to get over the sandbank into deeper water, where she anchored, though striking ground repeatedly. She was unable to go to the assistance of Hero and within 15 minutes the distress signals from Hero ceased. Next morning Grasshopper observed Hero completely wrecked. Neither she nor the Dutch schuyts could get to Hero. Grasshopper, though herself safe about a mile away, found herself trapped. She had no loss of life among her crew, though the pilot was killed. On 25 December Fanshawe saw no option but to surrender. He sailed Grasshopper to the Helder and there struck to the fleet under the command of Vice-Admiral De Winter. Apparently, she surrendered to the French frigate Gloire and gunboat Ferreter, and her crew were taken prisoner. Among her crew was the future penal reformer Alexander Maconochie Ten of the transports of Hero's convoy were also lost. One of them was Archimedes, whose crew, however, was saved. Dutch naval service In June 1810 France had disbanded the Kingdom of Holland, annexing the Netherlands to France, a situation that lasted until 1813. Grasshopper became part of the Nieuwediep Squadron of the Dutch Navy, which was not amalgamated into the French Navy. The British blockade prevented the Dutch from putting Grasshopper to extensive use immediately and she essentially sat until the end of the Napoleonic wars, though as a result of one pursuit she received the reputation of being the best sailer in the squadron. On 11 December 1812, the Minister of Marine mandated that the Dutch transfer Grasshopper to the French Navy. The Dutch had intended to transfer a small, 6-gun brig named Irene. Instead, they sold Irene and transferred Grasshopper. On 2 January 1813 Grasshopper was renamed Irene when the French Navy took possession of her. Dutch partisans captured Irene in December 1813, during the Dutch uprising. After the Netherlands regained its independence in 1814, Irene returned to active duty. She convoyed ships to the Dutch colonies in the West Indies (1815–16), and Spain and the Mediterranean (1816–18). She then served in the East Indies between 1819 and 1821. In October 1819 Irene took part in the first expedition to Palembang, which the Dutch mounted against insurgents in Sumatra. She sailed up the Palembang River in company with the frigate Wilhelmina (44 guns), sloops Eendracht (20 guns) and Ajax (20 guns), and several smaller ships. However, the squadron had to withdraw after suffering heavy losses and then restricted its efforts to coastal blockade. A second expedition to Palembang in 1821 was more successful, though it did not involve Irene. In 1821, Irene returned to the Netherlands. The next year she was broken up in Vlissingen (Flushing).	2,035	ENGLISH	1
Semitic peoples, earlier civilized than the Aryan, have always shown, and still show to-day, a far greater sense of quality and quantity in marketable goods than the latter; it is to their need of account-keeping that the development of alphabetical writing is to be ascribed, and it is to them that most of the great advances in computation are due. Our modern numerals are Arabic; our arithmetic and algebra are essentially Semitic sciences. The Semitic peoples, we may point out here, are to this day counting peoples strong in their sense of equivalents and reparation. The moral teaching of the Hebrews was saturated by such ideas. "With what measure ye mete, the same shall be meted unto you." Other races and peoples have imagined diverse and fitful and marvellous gods, but it was the trading Semites who first began to think of God as a Righteous Dealer, whose promises were kept, who failed not the humblest creditor, and called to account every spurious act. The trade that was going on in the ancient world before the sixth or seventh century b.c. was almost entirely a barter trade. There was little or no credit or coined money. The ordinary standard of value with the early Aryans was cattle, as it still is with the Zulus and Kaffirs to-day. In the Iliad, the respective values of two shields are stated in head of cattle, and the Roman word for moneys, pecunia, is derived from pecus, cattle. Cattle as money had this advantage; it did not need to be carried from one owner to another, and if it needed attention and food, at any rate it bred. But it was inconvenient for ship or caravan transit. Many other substances have at various times been found convenient as a standard; tobacco was once legal tender in the colonial days in North America, and in West Africa fines are paid and bargains made in bottles of trade gin. The early Asiatic trade included metals; and weighed lumps of metal, since they were in general demand and were convenient for hoarding and storage, costing nothing for fodder and needing small house-room, soon asserted their superiority over cattle and sheep. Iron, which seems to have been first reduced from its ores by the Hittites, was, to begin with, a rare and much-desired substance. - Iron bars of fixed weight were used for coin in Britain. Cæsar, De Bello Gallico. — G. Wh.	<urn:uuid:e54bf262-159c-44aa-953e-13dac8922101>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_Outline_of_History_Vol_1.djvu/243	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598800.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120135447-20200120164447-00259.warc.gz	en	0.982964	519	3.28125	3	[ -0.2619721591472626, 0.31224745512008667, -0.031286608427762985, 0.21898332238197327, -0.3052808344364166, -0.3614928126335144, 0.3392880856990814, 0.2645888030529022, 0.01541110873222351, 0.07774414867162704, 0.11501085758209229, -0.4038964509963989, 0.3077552318572998, 0.2247970253229141...	1	Semitic peoples, earlier civilized than the Aryan, have always shown, and still show to-day, a far greater sense of quality and quantity in marketable goods than the latter; it is to their need of account-keeping that the development of alphabetical writing is to be ascribed, and it is to them that most of the great advances in computation are due. Our modern numerals are Arabic; our arithmetic and algebra are essentially Semitic sciences. The Semitic peoples, we may point out here, are to this day counting peoples strong in their sense of equivalents and reparation. The moral teaching of the Hebrews was saturated by such ideas. "With what measure ye mete, the same shall be meted unto you." Other races and peoples have imagined diverse and fitful and marvellous gods, but it was the trading Semites who first began to think of God as a Righteous Dealer, whose promises were kept, who failed not the humblest creditor, and called to account every spurious act. The trade that was going on in the ancient world before the sixth or seventh century b.c. was almost entirely a barter trade. There was little or no credit or coined money. The ordinary standard of value with the early Aryans was cattle, as it still is with the Zulus and Kaffirs to-day. In the Iliad, the respective values of two shields are stated in head of cattle, and the Roman word for moneys, pecunia, is derived from pecus, cattle. Cattle as money had this advantage; it did not need to be carried from one owner to another, and if it needed attention and food, at any rate it bred. But it was inconvenient for ship or caravan transit. Many other substances have at various times been found convenient as a standard; tobacco was once legal tender in the colonial days in North America, and in West Africa fines are paid and bargains made in bottles of trade gin. The early Asiatic trade included metals; and weighed lumps of metal, since they were in general demand and were convenient for hoarding and storage, costing nothing for fodder and needing small house-room, soon asserted their superiority over cattle and sheep. Iron, which seems to have been first reduced from its ores by the Hittites, was, to begin with, a rare and much-desired substance. - Iron bars of fixed weight were used for coin in Britain. Cæsar, De Bello Gallico. — G. Wh.	510	ENGLISH	1
Depending on your age, May Day might not have any particular significance at all. Or if the day does evoke a memory, it might be the annual display of Soviet military might in Moscow’s Red Square. But in fact, for over 100 years American workers and their unions have used this day to launch campaigns for improved working conditions, a shorter work week, and better lives. It all started in the United States in 1884. Meeting in Chicago, the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions declared that “eight hours shall constitute a legal day’s labor from and after May 1, 1886.” The idea picked up steam right away. In Hartford, painters, horseshoers and gas company employees made May 1st their deadline for a wage hikes or a reduction in hours without a pay cut. It was such a popular notion that a local music store urged Hartford consumers to buy its products right away because “the Eight Hour Labor Agitation if successful will certainly cause an advance in the prices of pianos and organs.” Such a lofty goal from the federation (forerunner of today’s AFL-CIO) was easy enough to declare, but achieving it became a bloody battle. On May 1, 1886, hundreds of thousands of workers across the country walked off their jobs to win the eight-hour day. By May 4th, cities were paralyzed and workers were holding mass meetings in the streets. At Chicago’s Haymarket Square a peaceful rally called to condemn police picket line violence was disrupted by a police attack. A bomb was thrown, killing and wounding a number of officers. The cops responded with indiscriminate shooting into the crowd, killing and wounding many participants. To this day no one knows who threw the bomb, but it was certainly not the “Haymarket Martyrs” who eventually were hanged for it. The incident became the excuse for a nationwide crackdown on anarchists, or those labeled as radicals because their demands seemed too outrageous at the time. The Hartford Evening Post editorialized, “Whatever justice there may be in the eight-hour movement must necessarily be lost sight of for the time, until order and quiet shall be restored.” Hartford workers didn’t see it that way. For the next decade, May 1st was the day carpenters, painters, sheet metal workers and carriage makers organized, struck and frequently won their demand for eight hours. One of the most persistent and creative groups who took May Day as their own were the Jewish bakers from Hartford’s east side. May 1st was their deadline for shorter hours and a wide range of other changes, including a demand to provide part-time work for their unemployed members. During a 1910 strike they purchased supplies in New Britain, baked bread on their own, and sold it from pushcarts on Front Street and Windsor Street. It was a popular item; they won their demands. Although Hartford’s skilled building tradesmen were the most organized and often led the way with the eight-hour demand, other workers were inspired by May Day as well. Local cigar makers, hod carriers and vaudeville theater stage hands began or ended their strikes on May 1st. In 1909, over 200 newsboys with their own drum corps marched through Hartford streets carrying signs and waving flags. They were protesting the refusal of newspaper distributors to accept their unsold copies of two New York dailies. The boys urged customers to support their cause by only buying Hartford papers. May Day became so popular that famous composers like Aaron Copland and Earl Robinson (Ballad for Americans) wrote tunes to be sung at the rallies and picnics that were often held when May 1st landed on a Sunday. But by 1920, the National Guard was called out on May Day to defend against an alleged “communist plot” to blow up the State Capitol, City Hall and the Bulkeley Bridge. At this point May Day was being smeared by business interests and other groups who, instead of acknowledging the authentic nature of the day, found it more useful to discredit the labor movement’s accomplishments. May Day’s history was consciously blurred by those who linked its origin to the 1889 Socialist International meeting in Paris rather than the rich American tradition established five years earlier. Local governments began to declare May 1st as Children’s Health Day, lawyers and judges celebrated it as Law Day. For many years it was promoted as “Moving Day,” when families were supposed to transfer their household belongings to new locales. In the 40s and 50s, the VFW held “Loyalty Day “ parades in area towns to challenge the massive demonstrations in the U.S. and around the world. In Middletown, the group’s 1954 parade was disrupted by Wesleyan students who jumped into the line of march with their own musical instruments. These merry pranksters were part of a plan that was “very likely Communist-inspired,” according to the VFW’s state commandant. But May Day persists despite all the attempts to obscure its purpose. It is an official workers’ holiday in sixty-six countries. Many of America’s newest workers, the 12 million immigrants who are integral to our economy, used May 1, 2006 to demand justice in rallies across the country. In the same tradition that Hartford’s Irish, German and Italian workers struggled for decent lives, so too are Mexicans, Peruvians and Colombians demanding the right to enjoy the fruits of their labor in the country they have adopted. For today’s newcomers, May Day still exemplifies a real American Dream.	<urn:uuid:a0c38254-24ff-4bc4-a73e-71b3f225f07e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://shoeleatherhistoryproject.com/2013/04/30/may-day-in-hartford/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778272.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128122813-20200128152813-00487.warc.gz	en	0.983085	1,174	3.578125	4	[ -0.6745139360427856, -0.23499354720115662, 0.005791126750409603, 0.17059364914894104, -0.23265403509140015, 0.2794164717197418, -0.11836253106594086, 0.047816596925258636, -0.11305595934391022, 0.01032250840216875, -0.2583368420600891, 0.699820876121521, 0.0634516179561615, 0.3482931554317...	10	Depending on your age, May Day might not have any particular significance at all. Or if the day does evoke a memory, it might be the annual display of Soviet military might in Moscow’s Red Square. But in fact, for over 100 years American workers and their unions have used this day to launch campaigns for improved working conditions, a shorter work week, and better lives. It all started in the United States in 1884. Meeting in Chicago, the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions declared that “eight hours shall constitute a legal day’s labor from and after May 1, 1886.” The idea picked up steam right away. In Hartford, painters, horseshoers and gas company employees made May 1st their deadline for a wage hikes or a reduction in hours without a pay cut. It was such a popular notion that a local music store urged Hartford consumers to buy its products right away because “the Eight Hour Labor Agitation if successful will certainly cause an advance in the prices of pianos and organs.” Such a lofty goal from the federation (forerunner of today’s AFL-CIO) was easy enough to declare, but achieving it became a bloody battle. On May 1, 1886, hundreds of thousands of workers across the country walked off their jobs to win the eight-hour day. By May 4th, cities were paralyzed and workers were holding mass meetings in the streets. At Chicago’s Haymarket Square a peaceful rally called to condemn police picket line violence was disrupted by a police attack. A bomb was thrown, killing and wounding a number of officers. The cops responded with indiscriminate shooting into the crowd, killing and wounding many participants. To this day no one knows who threw the bomb, but it was certainly not the “Haymarket Martyrs” who eventually were hanged for it. The incident became the excuse for a nationwide crackdown on anarchists, or those labeled as radicals because their demands seemed too outrageous at the time. The Hartford Evening Post editorialized, “Whatever justice there may be in the eight-hour movement must necessarily be lost sight of for the time, until order and quiet shall be restored.” Hartford workers didn’t see it that way. For the next decade, May 1st was the day carpenters, painters, sheet metal workers and carriage makers organized, struck and frequently won their demand for eight hours. One of the most persistent and creative groups who took May Day as their own were the Jewish bakers from Hartford’s east side. May 1st was their deadline for shorter hours and a wide range of other changes, including a demand to provide part-time work for their unemployed members. During a 1910 strike they purchased supplies in New Britain, baked bread on their own, and sold it from pushcarts on Front Street and Windsor Street. It was a popular item; they won their demands. Although Hartford’s skilled building tradesmen were the most organized and often led the way with the eight-hour demand, other workers were inspired by May Day as well. Local cigar makers, hod carriers and vaudeville theater stage hands began or ended their strikes on May 1st. In 1909, over 200 newsboys with their own drum corps marched through Hartford streets carrying signs and waving flags. They were protesting the refusal of newspaper distributors to accept their unsold copies of two New York dailies. The boys urged customers to support their cause by only buying Hartford papers. May Day became so popular that famous composers like Aaron Copland and Earl Robinson (Ballad for Americans) wrote tunes to be sung at the rallies and picnics that were often held when May 1st landed on a Sunday. But by 1920, the National Guard was called out on May Day to defend against an alleged “communist plot” to blow up the State Capitol, City Hall and the Bulkeley Bridge. At this point May Day was being smeared by business interests and other groups who, instead of acknowledging the authentic nature of the day, found it more useful to discredit the labor movement’s accomplishments. May Day’s history was consciously blurred by those who linked its origin to the 1889 Socialist International meeting in Paris rather than the rich American tradition established five years earlier. Local governments began to declare May 1st as Children’s Health Day, lawyers and judges celebrated it as Law Day. For many years it was promoted as “Moving Day,” when families were supposed to transfer their household belongings to new locales. In the 40s and 50s, the VFW held “Loyalty Day “ parades in area towns to challenge the massive demonstrations in the U.S. and around the world. In Middletown, the group’s 1954 parade was disrupted by Wesleyan students who jumped into the line of march with their own musical instruments. These merry pranksters were part of a plan that was “very likely Communist-inspired,” according to the VFW’s state commandant. But May Day persists despite all the attempts to obscure its purpose. It is an official workers’ holiday in sixty-six countries. Many of America’s newest workers, the 12 million immigrants who are integral to our economy, used May 1, 2006 to demand justice in rallies across the country. In the same tradition that Hartford’s Irish, German and Italian workers struggled for decent lives, so too are Mexicans, Peruvians and Colombians demanding the right to enjoy the fruits of their labor in the country they have adopted. For today’s newcomers, May Day still exemplifies a real American Dream.	1,159	ENGLISH	1
Having looked at Elizabeth’s religious settlement, it is important to learn who threatened it. Many did agree with the settlement, but strong Catholics and strong Protestants (Puritans), were unwilling to go along with it. Some Catholics became known as Recusants – these Catholics would rather suffer punishment than attend the new Elizabethan church services. They were seen a dangerous because their loyalty was divided – they had to obey the Queen, but as Catholics it was their duty to obey the Pope as well. The pop had said anyone who killed Elizabeth would be carrying out God’s wishes. At the start of the reign anyone who did not attend church services was fined one shilling. However, soon the punishments became harsher: in 1580 the fine became £20 per month. If you couldn’t pay you would lose your land. Punishments continued to get harsher. Missionary priests were sent to England by the Catholic church. These were English priests trained abroad. Known as Jesuits, they tried to keep the Catholic religion alive. They were prepared to die for the Catholic church. Many travelled using secret routes to reach England. To the government such priests were traitors. These priests were supported and paid for by foreign countries such as France and Spain. As supporters of the Pope, they had to follow his orders. At worst this meant killing Elizabeth! If caught, these priests suffered terrible torture and execution. They were executed not for their religious beliefs, but for treason. Unlike the Catholics, the Puritans did not challenge Elizabeth’s claim to the throne. They also couldn’t be accused of working for a foreign power. However, by refusing to go along with the religious settlement they were challenging the authority of the Queen. - Aimed at Students studying at UK Year 8/9 or equivalent - Free to download - Use as you wish in the classroom or home environment - Information sheet and challenging tasks.	<urn:uuid:14bf7c07-4239-4940-839a-d020ec529132>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://schoolhistory.co.uk/early-modern/elizabeth-i/which-religion-was-a-greater-threat-to-elizabeths-settlement/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681412.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125191854-20200125221854-00326.warc.gz	en	0.993304	398	4.15625	4	[ -0.16895084083080292, -0.0703776627779007, -0.06809087842702866, -0.09011711925268173, 0.00787767767906189, -0.1645078808069229, -0.0032379068434238434, -0.029073895886540413, 0.5342831015586853, -0.17566116154193878, -0.48631271719932556, -0.31924501061439514, 0.23428547382354736, 0.11730...	1	Having looked at Elizabeth’s religious settlement, it is important to learn who threatened it. Many did agree with the settlement, but strong Catholics and strong Protestants (Puritans), were unwilling to go along with it. Some Catholics became known as Recusants – these Catholics would rather suffer punishment than attend the new Elizabethan church services. They were seen a dangerous because their loyalty was divided – they had to obey the Queen, but as Catholics it was their duty to obey the Pope as well. The pop had said anyone who killed Elizabeth would be carrying out God’s wishes. At the start of the reign anyone who did not attend church services was fined one shilling. However, soon the punishments became harsher: in 1580 the fine became £20 per month. If you couldn’t pay you would lose your land. Punishments continued to get harsher. Missionary priests were sent to England by the Catholic church. These were English priests trained abroad. Known as Jesuits, they tried to keep the Catholic religion alive. They were prepared to die for the Catholic church. Many travelled using secret routes to reach England. To the government such priests were traitors. These priests were supported and paid for by foreign countries such as France and Spain. As supporters of the Pope, they had to follow his orders. At worst this meant killing Elizabeth! If caught, these priests suffered terrible torture and execution. They were executed not for their religious beliefs, but for treason. Unlike the Catholics, the Puritans did not challenge Elizabeth’s claim to the throne. They also couldn’t be accused of working for a foreign power. However, by refusing to go along with the religious settlement they were challenging the authority of the Queen. - Aimed at Students studying at UK Year 8/9 or equivalent - Free to download - Use as you wish in the classroom or home environment - Information sheet and challenging tasks.	391	ENGLISH	1
Aristotle's Political Ideal "It is not Fortune's power to make a city good; that is a matter of scientific planning and deliberative policy."". Aristotle, along with most of the prominent thinkers of his time, theorized upon what the Ideal Political State would be and through what means it could be obtained. Aristotle wrote on this discussion of the Ideal State in books VII and VIII of The Politics. What Aristotle observed around him were the prevalent city-states of ancient Greece. It is commonly believed that he did not have a vision of the large nation-state and especially not such great federations as the United States and Russia. What Aristotle referred to when he spoke about state, is a limited sized city-state that is formed by the grouping of several villages. He also believed that a nation is too large for a state: his state was about the right size so that all members of the state could meet in a single assembly. Aristotle's state was nearly self-sufficient so that the bare needs of life were met and continued "for the sake of a good life- for its people. This continuing prosperity for the sake of a good life is what Aristotle believes the goal of the ideal state should be. Aristotle said "that life is best, both for the individuals and for the cities, which has virtue sufficiently supported by material wealth to enable it to perform the action that virtue calls for it-. He feels that since man, as individuals, strives for happiness, then man, as a collective group, should strive for the happiness of the state. Since it is now established what the ideal state should aim for, we may begin at what and by the Ideal State is composed. The Ideal State, of which Aristotle thought of, has as its quality of land that which is most universally productive. This would include natural resources, such as wood and crops, so that the inhabitants of the cities would have adequate amounts of food and other resources in order to be self-sufficient.	<urn:uuid:81562101-3efb-4846-aaf6-6f5ecbd77233>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/37235.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250611127.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123160903-20200123185903-00004.warc.gz	en	0.986827	400	3.96875	4	[ 0.05701791122555733, 0.02096364088356495, 0.1244717538356781, -0.47629010677337646, -0.32487475872039795, 0.2637065351009369, 0.3415191173553467, 0.27194204926490784, -0.22545292973518372, 0.3100540041923523, -0.09397090971469879, -0.3101710081100464, 0.274593710899353, 0.509203314781189, ...	2	Aristotle's Political Ideal "It is not Fortune's power to make a city good; that is a matter of scientific planning and deliberative policy."". Aristotle, along with most of the prominent thinkers of his time, theorized upon what the Ideal Political State would be and through what means it could be obtained. Aristotle wrote on this discussion of the Ideal State in books VII and VIII of The Politics. What Aristotle observed around him were the prevalent city-states of ancient Greece. It is commonly believed that he did not have a vision of the large nation-state and especially not such great federations as the United States and Russia. What Aristotle referred to when he spoke about state, is a limited sized city-state that is formed by the grouping of several villages. He also believed that a nation is too large for a state: his state was about the right size so that all members of the state could meet in a single assembly. Aristotle's state was nearly self-sufficient so that the bare needs of life were met and continued "for the sake of a good life- for its people. This continuing prosperity for the sake of a good life is what Aristotle believes the goal of the ideal state should be. Aristotle said "that life is best, both for the individuals and for the cities, which has virtue sufficiently supported by material wealth to enable it to perform the action that virtue calls for it-. He feels that since man, as individuals, strives for happiness, then man, as a collective group, should strive for the happiness of the state. Since it is now established what the ideal state should aim for, we may begin at what and by the Ideal State is composed. The Ideal State, of which Aristotle thought of, has as its quality of land that which is most universally productive. This would include natural resources, such as wood and crops, so that the inhabitants of the cities would have adequate amounts of food and other resources in order to be self-sufficient.	396	ENGLISH	1
Gopal Krishna Gokhale A pioneer of the Indian National Movement, Gopal Krishna Gokhale was one of the founding social and political leaders who fought all his life for India’s freedom from the British Empire. He was a leader with moderate reformist views, who aimed at achieving not only independence from British Raj but also endeavoured to bring social reforms in the Indian society and political reforms within the existing government institutions, through non-violent means. Through his relentless petitions, agitations and persuasions, he was able to influence the Britishers to recognize the capabilities of educated Indians and include them in the governing process. Throughout his life, Gokhale was involved with a wide range of public and legislative bodies. He served in the Imperial Legislative Council, became the President of the Indian National Congress and founded the famed Servants of the India Society. He also influenced greatly the two important personalities of Indian national movement, Gandhi and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, both of whom regarded Gokhale as their mentor. - Gopal Krishna Gokhale was born in a Chitpavan Brahmin family on May 9, 1866 in Kothluk village of Guhagar in Ratnagiri, Maharashtra.Despite coming from a poor household, his family was adamant on providing young Gokhale with quality education. As such, he was one of the first few Indians who received university education. In 1884, he graduated from Elphinstone College. Same year, he gained membership at the Deccan Educational Society.It was in his early years that he was exposed to western political thought which framed and influenced much of his later works and life. His education instilled in him the thought for liberty, democracy and parliamentary system and gave him an important status in the Indian intellectual society.Continue Reading BelowRecommended Lists: - Following his university education, in 1885, he moved to Pune and became one of the founding members of the Fergusson College. He started off as a professor of history and political economy and soon rose to become its principal.Meanwhile, politically active, he took up the position of the secretary at the Sarvajanik Sabha, a leading political organization of Bombay and in 1889 became a member of the Indian National Congress.Unlike other political cotemporaries, he was of moderate views and looked to obtain political representation and power for common Indian through dialogue and discussion. He believed that it was through conversation that he could instil respect for Indian rights in the Britishers.He regularly contributed articles on nationalism and put forward the state of India under British Rule in Bal Gangadhar Tilak’s weekly publication ‘Maharatta’ to invoke the spirit of patriotism and nationalism in general public. In 1891, he served as the secretary of the Deccan Education Society.In 1895, when the Indian Congress held its session in Pune, he was chosen as the Secretary to the Indian National Congress along with Tilak. The position gained him prominence in the Indian political circle. Same year, he was elected to the Senate of Bombay University.Additionally, he served as the member of Poona Municipality from 1898 to 1906, during which for three years, from 1902 to 1905, he chaired the seat of the President. It was under his leadership that the functioning of the Municipality was reformed considerably.In 1899, he was elected to the Bombay Legislative Council where he spoke vehemently against the British government and stressed on the need for politically free India.Ending his academic career in 1902, he became a member of the Imperial Legislative Council. His wealth of knowledge and infinite wisdom on legislation gained him prominence amongst the members of the council who were mighty impressed with his oratory and debating skills which he showcased during the annual budget.Year 1905 marked the zenith of his political career as he was elected as the President in the Indian National Congress. The position brought with it greater responsibility which he fulfilled with �lan.Continue Reading BelowSame year, he founded the ‘Servants of India Society in order to work towards one of his primary concerns and causes - expanding the reach of Indian education. He strongly believed in the fact that India would eventually move to a brighter future when the new generation would be educated enough to understand their civil and patriotic duties.Servants of the India Society aimed at training men and women and developing a sense of national spirit in them. For the same, it started promoting education by establishing schools, mobile libraries, day and night classes and so on.During his stint in the Imperial Legislative Council, Gokhale impressed Britishers with his knowledge and intellect. As a result, he was invited to London where he put forward India’s constitutional demand before the British government. He established a good rapport with Lord John Morley, which proved to be of great assistance during the Morley-Minto reforms of 1909.In 1912, he visited South Africa where he first met Gandhi, who was working to uplift the condition of Indians working in the country. He served as a mentor to Gandhi, and apprised his of the common issues confronting Indians.In addition to mentoring Gandhi, he also played as a role model for Mohammed Ali Jinnah, who later on became the founder of Pakistan. Such was his influence over Jinnah that he aspired to become ‘Muslim Gokhale’.Awards & Achievements - In 1904, he was formally appointed a CIE or Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire in the New Year’s Honors List by the British Empire for his services.Personal Life & Legacy - Not much is known about his personal life except for the fact that he married twice. The first was to Savitribai in 1880. In 1887, he married a second time and had two daughters with his second wife.He bequeathed his life for a better and improved nation. For the same, he multi-tasked and continued to make contributions in various sectors which took a toll on his health and he passed away on February 15, 1915.Gokhale was one of the founding social and political members of the Indian Independence Movement against British Empire and his contribution is remembered till date.The Servant of India Society which he formed in 1905, following his presidency in the Indian National Congress, to educate the Indian citizens continues to exist till date, though with minimal membership.His insistence on education have led to the emergence of various institutions in India which bear his name in order to commemorate his philanthropic offerings such as Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economy, Gokhale Memorial Girl’s College, Gokhale Centenary College, Gokhale Institute of Public Affairs and so on.A road in Bombay bears his name and is widely known as the Gokhale Road.Trivia - This social and political senior leader of the Indian National Congress with moderate reformist views served as a mentor and guide to both Gandhi and Muhammad Ali Jinnah.He founded the famed Servants of the India Society, which continues to thrive till date. The society started with its aim of providing quality education to young generation of Indians so as to educate them about their civil and patriotic duties towards the nation. How To CiteArticle Title- Gopal Krishna Gokhale BiographyAuthor- Editors, TheFamousPeople.comWebsite- TheFamousPeople.comURL- https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/gopal-krishna-gokhale-5389.phpLast Updated- November 09, 2017 People Also Viewed	<urn:uuid:6f8c38af-0cc4-45f2-9bc3-e89ea5270ed0>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/gopal-krishna-gokhale-5389.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595787.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119234426-20200120022426-00267.warc.gz	en	0.983329	1,554	3.390625	3	[ 0.38835227489471436, 0.29982465505599976, 0.4526853561401367, -0.3625084161758423, -0.3847881257534027, 0.18655917048454285, 0.6023051738739014, -0.027791859582066536, -0.200845867395401, 0.05936455726623535, 0.09830006211996078, -0.05756375566124916, 0.5205463767051697, 0.3676815330982208...	1	Gopal Krishna Gokhale A pioneer of the Indian National Movement, Gopal Krishna Gokhale was one of the founding social and political leaders who fought all his life for India’s freedom from the British Empire. He was a leader with moderate reformist views, who aimed at achieving not only independence from British Raj but also endeavoured to bring social reforms in the Indian society and political reforms within the existing government institutions, through non-violent means. Through his relentless petitions, agitations and persuasions, he was able to influence the Britishers to recognize the capabilities of educated Indians and include them in the governing process. Throughout his life, Gokhale was involved with a wide range of public and legislative bodies. He served in the Imperial Legislative Council, became the President of the Indian National Congress and founded the famed Servants of the India Society. He also influenced greatly the two important personalities of Indian national movement, Gandhi and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, both of whom regarded Gokhale as their mentor. - Gopal Krishna Gokhale was born in a Chitpavan Brahmin family on May 9, 1866 in Kothluk village of Guhagar in Ratnagiri, Maharashtra.Despite coming from a poor household, his family was adamant on providing young Gokhale with quality education. As such, he was one of the first few Indians who received university education. In 1884, he graduated from Elphinstone College. Same year, he gained membership at the Deccan Educational Society.It was in his early years that he was exposed to western political thought which framed and influenced much of his later works and life. His education instilled in him the thought for liberty, democracy and parliamentary system and gave him an important status in the Indian intellectual society.Continue Reading BelowRecommended Lists: - Following his university education, in 1885, he moved to Pune and became one of the founding members of the Fergusson College. He started off as a professor of history and political economy and soon rose to become its principal.Meanwhile, politically active, he took up the position of the secretary at the Sarvajanik Sabha, a leading political organization of Bombay and in 1889 became a member of the Indian National Congress.Unlike other political cotemporaries, he was of moderate views and looked to obtain political representation and power for common Indian through dialogue and discussion. He believed that it was through conversation that he could instil respect for Indian rights in the Britishers.He regularly contributed articles on nationalism and put forward the state of India under British Rule in Bal Gangadhar Tilak’s weekly publication ‘Maharatta’ to invoke the spirit of patriotism and nationalism in general public. In 1891, he served as the secretary of the Deccan Education Society.In 1895, when the Indian Congress held its session in Pune, he was chosen as the Secretary to the Indian National Congress along with Tilak. The position gained him prominence in the Indian political circle. Same year, he was elected to the Senate of Bombay University.Additionally, he served as the member of Poona Municipality from 1898 to 1906, during which for three years, from 1902 to 1905, he chaired the seat of the President. It was under his leadership that the functioning of the Municipality was reformed considerably.In 1899, he was elected to the Bombay Legislative Council where he spoke vehemently against the British government and stressed on the need for politically free India.Ending his academic career in 1902, he became a member of the Imperial Legislative Council. His wealth of knowledge and infinite wisdom on legislation gained him prominence amongst the members of the council who were mighty impressed with his oratory and debating skills which he showcased during the annual budget.Year 1905 marked the zenith of his political career as he was elected as the President in the Indian National Congress. The position brought with it greater responsibility which he fulfilled with �lan.Continue Reading BelowSame year, he founded the ‘Servants of India Society in order to work towards one of his primary concerns and causes - expanding the reach of Indian education. He strongly believed in the fact that India would eventually move to a brighter future when the new generation would be educated enough to understand their civil and patriotic duties.Servants of the India Society aimed at training men and women and developing a sense of national spirit in them. For the same, it started promoting education by establishing schools, mobile libraries, day and night classes and so on.During his stint in the Imperial Legislative Council, Gokhale impressed Britishers with his knowledge and intellect. As a result, he was invited to London where he put forward India’s constitutional demand before the British government. He established a good rapport with Lord John Morley, which proved to be of great assistance during the Morley-Minto reforms of 1909.In 1912, he visited South Africa where he first met Gandhi, who was working to uplift the condition of Indians working in the country. He served as a mentor to Gandhi, and apprised his of the common issues confronting Indians.In addition to mentoring Gandhi, he also played as a role model for Mohammed Ali Jinnah, who later on became the founder of Pakistan. Such was his influence over Jinnah that he aspired to become ‘Muslim Gokhale’.Awards & Achievements - In 1904, he was formally appointed a CIE or Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire in the New Year’s Honors List by the British Empire for his services.Personal Life & Legacy - Not much is known about his personal life except for the fact that he married twice. The first was to Savitribai in 1880. In 1887, he married a second time and had two daughters with his second wife.He bequeathed his life for a better and improved nation. For the same, he multi-tasked and continued to make contributions in various sectors which took a toll on his health and he passed away on February 15, 1915.Gokhale was one of the founding social and political members of the Indian Independence Movement against British Empire and his contribution is remembered till date.The Servant of India Society which he formed in 1905, following his presidency in the Indian National Congress, to educate the Indian citizens continues to exist till date, though with minimal membership.His insistence on education have led to the emergence of various institutions in India which bear his name in order to commemorate his philanthropic offerings such as Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economy, Gokhale Memorial Girl’s College, Gokhale Centenary College, Gokhale Institute of Public Affairs and so on.A road in Bombay bears his name and is widely known as the Gokhale Road.Trivia - This social and political senior leader of the Indian National Congress with moderate reformist views served as a mentor and guide to both Gandhi and Muhammad Ali Jinnah.He founded the famed Servants of the India Society, which continues to thrive till date. The society started with its aim of providing quality education to young generation of Indians so as to educate them about their civil and patriotic duties towards the nation. How To CiteArticle Title- Gopal Krishna Gokhale BiographyAuthor- Editors, TheFamousPeople.comWebsite- TheFamousPeople.comURL- https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/gopal-krishna-gokhale-5389.phpLast Updated- November 09, 2017 People Also Viewed	1,595	ENGLISH	1
Darius and his host advanced along the coast of what is now Bulgaria, but which was then called Thrace. They crossed the Danube, and prepared to give battle to the Scythian army and take the cities of the Scythians. But the Scythians had no cities, and they evaded a battle, and the war degenerated into a tedious and hopeless pursuit of more mobile enemies. Wells were stopped up and pastures destroyed by the nomads. The Scythian horsemen hung upon the skirts of the great army, which consisted mostly of foot soldiers, picking off stragglers and preventing foraging; and they did their best to persuade the Ionian Greeks, who had made and were guarding the bridge across the Danube, to break up the bridge, and so ensure the destruction of Darius. So long as Darius continued to advance, however, the loyalty of his Greek allies remained unshaken. But privation, fatigue, and sickness hindered and crippled the Persian army; Darius lost many stragglers and consumed his supplies, and at last the melancholy conviction dawned upon him that a retreat across the Danube was necessary to save him from complete exhaustion and defeat. In order to get a start in his retreat he sacrificed his sick and wounded. He had these men informed that he was about to attack the Scythians at nightfall, and under this pretence stole out of the camp with the pick of his troops and made off southward, leaving the camp fires burning and the usual noises and movements of the camp behind him. Next day the men left in the camp realized the trick their monarch had played upon them, and surrendered themselves to the mercy of the Scythians; but Darius had got his start, and was able to reach the bridge of boats before his pursuers came upon him. They were more mobile than his troops, but they missed their quarry in the darkness. At the river the retreating Persians "were brought to an extremity of fear," for they found the bridge partially broken down and its northern end destroyed. At this point a voice echoes down the centuries to us. We see a group of dismayed Persians standing about the Great King upon the bank of the streaming river; we see the masses of halted troops, hungry and warworn; a trail of battered transport stretches away towards the horizon, upon which at any time the advance guards	<urn:uuid:56c5cf41-7b35-4e14-9bdf-5ce69d5dd236>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_Outline_of_History_Vol_1.djvu/352	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251788528.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129041149-20200129071149-00130.warc.gz	en	0.987259	487	3.34375	3	[ -0.42961734533309937, 0.3996381163597107, 0.18701998889446259, 0.39053335785865784, -0.06034208461642265, -0.5375890731811523, -0.026182716712355614, 0.45829343795776367, 0.02961510792374611, 0.1499841809272766, -0.2613489627838135, -0.4332898259162903, 0.18516311049461365, -0.100636601448...	1	Darius and his host advanced along the coast of what is now Bulgaria, but which was then called Thrace. They crossed the Danube, and prepared to give battle to the Scythian army and take the cities of the Scythians. But the Scythians had no cities, and they evaded a battle, and the war degenerated into a tedious and hopeless pursuit of more mobile enemies. Wells were stopped up and pastures destroyed by the nomads. The Scythian horsemen hung upon the skirts of the great army, which consisted mostly of foot soldiers, picking off stragglers and preventing foraging; and they did their best to persuade the Ionian Greeks, who had made and were guarding the bridge across the Danube, to break up the bridge, and so ensure the destruction of Darius. So long as Darius continued to advance, however, the loyalty of his Greek allies remained unshaken. But privation, fatigue, and sickness hindered and crippled the Persian army; Darius lost many stragglers and consumed his supplies, and at last the melancholy conviction dawned upon him that a retreat across the Danube was necessary to save him from complete exhaustion and defeat. In order to get a start in his retreat he sacrificed his sick and wounded. He had these men informed that he was about to attack the Scythians at nightfall, and under this pretence stole out of the camp with the pick of his troops and made off southward, leaving the camp fires burning and the usual noises and movements of the camp behind him. Next day the men left in the camp realized the trick their monarch had played upon them, and surrendered themselves to the mercy of the Scythians; but Darius had got his start, and was able to reach the bridge of boats before his pursuers came upon him. They were more mobile than his troops, but they missed their quarry in the darkness. At the river the retreating Persians "were brought to an extremity of fear," for they found the bridge partially broken down and its northern end destroyed. At this point a voice echoes down the centuries to us. We see a group of dismayed Persians standing about the Great King upon the bank of the streaming river; we see the masses of halted troops, hungry and warworn; a trail of battered transport stretches away towards the horizon, upon which at any time the advance guards	493	ENGLISH	1
Jimmy Carter: A Short Biography Jimmy Carter was the 39th President of the United States, in office between January 20, 1977, and January 20, 1981. Though historians have not looked favorably on his years as president, he distinguished himself in the years after his term in office by dedicating himself to human rights and peace advocacy. A Democrat and Baptist from rural Georgia, Carter had served in the U.S. Naval Academy as a naval officer and received several military awards, such as the American Campaign Medal, World War II Victory Medal, China Service Medal, and National Defense Service Medal. He was a peanut farmer before engaging in politics and serving two terms as a Georgia State Senator (1963-1967) and one as the Governor of Georgia (1971-1975). In 2002, Carter received the Nobel Peace Prize for his significant involvement in humanitarian causes through his non-profit Carter Center. Early Life and Education Jimmy Carter was born James Earl Carter Jr. on October 1, 1924, in Plains, Georgia. One of his ancestors was an English immigrant named Thomas Carter who arrived in Virginia in 1635. Thomas Carter’s descendants settled in Georgia, where they were cotton farmers. Carter is also related to the Cornell family, who founded Cornell University. At the time of Carter’s birth, merely 600 people inhabited Plains. His father Earl had been a reserve second lieutenant in the US Army during World War I and he had a successful business in the town, running a general store and investing in farmland. He and his wife, Lillian moved several times before settling in Archery, a small community populated by African American families on the brink of impoverishment. The family worked long hours, and the mother was often absent from the children’s lives. The Carter children were allowed to play with the black farmers’ children in the area. According to Jimmy Carter, "I was the only white child in the neighborhood.” Carter attended the Plains High School between 1930 and 1941. While the United States was suffering the aftermath of the Great Depression at that time, the Carter family benefited from farming subsidies. As a student, Carter was very hard working and had an affinity for reading. He played basketball in the Plains High School team and joined the Future Farmers of America. Around the same period, he became interested in woodworking, which would remain a lifelong hobby. One of Carter’s dreams had always been to enter the U.S. Naval Academy, yet he enrolled at Georgia Southwestern College in 1941 to study engineering. A year later, he transferred to Georgia Tech in Atlanta and his admission to the Naval Academy was accepted in 1943. Carter stood out at the academy for his reserved and quiet personality, in contrast to the general culture of aggressiveness and confidence that was prevalent among the freshmen. However, he was acknowledged as a good student. During his time at the academy, he fell in love with Rosalynn Smith, a friend of his sister Ruth. Carter and Rosalynn married soon after his graduation in 1946. The following years, the couple lived temporarily in several places around the Unites States, such as California, New York, Hawaii, and Virginia, where Carter was deployed. He served on fleets from both the Atlantic and the Pacific. Back to Georgia to Manage the Family Farm After years of serving on submarines, Carter started to prepare for becoming an engineering officer for a nuclear power plant in Schenectady. However, when his father died, he inherited the family business and he and Rosalynn had to decide a new course for their lives. Rosalynn had grown tired of moving around and preferred the comfortable life of Schenectady, while Carter felt disillusioned with the rigidity and restrictions of the military and craved a more tranquil life, like the one of his father. On October 9, 1953, Carter was discharged with honors from the Navy. He remained in the Navy Reserve for eight more years and left the service in 1961 as a lieutenant. After the passing of Jimmy’s father, he received a small inheritance. His inheritance didn’t amount to much as he and his siblings divided the wealth and paid all the debts. Carter, his wife, and their three sons lived for an entire year in a subsidized public housing in Plains. Using his knowledge in science and technology, Carter became interested in expanding the peanut-growing business of his father. The transition to farming was difficult and he had to struggle with banks and credits to maintain the farm. While he was taking classes and reading up on farming topics, his wife Rosalynn learned basic accounting to be able to manage the business on their own. After a year or two, the business grew extensively and became highly successful. Early Political Career Carter became involved in politics while living in Plains. His influence grew at the same time as racial tension intensified in the United States. Carter was an advocate of racial tolerance, yet he did not want to make enemies, especially after his peanut warehouse had been boycotted because of his refusal to join White Citizens’ Council. However, he became an influential figure in the community and decided to enter politics with the support of his wife. He started his political career with a seat in the state Senate. When he took office, the Civil Right Movement was in full expansion. Carter with his family became firm supporters of John F. Kennedy. Carter kept quiet on most controversial issues, yet he spoke up several times to defend his views. In the first two years of his political career, Carter focused on legislative issues, making sure to be up to date with the heavy workload. He was elected as member of the Democratic Executive Committee and chairman of the West Central Georgia Planning and Development Commission. On the last day of his second term in the State Senate, he announced his decision to run for Congress. Carter lost two campaigns for governor, in 1966 and 1970. While the first loss put him in debt, he made sure to use the following four years for planning a better campaign. During this time, he became more interested in the Evangelical Church and declared himself a born-again Christian. Running a different, more modern campaign the second time, Carter won the election, despite several bitter moments that put him in an ultra-conservative position among voters. Nevertheless, as soon as he was elected, Carter did not deter himself from criticizing Georgia’s racist politics. Governor of Georgia On January 12, 1971, Carter became the 76th Governor of Georgia. While many conservative voters felt betrayed by his confident speech on the end of racial segregation and social injustice, Carter became popular in the United States as a progressive governor of a “New South”. One of his first measures in the office was to grow the governor’s authority and reduce the influence of the state government, implementing a new organization. However, his priority was civil rights. He focused on expanding the number of black employees in state agencies and he developed new education policies for children from poor communities, mentally challenged children, and convicts. He set new rules for the appointment of judges and state government officials, which were based on direct merit and not political influence as before. During his time as a governor, Carter prepared himself for a potential presidential run by engaging in national politics and increasing the number of public appearances. Several of his attempts to become more popular among the public and to be appointed to key positions proved unsuccessful. In 1976, Carter ran for the Democratic Party presidential primaries, despite weak name recognition. His position as an outsider benefited him greatly, as the Watergate scandal made voters wary of trusting well-known politicians. He soon became a front-runner and launched an intelligent and widespread campaign, traveling to 37 states and delivering over 200 speeches. Having the most effective national strategy, he was nominated. Within 9 months, he raised from an unknown figure to President-elect, especially due to the support of the American elite from the communications media, which helped him carve a favorable reputation. In 1976, Carter was interviewed by Playboy and has remained the only US president with an interview in the famous magazine. President of the United States In 1977, Carter became the President of the United States, after defeating incumbent President Gerald Ford. However, his time in the office coincided with a continuous inflation and recession, combined with an energy crisis, which Carter saw as the moral equivalent of a war. Besides the national issues, which also included a nuclear accident at Three Mile Island, Carter’s efforts had to be concentrated often on calming several international conflicts, in which the United Stated played a key role. Along with the most visible conflicts in the Middle East, Carter had to deal with other tricky political issues such as giving back the Panama Canal, signing the SALT II nuclear arms reduction treaty with the Soviet Union, and handling the 1979 to 1981 Iran hostage crisis. In 1979, the last year of Carter’s term as a President, a group of Iranian students, supporters of the Iranian Revolution held hostage fifty-two Americans in the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, for 444 days. Carter ordered the launch of a secret operation to free the hostages. The Operation Eagle Claw failed, resulting in the dead of eight American servicemen and the destruction of two aircrafts. This failure contributed to Carter’s defeat in the 1980 presidential election. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was one the most difficult moments in Carter’s career, as it implied a threat to global security, especially to the oil supplies that the West received from the Persian Gulf. The Soviet move prompted Carter to make controversial decisions, which led to the intensification of the Cold War and its adjacent conflicts. Carter saw the Soviet act as a dangerous provocation and he spoke publicly about imposing sanctions on the Soviet Union, while providing support and aid to Pakistan for the defense of the Persian Gulf. Backed by Margaret Thatcher, Carter summoned other countries to boycott the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, which resulted in a strange controversy on the international political scene. However, the task of handling the conflict fell on the following President-elect. In the same year with the boycott, Carter run for the presidential re-election, but his popularity had decreased immensely and he lost in the general election to Republican nominee Ronald Reagan, despite having won in the primary. Carter’s second presidential campaign in the 1980 election is considered as one of the most difficult and unsuccessful in history. He had to face equally powerful opponents from the right, center, and left, while the public attention focused on the Iran hostage crisis and the country’s unstable economy. Carter’s presidency did not arouse much enthusiasm from historians studying his work, yet many consider that the post-presidency achievements are much more significant. In the years that followed his term in the White House, Jimmy Carter returned to Georgia and maintained an active life. He began teaching at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia and writing books. In 1982, he founded the Carter Center, a non-profit organization focused on human rights and other charity causes. Carter’s work included extensive travelling for peace negotiations or elections, but also programs focused on disease prevention and eradication in developing countries. He dedicated most of his time to charitable and humanitarian causes to alleviate human suffering, especially in the underdeveloped countries where basic human needs were not met. Carter was also an influential figure in the development of Habitat for Humanity, a project aimed at bringing simple, yet decent housing for poor communities. The extensive and influential work of the Carter Center, with impact on disease eradication, election monitoring, housing, and many other global issues brought Carter a Nobel Peace Prize in 2002. During the following years, he gave speeches and spoke up on international issues. He has been very critical of Israel’s position in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and he often suggested as a solution the formation of two separate states. He did not support Bush’s decisions in the Iraq war. Short Video Biography of Jimmy Carter Carter spends his free time painting, woodworking, cycling or playing tennis. He likes poetry, especially the work of Dylan Thomas. He always had a deep commitment to Christianity. He and his wife Rosalynn have three sons and a daughter. In 2015, Carter had a nearly deadly brush with cancer and said "I just thought I had a few weeks to live" and left his fate "in the hands of God, whom I worship." In August of 2015, he first announced that a deadly form of skin cancer, melanoma, which was first found in his liver, had spread to his brain. It later came out that melanoma spots had reached his brain. Carter underwent treatment with a new drug, Keytruda, and by December of 2015, he announced at Maranatha Baptist Church in Plains, Georgia, the cancer had disappeared. Four months later, he told the congregation that scans showed he was free of cancer and could end treatments. On March 22, 2019, Jimmy Carter reached a personal milestone and became the nation's longest-lived president, surpassing the lifespan of George H. W. Bush, who died at the age of 94 years, 171 days. Carter, Jimmy (1992). Turning Point: A Candidate, a State, and a Nation Come of Age. New York, NY: Three Rivers Press. West, Doug. President Jimmy Carter: A Short Biography. C&D Publications. 2017. "JIMMY CARTER AND THE IRANIAN HOSTAGE CRISIS". White House Historical Association. Jimmy Carter wins Nobel Peace Prize". October 11, 2002. CNN. Accessed December 21, 2016. "Jimmy Carter's Post-Presidency". American Experience. PBS, WGBH. Accessed December 22, 2016. Johnson, Alex. “Jimmy Carter: I Thought I Had 'Two or Three Weeks to Live' After Cancer Diagnosis” August 22, 2016. NBC News. Accessed December 27, 2016. Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum - Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum Welcome to the Jimmy Carter Library and Museum website. The Library in Atlanta, Georgia, is part of the Presidential Library system administered by the National Archives and Records Administration, a Federal government agency. Questions & Answers What were some of President Jimmy Carter's personal strengths and some of his personal weaknesses? President Jimmy Carter was known for his honesty and integrity. After President Nixon and the Watergate scandal, America was looking for president outside of Washington that they could trust. In the general election of 1976, Carter faced Republican incumbent Gerald R. Ford, who had succeeded to the presidency after Richard Nixon’s resignation. Carter barely won the election and became president during a time of high inflation, an energy crisis, and the Iran Hostage Crisis. He is not remembered as a very effective president and only served one term.Helpful 1	<urn:uuid:cdd2626a-7ec2-4299-aa8c-a88eecce0e8a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://owlcation.com/humanities/Jimmy-Carter-A-Short-Biography	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250615407.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124040939-20200124065939-00339.warc.gz	en	0.984228	3,032	3.453125	3	[ -0.27494192123413086, 0.7155210971832275, 0.6230865716934204, -0.009833716787397861, 0.24377097189426422, 0.3686883747577667, 0.39514997601509094, -0.36210474371910095, -0.06410074234008789, 0.37196943163871765, 0.3025944232940674, 0.6073248386383057, 0.4166256785392761, 0.538926362991333,...	3	Jimmy Carter: A Short Biography Jimmy Carter was the 39th President of the United States, in office between January 20, 1977, and January 20, 1981. Though historians have not looked favorably on his years as president, he distinguished himself in the years after his term in office by dedicating himself to human rights and peace advocacy. A Democrat and Baptist from rural Georgia, Carter had served in the U.S. Naval Academy as a naval officer and received several military awards, such as the American Campaign Medal, World War II Victory Medal, China Service Medal, and National Defense Service Medal. He was a peanut farmer before engaging in politics and serving two terms as a Georgia State Senator (1963-1967) and one as the Governor of Georgia (1971-1975). In 2002, Carter received the Nobel Peace Prize for his significant involvement in humanitarian causes through his non-profit Carter Center. Early Life and Education Jimmy Carter was born James Earl Carter Jr. on October 1, 1924, in Plains, Georgia. One of his ancestors was an English immigrant named Thomas Carter who arrived in Virginia in 1635. Thomas Carter’s descendants settled in Georgia, where they were cotton farmers. Carter is also related to the Cornell family, who founded Cornell University. At the time of Carter’s birth, merely 600 people inhabited Plains. His father Earl had been a reserve second lieutenant in the US Army during World War I and he had a successful business in the town, running a general store and investing in farmland. He and his wife, Lillian moved several times before settling in Archery, a small community populated by African American families on the brink of impoverishment. The family worked long hours, and the mother was often absent from the children’s lives. The Carter children were allowed to play with the black farmers’ children in the area. According to Jimmy Carter, "I was the only white child in the neighborhood.” Carter attended the Plains High School between 1930 and 1941. While the United States was suffering the aftermath of the Great Depression at that time, the Carter family benefited from farming subsidies. As a student, Carter was very hard working and had an affinity for reading. He played basketball in the Plains High School team and joined the Future Farmers of America. Around the same period, he became interested in woodworking, which would remain a lifelong hobby. One of Carter’s dreams had always been to enter the U.S. Naval Academy, yet he enrolled at Georgia Southwestern College in 1941 to study engineering. A year later, he transferred to Georgia Tech in Atlanta and his admission to the Naval Academy was accepted in 1943. Carter stood out at the academy for his reserved and quiet personality, in contrast to the general culture of aggressiveness and confidence that was prevalent among the freshmen. However, he was acknowledged as a good student. During his time at the academy, he fell in love with Rosalynn Smith, a friend of his sister Ruth. Carter and Rosalynn married soon after his graduation in 1946. The following years, the couple lived temporarily in several places around the Unites States, such as California, New York, Hawaii, and Virginia, where Carter was deployed. He served on fleets from both the Atlantic and the Pacific. Back to Georgia to Manage the Family Farm After years of serving on submarines, Carter started to prepare for becoming an engineering officer for a nuclear power plant in Schenectady. However, when his father died, he inherited the family business and he and Rosalynn had to decide a new course for their lives. Rosalynn had grown tired of moving around and preferred the comfortable life of Schenectady, while Carter felt disillusioned with the rigidity and restrictions of the military and craved a more tranquil life, like the one of his father. On October 9, 1953, Carter was discharged with honors from the Navy. He remained in the Navy Reserve for eight more years and left the service in 1961 as a lieutenant. After the passing of Jimmy’s father, he received a small inheritance. His inheritance didn’t amount to much as he and his siblings divided the wealth and paid all the debts. Carter, his wife, and their three sons lived for an entire year in a subsidized public housing in Plains. Using his knowledge in science and technology, Carter became interested in expanding the peanut-growing business of his father. The transition to farming was difficult and he had to struggle with banks and credits to maintain the farm. While he was taking classes and reading up on farming topics, his wife Rosalynn learned basic accounting to be able to manage the business on their own. After a year or two, the business grew extensively and became highly successful. Early Political Career Carter became involved in politics while living in Plains. His influence grew at the same time as racial tension intensified in the United States. Carter was an advocate of racial tolerance, yet he did not want to make enemies, especially after his peanut warehouse had been boycotted because of his refusal to join White Citizens’ Council. However, he became an influential figure in the community and decided to enter politics with the support of his wife. He started his political career with a seat in the state Senate. When he took office, the Civil Right Movement was in full expansion. Carter with his family became firm supporters of John F. Kennedy. Carter kept quiet on most controversial issues, yet he spoke up several times to defend his views. In the first two years of his political career, Carter focused on legislative issues, making sure to be up to date with the heavy workload. He was elected as member of the Democratic Executive Committee and chairman of the West Central Georgia Planning and Development Commission. On the last day of his second term in the State Senate, he announced his decision to run for Congress. Carter lost two campaigns for governor, in 1966 and 1970. While the first loss put him in debt, he made sure to use the following four years for planning a better campaign. During this time, he became more interested in the Evangelical Church and declared himself a born-again Christian. Running a different, more modern campaign the second time, Carter won the election, despite several bitter moments that put him in an ultra-conservative position among voters. Nevertheless, as soon as he was elected, Carter did not deter himself from criticizing Georgia’s racist politics. Governor of Georgia On January 12, 1971, Carter became the 76th Governor of Georgia. While many conservative voters felt betrayed by his confident speech on the end of racial segregation and social injustice, Carter became popular in the United States as a progressive governor of a “New South”. One of his first measures in the office was to grow the governor’s authority and reduce the influence of the state government, implementing a new organization. However, his priority was civil rights. He focused on expanding the number of black employees in state agencies and he developed new education policies for children from poor communities, mentally challenged children, and convicts. He set new rules for the appointment of judges and state government officials, which were based on direct merit and not political influence as before. During his time as a governor, Carter prepared himself for a potential presidential run by engaging in national politics and increasing the number of public appearances. Several of his attempts to become more popular among the public and to be appointed to key positions proved unsuccessful. In 1976, Carter ran for the Democratic Party presidential primaries, despite weak name recognition. His position as an outsider benefited him greatly, as the Watergate scandal made voters wary of trusting well-known politicians. He soon became a front-runner and launched an intelligent and widespread campaign, traveling to 37 states and delivering over 200 speeches. Having the most effective national strategy, he was nominated. Within 9 months, he raised from an unknown figure to President-elect, especially due to the support of the American elite from the communications media, which helped him carve a favorable reputation. In 1976, Carter was interviewed by Playboy and has remained the only US president with an interview in the famous magazine. President of the United States In 1977, Carter became the President of the United States, after defeating incumbent President Gerald Ford. However, his time in the office coincided with a continuous inflation and recession, combined with an energy crisis, which Carter saw as the moral equivalent of a war. Besides the national issues, which also included a nuclear accident at Three Mile Island, Carter’s efforts had to be concentrated often on calming several international conflicts, in which the United Stated played a key role. Along with the most visible conflicts in the Middle East, Carter had to deal with other tricky political issues such as giving back the Panama Canal, signing the SALT II nuclear arms reduction treaty with the Soviet Union, and handling the 1979 to 1981 Iran hostage crisis. In 1979, the last year of Carter’s term as a President, a group of Iranian students, supporters of the Iranian Revolution held hostage fifty-two Americans in the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, for 444 days. Carter ordered the launch of a secret operation to free the hostages. The Operation Eagle Claw failed, resulting in the dead of eight American servicemen and the destruction of two aircrafts. This failure contributed to Carter’s defeat in the 1980 presidential election. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was one the most difficult moments in Carter’s career, as it implied a threat to global security, especially to the oil supplies that the West received from the Persian Gulf. The Soviet move prompted Carter to make controversial decisions, which led to the intensification of the Cold War and its adjacent conflicts. Carter saw the Soviet act as a dangerous provocation and he spoke publicly about imposing sanctions on the Soviet Union, while providing support and aid to Pakistan for the defense of the Persian Gulf. Backed by Margaret Thatcher, Carter summoned other countries to boycott the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow, which resulted in a strange controversy on the international political scene. However, the task of handling the conflict fell on the following President-elect. In the same year with the boycott, Carter run for the presidential re-election, but his popularity had decreased immensely and he lost in the general election to Republican nominee Ronald Reagan, despite having won in the primary. Carter’s second presidential campaign in the 1980 election is considered as one of the most difficult and unsuccessful in history. He had to face equally powerful opponents from the right, center, and left, while the public attention focused on the Iran hostage crisis and the country’s unstable economy. Carter’s presidency did not arouse much enthusiasm from historians studying his work, yet many consider that the post-presidency achievements are much more significant. In the years that followed his term in the White House, Jimmy Carter returned to Georgia and maintained an active life. He began teaching at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia and writing books. In 1982, he founded the Carter Center, a non-profit organization focused on human rights and other charity causes. Carter’s work included extensive travelling for peace negotiations or elections, but also programs focused on disease prevention and eradication in developing countries. He dedicated most of his time to charitable and humanitarian causes to alleviate human suffering, especially in the underdeveloped countries where basic human needs were not met. Carter was also an influential figure in the development of Habitat for Humanity, a project aimed at bringing simple, yet decent housing for poor communities. The extensive and influential work of the Carter Center, with impact on disease eradication, election monitoring, housing, and many other global issues brought Carter a Nobel Peace Prize in 2002. During the following years, he gave speeches and spoke up on international issues. He has been very critical of Israel’s position in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and he often suggested as a solution the formation of two separate states. He did not support Bush’s decisions in the Iraq war. Short Video Biography of Jimmy Carter Carter spends his free time painting, woodworking, cycling or playing tennis. He likes poetry, especially the work of Dylan Thomas. He always had a deep commitment to Christianity. He and his wife Rosalynn have three sons and a daughter. In 2015, Carter had a nearly deadly brush with cancer and said "I just thought I had a few weeks to live" and left his fate "in the hands of God, whom I worship." In August of 2015, he first announced that a deadly form of skin cancer, melanoma, which was first found in his liver, had spread to his brain. It later came out that melanoma spots had reached his brain. Carter underwent treatment with a new drug, Keytruda, and by December of 2015, he announced at Maranatha Baptist Church in Plains, Georgia, the cancer had disappeared. Four months later, he told the congregation that scans showed he was free of cancer and could end treatments. On March 22, 2019, Jimmy Carter reached a personal milestone and became the nation's longest-lived president, surpassing the lifespan of George H. W. Bush, who died at the age of 94 years, 171 days. Carter, Jimmy (1992). Turning Point: A Candidate, a State, and a Nation Come of Age. New York, NY: Three Rivers Press. West, Doug. President Jimmy Carter: A Short Biography. C&D Publications. 2017. "JIMMY CARTER AND THE IRANIAN HOSTAGE CRISIS". White House Historical Association. Jimmy Carter wins Nobel Peace Prize". October 11, 2002. CNN. Accessed December 21, 2016. "Jimmy Carter's Post-Presidency". American Experience. PBS, WGBH. Accessed December 22, 2016. Johnson, Alex. “Jimmy Carter: I Thought I Had 'Two or Three Weeks to Live' After Cancer Diagnosis” August 22, 2016. NBC News. Accessed December 27, 2016. Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum - Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum Welcome to the Jimmy Carter Library and Museum website. The Library in Atlanta, Georgia, is part of the Presidential Library system administered by the National Archives and Records Administration, a Federal government agency. Questions & Answers What were some of President Jimmy Carter's personal strengths and some of his personal weaknesses? President Jimmy Carter was known for his honesty and integrity. After President Nixon and the Watergate scandal, America was looking for president outside of Washington that they could trust. In the general election of 1976, Carter faced Republican incumbent Gerald R. Ford, who had succeeded to the presidency after Richard Nixon’s resignation. Carter barely won the election and became president during a time of high inflation, an energy crisis, and the Iran Hostage Crisis. He is not remembered as a very effective president and only served one term.Helpful 1	3,143	ENGLISH	1
Social Security did not really “arrive” in America until 1935. However, there was one precursor to Social Security following the Civil War. At that time in history there were literally “hundreds of thousands” of widows, orphans and disabled veterans. Legislation of 1862 provided for benefits linked to disabilities “incurred as a direct consequence of….military duty.” (1 p. 2). This program allowed widows and orphans to receive the same pension that would have been owed to their deceased soldier if he had been disabled. In 1906, old-age was made a qualification for benefits, and by the year 1910, “Civil War veterans and their survivors enjoyed a program of disability, survivors and old age benefits similar to the later Social Security Programs.” (1 pg. 3). So although Social Security as we know it came years later, this program was a good model for the later social programs. Huey Long was a US Senator from Louisiana in 1930, and was considered a “radical populist.” (1 p. 4). His idea was to confiscate money from the nation’s privileged and distribute it to the poor. He called upon the government to implement his program entitled “Share Our Wealth” and guarantee every family in the nation an annual income of $5,000. Additionally, every person over the age of 60 would receive an old-age pension. (1 p. 4). Following Huey Long’s proposal that had a huge amount of followers and supporters, Francis Townsend, a doctor from Long Beach devised a plan known as the Townsend Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, in which the government would provide $200 per months to every citizen over the age of 60. The person had to be retired, their past had to be free of “habitual criminality,” and the money received had to be spent within the US within 30 days of receipt. (1 p. 5). Of course once the Social Security Act was passed in 1935 some of these alternative movements phased out. The Townsend Act hung in until November of 1949 when it was only 39 member votes short of forcing the House to consider the Townsend Act as a replacement for the Social Security Act. (1 p. 7). Just think: we could be complaining about the Townsend Act Crisis rather than the Social Security crisis! In early January of 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt introduced his program for Social Security to both Houses of Congress for their simultaneous consideration, and the bill passed overwhelmingly in both Houses. The Social Security Act was signed into law by President Roosevelt on August 14, 1935, and along with other provisions was designed to pay retired workers over the age of 65 a continued income after their retirement. (1 p. 8). There have been Several amendments to the original 1935 Social Security Act, for instance, in 1939 Social Security was modified to add benefits to the spouse or minor children of a retired worker, and even added survivor’s benefits, paid to the family in the event of the premature death of a covered worker. (2 p. 2). This modification led to the notion that Social Security, rather than an individual-based program, was a family-based program that was uniquely designed to provide retirement benefits, disability benefits, premature death benefits and even medical costs after retirement. (2 p. 2). The very first monthly retirement check was sent to an individual who had paid a total of $22.54 into the system. The benefits she received over her lifetime amounted to $22,000! (2 p. 2). In 1950 another significant change occurred in the Social Security Act in that the first cost of living adjustment was made. Then in 1954, a stipulation was added that would freeze a worker’s record during the years he was disabled and unable to work. Further, in 1961, the retirement age for men was reduced to 62, with a reduced monthly benefit for those choosing to retire early. The 1972 amendment brought automatic cost of living increases, a minimum monthly benefit was established, and monthly benefits were significantly increased to those individuals waiting until the age of 65 to retire. (2 p. 3). In 1975 a report developed by the Treasury Department showed that the Social Security Payroll taxes collected would not be sufficient to meet Social Security payments by 1979, causing Congress to increase the tax rate, reduce benefits, and make the automatic adjustment to the amount of earnings subject to Social Security independent of cost of living raises. (2 p. 3). Since that time we’ve heard speech after speech from various Presidents on their spin on “fixing” Social Security. The reality is that originally Social Security was a kind of social insurance; the employee paid money into the system, fully expecting that when and if he retired, or became unable to work, all those dollars he had paid into the system would come back to help him survive and take care of his family. Thus the name “insurance,” and the philosophy that it was something that would take care of those who could not take care of themselves came into being. Whether or not our present system is in serious trouble is open for debate. One theory holds that by 2010 the system will be defunct, and those who have paid into the system for many years will have done so in vain. Others believe that the system, while needing some “tweaking” is solid, and will take care of those who have paid into it.	<urn:uuid:bf9c440f-cb51-439d-bd6e-7438f274466e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://webgamesday.com/social-insurance-vs-the-social-security-debate/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251802249.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129194333-20200129223333-00427.warc.gz	en	0.985231	1,118	3.859375	4	[ -0.4697313606739044, 0.09785443544387817, 0.05677586793899536, -0.44665610790252686, 0.043720800429582596, 0.2831612229347229, -0.2520174980163574, -0.1101294606924057, -0.27561771869659424, -0.19160215556621552, 0.5971305966377258, 0.691515326499939, 0.015613595023751259, 0.10681001096963...	5	Social Security did not really “arrive” in America until 1935. However, there was one precursor to Social Security following the Civil War. At that time in history there were literally “hundreds of thousands” of widows, orphans and disabled veterans. Legislation of 1862 provided for benefits linked to disabilities “incurred as a direct consequence of….military duty.” (1 p. 2). This program allowed widows and orphans to receive the same pension that would have been owed to their deceased soldier if he had been disabled. In 1906, old-age was made a qualification for benefits, and by the year 1910, “Civil War veterans and their survivors enjoyed a program of disability, survivors and old age benefits similar to the later Social Security Programs.” (1 pg. 3). So although Social Security as we know it came years later, this program was a good model for the later social programs. Huey Long was a US Senator from Louisiana in 1930, and was considered a “radical populist.” (1 p. 4). His idea was to confiscate money from the nation’s privileged and distribute it to the poor. He called upon the government to implement his program entitled “Share Our Wealth” and guarantee every family in the nation an annual income of $5,000. Additionally, every person over the age of 60 would receive an old-age pension. (1 p. 4). Following Huey Long’s proposal that had a huge amount of followers and supporters, Francis Townsend, a doctor from Long Beach devised a plan known as the Townsend Old Age Revolving Pension Plan, in which the government would provide $200 per months to every citizen over the age of 60. The person had to be retired, their past had to be free of “habitual criminality,” and the money received had to be spent within the US within 30 days of receipt. (1 p. 5). Of course once the Social Security Act was passed in 1935 some of these alternative movements phased out. The Townsend Act hung in until November of 1949 when it was only 39 member votes short of forcing the House to consider the Townsend Act as a replacement for the Social Security Act. (1 p. 7). Just think: we could be complaining about the Townsend Act Crisis rather than the Social Security crisis! In early January of 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt introduced his program for Social Security to both Houses of Congress for their simultaneous consideration, and the bill passed overwhelmingly in both Houses. The Social Security Act was signed into law by President Roosevelt on August 14, 1935, and along with other provisions was designed to pay retired workers over the age of 65 a continued income after their retirement. (1 p. 8). There have been Several amendments to the original 1935 Social Security Act, for instance, in 1939 Social Security was modified to add benefits to the spouse or minor children of a retired worker, and even added survivor’s benefits, paid to the family in the event of the premature death of a covered worker. (2 p. 2). This modification led to the notion that Social Security, rather than an individual-based program, was a family-based program that was uniquely designed to provide retirement benefits, disability benefits, premature death benefits and even medical costs after retirement. (2 p. 2). The very first monthly retirement check was sent to an individual who had paid a total of $22.54 into the system. The benefits she received over her lifetime amounted to $22,000! (2 p. 2). In 1950 another significant change occurred in the Social Security Act in that the first cost of living adjustment was made. Then in 1954, a stipulation was added that would freeze a worker’s record during the years he was disabled and unable to work. Further, in 1961, the retirement age for men was reduced to 62, with a reduced monthly benefit for those choosing to retire early. The 1972 amendment brought automatic cost of living increases, a minimum monthly benefit was established, and monthly benefits were significantly increased to those individuals waiting until the age of 65 to retire. (2 p. 3). In 1975 a report developed by the Treasury Department showed that the Social Security Payroll taxes collected would not be sufficient to meet Social Security payments by 1979, causing Congress to increase the tax rate, reduce benefits, and make the automatic adjustment to the amount of earnings subject to Social Security independent of cost of living raises. (2 p. 3). Since that time we’ve heard speech after speech from various Presidents on their spin on “fixing” Social Security. The reality is that originally Social Security was a kind of social insurance; the employee paid money into the system, fully expecting that when and if he retired, or became unable to work, all those dollars he had paid into the system would come back to help him survive and take care of his family. Thus the name “insurance,” and the philosophy that it was something that would take care of those who could not take care of themselves came into being. Whether or not our present system is in serious trouble is open for debate. One theory holds that by 2010 the system will be defunct, and those who have paid into the system for many years will have done so in vain. Others believe that the system, while needing some “tweaking” is solid, and will take care of those who have paid into it.	1,185	ENGLISH	1
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Number of Pages: 76 Frederick Douglass was born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey in February of 1818 to a black mother and a white father. He was never told who his father was, but he believed it to have been his master at the time, meaning his mother was raped. He only saw his mother a few times before she died when he was 7. They were separated early, as was common for children fathered by white masters. Thus begins the life of one of the most famous abolitionists. Frederick Douglass was a slave for 20 years before he fled Maryland and found himself in New York City. For the next 57 years, he dedicated himself to the cause of the abolition of slavery. This book mostly focuses on Douglass’ first 20 years of life as a slave. At just 76 pages, it was powerful. It’s one of the most important books I’ve read for this project and I was continually amazed at the breadth of experience, pain, and insight contained within each paragraph. It was a book forged through suffering. One of my main takeaways was how Douglass described the abomination of slavery for the slave, but also how it transformed the slaveholder. He said it turned men and women into demons. It made their religion a hypocrisy. It worsened their economic potential. It was an astonishing book that should be required reading. I plan to read David W. Blight’s Pulitzer Prize winning Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom in 2020. One neat thing about Fredrick Douglass is that he was the most photographed man in the 19th century. These photographs had a purpose. Douglass wanted the viewer to confront his direct stare and stern look. He didn’t want to fall into the “happy slave” narrative by smiling for the camera. He wanted you to be confronted with your own thoughts about him as he looked you squarely in the eyes. Those photos are stunning.	<urn:uuid:caef119d-693d-4848-9ddc-be60b16357f0>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.booksoftitans.com/book/narrative-of-the-life-of-frederick-douglass/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687725.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126043644-20200126073644-00216.warc.gz	en	0.990092	409	3.40625	3	[ 0.037118684500455856, 0.5639269948005676, 0.35519635677337646, 0.22225454449653625, -0.22156649827957153, 0.23823320865631104, -0.09005746245384216, 0.0823090672492981, -0.059834498912096024, 0.06265002489089966, 0.02928721345961094, -0.011163672432303429, -0.47844451665878296, 0.378530740...	3	Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Number of Pages: 76 Frederick Douglass was born Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey in February of 1818 to a black mother and a white father. He was never told who his father was, but he believed it to have been his master at the time, meaning his mother was raped. He only saw his mother a few times before she died when he was 7. They were separated early, as was common for children fathered by white masters. Thus begins the life of one of the most famous abolitionists. Frederick Douglass was a slave for 20 years before he fled Maryland and found himself in New York City. For the next 57 years, he dedicated himself to the cause of the abolition of slavery. This book mostly focuses on Douglass’ first 20 years of life as a slave. At just 76 pages, it was powerful. It’s one of the most important books I’ve read for this project and I was continually amazed at the breadth of experience, pain, and insight contained within each paragraph. It was a book forged through suffering. One of my main takeaways was how Douglass described the abomination of slavery for the slave, but also how it transformed the slaveholder. He said it turned men and women into demons. It made their religion a hypocrisy. It worsened their economic potential. It was an astonishing book that should be required reading. I plan to read David W. Blight’s Pulitzer Prize winning Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom in 2020. One neat thing about Fredrick Douglass is that he was the most photographed man in the 19th century. These photographs had a purpose. Douglass wanted the viewer to confront his direct stare and stern look. He didn’t want to fall into the “happy slave” narrative by smiling for the camera. He wanted you to be confronted with your own thoughts about him as he looked you squarely in the eyes. Those photos are stunning.	416	ENGLISH	1
Tuesday, January 8, 2019 Federal Government Essay To what extent did the Federalist administrations of George working capital and fanny Adams get on content bingle and advance the liberty of the national government?George capital letter and John Adams were the first two presidents of the United States. As they had just fought a civil warfare against their oppressive mother demesne, it was only satiscircumstanceory that they were nationalists. Federalists cogitated in national genius and a strong interchange government. They knew that in devote for the country to succeed, a strong central government was needed. As a result, their administrations were make around promotion of national unity and advancements of the authority of the federal official government. However, there was a limit to what extent they were successful.In my opinion, capital letter was highly successful in promoting national unity. Starting from his first inaugural lot into his second term, Washington set a tone and example in wholly his actions th at advanced the authority of the federal government. In his first inaugural address, he express that the federal government would not be exceeding its limits and it will be respected by all others. This gives the rest of the country a feeling of unity and authority.Then, Washingtons secretary, Alexander Hamilton, goes against Thomas Jefferson to posit and back up his view that the topic Bank was musical compositional. Washington, along with Adams, stood by this apprehension throughout their respective terms. This also increase the idea that the federal government had authority. Since Jefferson was discussion that the constitution should be interpreted hard-and-fastly and therefore, the bank was not constitutional, and both Washington and Adams went against him openly on this idea, this showed the country that the federal government had power and it gave them more authority.In addition, The Sedition Act of July 1798 went ahead and change magnitude the authority of the go vernment. It stopped anyone and everyone from talking, writing, and publishing anything phoney and malicious about the government. This way, the media could no monthlong talk bad about anyone associated with the federal government. This act did not unify the nation, just it advanced the authority of the federal government.As you can see, this is why I believe that George Washington and John Adams, and their administrations, promoted national unity and advanced the authority of the federal government. They were strict federalists, who believed in loose interpretation of the constitution and a strong federal government. Heeding come up to their ideals, they built a strong federal government that possessed powerful authority. In addition, their administrations promoted nation unity and did in fact unify citizens all around the country, keep open a few radicals. In conclusion, I believe both Washington and Adams went to broad extents to follow their federalists ideals and as a res ult, they were successful.	<urn:uuid:ef724ac2-4f06-4a96-adfc-a8b2c862510d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://essaysresearchproposals.blogspot.com/2019/01/federal-government-essay.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694176.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127020458-20200127050458-00090.warc.gz	en	0.983286	568	3.28125	3	[ -0.33105239272117615, 0.12126649171113968, 0.16509640216827393, -0.31099987030029297, -0.23058760166168213, 0.750423789024353, 0.5736483335494995, 0.29633575677871704, 0.008751042187213898, 0.06237206608057022, -0.005176004022359848, 0.5866665840148926, 0.20544925332069397, 0.1235067099332...	1	Tuesday, January 8, 2019 Federal Government Essay To what extent did the Federalist administrations of George working capital and fanny Adams get on content bingle and advance the liberty of the national government?George capital letter and John Adams were the first two presidents of the United States. As they had just fought a civil warfare against their oppressive mother demesne, it was only satiscircumstanceory that they were nationalists. Federalists cogitated in national genius and a strong interchange government. They knew that in devote for the country to succeed, a strong central government was needed. As a result, their administrations were make around promotion of national unity and advancements of the authority of the federal official government. However, there was a limit to what extent they were successful.In my opinion, capital letter was highly successful in promoting national unity. Starting from his first inaugural lot into his second term, Washington set a tone and example in wholly his actions th at advanced the authority of the federal government. In his first inaugural address, he express that the federal government would not be exceeding its limits and it will be respected by all others. This gives the rest of the country a feeling of unity and authority.Then, Washingtons secretary, Alexander Hamilton, goes against Thomas Jefferson to posit and back up his view that the topic Bank was musical compositional. Washington, along with Adams, stood by this apprehension throughout their respective terms. This also increase the idea that the federal government had authority. Since Jefferson was discussion that the constitution should be interpreted hard-and-fastly and therefore, the bank was not constitutional, and both Washington and Adams went against him openly on this idea, this showed the country that the federal government had power and it gave them more authority.In addition, The Sedition Act of July 1798 went ahead and change magnitude the authority of the go vernment. It stopped anyone and everyone from talking, writing, and publishing anything phoney and malicious about the government. This way, the media could no monthlong talk bad about anyone associated with the federal government. This act did not unify the nation, just it advanced the authority of the federal government.As you can see, this is why I believe that George Washington and John Adams, and their administrations, promoted national unity and advanced the authority of the federal government. They were strict federalists, who believed in loose interpretation of the constitution and a strong federal government. Heeding come up to their ideals, they built a strong federal government that possessed powerful authority. In addition, their administrations promoted nation unity and did in fact unify citizens all around the country, keep open a few radicals. In conclusion, I believe both Washington and Adams went to broad extents to follow their federalists ideals and as a res ult, they were successful.	564	ENGLISH	1
On August 6, 1945, an atomic bomb was dropped by the US on Hiroshima resulting in more than 80,000 fatalities and 35,000 injuries. More than 90% of the city's infrastructure was completely or partially destroyed and just 85 buildings were left unharmed. It was the first time a nuclear weapon was used during a war. Japan did not immediately surrender and the United States dropped another bomb in Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. 6 days later, Japan surrendered and World War 2 was over. The 2 buildings in Hiroshima survived as they are made from reinforced concrete despite suffering some damage to their windows and doors. The 2 structures that are going to be demolished were constructed in 1913 and they are among the largest buildings that survived the atomic explosion. The buildings that were initially used for clothing and shoe production and later for accommodating students from the Hiroshima University, are located around 2.7 kilometers from the explosion point. After the atomic bombing, the buildings were transformed into a temporary hospital. The demolition was suggested by the Hiroshima government for safety reasons. According to a study conducted in 2017, the buildings are prone to collapse in case of major earthquakes (above M 6.0). In particular, it was found that the structures stand on soft ground while their walls are not capable of supporting the buildings during an intense seismic shock. The structures are not currently inhabited or open to visitors. Officials decided for the demolition to be conducted by 2022. A third building with the same characteristics will not be demolished but it will be repaired in order to withstand large tremblors. Authorities decided to renovate it as it is closest to the location of the explosion and it is considered of higher historical value. Whether this building will be safe to be visited after the repairs is still unknown. Nevertheless, local residents argue with the demolition and are protesting to change the government's decision. “They could be used as facilities toward (promoting) the abolition of nuclear weapons,” Iwao Nakanishi, an 89-year-old survivor of the explosion, stated. Mr. Nakanishi is the leader of a group that fights for the preservation of the aforementioned buildings. The team mentions that they can be utilized as lecture halls or art studios. "These are valuable buildings that are telling us the horror of the atomic bomb. I felt strongly after looking at them directly for the first time so I want all of them to be preserved," a 69-year-old visitor stated.	<urn:uuid:bb37f731-638d-4427-942a-210b7d117496>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.thecivilengineer.org/news-center/latest-news/item/2151-2-buildings-that-survived-the-atomic-bomb-in-hiroshima-to-be-demolished	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700988.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127143516-20200127173516-00551.warc.gz	en	0.981988	500	3.53125	4	[ -0.2092588096857071, 0.14781363308429718, -0.05497221648693085, -0.19577936828136444, 0.5691143274307251, 0.2621777653694153, -0.007206261623650789, 0.32411447167396545, -0.13146181404590607, 0.13716909289360046, 0.16090768575668335, -0.04987253621220589, 0.35804417729377747, 0.58620798587...	7	On August 6, 1945, an atomic bomb was dropped by the US on Hiroshima resulting in more than 80,000 fatalities and 35,000 injuries. More than 90% of the city's infrastructure was completely or partially destroyed and just 85 buildings were left unharmed. It was the first time a nuclear weapon was used during a war. Japan did not immediately surrender and the United States dropped another bomb in Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. 6 days later, Japan surrendered and World War 2 was over. The 2 buildings in Hiroshima survived as they are made from reinforced concrete despite suffering some damage to their windows and doors. The 2 structures that are going to be demolished were constructed in 1913 and they are among the largest buildings that survived the atomic explosion. The buildings that were initially used for clothing and shoe production and later for accommodating students from the Hiroshima University, are located around 2.7 kilometers from the explosion point. After the atomic bombing, the buildings were transformed into a temporary hospital. The demolition was suggested by the Hiroshima government for safety reasons. According to a study conducted in 2017, the buildings are prone to collapse in case of major earthquakes (above M 6.0). In particular, it was found that the structures stand on soft ground while their walls are not capable of supporting the buildings during an intense seismic shock. The structures are not currently inhabited or open to visitors. Officials decided for the demolition to be conducted by 2022. A third building with the same characteristics will not be demolished but it will be repaired in order to withstand large tremblors. Authorities decided to renovate it as it is closest to the location of the explosion and it is considered of higher historical value. Whether this building will be safe to be visited after the repairs is still unknown. Nevertheless, local residents argue with the demolition and are protesting to change the government's decision. “They could be used as facilities toward (promoting) the abolition of nuclear weapons,” Iwao Nakanishi, an 89-year-old survivor of the explosion, stated. Mr. Nakanishi is the leader of a group that fights for the preservation of the aforementioned buildings. The team mentions that they can be utilized as lecture halls or art studios. "These are valuable buildings that are telling us the horror of the atomic bomb. I felt strongly after looking at them directly for the first time so I want all of them to be preserved," a 69-year-old visitor stated.	536	ENGLISH	1
When Aesop penned his fable about a thirsty hero who drops pebbles into a pitcher to raise the water to a sippable height, he was imagining a crow—not an elementary-schooler. And scientists have given real versions of this test to whole flocks of crows and related birds to test their smarts. Now they've turned the tables and given Aesop's test to children. The results are nothing for humans to brag about. By solving one kind of puzzle that stumped crows, though, the kids may have shown how a human mind treats problems differently than a birdbrain. The fable-reenacting corvids I wrote about last year were New Caledonian crows. Faced with a clear tube that held a floating bit of food just below their reach, the crows were able to learn that dropping stones into the water made the food rise closer to their beaks. They learned to choose bigger objects over smaller ones, and to reject lightweight styrofoam chunks in favor of sinking rubber pieces. They also learned that none of these tricks worked in a tube filled with sand instead of water. In a study published this week in PLoS ONE, researchers tested 80 children ranging from age 4 to 10 on tasks that Eurasian jays had faced in earlier studies. They guessed that as children grew older, they would be better able to solve the puzzles. Kids with more developed minds would deduce the relationship between throwing objects into a tube and getting the prize that floated inside. (Rather than a piece of meat, the prize for kids was a token that could be exchanged for a sticker of their choice). The first two tasks were straightforward. In one, kids saw a tube of water and another of sawdust, both with sticker tokens sitting on top. If they learned (over the course of five trials) to drop stones into the water tube and ignore the sawdust one, they passed. In the second test, kids saw one tube of water and a bowl of yellow "marbles." Half the marbles were actually balls of cork. The subjects had to learn to use the marbles to get their sticker token, ignoring the useless cork balls. Between ages 4 and 7, kids were largely able to learn the solutions to these two tasks. This matches the performance of Eurasian jays and New Caledonian crows that took the same tests. It wasn't until children were 8 or older that they solved the puzzles on their first try, outdoing the clever birds. "We were surprised" that it took a kid as old as 8 to consistently outsmart a crow, says senior author Nicola Clayton. Of course, the circumstances weren't exactly equal. The birds were working for highly motivating bits of meat, for example, while the kids could only win stickers. And birds' eyes are right next to their beaks. But kids have hands. The final task was one that the jays in an earlier study had never mastered. Subjects saw three clear tubes. The prize was in the center tube, but only the outer two tubes were wide enough to drop stones into. Invisible to the kids or birds, one of those outer tubes was connected in a U shape to the center one. So dropping stones into this tube would make the water in the middle rise too. It's simple enough to get the prize out, as long as you don't get hung up thinking that what you're seeing is impossible. The youngest children were, like the birds, at a loss. But 7-year-olds could learn to solve the puzzle, and kids 8 or older mastered it quickly. When the researchers asked them afterward how the puzzle worked, some of the kids had it all figured out: "The purple one has a connecting pipe," said one 8-year-old. Others had learned the trick without guessing the mechanism: "One tube makes it go higher, the other doesn’t, dunno why," offered a 7-year-old. The researchers who gave Eurasian jays this task—and watched them fail—guessed that the birds couldn't get past the counterintuitive relationship they were seeing. Human kids may have succeeded because their brains approached the problem differently. Seeing a clear cause and effect (a stone going into one tube and water rising in another), they could learn to use it to their advantage, even without understanding it. Another possibility is that the kids simply had better hints. When the children first faced the baffling U-tube puzzle, researchers had to prompt them to try something and see what happened. The birds didn't have that advantage. Additionally, only two jays were tested in the earlier U-tube study. They were smart enough to solve the other tasks easily, but it's possible they have cleverer peers somewhere who could have solved the third task as well. "We just don't know," Clayton says. Kids today see impossible-seeming things all the time. A wall switch illuminates an entire room; a Wii controller rolls a bowling ball; Grandma appears in the living room via Skype. It may be, the authors say, that accepting impossibilities isn't a normal stage of human brain development at all. Instead, it might be something humans learn when they grow up in technological societies. "This is a question we would love to pursue," Clayton says. Our familiarity with electronic gadgets might be the only thing giving humans a lead over crows in Aesop's challenges. Until that question is answered, we can hold on to the feeling of slight cognitive superiority for a little while longer. Lucy G. Cheke, Elsa Loissel, & Nicola S. Clayton (2012). How Do Children Solve Aesop's Fable? PLoS ONE : 10.1371/journal.pone.0040574 Image: Illustration by Milo Winter for "The Crow and the Pitcher" from Aesop for Children, 1919; uploaded to Flickr by AnnaleeBlysse. Figures from paper by Cheke et al.	<urn:uuid:3fa50777-d303-4945-8b1c-f4512fe7b389>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/it-takes-an-8-year-old-to-outsmart-a-crow	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595282.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119205448-20200119233448-00101.warc.gz	en	0.983067	1,242	3.640625	4	[ -0.20973941683769226, -0.09215797483921051, 0.20296847820281982, 0.19202804565429688, -0.21629425883293152, -0.08390986919403076, 0.40110528469085693, 0.2068350911140442, -0.3213110864162445, 0.1832968294620514, -0.050303440541028976, -0.383029580116272, 0.03262307494878769, 0.034902870655...	7	When Aesop penned his fable about a thirsty hero who drops pebbles into a pitcher to raise the water to a sippable height, he was imagining a crow—not an elementary-schooler. And scientists have given real versions of this test to whole flocks of crows and related birds to test their smarts. Now they've turned the tables and given Aesop's test to children. The results are nothing for humans to brag about. By solving one kind of puzzle that stumped crows, though, the kids may have shown how a human mind treats problems differently than a birdbrain. The fable-reenacting corvids I wrote about last year were New Caledonian crows. Faced with a clear tube that held a floating bit of food just below their reach, the crows were able to learn that dropping stones into the water made the food rise closer to their beaks. They learned to choose bigger objects over smaller ones, and to reject lightweight styrofoam chunks in favor of sinking rubber pieces. They also learned that none of these tricks worked in a tube filled with sand instead of water. In a study published this week in PLoS ONE, researchers tested 80 children ranging from age 4 to 10 on tasks that Eurasian jays had faced in earlier studies. They guessed that as children grew older, they would be better able to solve the puzzles. Kids with more developed minds would deduce the relationship between throwing objects into a tube and getting the prize that floated inside. (Rather than a piece of meat, the prize for kids was a token that could be exchanged for a sticker of their choice). The first two tasks were straightforward. In one, kids saw a tube of water and another of sawdust, both with sticker tokens sitting on top. If they learned (over the course of five trials) to drop stones into the water tube and ignore the sawdust one, they passed. In the second test, kids saw one tube of water and a bowl of yellow "marbles." Half the marbles were actually balls of cork. The subjects had to learn to use the marbles to get their sticker token, ignoring the useless cork balls. Between ages 4 and 7, kids were largely able to learn the solutions to these two tasks. This matches the performance of Eurasian jays and New Caledonian crows that took the same tests. It wasn't until children were 8 or older that they solved the puzzles on their first try, outdoing the clever birds. "We were surprised" that it took a kid as old as 8 to consistently outsmart a crow, says senior author Nicola Clayton. Of course, the circumstances weren't exactly equal. The birds were working for highly motivating bits of meat, for example, while the kids could only win stickers. And birds' eyes are right next to their beaks. But kids have hands. The final task was one that the jays in an earlier study had never mastered. Subjects saw three clear tubes. The prize was in the center tube, but only the outer two tubes were wide enough to drop stones into. Invisible to the kids or birds, one of those outer tubes was connected in a U shape to the center one. So dropping stones into this tube would make the water in the middle rise too. It's simple enough to get the prize out, as long as you don't get hung up thinking that what you're seeing is impossible. The youngest children were, like the birds, at a loss. But 7-year-olds could learn to solve the puzzle, and kids 8 or older mastered it quickly. When the researchers asked them afterward how the puzzle worked, some of the kids had it all figured out: "The purple one has a connecting pipe," said one 8-year-old. Others had learned the trick without guessing the mechanism: "One tube makes it go higher, the other doesn’t, dunno why," offered a 7-year-old. The researchers who gave Eurasian jays this task—and watched them fail—guessed that the birds couldn't get past the counterintuitive relationship they were seeing. Human kids may have succeeded because their brains approached the problem differently. Seeing a clear cause and effect (a stone going into one tube and water rising in another), they could learn to use it to their advantage, even without understanding it. Another possibility is that the kids simply had better hints. When the children first faced the baffling U-tube puzzle, researchers had to prompt them to try something and see what happened. The birds didn't have that advantage. Additionally, only two jays were tested in the earlier U-tube study. They were smart enough to solve the other tasks easily, but it's possible they have cleverer peers somewhere who could have solved the third task as well. "We just don't know," Clayton says. Kids today see impossible-seeming things all the time. A wall switch illuminates an entire room; a Wii controller rolls a bowling ball; Grandma appears in the living room via Skype. It may be, the authors say, that accepting impossibilities isn't a normal stage of human brain development at all. Instead, it might be something humans learn when they grow up in technological societies. "This is a question we would love to pursue," Clayton says. Our familiarity with electronic gadgets might be the only thing giving humans a lead over crows in Aesop's challenges. Until that question is answered, we can hold on to the feeling of slight cognitive superiority for a little while longer. Lucy G. Cheke, Elsa Loissel, & Nicola S. Clayton (2012). How Do Children Solve Aesop's Fable? PLoS ONE : 10.1371/journal.pone.0040574 Image: Illustration by Milo Winter for "The Crow and the Pitcher" from Aesop for Children, 1919; uploaded to Flickr by AnnaleeBlysse. Figures from paper by Cheke et al.	1,244	ENGLISH	1
Bilal is sometimes referred to as Bilal Al-Habashi paying tribute to his Ethiopian (Abyssinian) heritage. The Sahabi (companion) Bilal ibn Rabah was one of the men closest to Prophet Muhammad. He began life as a slave, survived many tortuous years, was the first person to be selected for the call to prayer (Azan) because of his melodious voice, stood fast in the service of Islam and died at the age of sixty four. Time and time again the story of Bilal is used to demonstrate how the concepts of pluralism and racial equality are imbedded in Islam. Bilal was born into slavery; his mother was a slave in the household of Umayyah ibn Khalaf. Bilal had a reputation for being a faithful hardworking slave and we can surmise that he had no illusions about life. He probably thought that he would live a life of drudgery and die never having tasted freedom. He did however walk the earth at a very significant time in world history. It was the dawning of Islam and an unlettered man was calling the people to worship One God; in Arabic, Ahad, the One. Bilal’s master was one of the leaders of Quraish, thus Bilal was able to hear their opinions about life in Mecca and their discussions about Prophet Muhammad. The economic life of Mecca was dependent on idol worship and Prophet Muhammad’s teachings threatened to destroy that livelihood. Prophet Muhammad was also from the tribe of Quraish and the people could not help but recognize his integrity. Bilal heard the discussions going back and forth and no doubt decided that a message of mercy, forgiveness and justice was a light and a hope worth clinging to. Bilal declared his acceptance of the message of Islam and his life or drudgery and abuse turned into a nightmare of pain. Bilal was attracted to the concept of One God, Ahad and it was that word that essentially saved his life. Biographer Ibn Ishaq informs us that Bilal suffered terribly for his immediate acceptance of Muhammad’s message of Islam. He was beaten mercilessly, dragged by his neck around the hills of Mecca and made to suffer long periods of starvation and thirst under the scorching Meccan sun. Ibn Ishaq wrote that Bilal’s master Umayyah ibn Khalaf, “…would bring him out at the hottest part of the day and throw him on his back in the open valley and have a great rock put on his chest; then he would say to him, ‘You will stay here until you die or deny Muhammad and worship Al-Lat and Al-Uzza”. Bilal would not renounce Islam and uttered only one word – Ahad. The news of this slave came to companions of the Prophet who informed the Messenger of Allah. The Prophet sent Abu Bakr to negotiate the emancipation of Bilal. Abu Bakr Siddiq visited Umayyah and his people while they were torturing Bilal. Abu Bakr shouted to them: “Are you killing a man because he says, ‘Allah is my Lord?’ ” Then Abu Bakr shouted at Umayah ibn Khalaf, master of Bilal, ” Take more than his price and free him. “ Umayyah liked the offer of Abu Bakr because he thought that the sale of Bilal to Abu Bakr brought him more than the death of his servant. Umayyah sold Bilal to Abu Bakr . Abu Bakr immediately emancipated Bilal and Bilal took his place among the free men. When Abu Bakr Siddiq passed his arm around Bilal, rushing with him to freedom, Umayah said to him: “If you had refused to buy it with the exception of an ounce of gold, I would have sold it to you.” Abu Bakr realized that it was appropriate not to answer, but because they violated the dignity of this man who had become his brother and his equal, he replied to Umayah saying: “By Allah, if you had refused to sell him, within a hundred ounces, I would have paid it.” Then Abu Bakr left with his Bilal to the Messenger of Allah, giving him news of his release and a big feast was held. Bilal (R.A.) became one of the most faithful and loyal companion of the Prophet (SAW). – a brief and fascinating life-story of Bilal ibn Rabah (RA), an Afro-Arab companion of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) Photo: Map of Africa ornate with ethnic fabrics	<urn:uuid:53954c38-499f-45f7-8795-ac0a22c7f420>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://universalspirituality.blog/2020/01/06/unchained/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778168.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128091916-20200128121916-00557.warc.gz	en	0.985118	972	3.34375	3	[ -0.619897723197937, 0.5221363306045532, -0.1959361732006073, 0.05345364287495613, -0.3263266086578369, -0.09525804221630096, 0.41928642988204956, 0.21615895628929138, 0.06722186505794525, -0.3439929783344269, 0.09376829862594604, -0.2684408724308014, 0.20744961500167847, -0.052820622920989...	7	Bilal is sometimes referred to as Bilal Al-Habashi paying tribute to his Ethiopian (Abyssinian) heritage. The Sahabi (companion) Bilal ibn Rabah was one of the men closest to Prophet Muhammad. He began life as a slave, survived many tortuous years, was the first person to be selected for the call to prayer (Azan) because of his melodious voice, stood fast in the service of Islam and died at the age of sixty four. Time and time again the story of Bilal is used to demonstrate how the concepts of pluralism and racial equality are imbedded in Islam. Bilal was born into slavery; his mother was a slave in the household of Umayyah ibn Khalaf. Bilal had a reputation for being a faithful hardworking slave and we can surmise that he had no illusions about life. He probably thought that he would live a life of drudgery and die never having tasted freedom. He did however walk the earth at a very significant time in world history. It was the dawning of Islam and an unlettered man was calling the people to worship One God; in Arabic, Ahad, the One. Bilal’s master was one of the leaders of Quraish, thus Bilal was able to hear their opinions about life in Mecca and their discussions about Prophet Muhammad. The economic life of Mecca was dependent on idol worship and Prophet Muhammad’s teachings threatened to destroy that livelihood. Prophet Muhammad was also from the tribe of Quraish and the people could not help but recognize his integrity. Bilal heard the discussions going back and forth and no doubt decided that a message of mercy, forgiveness and justice was a light and a hope worth clinging to. Bilal declared his acceptance of the message of Islam and his life or drudgery and abuse turned into a nightmare of pain. Bilal was attracted to the concept of One God, Ahad and it was that word that essentially saved his life. Biographer Ibn Ishaq informs us that Bilal suffered terribly for his immediate acceptance of Muhammad’s message of Islam. He was beaten mercilessly, dragged by his neck around the hills of Mecca and made to suffer long periods of starvation and thirst under the scorching Meccan sun. Ibn Ishaq wrote that Bilal’s master Umayyah ibn Khalaf, “…would bring him out at the hottest part of the day and throw him on his back in the open valley and have a great rock put on his chest; then he would say to him, ‘You will stay here until you die or deny Muhammad and worship Al-Lat and Al-Uzza”. Bilal would not renounce Islam and uttered only one word – Ahad. The news of this slave came to companions of the Prophet who informed the Messenger of Allah. The Prophet sent Abu Bakr to negotiate the emancipation of Bilal. Abu Bakr Siddiq visited Umayyah and his people while they were torturing Bilal. Abu Bakr shouted to them: “Are you killing a man because he says, ‘Allah is my Lord?’ ” Then Abu Bakr shouted at Umayah ibn Khalaf, master of Bilal, ” Take more than his price and free him. “ Umayyah liked the offer of Abu Bakr because he thought that the sale of Bilal to Abu Bakr brought him more than the death of his servant. Umayyah sold Bilal to Abu Bakr . Abu Bakr immediately emancipated Bilal and Bilal took his place among the free men. When Abu Bakr Siddiq passed his arm around Bilal, rushing with him to freedom, Umayah said to him: “If you had refused to buy it with the exception of an ounce of gold, I would have sold it to you.” Abu Bakr realized that it was appropriate not to answer, but because they violated the dignity of this man who had become his brother and his equal, he replied to Umayah saying: “By Allah, if you had refused to sell him, within a hundred ounces, I would have paid it.” Then Abu Bakr left with his Bilal to the Messenger of Allah, giving him news of his release and a big feast was held. Bilal (R.A.) became one of the most faithful and loyal companion of the Prophet (SAW). – a brief and fascinating life-story of Bilal ibn Rabah (RA), an Afro-Arab companion of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) Photo: Map of Africa ornate with ethnic fabrics	943	ENGLISH	1
Emmeline, The Orphan of the Castle is the first novel written by English writer Charlotte Turner Smith; it was published in 1788. A Cinderella story in which the heroine stands outside the traditional economic structures of English society and ends up wealthy and happy, the novel is a fantasy. At the same time, it criticises the traditional marriage arrangements of the 18th century, which allowed women little choice and prioritised the needs of the family. Smith's criticisms of marriage stemmed from her personal experience and several of the secondary characters are thinly veiled depictions of her family, a technique which both intrigued and repelled contemporary readers. Emmeline comments on the 18th-century novel tradition, presenting reinterpretations of scenes from famous earlier works, such as Samuel Richardson's Clarissa (1747–48). Moreover, the novel extends and develops the tradition of Gothic fiction. In combination with this, Smith's style marks her as an early Romantic. Her characters learn about their identities from nature and her landscape descriptions are imbued with political messages about gender relations. Smith had separated from her husband in 1787 and was forced to write to support herself and her children. She quickly began writing novels, which were profitable at the time. Emmeline was published a year later in 1788; the first edition sold out quickly. Smith's novel was so successful that her publisher paid her more than he had initially promised. The novel was printed in the United States, translated into French, and issued several times during the 19th century. Smith and her husband had a tumultuous relationship and in April 1787, after twenty-two years of marriage, she left him. She wrote that she might "have been contented to reside in the same house with him", had not "his temper been so capricious and often so cruel" that her "life was not safe". Her father-in-law had settled money on her children and she expected to receive the money within a year of the separation, thinking she would have to support her children for only a year or so. She never received the money during her lifetime, however, and was forced to write until her death in 1806. To support her ten living children, she had to produce many works and quickly. She wrote almost every day and once works were sent to the printer, they were rarely revised or corrected. Lorraine Fletcher notes in her introduction to the Broadview Press of Emmeline, "there were times when she did not know how a novel would finish even when she was well into the last volume", however outright errors were "rare". Emmeline is set in Pembroke, Wales and centres around the eponymous heroine. Her parents are both dead and she has been supported by her father's brother, Lord Montreville, at Mowbray Castle. It is suggested at the beginning of the novel that Emmeline's parents were not married when she was born, making her illegitimate; on these grounds, Lord Montreville has claimed Mowbray Castle for himself and his family. Emmeline has been left to be raised by servants, but through reading, she has become educated and accomplished and catches the eye of Lord Montreville's son, Lord Delamere. Delamere falls in love with her and proposes but Emmeline refuses him because his father does not approve and she feels only sisterly affection for him. To escape Delamere's protestations of love, Emmeline leaves Mowbray Castle and lives first with Mrs. Stafford and then Mrs. Ashwood, where Delamere continues to pursue her. Emmeline also rejects the suits of other rich men, confounding the people around her. The Croft family, lawyers who are trying to rise in society, have influence over and control Lord Montreville. The younger Croft son secretly marries the eldest Montreville daughter to secure a fortune—a most unfortunate match from Lord Montreville's perspective. Delamere abducts Emmeline: he attempts to take her to Scotland and to force her to marry him. However, after falling ill of a fever, she convinces him to abandon his plans. When Delamere’s mother, Lady Montreville, becomes ill, he is compelled to visit his family. To help her recover, he promises not to see Emmeline for a year. If, after that period, he still loves her, his parents promise to allow him to marry her and she reluctantly agrees. Emmeline becomes friends with Augusta, Delamere’s sister. Augusta marries Lord Westhaven, who by happenstance, is the brother of Emmeline’s new acquaintance in the country—Adelina. Adelina left her dissipated husband for a lover who abandoned her with a child. She is so distraught that when she sees her brother, Lord Westhaven, she fears his chastisement so much that she briefly goes insane. Emmeline nurses her and her baby; while doing so, she meets Adelina's other brother, Godolphin. The Crofts circulate rumours of Emmeline’s infidelity to Delamere and when he visits her and sees her with Adelina’s child, he assumes the child is hers and abandons her. Emmeline then travels to France with Mrs. Stafford and Augusta, where she discovers her parents were actually married and that she deserves to inherit Mowbray Castle. Lord Montreville hands the estate over to her, after discovering he was duped by the Crofts. Delamere becomes ill upon discovering that Emmeline was never unfaithful to him. She nurses him, but refuses to marry him. His mother dies in her anxiety over his condition and he dies fighting a duel over his sister’s lover. In the end, Emmeline marries Godolphin. Emmeline criticises the traditional marriage arrangements of the 18th century, which allowed women little choice and prioritised the needs of the family. Mrs. Stafford, for example, is married quite young to a man with whom she has little in common; only her love for her children keeps her in the marriage (children legally belonged to their father at this time). She has the opportunity to take a lover, but she rejects this option. The novel’s plot reveals the consequences for a woman who does choose this route. Adelina, who was also married young and is unhappy, accepts a lover (the same one Mrs. Stafford rejects). As Fletcher explains, the doubling of the two characters invites a comparison and “in keeping with the increasingly liberal tone of the time the narrator allows Adelina to be happy in the end.” The doubling also “suggest[s] that 'good' and 'bad' women have more in common that some readers were prepared to accept in 1788”. Unlike in most 18th-century novels, the "fallen" woman does not die. As punishment, Adelina goes mad, but she is rewarded in the end—her husband dies and she remarries a man who makes her happy. Because Emmeline is thought to be illegitimate, she stands outside the official social structure for most of the novel. She must often choose between a family she claims as her own (the Montrevilles) and her own desires. As Fletcher explains, “she embodies a fantasy that has often engaged novel readers, the fantasy that a young woman can win devoted love and overcome all difficulties by her personal qualities alone, without the help of family or dowry.” In writing a version of the Cinderella fairy tale, Smith highlights the disjunction between the fantasy and the 18th-century reality that women without property had little worth in English society. Through the Staffords, Smith draws a picture of her marriage. Throughout her career, beginning with Elegiac Sonnets (1784), Smith represented her own personal struggles in her works. In the Staffords, she showed a "responsible wife and devoted mother, who attempts to avert her husband's disgrace". In a direct parallel to Smith's own life, Mrs. Stafford must deal with her husband's creditors after which the family flees to France. Adelina also resembles elements of Smith's history, particularly the unhappy marriage that is forced on her early in life by her family. In Emmeline Smith begins a pattern of using secondary heroines to tell her story. Readers who knew her story, which she made public, could identify with her personally. As Fletcher explains, "she shrewdly promoted her career, gained sympathy for her problems as a single mother and turned herself into a celebrity through self-revelation." Initially readers found this technique fascinating and persuasive, but over the years, they came to agree with poet Anna Seward:"I have always been told that Mrs. Smith designed, nay that she acknowledges, the characters of Mr. and Mrs. Stafford to be drawn for herself and her husband. Whatever may be Mr. Smith's faults, surely it was as wrong as indelicate, to hold up the man, whose name she bears, the father of her children, to public contempt in a novel." Smith explores femininity through her portrayal of marriage of property and masculinity through duelling. She compares and contrasts different forms of duelling through five different male characters. Mr. Elkerton is terrified of fighting in a duel; he remains part of the commercial class, failing to achieve the respectability of a gentleman. The elder Croft brother, also part of the commercial class, fails to challenge his wife's lover to a duel. In these characters, Smith demonstrates her "contempt for the commercial class". However, she also criticises "aristocratic recklessnes and self-indulgence" in the characters of Delamere and de Bellozane—both fight duels intending to kill their opponents. It is the hero Godolphin who navigates a middle way. He threatens a duel but is dissuaded from carrying it out by the women in the story. Smith's novel comments on the development of the genre during the 18th century. For example, usually the heroine marries the first man she thinks of as a possible husband in the novel, but this is not the case in Emmeline. Emmeline marries Godolphin, a character who does not appear until half-way through the narrative. Some readers felt that this was dangerous, since it suggested that the ideal woman would have a romantic past. Smith also rewrites earlier scenes from best-selling novels, offering her own interpretation of them. For example, “Delamere's half-tricking, half-forcing Emmeline into a waiting coach” mirrors a scene from Samuel Richardson’s Clarissa (1747–48). However, unlike Richardson's tale, Smith's does not end tragically but rather with Delamere succumbing to Emmeline's wishes and returning her safe to her home. The structure of Emmeline follows the Cinderella pattern: the poor, social outcast becomes rich and socially acceptable. This easy plot resolution, which was expected by readers at the time, was unconvincing to some, such as novelist Walter Scott; others have argued that the ending was meant to feel false and thus force readers to attend to the injustices outlined earlier in the novel. The castle is a metaphor for Emmeline's body: Delamere wants to possess both. When he first encounters Emmeline, he attempts to rape her, breaking into her room. She escapes through the winding staircases of the Gothic castle, mimicking a scene in Horace Walpole's Gothic novel The Castle of Otranto (1764). Darker elements of the Gothic appear in the Adelina plot line, as she descends into madness and fears violence from those surrounding her. Smith's novels were praised for their descriptions of landscapes, a technique new to the novel in the late eighteenth century. In Emmeline, the heroine's identity is formed by her encounters with nature, necessitating intricate descriptions of the heroine's mind and surrounding nature. Smith's descriptions were particularly literary, drawing on Thomas Gray's Memoirs of the Life and Writing of Mr. Gray (1775), William Gilpin's Observations on the River Wye (1782), and Edmund Burke's A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (1757). For example, Emmeline observes that the storm she sees from the Isle of Wight, has "grandeur [which] gratified her taste for the sublime", indicating a Burkean view of nature. In the scene, Godolphin, a naval officer, assumes authority and rescues a foundering party. Burke had associated the sublime with masculinity and the beautiful with femininity; Smith follows him here and indicates to the reader, via the setting, that Godolphin is the hero. However, Smith challenges these strict gender conventions, for example, when she has Emmeline decide to care for Adelina and disregard the social risk involved. Smith describes nature precisely, accurately listing flowers and trees, but she also adds "an emotional and political colouring". As Fletcher explains, "To be in Nature is to recognise, to learn and ultimately to choose. Her protagonists must look at the forms of nature to find themselves. In this sense Smith is an early Romantic". Emmeline was published in four volumes by Thomas Cadell in April 1788 and sold for twelve shillings. The first edition of 1500 copies sold out quickly and a corrected second edition was quickly issued. The novel was so successful that Cadell paid her more than he had promised, altogether 200 guineas. Four additional editions were published before the end of the 18th century and five during the 19th century. The novel was translated into French, with six editions of L’Orpheline du Chateau appearing before 1801. There was also a Philadelphia edition in 1802. The novel was not reprinted in the 20th century until Oxford University Press’s 1971 edition. In general, the novel was "warmly received" and "the reviewers were mainly complimentary". The Critical Review compared it favourably with Frances Burney's Cecilia, particularly the detail of its characterisation. The Monthly Review praised it generally, saying "the whole is conducted with a considerable degree of art; that the characters are natural, and well discriminated: that the fable is uncommonly interesting; and that the moral is forcible and just". Mary Wollstonecraft, who reviewed the novel anonymously for the Analytical Review did not agree with the majority of reviewers, however. She "lamented" "that the false expectations these wild scenes excite, tend to debauch the mind, and throw an insipid kind of uniformity over the moderate and rational prospects of life, consequently adventures are sought for and created, when duties are neglected, and content despised." However, she did single out the virtuous character of Mrs. Stafford for praise.	<urn:uuid:eaf876e2-9bd7-414d-bb4b-ea17f1fbb69b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://alchetron.com/Emmeline	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694176.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127020458-20200127050458-00302.warc.gz	en	0.980698	3,099	3.296875	3	[ -0.08543166518211365, 0.42550206184387207, 0.30573198199272156, 0.355488121509552, -0.2569645047187805, -0.028247183188796043, -0.26721805334091187, -0.1741488128900528, 0.2178046554327011, 0.33289217948913574, -0.10401783883571625, 0.351500928401947, 0.3387718200683594, 0.0086809247732162...	1	Emmeline, The Orphan of the Castle is the first novel written by English writer Charlotte Turner Smith; it was published in 1788. A Cinderella story in which the heroine stands outside the traditional economic structures of English society and ends up wealthy and happy, the novel is a fantasy. At the same time, it criticises the traditional marriage arrangements of the 18th century, which allowed women little choice and prioritised the needs of the family. Smith's criticisms of marriage stemmed from her personal experience and several of the secondary characters are thinly veiled depictions of her family, a technique which both intrigued and repelled contemporary readers. Emmeline comments on the 18th-century novel tradition, presenting reinterpretations of scenes from famous earlier works, such as Samuel Richardson's Clarissa (1747–48). Moreover, the novel extends and develops the tradition of Gothic fiction. In combination with this, Smith's style marks her as an early Romantic. Her characters learn about their identities from nature and her landscape descriptions are imbued with political messages about gender relations. Smith had separated from her husband in 1787 and was forced to write to support herself and her children. She quickly began writing novels, which were profitable at the time. Emmeline was published a year later in 1788; the first edition sold out quickly. Smith's novel was so successful that her publisher paid her more than he had initially promised. The novel was printed in the United States, translated into French, and issued several times during the 19th century. Smith and her husband had a tumultuous relationship and in April 1787, after twenty-two years of marriage, she left him. She wrote that she might "have been contented to reside in the same house with him", had not "his temper been so capricious and often so cruel" that her "life was not safe". Her father-in-law had settled money on her children and she expected to receive the money within a year of the separation, thinking she would have to support her children for only a year or so. She never received the money during her lifetime, however, and was forced to write until her death in 1806. To support her ten living children, she had to produce many works and quickly. She wrote almost every day and once works were sent to the printer, they were rarely revised or corrected. Lorraine Fletcher notes in her introduction to the Broadview Press of Emmeline, "there were times when she did not know how a novel would finish even when she was well into the last volume", however outright errors were "rare". Emmeline is set in Pembroke, Wales and centres around the eponymous heroine. Her parents are both dead and she has been supported by her father's brother, Lord Montreville, at Mowbray Castle. It is suggested at the beginning of the novel that Emmeline's parents were not married when she was born, making her illegitimate; on these grounds, Lord Montreville has claimed Mowbray Castle for himself and his family. Emmeline has been left to be raised by servants, but through reading, she has become educated and accomplished and catches the eye of Lord Montreville's son, Lord Delamere. Delamere falls in love with her and proposes but Emmeline refuses him because his father does not approve and she feels only sisterly affection for him. To escape Delamere's protestations of love, Emmeline leaves Mowbray Castle and lives first with Mrs. Stafford and then Mrs. Ashwood, where Delamere continues to pursue her. Emmeline also rejects the suits of other rich men, confounding the people around her. The Croft family, lawyers who are trying to rise in society, have influence over and control Lord Montreville. The younger Croft son secretly marries the eldest Montreville daughter to secure a fortune—a most unfortunate match from Lord Montreville's perspective. Delamere abducts Emmeline: he attempts to take her to Scotland and to force her to marry him. However, after falling ill of a fever, she convinces him to abandon his plans. When Delamere’s mother, Lady Montreville, becomes ill, he is compelled to visit his family. To help her recover, he promises not to see Emmeline for a year. If, after that period, he still loves her, his parents promise to allow him to marry her and she reluctantly agrees. Emmeline becomes friends with Augusta, Delamere’s sister. Augusta marries Lord Westhaven, who by happenstance, is the brother of Emmeline’s new acquaintance in the country—Adelina. Adelina left her dissipated husband for a lover who abandoned her with a child. She is so distraught that when she sees her brother, Lord Westhaven, she fears his chastisement so much that she briefly goes insane. Emmeline nurses her and her baby; while doing so, she meets Adelina's other brother, Godolphin. The Crofts circulate rumours of Emmeline’s infidelity to Delamere and when he visits her and sees her with Adelina’s child, he assumes the child is hers and abandons her. Emmeline then travels to France with Mrs. Stafford and Augusta, where she discovers her parents were actually married and that she deserves to inherit Mowbray Castle. Lord Montreville hands the estate over to her, after discovering he was duped by the Crofts. Delamere becomes ill upon discovering that Emmeline was never unfaithful to him. She nurses him, but refuses to marry him. His mother dies in her anxiety over his condition and he dies fighting a duel over his sister’s lover. In the end, Emmeline marries Godolphin. Emmeline criticises the traditional marriage arrangements of the 18th century, which allowed women little choice and prioritised the needs of the family. Mrs. Stafford, for example, is married quite young to a man with whom she has little in common; only her love for her children keeps her in the marriage (children legally belonged to their father at this time). She has the opportunity to take a lover, but she rejects this option. The novel’s plot reveals the consequences for a woman who does choose this route. Adelina, who was also married young and is unhappy, accepts a lover (the same one Mrs. Stafford rejects). As Fletcher explains, the doubling of the two characters invites a comparison and “in keeping with the increasingly liberal tone of the time the narrator allows Adelina to be happy in the end.” The doubling also “suggest[s] that 'good' and 'bad' women have more in common that some readers were prepared to accept in 1788”. Unlike in most 18th-century novels, the "fallen" woman does not die. As punishment, Adelina goes mad, but she is rewarded in the end—her husband dies and she remarries a man who makes her happy. Because Emmeline is thought to be illegitimate, she stands outside the official social structure for most of the novel. She must often choose between a family she claims as her own (the Montrevilles) and her own desires. As Fletcher explains, “she embodies a fantasy that has often engaged novel readers, the fantasy that a young woman can win devoted love and overcome all difficulties by her personal qualities alone, without the help of family or dowry.” In writing a version of the Cinderella fairy tale, Smith highlights the disjunction between the fantasy and the 18th-century reality that women without property had little worth in English society. Through the Staffords, Smith draws a picture of her marriage. Throughout her career, beginning with Elegiac Sonnets (1784), Smith represented her own personal struggles in her works. In the Staffords, she showed a "responsible wife and devoted mother, who attempts to avert her husband's disgrace". In a direct parallel to Smith's own life, Mrs. Stafford must deal with her husband's creditors after which the family flees to France. Adelina also resembles elements of Smith's history, particularly the unhappy marriage that is forced on her early in life by her family. In Emmeline Smith begins a pattern of using secondary heroines to tell her story. Readers who knew her story, which she made public, could identify with her personally. As Fletcher explains, "she shrewdly promoted her career, gained sympathy for her problems as a single mother and turned herself into a celebrity through self-revelation." Initially readers found this technique fascinating and persuasive, but over the years, they came to agree with poet Anna Seward:"I have always been told that Mrs. Smith designed, nay that she acknowledges, the characters of Mr. and Mrs. Stafford to be drawn for herself and her husband. Whatever may be Mr. Smith's faults, surely it was as wrong as indelicate, to hold up the man, whose name she bears, the father of her children, to public contempt in a novel." Smith explores femininity through her portrayal of marriage of property and masculinity through duelling. She compares and contrasts different forms of duelling through five different male characters. Mr. Elkerton is terrified of fighting in a duel; he remains part of the commercial class, failing to achieve the respectability of a gentleman. The elder Croft brother, also part of the commercial class, fails to challenge his wife's lover to a duel. In these characters, Smith demonstrates her "contempt for the commercial class". However, she also criticises "aristocratic recklessnes and self-indulgence" in the characters of Delamere and de Bellozane—both fight duels intending to kill their opponents. It is the hero Godolphin who navigates a middle way. He threatens a duel but is dissuaded from carrying it out by the women in the story. Smith's novel comments on the development of the genre during the 18th century. For example, usually the heroine marries the first man she thinks of as a possible husband in the novel, but this is not the case in Emmeline. Emmeline marries Godolphin, a character who does not appear until half-way through the narrative. Some readers felt that this was dangerous, since it suggested that the ideal woman would have a romantic past. Smith also rewrites earlier scenes from best-selling novels, offering her own interpretation of them. For example, “Delamere's half-tricking, half-forcing Emmeline into a waiting coach” mirrors a scene from Samuel Richardson’s Clarissa (1747–48). However, unlike Richardson's tale, Smith's does not end tragically but rather with Delamere succumbing to Emmeline's wishes and returning her safe to her home. The structure of Emmeline follows the Cinderella pattern: the poor, social outcast becomes rich and socially acceptable. This easy plot resolution, which was expected by readers at the time, was unconvincing to some, such as novelist Walter Scott; others have argued that the ending was meant to feel false and thus force readers to attend to the injustices outlined earlier in the novel. The castle is a metaphor for Emmeline's body: Delamere wants to possess both. When he first encounters Emmeline, he attempts to rape her, breaking into her room. She escapes through the winding staircases of the Gothic castle, mimicking a scene in Horace Walpole's Gothic novel The Castle of Otranto (1764). Darker elements of the Gothic appear in the Adelina plot line, as she descends into madness and fears violence from those surrounding her. Smith's novels were praised for their descriptions of landscapes, a technique new to the novel in the late eighteenth century. In Emmeline, the heroine's identity is formed by her encounters with nature, necessitating intricate descriptions of the heroine's mind and surrounding nature. Smith's descriptions were particularly literary, drawing on Thomas Gray's Memoirs of the Life and Writing of Mr. Gray (1775), William Gilpin's Observations on the River Wye (1782), and Edmund Burke's A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (1757). For example, Emmeline observes that the storm she sees from the Isle of Wight, has "grandeur [which] gratified her taste for the sublime", indicating a Burkean view of nature. In the scene, Godolphin, a naval officer, assumes authority and rescues a foundering party. Burke had associated the sublime with masculinity and the beautiful with femininity; Smith follows him here and indicates to the reader, via the setting, that Godolphin is the hero. However, Smith challenges these strict gender conventions, for example, when she has Emmeline decide to care for Adelina and disregard the social risk involved. Smith describes nature precisely, accurately listing flowers and trees, but she also adds "an emotional and political colouring". As Fletcher explains, "To be in Nature is to recognise, to learn and ultimately to choose. Her protagonists must look at the forms of nature to find themselves. In this sense Smith is an early Romantic". Emmeline was published in four volumes by Thomas Cadell in April 1788 and sold for twelve shillings. The first edition of 1500 copies sold out quickly and a corrected second edition was quickly issued. The novel was so successful that Cadell paid her more than he had promised, altogether 200 guineas. Four additional editions were published before the end of the 18th century and five during the 19th century. The novel was translated into French, with six editions of L’Orpheline du Chateau appearing before 1801. There was also a Philadelphia edition in 1802. The novel was not reprinted in the 20th century until Oxford University Press’s 1971 edition. In general, the novel was "warmly received" and "the reviewers were mainly complimentary". The Critical Review compared it favourably with Frances Burney's Cecilia, particularly the detail of its characterisation. The Monthly Review praised it generally, saying "the whole is conducted with a considerable degree of art; that the characters are natural, and well discriminated: that the fable is uncommonly interesting; and that the moral is forcible and just". Mary Wollstonecraft, who reviewed the novel anonymously for the Analytical Review did not agree with the majority of reviewers, however. She "lamented" "that the false expectations these wild scenes excite, tend to debauch the mind, and throw an insipid kind of uniformity over the moderate and rational prospects of life, consequently adventures are sought for and created, when duties are neglected, and content despised." However, she did single out the virtuous character of Mrs. Stafford for praise.	3,105	ENGLISH	1
Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UK Essays. In history, art has changed frequently. With new concepts and experimental ways, the new art forms slowly become accepted by society, while the previous techniques fade into the background; however, the old techniques are not forgotten. Within every era, the new techniques that come from the creative minds and their ideas, have established more from the inspiration of old skills, like the change from Renaissance to Mannerism; this lead to the furthering of different art styles in the future generations. Background info on genre, time period and country of origin The Italian Renaissance was the arising point of modern age. The period stretched from 1400 to 1550, originating from Florence, Italy. It was the revival of scientific and artistic innovations. It was also the revitalization of Greek and Roman learning. This essential time period linked the relation of the middle ages to the modern age. The Italian Renaissance was split into two phases, the Early Renaissance and the High Renaissance. The High Renaissance, at the climax of Renaissance art from 1500 to 1525, was the result of the culmination of the different artistic progression of the Early Renaissance. During the 1520s of the Italian Renaissance, High Renaissance was exaggerated to Mannerism. The High Renaissance was an era that brought total creative genius to the world in history. Characterisitcs of art being done during that time and mediums used The changes in art during the Italian Renaissance were clearly seen in paintings and sculptures. While the artists continued to use religious subject matter, they combined the idea with the principles of the human figure and the appeal in depicting nature. Artists began experimenting with their paintings by using oil-based paints, which were workable for several months due to the slow drying pace of the paints. The “fresco technique”, developed during the Italian Renaissance and used by artists like Michelangelo, involved painting on plasters walls. Light and perspective was familiarized to give a sense of reality through three-dimensional imagery. Artists gained new insight and techniques to their concept of space and form in the Italian Renaissance, which has thus changed art forever. Background info on artist Tiziano Vecellio, also more famously known as Titian, was one of the greatest artists of the High Rennaissance. He was born in Pieve di Cadore, Italy. The year of his birth is highly disputed between scholars, but it is believed to be between 1477 and 1488. As a young boy, he was an apprentice to Giovanni Bellinni, another outstanding painter in Italy at the time. In 1508, the now young independent painter, Titian, joined the Venetian painter, Giorgione to beautify the facade of the Fondaco dei Tedeschi in Venice. Titian’s work was mistaken as a new and improved style of Giorgione. The teamwork between the two artists led to more art collaboration; together, they explored oil painting techniques, by ways like directly applying an undiluted medium on the canvas. At the death of Giovanni Bellini in 1516, it left Titian with no adversary in Venice, which let him receive his old master’s job as the official painter to the Republic. His first major public commission was the Assumption of the Virgin which was painted for the Basilica of Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari in Venice. In 1533, he was appointed as the court painter of Charles V, the most powerful man of the century, being Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and the King of Spain. In 1548, he spent nine months in Augsburg with the Imperial Court. After half a decade, he commences a series of “poesie” for Phillip II in 1554. Although Titian was not a man of much education, he was one of great talent. Titian was an elegant and charming man who was also attractive and interesting in conversation, which made it easy for him to build relationships and connections with powerful people. Over the span of twenty years, Titian created relationships and connections with princely patronage, while continuing work for other Venetian churches. As he grew older, his eyesight worsened and his hand control was weakening. Unfortunately, during a plague outbreak, Titian died, on August 27, 1576, as a rich and famous man. He was interred into the Church of Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari. His universal reputation continues to be known to this modern day. Styles and techniques used by artist Titian was an infamous Venetian painter during the High Renaissance. He was known for his bright rich colours and his bold brush work. The bold use of colour and the lush sumptuous layers were the result of much preparation, the medium used and the surface chosen. Mythological paintings, religious paintings, portraits, and churches were just some of the works he accomplished. His artwork should be viewed from a distance to get the as it was desired to be seen. Much of his skills were influenced by Giorgione, where he improved his style with new elements and perfection. From 1530 to 1550, his approach and style became more and more dramatic. The unique practices Titian painted with combined with his great talent were what made him an amazing painter. As Titian matured as an artist, he had as specific methods to his paintings. First, he sketched his pictures with loads of colour that forms the groundwork of the work of art. For up to several months, without looking, he left his composition facing a wall. He then returned to them to build up figures, make changes, and correct any wrongs. When retouching his working, he dealt with highlights by harmonizing colours and tones by rubbing the composition with his fingers. An alternate way was by adding strokes and bright spots with his fingers to perfect his work. As he grew older, he began to paint with his fingers more. He believed that “It is not bright colors but good drawing that makes figures beautiful.” Detailed analysis of artwork Titian’s masterpiece, Bacchanal of the Andrians, shows that it is a complete success through design elements. The composition of the work of art is arranged with the human figures spread out evenly across the horizontal span of the canvas. The colours involved are rich and bold; they are not too bright to be overtaking the whole piece. The harmonic bond between the tones and colour that is used by Titian is infamous. The contrast in colour between the two sides balances each other out. The contrast in colour in the dress of the dancing couple compared to the rest of the drinking people, bring it out two a secondary focal point. With naked woman in the corner as the focal point, it brings the eyes throughout the painting, from the focal point to the dancing couple to the other people. Bachannal of the Adrians seems to be interpreting a message of celebration. This may be the possibility of a marriage due to the dancing couple in bolder colours and the amount of activities (drinking, partying, and sheet music) involved. However, these actions could also indicate a celebration due to the homecoming of an important person. The characters involved in the work of art have great meaning too. The woman in the white dress may represent innocence; the other ladies may represent vulnerability and jealousy as seen from their positioning and facial emotions. The nude men surrounding the other women may represent lust and want, as they are in some way in contact, physically or optically, to the women. New art techniques were and still are developed through time. Titian, one of the greatest artists of the high Renaissance, was one who established new skills and techniques from others through his life that inspired others to create more throughout history. There are many steps involved in art to fuel to this advancement. According to Titian, “Painting done under pressure by artists without the necessary talent can only give rise to formlessness, as painting is a profession that requires peace of mind.” UKEssays have over 500 professional essay writers, ready and waiting to help you with your studies.Find out more Cite This Work To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: Related ServicesView all DMCA / Removal Request If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have the essay published on the UK Essays website then please:	<urn:uuid:711e918d-2a54-4c09-b429-fdd61ac5b07e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.ukessays.com/essays/arts/titian-and-bacchanal-of-the-andrians-art-essay.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694176.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127020458-20200127050458-00513.warc.gz	en	0.980337	1,757	3.828125	4	[ -0.2098705768585205, 0.21684491634368896, 0.5515586733818054, 0.01925366371870041, -0.4647175073623657, 0.18022944033145905, -0.2746279537677765, 0.25987178087234497, -0.04509167745709419, 0.0385873056948185, 0.20864591002464294, -0.18133486807346344, 0.012836480513215065, 0.31707686185836...	1	Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UK Essays. In history, art has changed frequently. With new concepts and experimental ways, the new art forms slowly become accepted by society, while the previous techniques fade into the background; however, the old techniques are not forgotten. Within every era, the new techniques that come from the creative minds and their ideas, have established more from the inspiration of old skills, like the change from Renaissance to Mannerism; this lead to the furthering of different art styles in the future generations. Background info on genre, time period and country of origin The Italian Renaissance was the arising point of modern age. The period stretched from 1400 to 1550, originating from Florence, Italy. It was the revival of scientific and artistic innovations. It was also the revitalization of Greek and Roman learning. This essential time period linked the relation of the middle ages to the modern age. The Italian Renaissance was split into two phases, the Early Renaissance and the High Renaissance. The High Renaissance, at the climax of Renaissance art from 1500 to 1525, was the result of the culmination of the different artistic progression of the Early Renaissance. During the 1520s of the Italian Renaissance, High Renaissance was exaggerated to Mannerism. The High Renaissance was an era that brought total creative genius to the world in history. Characterisitcs of art being done during that time and mediums used The changes in art during the Italian Renaissance were clearly seen in paintings and sculptures. While the artists continued to use religious subject matter, they combined the idea with the principles of the human figure and the appeal in depicting nature. Artists began experimenting with their paintings by using oil-based paints, which were workable for several months due to the slow drying pace of the paints. The “fresco technique”, developed during the Italian Renaissance and used by artists like Michelangelo, involved painting on plasters walls. Light and perspective was familiarized to give a sense of reality through three-dimensional imagery. Artists gained new insight and techniques to their concept of space and form in the Italian Renaissance, which has thus changed art forever. Background info on artist Tiziano Vecellio, also more famously known as Titian, was one of the greatest artists of the High Rennaissance. He was born in Pieve di Cadore, Italy. The year of his birth is highly disputed between scholars, but it is believed to be between 1477 and 1488. As a young boy, he was an apprentice to Giovanni Bellinni, another outstanding painter in Italy at the time. In 1508, the now young independent painter, Titian, joined the Venetian painter, Giorgione to beautify the facade of the Fondaco dei Tedeschi in Venice. Titian’s work was mistaken as a new and improved style of Giorgione. The teamwork between the two artists led to more art collaboration; together, they explored oil painting techniques, by ways like directly applying an undiluted medium on the canvas. At the death of Giovanni Bellini in 1516, it left Titian with no adversary in Venice, which let him receive his old master’s job as the official painter to the Republic. His first major public commission was the Assumption of the Virgin which was painted for the Basilica of Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari in Venice. In 1533, he was appointed as the court painter of Charles V, the most powerful man of the century, being Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and the King of Spain. In 1548, he spent nine months in Augsburg with the Imperial Court. After half a decade, he commences a series of “poesie” for Phillip II in 1554. Although Titian was not a man of much education, he was one of great talent. Titian was an elegant and charming man who was also attractive and interesting in conversation, which made it easy for him to build relationships and connections with powerful people. Over the span of twenty years, Titian created relationships and connections with princely patronage, while continuing work for other Venetian churches. As he grew older, his eyesight worsened and his hand control was weakening. Unfortunately, during a plague outbreak, Titian died, on August 27, 1576, as a rich and famous man. He was interred into the Church of Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari. His universal reputation continues to be known to this modern day. Styles and techniques used by artist Titian was an infamous Venetian painter during the High Renaissance. He was known for his bright rich colours and his bold brush work. The bold use of colour and the lush sumptuous layers were the result of much preparation, the medium used and the surface chosen. Mythological paintings, religious paintings, portraits, and churches were just some of the works he accomplished. His artwork should be viewed from a distance to get the as it was desired to be seen. Much of his skills were influenced by Giorgione, where he improved his style with new elements and perfection. From 1530 to 1550, his approach and style became more and more dramatic. The unique practices Titian painted with combined with his great talent were what made him an amazing painter. As Titian matured as an artist, he had as specific methods to his paintings. First, he sketched his pictures with loads of colour that forms the groundwork of the work of art. For up to several months, without looking, he left his composition facing a wall. He then returned to them to build up figures, make changes, and correct any wrongs. When retouching his working, he dealt with highlights by harmonizing colours and tones by rubbing the composition with his fingers. An alternate way was by adding strokes and bright spots with his fingers to perfect his work. As he grew older, he began to paint with his fingers more. He believed that “It is not bright colors but good drawing that makes figures beautiful.” Detailed analysis of artwork Titian’s masterpiece, Bacchanal of the Andrians, shows that it is a complete success through design elements. The composition of the work of art is arranged with the human figures spread out evenly across the horizontal span of the canvas. The colours involved are rich and bold; they are not too bright to be overtaking the whole piece. The harmonic bond between the tones and colour that is used by Titian is infamous. The contrast in colour between the two sides balances each other out. The contrast in colour in the dress of the dancing couple compared to the rest of the drinking people, bring it out two a secondary focal point. With naked woman in the corner as the focal point, it brings the eyes throughout the painting, from the focal point to the dancing couple to the other people. Bachannal of the Adrians seems to be interpreting a message of celebration. This may be the possibility of a marriage due to the dancing couple in bolder colours and the amount of activities (drinking, partying, and sheet music) involved. However, these actions could also indicate a celebration due to the homecoming of an important person. The characters involved in the work of art have great meaning too. The woman in the white dress may represent innocence; the other ladies may represent vulnerability and jealousy as seen from their positioning and facial emotions. The nude men surrounding the other women may represent lust and want, as they are in some way in contact, physically or optically, to the women. New art techniques were and still are developed through time. Titian, one of the greatest artists of the high Renaissance, was one who established new skills and techniques from others through his life that inspired others to create more throughout history. There are many steps involved in art to fuel to this advancement. According to Titian, “Painting done under pressure by artists without the necessary talent can only give rise to formlessness, as painting is a profession that requires peace of mind.” UKEssays have over 500 professional essay writers, ready and waiting to help you with your studies.Find out more Cite This Work To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: Related ServicesView all DMCA / Removal Request If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have the essay published on the UK Essays website then please:	1,761	ENGLISH	1
The Gift of the Magi Analysis Example In our world, people frequently aren’t as thoughtful as they could be. Yet those special few who put the most thought into their gifts, who make decisions to maximize the happiness of others, find that others will reciprocate their thoughtfulness. In the story “Gift of the Magi,” by an unknown author, Della, the protagonist, is thoughtful. She is thoughtful because, when Christmas comes, she spends “many hours” thinking, she gives up her most valuable possession, and she searches every shop in the city, to find a Christmas gift for Jim, her husband. Furthermore, Jim reciprocates for thoughtfulness by giving up his most valuable possession to get a gift for her. Finally, despite the fact that her gift ended up being useless, the story states that she is happy, showing that she understands that it is the thought that counts. First, Della spends many hours trying to think of a gift for Jim. Most people don’t put that much thought in their gifts. Frequently, we just randomly see an item and think, “Oh, so-and-so might like that,” when we’re now really looking for a gift. But not Della. Della plans to get Jim a gift for the entire year, saving her pennies when she goes shopping. In addition, she is not able to think of a gift “almost worth the honor of belonging to Jim.” This shows that she was very thoughtful in choosing a gift, and wanted the best gift she could give. In addition, and most importantly, Della gives up her most prized and valuable possession, her hair, to buy Jim a gift. Almost no one, would be willing to do so, because they would have nothing to replace their most prized possession. Some would say Della was foolish to sell her hair. Rather, it really was the best thing she could have done. The fact that she did this shows that she is very selfless and thinks about others first. Furthermore, Della searches every shop in the city to find a gift, which ends up being the golden chain for Jim’s gold pocket watch. It is noted in the story this took two hours. Nowadays, no one would search for two hours to find one gift, especially considering that Della did not even know what to look for. Della must have been thinking about what Jim liked, gauging his reaction to every item in the stores, to find the perfect gift. When she does find a gift for Jim, a golden chain for his pocket watch, she thinks that the gift “surely had been made for him and no one else,” also noting that the golden chain, like Jim, had “quietness and value.” Thus we can say that she thinks about how to make people happy, that she is thinking about other people when she makes a decision. Finally, she is happy even when she learns that her gift is useless, that Jim sold his gold pocket watch to buy the bejeweled combs. Anyone would be upset to learn that, and I suppose Della was. But it is implied that she was still glad that Jim appreciated how far she went to get the golden chain, and she appreciated how far Jim went to obtain the combs. This tells us that, not only does she think of others before making decisions, she also appreciates how others think of her before making decisions. As mentioned earlier, Della is one of those “special few” who are thoughtful to the maximum. True to the law mentioned above, others (in this case, Jim) reciprocate her thoughtfulness. Jim, like Della, sells his most valuable possession, his gold pocket watch, to buy Della the jeweled combs, which of course was a very thoughtful act. This proves the law that good deeds, such as being thoughtful, will eventually be reciprocated. When people are thoughtful, they find that others reciprocate their thoughtfulness. “Gift of the Magi” is no exception. Della spends many hours thinking, gives up her most prized possession, her beautiful hair, which extended down to her knees, and searches every shop in the city, to find a Christmas gift for Jim, showing that she is thoughtful. In return, Jim gives up his most prized possession, his gold watch, which had been passed down to him by his grandfather, to buy the jeweled combs for Della’s hair. And, despite the fact that Jim’s gift was useless, she was thoughtful in appreciating how far he went to get the combs. At first read, it seems that the main lesson in “Gift of the Magi” is that it’s the thought that counts. However, the larger lesson is that good deeds, such as being thoughtful, will be reciprocated by others. - Alzheimer's Disease is Curable Essay Example - America was Founded by Immigrants Essay Example - Argumentative Essay On Abortion - Buyer Behavior Model: Consumer Behavior - My Favorite Photo Essay Example - Play Analysis Essay Example - Problems of the Traditional Educational System Essay Example - The Analysis of Sugar Relationships Essay Example - The Effect of Modern Technologies on Our Lives - The Ethics Surrounding Stem Cells Research Essay Example	<urn:uuid:cec22b94-5d90-428c-833c-4bc9d83033b3>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://samples.essaytopicsmasters.com/argumentative/the-gift-of-the-magi-analysis-example	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694176.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127020458-20200127050458-00193.warc.gz	en	0.985231	1,126	3.421875	3	[ -0.7760415077209473, 0.36818188428878784, 0.2997458279132843, -0.2542131543159485, -0.1524156779050827, -0.02770734578371048, 0.9975366592407227, 0.2190524935722351, 0.00552185345441103, -0.281216561794281, -0.14666718244552612, 0.48804008960723877, 0.13087265193462372, 0.5783384442329407,...	1	The Gift of the Magi Analysis Example In our world, people frequently aren’t as thoughtful as they could be. Yet those special few who put the most thought into their gifts, who make decisions to maximize the happiness of others, find that others will reciprocate their thoughtfulness. In the story “Gift of the Magi,” by an unknown author, Della, the protagonist, is thoughtful. She is thoughtful because, when Christmas comes, she spends “many hours” thinking, she gives up her most valuable possession, and she searches every shop in the city, to find a Christmas gift for Jim, her husband. Furthermore, Jim reciprocates for thoughtfulness by giving up his most valuable possession to get a gift for her. Finally, despite the fact that her gift ended up being useless, the story states that she is happy, showing that she understands that it is the thought that counts. First, Della spends many hours trying to think of a gift for Jim. Most people don’t put that much thought in their gifts. Frequently, we just randomly see an item and think, “Oh, so-and-so might like that,” when we’re now really looking for a gift. But not Della. Della plans to get Jim a gift for the entire year, saving her pennies when she goes shopping. In addition, she is not able to think of a gift “almost worth the honor of belonging to Jim.” This shows that she was very thoughtful in choosing a gift, and wanted the best gift she could give. In addition, and most importantly, Della gives up her most prized and valuable possession, her hair, to buy Jim a gift. Almost no one, would be willing to do so, because they would have nothing to replace their most prized possession. Some would say Della was foolish to sell her hair. Rather, it really was the best thing she could have done. The fact that she did this shows that she is very selfless and thinks about others first. Furthermore, Della searches every shop in the city to find a gift, which ends up being the golden chain for Jim’s gold pocket watch. It is noted in the story this took two hours. Nowadays, no one would search for two hours to find one gift, especially considering that Della did not even know what to look for. Della must have been thinking about what Jim liked, gauging his reaction to every item in the stores, to find the perfect gift. When she does find a gift for Jim, a golden chain for his pocket watch, she thinks that the gift “surely had been made for him and no one else,” also noting that the golden chain, like Jim, had “quietness and value.” Thus we can say that she thinks about how to make people happy, that she is thinking about other people when she makes a decision. Finally, she is happy even when she learns that her gift is useless, that Jim sold his gold pocket watch to buy the bejeweled combs. Anyone would be upset to learn that, and I suppose Della was. But it is implied that she was still glad that Jim appreciated how far she went to get the golden chain, and she appreciated how far Jim went to obtain the combs. This tells us that, not only does she think of others before making decisions, she also appreciates how others think of her before making decisions. As mentioned earlier, Della is one of those “special few” who are thoughtful to the maximum. True to the law mentioned above, others (in this case, Jim) reciprocate her thoughtfulness. Jim, like Della, sells his most valuable possession, his gold pocket watch, to buy Della the jeweled combs, which of course was a very thoughtful act. This proves the law that good deeds, such as being thoughtful, will eventually be reciprocated. When people are thoughtful, they find that others reciprocate their thoughtfulness. “Gift of the Magi” is no exception. Della spends many hours thinking, gives up her most prized possession, her beautiful hair, which extended down to her knees, and searches every shop in the city, to find a Christmas gift for Jim, showing that she is thoughtful. In return, Jim gives up his most prized possession, his gold watch, which had been passed down to him by his grandfather, to buy the jeweled combs for Della’s hair. And, despite the fact that Jim’s gift was useless, she was thoughtful in appreciating how far he went to get the combs. At first read, it seems that the main lesson in “Gift of the Magi” is that it’s the thought that counts. However, the larger lesson is that good deeds, such as being thoughtful, will be reciprocated by others. - Alzheimer's Disease is Curable Essay Example - America was Founded by Immigrants Essay Example - Argumentative Essay On Abortion - Buyer Behavior Model: Consumer Behavior - My Favorite Photo Essay Example - Play Analysis Essay Example - Problems of the Traditional Educational System Essay Example - The Analysis of Sugar Relationships Essay Example - The Effect of Modern Technologies on Our Lives - The Ethics Surrounding Stem Cells Research Essay Example	1,071	ENGLISH	1
January 21, 2020 FEMALE BUFFALO SOLDIER – PRIVATE William Cathay or Cathay Williams BY JANICE FRALIN-STEELE This is the story of one of U.S. history’s most extraordinary women to have ever put on a uniform. She was born Cathay Williams, but history will best remember her as William Cathay: the only female Buffalo Soldier. Cathay Williams was born into slavery in Independence Missouri in 1842. She was owned by a wealthy plantation owner who died when she was a child. Shortly after the Civil War began the Union Soldiers took her and other slaves with them. During this time she learned to cook and became a paid servant during the course of the war. After the war was over she faced the possibility of being unemployed but free. Being the independent woman that she was, she refused to be dependent on anyone. As dangerous as it was, she decided to enlist into the army. Knowing that it was illegal for a woman to enlist in the army, she had no choice by to pose as a man (durning those days the enlistment process didn’t include a physical or any legal documents.) Cathay Williams became William Cathay and along with her cousin and a friend were assigned to the 38th U.S. infantry. At the close of the Civil War the U.S. government found itself with over 180,000 African-American (freed slaves) still enlisted as soldiers. At the time popular opinion was that good non-Black men would take all the jobs and destroy their communities. There were those who just didn’t want to see Black soldiers in their communities. Congress created a place for these soldiers. Congress reorganized the army and sent Black soldiers to patrol the new western frontier. They were no longer called Union Soldiers but became better known as Buffalo Soldiers. It is a little known black history fact that they were given this name by the Native Americans because of their dark skin and hair like buffalos (this was in no way a derogatory statement but just how Native Americans saw them). William Cathay was able to perform all the duties as any other soldier. At no time did she try to bring attention to herself. Her secret identity was only known by the two people who enlisted with her. Life for Buffalo Soldiers was by no means easy. They were exposed to the harshest treatment as well as harsh discipline. They faced racism, poor food, poor equipment, and lack of shelter. Never the less she maintained her in the infantry regiment. Shortly after her enlisting, she became ill with the Small Pox and a case of rheumatism. It is unsure how long this went on. After a period of time she got past her illness and went back to her company. Against all odds, she was able to keep her identity a secret from the army for two years; however, she came down with another illness that was ongoing. At that time she decided to seek medical attention by the company surgeon and her true identity was revealed. On October 14, 1868, William Cathay received an honorable discharged from the Army, but still she was denied her pension and all benefits. Little was know of her life after she left the military. The time of her birth and death were also unknown. What is known is that she preformed her duty for her country at a very important time in African-American history. It is also a little known black history fact that Cathay Williams secured her place in history by being the first female Buffalo Soldier. Her courage and bravery will never be forgotten. African-Americans have serve in war time since Colonial times but The Buffalo Soldiers were the first to serve in peacetime. Soultic magazine proudly solutes Cathay Williams and all Buffalo Soldiers who proudly served this country.	<urn:uuid:251a73f0-5100-420f-8c7d-10c514e39d9a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.soultic.com/articles/female-buffalo-soldier-private-william-cathay-or-cathay-williams/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783000.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128184745-20200128214745-00150.warc.gz	en	0.991844	782	3.703125	4	[ -0.25299036502838135, 0.007382945157587528, 0.19592873752117157, 0.1132577657699585, -0.17262592911720276, -0.08147667348384857, 0.2964778542518616, 0.05078151822090149, -0.1310965120792389, 0.21298128366470337, 0.2536604702472687, -0.1599569469690323, -0.376752108335495, 0.133436560630798...	9	January 21, 2020 FEMALE BUFFALO SOLDIER – PRIVATE William Cathay or Cathay Williams BY JANICE FRALIN-STEELE This is the story of one of U.S. history’s most extraordinary women to have ever put on a uniform. She was born Cathay Williams, but history will best remember her as William Cathay: the only female Buffalo Soldier. Cathay Williams was born into slavery in Independence Missouri in 1842. She was owned by a wealthy plantation owner who died when she was a child. Shortly after the Civil War began the Union Soldiers took her and other slaves with them. During this time she learned to cook and became a paid servant during the course of the war. After the war was over she faced the possibility of being unemployed but free. Being the independent woman that she was, she refused to be dependent on anyone. As dangerous as it was, she decided to enlist into the army. Knowing that it was illegal for a woman to enlist in the army, she had no choice by to pose as a man (durning those days the enlistment process didn’t include a physical or any legal documents.) Cathay Williams became William Cathay and along with her cousin and a friend were assigned to the 38th U.S. infantry. At the close of the Civil War the U.S. government found itself with over 180,000 African-American (freed slaves) still enlisted as soldiers. At the time popular opinion was that good non-Black men would take all the jobs and destroy their communities. There were those who just didn’t want to see Black soldiers in their communities. Congress created a place for these soldiers. Congress reorganized the army and sent Black soldiers to patrol the new western frontier. They were no longer called Union Soldiers but became better known as Buffalo Soldiers. It is a little known black history fact that they were given this name by the Native Americans because of their dark skin and hair like buffalos (this was in no way a derogatory statement but just how Native Americans saw them). William Cathay was able to perform all the duties as any other soldier. At no time did she try to bring attention to herself. Her secret identity was only known by the two people who enlisted with her. Life for Buffalo Soldiers was by no means easy. They were exposed to the harshest treatment as well as harsh discipline. They faced racism, poor food, poor equipment, and lack of shelter. Never the less she maintained her in the infantry regiment. Shortly after her enlisting, she became ill with the Small Pox and a case of rheumatism. It is unsure how long this went on. After a period of time she got past her illness and went back to her company. Against all odds, she was able to keep her identity a secret from the army for two years; however, she came down with another illness that was ongoing. At that time she decided to seek medical attention by the company surgeon and her true identity was revealed. On October 14, 1868, William Cathay received an honorable discharged from the Army, but still she was denied her pension and all benefits. Little was know of her life after she left the military. The time of her birth and death were also unknown. What is known is that she preformed her duty for her country at a very important time in African-American history. It is also a little known black history fact that Cathay Williams secured her place in history by being the first female Buffalo Soldier. Her courage and bravery will never be forgotten. African-Americans have serve in war time since Colonial times but The Buffalo Soldiers were the first to serve in peacetime. Soultic magazine proudly solutes Cathay Williams and all Buffalo Soldiers who proudly served this country.	782	ENGLISH	1
Health education takes place within the context of social and economic settings. All programmes for health-related behaviour change have a cost in term of resources, money, time or social and economic factors. In this report I will be talking about Jamie Oliver approach the strength and weakness of his healthy eating approach. For example Jamie Oliver strives to improve unhealthy diets and poor cooking habits in the United Kingdom and the United States but the government spend a lot of money to campaign his idea and to promote healthier school meals. There is many strength of Jamie Oliver approach. One strength is …show more content… There was a great deal of variation in the level of concern felt by parents. In part there was variation by age, with primary school children less likely to be aware of who was and was not in receipt of Free School Meal (FSM). However, it was clear that stigma was eliminated if children were in schools where FSM recipients cannot be identified. For example, in schools where meals are pre-paid for or where cashless systems operate – such as a card based or biometric system. One mother interviewed stated that the card system they use at her child’s school means ‘all the kids are the same’. Some parent quoted “The menu at my child’s school is interesting, varied and nutritious.” On the other hand some parent believes their child gets bullied because they receive free school meal. One parent quoted “They believe the staffs think they are worthless.” Also they believe the school doesn’t	<urn:uuid:6b991cdf-2a98-46ff-ba27-4283a2648eda>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.majortests.com/essay/M1-Assess-how-the-social-context-may-F3XMGVUQAS.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250615407.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124040939-20200124065939-00524.warc.gz	en	0.981544	315	3.375	3	[ 0.24501977860927582, 0.08916342258453369, 0.32528749108314514, -0.1597871333360672, 0.06239065155386925, 0.13456428050994873, -0.039895638823509216, -0.01943165250122547, -0.0016062029171735048, -0.25333648920059204, 0.016393007710576057, -0.20880568027496338, 0.10673187673091888, 0.197269...	1	Health education takes place within the context of social and economic settings. All programmes for health-related behaviour change have a cost in term of resources, money, time or social and economic factors. In this report I will be talking about Jamie Oliver approach the strength and weakness of his healthy eating approach. For example Jamie Oliver strives to improve unhealthy diets and poor cooking habits in the United Kingdom and the United States but the government spend a lot of money to campaign his idea and to promote healthier school meals. There is many strength of Jamie Oliver approach. One strength is …show more content… There was a great deal of variation in the level of concern felt by parents. In part there was variation by age, with primary school children less likely to be aware of who was and was not in receipt of Free School Meal (FSM). However, it was clear that stigma was eliminated if children were in schools where FSM recipients cannot be identified. For example, in schools where meals are pre-paid for or where cashless systems operate – such as a card based or biometric system. One mother interviewed stated that the card system they use at her child’s school means ‘all the kids are the same’. Some parent quoted “The menu at my child’s school is interesting, varied and nutritious.” On the other hand some parent believes their child gets bullied because they receive free school meal. One parent quoted “They believe the staffs think they are worthless.” Also they believe the school doesn’t	294	ENGLISH	1
1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Harold II. HAROLD II. (c. 1022–1066), king of the English, the second son of Earl Godwine, was born about 1022. While still very young (before 1045) he was appointed to the earldom of the East-Angles. He shared his father’s outlawry and banishment in 1051; but while Godwine went to Flanders, Harold with his brother Leofwine took refuge in Ireland. In 1052 Harold and Leofwine returned. Having plundered in the west of England, they joined their father, and were with him at the assembly which decreed the restoration of the whole family. Harold was now restored to his earldom of the East-Angles, and on his father’s death in 1053 he succeeded him in the greater earldom of the West-Saxons. He was now the chief man in the kingdom, and when the older earls Leofric and Siward died his power increased yet more, and the latter part of Edward’s reign was virtually the reign of Harold. In 1055 he drove back the Welsh, who had burned Hereford. In 1063 came the great Welsh war, in which Harold, with the help of his brother Tostig, crushed the power of Gruffyd, who was killed by his own people. But in spite of his power and his prowess, Harold was the minister of the king rather than his personal favourite. This latter position rather belonged to Tostig, who on the death of Siward in 1055 received the earldom of Northumberland. Here, however, his harshness soon provoked enmity, and in 1065 the Northumbrians revolted against him, choosing Morkere in his place. Harold acted as mediator between the king and the insurgents, and at length agreed to the choice of Morkere, and the banishment of his brother. At the beginning of 1066 Edward died, with his last breath recommending Harold as his successor. He was accordingly elected at once and crowned. The men of Northumberland at first refused to acknowledge him, but Harold won them over. The rest of his brief reign was taken up with preparations against the attacks which threatened him on both sides at once. William challenged the crown, alleging both a bequest of Edward in his favour and a personal engagement which Harold had contracted towards him—probably in 1064; and prepared for the invasion of England. Meanwhile Tostig was trying all means to bring about his own restoration. He first attacked the Isle of Wight, then Lindesey, but was compelled to take shelter in Scotland. From May to September the king kept the coast with a great force by sea and land, but at last provisions failed and the land army was dispersed. Harold then came to London, ready to meet whichever enemy came first. By this time Tostig had engaged Harold Hardrada of Norway to invade England. Together they sailed up the Humber, defeated Edwin and Morkere, and received the submission of York. Harold hurried northwards; and on the 25th of September he came on the Northmen at Stamford Bridge and won a complete victory, in which Tostig and Harold Hardrada were slain. But two days later William landed at Pevensey. Harold marched southward as fast as possible. He gathered his army in London from all southern and eastern England, but Edwin and Morkere kept back the forces of the north. The king then marched into Sussex and engaged the Normans on the hill of Senlac near Battle (see Hastings). After a fight which lasted from morning till evening, the Normans had the victory, and Harold and his two brothers lay dead on the field (14th of October 1066).	<urn:uuid:5d77ad7d-716b-4526-9af1-0b4bd192ec8b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Harold_II	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694908.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127051112-20200127081112-00469.warc.gz	en	0.991064	787	3.640625	4	[ -0.24249842762947083, 0.5429871678352356, -0.049107082188129425, -0.42489829659461975, -0.13277600705623627, 0.005587397608906031, 0.2833635210990906, 0.29177069664001465, -0.21550394594669342, -0.15207114815711975, -0.1759897768497467, -0.6321144700050354, 0.4591979384422302, 0.0307548400...	1	1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Harold II. HAROLD II. (c. 1022–1066), king of the English, the second son of Earl Godwine, was born about 1022. While still very young (before 1045) he was appointed to the earldom of the East-Angles. He shared his father’s outlawry and banishment in 1051; but while Godwine went to Flanders, Harold with his brother Leofwine took refuge in Ireland. In 1052 Harold and Leofwine returned. Having plundered in the west of England, they joined their father, and were with him at the assembly which decreed the restoration of the whole family. Harold was now restored to his earldom of the East-Angles, and on his father’s death in 1053 he succeeded him in the greater earldom of the West-Saxons. He was now the chief man in the kingdom, and when the older earls Leofric and Siward died his power increased yet more, and the latter part of Edward’s reign was virtually the reign of Harold. In 1055 he drove back the Welsh, who had burned Hereford. In 1063 came the great Welsh war, in which Harold, with the help of his brother Tostig, crushed the power of Gruffyd, who was killed by his own people. But in spite of his power and his prowess, Harold was the minister of the king rather than his personal favourite. This latter position rather belonged to Tostig, who on the death of Siward in 1055 received the earldom of Northumberland. Here, however, his harshness soon provoked enmity, and in 1065 the Northumbrians revolted against him, choosing Morkere in his place. Harold acted as mediator between the king and the insurgents, and at length agreed to the choice of Morkere, and the banishment of his brother. At the beginning of 1066 Edward died, with his last breath recommending Harold as his successor. He was accordingly elected at once and crowned. The men of Northumberland at first refused to acknowledge him, but Harold won them over. The rest of his brief reign was taken up with preparations against the attacks which threatened him on both sides at once. William challenged the crown, alleging both a bequest of Edward in his favour and a personal engagement which Harold had contracted towards him—probably in 1064; and prepared for the invasion of England. Meanwhile Tostig was trying all means to bring about his own restoration. He first attacked the Isle of Wight, then Lindesey, but was compelled to take shelter in Scotland. From May to September the king kept the coast with a great force by sea and land, but at last provisions failed and the land army was dispersed. Harold then came to London, ready to meet whichever enemy came first. By this time Tostig had engaged Harold Hardrada of Norway to invade England. Together they sailed up the Humber, defeated Edwin and Morkere, and received the submission of York. Harold hurried northwards; and on the 25th of September he came on the Northmen at Stamford Bridge and won a complete victory, in which Tostig and Harold Hardrada were slain. But two days later William landed at Pevensey. Harold marched southward as fast as possible. He gathered his army in London from all southern and eastern England, but Edwin and Morkere kept back the forces of the north. The king then marched into Sussex and engaged the Normans on the hill of Senlac near Battle (see Hastings). After a fight which lasted from morning till evening, the Normans had the victory, and Harold and his two brothers lay dead on the field (14th of October 1066).	825	ENGLISH	1
There are special aspects to consider when working with the documents from concentration camps that have been preserved in the Arolsen Archives. It is important to bear in mind that these documents can include contradictory information or downplay the severity of the situation in which they were produced, and most of them were filled out by perpetrators. The following introduction also describes the system of forms used in the camps, and it answers questions such as where the documents were created and how the growing shortage of paper during the war affected their production. Most of the concentration camp documents described in the e-Guide were produced by Nazi perpetrators and other authorities involved in deportation, exploitation and murder. The information on the cards and forms therefore does not reflect how the people named on these documents would have described themselves. Instead, the documents are geared toward the logic of persecution. For this reason, they often include stereotypical attributions by the perpetrators, and they force concentration camp prisoners into pre-defined groupings to which the prisoners would not (necessarily) have assigned themselves. Additionally, documents such as post control cards, clothing storage room cards and sick bay cards in particular can heavily downplay the severity of the situation in the concentration camps. The soberness of these documents and the information written on them make it appear as though prisoners were always able to correspond with the outside world and always received suitable clothing and medical care. But this was not true – especially after the war started. For example, post control cards were always created even when prisoners did not know the location of relatives who had also been deported. And while a clothing storage room card might indicate that a prisoner was given clothing, it says nothing about the quality of the trousers, jackets and shoes that were issued. The garments were often in a bad state, they did not fit properly, and the prisoners could very rarely change them. The sick bay cards are another example of this. Although there were clinics in the camps, it could be very dangerous for prisoners to report to them. The fact that such documents exist certainly does not mean that the prisoners received the clothing and care they needed. Many concentration camp documents were introduced before the war and continued to be used until the war ended. But the reality in the concentration camps deviated more and more from the impression of order created by these cards. Names were often spelled differently on different documents even when the documents were issued for the same person. When prisoners were registered in a concentration camp, the prisoner clerks would have to record many names in a short period of time, often only after hearing them instead of seeing them written down. This resulted in many misspellings and spelling variations, particularly (but not exclusively) in the case of non-German names. For example, 849 different spellings of the last name Abrahamovic can be found in the Arolsen Archives, and there are even 268 different versions of the first name Elisabeth among the documents. Dates of birth can also vary, not least because people sometimes claimed they were younger or older than they actually were to increase their chances of survival in the concentration camp. In addition to variations in names and birth dates, the details of how long prisoners had spent in specific locations can also differ from document to document. In particular, there are differences between documents filled out by the perpetrators during the Nazi period and postwar documents that the former prisoners themselves filled out by memory at the behest of the Allies. Two stamps from the postwar period can be found on many concentration camp documents in the Arolsen Archives: the I.T.S. Foto stamp and the Carded stamp. The I.T.S. Foto stamp was used on documents that were photographed by US authorities in the early 1950s to preserve the information. This stamp therefore does not mean the Arolsen Archives have photographs of the respective person, as is often assumed. The Carded stamp was used on documents that had been recorded by the ITS for its Central Name Index (CNI). This activity was referred to internally as “carding.” During the carding process, the names of all the people mentioned on a document were transferred to individual file cards. These cards noted the name of the person and the shelf mark of the document. ITS employees would then file the cards in the CNI. When a person was being traced, the employees would pull the card, which would tell them where to find the document with more information. Before the CNI was digitized in 1998/1999, around 50 million of these cards were created. A less obvious feature found on many documents from concentration camps is a line drawn across the card or form. These lines, usually drawn with a red colored pencil, can mean that the prisoner had died in the camp, had been transferred to another camp or had been released. Cards for prisoners who were no longer in a camp were often be crossed out like this so that the back side could continue to be used without causing any confusion about the two different names on the card. Other symbols are usually found on the cards of prisoners who died. There may be a stamp or handwritten note indicating the date of death, and a regular cross or straight-armed Balkenkreuz – with or without the date of death – may be clearly drawn or stamped on the card. Numerous administrative documents were filled out for the prisoners in the concentration camps. The type and number of documents changed over time, however. From 1933, prisoners were registered using prisoner registration forms, which were standardized for all concentration camps by 1942/1943. Personal effects cards were filled out to record the personal items that prisoners had to hand over when they arrived at a camp. This largely corresponded to the practice common in prisons before 1933. It is important to remember that the concentration camps did not hold hundreds of thousands of people right from the start. Tens of thousands of people were imprisoned when the Nazis took power, but afterwards the number of prisoners declined quickly. In November 1936, there were a total of around 4,760 people imprisoned in all the concentration camps that existed in Germany at the time. In September 1939, after the Jewish prisoners who had been arrested in connection with the November pogroms were released, there were 21,000 concentration camp prisoners in total. After the war started, the number of prisoners rose again quickly on account of arrests in the occupied territories. While there were 110,000 prisoners in September 1942, there were over 224,000 in the same month of the following year, and more than 700,000 prisoners in early 1945. Over the years, as the number of concentration camp prisoners grew and these prisoners were increasingly put to work in the war economy, the documents in the camps became more diverse and specialized. The prisoners were also registered in more and more departments. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) has produced a detailed overview of the history of the individual concentration camps, including their sub-camps and external labor details. The first two volumes of the Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945 can be downloaded for free. Until the early 1940s – and in some cases even afterwards – the forms for the concentration camps were usually printed by printing companies in the surrounding cities. There were also several form publishers (Vordruckverlage) who could supply the camp commandants with forms. Some camps, such as Buchenwald, had their own camp printing offices and bookbinding workshops for producing their own documents. For a long time, therefore, the camp commandants were free to design and print their own forms. When the Concentration Camps Inspectorate was incorporated into the SS Chief Economic and Administration Office (WVHA) in February 1942, however, the forms became more and more standardized. But there was never a time when all of the documents in all of the concentration camps were identical. Office Group D, which was responsible for the administration of the concentration camps at the WVHA, announced that all forms had to be ordered centrally from the WVHA from 1942 onwards. Once the requested forms had been approved, bulk orders would be sent to the Auschwitz camp printing office. From April 1, 1943, this was the only printing office officially allowed to produce forms for the concentration camps. But even before this, the printing office in Auschwitz had received printing orders from other concentration camps. From mid-1943, there were up to 60 prisoners assigned to the labor detail in the camp printing office, where they worked on machines that had been seized in the occupied territories, particularly Poland. The documents from this period can be identified by their template number. This is found in the lower left corner and is structured as follows: KL (short for Konzentrationslager, concentration camp) is followed by a number that indicates the form type, as well as information about the month and year of printing, plus the size of the print run. For example, the abbreviation KL 5/9.44/200.000 meant that the Prisoner Registration Card (KL 5) was printed in September 1944 (9.44) in a print run of 200,000 copies. Earlier documents do not have this number. As mentioned, from April 1, 1943, concentration camp documents could officially only be printed by the Auschwitz camp printing office. The approved paper quota for concentration camp forms was therefore sent directly to this office. However, in February 1944 – almost a year later – the WVHA complained that documents were still being printed by local printing companies. The Arolsen Archives also have a memo from Buchenwald from September 1943 which reveals that 1,500 prisoner file cards had been ordered from the camp’s own bookbinding workshop – even though this was actually prohibited. The memo says that the forms had to be printed in Buchenwald, according to the officer responsible for the personal effects storage room, because the “cards that were ordered […] have not yet been delivered, and in the coming days […] around 2,000 arrivals are expected.” (188.8.131.52/82083183/ITS Digital Archive, Arolsen Archives) The fact that different versions of documents were used within the same camp over the years also makes it difficult to categorize documents as a single document type. In the last years of the war, large numbers of individual forms were printed. As late as February 1945, the personal effects storage room in Buchenwald alone ordered 200,000 forms, including 50,000 arrivals forms. Many documents were printed in runs of up to 500,000 copies. From July 1943, the camp commandants were required to always order the exact number of blank forms they would need for four months. Based on the orders placed after the start of the war, it is clear how quickly the number of prisoners rose as compared to earlier years. In 1938, only 5,000 to a maximum of 10,000 documents were ordered from printing companies. From the early 1940s, however, orders were placed more frequently, and they were almost always for large, five-digit print runs. This was the only way to organize the many new prisoners and the transports between the camps. The longer the war lasted, the more difficult it became to supply enough paper to print the necessary forms. To save paper, old documents and those that were no longer needed would be reused in the concentration camps. When prisoners died or were transferred to other camps, their sick bay cards and money account cards in particular would be cut up and used again. Sometimes the side of the card that was no longer needed would be crossed out, and the back would be used instead; sometimes blank forms were simply used for other purposes. After the war, when the ITS received a card that has been used on both sides, a copy of it was usually made. The original card was then filed with the documents of one person, the copy with the documents of the other. Most administrative forms remained in the concentration camp where they had been produced even if a prisoner was transferred to another camp or released. The cards were either destroyed in the camps, filed, or used for other purposes. However, some documents were sent along with a prisoner who was transferred from one concentration camp to another. This is one reason why the Arolsen Archives' collection for a particular concentration camp may include documents created in other camps. When prisoners were sent directly to sub-camps – which grew more numerous from 1942 onwards – their cards and registration forms were generally also sent there to begin with. After they had been filled out in the sub-camp, they were returned to the administration of the main camp. The Arolsen Archives have memos exchanged between the camp administrations of Gross-Rosen and Ravensbrück which prove that entire prisoner files from the Political Department, and even file cards from the labor assignment office were sent back and forth. The volume of documents from different concentration camps that have been preserved in the Arolsen Archives varies considerably. The number of documents that reached the ITS from individual camps depended on whether documents had been destroyed by the SS shortly before the end of the war, and also on which army had liberated the camps and whether they later held on to the confiscated documents or gave them to the ITS. For example, the information that the Arolsen Archives have about prisoners from Buchenwald and Dachau is almost complete, and a relatively large number of documents have been preserved from the Flossenbürg and Mauthausen camps, which were also liberated by the US Army. By contrast, the collections for Neuengamme concentration camp (where the SS destroyed nearly all of its documents before the camp was liberated by the British) and for Auschwitz, Gross-Rosen and Sachsenhausen (which were liberated by the Red Army, who took the documents to Moscow) are very incomplete. In many cases, the Arolsen Archives only have copies of these documents from other archives.	<urn:uuid:84b4d83a-7eea-4a49-8e63-177cb72936ce>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://eguide.arolsen-archives.org/en/additional-resources/background-information-on-concentration-camp-documents/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250619323.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124100832-20200124125832-00057.warc.gz	en	0.98527	2,825	3.46875	3	[ -0.15261921286582947, 0.8028379678726196, -0.014469575136899948, -0.10750308632850647, 0.44543400406837463, 0.34389612078666687, 0.16792257130146027, -0.23430925607681274, -0.14499348402023315, 0.05862452834844589, 0.08880177140235901, 0.23408079147338867, 0.045830197632312775, 0.481867432...	2	There are special aspects to consider when working with the documents from concentration camps that have been preserved in the Arolsen Archives. It is important to bear in mind that these documents can include contradictory information or downplay the severity of the situation in which they were produced, and most of them were filled out by perpetrators. The following introduction also describes the system of forms used in the camps, and it answers questions such as where the documents were created and how the growing shortage of paper during the war affected their production. Most of the concentration camp documents described in the e-Guide were produced by Nazi perpetrators and other authorities involved in deportation, exploitation and murder. The information on the cards and forms therefore does not reflect how the people named on these documents would have described themselves. Instead, the documents are geared toward the logic of persecution. For this reason, they often include stereotypical attributions by the perpetrators, and they force concentration camp prisoners into pre-defined groupings to which the prisoners would not (necessarily) have assigned themselves. Additionally, documents such as post control cards, clothing storage room cards and sick bay cards in particular can heavily downplay the severity of the situation in the concentration camps. The soberness of these documents and the information written on them make it appear as though prisoners were always able to correspond with the outside world and always received suitable clothing and medical care. But this was not true – especially after the war started. For example, post control cards were always created even when prisoners did not know the location of relatives who had also been deported. And while a clothing storage room card might indicate that a prisoner was given clothing, it says nothing about the quality of the trousers, jackets and shoes that were issued. The garments were often in a bad state, they did not fit properly, and the prisoners could very rarely change them. The sick bay cards are another example of this. Although there were clinics in the camps, it could be very dangerous for prisoners to report to them. The fact that such documents exist certainly does not mean that the prisoners received the clothing and care they needed. Many concentration camp documents were introduced before the war and continued to be used until the war ended. But the reality in the concentration camps deviated more and more from the impression of order created by these cards. Names were often spelled differently on different documents even when the documents were issued for the same person. When prisoners were registered in a concentration camp, the prisoner clerks would have to record many names in a short period of time, often only after hearing them instead of seeing them written down. This resulted in many misspellings and spelling variations, particularly (but not exclusively) in the case of non-German names. For example, 849 different spellings of the last name Abrahamovic can be found in the Arolsen Archives, and there are even 268 different versions of the first name Elisabeth among the documents. Dates of birth can also vary, not least because people sometimes claimed they were younger or older than they actually were to increase their chances of survival in the concentration camp. In addition to variations in names and birth dates, the details of how long prisoners had spent in specific locations can also differ from document to document. In particular, there are differences between documents filled out by the perpetrators during the Nazi period and postwar documents that the former prisoners themselves filled out by memory at the behest of the Allies. Two stamps from the postwar period can be found on many concentration camp documents in the Arolsen Archives: the I.T.S. Foto stamp and the Carded stamp. The I.T.S. Foto stamp was used on documents that were photographed by US authorities in the early 1950s to preserve the information. This stamp therefore does not mean the Arolsen Archives have photographs of the respective person, as is often assumed. The Carded stamp was used on documents that had been recorded by the ITS for its Central Name Index (CNI). This activity was referred to internally as “carding.” During the carding process, the names of all the people mentioned on a document were transferred to individual file cards. These cards noted the name of the person and the shelf mark of the document. ITS employees would then file the cards in the CNI. When a person was being traced, the employees would pull the card, which would tell them where to find the document with more information. Before the CNI was digitized in 1998/1999, around 50 million of these cards were created. A less obvious feature found on many documents from concentration camps is a line drawn across the card or form. These lines, usually drawn with a red colored pencil, can mean that the prisoner had died in the camp, had been transferred to another camp or had been released. Cards for prisoners who were no longer in a camp were often be crossed out like this so that the back side could continue to be used without causing any confusion about the two different names on the card. Other symbols are usually found on the cards of prisoners who died. There may be a stamp or handwritten note indicating the date of death, and a regular cross or straight-armed Balkenkreuz – with or without the date of death – may be clearly drawn or stamped on the card. Numerous administrative documents were filled out for the prisoners in the concentration camps. The type and number of documents changed over time, however. From 1933, prisoners were registered using prisoner registration forms, which were standardized for all concentration camps by 1942/1943. Personal effects cards were filled out to record the personal items that prisoners had to hand over when they arrived at a camp. This largely corresponded to the practice common in prisons before 1933. It is important to remember that the concentration camps did not hold hundreds of thousands of people right from the start. Tens of thousands of people were imprisoned when the Nazis took power, but afterwards the number of prisoners declined quickly. In November 1936, there were a total of around 4,760 people imprisoned in all the concentration camps that existed in Germany at the time. In September 1939, after the Jewish prisoners who had been arrested in connection with the November pogroms were released, there were 21,000 concentration camp prisoners in total. After the war started, the number of prisoners rose again quickly on account of arrests in the occupied territories. While there were 110,000 prisoners in September 1942, there were over 224,000 in the same month of the following year, and more than 700,000 prisoners in early 1945. Over the years, as the number of concentration camp prisoners grew and these prisoners were increasingly put to work in the war economy, the documents in the camps became more diverse and specialized. The prisoners were also registered in more and more departments. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) has produced a detailed overview of the history of the individual concentration camps, including their sub-camps and external labor details. The first two volumes of the Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945 can be downloaded for free. Until the early 1940s – and in some cases even afterwards – the forms for the concentration camps were usually printed by printing companies in the surrounding cities. There were also several form publishers (Vordruckverlage) who could supply the camp commandants with forms. Some camps, such as Buchenwald, had their own camp printing offices and bookbinding workshops for producing their own documents. For a long time, therefore, the camp commandants were free to design and print their own forms. When the Concentration Camps Inspectorate was incorporated into the SS Chief Economic and Administration Office (WVHA) in February 1942, however, the forms became more and more standardized. But there was never a time when all of the documents in all of the concentration camps were identical. Office Group D, which was responsible for the administration of the concentration camps at the WVHA, announced that all forms had to be ordered centrally from the WVHA from 1942 onwards. Once the requested forms had been approved, bulk orders would be sent to the Auschwitz camp printing office. From April 1, 1943, this was the only printing office officially allowed to produce forms for the concentration camps. But even before this, the printing office in Auschwitz had received printing orders from other concentration camps. From mid-1943, there were up to 60 prisoners assigned to the labor detail in the camp printing office, where they worked on machines that had been seized in the occupied territories, particularly Poland. The documents from this period can be identified by their template number. This is found in the lower left corner and is structured as follows: KL (short for Konzentrationslager, concentration camp) is followed by a number that indicates the form type, as well as information about the month and year of printing, plus the size of the print run. For example, the abbreviation KL 5/9.44/200.000 meant that the Prisoner Registration Card (KL 5) was printed in September 1944 (9.44) in a print run of 200,000 copies. Earlier documents do not have this number. As mentioned, from April 1, 1943, concentration camp documents could officially only be printed by the Auschwitz camp printing office. The approved paper quota for concentration camp forms was therefore sent directly to this office. However, in February 1944 – almost a year later – the WVHA complained that documents were still being printed by local printing companies. The Arolsen Archives also have a memo from Buchenwald from September 1943 which reveals that 1,500 prisoner file cards had been ordered from the camp’s own bookbinding workshop – even though this was actually prohibited. The memo says that the forms had to be printed in Buchenwald, according to the officer responsible for the personal effects storage room, because the “cards that were ordered […] have not yet been delivered, and in the coming days […] around 2,000 arrivals are expected.” (188.8.131.52/82083183/ITS Digital Archive, Arolsen Archives) The fact that different versions of documents were used within the same camp over the years also makes it difficult to categorize documents as a single document type. In the last years of the war, large numbers of individual forms were printed. As late as February 1945, the personal effects storage room in Buchenwald alone ordered 200,000 forms, including 50,000 arrivals forms. Many documents were printed in runs of up to 500,000 copies. From July 1943, the camp commandants were required to always order the exact number of blank forms they would need for four months. Based on the orders placed after the start of the war, it is clear how quickly the number of prisoners rose as compared to earlier years. In 1938, only 5,000 to a maximum of 10,000 documents were ordered from printing companies. From the early 1940s, however, orders were placed more frequently, and they were almost always for large, five-digit print runs. This was the only way to organize the many new prisoners and the transports between the camps. The longer the war lasted, the more difficult it became to supply enough paper to print the necessary forms. To save paper, old documents and those that were no longer needed would be reused in the concentration camps. When prisoners died or were transferred to other camps, their sick bay cards and money account cards in particular would be cut up and used again. Sometimes the side of the card that was no longer needed would be crossed out, and the back would be used instead; sometimes blank forms were simply used for other purposes. After the war, when the ITS received a card that has been used on both sides, a copy of it was usually made. The original card was then filed with the documents of one person, the copy with the documents of the other. Most administrative forms remained in the concentration camp where they had been produced even if a prisoner was transferred to another camp or released. The cards were either destroyed in the camps, filed, or used for other purposes. However, some documents were sent along with a prisoner who was transferred from one concentration camp to another. This is one reason why the Arolsen Archives' collection for a particular concentration camp may include documents created in other camps. When prisoners were sent directly to sub-camps – which grew more numerous from 1942 onwards – their cards and registration forms were generally also sent there to begin with. After they had been filled out in the sub-camp, they were returned to the administration of the main camp. The Arolsen Archives have memos exchanged between the camp administrations of Gross-Rosen and Ravensbrück which prove that entire prisoner files from the Political Department, and even file cards from the labor assignment office were sent back and forth. The volume of documents from different concentration camps that have been preserved in the Arolsen Archives varies considerably. The number of documents that reached the ITS from individual camps depended on whether documents had been destroyed by the SS shortly before the end of the war, and also on which army had liberated the camps and whether they later held on to the confiscated documents or gave them to the ITS. For example, the information that the Arolsen Archives have about prisoners from Buchenwald and Dachau is almost complete, and a relatively large number of documents have been preserved from the Flossenbürg and Mauthausen camps, which were also liberated by the US Army. By contrast, the collections for Neuengamme concentration camp (where the SS destroyed nearly all of its documents before the camp was liberated by the British) and for Auschwitz, Gross-Rosen and Sachsenhausen (which were liberated by the Red Army, who took the documents to Moscow) are very incomplete. In many cases, the Arolsen Archives only have copies of these documents from other archives.	2,969	ENGLISH	1
In the earliest stages of man's development he had no more need of money than animals have. He was content with very simple forms of shelter, made his own rough tools and weapons and could provide food and clothing for himself and his family from natural materials around him. As he became more civilized, however, he began to want better shelter, more efficient tools and weapons, and more comfortable and more lasting clothing than could be provided by his own neighborhood or by the work of his own unskilled hands. For these things he had to turn to the skilled people such as smiths, leather workers or carpenters. It was then that the question of payment arose. At first he got what he wanted by a simple process of exchange. The smith who had not the time to look after land or cattle was glad to take meat or grain from the farmer in exchange for an axe or a plough. But as more and more goods which had no fixed exchange value came on the market, exchange became too complicated to be satisfactory. Another problem arose when those who made things wanted to get stocks of wood or leather, or iron, but had nothing to offer in exchange until their finished goods were ready. Thus the difficulties of exchange led by degrees to the invention of money. In some countries easily handled things like seeds or shells were given a certain value and the farmer, instead of paying the smith for a new axe by giving him some meat or grain, gave him so many shells. If the smith had any shells left when he had bought his food, he could get stocks of the raw materials of his trade. In some countries quite large things such as cows or camels or even big flat stones were used for trade. Later, pieces of metal, bearing values according to the rarity of the metal and the size of the pieces, or coins were used. Money as we know it had arrived. 1. Exchange of goods became difficult because _________. A man became more civilized B smiths began to look after land or cattle in their spare time C more and more goods which had no fixed exchange values came to the marker D farmers hadn't enough grain or meat to provide for skilled workers 2. Money was not used until _______. A paper was invented B people practiced a simple process of exchange C nothing could be offered in exchange D the exchange of one thing for another became too complicated 3. The best title for this passage is _____. A What is money B What are money's functions. C The importance of money D The beginning of money	<urn:uuid:6d9fdbc9-6b67-481a-9986-98f6468e9ed8>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://m.100yy.com/ielts/p/311721.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594662.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119151736-20200119175736-00154.warc.gz	en	0.98387	529	3.671875	4	[ -0.38032883405685425, 0.09968199580907822, 0.13165098428726196, 0.028726980090141296, -0.09483043849468231, -0.5034434795379639, 0.2968554198741913, -0.061306118965148926, -0.15273302793502808, -0.0329589769244194, 0.2221086025238037, -0.2597622871398926, 0.21672861278057098, -0.0033978521...	2	In the earliest stages of man's development he had no more need of money than animals have. He was content with very simple forms of shelter, made his own rough tools and weapons and could provide food and clothing for himself and his family from natural materials around him. As he became more civilized, however, he began to want better shelter, more efficient tools and weapons, and more comfortable and more lasting clothing than could be provided by his own neighborhood or by the work of his own unskilled hands. For these things he had to turn to the skilled people such as smiths, leather workers or carpenters. It was then that the question of payment arose. At first he got what he wanted by a simple process of exchange. The smith who had not the time to look after land or cattle was glad to take meat or grain from the farmer in exchange for an axe or a plough. But as more and more goods which had no fixed exchange value came on the market, exchange became too complicated to be satisfactory. Another problem arose when those who made things wanted to get stocks of wood or leather, or iron, but had nothing to offer in exchange until their finished goods were ready. Thus the difficulties of exchange led by degrees to the invention of money. In some countries easily handled things like seeds or shells were given a certain value and the farmer, instead of paying the smith for a new axe by giving him some meat or grain, gave him so many shells. If the smith had any shells left when he had bought his food, he could get stocks of the raw materials of his trade. In some countries quite large things such as cows or camels or even big flat stones were used for trade. Later, pieces of metal, bearing values according to the rarity of the metal and the size of the pieces, or coins were used. Money as we know it had arrived. 1. Exchange of goods became difficult because _________. A man became more civilized B smiths began to look after land or cattle in their spare time C more and more goods which had no fixed exchange values came to the marker D farmers hadn't enough grain or meat to provide for skilled workers 2. Money was not used until _______. A paper was invented B people practiced a simple process of exchange C nothing could be offered in exchange D the exchange of one thing for another became too complicated 3. The best title for this passage is _____. A What is money B What are money's functions. C The importance of money D The beginning of money	519	ENGLISH	1
Lecture 14: Proverbs Course: Old Testament Survey Now we are shifting gears to talk about Proverbs. Not totally shifting gears because we have already talked about the idea of wisdom. Here is a quick overview of Proverbs in terms of how the book is structured. A. Importance of Wisdom (1-9): Nine chapters have in them some short and long poems about the importance of seeking wisdom. You just want to get a sense of the right choices and the wrong choices. If you do not have that, how are you going to make the right choices? As we will see the right choices always start with believing in God. The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom, says Proverbs. A crucial statement. B. Proverbs of Solomon (10-22): Then you have some Proverbs of Solomon, the biggest, single chunk in the book. C. Words of the Wise (22-24): Then, interestingly, a section that is just called "Words of the Wise." Words of people who thought a lot about and taught a lot about making right choices. D. More Words of the Wise (24:23-34): Then more of those for twelve verses. E. More Proverbs of Solomon (25-29): Then another big chunk, more Proverbs of Solomon. F. Words of Agur (30): Then the words of Agur. G. Words of Lemuel (31:1-9): The words of Lemuel. Agur and Lemuel are both called kings. If you look in the books of 1 and 2 Kings you will look in vain for Agur and Lemuel, because they are Arab kings. You might then say, "Wait a minute. What are Arab kings doing contributing to the Bible? The answer is: this is something about Proverbs you need to appreciate. Solomon was probably much more a collector than an author in the sense of actually making up Proverbs. Did he make up many? Sure, undoubtedly made up many; more than anybody else, but he basically was a collector. God inspired him and if there were others who had any role to play in collecting the book, and there may have been, because there is a reference at one point in Proverbs to proverbs collected by "Hezekiah's men." Hezekiah comes at the end of the eighth century so he is at least one hundred and fifty years after Solomon. If some good stuff about the choices in life was available out there among the Arab contacts that Solomon had. Remember the Queen of Sheba; she is an Arabian queen who comes to Solomon. If it is out there, God can use it. Did Solomon, perhaps, clean up some of it? Did he add emphasis on the Lord, the God of Israel? Sure, but the origins are wherever they may come from. We can spot a very few, but there is a few, little parallels between some proverbs in Egyptian literature and things that we have in the book of Proverbs. Some of those were worth borrowing and putting in a good context. H. A Godly Woman (31:10-31): Then, finally, the book ends with the praise of a godly woman. II. Themes of the Book Look at these themes and let me suggest why that kind of borrowing, even from outside of Israel, really was not a dangerous thing to do. If done carefully, it is perfectly legitimate. There are themes in Proverbs like number nine here which I have ended with the fear of Yahweh, the fear of the Lord that are, of course, orthodox Israelite themes that are not going to come from Arabs; as far as we know, most of whom did not worship Yahweh in any way. Some of the things are like that. But look at some of these themes like good speech, family matters, hard work versus laziness, the rich versus the poor, being proud versus being humble. These are things that are, to some considerable degree, shared human wisdom concerns. In other words, the book of Proverbs is as much a kind of an all-purpose book for living and not specifically a book for instruction in theology that makes it stand apart to some degree from other books. The special purpose of Proverbs is to bring up young people and to teach them what the choices of life really are. In other words, I would say to you if you are heading into youth ministry, Proverbs is the book in the Bible to help youth get it; to get what life is all about, to get the basics. To learn that you must make the decisions between wisdom and folly. That there is such a thing as righteousness and there is such a thing as wickedness. There is real evil and to know what it looks like. To know how important their speech is. To know how important it is that they relate properly within their family. That someday when they are a husband or a wife, a father or a mother they will have a crucial role to play in the lives of people that will be precious to them. And about the importance of hard work. Proverbs would not require you to be converted to Christ to get a lot of the points. It really does not. Proverbs is much more, sort of, all-purpose. What is great about Proverbs is you can use it to help raise your own children even before they have made their decision to follow Christ as Lord and Savior. That is a fact. Those of you who have no children yet may have not even ever thought about this. I have had more children than anybody I know because my wife and I not only have had eight, four biological and four adopted, but we raised another dozen as foster children. We just have so many kids I can hardly remember their names. I look at them and say, "You are…?" But almost all Christian parents face the fact that they are raising their kids at one stage or another who are not necessarily living for Christ. Some eleven year old or some eighteen year old or whatever, they may be very far from Christ. How do you relate to them? You still need to raise them up with these basic values, basic truths, a basic sense of choices and so on. They should not be proud, they ought to be humble. They ought to get along well with friends and neighbors. They ought to know how to work hard and honor the boss and be a good employee, etc. If they are a boss, they ought to know how to be a kind boss and a fair boss, etc. Ultimately what you want is that they learn the fear of the Lord. They really get converted because that is the beginning point of all wisdom ultimately. If you want to be oriented to right and wrong, to be oriented to God is the best orientation there could possibly be for having all the other orientations fit. But still this can work. If you have got a youth group or a children's ministry or a Christian education ministry with a lot of kids who are not yet converted you can still use this material. It does not require for its applicability and its value that they have really made a decision to follow Christ. Of course that is ideal, of course it is perfect, but there is a lot you can do without that. I really encourage this. One of the things that sometimes we do at home is that as we are eating dinner I will just grab the Bible and I will read a Proverb. I will just pick a Proverb at random. Often times it is just a Proverb that my eye falls on, I will do it now, I will give you a proverb like I do it at home. I will say to the kids, "It says here a wicked messenger falls into trouble, but a trustworthy envoy brings healing." Then I will say to my son Jonathan, who is now 14, "Okay Jonathan, what does that mean?" He will say predictably, "I don't know." Then I will read it again. "It says here, Proverbs 13:17, 'A wicked messenger falls into trouble, but a trustworthy envoy brings healing.'" Then my wife and I will start explaining what is a messenger, what is an envoy, teach him vocabulary and so on. Then I will turn to some of the older kids and say, "What do you think it means?" Then one of them will get it or get part of it and together we will work it out and then I will explain it, and it is a wonderful statement. Here is a statement about somebody who is a gossip or who is somehow giving false information or conveying things in a way that is harmful that gets people in trouble as opposed to the faithful, trustworthy envoy who can bring healing. When you handle the truth correctly and diplomatically huge amounts of good can happen. You want to hurt people, boy can you hurt them by just the way you say, "Do you know what so and so said about you the other night at Bible study?" Oh man, that is dynamite. Make it up. You could start a thing that would take years to die down. III. Proverbs are puzzles. One little detail, proverbs are essentially puzzles. This is important to get. A proverb is not intended to be simple to understand the minute you read it or hear it. It is supposed to soluble so it is not a puzzle that just makes you say, "I don't know; I have no idea what this says." A reasonable adult can always figure it out and explain it to a thoughtful child or adolescent. It is important to appreciate, however, in the way Proverbs are written--it is much more visible in the Hebrew, by the way, than it is in the English because the English often does kind of half explain it in the translation. English translators look for clarification, but in the original they are like puzzles. They are so terse and they have such unusual expressions and themes and metaphors that often they make no sense. Some of you who have learned English as a second language or have come from other cultures know this. You have heard many things that people say and you say, "What does that mean?" For example Americans say, "A stitch in time saves nine." It is an American and British proverb. We use it that way because it rhymes, it has a nice sense to it. What is the meaning? It has very little to do with sewing. It is not really a sewing proverb at all. You do not have to watch the Sewing Channel to understand this proverb. It is about the fact that from a literal point of view, a literalistic point of view, when a garment starts to unravel if you can quickly stitch it then much more unraveling will be stopped and one stitch in time saves nine stitches. Does it also save fourteen? Sure. Does it save thirty-eight? Sure. Does it save two? Yes. So it is not just nine. But it sort of rhymes to say, "A stitch in times saves nine," so that is the way it is put together to make it memorable but the real point of that proverb is that there are many kinds of situations that will get worse and worse and worse if you let them go but if you act quickly you can often prevent it from getting really bad. The sooner you act with many problems the easier they will be to solve. That is what a stitch in time really means. We say it in kind of a puzzle way. I sure that most kids as they are growing up, even kids who have heard that all their life, the first time they heard it said, "What, I don't get it." So you have to explain it. Proverbs are like that. We believe that when people taught proverbs to kids, again and again and again they would say, "Teacher, would you explain that one too please?" It had to be puzzled out. But you know what is wonderful, if you have something you have to puzzle out, we find this at the dinner table whenever we do it with our kids, it makes an impact because you are repeating it. You say, "Now listen to that first part again. What do you think that means?" You are going over it, you are repeating it, everybody is thinking about it, they are trying to solve the puzzle. This is what helps commit it to memory. Something that is easy to solve just sort of goes in one ear and out the other, which is also a kind of an English proverb; an expression for it does not last in your memory. A thing that you have to work on, think about, analyze. What is the point of that? I don't get it. Why is it stated that way? That is just great in terms of helping you to get the concept and likely remember it. In the Hebrew the proverbs are very, very memorizable. They are like "a stitch in time saves nine" or "look before you leap." They are short, they are very epigrammatic, they are very condensed, they often have similar sounds and cadences and they are put in a word order that you can easily remember. Like, "Roses are red, violets are blue, sugar is sweet and who are you." It is memorizable, because there are cadences and so on. There are a lot of those things that we do not have in English but we still have the puzzle factor, the need to go over it, the concept and the tremendous value for believer and nonbeliever alike, which is a great thing. IV. Context of Warnings One does have to be careful in the genre. I think in the wisdom literature, the warnings against prostitution, harlotry and so on are basically warnings in favor of sexual fidelity and purity. In the prophets the term harlotry, prostitution is usually metaphorical referring to polytheism. Where you use a term makes a very big difference in its applicability. I was giving the illustration in another class today--suppose you saw in a newspaper the following: Pittsburgh eliminates Detroit. If that were not on a sports page or a sport story it could be real serious. "Good grief, Pittsburgh attacked Detroit and eliminated them with atomic weapons or something." On a sports page, however, it means they knocked them out of the playoffs or out of eligibility for the playoffs. It has another kind of a meaning; it is using language in the context of the field of sports and it is not the city of Pittsburgh at all, it is the Pittsburgh Penguins or whoever it is. It is some particular team, a very small organization, a very small number of people from Pittsburgh actually who work in Pittsburgh. (They are from Canada if they are Penguins.) The context is a huge part of the meaning of something. In the prophets a word is going to have this kind of value in that context whereas over in the proverbs or wisdom literature in general it will have another. V. Sexual Purity and Choosing a Spouse One of the big issues in wisdom literature is sexual purity and so Proverbs ends with the advice about how wonderful it is to make the right choice about life's biggest choice from a human point of view. Life's biggest choice is choosing God ultimately. But the biggest choice that people tend to make that they think of as a human choice is the choice of a spouse. You end the book with this advice that it is so important to find a godly wife. All of Proverbs like the law and everything is always in the second person singular but do not think it is not automatically reversible. I think everybody in ancient Israel would have understood that that teaching advised a woman to find a godly husband as well. Just to make the appropriate changes so that the concepts would still essentially be helpful. Choosing a mate is crucial. Then one watches teenagers do this and it is basically who you feel comfortable with in the back seat of a car. That is the decision-making ability. It is just incredible how badly they make the decisions. It is amazing what you see. Any of you who have any pastoral experience know a big part of your time is spent in counseling people who not only made strange decisions preparing for marriage, but are continuing to make strange decisions in marriage. This is the biggest decision of life and people have not always done it well. What do we have at the end of Proverbs? Nothing about anybody's looks. Do not make it based on looks. Nothing about any number of things like, "Aw, she is a great dancer, that is a good reason to marry her." It is about the quality, the character, the competence, the willingness to work hard, the willingness to take care of the family and provide, the willingness to be a partner to you, the willingness to be helpful. It is just a whole other set of values that the wise person uses to make the right choices. VI. A Useful Proverb Let me end up on Proverbs and I know there is so many other things we could talk about. Let me end up with a little story about a Proverb that did me much good. When I grew up my Dad taught me a Proverb. He taught me some Proverbs, I suppose, like don't play in the street is sort of a proverb. One that my dad taught me was this--every gun is loaded. I heard that from when I was a little kid because my dad had some guns and that was a rule. For years I would keep asking him, "Come on Dad, mine is not loaded, look it's empty." He would not hear me. He would say, "No, Doug, every gun is loaded." What was he teaching me? Technically it was not true but he was teaching me an attitude about a gun. He was saying, "Treat every gun as if it is loaded." It is something his dad had taught him. This was very useful to me when I shot a hole in my underwear. Let me describe it. I am home from college, I am a freshman at some obscure university in Cambridge, Massachusetts and I am home from college and I brought along two or three weeks worth of laundry, mostly underwear. I have got it in a bag and I come down to the basement with this bag of laundry and drop it on the floor next to the washing machine where my mom will do it for me. Wasn't that wonderful? Talk about a saint. Anyway, and I see that my dad has a new gun in there. This is great. He has got it loaded with birdshot; I do not know that. I look at the gun and determine by breaking it open, Ah ha! There is absolutely nothing I can see. The light at the other end of the chamber, the whole thing is just absolutely empty, you can see right through the barrel. I was seeing the reflection of the light bulb behind me on the nice, shiny end of the round that was in there. If you ever have a gun, all the men in the room know this and the women just have to trust us; this is true. You cannot just hold a gun; you have to see how it fires. You just have to. You have to feel what we call, "the action." You have to aim it, you have to get the heft. You just have to squeeze that trigger and just feel how it clicks. I had it up and was holding it out right against the window of the basement; the window looks out into our backyard, nice, big picture window. I was looking out there and thought, "No, I better not." That came to my mind, "every gun is loaded," as proverbs are supposed to. They are supposed to come to mind. They are simple, they are short. They are not always technically true like a stitch in time saves nine; it could be a hundred, it could be one, sometimes it does not save anything. So I said every gun is loaded and I aimed, instead, down at my underwear and it went off and I shot a whole bunch of birdshot and it did not do too much damage to anything but my underwear; I had a lot of holes in my underwear. Proverbs have that value. The theory is that they are like rules. Why do we have rules for driving on a highway? Because it saves lives to have rules and to have them strictly enforced. Why do you have rules in Proverbs for how to live and to make the right choices? Because it saves people from miseries of all sorts. Proverbs, in that sense of having these rules that are just generally applicable, is in some ways the most secular book in the Bible. It is not really secular, I do not mean that, but it is more nearly secular. Maybe that is a safer way to say it, because it does certainly have an awful lot that could apply to the nonbeliever and be useful to the nonbeliever. So certainly in youth work, in raising children, it is a great device and I do commend it to you.	<urn:uuid:55e3a997-f4d2-494f-b9e8-23c29fc2612b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.biblicaltraining.org/library/proverbs/old-testament-survey/douglas-stuart	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606696.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122042145-20200122071145-00088.warc.gz	en	0.981047	4,322	3.625	4	[ -0.31205275654792786, -0.007345103658735752, -0.024245314300060272, -0.2937586307525635, -0.0280382689088583, 0.11210860311985016, 0.3308345079421997, -0.018211722373962402, -0.23956307768821716, 0.27596279978752136, -0.030684124678373337, -0.2162552922964096, -0.03608096390962601, 0.17962...	8	Lecture 14: Proverbs Course: Old Testament Survey Now we are shifting gears to talk about Proverbs. Not totally shifting gears because we have already talked about the idea of wisdom. Here is a quick overview of Proverbs in terms of how the book is structured. A. Importance of Wisdom (1-9): Nine chapters have in them some short and long poems about the importance of seeking wisdom. You just want to get a sense of the right choices and the wrong choices. If you do not have that, how are you going to make the right choices? As we will see the right choices always start with believing in God. The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom, says Proverbs. A crucial statement. B. Proverbs of Solomon (10-22): Then you have some Proverbs of Solomon, the biggest, single chunk in the book. C. Words of the Wise (22-24): Then, interestingly, a section that is just called "Words of the Wise." Words of people who thought a lot about and taught a lot about making right choices. D. More Words of the Wise (24:23-34): Then more of those for twelve verses. E. More Proverbs of Solomon (25-29): Then another big chunk, more Proverbs of Solomon. F. Words of Agur (30): Then the words of Agur. G. Words of Lemuel (31:1-9): The words of Lemuel. Agur and Lemuel are both called kings. If you look in the books of 1 and 2 Kings you will look in vain for Agur and Lemuel, because they are Arab kings. You might then say, "Wait a minute. What are Arab kings doing contributing to the Bible? The answer is: this is something about Proverbs you need to appreciate. Solomon was probably much more a collector than an author in the sense of actually making up Proverbs. Did he make up many? Sure, undoubtedly made up many; more than anybody else, but he basically was a collector. God inspired him and if there were others who had any role to play in collecting the book, and there may have been, because there is a reference at one point in Proverbs to proverbs collected by "Hezekiah's men." Hezekiah comes at the end of the eighth century so he is at least one hundred and fifty years after Solomon. If some good stuff about the choices in life was available out there among the Arab contacts that Solomon had. Remember the Queen of Sheba; she is an Arabian queen who comes to Solomon. If it is out there, God can use it. Did Solomon, perhaps, clean up some of it? Did he add emphasis on the Lord, the God of Israel? Sure, but the origins are wherever they may come from. We can spot a very few, but there is a few, little parallels between some proverbs in Egyptian literature and things that we have in the book of Proverbs. Some of those were worth borrowing and putting in a good context. H. A Godly Woman (31:10-31): Then, finally, the book ends with the praise of a godly woman. II. Themes of the Book Look at these themes and let me suggest why that kind of borrowing, even from outside of Israel, really was not a dangerous thing to do. If done carefully, it is perfectly legitimate. There are themes in Proverbs like number nine here which I have ended with the fear of Yahweh, the fear of the Lord that are, of course, orthodox Israelite themes that are not going to come from Arabs; as far as we know, most of whom did not worship Yahweh in any way. Some of the things are like that. But look at some of these themes like good speech, family matters, hard work versus laziness, the rich versus the poor, being proud versus being humble. These are things that are, to some considerable degree, shared human wisdom concerns. In other words, the book of Proverbs is as much a kind of an all-purpose book for living and not specifically a book for instruction in theology that makes it stand apart to some degree from other books. The special purpose of Proverbs is to bring up young people and to teach them what the choices of life really are. In other words, I would say to you if you are heading into youth ministry, Proverbs is the book in the Bible to help youth get it; to get what life is all about, to get the basics. To learn that you must make the decisions between wisdom and folly. That there is such a thing as righteousness and there is such a thing as wickedness. There is real evil and to know what it looks like. To know how important their speech is. To know how important it is that they relate properly within their family. That someday when they are a husband or a wife, a father or a mother they will have a crucial role to play in the lives of people that will be precious to them. And about the importance of hard work. Proverbs would not require you to be converted to Christ to get a lot of the points. It really does not. Proverbs is much more, sort of, all-purpose. What is great about Proverbs is you can use it to help raise your own children even before they have made their decision to follow Christ as Lord and Savior. That is a fact. Those of you who have no children yet may have not even ever thought about this. I have had more children than anybody I know because my wife and I not only have had eight, four biological and four adopted, but we raised another dozen as foster children. We just have so many kids I can hardly remember their names. I look at them and say, "You are…?" But almost all Christian parents face the fact that they are raising their kids at one stage or another who are not necessarily living for Christ. Some eleven year old or some eighteen year old or whatever, they may be very far from Christ. How do you relate to them? You still need to raise them up with these basic values, basic truths, a basic sense of choices and so on. They should not be proud, they ought to be humble. They ought to get along well with friends and neighbors. They ought to know how to work hard and honor the boss and be a good employee, etc. If they are a boss, they ought to know how to be a kind boss and a fair boss, etc. Ultimately what you want is that they learn the fear of the Lord. They really get converted because that is the beginning point of all wisdom ultimately. If you want to be oriented to right and wrong, to be oriented to God is the best orientation there could possibly be for having all the other orientations fit. But still this can work. If you have got a youth group or a children's ministry or a Christian education ministry with a lot of kids who are not yet converted you can still use this material. It does not require for its applicability and its value that they have really made a decision to follow Christ. Of course that is ideal, of course it is perfect, but there is a lot you can do without that. I really encourage this. One of the things that sometimes we do at home is that as we are eating dinner I will just grab the Bible and I will read a Proverb. I will just pick a Proverb at random. Often times it is just a Proverb that my eye falls on, I will do it now, I will give you a proverb like I do it at home. I will say to the kids, "It says here a wicked messenger falls into trouble, but a trustworthy envoy brings healing." Then I will say to my son Jonathan, who is now 14, "Okay Jonathan, what does that mean?" He will say predictably, "I don't know." Then I will read it again. "It says here, Proverbs 13:17, 'A wicked messenger falls into trouble, but a trustworthy envoy brings healing.'" Then my wife and I will start explaining what is a messenger, what is an envoy, teach him vocabulary and so on. Then I will turn to some of the older kids and say, "What do you think it means?" Then one of them will get it or get part of it and together we will work it out and then I will explain it, and it is a wonderful statement. Here is a statement about somebody who is a gossip or who is somehow giving false information or conveying things in a way that is harmful that gets people in trouble as opposed to the faithful, trustworthy envoy who can bring healing. When you handle the truth correctly and diplomatically huge amounts of good can happen. You want to hurt people, boy can you hurt them by just the way you say, "Do you know what so and so said about you the other night at Bible study?" Oh man, that is dynamite. Make it up. You could start a thing that would take years to die down. III. Proverbs are puzzles. One little detail, proverbs are essentially puzzles. This is important to get. A proverb is not intended to be simple to understand the minute you read it or hear it. It is supposed to soluble so it is not a puzzle that just makes you say, "I don't know; I have no idea what this says." A reasonable adult can always figure it out and explain it to a thoughtful child or adolescent. It is important to appreciate, however, in the way Proverbs are written--it is much more visible in the Hebrew, by the way, than it is in the English because the English often does kind of half explain it in the translation. English translators look for clarification, but in the original they are like puzzles. They are so terse and they have such unusual expressions and themes and metaphors that often they make no sense. Some of you who have learned English as a second language or have come from other cultures know this. You have heard many things that people say and you say, "What does that mean?" For example Americans say, "A stitch in time saves nine." It is an American and British proverb. We use it that way because it rhymes, it has a nice sense to it. What is the meaning? It has very little to do with sewing. It is not really a sewing proverb at all. You do not have to watch the Sewing Channel to understand this proverb. It is about the fact that from a literal point of view, a literalistic point of view, when a garment starts to unravel if you can quickly stitch it then much more unraveling will be stopped and one stitch in time saves nine stitches. Does it also save fourteen? Sure. Does it save thirty-eight? Sure. Does it save two? Yes. So it is not just nine. But it sort of rhymes to say, "A stitch in times saves nine," so that is the way it is put together to make it memorable but the real point of that proverb is that there are many kinds of situations that will get worse and worse and worse if you let them go but if you act quickly you can often prevent it from getting really bad. The sooner you act with many problems the easier they will be to solve. That is what a stitch in time really means. We say it in kind of a puzzle way. I sure that most kids as they are growing up, even kids who have heard that all their life, the first time they heard it said, "What, I don't get it." So you have to explain it. Proverbs are like that. We believe that when people taught proverbs to kids, again and again and again they would say, "Teacher, would you explain that one too please?" It had to be puzzled out. But you know what is wonderful, if you have something you have to puzzle out, we find this at the dinner table whenever we do it with our kids, it makes an impact because you are repeating it. You say, "Now listen to that first part again. What do you think that means?" You are going over it, you are repeating it, everybody is thinking about it, they are trying to solve the puzzle. This is what helps commit it to memory. Something that is easy to solve just sort of goes in one ear and out the other, which is also a kind of an English proverb; an expression for it does not last in your memory. A thing that you have to work on, think about, analyze. What is the point of that? I don't get it. Why is it stated that way? That is just great in terms of helping you to get the concept and likely remember it. In the Hebrew the proverbs are very, very memorizable. They are like "a stitch in time saves nine" or "look before you leap." They are short, they are very epigrammatic, they are very condensed, they often have similar sounds and cadences and they are put in a word order that you can easily remember. Like, "Roses are red, violets are blue, sugar is sweet and who are you." It is memorizable, because there are cadences and so on. There are a lot of those things that we do not have in English but we still have the puzzle factor, the need to go over it, the concept and the tremendous value for believer and nonbeliever alike, which is a great thing. IV. Context of Warnings One does have to be careful in the genre. I think in the wisdom literature, the warnings against prostitution, harlotry and so on are basically warnings in favor of sexual fidelity and purity. In the prophets the term harlotry, prostitution is usually metaphorical referring to polytheism. Where you use a term makes a very big difference in its applicability. I was giving the illustration in another class today--suppose you saw in a newspaper the following: Pittsburgh eliminates Detroit. If that were not on a sports page or a sport story it could be real serious. "Good grief, Pittsburgh attacked Detroit and eliminated them with atomic weapons or something." On a sports page, however, it means they knocked them out of the playoffs or out of eligibility for the playoffs. It has another kind of a meaning; it is using language in the context of the field of sports and it is not the city of Pittsburgh at all, it is the Pittsburgh Penguins or whoever it is. It is some particular team, a very small organization, a very small number of people from Pittsburgh actually who work in Pittsburgh. (They are from Canada if they are Penguins.) The context is a huge part of the meaning of something. In the prophets a word is going to have this kind of value in that context whereas over in the proverbs or wisdom literature in general it will have another. V. Sexual Purity and Choosing a Spouse One of the big issues in wisdom literature is sexual purity and so Proverbs ends with the advice about how wonderful it is to make the right choice about life's biggest choice from a human point of view. Life's biggest choice is choosing God ultimately. But the biggest choice that people tend to make that they think of as a human choice is the choice of a spouse. You end the book with this advice that it is so important to find a godly wife. All of Proverbs like the law and everything is always in the second person singular but do not think it is not automatically reversible. I think everybody in ancient Israel would have understood that that teaching advised a woman to find a godly husband as well. Just to make the appropriate changes so that the concepts would still essentially be helpful. Choosing a mate is crucial. Then one watches teenagers do this and it is basically who you feel comfortable with in the back seat of a car. That is the decision-making ability. It is just incredible how badly they make the decisions. It is amazing what you see. Any of you who have any pastoral experience know a big part of your time is spent in counseling people who not only made strange decisions preparing for marriage, but are continuing to make strange decisions in marriage. This is the biggest decision of life and people have not always done it well. What do we have at the end of Proverbs? Nothing about anybody's looks. Do not make it based on looks. Nothing about any number of things like, "Aw, she is a great dancer, that is a good reason to marry her." It is about the quality, the character, the competence, the willingness to work hard, the willingness to take care of the family and provide, the willingness to be a partner to you, the willingness to be helpful. It is just a whole other set of values that the wise person uses to make the right choices. VI. A Useful Proverb Let me end up on Proverbs and I know there is so many other things we could talk about. Let me end up with a little story about a Proverb that did me much good. When I grew up my Dad taught me a Proverb. He taught me some Proverbs, I suppose, like don't play in the street is sort of a proverb. One that my dad taught me was this--every gun is loaded. I heard that from when I was a little kid because my dad had some guns and that was a rule. For years I would keep asking him, "Come on Dad, mine is not loaded, look it's empty." He would not hear me. He would say, "No, Doug, every gun is loaded." What was he teaching me? Technically it was not true but he was teaching me an attitude about a gun. He was saying, "Treat every gun as if it is loaded." It is something his dad had taught him. This was very useful to me when I shot a hole in my underwear. Let me describe it. I am home from college, I am a freshman at some obscure university in Cambridge, Massachusetts and I am home from college and I brought along two or three weeks worth of laundry, mostly underwear. I have got it in a bag and I come down to the basement with this bag of laundry and drop it on the floor next to the washing machine where my mom will do it for me. Wasn't that wonderful? Talk about a saint. Anyway, and I see that my dad has a new gun in there. This is great. He has got it loaded with birdshot; I do not know that. I look at the gun and determine by breaking it open, Ah ha! There is absolutely nothing I can see. The light at the other end of the chamber, the whole thing is just absolutely empty, you can see right through the barrel. I was seeing the reflection of the light bulb behind me on the nice, shiny end of the round that was in there. If you ever have a gun, all the men in the room know this and the women just have to trust us; this is true. You cannot just hold a gun; you have to see how it fires. You just have to. You have to feel what we call, "the action." You have to aim it, you have to get the heft. You just have to squeeze that trigger and just feel how it clicks. I had it up and was holding it out right against the window of the basement; the window looks out into our backyard, nice, big picture window. I was looking out there and thought, "No, I better not." That came to my mind, "every gun is loaded," as proverbs are supposed to. They are supposed to come to mind. They are simple, they are short. They are not always technically true like a stitch in time saves nine; it could be a hundred, it could be one, sometimes it does not save anything. So I said every gun is loaded and I aimed, instead, down at my underwear and it went off and I shot a whole bunch of birdshot and it did not do too much damage to anything but my underwear; I had a lot of holes in my underwear. Proverbs have that value. The theory is that they are like rules. Why do we have rules for driving on a highway? Because it saves lives to have rules and to have them strictly enforced. Why do you have rules in Proverbs for how to live and to make the right choices? Because it saves people from miseries of all sorts. Proverbs, in that sense of having these rules that are just generally applicable, is in some ways the most secular book in the Bible. It is not really secular, I do not mean that, but it is more nearly secular. Maybe that is a safer way to say it, because it does certainly have an awful lot that could apply to the nonbeliever and be useful to the nonbeliever. So certainly in youth work, in raising children, it is a great device and I do commend it to you.	4,316	ENGLISH	1
On this day: June-July 1945 World War II has ended. It has been nine months since the eight inhabitants hiding at the Secret Annex were discovered and arrested. Anne’s father, Otto Frank, is the only survivor. (Photo: Otto Frank (seated center) with the helpers, who also survived the war.© Anne Frank Stichting) Otto’s business in Amsterdam has been run by his most trusted employees. Despite being sent to camps after being arrested for helping hide the Frank family, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler have survived and returned to work in Amsterdam. Miep Gies has been holding on to Anne’s diary for safe keeping. They are all waiting for news of the people in hiding. Miep’s husband, Jan, is working at a center to assist survivors returning to Amsterdam. He asks for news of the Frank family and learns that Otto is on his way back. Jan goes home to tell his wife and the very moment he shares the good news they see Otto pass the window. He rings the bell and when Miep answers, the first thing she asks is about his wife, Edith. “She is not coming back,” he tells her, “but I have hope for the children.” We looked at each other. There were no words. He was thin, but he’d always been thin. He carried a little bundle. My eyes swam. My heart melted. Suddenly, I was afraid to know more. I didn’t want to know what had happened. I knew I would not ask—Miep Gies At first Otto stays with Miep and Jan. Otto knows his wife has died, but he does not know that his daughters have died too. He begins searching through records and writes letters inquiring of his daughters’ whereabouts. Miep continues to keep the diary in the drawer of her desk. She is waiting to give it back to Anne herself, something she has been looking forward to very much. He even places an advertisement in the newspaper asking for news about his daughters. Anne's sixteenth birthday comes and goes without any news of her whereabouts. Otto goes to work at Opekta every day. He is still living with Miep and Jan. Finally, he learns that his daughters are not alive. He meets one of the Brilleslijper sisters who had been at the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp with Margot and Anne. She tells Otto that his daughters are dead. Now that they know the girls will not be returning, Miep opens her desk drawer and gives Anne’s diary to Otto. “Here is your daughter Anne’s legacy to you,” she says. After learning that his daughters did not survive, Otto sends a postcard with the news to his family in Switzerland. Again and again small groups of survivors returned from different concentration camps and I tried to hear something from them about Margot and Anne. I found two sisters who had been with Margot and Anne in Bergen-Belsen. They told me about the final sufferings and the death of my children. Otto has not yet read Anne's diary. A month will pass before he opens it and begins to read it slowly, only a few pages each day.	<urn:uuid:88f6a86e-e1db-4c26-8c76-48d35d0b53a5>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://holocaust.georgia.gov/on-this-day/day-june-july-1945	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607596.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122221541-20200123010541-00441.warc.gz	en	0.988408	699	3.328125	3	[ -0.4616990089416504, 0.4641605615615845, -0.03471137583255768, -0.2354447841644287, 0.13934069871902466, 0.2272064983844757, 0.40010887384414673, -0.06900985538959503, -0.2307509183883667, -0.16872093081474304, 0.5426356792449951, 0.00288705644197762, -0.18289464712142944, 0.49508672952651...	5	On this day: June-July 1945 World War II has ended. It has been nine months since the eight inhabitants hiding at the Secret Annex were discovered and arrested. Anne’s father, Otto Frank, is the only survivor. (Photo: Otto Frank (seated center) with the helpers, who also survived the war.© Anne Frank Stichting) Otto’s business in Amsterdam has been run by his most trusted employees. Despite being sent to camps after being arrested for helping hide the Frank family, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler have survived and returned to work in Amsterdam. Miep Gies has been holding on to Anne’s diary for safe keeping. They are all waiting for news of the people in hiding. Miep’s husband, Jan, is working at a center to assist survivors returning to Amsterdam. He asks for news of the Frank family and learns that Otto is on his way back. Jan goes home to tell his wife and the very moment he shares the good news they see Otto pass the window. He rings the bell and when Miep answers, the first thing she asks is about his wife, Edith. “She is not coming back,” he tells her, “but I have hope for the children.” We looked at each other. There were no words. He was thin, but he’d always been thin. He carried a little bundle. My eyes swam. My heart melted. Suddenly, I was afraid to know more. I didn’t want to know what had happened. I knew I would not ask—Miep Gies At first Otto stays with Miep and Jan. Otto knows his wife has died, but he does not know that his daughters have died too. He begins searching through records and writes letters inquiring of his daughters’ whereabouts. Miep continues to keep the diary in the drawer of her desk. She is waiting to give it back to Anne herself, something she has been looking forward to very much. He even places an advertisement in the newspaper asking for news about his daughters. Anne's sixteenth birthday comes and goes without any news of her whereabouts. Otto goes to work at Opekta every day. He is still living with Miep and Jan. Finally, he learns that his daughters are not alive. He meets one of the Brilleslijper sisters who had been at the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp with Margot and Anne. She tells Otto that his daughters are dead. Now that they know the girls will not be returning, Miep opens her desk drawer and gives Anne’s diary to Otto. “Here is your daughter Anne’s legacy to you,” she says. After learning that his daughters did not survive, Otto sends a postcard with the news to his family in Switzerland. Again and again small groups of survivors returned from different concentration camps and I tried to hear something from them about Margot and Anne. I found two sisters who had been with Margot and Anne in Bergen-Belsen. They told me about the final sufferings and the death of my children. Otto has not yet read Anne's diary. A month will pass before he opens it and begins to read it slowly, only a few pages each day.	660	ENGLISH	1
After the battle, Darius III offered Alexander a ransom for his family and alliance, through marriage, with him. Cities-States were established with Greek institutions that remained long after his death. Macedon or Macedonia was a kingdom, situated up in the north of Greece. Write my law essayAlmost everyone in the western world has heard of Alexander in school, books, or in other cultural depictions. The two armies met at the Hydaspes River in B. He changed the focus on civilization from the eastern to the western societies, Greece and Rome. The battle soon became a war of nerves. In his right hand, he held a long spear. With unlimited ambition, Philip next prepared to invade the Persian Empire in the East. The Macedonian soldiers since then regarded the young hero as a rare general and became devoted to him as their future leader. Alexander was saddened when he found his dead body. He respected Darius as the head of the mighty Persian Empire, though Alexander regarded himself as a higher authority because he believed his power came from the gods, according to Abernethy. He sent Darius's body back to Persepolis and ordered that he be given a royal burial. Alexander wanted the transition in Persia from Darius's power to his own to be peaceful. It needed to have the appearance of legitimacy to appease the people, and providing a noble burial for Darius was part of that, explained Abernethy. Alexander was influenced by the teachings of his tutor, Aristotle, whose philosophy of Greek ethos did not require forcing Greek culture on the colonized. In this way, he would gain their loyalty by honoring their culture, even after the conquest was complete, creating security and stability. Alexander himself even adopted Persian dress and certain Persian customs," said Abernethy. Alexander pursued Bessus eastward until he was caught and killed. Then, wishing to incorporate the most easterly portions of the Persian Empire into his own, he campaigned in central Asia. It was a rocky, frost-bitten campaign, which raised tensions within his own army and, ultimately, would lead to Alexander killing two of his closest friends. The killing of Parmerio The killing of Parmerio, his former second in command, and Cleitus, a close friend of the king who is said to have saved his life at the Battle of Granicus, may be seen as a sign of how his men were becoming tired of campaigning, and how Alexander was becoming more paranoid. At some point during Alexander's campaign in central Asia, Parmerio's son, Philotas, allegedly failed to report a plot against Alexander's life. The king, incensed, decided to kill not only Philotas and the other men deemed conspirators, but also Parmerio, even though he apparently had nothing to do with the alleged plot. According to the writer Quintus Curtius who lived during the first century A. Arriving in Parmerio's tent in the city where he was stationed, he handed him a letter from Alexander and one marked as being from his son. When he was reading the letter from his son, a general named Cleander, who aided Polydamus with his mission, "opened him Parmerio up with a sword thrust to his side, then struck him a second blow in the throat…" killing him. After an episode where the two were drinking, Cleitus told his king off, telling him, in essence, that he should follow Macedonian ways, not those of the Persians who had opposed him. After the two got drunk, Cleitus lifted up his right hand and said "this is the hand, Alexander, that saved you then at the Battle of Granicus. Alexander took his act of murder terribly. This map shows Alexander the Great's empire. After his troops had captured a fortress at a place called Sogdian Rock in B. His Father was Philip, the King of Macedonia. His mother was Olympia, daughter of the late King Epirus. Alexander was quite mature for his age. At 13 he started learning from Aristotle, he was trained with other children. It was at this time that he met Hephastion, his future best Friend. He conquered what was in his time, most of the civilized world. Not only were they isolated physically, each individual polis remained focused on its own needs and interests. Hemingway Philip II, a Macedonian king, wished that all of Greece could act as one and be united under the same rule. In the year B. Alexander the great is famous for his many battles and victories achieved during his life; the Greek philosopher Aristotle tutored Alexander. The Persian satrap in Asia enabled Alexander to govern a large amount of territory. In India, he replaced hostile rulers with rulers loyal to him and increased their territory. He used the Macedonia practice of founding cities to encourage loyalty with the natives. While he allowed the Persians and Indians to move up in his administration, he primarily used Macedonians. As a student of the Greek philosopher Aristotle, Alexander was embedded with lasting interests in philosophy, politics and warfare. As king, he settled problems by immediate action, making quick decisions and taking great risks. His armies overcame these risks by sheer force and by the ingenious tactics instilled in them by Alexander. He was a warrior by 16, a commander at age 18, and was crowned King of Macedon by the time he was 20 years old. He did things in his lifetime that others could only dream about. Alexander single-handedly changed the nature of the ancient world in just over a decade. He became a warrior by the age of sixteen and was a king at twenty. He did things during his existence that others could only envisage about. He was a brilliant, patient and often devious man that never struck without careful planning. He had conquered more territory than anyone else. From the age of Alexander was tutored by the famous Aristotle. Aristotle had taught him about geography, medicine, zoology and lots of other things. Also, during the battle of Tyre his army killed thousands of people and sold the thirty thousand remaining survivors into slavery. This shows that Alexander was nothing but a brutal murderer! Well, I will tell you why! Alexander was never one sit still; with passion and energy his impulse was always to win and to expand his own horizon to the fullest. His conquest of the Middle East and Asia helped spread Hellenism immediately through these regions. Only did the war of Diadochi start to break up his empire. These dynasties molded the world at that time into larger and unified ways of trading and learning. The thing that made most of his Empire fall was the fact that he did not leave an heir to the throne, even though Roxana was pregnant with child, a son who was born after the death of his father and the separation of the generals who divided the rule. His son was Alexander the IV Aegus, but he did not live a long life to even see himself as ruler. It is not known for sure what Alexander had planned, if they were to create a world empire or not. His conquests were greater then any ruler before him, unfortunately he did not have time to fine tune the government in the lands that he had taken over. Cities-States were established with Greek institutions that remained long after his death. Conclusion Alexander the Great ruled for a short but very productive 13 years. His feats were never matched before or after him and to this day he is still looked at as one of the greatest rulers of our time. His military tactics, scholar ability, charisma and determination earned him the right to be known as Alexander the Great. In his 13 years of ruling his empire he established more then many leaders after him could not do for centuries. Alexander the great has lived a life full of accomplishments. Conclusion Alexander the Great ruled for a short but very productive 13 years. He began to press his men too great. This was a great victory for him. But, like the Greeks, the Macedonians belonged why the Aryan race and regarded themselves as Greeks. Alexander took his essay across the desert, trying to reach Media, was it was a costly mistake because of the shortages of food and water he sustained heavy losses and the alexander of the men was diminishing. Alexander the Great essays At the same time, his education made him enlightened and cultured. As he was about to march on his eastern expedition, he suddenly fell dead in hands of an assassin in the year B. When people think of a hero, they think of a superman, or spiderman, types of heroes.But who would want an unjust leader, who is an egomaniac, a ruthless narcissist, and whose empire would not last? He was conceded and had absolutely no concern for others. D Also, every new place Alexander went to he founded a new city and named it after himself….. Alexander established an economic system that remained active until the industrial revolution in the 18th century. The limits for the inhabited earth at the time was established by him and remained so until the 15th century, before the voyages of the Portuguese and Spanish. In Darius tasted defeat by Alexander in the town of Issus, southern part of Turkey. It was in BC, against the million man army, that Darius faced his final defeat at Gaugamela Iraq. When they reached the Granicus River they ran into 40, Perians and Greek mercenaries. His army defeated 40, and according to history his army only suffered the loss of men. At this time all of the minor states of Asia submitted to him. The Battle of Issus was in BC and Darius army was said to be ,, which is believed to be over exaggerated. During the battle Darius was cut off from his base so he fled northward at the same time abandoning his mother, wife and children. Alexander treated them as royalty was supposed to be treated, even better then Darius treated them. This was a great victory for him. Temperamentally, Alexander was proud, haughty, cruel revengeful and emotional. At the same time, his education made him enlightened and cultured. He was a curious mixture of bad and good qualities, vices and virtues. From his early youth, Alexander received a good military training and showed his genius as a born soldier. When Philip was fighting his famous battle of Chaeronea to conquer Greece, the 18 year old Alexander assisted his father as the commander of the cavalry force and amazed the army by daring acts of heroism. The Macedonian soldiers since then regarded the young hero as a rare general and became devoted to him as their future leader. Alexand lived from B. The three sources used have many similarities and broaden the history of Alexander, as they include more into the timeline of his life. This experience and knowledge passed down from his father became useful during his conquest across Europe. At the river Granicus, near the ancient city of Troy, he attacked and slaughtered an army of Persian and Greek mercenaries, according to tradition, lost only men. In fact, he had the pleasure of having the great Aristotle as his teacher. He had conquered more territory than anyone else. From the age of Alexander was tutored by the famous Aristotle. Aristotle had taught him about geography, medicine, zoology and lots of other things. He was the son of the king of Macedon. Alexander was many things, he was a prince, a king, a general, and much more. Alexander led his army through multiple victories across the Persian territories of Asia Minor, Syria and Egypt without the agony of a single defeat. A noteworthy battle of Alexander was the Battle of Gaugamela in B. E and was able to turn Macedonia into the strongest military power in the entire Greek world. Macedonia was a state in the north eastern region of Greece. He inherited the best qualities and character of both of his parents. His father possessed strong and determined abilities of a real general and his mother was unreliable and out of control. Throughout his childhood, most of his friends were women. His magnetism in life was rivaled only by his magnetism in death, and the story of his career has evoked vastly different interpretations in his age and ours. Young romantic hero or megalomaniac villain? Alexander III of Macedon conquered all who stood before him, but usually in order to free the lower class. He did more to spread the Hellenistic culture than anyone before or after him. In the course of his reign, he and his forces skillfully acquired a number of city-states for his empire through both siege and of their own surrender. Prior to Alexander taking the throne, his father Philip II was king of Macedonia, which as the time was possible predominantly pastoral and rural. The soldiers became exhausted, frustrated and lost their purpose. They refused to go further and Alexander was forced to turn back. After reaching the Indian Ocean he split his force in three. One element, with the heavy equipment, would take a relatively safe route to Persia, the second, under his command, would traverse Gedrosia, a largely uninhabited deserted area that no large force had ever crossed before. A third force, embarked on ships, would support Alexander's force and sail alongside them. The Gedrosia crossing was a miserable failure with up to three-quarters of Alexander's troops dying along the way, his fleet being unable to keep up with them due to bad winds. Why Alexander chose to lead part of his force through Gedrosia is a mystery. It could simply be because no one had ever attempted to bring such a large force through it before and Alexander wanted to be the first. Return to Persia Alexander returned to Persia, this time as the ruler of a kingdom that stretched from the Balkans to Egypt to modern day Pakistan. Alexander took two additional wives in addition to Roxana, whom he had married in central Asia. Roxana likely did not take kindly to her two new co-wives and, after Alexander's death, she may have had them both killed. In June B. He soon had trouble speaking and eventually he died. Recent research suggests Alexander may have been poisoned. Shortly before his death, Alexander was supposedly asked who his empire should go to. His answer was said to be "to the strongest man. His generals fought over his land and in the end it was divided up into multiple states. In 30 B. The great king had been dead for nearly three centuries but was revered by the Romans. The Battle of Issus was in BC and Darius great was said to be , which is believed was be essay exaggerated. The Read. The toughest opposition actually why from a Greek great force fighting for Darius. There were always consequences for when people tried to stand up against Alexander. Prior to Alexander taking the throne, his father Philip II was king of Macedonia, which as the time was possible predominantly alexander and rural. The soldiers became exhausted, frustrated and lost their purpose. The Greeks from their plains looked upon the Macedonians as barbarians. These dynasties molded the world at that time into larger and unified ways of trading and learning. His Father was Philip, the King of Macedonia. After his troops had captured a fortress at a place called Sogdian Rock in B. He also led a group called the Corinthian League. A little about the Great Alexander the Great was one of the greatest generals because of his ability as a technician and troop leader. As a student of the Greek philosopher Aristotle, Alexander was embedded with lasting interests in philosophy, politics and warfare. Should he be known for it because of his military skills, his popularity with his people or his leadership skills? However, his effect on the history of the world cannot be overstated. Essay on Alexander the Great In the course of his reign, he and his forces skillfully great a number of city-states for his empire through both siege and of their own surrender. He inherited the best qualities and character of both was his parents. Alexander led his essay through multiple victories across the Persian alexanders of Asia Minor, Syria and Egypt without the agony of the single defeat. Why made a pilgrimage to the great temple and oracle of Amon-Ra, the Egyptian god of the sun. This is great he ran into King Darius III with his million man army, according to the exaggerated accounts of antiquity. It needed to have the appearance of legitimacy to appease the people, and providing a noble burial for Darius was part of that, explained Abernethy. He then continued on to the city of Persoplis taking the royal treasures and other rich fortunes. The person who stabbed him was said to have been one of Philip's former male lovers, named Pausanias. He trained young Persians in the Greek tactics of fighting and warfare and enrolled them into his army. As king, he settled problems by immediate action, making quick decisions and taking great risks. Image Source: upload. - How to right a great essay - How was the new year eve in niagara falls essay - Who perfected the essay the renaissance - Outlined essay on whitechicks on stereotype His mother was of royal lineage, as was his father, Philip II. The weakness of the city states gave him a golden opportunity. For example he built an incredibly vast empire, spread Greek art and literature, and was a major influence on Julias Caesar. Alexander the great is known for many things.The first thing that Phillip the Second of Macedon did was name an heir to the throne after he died and it was Alexander. E Besides an empire as vast as his took at least 11 years of hard work and conquering to build. Unfortunately it only took 10 years to destroy it which showed what a poor job Alexander did with leadership. The limits for the inhabited earth at the time was established by him and remained so until the 15th century, before the voyages of the Portuguese and Spanish. In Darius tasted defeat by Alexander in the town of Issus, southern part of Turkey. It was in BC, against the million man army, that Darius faced his final defeat at Gaugamela Iraq. When they reached the Granicus River they ran into 40, Perians and Greek mercenaries. His army defeated 40, and according to history his army only suffered the loss of men. At this time all of the minor states of Asia submitted to him. The Battle of Issus was in BC and Darius army was said to be ,, which is believed to be over exaggerated. During the battle Darius was cut off from his base so he fled northward at the same time abandoning his mother, wife and children. Alexander treated them as royalty was supposed to be treated, even better then Darius treated them. This was a great victory for him. He continued on to Tyre, a strongly guarded sea port, that laid in siege for seven months before he stormed it and defeated it in BC. Gaza was the next to fall under Alexander as he moved on to Egypt where he was met by the people as a deliverer. He then founded the city of Alexandria at the mouth of the Nile River which became the literary, scientific and commercial center of the Greek world. He was now the undisputed leader of Macedon and Greece and the supreme commander of the Macedonian army to which were joined the Greek soldiers of the mainland. Some of the Greek city states felt that the death of king Philip was the end of Macedonian supremacy. They, therefore, rose in revolt to regain independence. But Alexander was too strong for them. He taught a lesson to the revolting city states by destroying the city state of Thebes completely. All houses of that place were raged to ground except the house of a poet named Pindar and a few places of worship. As a demonstration of his anger, he slaughtered six thousand people of thebes. Yet, despite the opposition from the Spartans, Alexander was successful against Persia. The first major battle he won was the "Battle of Granicus," fought in B. During the battle, Arrian wrote that Alexander defeated a force of 20, Persian horsemen and an equal number of foot soldiers. He then advanced down the coast of west Turkey, taking cities and trying to deprive the Persian navy of bases. The second key battle he won, and perhaps the most important, was the Battle of Issus, fought in B. Arrian estimates that Darius had a force of , troops probably wildly exaggerated and positioned himself initially on a great plain where he could mass them all effectively against Alexander, who hesitated to give battle. Darius III is said to have thought this a sign of timidity. At first this went well, and he actually got in the rear of Alexander's force. However, when Alexander gave the Persian king battle, it turned out Darius had been led to a narrow spot where the Persians could not use their superior numbers effectively. Arrian wrote that, against the experienced Macedonian troops, Darius's left wing was "routed" almost immediately. The toughest opposition actually came from a Greek mercenary force fighting for Darius. Positioned in the center the "action there was desperate, as the Greeks tried to drive the Macedonians back to the river and to recover victory for their own men who were already fleeing," Arrian wrote. Eventually Darius III fled, along with his army. In his haste, Darius III left much of his family behind including his mother, wife, infant son and two daughters. Alexander ordered that they be "honored, and addressed as royalty," Arrian wrote. After the battle, Darius III offered Alexander a ransom for his family and alliance, through marriage, with him. Arrian said that Alexander rebuked Darius in writing and used the attempts of his predecessors to invade Greece as justification for his campaign against him. He also added that "in the future whenever you send word to me, address yourself to me as King of Asia and not as an equal, and let me know, as the master of all that belonged to you, if you have need of anything. Many cities surrendered while some, such as Tyre , which was on an island, put up a fight and forced Alexander to lay siege. In B. On its northern coast, he founded Alexandria, the most successful city he ever built. Arrian wrote that "a sudden passion for the project seized him, and he himself marked out where the agora was to be built and decided how many temples were to be erected and to which gods they were to be dedicated…" Recent research indicates that Alexandria may have been built to face the rising sun on the day Alexander was born. Aristotle promoted the belief that non-Greeks were naturally slaves, thus encouraging the prince's thirst for conquest. He embarked on a conquest like no other, conquering lands from Egypt to India. Creating one of the largest empires in the Ancient World. Due to his incredible feats, Greek culture spread throughout these lands, marking the beginning of the Hellenistic Period. Alexander is a great example for a hero! Alexander was a great ruler throughout the history. He had the largest empire in the world, and was a successful ruler! Despite Alexander the Great slaughtered lots of people while he conquered other countries, Alexander the Great is a hero because he unified a big piece of land and helped the Greeks to conquer Persia took revenge while successfully spreading the Greek culture to other people. Although there is no doubt that this timely inheritance was a key factor in his success, it was his military skills and generalship that gave him the ability to effectively utilize the groundwork laid by his father. The murder had taken place after Olympias and Alexander were forced out of Macedonia once Phillip had remarried Cleopatra, who was much younger. When Alexander was a young boy his mother had taught him that Achilles was his ancestor and that his father is a descendant from Hercules. This inspired Alexander to learn the Iliad by heart and always carry with him. Alexander the great is known for many things. He was king of Macedonia, a military genius, and the greatest conqueror of all time-to name a few. Alexander was taught by many great minds, perhaps most responsible for his greatness was Aristotle. Alexander was given many hard tasks and tremendous responsibilities as a child and teen, which he carried out with ease. Alexander the Great was born. His Father was Philip, the King of Macedonia. His mother was Olympia, daughter of the late King Epirus. Alexander was quite mature for his age. At 13 he started learning from Aristotle, he was trained with other children. It was at this time that he met Hephastion, his future best Friend. Alexander make decisions with great speed and took extraordinary risks, his success was achieved by his show of sheer force and will to overcome. Many others were sold as slaves. Within this essay, the information of Alexander will come from three different sources,and be compared to find the similarities in 5 paragraph essay introduction collage level history of Alexander amongst them. You see him lift up the helmet … and dump it on the great floor. Alexander selected a spot on the river with a wooded island and, at night, managed to bring his troops across to the opposite bank. Again, in a bid to stymie Darius III's superior numbers, Alexander moved his troops toward unlevel ground. As a demonstration of his anger, he slaughtered six thousand people of thebes. The Macedonian Phalanx presented an advanced art of warfare in Western military system. Darius responded by sending his chariots against Alexander's phalanx infantry, a bad move, as they were cut to pieces by javelins. In only a short time Alexander had expanded his the which extended from why shores of the Was Sea to the northern regions of Bactria and Sogdiana Afghanistan, Baluchistan and Central Asia.	<urn:uuid:09218cd0-bafa-41da-b59e-85f9fb8d6dcb>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://bryanfuhr.me/resemblance/14448-why-was-alexander-the-great-so-great-essay.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594705.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119180644-20200119204644-00275.warc.gz	en	0.992027	5,236	3.765625	4	[ -0.34209197759628296, 0.49715059995651245, 0.40601569414138794, -0.012367834337055683, -0.36423373222351074, -0.6207011938095093, 0.03788274526596069, 0.6669204235076904, -0.004619270097464323, -0.2860265374183655, -0.23943853378295898, -0.33771997690200806, 0.08090329170227051, -0.0801901...	1	After the battle, Darius III offered Alexander a ransom for his family and alliance, through marriage, with him. Cities-States were established with Greek institutions that remained long after his death. Macedon or Macedonia was a kingdom, situated up in the north of Greece. Write my law essayAlmost everyone in the western world has heard of Alexander in school, books, or in other cultural depictions. The two armies met at the Hydaspes River in B. He changed the focus on civilization from the eastern to the western societies, Greece and Rome. The battle soon became a war of nerves. In his right hand, he held a long spear. With unlimited ambition, Philip next prepared to invade the Persian Empire in the East. The Macedonian soldiers since then regarded the young hero as a rare general and became devoted to him as their future leader. Alexander was saddened when he found his dead body. He respected Darius as the head of the mighty Persian Empire, though Alexander regarded himself as a higher authority because he believed his power came from the gods, according to Abernethy. He sent Darius's body back to Persepolis and ordered that he be given a royal burial. Alexander wanted the transition in Persia from Darius's power to his own to be peaceful. It needed to have the appearance of legitimacy to appease the people, and providing a noble burial for Darius was part of that, explained Abernethy. Alexander was influenced by the teachings of his tutor, Aristotle, whose philosophy of Greek ethos did not require forcing Greek culture on the colonized. In this way, he would gain their loyalty by honoring their culture, even after the conquest was complete, creating security and stability. Alexander himself even adopted Persian dress and certain Persian customs," said Abernethy. Alexander pursued Bessus eastward until he was caught and killed. Then, wishing to incorporate the most easterly portions of the Persian Empire into his own, he campaigned in central Asia. It was a rocky, frost-bitten campaign, which raised tensions within his own army and, ultimately, would lead to Alexander killing two of his closest friends. The killing of Parmerio The killing of Parmerio, his former second in command, and Cleitus, a close friend of the king who is said to have saved his life at the Battle of Granicus, may be seen as a sign of how his men were becoming tired of campaigning, and how Alexander was becoming more paranoid. At some point during Alexander's campaign in central Asia, Parmerio's son, Philotas, allegedly failed to report a plot against Alexander's life. The king, incensed, decided to kill not only Philotas and the other men deemed conspirators, but also Parmerio, even though he apparently had nothing to do with the alleged plot. According to the writer Quintus Curtius who lived during the first century A. Arriving in Parmerio's tent in the city where he was stationed, he handed him a letter from Alexander and one marked as being from his son. When he was reading the letter from his son, a general named Cleander, who aided Polydamus with his mission, "opened him Parmerio up with a sword thrust to his side, then struck him a second blow in the throat…" killing him. After an episode where the two were drinking, Cleitus told his king off, telling him, in essence, that he should follow Macedonian ways, not those of the Persians who had opposed him. After the two got drunk, Cleitus lifted up his right hand and said "this is the hand, Alexander, that saved you then at the Battle of Granicus. Alexander took his act of murder terribly. This map shows Alexander the Great's empire. After his troops had captured a fortress at a place called Sogdian Rock in B. His Father was Philip, the King of Macedonia. His mother was Olympia, daughter of the late King Epirus. Alexander was quite mature for his age. At 13 he started learning from Aristotle, he was trained with other children. It was at this time that he met Hephastion, his future best Friend. He conquered what was in his time, most of the civilized world. Not only were they isolated physically, each individual polis remained focused on its own needs and interests. Hemingway Philip II, a Macedonian king, wished that all of Greece could act as one and be united under the same rule. In the year B. Alexander the great is famous for his many battles and victories achieved during his life; the Greek philosopher Aristotle tutored Alexander. The Persian satrap in Asia enabled Alexander to govern a large amount of territory. In India, he replaced hostile rulers with rulers loyal to him and increased their territory. He used the Macedonia practice of founding cities to encourage loyalty with the natives. While he allowed the Persians and Indians to move up in his administration, he primarily used Macedonians. As a student of the Greek philosopher Aristotle, Alexander was embedded with lasting interests in philosophy, politics and warfare. As king, he settled problems by immediate action, making quick decisions and taking great risks. His armies overcame these risks by sheer force and by the ingenious tactics instilled in them by Alexander. He was a warrior by 16, a commander at age 18, and was crowned King of Macedon by the time he was 20 years old. He did things in his lifetime that others could only dream about. Alexander single-handedly changed the nature of the ancient world in just over a decade. He became a warrior by the age of sixteen and was a king at twenty. He did things during his existence that others could only envisage about. He was a brilliant, patient and often devious man that never struck without careful planning. He had conquered more territory than anyone else. From the age of Alexander was tutored by the famous Aristotle. Aristotle had taught him about geography, medicine, zoology and lots of other things. Also, during the battle of Tyre his army killed thousands of people and sold the thirty thousand remaining survivors into slavery. This shows that Alexander was nothing but a brutal murderer! Well, I will tell you why! Alexander was never one sit still; with passion and energy his impulse was always to win and to expand his own horizon to the fullest. His conquest of the Middle East and Asia helped spread Hellenism immediately through these regions. Only did the war of Diadochi start to break up his empire. These dynasties molded the world at that time into larger and unified ways of trading and learning. The thing that made most of his Empire fall was the fact that he did not leave an heir to the throne, even though Roxana was pregnant with child, a son who was born after the death of his father and the separation of the generals who divided the rule. His son was Alexander the IV Aegus, but he did not live a long life to even see himself as ruler. It is not known for sure what Alexander had planned, if they were to create a world empire or not. His conquests were greater then any ruler before him, unfortunately he did not have time to fine tune the government in the lands that he had taken over. Cities-States were established with Greek institutions that remained long after his death. Conclusion Alexander the Great ruled for a short but very productive 13 years. His feats were never matched before or after him and to this day he is still looked at as one of the greatest rulers of our time. His military tactics, scholar ability, charisma and determination earned him the right to be known as Alexander the Great. In his 13 years of ruling his empire he established more then many leaders after him could not do for centuries. Alexander the great has lived a life full of accomplishments. Conclusion Alexander the Great ruled for a short but very productive 13 years. He began to press his men too great. This was a great victory for him. But, like the Greeks, the Macedonians belonged why the Aryan race and regarded themselves as Greeks. Alexander took his essay across the desert, trying to reach Media, was it was a costly mistake because of the shortages of food and water he sustained heavy losses and the alexander of the men was diminishing. Alexander the Great essays At the same time, his education made him enlightened and cultured. As he was about to march on his eastern expedition, he suddenly fell dead in hands of an assassin in the year B. When people think of a hero, they think of a superman, or spiderman, types of heroes.But who would want an unjust leader, who is an egomaniac, a ruthless narcissist, and whose empire would not last? He was conceded and had absolutely no concern for others. D Also, every new place Alexander went to he founded a new city and named it after himself….. Alexander established an economic system that remained active until the industrial revolution in the 18th century. The limits for the inhabited earth at the time was established by him and remained so until the 15th century, before the voyages of the Portuguese and Spanish. In Darius tasted defeat by Alexander in the town of Issus, southern part of Turkey. It was in BC, against the million man army, that Darius faced his final defeat at Gaugamela Iraq. When they reached the Granicus River they ran into 40, Perians and Greek mercenaries. His army defeated 40, and according to history his army only suffered the loss of men. At this time all of the minor states of Asia submitted to him. The Battle of Issus was in BC and Darius army was said to be ,, which is believed to be over exaggerated. During the battle Darius was cut off from his base so he fled northward at the same time abandoning his mother, wife and children. Alexander treated them as royalty was supposed to be treated, even better then Darius treated them. This was a great victory for him. Temperamentally, Alexander was proud, haughty, cruel revengeful and emotional. At the same time, his education made him enlightened and cultured. He was a curious mixture of bad and good qualities, vices and virtues. From his early youth, Alexander received a good military training and showed his genius as a born soldier. When Philip was fighting his famous battle of Chaeronea to conquer Greece, the 18 year old Alexander assisted his father as the commander of the cavalry force and amazed the army by daring acts of heroism. The Macedonian soldiers since then regarded the young hero as a rare general and became devoted to him as their future leader. Alexand lived from B. The three sources used have many similarities and broaden the history of Alexander, as they include more into the timeline of his life. This experience and knowledge passed down from his father became useful during his conquest across Europe. At the river Granicus, near the ancient city of Troy, he attacked and slaughtered an army of Persian and Greek mercenaries, according to tradition, lost only men. In fact, he had the pleasure of having the great Aristotle as his teacher. He had conquered more territory than anyone else. From the age of Alexander was tutored by the famous Aristotle. Aristotle had taught him about geography, medicine, zoology and lots of other things. He was the son of the king of Macedon. Alexander was many things, he was a prince, a king, a general, and much more. Alexander led his army through multiple victories across the Persian territories of Asia Minor, Syria and Egypt without the agony of a single defeat. A noteworthy battle of Alexander was the Battle of Gaugamela in B. E and was able to turn Macedonia into the strongest military power in the entire Greek world. Macedonia was a state in the north eastern region of Greece. He inherited the best qualities and character of both of his parents. His father possessed strong and determined abilities of a real general and his mother was unreliable and out of control. Throughout his childhood, most of his friends were women. His magnetism in life was rivaled only by his magnetism in death, and the story of his career has evoked vastly different interpretations in his age and ours. Young romantic hero or megalomaniac villain? Alexander III of Macedon conquered all who stood before him, but usually in order to free the lower class. He did more to spread the Hellenistic culture than anyone before or after him. In the course of his reign, he and his forces skillfully acquired a number of city-states for his empire through both siege and of their own surrender. Prior to Alexander taking the throne, his father Philip II was king of Macedonia, which as the time was possible predominantly pastoral and rural. The soldiers became exhausted, frustrated and lost their purpose. They refused to go further and Alexander was forced to turn back. After reaching the Indian Ocean he split his force in three. One element, with the heavy equipment, would take a relatively safe route to Persia, the second, under his command, would traverse Gedrosia, a largely uninhabited deserted area that no large force had ever crossed before. A third force, embarked on ships, would support Alexander's force and sail alongside them. The Gedrosia crossing was a miserable failure with up to three-quarters of Alexander's troops dying along the way, his fleet being unable to keep up with them due to bad winds. Why Alexander chose to lead part of his force through Gedrosia is a mystery. It could simply be because no one had ever attempted to bring such a large force through it before and Alexander wanted to be the first. Return to Persia Alexander returned to Persia, this time as the ruler of a kingdom that stretched from the Balkans to Egypt to modern day Pakistan. Alexander took two additional wives in addition to Roxana, whom he had married in central Asia. Roxana likely did not take kindly to her two new co-wives and, after Alexander's death, she may have had them both killed. In June B. He soon had trouble speaking and eventually he died. Recent research suggests Alexander may have been poisoned. Shortly before his death, Alexander was supposedly asked who his empire should go to. His answer was said to be "to the strongest man. His generals fought over his land and in the end it was divided up into multiple states. In 30 B. The great king had been dead for nearly three centuries but was revered by the Romans. The Battle of Issus was in BC and Darius great was said to be , which is believed was be essay exaggerated. The Read. The toughest opposition actually why from a Greek great force fighting for Darius. There were always consequences for when people tried to stand up against Alexander. Prior to Alexander taking the throne, his father Philip II was king of Macedonia, which as the time was possible predominantly alexander and rural. The soldiers became exhausted, frustrated and lost their purpose. The Greeks from their plains looked upon the Macedonians as barbarians. These dynasties molded the world at that time into larger and unified ways of trading and learning. His Father was Philip, the King of Macedonia. After his troops had captured a fortress at a place called Sogdian Rock in B. He also led a group called the Corinthian League. A little about the Great Alexander the Great was one of the greatest generals because of his ability as a technician and troop leader. As a student of the Greek philosopher Aristotle, Alexander was embedded with lasting interests in philosophy, politics and warfare. Should he be known for it because of his military skills, his popularity with his people or his leadership skills? However, his effect on the history of the world cannot be overstated. Essay on Alexander the Great In the course of his reign, he and his forces skillfully great a number of city-states for his empire through both siege and of their own surrender. He inherited the best qualities and character of both was his parents. Alexander led his essay through multiple victories across the Persian alexanders of Asia Minor, Syria and Egypt without the agony of the single defeat. Why made a pilgrimage to the great temple and oracle of Amon-Ra, the Egyptian god of the sun. This is great he ran into King Darius III with his million man army, according to the exaggerated accounts of antiquity. It needed to have the appearance of legitimacy to appease the people, and providing a noble burial for Darius was part of that, explained Abernethy. He then continued on to the city of Persoplis taking the royal treasures and other rich fortunes. The person who stabbed him was said to have been one of Philip's former male lovers, named Pausanias. He trained young Persians in the Greek tactics of fighting and warfare and enrolled them into his army. As king, he settled problems by immediate action, making quick decisions and taking great risks. Image Source: upload. - How to right a great essay - How was the new year eve in niagara falls essay - Who perfected the essay the renaissance - Outlined essay on whitechicks on stereotype His mother was of royal lineage, as was his father, Philip II. The weakness of the city states gave him a golden opportunity. For example he built an incredibly vast empire, spread Greek art and literature, and was a major influence on Julias Caesar. Alexander the great is known for many things.The first thing that Phillip the Second of Macedon did was name an heir to the throne after he died and it was Alexander. E Besides an empire as vast as his took at least 11 years of hard work and conquering to build. Unfortunately it only took 10 years to destroy it which showed what a poor job Alexander did with leadership. The limits for the inhabited earth at the time was established by him and remained so until the 15th century, before the voyages of the Portuguese and Spanish. In Darius tasted defeat by Alexander in the town of Issus, southern part of Turkey. It was in BC, against the million man army, that Darius faced his final defeat at Gaugamela Iraq. When they reached the Granicus River they ran into 40, Perians and Greek mercenaries. His army defeated 40, and according to history his army only suffered the loss of men. At this time all of the minor states of Asia submitted to him. The Battle of Issus was in BC and Darius army was said to be ,, which is believed to be over exaggerated. During the battle Darius was cut off from his base so he fled northward at the same time abandoning his mother, wife and children. Alexander treated them as royalty was supposed to be treated, even better then Darius treated them. This was a great victory for him. He continued on to Tyre, a strongly guarded sea port, that laid in siege for seven months before he stormed it and defeated it in BC. Gaza was the next to fall under Alexander as he moved on to Egypt where he was met by the people as a deliverer. He then founded the city of Alexandria at the mouth of the Nile River which became the literary, scientific and commercial center of the Greek world. He was now the undisputed leader of Macedon and Greece and the supreme commander of the Macedonian army to which were joined the Greek soldiers of the mainland. Some of the Greek city states felt that the death of king Philip was the end of Macedonian supremacy. They, therefore, rose in revolt to regain independence. But Alexander was too strong for them. He taught a lesson to the revolting city states by destroying the city state of Thebes completely. All houses of that place were raged to ground except the house of a poet named Pindar and a few places of worship. As a demonstration of his anger, he slaughtered six thousand people of thebes. Yet, despite the opposition from the Spartans, Alexander was successful against Persia. The first major battle he won was the "Battle of Granicus," fought in B. During the battle, Arrian wrote that Alexander defeated a force of 20, Persian horsemen and an equal number of foot soldiers. He then advanced down the coast of west Turkey, taking cities and trying to deprive the Persian navy of bases. The second key battle he won, and perhaps the most important, was the Battle of Issus, fought in B. Arrian estimates that Darius had a force of , troops probably wildly exaggerated and positioned himself initially on a great plain where he could mass them all effectively against Alexander, who hesitated to give battle. Darius III is said to have thought this a sign of timidity. At first this went well, and he actually got in the rear of Alexander's force. However, when Alexander gave the Persian king battle, it turned out Darius had been led to a narrow spot where the Persians could not use their superior numbers effectively. Arrian wrote that, against the experienced Macedonian troops, Darius's left wing was "routed" almost immediately. The toughest opposition actually came from a Greek mercenary force fighting for Darius. Positioned in the center the "action there was desperate, as the Greeks tried to drive the Macedonians back to the river and to recover victory for their own men who were already fleeing," Arrian wrote. Eventually Darius III fled, along with his army. In his haste, Darius III left much of his family behind including his mother, wife, infant son and two daughters. Alexander ordered that they be "honored, and addressed as royalty," Arrian wrote. After the battle, Darius III offered Alexander a ransom for his family and alliance, through marriage, with him. Arrian said that Alexander rebuked Darius in writing and used the attempts of his predecessors to invade Greece as justification for his campaign against him. He also added that "in the future whenever you send word to me, address yourself to me as King of Asia and not as an equal, and let me know, as the master of all that belonged to you, if you have need of anything. Many cities surrendered while some, such as Tyre , which was on an island, put up a fight and forced Alexander to lay siege. In B. On its northern coast, he founded Alexandria, the most successful city he ever built. Arrian wrote that "a sudden passion for the project seized him, and he himself marked out where the agora was to be built and decided how many temples were to be erected and to which gods they were to be dedicated…" Recent research indicates that Alexandria may have been built to face the rising sun on the day Alexander was born. Aristotle promoted the belief that non-Greeks were naturally slaves, thus encouraging the prince's thirst for conquest. He embarked on a conquest like no other, conquering lands from Egypt to India. Creating one of the largest empires in the Ancient World. Due to his incredible feats, Greek culture spread throughout these lands, marking the beginning of the Hellenistic Period. Alexander is a great example for a hero! Alexander was a great ruler throughout the history. He had the largest empire in the world, and was a successful ruler! Despite Alexander the Great slaughtered lots of people while he conquered other countries, Alexander the Great is a hero because he unified a big piece of land and helped the Greeks to conquer Persia took revenge while successfully spreading the Greek culture to other people. Although there is no doubt that this timely inheritance was a key factor in his success, it was his military skills and generalship that gave him the ability to effectively utilize the groundwork laid by his father. The murder had taken place after Olympias and Alexander were forced out of Macedonia once Phillip had remarried Cleopatra, who was much younger. When Alexander was a young boy his mother had taught him that Achilles was his ancestor and that his father is a descendant from Hercules. This inspired Alexander to learn the Iliad by heart and always carry with him. Alexander the great is known for many things. He was king of Macedonia, a military genius, and the greatest conqueror of all time-to name a few. Alexander was taught by many great minds, perhaps most responsible for his greatness was Aristotle. Alexander was given many hard tasks and tremendous responsibilities as a child and teen, which he carried out with ease. Alexander the Great was born. His Father was Philip, the King of Macedonia. His mother was Olympia, daughter of the late King Epirus. Alexander was quite mature for his age. At 13 he started learning from Aristotle, he was trained with other children. It was at this time that he met Hephastion, his future best Friend. Alexander make decisions with great speed and took extraordinary risks, his success was achieved by his show of sheer force and will to overcome. Many others were sold as slaves. Within this essay, the information of Alexander will come from three different sources,and be compared to find the similarities in 5 paragraph essay introduction collage level history of Alexander amongst them. You see him lift up the helmet … and dump it on the great floor. Alexander selected a spot on the river with a wooded island and, at night, managed to bring his troops across to the opposite bank. Again, in a bid to stymie Darius III's superior numbers, Alexander moved his troops toward unlevel ground. As a demonstration of his anger, he slaughtered six thousand people of thebes. The Macedonian Phalanx presented an advanced art of warfare in Western military system. Darius responded by sending his chariots against Alexander's phalanx infantry, a bad move, as they were cut to pieces by javelins. In only a short time Alexander had expanded his the which extended from why shores of the Was Sea to the northern regions of Bactria and Sogdiana Afghanistan, Baluchistan and Central Asia.	5,292	ENGLISH	1
December 16, 2019 report Small-scale atlatl artifacts suggest children were taught how to use them A pair of researchers with the University of Alberta has found evidence that suggests early Native American adults taught children how to use an atlatl by making a smaller version of the dart-throwing device. In their paper published in the journal Antiquity, Robert Losey and Emily Hull describe the artifacts they studied from the Par-Tee burial site in Oregon and what they learned about them. An atlatl was a device made from wood or whalebone that allowed a human to throw a dart or spear farther and with more accuracy than could be done with the hand alone, though it took much practice to become skilled in its use. The device worked by applying torque as the dart was released from the hand. It was used for both hunting and fighting other people. Prior research has shown that the atlatl was developed thousands of years ago and used by various groups in Europe and the New World until the bow and arrow was invented. Back in the 1960s, archaeologists discovered an area along the Oregon coast that harbored thousands of artifacts in a place called the Part-Tee shell midden site. Digging unearthed a host of tools and weapons from approximately AD 100–800 —among them, a large number of atlatls. The researchers report that little study was conducted on the artifacts—they have mostly been sitting in storage. In their effort, they sifted through the trove, focusing on atlatl fragments—most that were found were broken. The researchers found that the grips of the artifacts varied in size—the largest was found to be 166 percent larger than the smallest. And the smallest were too small to have been used by adults, suggesting they had been made for children. The researchers suggest that adults trained the younger members of their group in how to use the valuable tool. They note that skill in using such a tool would serve hunters and fighters well as they grew to adulthood—those most proficient at using an atlatl were likely more successful in hunting and fighting. © 2019 Science X Network	<urn:uuid:e3104e70-e67b-4ad9-925d-3178d001a950>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://phys.org/news/2019-12-small-scale-atlatl-artifacts-children-taught.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250605075.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121192553-20200121221553-00262.warc.gz	en	0.988338	430	3.390625	3	[ 0.19857019186019897, 0.20797140896320343, 0.22540980577468872, -0.5348716378211975, -0.19924311339855194, -0.30529463291168213, -0.01227958220988512, 0.2621571123600006, -0.3344910740852356, -0.045608192682266235, 0.40434595942497253, -0.287077397108078, 0.0601419098675251, 0.3509855568408...	1	December 16, 2019 report Small-scale atlatl artifacts suggest children were taught how to use them A pair of researchers with the University of Alberta has found evidence that suggests early Native American adults taught children how to use an atlatl by making a smaller version of the dart-throwing device. In their paper published in the journal Antiquity, Robert Losey and Emily Hull describe the artifacts they studied from the Par-Tee burial site in Oregon and what they learned about them. An atlatl was a device made from wood or whalebone that allowed a human to throw a dart or spear farther and with more accuracy than could be done with the hand alone, though it took much practice to become skilled in its use. The device worked by applying torque as the dart was released from the hand. It was used for both hunting and fighting other people. Prior research has shown that the atlatl was developed thousands of years ago and used by various groups in Europe and the New World until the bow and arrow was invented. Back in the 1960s, archaeologists discovered an area along the Oregon coast that harbored thousands of artifacts in a place called the Part-Tee shell midden site. Digging unearthed a host of tools and weapons from approximately AD 100–800 —among them, a large number of atlatls. The researchers report that little study was conducted on the artifacts—they have mostly been sitting in storage. In their effort, they sifted through the trove, focusing on atlatl fragments—most that were found were broken. The researchers found that the grips of the artifacts varied in size—the largest was found to be 166 percent larger than the smallest. And the smallest were too small to have been used by adults, suggesting they had been made for children. The researchers suggest that adults trained the younger members of their group in how to use the valuable tool. They note that skill in using such a tool would serve hunters and fighters well as they grew to adulthood—those most proficient at using an atlatl were likely more successful in hunting and fighting. © 2019 Science X Network	447	ENGLISH	1
« AnteriorContinua » THE SONG AND THE TSI RULERS. WHEN Lieouyu assumed the Imperial dignity in the year A.D. 420, and proclaimed himself by the name of Kaotsou, the founder of the Song dynasty, China was still as a house divided against itself. Six kingdoms had been established within the borders of the northern provinces, and each aspired to bring its neighbour to its feet, and to figure as the regenerator of the Empire. As none of them were formidable, their weakness at least constituted an efficient defence against each other, and when all were decrepit there was safety in an incapacity for offence. The new ruler did not possess the means of giving reality to his pretensions of authority over these states, to which his own did but add a seventh competitor; and, although the fact is disguised as much as possible, the Songs were never more than one ruler among many, and their government always that of only a small section of the Chinese nation. As the general of the later Tsins Kaotsou had shown great skill, and obtained many successes; but during his brief reign the opportunity did not present itself of following them up by any further triumph. The only event of any importance was the murder of the deposed Emperor Kongti, and this circumstance is chiefly invested with interest for the reason that Kongti refused "to drink the waters of eternal life," because suicide was opposed by the principles of his religion. This is the first, and indeed the only, instance in history of a Chinese ruler violating the custom of the nation by declining to acquiesce in the inevitable. Kongti was thereupon TOPASSE. 143 murdered in his palace by the guard in whose custody he had been placed. Kaotsou enjoyed possession of the throne for no more than three years. That he possessed many sterling qualities is not to be denied. His frugality and attention to his duties were most worthy of being commended; and the courage which he evinced on the field of battle was well calculated to have produced great results in an age more remarkable for the practice of chicane than for the manifestations of the qualities of a soldier. His kindness and devotion to the fostermother who had nourished him, and who had lived long enough to sec Kaotsou on the throne, were most exemplary, and received the eulogium of his countrymen. On the other hand, he was unfortunate in not coming to the front until well advanced in life, and the prudence obtained only with the experience of years made him loth to endanger what he possessed by striving to attain the wider authority with which, when a younger man, he would alone have rested satisfied. The reign of the next Emperor Chowti, Kaotsou's eldest son, would not call for notice were it not for the deeds of the northern kingdom of Wei, the ruler of which saw in the death of Kaotsou a favourable opportunity for resuming the operations suspended through fear of the military skill of that prince. The glimpse that is obtained of Topasse, the king of Wei, shows him to have been a man of exceptional talent and energy. At the great council of war, which he held on the eve of the invasion of the Song territories, he propounded the question whether the enterprise should be begun by attacking some fortified place or by overrunning the open country. The former course was adopted mainly on the advice of Hikin, and under the command of this leading general of the period several successes were obtained by the Wei troops. It was not, indeed, until they appeared before the walls of Houlao, a small fortress defended by a brave officer named Maotetso, that their career was in any degree arrested. Topasse sent his best troops to the assistance of Hikin, and came in person to encourage his army with his presence ; but Maotetso relaxed in no degree the vigilance with which he defended his post. His skill and valour baffled the flower of the army, and the most skilful of the generals, of Topasse during seven months, and when at length Houlao surrendered, the conquerors won nothing but a pile of ruins. Topasse died shortly afterwards from the hardships he had endured at, and the chagrin caused by, this siege; but at all events he has secured a durable place in history by the magnanimity, not often met with in Asian annals, which he evinced in the honourable reception he accorded the gallant Maotetso. This disastrous war was the only event which marked Chowti's reign of one year. From the first it had been plain that he possessed neither the capacity nor the desire to govern his people well. He gave himself up to amusement, and neglected all public business. The nobles and great officials thought that it would be better to check his course with as little delay as possible, and with Tantaotsi at their head they deposed him, putting his brother in his place. Knowing well that there was no safety for themselves or for the nation in a deposed prince who preserved the desire for power, they secretly caused Chowti to be put to death, thus relieving themselves from further apprehension on that score. Although profiting by their deed, one of the first acts of Wenti, the new ruler, was to punish the murderers of his brother. In this has been seen an instance of fraternal affection; but perhaps it might be taken with more truth as showing the fears of the ruler, who saw in the persons of these deposers and executors of a king the ever-present wardens of the people's rights. This act, which was viewed at the time as to be commended rather than condemned even by those who had applauded the fall of Chowti, so fickle a thing is the public mind, did not prevent Wenti's reign beginning under the fairest auspices. On his side there appears to have been the best intentions, and as to the people, their hopes led them to augur the things which they most desired. Topasse, of Wei, had been succeeded by his son Topatao, a man not less capable or ambitious than his father. In A.D. 426 he resolved to attack and, if possible, conquer the dominions of Hia, which had just lost their ruler; and with that object he despatched a large army across the Hoangho RIVAL GENERALS. 145 under the command of Hikin, the same general who had conducted the siege of Houlao. At first the career of this army was unopposed. Town surrendered after town at the mere sight of the invader, and the troops of Hia never ventured to meet those of Hikin in the field. It was only when Hikin had advanced to a considerable distance from his base, and began to suffer from the want of provisions, that the Hia forces rallying took fresh courage, and ventured to engage the invaders of their country. Hikin was obliged to confine himself to his camp, which he fortified to the best of his military knowledge, and there he prepared to offer a stout resistance. The day arrived, however, when his stock of supplies was completely exhausted, and the soldiers had no alternative between surrender and cutting their way through the enemy. In these straits Hikin's fortitude did not shine with so bright a glow as that of Gankiai, who scouted all idea of surrender, and led a fierce attack upon the beleaguering army. In this battle the army of Wei was completely victorious, and Gankiai had the honour of taking the Prince of Hia prisoner with his own hand. Gankiai received all the credit of this victory, which irritated Hikin so much that he resolved at all hazards to perform some brilliant action which should eclipse the feat of his colleague whose name and deed were now on the tongues of all men. Partly no doubt by his own carelessness, and also through his tyrannical treatment of the soldiers in contravention of the regulations in force at all times in the Chinese army, which disgusted every one under his command, Hikin failed in his great design. Instead of surpassing Gankiai by a fresh victory, he demonstrated the marked superiority of that officer by incurring a defeat . He marched on Pingleang, the Hia capital, as a conqueror, but it was only as a prisoner that he could obtain admission. The next year to that which witnessed this campaign against Hia saw the Wei troops engaged in an arduous war against the Gewgen Tartars. There was little fighting, as these tribes retired into the desert on the approach of the regular troops; but, such as it was, it was wholly in favour of Topatao, now the most powerful prince in China, and VOU L L a much greater personage than the Song Emperor himself. Indeed, so completely did he overshadow the nominal ruler of the Empire that a collision between them sooner or later was seen to be inevitable, and each had been long preparing himself for the struggle. It was Wenti who first threw down the glove, but Topatao showed no hesitation in picking it up. The great province of Honan, lying south of the Hoangho, and to the north-west of the Song capital (Nankin), had been overrun and annexed by Wei in the course of the campaign in the reign of Chowti. Wenti resolved, in A.D. 430, to attempt its reconquest. For that purpose he assembled an army of fifty thousand men, and concluded a defensive and offensive alliance with Hia against the common foe. Before ordering the advance of his army, part of which was to be conveyed in boats up the Hoangho, Wenti sent an embassy to the court of Topatao, requesting him to hand over all that part of Honan which lies south of the Yellow River. Topatao's reply was dignified and to the point. "I was not out of my teens when I heard it said on all sides that Honan belonged to my family. Go and tell your master that if he comes to attack me or mine, I shall defend myself; and even if he succeed in seizing this province, I shall know how to retake it as soon as the waters of the Hoangho are frozen." The war forthwith commenced, but in accordance with sound strategy Topatao withdrew his garrison from southern Honan, and stationed his army on the northern banks of the Hoangho. The ostensible object of the war was therefore obtained without a blow. It only remained for Topatao to put his threat into execution with the advent of winter. Taoyenchi, Wenti's general, made all the necessary preparations for the defence of the territory which he had so speedily subdued, and the need of fortified places was soon shown by the activity of Topatao's lieutenants. The valiant Gankiai, entrusted with the chief command in the. field, sought an early opportunity of adding to his reputation The occasion soon offered itself, for one of the Song generals ventured to pass over the Hoangho, when his detachment was attacked by Gankiai with a superior force, and cut to	<urn:uuid:362c1ac7-2df5-4d38-adff-d837e4188c48>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://books.google.cat/books?id=-LQSIvebA-cC&pg=PA142&vq=frontier&dq=editions:HARVARD32044036965390&hl=ca&output=html_text&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606872.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122071919-20200122100919-00545.warc.gz	en	0.989465	2,322	3.65625	4	[ -0.6118118762969971, 0.35969477891921997, 0.4827224016189575, -0.24415504932403564, -0.19689783453941345, 0.22911086678504944, 0.49426940083503723, -0.17229393124580383, 0.19332076609134674, -0.03600179776549339, 0.36526623368263245, -0.3305695950984955, 0.36465924978256226, 0.335124671459...	2	« AnteriorContinua » THE SONG AND THE TSI RULERS. WHEN Lieouyu assumed the Imperial dignity in the year A.D. 420, and proclaimed himself by the name of Kaotsou, the founder of the Song dynasty, China was still as a house divided against itself. Six kingdoms had been established within the borders of the northern provinces, and each aspired to bring its neighbour to its feet, and to figure as the regenerator of the Empire. As none of them were formidable, their weakness at least constituted an efficient defence against each other, and when all were decrepit there was safety in an incapacity for offence. The new ruler did not possess the means of giving reality to his pretensions of authority over these states, to which his own did but add a seventh competitor; and, although the fact is disguised as much as possible, the Songs were never more than one ruler among many, and their government always that of only a small section of the Chinese nation. As the general of the later Tsins Kaotsou had shown great skill, and obtained many successes; but during his brief reign the opportunity did not present itself of following them up by any further triumph. The only event of any importance was the murder of the deposed Emperor Kongti, and this circumstance is chiefly invested with interest for the reason that Kongti refused "to drink the waters of eternal life," because suicide was opposed by the principles of his religion. This is the first, and indeed the only, instance in history of a Chinese ruler violating the custom of the nation by declining to acquiesce in the inevitable. Kongti was thereupon TOPASSE. 143 murdered in his palace by the guard in whose custody he had been placed. Kaotsou enjoyed possession of the throne for no more than three years. That he possessed many sterling qualities is not to be denied. His frugality and attention to his duties were most worthy of being commended; and the courage which he evinced on the field of battle was well calculated to have produced great results in an age more remarkable for the practice of chicane than for the manifestations of the qualities of a soldier. His kindness and devotion to the fostermother who had nourished him, and who had lived long enough to sec Kaotsou on the throne, were most exemplary, and received the eulogium of his countrymen. On the other hand, he was unfortunate in not coming to the front until well advanced in life, and the prudence obtained only with the experience of years made him loth to endanger what he possessed by striving to attain the wider authority with which, when a younger man, he would alone have rested satisfied. The reign of the next Emperor Chowti, Kaotsou's eldest son, would not call for notice were it not for the deeds of the northern kingdom of Wei, the ruler of which saw in the death of Kaotsou a favourable opportunity for resuming the operations suspended through fear of the military skill of that prince. The glimpse that is obtained of Topasse, the king of Wei, shows him to have been a man of exceptional talent and energy. At the great council of war, which he held on the eve of the invasion of the Song territories, he propounded the question whether the enterprise should be begun by attacking some fortified place or by overrunning the open country. The former course was adopted mainly on the advice of Hikin, and under the command of this leading general of the period several successes were obtained by the Wei troops. It was not, indeed, until they appeared before the walls of Houlao, a small fortress defended by a brave officer named Maotetso, that their career was in any degree arrested. Topasse sent his best troops to the assistance of Hikin, and came in person to encourage his army with his presence ; but Maotetso relaxed in no degree the vigilance with which he defended his post. His skill and valour baffled the flower of the army, and the most skilful of the generals, of Topasse during seven months, and when at length Houlao surrendered, the conquerors won nothing but a pile of ruins. Topasse died shortly afterwards from the hardships he had endured at, and the chagrin caused by, this siege; but at all events he has secured a durable place in history by the magnanimity, not often met with in Asian annals, which he evinced in the honourable reception he accorded the gallant Maotetso. This disastrous war was the only event which marked Chowti's reign of one year. From the first it had been plain that he possessed neither the capacity nor the desire to govern his people well. He gave himself up to amusement, and neglected all public business. The nobles and great officials thought that it would be better to check his course with as little delay as possible, and with Tantaotsi at their head they deposed him, putting his brother in his place. Knowing well that there was no safety for themselves or for the nation in a deposed prince who preserved the desire for power, they secretly caused Chowti to be put to death, thus relieving themselves from further apprehension on that score. Although profiting by their deed, one of the first acts of Wenti, the new ruler, was to punish the murderers of his brother. In this has been seen an instance of fraternal affection; but perhaps it might be taken with more truth as showing the fears of the ruler, who saw in the persons of these deposers and executors of a king the ever-present wardens of the people's rights. This act, which was viewed at the time as to be commended rather than condemned even by those who had applauded the fall of Chowti, so fickle a thing is the public mind, did not prevent Wenti's reign beginning under the fairest auspices. On his side there appears to have been the best intentions, and as to the people, their hopes led them to augur the things which they most desired. Topasse, of Wei, had been succeeded by his son Topatao, a man not less capable or ambitious than his father. In A.D. 426 he resolved to attack and, if possible, conquer the dominions of Hia, which had just lost their ruler; and with that object he despatched a large army across the Hoangho RIVAL GENERALS. 145 under the command of Hikin, the same general who had conducted the siege of Houlao. At first the career of this army was unopposed. Town surrendered after town at the mere sight of the invader, and the troops of Hia never ventured to meet those of Hikin in the field. It was only when Hikin had advanced to a considerable distance from his base, and began to suffer from the want of provisions, that the Hia forces rallying took fresh courage, and ventured to engage the invaders of their country. Hikin was obliged to confine himself to his camp, which he fortified to the best of his military knowledge, and there he prepared to offer a stout resistance. The day arrived, however, when his stock of supplies was completely exhausted, and the soldiers had no alternative between surrender and cutting their way through the enemy. In these straits Hikin's fortitude did not shine with so bright a glow as that of Gankiai, who scouted all idea of surrender, and led a fierce attack upon the beleaguering army. In this battle the army of Wei was completely victorious, and Gankiai had the honour of taking the Prince of Hia prisoner with his own hand. Gankiai received all the credit of this victory, which irritated Hikin so much that he resolved at all hazards to perform some brilliant action which should eclipse the feat of his colleague whose name and deed were now on the tongues of all men. Partly no doubt by his own carelessness, and also through his tyrannical treatment of the soldiers in contravention of the regulations in force at all times in the Chinese army, which disgusted every one under his command, Hikin failed in his great design. Instead of surpassing Gankiai by a fresh victory, he demonstrated the marked superiority of that officer by incurring a defeat . He marched on Pingleang, the Hia capital, as a conqueror, but it was only as a prisoner that he could obtain admission. The next year to that which witnessed this campaign against Hia saw the Wei troops engaged in an arduous war against the Gewgen Tartars. There was little fighting, as these tribes retired into the desert on the approach of the regular troops; but, such as it was, it was wholly in favour of Topatao, now the most powerful prince in China, and VOU L L a much greater personage than the Song Emperor himself. Indeed, so completely did he overshadow the nominal ruler of the Empire that a collision between them sooner or later was seen to be inevitable, and each had been long preparing himself for the struggle. It was Wenti who first threw down the glove, but Topatao showed no hesitation in picking it up. The great province of Honan, lying south of the Hoangho, and to the north-west of the Song capital (Nankin), had been overrun and annexed by Wei in the course of the campaign in the reign of Chowti. Wenti resolved, in A.D. 430, to attempt its reconquest. For that purpose he assembled an army of fifty thousand men, and concluded a defensive and offensive alliance with Hia against the common foe. Before ordering the advance of his army, part of which was to be conveyed in boats up the Hoangho, Wenti sent an embassy to the court of Topatao, requesting him to hand over all that part of Honan which lies south of the Yellow River. Topatao's reply was dignified and to the point. "I was not out of my teens when I heard it said on all sides that Honan belonged to my family. Go and tell your master that if he comes to attack me or mine, I shall defend myself; and even if he succeed in seizing this province, I shall know how to retake it as soon as the waters of the Hoangho are frozen." The war forthwith commenced, but in accordance with sound strategy Topatao withdrew his garrison from southern Honan, and stationed his army on the northern banks of the Hoangho. The ostensible object of the war was therefore obtained without a blow. It only remained for Topatao to put his threat into execution with the advent of winter. Taoyenchi, Wenti's general, made all the necessary preparations for the defence of the territory which he had so speedily subdued, and the need of fortified places was soon shown by the activity of Topatao's lieutenants. The valiant Gankiai, entrusted with the chief command in the. field, sought an early opportunity of adding to his reputation The occasion soon offered itself, for one of the Song generals ventured to pass over the Hoangho, when his detachment was attacked by Gankiai with a superior force, and cut to	2,334	ENGLISH	1
If it weren’t for a wager between colleagues, we may not have movies as we know them today. In 1872, the world’s first stop-motion film was made outside this barn—to settle a bet about how horses run. The question at hand: When a horse is galloping, do all four of its hooves leave the ground at the same time at any point? Leland Stanford, the founder of Stanford University, claimed that they did, while some of his colleagues held that at least one hoof was always touching the ground. Stanford looked to Eadweard Muybridge, an English-American landscape photographer, to help him prove his answer. Stanford bred and raced horses, and had a barn on the northernmost corner of Stanford University’s campus in California. The Intercollegiate Riding & Equestrian Center—more commonly known as the Red Barn—would be their proving ground. With the help of several railway engineers, Muybridge set up a series of 12 cameras with tripwires along the Red Barn’s racing track. They had a horse circle the track at its fastest gait, and took a series of photographs. After several failed attempts, Muybridge was eventually successful in capturing a series of continuous images, which he compiled into a film called The Horse in Motion. The film proved Stanford’s theory correct, and also laid the groundwork for the invention of modern cinema. Several years after the experiments at Stanford, Muybridge would invent the zoopraxiscope, a device for displaying motion pictures that was a predecessor to movie projectors. The device helped inspire the Kinetoscope, the first commercial film exhibition system invented by Thomas Edison and William Kennedy Dickson.	<urn:uuid:2da00b66-0a49-4ccf-93d4-fd2a43ec75e1>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://powerfoodhealth.com/buzzfeed/stanford-red-barn-in-stanford-california/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251678287.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125161753-20200125190753-00040.warc.gz	en	0.980174	361	3.625	4	[ -0.29547539353370667, -0.19434401392936707, 0.24684584140777588, 0.46902191638946533, -0.4283101558685303, 0.15295052528381348, -0.30824583768844604, 0.11307734996080399, 0.11538323760032654, 0.25362154841423035, 0.35010480880737305, -0.4639344811439514, 0.014751486480236053, 0.35280400514...	2	If it weren’t for a wager between colleagues, we may not have movies as we know them today. In 1872, the world’s first stop-motion film was made outside this barn—to settle a bet about how horses run. The question at hand: When a horse is galloping, do all four of its hooves leave the ground at the same time at any point? Leland Stanford, the founder of Stanford University, claimed that they did, while some of his colleagues held that at least one hoof was always touching the ground. Stanford looked to Eadweard Muybridge, an English-American landscape photographer, to help him prove his answer. Stanford bred and raced horses, and had a barn on the northernmost corner of Stanford University’s campus in California. The Intercollegiate Riding & Equestrian Center—more commonly known as the Red Barn—would be their proving ground. With the help of several railway engineers, Muybridge set up a series of 12 cameras with tripwires along the Red Barn’s racing track. They had a horse circle the track at its fastest gait, and took a series of photographs. After several failed attempts, Muybridge was eventually successful in capturing a series of continuous images, which he compiled into a film called The Horse in Motion. The film proved Stanford’s theory correct, and also laid the groundwork for the invention of modern cinema. Several years after the experiments at Stanford, Muybridge would invent the zoopraxiscope, a device for displaying motion pictures that was a predecessor to movie projectors. The device helped inspire the Kinetoscope, the first commercial film exhibition system invented by Thomas Edison and William Kennedy Dickson.	348	ENGLISH	1
It was on Monday 29th July 1907 that the Boy Scout movement in Britain began with an experimental camp being held on Brownsea Island near Poole in Dorset by Robert Baden-Powell. His aim was to try out some of his ideas – ideas that were to become the basic principles and activities of the Scout movement. His aim was to foster a sense of honour, loyalty and good citizenship among children. These aims went much wider though, encompassing physical fitness through exercises together with the development of practical skills such as woodwork, tracking, observation, signalling and first aid. There was also a very new slant on the project; there were to be boys from the whole spectrum of social classes involved and they would share everything as equals. On this first gathering they were divided into four, mixed, ‘patrols’ with each patrol having their own tent for sleeping purposes. Each day had a fixed routine of morning prayers, drills, games and instruction. There were breaks for quiet rest periods and the day was ended with stories around the campfire. In his ‘Scouting for Boys’ in 1908 Robert Baden-Powell wrote: ‘The scouts’ motto is founded on my initials, it is be prepared, which means, you are always to be in a state if readiness in mind and body to do your duty’ Over 100 years later these fundamentals still underpin the Scout movement. 15th July has a rhyme: St Swithin’s Day, if it does rain; Full forty days, it will remain; St Swithin’s Day, if it be fair; For forty days, t’will rain no more. Celebrated (or berated as the case may be!) on July 15th, weather sayings pertaining to St. Swithin’s Day are probably the most famous or infamous in the UK. St. Swithin died in 862 and was buried outside Winchester Cathedral so that he could ‘feel’ the raindrops when he was dead. However, when he was canonised a tomb was built inside the cathedral and July 15th 971 was the day his body was to be moved. Legend has it that a storm broke on that day ending a long dry spell. Not only that – it continued to rain on each of the subsequent 40 days. As a result the monks took it as a sign of ‘divine displeasure’ and` left his body where it was. Since 1861 there have never been 40 dry or 40 wet days following a dry or wet St. Swithin’s Day. In fact, on average, about 20 wet days and 20 rain free days can be expected between July 15th and August 24th. The summers of 1983, 1989, 1990 and 1995 were, however, near misses. During these summers July 15th was dry over southern England, as were 38 of the following 40 days. As for wet weather, BBC Meteorologist Philip Eden presented a report that on 15th July 1985 it rained in Luton and then rained on 30 of the subsequent 40 days. The creators of the St. Swithin’s Day sayings during the Middle Ages would be aware that summer weather patterns are usually quite well established by mid-July and will then tend to persist until late August. It is not just England though; similar sayings exist for the same time of year in Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany and France. If we modernise the sayings surrounding St. Swithin’s Day perhaps the sayings should be updated to read: “St. Swithin’s Day, if it does rain, 40 days staying unsettled, St. Swithin’s Day, if it fair, 40 days staying settled.“	<urn:uuid:f5f80f2b-991b-4038-a020-a483a8d289d9>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://beejaywritingfiction.com/category/july/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250615407.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124040939-20200124065939-00314.warc.gz	en	0.985131	788	3.5625	4	[ 0.13816478848457336, 0.056186869740486145, 0.05683176964521408, -0.3610667288303375, -0.2839353680610657, 0.3828316330909729, -0.14230607450008392, -0.12750639021396637, -0.018988821655511856, -0.15966098010540009, -0.0670866072177887, -0.5231605172157288, 0.18795545399188995, 0.4300514757...	1	It was on Monday 29th July 1907 that the Boy Scout movement in Britain began with an experimental camp being held on Brownsea Island near Poole in Dorset by Robert Baden-Powell. His aim was to try out some of his ideas – ideas that were to become the basic principles and activities of the Scout movement. His aim was to foster a sense of honour, loyalty and good citizenship among children. These aims went much wider though, encompassing physical fitness through exercises together with the development of practical skills such as woodwork, tracking, observation, signalling and first aid. There was also a very new slant on the project; there were to be boys from the whole spectrum of social classes involved and they would share everything as equals. On this first gathering they were divided into four, mixed, ‘patrols’ with each patrol having their own tent for sleeping purposes. Each day had a fixed routine of morning prayers, drills, games and instruction. There were breaks for quiet rest periods and the day was ended with stories around the campfire. In his ‘Scouting for Boys’ in 1908 Robert Baden-Powell wrote: ‘The scouts’ motto is founded on my initials, it is be prepared, which means, you are always to be in a state if readiness in mind and body to do your duty’ Over 100 years later these fundamentals still underpin the Scout movement. 15th July has a rhyme: St Swithin’s Day, if it does rain; Full forty days, it will remain; St Swithin’s Day, if it be fair; For forty days, t’will rain no more. Celebrated (or berated as the case may be!) on July 15th, weather sayings pertaining to St. Swithin’s Day are probably the most famous or infamous in the UK. St. Swithin died in 862 and was buried outside Winchester Cathedral so that he could ‘feel’ the raindrops when he was dead. However, when he was canonised a tomb was built inside the cathedral and July 15th 971 was the day his body was to be moved. Legend has it that a storm broke on that day ending a long dry spell. Not only that – it continued to rain on each of the subsequent 40 days. As a result the monks took it as a sign of ‘divine displeasure’ and` left his body where it was. Since 1861 there have never been 40 dry or 40 wet days following a dry or wet St. Swithin’s Day. In fact, on average, about 20 wet days and 20 rain free days can be expected between July 15th and August 24th. The summers of 1983, 1989, 1990 and 1995 were, however, near misses. During these summers July 15th was dry over southern England, as were 38 of the following 40 days. As for wet weather, BBC Meteorologist Philip Eden presented a report that on 15th July 1985 it rained in Luton and then rained on 30 of the subsequent 40 days. The creators of the St. Swithin’s Day sayings during the Middle Ages would be aware that summer weather patterns are usually quite well established by mid-July and will then tend to persist until late August. It is not just England though; similar sayings exist for the same time of year in Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany and France. If we modernise the sayings surrounding St. Swithin’s Day perhaps the sayings should be updated to read: “St. Swithin’s Day, if it does rain, 40 days staying unsettled, St. Swithin’s Day, if it fair, 40 days staying settled.“	816	ENGLISH	1
The site of a failed Skagaran colony, this planet was selected by the Skagarans for a colony during the mid-19th century. The planet, with little water, had animals indigenous to the planet such as bluehorns and sun vipers. To help facilitate the construction of the colony, the Skagarans kidnapped a Human settlement, originally located in the western United States of America, and transported them to the planet aboard their starship to work as slaves. After a violent uprising led by Cooper Smith, the Skagarans were overthrown and the Humans emerged as the dominant species. By the 2150s, the planet had a population of six thousand Humans and less than one thousand Skagarans. There were several settlements, spread over an area of a few hundred kilometers. Humans and Skagarans mostly separated, one of the Skagaran encampments being Skag town, whereas a mainly Human town was North Star. Having not developed beyond the mid-19th century American culture of the Humans' ancestors, the planet had a justice system incorporating juries, and practiced the death penalty by hanging. Skagarans were treated differently under the law, for example killing a man was considered a hanging offense for a Skagaran, whether it was in self-defense or not. Lynchings also occurred on the planet.	<urn:uuid:d9e18ff6-023f-4ae4-9225-2ed8785ee9d9>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://memory-alpha.fandom.com/wiki/Skagaran_colony	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251671078.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125071430-20200125100430-00335.warc.gz	en	0.983842	271	3.828125	4	[ -0.017316903918981552, 0.1562318056821823, 0.03374361991882324, -0.18900415301322937, 0.10153347998857498, -0.30939194560050964, 0.169236958026886, 0.21558831632137299, -0.17333777248859406, 0.08275752514600754, 0.5321671962738037, -0.4271097779273987, 0.048824165016412735, 0.2410271316766...	1	The site of a failed Skagaran colony, this planet was selected by the Skagarans for a colony during the mid-19th century. The planet, with little water, had animals indigenous to the planet such as bluehorns and sun vipers. To help facilitate the construction of the colony, the Skagarans kidnapped a Human settlement, originally located in the western United States of America, and transported them to the planet aboard their starship to work as slaves. After a violent uprising led by Cooper Smith, the Skagarans were overthrown and the Humans emerged as the dominant species. By the 2150s, the planet had a population of six thousand Humans and less than one thousand Skagarans. There were several settlements, spread over an area of a few hundred kilometers. Humans and Skagarans mostly separated, one of the Skagaran encampments being Skag town, whereas a mainly Human town was North Star. Having not developed beyond the mid-19th century American culture of the Humans' ancestors, the planet had a justice system incorporating juries, and practiced the death penalty by hanging. Skagarans were treated differently under the law, for example killing a man was considered a hanging offense for a Skagaran, whether it was in self-defense or not. Lynchings also occurred on the planet.	275	ENGLISH	1
The Crucible – Change in John Proctor “The Crucible,” by Arthur Miller, illustrates the witchcraft trials. Witchcraft dramatically affected people. The Puritans were very religious and big believers of God. They wanted to eliminate anyone associated with the devil. The Salem witchcraft trials were suppose to help get rid of all the evil people. But it ended up causing to much chaos in the town. Abigail is a young girl and she is seen dancing with other girls in the forest. Dancing is forbidden in the town and is a sign of witchcraft. To avoid punishment the girls start to accuse other people of witchcraft. John Proctor tries to stay out of these bad situations. But in the end, he uses all of his power in attempt to fix and prove that the girls are lying. In the Crucible, John Proctor has changed throughout the play by becoming honest, listening to his conscience, and having pride in himself. From the beginning of the play, John Proctor is portrayed as a liar. John Proctor has been cheating on his wife with Abigail. Abigail falls in love with John and she thinks that they are meant to be together. John is a married man yet he still decides to have an affair with Abigail. Elizabeth does not trust John because she has suspicion of him and Abigail having an affair. Elizabeth is frustrated with this and kicks Abigail out of their house. John makes several attempts to try and convince his wife to forgive him. He is tired of his wife’s suspicion and truthfully tells her “I have not moved from there without I think to please you, and still everlasting funeral marches around your heart. I cannot speak but I am doubted, every moment judged for lies… ” (Miller 52). This shows Proctors tenacious ability to try and receive forgiveness from his wife. John Proctor is using his honesty to gain his wife’s trust back. He wants to calm his wife down and get rid of her anger, so she doesn’t go to the court. John hates the court and he doesn’t want to get involved with them. He acts respectfully to his wife to avoid any bad situations. He also still cares about Elizabeth because he would rather her to talk to him then ignore him. He demonstrates compassion to Elizabeth and makes an effort to regain her respect. John has hurt his wife and he is trying to fix his sin by being honest with her. Abigail is angry at Elizabeth for kicking her out and separating her from John. Since Abigail is the leader of the witchcraft girls, she decides to accuse Elizabeth of witchcraft. This makes John angry because he has been slowly getting his wife’s forgiveness. John has been staying out of trouble with his wife. John was able to prevent Elizabeth from telling the court. They were working on the relationship and it was slowly healing. Abigail wants Elizabeth out of the picture, so she can have John all to herself. Abigail doesn’t understand when to stop; now the court is eyeing Elizabeth. John hates the court and now they are examining his wife. John was trying to avoid trouble with the court. Now they know his name and he fears that all the truth will come out. He realizes that Elizabeth is good and Abigail is bad. John Proctor shows that he cares about Elizabeth and wants to save her. He knows the real truth behind Abigail’s the accusation. John is completely over Abigail and knows that Elizabeth is innocent. John hates the court and forbids them to know about the affair. He tries everything in his heart to save Elizabeth, but nothing works. At the end, he realizes that in order to save Elizabeth he will have to face his fears and lay down the truth. While he is gathered with the court, he announces “Trembling, his life collapsing about him: I have known her, sir. I have known her” (Miller 102). He confesses to the court his sin of adultery. If the courts know about the affair, then they will realize why Abigail accused Elizabeth. John is in love with Elizabeth and wants to save her at all costs. John listened to his conscience and did what was right. It shows that John has become a true man by risking his life to save another. It is clear to see that John is not listening to his gut, but rather going with his heart. He tells the truth and accepts the consequences that will come. He would rather die trying than to not try at all. Proctor attempts to fight the court in order to save his wife. In the end the tables are turned and he gets accused of witchcraft. In order to save his life and everyone’s life, Proctor has to confess to witchcraft. In order to do this, he has to sign his name to the devil. John Proctor first attempts to write his name, but realizes he is unable to. He rips the paper up in front of the court and declares, “Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life! Because I lie and sign myself to lies! ” (Miller 133). John does not want to lose the power of his name. If he signed his name to the devil he would never be able to be proud of himself. If he has children, he doesn’t want them to be ashamed of their name. John Proctor does not want to lose his dignity in life. It will be a worthless life having no dignity. In order to make peace with himself and god, he stands up for himself. This shows that Proctor has pride in himself. He stands up for what is right. John throws away all the opportunity to live, so he can die peacefully. He would rather die with a name than without one. In conclusion many people were affected by witchcraft. The witchcraft trials were getting out of control and many innocent people were dying. John Proctor tried to stay away, but once his wife was accused he tried everything to save her. John Proctor attempted to stop the madness and restore what’s right. He tried to be honest and save his wife. He listened to his heart and faced his fears. He also gained pride in himself by saving his name and dignity. Even though John dies, he dies in peace because he stood up for what was right. In life it is important to stand up for what they believe in. This shows confidence and confidence is key to be successful in life. John develops confidence in himself, which allows him to be honest, listen to his heart, and have pride in himself.	<urn:uuid:1fbe4538-ef5d-4493-8c21-9fa206899432>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://freebooksummary.com/the-crucible-change-in-john-proctor-118632	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250603761.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121103642-20200121132642-00297.warc.gz	en	0.9915	1,367	3.359375	3	[ -0.31579336524009705, 0.20038877427577972, 0.21442118287086487, 0.0878489762544632, -0.31469833850860596, 0.34080958366394043, 0.5641019940376282, -0.23523864150047302, -0.1833343505859375, 0.140298992395401, -0.36385369300842285, -0.14303022623062134, -0.20140452682971954, -0.002364200772...	1	The Crucible – Change in John Proctor “The Crucible,” by Arthur Miller, illustrates the witchcraft trials. Witchcraft dramatically affected people. The Puritans were very religious and big believers of God. They wanted to eliminate anyone associated with the devil. The Salem witchcraft trials were suppose to help get rid of all the evil people. But it ended up causing to much chaos in the town. Abigail is a young girl and she is seen dancing with other girls in the forest. Dancing is forbidden in the town and is a sign of witchcraft. To avoid punishment the girls start to accuse other people of witchcraft. John Proctor tries to stay out of these bad situations. But in the end, he uses all of his power in attempt to fix and prove that the girls are lying. In the Crucible, John Proctor has changed throughout the play by becoming honest, listening to his conscience, and having pride in himself. From the beginning of the play, John Proctor is portrayed as a liar. John Proctor has been cheating on his wife with Abigail. Abigail falls in love with John and she thinks that they are meant to be together. John is a married man yet he still decides to have an affair with Abigail. Elizabeth does not trust John because she has suspicion of him and Abigail having an affair. Elizabeth is frustrated with this and kicks Abigail out of their house. John makes several attempts to try and convince his wife to forgive him. He is tired of his wife’s suspicion and truthfully tells her “I have not moved from there without I think to please you, and still everlasting funeral marches around your heart. I cannot speak but I am doubted, every moment judged for lies… ” (Miller 52). This shows Proctors tenacious ability to try and receive forgiveness from his wife. John Proctor is using his honesty to gain his wife’s trust back. He wants to calm his wife down and get rid of her anger, so she doesn’t go to the court. John hates the court and he doesn’t want to get involved with them. He acts respectfully to his wife to avoid any bad situations. He also still cares about Elizabeth because he would rather her to talk to him then ignore him. He demonstrates compassion to Elizabeth and makes an effort to regain her respect. John has hurt his wife and he is trying to fix his sin by being honest with her. Abigail is angry at Elizabeth for kicking her out and separating her from John. Since Abigail is the leader of the witchcraft girls, she decides to accuse Elizabeth of witchcraft. This makes John angry because he has been slowly getting his wife’s forgiveness. John has been staying out of trouble with his wife. John was able to prevent Elizabeth from telling the court. They were working on the relationship and it was slowly healing. Abigail wants Elizabeth out of the picture, so she can have John all to herself. Abigail doesn’t understand when to stop; now the court is eyeing Elizabeth. John hates the court and now they are examining his wife. John was trying to avoid trouble with the court. Now they know his name and he fears that all the truth will come out. He realizes that Elizabeth is good and Abigail is bad. John Proctor shows that he cares about Elizabeth and wants to save her. He knows the real truth behind Abigail’s the accusation. John is completely over Abigail and knows that Elizabeth is innocent. John hates the court and forbids them to know about the affair. He tries everything in his heart to save Elizabeth, but nothing works. At the end, he realizes that in order to save Elizabeth he will have to face his fears and lay down the truth. While he is gathered with the court, he announces “Trembling, his life collapsing about him: I have known her, sir. I have known her” (Miller 102). He confesses to the court his sin of adultery. If the courts know about the affair, then they will realize why Abigail accused Elizabeth. John is in love with Elizabeth and wants to save her at all costs. John listened to his conscience and did what was right. It shows that John has become a true man by risking his life to save another. It is clear to see that John is not listening to his gut, but rather going with his heart. He tells the truth and accepts the consequences that will come. He would rather die trying than to not try at all. Proctor attempts to fight the court in order to save his wife. In the end the tables are turned and he gets accused of witchcraft. In order to save his life and everyone’s life, Proctor has to confess to witchcraft. In order to do this, he has to sign his name to the devil. John Proctor first attempts to write his name, but realizes he is unable to. He rips the paper up in front of the court and declares, “Because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life! Because I lie and sign myself to lies! ” (Miller 133). John does not want to lose the power of his name. If he signed his name to the devil he would never be able to be proud of himself. If he has children, he doesn’t want them to be ashamed of their name. John Proctor does not want to lose his dignity in life. It will be a worthless life having no dignity. In order to make peace with himself and god, he stands up for himself. This shows that Proctor has pride in himself. He stands up for what is right. John throws away all the opportunity to live, so he can die peacefully. He would rather die with a name than without one. In conclusion many people were affected by witchcraft. The witchcraft trials were getting out of control and many innocent people were dying. John Proctor tried to stay away, but once his wife was accused he tried everything to save her. John Proctor attempted to stop the madness and restore what’s right. He tried to be honest and save his wife. He listened to his heart and faced his fears. He also gained pride in himself by saving his name and dignity. Even though John dies, he dies in peace because he stood up for what was right. In life it is important to stand up for what they believe in. This shows confidence and confidence is key to be successful in life. John develops confidence in himself, which allows him to be honest, listen to his heart, and have pride in himself.	1,335	ENGLISH	1
This god was known at least from the Iron Age period at Sidon and was worshipped also in Tyre, Beirut, Cyprus, Sardinia, and in Carthage where the site of Eshmun's temple is now occupied by the acropolium of Carthage. According to Eusebius of Caesarea, Phoenician author Sanchuniathon wrote that Sydyk, 'The Righteous', first fathered seven sons equated with the Greek Cabeiri or Dioscuri, no mother named, and then afterwards fathered an eighth son by one of the seven Titanides or Artemides. (See Kotharat). The name Eshmun appears to mean 'the Eighth'. The Asclepius in Beirut is neither a Greek nor an Egyptian, but some native Phoenician divinity. For to Sadyk were born children who are interpreted as Dioscuri and Cabeiri; and in addition to these was born an eighth son, Esmunus, who is interpreted as Asclepius. Photius (Bibliotheca Codex 242) summarizes Damascius as saying further that Asclepius of Beirut was a youth who was fond of hunting. He was seen by the goddess Astronoë (thought by many scholars to be a version of 'Ashtart) who so harassed him with amorous pursuit that in desperation he castrated himself and died. Astronoë then named the youth Paeon 'Healer', restored him to life from the warmth of her body, and changed him into a god. A village near Beirut named Qabr Shmoun, "Eshmoun's grave," still exists. Pausanias quotes a Sidonian as saying that the Phoenicians claim Apollo as the father of Asclepius, as do the Greeks, but unlike them do not make his mother a mortal woman. The Sidonian then continued with an allegory which explained that Apollo represented the sun, whose changing path imparts to the air its healthiness which is to be understood as Asclepius. This allegory seems likely a late invention. Also, Apollo is usually equated with the Phoenician plague god Resheph. This might be a variant version of Eshmun's parentage, or Apollo might also be equated with Sadyk, and Sadyk might be equated with Resheph. The temple to Eshmun is found one km from Sidon on the Bostrenus River, the modern River Awwali. Building was begun at the end of the 6th century BCE during the reign of Eshmunazar II, and later additions were made up into the Roman period. It was excavated by Maurice Dunand in 1963-1978. Many votive offerings were found in the form of statues of persons healed by the god, especially babies and young children. Also found near the Sidon temple was a gold plaque of Eshmun and the goddess Hygeia (meaning "Health") showing Eshmun holding a staff in his right hand around which a serpent is entwined. A coin of the 3rd century CE from Beirut shows Eshmun standing between two serpents. Bterram, a village in Lebanon, possesses a very old underground temple called Eshmunit, comprising eight rooms (one large and seven small), carved into the bedrock and accessible by stairs. It is thought this may be a temple to a spouse of Eshmun.	<urn:uuid:71d4a6b1-0826-46d5-a6a8-3e185f96db4d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://popflock.com/learn?s=Eshmun	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604397.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121132900-20200121161900-00252.warc.gz	en	0.982225	722	3.28125	3	[ -0.016633780673146248, 0.4053730368614197, -0.00399063341319561, -0.21322067081928253, -0.6920623779296875, -0.2571122646331787, 0.3583905100822449, -0.1272049993276596, -0.1050601527094841, -0.17660045623779297, -0.1321607381105423, -0.6465744972229004, 0.18496975302696228, 0.482544243335...	1	This god was known at least from the Iron Age period at Sidon and was worshipped also in Tyre, Beirut, Cyprus, Sardinia, and in Carthage where the site of Eshmun's temple is now occupied by the acropolium of Carthage. According to Eusebius of Caesarea, Phoenician author Sanchuniathon wrote that Sydyk, 'The Righteous', first fathered seven sons equated with the Greek Cabeiri or Dioscuri, no mother named, and then afterwards fathered an eighth son by one of the seven Titanides or Artemides. (See Kotharat). The name Eshmun appears to mean 'the Eighth'. The Asclepius in Beirut is neither a Greek nor an Egyptian, but some native Phoenician divinity. For to Sadyk were born children who are interpreted as Dioscuri and Cabeiri; and in addition to these was born an eighth son, Esmunus, who is interpreted as Asclepius. Photius (Bibliotheca Codex 242) summarizes Damascius as saying further that Asclepius of Beirut was a youth who was fond of hunting. He was seen by the goddess Astronoë (thought by many scholars to be a version of 'Ashtart) who so harassed him with amorous pursuit that in desperation he castrated himself and died. Astronoë then named the youth Paeon 'Healer', restored him to life from the warmth of her body, and changed him into a god. A village near Beirut named Qabr Shmoun, "Eshmoun's grave," still exists. Pausanias quotes a Sidonian as saying that the Phoenicians claim Apollo as the father of Asclepius, as do the Greeks, but unlike them do not make his mother a mortal woman. The Sidonian then continued with an allegory which explained that Apollo represented the sun, whose changing path imparts to the air its healthiness which is to be understood as Asclepius. This allegory seems likely a late invention. Also, Apollo is usually equated with the Phoenician plague god Resheph. This might be a variant version of Eshmun's parentage, or Apollo might also be equated with Sadyk, and Sadyk might be equated with Resheph. The temple to Eshmun is found one km from Sidon on the Bostrenus River, the modern River Awwali. Building was begun at the end of the 6th century BCE during the reign of Eshmunazar II, and later additions were made up into the Roman period. It was excavated by Maurice Dunand in 1963-1978. Many votive offerings were found in the form of statues of persons healed by the god, especially babies and young children. Also found near the Sidon temple was a gold plaque of Eshmun and the goddess Hygeia (meaning "Health") showing Eshmun holding a staff in his right hand around which a serpent is entwined. A coin of the 3rd century CE from Beirut shows Eshmun standing between two serpents. Bterram, a village in Lebanon, possesses a very old underground temple called Eshmunit, comprising eight rooms (one large and seven small), carved into the bedrock and accessible by stairs. It is thought this may be a temple to a spouse of Eshmun.	727	ENGLISH	1
Next page \| Butler County Ohio \| Cyclopeadia index page \| Previous page In the Fall of that year, a second battle was fought, almost under cover of the guns of Fort St. Clair, between a corps of riflemen and a body of Indians. Early in the Summer of 1791, A. W. PRIOR, in company with two others, set out on a trip to convey provisions from Cincinnati to Fort Hamilton. On their way they encamped at Pleasant Run, four miles from Hamilton, on lands lately owned by Aaron L. SCHENCK, where the Indians fired upon them and killed PRIOR, the other two men making their escape to Fort Hamilton. In the year 1791, an express on its way from Fort Hamilton to Fort Washington was waylaid by the Indians and killed and scalped two miles and a half south of Hamilton, on the Springdale pike, on the canal, near H. L. MOUDY's farm-house. The Indian was concealed behind a forked white oak tree, near the northwest corner of the ministerial section, which tree is standing at the present time. Some time in the year 1791, a brigade of wagons, transporting provisions from Fort Washington to Fort Hamilton, guarded by a detachment of thirty or forty men, under the command of a lieutenant, was attacked by the Indians with a galling fire about six miles south of Hamilton, near where Mr. Edwards now lives. The escort, with a few horsemen who were in the company, charged upon the Indians and made them retreat. They, however, had eight men killed in the skirmish and killed two or three of the Indians. In 1794 Colonel Robert ELLIOTT, contractor for supplying the United States Army, while traveling with his servant from Fort Washington to Fort Hamilton, was waylaid by the Indians and killed at the big hill, south of where Thomas FLEMING formerly lived, and near the line between the counties of Butler and Hamilton. It is now known as Fountain Hill farm. When Colonel Elliott was shot and fell from his horse, the servant made his escape, riding full speed, Elliott's horse following him, and both arrived safe at Fort Hamilton. The colonel, being somewhat advanced in life, wore a wig. The savage who shot him, in haste to take his scalp, drew his knife, and seized him by the hair. To his astonishment, the scalp came off at the first touch. The wretch exclaimed in broken English, "Dam lie!" In a few minutes the surprise of the party was over, and they made themselves merry at the expense of their comrade. Some of the Indians, who were present when Elliott was killed, communicated these facts to some of the officers at the treaty of Greenville, in 1795, and described the manner in which they amused themselves with the wig after their surprise was over. On the next day, a party of men from Fort Hamilton, with a coffin, and taking the servant with them, went to where Elliott had been killed, found the body, put it in the coffin, and proceeded on their way to Fort Washington. When they had gone a mile or two on their way from where they found the body, about a mile south of Springdale, where Mr. SORTER lately lived, they were fired upon by a party of Indians. The servant, who was then riding the same horse from which Elliott had been killed the day before (which was a spotted horse of rather an uncommon appearance), was shot dead at the first fire. The remainder of the party then retreated, leaving the body of Elliott, which the Indians took, and broke open the coffin. The party, however, soon rallied, retook the body, and carried it to Cincinnati, together with that of the servant, and buried them side by side in the Presbyterian cemetery. Several years afterwards, Captain ELLIOTT, of the United States Navy, son of the colonel, erected over his remains a neat monument with an appropriate inscription. Early one morning, in t he Summer of 1794, a soldier was dispatched as an express from Fort Hamilton to Greenville. He was tomahawked and scalped near where Captain DELORAC formerly lived, close by the brick mill, at a small branch in the upper part of Rossville. Although the deed was committed within sight of the garrison, they knew nothing of it until informed by Colonel Matthew HUESTON, who, the previous night, had lodged at a camp nine miles from Hamilton, and came to the fort about nine o'clock in the morning. When on his way, he discovered the body of the soldier, the blood flowing yet warm from the wounds; a sow and pigs were drinking the blood. The Indians, fearing to alarm the garrison, must have concealed themselves in the grass and bushes at the side of the path, and suddenly sprung out and caught the horse of the express as he attempted to pass. In the year 1794, an escort of dragoons, who were guarding a party conveying corn and other provisions from Fort Washington to Hamilton, were attacked at the big hill near the south line of Butler County. Eight men were killed and several wounded. The Indians took and burnt the corn and carried away the horses. In 1794 the Indians killed and scalped two pack-horse-men, who were on their way to Hamilton, at Bloody Run, south of Carthage. Some wagoners, who were in company, made their escape to Fort Washington. In 1794 a brigade of wagons, loaded with provisions and other stores, were sent from Fort Hamilton to supply the garrison at Greenville, convoyed by an escort commanded by Captain LOWERY. On their way they were attacked and defeated by the Indians near where the town of Eaton now stands. Captain Lowery, Lieutenant BOYD, and eighteen privates were killed. The Indians took all the horses, shot the oxen, and left them and the wagons on the ground. At place where St. Clair's trace crossed Seven Mile Creek, in Milford Township, near the south line of section twenty-four, there was camping ground on each side of the creek. In the month of December, 1794, when there was snow on the ground, eight pack-horsemen encamped one night in the bottom on the west side of the creek. Early the next morning they were fired upon by a party of Indians. Seven of the men were killed, and one made his escape to Fort Hamilton. A party of men went out from the fort the same day and buried the bodies of men killed. They lie in the bottom on the west side of the creek, on land formerly owned by Major William ROBINSON. The place of their interment is still known and pointed out by persons residing in the neighborhood. These were the last murders of that period committed by the Indians in this part of the country.	<urn:uuid:14a795b1-66a2-4fdf-85ce-c35861d65141>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://sites.rootsweb.com/~ohbutler/cyc/020.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592565.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118110141-20200118134141-00376.warc.gz	en	0.985467	1,419	3.28125	3	[ -0.155104398727417, 0.017513759434223175, 0.29201412200927734, 0.06383487582206726, -0.5378986597061157, -0.23146137595176697, 0.38284531235694885, 0.09923045337200165, -0.1763816475868225, 0.08447395265102386, -0.0990678146481514, -0.3789145350456238, -0.12936419248580933, 0.2996898889541...	2	Next page \| Butler County Ohio \| Cyclopeadia index page \| Previous page In the Fall of that year, a second battle was fought, almost under cover of the guns of Fort St. Clair, between a corps of riflemen and a body of Indians. Early in the Summer of 1791, A. W. PRIOR, in company with two others, set out on a trip to convey provisions from Cincinnati to Fort Hamilton. On their way they encamped at Pleasant Run, four miles from Hamilton, on lands lately owned by Aaron L. SCHENCK, where the Indians fired upon them and killed PRIOR, the other two men making their escape to Fort Hamilton. In the year 1791, an express on its way from Fort Hamilton to Fort Washington was waylaid by the Indians and killed and scalped two miles and a half south of Hamilton, on the Springdale pike, on the canal, near H. L. MOUDY's farm-house. The Indian was concealed behind a forked white oak tree, near the northwest corner of the ministerial section, which tree is standing at the present time. Some time in the year 1791, a brigade of wagons, transporting provisions from Fort Washington to Fort Hamilton, guarded by a detachment of thirty or forty men, under the command of a lieutenant, was attacked by the Indians with a galling fire about six miles south of Hamilton, near where Mr. Edwards now lives. The escort, with a few horsemen who were in the company, charged upon the Indians and made them retreat. They, however, had eight men killed in the skirmish and killed two or three of the Indians. In 1794 Colonel Robert ELLIOTT, contractor for supplying the United States Army, while traveling with his servant from Fort Washington to Fort Hamilton, was waylaid by the Indians and killed at the big hill, south of where Thomas FLEMING formerly lived, and near the line between the counties of Butler and Hamilton. It is now known as Fountain Hill farm. When Colonel Elliott was shot and fell from his horse, the servant made his escape, riding full speed, Elliott's horse following him, and both arrived safe at Fort Hamilton. The colonel, being somewhat advanced in life, wore a wig. The savage who shot him, in haste to take his scalp, drew his knife, and seized him by the hair. To his astonishment, the scalp came off at the first touch. The wretch exclaimed in broken English, "Dam lie!" In a few minutes the surprise of the party was over, and they made themselves merry at the expense of their comrade. Some of the Indians, who were present when Elliott was killed, communicated these facts to some of the officers at the treaty of Greenville, in 1795, and described the manner in which they amused themselves with the wig after their surprise was over. On the next day, a party of men from Fort Hamilton, with a coffin, and taking the servant with them, went to where Elliott had been killed, found the body, put it in the coffin, and proceeded on their way to Fort Washington. When they had gone a mile or two on their way from where they found the body, about a mile south of Springdale, where Mr. SORTER lately lived, they were fired upon by a party of Indians. The servant, who was then riding the same horse from which Elliott had been killed the day before (which was a spotted horse of rather an uncommon appearance), was shot dead at the first fire. The remainder of the party then retreated, leaving the body of Elliott, which the Indians took, and broke open the coffin. The party, however, soon rallied, retook the body, and carried it to Cincinnati, together with that of the servant, and buried them side by side in the Presbyterian cemetery. Several years afterwards, Captain ELLIOTT, of the United States Navy, son of the colonel, erected over his remains a neat monument with an appropriate inscription. Early one morning, in t he Summer of 1794, a soldier was dispatched as an express from Fort Hamilton to Greenville. He was tomahawked and scalped near where Captain DELORAC formerly lived, close by the brick mill, at a small branch in the upper part of Rossville. Although the deed was committed within sight of the garrison, they knew nothing of it until informed by Colonel Matthew HUESTON, who, the previous night, had lodged at a camp nine miles from Hamilton, and came to the fort about nine o'clock in the morning. When on his way, he discovered the body of the soldier, the blood flowing yet warm from the wounds; a sow and pigs were drinking the blood. The Indians, fearing to alarm the garrison, must have concealed themselves in the grass and bushes at the side of the path, and suddenly sprung out and caught the horse of the express as he attempted to pass. In the year 1794, an escort of dragoons, who were guarding a party conveying corn and other provisions from Fort Washington to Hamilton, were attacked at the big hill near the south line of Butler County. Eight men were killed and several wounded. The Indians took and burnt the corn and carried away the horses. In 1794 the Indians killed and scalped two pack-horse-men, who were on their way to Hamilton, at Bloody Run, south of Carthage. Some wagoners, who were in company, made their escape to Fort Washington. In 1794 a brigade of wagons, loaded with provisions and other stores, were sent from Fort Hamilton to supply the garrison at Greenville, convoyed by an escort commanded by Captain LOWERY. On their way they were attacked and defeated by the Indians near where the town of Eaton now stands. Captain Lowery, Lieutenant BOYD, and eighteen privates were killed. The Indians took all the horses, shot the oxen, and left them and the wagons on the ground. At place where St. Clair's trace crossed Seven Mile Creek, in Milford Township, near the south line of section twenty-four, there was camping ground on each side of the creek. In the month of December, 1794, when there was snow on the ground, eight pack-horsemen encamped one night in the bottom on the west side of the creek. Early the next morning they were fired upon by a party of Indians. Seven of the men were killed, and one made his escape to Fort Hamilton. A party of men went out from the fort the same day and buried the bodies of men killed. They lie in the bottom on the west side of the creek, on land formerly owned by Major William ROBINSON. The place of their interment is still known and pointed out by persons residing in the neighborhood. These were the last murders of that period committed by the Indians in this part of the country.	1,435	ENGLISH	1
The attack on Britain by the Germans from the air started on 10 July 1940. While aerial attacks on Britain would continue throughout the Second World War, the Battle of Britain is regarded as lasting from 10 July to 31 October 1940. Most historians break the battle up into roughly four stages (although some use five by splitting the first or last stages up even further). STAGE ONE: 10 JULY–12 AUGUST 1940 The German Luftwaffe attacked sites along the British coast and ships in the English Channel by dropping bombs. In July, the Germans began preparations for Operation Sea Lion, the planned invasion of Britain. A central part of the plan was that there should be no air defences or aircraft capable of attacking the German troops as they approached from the sea and on reaching Britain. STAGE TWO: 13–18 AUGUST 1940 The Germans started to focus the bombing raids on British airfields and radar stations. The German bombers were accompanied by fighter planes, which the British pilots and ground defences (anti-aircraft guns) needed to stop in addition to the bombers. The main German air-intensive assault was planned for 13 August, known to the Luftwaffe as Adlertag – Eagle Day. That day was planned as the start of the final stages of the air attack. In harbours in occupied Europe, German ships were prepared for the sea attack. One of the hardest days of fighting between the RAF and the Luftwaffe was 18 August. Both sides took the highest number of casualties in one day’s fighting of the battle. The Germans managed to destroy British aircraft and airfields, but they did not stop the RAF from fighting back, and no sea invasion could be launched. STAGE THREE: 19 AUGUST–6 SEPTEMBER 1940 The Luftwaffe began to bomb more non-military and industrial sites, and started to bomb towns and cities as well. The attacks went beyond the south-east coast and up into the South West, the Midlands, the North East of England and into Scotland. The British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, made a speech on 20 August that paid tribute to the courageous and important work and fighting of the RAF personnel: ‘Never in the field of human conflict has so much been owed by so many to so few.’ After attacks on British cities, the RAF sent its first planes to bomb Berlin on 25 August. STAGE FOUR: 7 SEPTEMBER–31 OCTOBER 1940 The Germans decided to target more cities with mass bombing raids – the Blitz had started. On 15 September, one of the heaviest bombing raids was launched against London. However, the RAF Fighter Command continued to attack the Luftwaffe, and the Germans suffered huge losses. The day became known as Battle of Britain Day, and forced Hitler to postpone his invasion. The Germans had damaged airfields and factories, but not enough to stop Bomber Command responding or aircraft being built. The radar stations suffered little damage, which meant that the early warning system was not stopped for any length of time during the battle. Instead, night raids on British cities were increased, to try to exhaust the British public and to reduce German casualties. By the end of October, the Battle of Britain was over; the British air force was the first air force to defeat the Nazis. The Blitz would continue for years, as would aerial attacks, but the Germans would never mount a full-scale attack on Britain again.	<urn:uuid:40f88eab-3d95-468e-9e43-7ec95acc16b1>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.battleofbritainday.co.uk/the-battle-itself/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672440.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125101544-20200125130544-00429.warc.gz	en	0.980061	710	3.734375	4	[ -0.1796630322933197, 0.27433156967163086, 0.1197347566485405, 0.004239183850586414, -0.027059189975261688, 0.6287025213241577, -0.44985151290893555, 0.1010042130947113, 0.07704037427902222, -0.3879627585411072, -0.02781192772090435, -0.5399664044380188, -0.030661441385746002, 0.44153511524...	6	The attack on Britain by the Germans from the air started on 10 July 1940. While aerial attacks on Britain would continue throughout the Second World War, the Battle of Britain is regarded as lasting from 10 July to 31 October 1940. Most historians break the battle up into roughly four stages (although some use five by splitting the first or last stages up even further). STAGE ONE: 10 JULY–12 AUGUST 1940 The German Luftwaffe attacked sites along the British coast and ships in the English Channel by dropping bombs. In July, the Germans began preparations for Operation Sea Lion, the planned invasion of Britain. A central part of the plan was that there should be no air defences or aircraft capable of attacking the German troops as they approached from the sea and on reaching Britain. STAGE TWO: 13–18 AUGUST 1940 The Germans started to focus the bombing raids on British airfields and radar stations. The German bombers were accompanied by fighter planes, which the British pilots and ground defences (anti-aircraft guns) needed to stop in addition to the bombers. The main German air-intensive assault was planned for 13 August, known to the Luftwaffe as Adlertag – Eagle Day. That day was planned as the start of the final stages of the air attack. In harbours in occupied Europe, German ships were prepared for the sea attack. One of the hardest days of fighting between the RAF and the Luftwaffe was 18 August. Both sides took the highest number of casualties in one day’s fighting of the battle. The Germans managed to destroy British aircraft and airfields, but they did not stop the RAF from fighting back, and no sea invasion could be launched. STAGE THREE: 19 AUGUST–6 SEPTEMBER 1940 The Luftwaffe began to bomb more non-military and industrial sites, and started to bomb towns and cities as well. The attacks went beyond the south-east coast and up into the South West, the Midlands, the North East of England and into Scotland. The British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, made a speech on 20 August that paid tribute to the courageous and important work and fighting of the RAF personnel: ‘Never in the field of human conflict has so much been owed by so many to so few.’ After attacks on British cities, the RAF sent its first planes to bomb Berlin on 25 August. STAGE FOUR: 7 SEPTEMBER–31 OCTOBER 1940 The Germans decided to target more cities with mass bombing raids – the Blitz had started. On 15 September, one of the heaviest bombing raids was launched against London. However, the RAF Fighter Command continued to attack the Luftwaffe, and the Germans suffered huge losses. The day became known as Battle of Britain Day, and forced Hitler to postpone his invasion. The Germans had damaged airfields and factories, but not enough to stop Bomber Command responding or aircraft being built. The radar stations suffered little damage, which meant that the early warning system was not stopped for any length of time during the battle. Instead, night raids on British cities were increased, to try to exhaust the British public and to reduce German casualties. By the end of October, the Battle of Britain was over; the British air force was the first air force to defeat the Nazis. The Blitz would continue for years, as would aerial attacks, but the Germans would never mount a full-scale attack on Britain again.	739	ENGLISH	1
(Last Updated on : 12-04-2014) Shivaji is the most popular figure of Maratha history. He was the son of Shahji Bhonsle and his first wife Jijabai . Shivaji was born near the city of Junnar, north of Poona, on 20th April1627. Shivaji aimed to create an independent kingdom from the beginning of his career. In no case he was prepared accept service under a Muslim ruler. In the beginning, Shivaji was inspired by the idea of making free the Hindus from the bondage of the Muslims. Early Life of Shivaji Shivaji did not take much interest in formal schooling but he developed a strong determinacy, courage, desire to fight against injustice, faith towards his religion and became master in-handling of all arms. During the first six years of his political; career, Shivaji simply desired to organise the neighbouring Maratha chiefs under him and protect himself. He had to fight against Bijapur to achieve this purpose. During the course of next ten years he encouraged Maratha nationalism and attempted to extend the territory under his rule. He fought against the ablest nobles of Bijapur during this period and succeeded. Combat of Shivaji with the Mughals Shivaji got involved into strife with the Mughals for the first time in 1657, because he attacked the Mughal districts of Ahmednagar and Junnar. He was proved wrong since the Mughals engrossed in the conquest of Bijapur, was equally careful towards these two holdings. Shivaji suffered a defeat in the hands of the Mughals. A peace treaty was concluded between the opposing parties. Afterwards, the energetic Shivaji extended his sway to the North Konkan and conquered up to Mahad in the south. The Mughal emperor, Aurangzeb alarmed by the rise of Marathas appointed Shaista Khan, his uncle and Governor of Deccan, to deal with the disruptive elements, the Marathas. He took over Poona, the Fort of Chakan and forced the Marathas to evacuate the Kalyan district. Nevertheless, nothing could weaken the persevering Marathas. Even two years of war-struggle could not drain them of their vitality, and moral strength. The golden opportunity of a regain of previous aura came for Shivaji on the night of 15th April, 1563. He stealthily entered into the city of Poona, with four hundred of his best soldiers. They could reach the abode of Shaista Khan, badly injure him and kill his son. Taken aback, by this sudden raid, the Mughal soldiers were rendered powerless. Aurangzeb exasperated, by this Maratha disturbance in the Deccan , ordered Jai Singh, the ruler of Amber, and Dilir Khan, the two efficient Mughal generals, to conduct an expedition in the Deccan to devastate Shivaji. The Marathas imparted a tough resistance but had to sign in a peace agreement of the Treaty of Purandhar, on 22nd June 1665. Shivaji and Mughal rivalry was restored in 1670. Shivaji forged ahead to retrieve all the forts, submitted by him in 1665. He furthered his advance, by encroaching upon Mughal provinces and vanquished the imperial force. Such was his achievement that he demanded payment of "Chauth" or taxes paid by the vassal states. All impediments were removed by the tribal uprisings in the north-west. This turned the Mughals' attention away from Deccan. Thus the Mughals' invasion attempts against the Marathas were fruitless. Shivaji, climbing up the highest strata of success and fame, coronated himself at Raigarh, as the Chhatrapati or the King of kings on 16th June 1674. Administration of Shivaji Shivaji, proved himself successful as a born-leader, a capable soldier, a successful commander and an efficient administrator. Like all other medieval ruler; Shivaji concentrated all powers concentrated in his hands. He possessed all executive and legislative powers. He was the commander-in-chief of the army and had the highest fountain of justice in his kingdom. Shivaji was assisted by eight ministers his administration. Each of them was the head or the pradhan of a department. The prime minister or the peshwa enjoyed superiority, among his colleagues. There were others departmental heads such as the Amatya, the Mantri, the Sachiv, the Sumant, the Senapati and the Nyayadhish. Shivaji had a well maintained army. Cavalry and infantry constituted the primary parts of the army of Shivaji. Shivaji maintained a navy as well. Revenue System during the reign of Shivaji was quite an efficient one. Currency, trade tax and land revenue were the primary sources of the fixed income of Shivaji which led to the prosperity of the population. Shivaji was a cultured Hindu. He understood the spirit of tolerance of Hinduism and practiced it as a person and as a ruler. Shivaji has been regarded as one of the great personalities of medieval India not only because of the fact that he created an independent kingdom but also because he provided an efficient administration. Extension of Shivaji's Empire Shivaji succeeded in establishing an independent kingdom in the Deccan before his death. His kingdom included Maharashtra , Konkan and larger part of Karnataka . It included Ramnagar in the north to Karwar in the south. In the east, it included Baglana, half of the Nasik and the Poona districts, Satara and much of the Colliapur district. It also included that part of western Karnataka which comprised larger part of Mysore , parts of the district of Beilary, Chittor and Arcor. He had imperfect hold over the Kanara region as well. Besides, a large area in the Deccan was under his sphere of influence from where he collected chauth which yielded him an annual income of eighty lakhs of huns. Thus Shivaji succeeded in his aim of establishing a large Maratha Empire. Shivaji was a worthy son, dependable friend, lovable husband and a lovable father. He greatly respected his mother who was responsible in moulding his character to a large extent. Shivaji possessed virtues of kindness, toleration, good behaviour, courage, chivalry, determination, good intentions etc. According to the tradition of his age, he had several wives but he was a lovable husband to all his wives. Shivaji did not receive much schooling but he developed practical wisdom because of his varied experience. He was a good judge of human nature and circumstances and a practical statesman. Hindu religion and its religious texts had been the sources of inspiration of Shivaji. One great achievement of Shivaji was that he established an independent Hindu state in Maharashtra though he had to fight not only against Bijapur but also the mighty Mughal emperor, Aurangzeb. Shivaji proved himself a great administrator both in civil and military affairs. Of course, he was not an innovator but learning from the experiences of other rulers, he certainly brought out many changes which were certainly new. The system of Asht Pradhan, Ryotwari system, importance to civilian officers in administration etc. resulted in that administrative machinery which functioned efficiently even during the period of his absence from Maharashtra. That justifies the success of his civilian administration. His military administration was equally successful. Shivaji made Marathi language the court language which helped in the growth of Marathi literature . However, the greatest success of Shivaji was that he created the nation of the Marathas and inspired them to remain independent.	<urn:uuid:fae3d283-b87d-46fa-b56c-73a6d698f8ce>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.indianetzone.com/5/rise_career__shivaji.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593295.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118164132-20200118192132-00538.warc.gz	en	0.984391	1,621	3.328125	3	[ -0.32430893182754517, 0.5713421106338501, -0.1620888113975525, -0.20711885392665863, -0.35089758038520813, -0.022365832701325417, 0.4217330515384674, 0.4540014863014221, 0.1378319263458252, -0.053605612367391586, 0.23882700502872467, -0.5290091037750244, 0.16469034552574158, 0.542571067810...	1	(Last Updated on : 12-04-2014) Shivaji is the most popular figure of Maratha history. He was the son of Shahji Bhonsle and his first wife Jijabai . Shivaji was born near the city of Junnar, north of Poona, on 20th April1627. Shivaji aimed to create an independent kingdom from the beginning of his career. In no case he was prepared accept service under a Muslim ruler. In the beginning, Shivaji was inspired by the idea of making free the Hindus from the bondage of the Muslims. Early Life of Shivaji Shivaji did not take much interest in formal schooling but he developed a strong determinacy, courage, desire to fight against injustice, faith towards his religion and became master in-handling of all arms. During the first six years of his political; career, Shivaji simply desired to organise the neighbouring Maratha chiefs under him and protect himself. He had to fight against Bijapur to achieve this purpose. During the course of next ten years he encouraged Maratha nationalism and attempted to extend the territory under his rule. He fought against the ablest nobles of Bijapur during this period and succeeded. Combat of Shivaji with the Mughals Shivaji got involved into strife with the Mughals for the first time in 1657, because he attacked the Mughal districts of Ahmednagar and Junnar. He was proved wrong since the Mughals engrossed in the conquest of Bijapur, was equally careful towards these two holdings. Shivaji suffered a defeat in the hands of the Mughals. A peace treaty was concluded between the opposing parties. Afterwards, the energetic Shivaji extended his sway to the North Konkan and conquered up to Mahad in the south. The Mughal emperor, Aurangzeb alarmed by the rise of Marathas appointed Shaista Khan, his uncle and Governor of Deccan, to deal with the disruptive elements, the Marathas. He took over Poona, the Fort of Chakan and forced the Marathas to evacuate the Kalyan district. Nevertheless, nothing could weaken the persevering Marathas. Even two years of war-struggle could not drain them of their vitality, and moral strength. The golden opportunity of a regain of previous aura came for Shivaji on the night of 15th April, 1563. He stealthily entered into the city of Poona, with four hundred of his best soldiers. They could reach the abode of Shaista Khan, badly injure him and kill his son. Taken aback, by this sudden raid, the Mughal soldiers were rendered powerless. Aurangzeb exasperated, by this Maratha disturbance in the Deccan , ordered Jai Singh, the ruler of Amber, and Dilir Khan, the two efficient Mughal generals, to conduct an expedition in the Deccan to devastate Shivaji. The Marathas imparted a tough resistance but had to sign in a peace agreement of the Treaty of Purandhar, on 22nd June 1665. Shivaji and Mughal rivalry was restored in 1670. Shivaji forged ahead to retrieve all the forts, submitted by him in 1665. He furthered his advance, by encroaching upon Mughal provinces and vanquished the imperial force. Such was his achievement that he demanded payment of "Chauth" or taxes paid by the vassal states. All impediments were removed by the tribal uprisings in the north-west. This turned the Mughals' attention away from Deccan. Thus the Mughals' invasion attempts against the Marathas were fruitless. Shivaji, climbing up the highest strata of success and fame, coronated himself at Raigarh, as the Chhatrapati or the King of kings on 16th June 1674. Administration of Shivaji Shivaji, proved himself successful as a born-leader, a capable soldier, a successful commander and an efficient administrator. Like all other medieval ruler; Shivaji concentrated all powers concentrated in his hands. He possessed all executive and legislative powers. He was the commander-in-chief of the army and had the highest fountain of justice in his kingdom. Shivaji was assisted by eight ministers his administration. Each of them was the head or the pradhan of a department. The prime minister or the peshwa enjoyed superiority, among his colleagues. There were others departmental heads such as the Amatya, the Mantri, the Sachiv, the Sumant, the Senapati and the Nyayadhish. Shivaji had a well maintained army. Cavalry and infantry constituted the primary parts of the army of Shivaji. Shivaji maintained a navy as well. Revenue System during the reign of Shivaji was quite an efficient one. Currency, trade tax and land revenue were the primary sources of the fixed income of Shivaji which led to the prosperity of the population. Shivaji was a cultured Hindu. He understood the spirit of tolerance of Hinduism and practiced it as a person and as a ruler. Shivaji has been regarded as one of the great personalities of medieval India not only because of the fact that he created an independent kingdom but also because he provided an efficient administration. Extension of Shivaji's Empire Shivaji succeeded in establishing an independent kingdom in the Deccan before his death. His kingdom included Maharashtra , Konkan and larger part of Karnataka . It included Ramnagar in the north to Karwar in the south. In the east, it included Baglana, half of the Nasik and the Poona districts, Satara and much of the Colliapur district. It also included that part of western Karnataka which comprised larger part of Mysore , parts of the district of Beilary, Chittor and Arcor. He had imperfect hold over the Kanara region as well. Besides, a large area in the Deccan was under his sphere of influence from where he collected chauth which yielded him an annual income of eighty lakhs of huns. Thus Shivaji succeeded in his aim of establishing a large Maratha Empire. Shivaji was a worthy son, dependable friend, lovable husband and a lovable father. He greatly respected his mother who was responsible in moulding his character to a large extent. Shivaji possessed virtues of kindness, toleration, good behaviour, courage, chivalry, determination, good intentions etc. According to the tradition of his age, he had several wives but he was a lovable husband to all his wives. Shivaji did not receive much schooling but he developed practical wisdom because of his varied experience. He was a good judge of human nature and circumstances and a practical statesman. Hindu religion and its religious texts had been the sources of inspiration of Shivaji. One great achievement of Shivaji was that he established an independent Hindu state in Maharashtra though he had to fight not only against Bijapur but also the mighty Mughal emperor, Aurangzeb. Shivaji proved himself a great administrator both in civil and military affairs. Of course, he was not an innovator but learning from the experiences of other rulers, he certainly brought out many changes which were certainly new. The system of Asht Pradhan, Ryotwari system, importance to civilian officers in administration etc. resulted in that administrative machinery which functioned efficiently even during the period of his absence from Maharashtra. That justifies the success of his civilian administration. His military administration was equally successful. Shivaji made Marathi language the court language which helped in the growth of Marathi literature . However, the greatest success of Shivaji was that he created the nation of the Marathas and inspired them to remain independent.	1,634	ENGLISH	1
Mars Was Warm Enough To Sustain Life A Few Billion Years Ago, Claim Astronomers About 3 to 4 billion years ago, the Martian environment was completely different from the cold inhabitable desert it is today. At that time, the Martian environment was much warmer with a habitable atmosphere that might have had rainstorms that could have supported basic life. The study was conducted by a team of researchers from Purdue University, Indiana in the United States and presented by Professor Briony Horgan at the Goldschmidt Geochemistry Conference in Barcelona, as reported by Phys Org. The researchers compared data from Earth and data collected by NASA CRISM spectrometer and from the Curiosity Rover. The NASA CRISM spectrometer is still orbiting the Red Planet and has been able to identify locations where there was water by detection of surface chemicals. The data showed that 3 to 4 million years ago, the climate on the Red Planet was much warmer which led to rainstorms and flowing water. But then there was a cold period where the water froze. It has been known that there was water on Mars but there was almost no consensus whether the water was in liquid or solid-state. Warm conditions mean that life would have been able to develop on its own on the surface of ancient Mars, according to researchers. The new comparison between the patterns of mineral deposition on the Red Planet and similar depositions on Earth points to the fact that Mars had at least one long period which had rainstorms and flowing water and then later water freezing during the cold period. On analyzing the surface geology of Mars, it is observed that a shift from a warmer to a colder climate did occur, but the climate models don't support the observation as at the time, a limited amount of heat was arriving from the young Sun. The researchers said that they need to keep working on their climate models so that they can conclude whether Mars once had flowing water.	<urn:uuid:72aca721-b3f6-4e53-ad12-bb23a09049f9>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://in.mashable.com/science/6046/mars-was-warm-enough-to-sustain-life-a-few-billion-years-ago-claim-astronomers	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606226.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121222429-20200122011429-00514.warc.gz	en	0.982133	387	4.21875	4	[ -0.10321074724197388, 0.2211657613515854, 0.4885430932044983, 0.45833566784858704, 0.3625718653202057, 0.02859296090900898, -0.12523803114891052, 0.08238307386636734, -0.27705514430999756, 0.18933875858783722, -0.046260152012109756, -0.402018278837204, 0.5522679686546326, -0.05925130471587...	3	Mars Was Warm Enough To Sustain Life A Few Billion Years Ago, Claim Astronomers About 3 to 4 billion years ago, the Martian environment was completely different from the cold inhabitable desert it is today. At that time, the Martian environment was much warmer with a habitable atmosphere that might have had rainstorms that could have supported basic life. The study was conducted by a team of researchers from Purdue University, Indiana in the United States and presented by Professor Briony Horgan at the Goldschmidt Geochemistry Conference in Barcelona, as reported by Phys Org. The researchers compared data from Earth and data collected by NASA CRISM spectrometer and from the Curiosity Rover. The NASA CRISM spectrometer is still orbiting the Red Planet and has been able to identify locations where there was water by detection of surface chemicals. The data showed that 3 to 4 million years ago, the climate on the Red Planet was much warmer which led to rainstorms and flowing water. But then there was a cold period where the water froze. It has been known that there was water on Mars but there was almost no consensus whether the water was in liquid or solid-state. Warm conditions mean that life would have been able to develop on its own on the surface of ancient Mars, according to researchers. The new comparison between the patterns of mineral deposition on the Red Planet and similar depositions on Earth points to the fact that Mars had at least one long period which had rainstorms and flowing water and then later water freezing during the cold period. On analyzing the surface geology of Mars, it is observed that a shift from a warmer to a colder climate did occur, but the climate models don't support the observation as at the time, a limited amount of heat was arriving from the young Sun. The researchers said that they need to keep working on their climate models so that they can conclude whether Mars once had flowing water.	388	ENGLISH	1
On 1 October 1949 Mao declared the People's Republic of China. Mao had led a peasant movement to victory but the aim was to develop China as an industrial power. As such there was much talk of the Great Leap Forward (1958-62) and Five Year Plans modeled on Stalin's Soviet Union. Targets weren't met under the Plans and worse still between 1959 and 1963 there was a "great famine." Mao blamed the food shortages on poor local management and the hoarding of grain by "rich exploiting peasants." In actual fact forced collectivisation and false science (Mao quite disastrously put faith in Lysenko, a Soviet agronomist, who spoke of "socialist crops" with "bountiful yields") were actually to blame. Mao withdrew from the limelight. But when he did return in 1966 he did so with a vengeance unleashing the Great Purge -otherwise known as the Cultural Revolution- as a way of "obliging the Party to acknowledge its errors" and "eliminate all possible rivals to his authority" (Lynch 2006). In April 1966 there had been an official announcement that the Communist Party was infected with "revisionism." Then at a rally in August 1966 in Tianamen Square "old thoughts, habits, cultures and customs" were denounced. Young people rushed to become Red Guards and set about destroying the four "olds." The first target was the education system. Teachers and lecturers were dragged out and denounced as "reactionaries." Intellectuals were castigated as "class enemies." All of them ran the risk of being subjected to special interrogation --so-called "struggle sessions." At the head of this purification process -and responsible in particular for the creation of a "proletarian culture"- was Mao's wife Jiang Qing. Only contemporary, socially realistic themes were now acceptable. Art and literature had to be directly relevant to the lives of workers. The Cultural Revolution didn't fully end until Mao's death in 1976 though by the early 70s it had begun to lose its momentum. The fire had been "quelled." (Le Bas 2005).	<urn:uuid:3c2ede10-e8c5-4906-be4f-b04e30d9e17b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.srsm.scot/forum-1/untitled-category/china-and-the-cultural-revolution	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594333.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119064802-20200119092802-00301.warc.gz	en	0.98145	439	3.296875	3	[ -0.7021175622940063, 0.3840081989765167, 0.10441897809505463, 0.28569266200065613, 0.19990836083889008, 0.20420964062213898, -0.110688216984272, 0.11916917562484741, -0.5679234862327576, -0.0026350845582783222, 0.4615020155906677, 0.004838519264012575, 0.458244264125824, 0.3761535286903381...	6	On 1 October 1949 Mao declared the People's Republic of China. Mao had led a peasant movement to victory but the aim was to develop China as an industrial power. As such there was much talk of the Great Leap Forward (1958-62) and Five Year Plans modeled on Stalin's Soviet Union. Targets weren't met under the Plans and worse still between 1959 and 1963 there was a "great famine." Mao blamed the food shortages on poor local management and the hoarding of grain by "rich exploiting peasants." In actual fact forced collectivisation and false science (Mao quite disastrously put faith in Lysenko, a Soviet agronomist, who spoke of "socialist crops" with "bountiful yields") were actually to blame. Mao withdrew from the limelight. But when he did return in 1966 he did so with a vengeance unleashing the Great Purge -otherwise known as the Cultural Revolution- as a way of "obliging the Party to acknowledge its errors" and "eliminate all possible rivals to his authority" (Lynch 2006). In April 1966 there had been an official announcement that the Communist Party was infected with "revisionism." Then at a rally in August 1966 in Tianamen Square "old thoughts, habits, cultures and customs" were denounced. Young people rushed to become Red Guards and set about destroying the four "olds." The first target was the education system. Teachers and lecturers were dragged out and denounced as "reactionaries." Intellectuals were castigated as "class enemies." All of them ran the risk of being subjected to special interrogation --so-called "struggle sessions." At the head of this purification process -and responsible in particular for the creation of a "proletarian culture"- was Mao's wife Jiang Qing. Only contemporary, socially realistic themes were now acceptable. Art and literature had to be directly relevant to the lives of workers. The Cultural Revolution didn't fully end until Mao's death in 1976 though by the early 70s it had begun to lose its momentum. The fire had been "quelled." (Le Bas 2005).	466	ENGLISH	1
Listen to today's episode of StarDate on the web the same day it airs in high-quality streaming audio without any extra ads or announcements. Choose a $8 one-month pass, or listen every day for a year for just $30. You are here Robert Goddard is known as the “father” of American rocketry. Yet his contributions to the field are less than they might have been. Goddard did most of his work in secret — he didn’t collaborate outside his own team, and he didn’t publish many results. In part, that secrecy was the result of an editorial that appeared in the New York Times 100 years ago today. Goddard had just published a paper in which he outlined his ideas for sending rockets into space. To confirm that a rocket was actually working, he suggested using it to slam a small amount of explosives into the new Moon and watching through telescopes. The Times objected. "That Professor Goddard ... does not know the relation of action to reaction, and of the need to have something better than a vacuum against which to react — to say that would be absurd. ... He only seems to lack the knowledge ladled out daily in high schools." After that, Goddard avoided publicity. He continued his work, though, and launched the world’s first liquid-fueled rocket, in 1926. When that brought criticism from his neighbors, he moved his work to New Mexico. There, he produced many patents for ideas that were incorporated into future rockets and spacecraft. And on July 17th, 1969 — the day after Apollo 11 headed for the Moon — the Times published a retraction. "It is now definitely established that a rocket can function in a vacuum as well as in an atmosphere," the paper wrote. "The Times regrets the error." Script by Damond Benningfield	<urn:uuid:fc4c3dea-c796-4e6b-b95d-30c371540d07>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://stardate.org/radio/program/2020-01-13	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672440.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125101544-20200125130544-00133.warc.gz	en	0.984453	380	3.5625	4	[ -0.4285115599632263, -0.04753360152244568, -0.3438084125518799, -0.39467713236808777, 0.11126063764095306, 0.22738607227802277, -0.1187991350889206, -0.027520934119820595, -0.006923929788172245, -0.012011637911200523, 0.14486798644065857, 0.36874157190322876, -0.0479559488594532, 0.5497465...	12	Listen to today's episode of StarDate on the web the same day it airs in high-quality streaming audio without any extra ads or announcements. Choose a $8 one-month pass, or listen every day for a year for just $30. You are here Robert Goddard is known as the “father” of American rocketry. Yet his contributions to the field are less than they might have been. Goddard did most of his work in secret — he didn’t collaborate outside his own team, and he didn’t publish many results. In part, that secrecy was the result of an editorial that appeared in the New York Times 100 years ago today. Goddard had just published a paper in which he outlined his ideas for sending rockets into space. To confirm that a rocket was actually working, he suggested using it to slam a small amount of explosives into the new Moon and watching through telescopes. The Times objected. "That Professor Goddard ... does not know the relation of action to reaction, and of the need to have something better than a vacuum against which to react — to say that would be absurd. ... He only seems to lack the knowledge ladled out daily in high schools." After that, Goddard avoided publicity. He continued his work, though, and launched the world’s first liquid-fueled rocket, in 1926. When that brought criticism from his neighbors, he moved his work to New Mexico. There, he produced many patents for ideas that were incorporated into future rockets and spacecraft. And on July 17th, 1969 — the day after Apollo 11 headed for the Moon — the Times published a retraction. "It is now definitely established that a rocket can function in a vacuum as well as in an atmosphere," the paper wrote. "The Times regrets the error." Script by Damond Benningfield	387	ENGLISH	1
09:41 AM to 11:06 AM 12:32 PM to 01:57 PM 04:49 PM to 06:14 PM Click the 'Play' button to read out loud this webpage content Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was a great son of India. He was born when the country was suffering under the British rule. Gandhi, by his words and deeds, inspired the people of the country, united them and led them in a massive, non-violent struggle against the mighty British. Thanks to his leadership and the great sacrifices of the people, the English were forced to move out of our land, and our country got independence at last, in the year 1947. Gandhi was a noble soul and is hailed as Mahatma and ‘The Apostle of Peace.’ He is also revered as the Father of the Nation. The word ‘Jayanti’ denotes the day of birth and is used to refer to the birth of divinities and great persons. Gandhi Jayanti is the birthday of Mahatma Gandhi, and people celebrate the occasion with gratitude and joy. Mahatma Gandhi was born on 2nd October 1869 in the state of Gujarat. He studied law in England and went to South Africa for practising as a lawyer and earning his livelihood. England was ruling South Africa then, and the people of Indian origin were treated as virtual slaves. Gandhi brought the people together, started the struggle against British tyranny through peaceful means, and at last, got them many legitimate rights. Then, he returned to his motherland in 1915. India was under the total control of the English then, where people were denied their rights and were undergoing untold miseries. Gandhi assessed the situation and launched the Civil Disobedience Movement, organizing people in non-violent, non-cooperation struggles against the rulers. Acceding to his call of ‘Satyagraha,’ the truthful, non-violent resistance, millions of people quit their vocations and went to prison. This unique struggle of Mahatma Gandhi had no precedents, and hence, the British authorities had no answers for it. They let loose various forms of oppression on the people and Gandhi himself, along with many leaders of The Indian National Congress, the party he led, was imprisoned for years. After decades of struggle, the British government was forced to grant freedom to India. However, the tension between Hindus and Muslims led to great violence, and the nation had to be divided into sectarian lines, as India and Pakistan, amidst bloodshed. India became independent on 15th August 1947. However, Gandhi, who was mainly instrumental in us getting freedom, was touring the riot-hit areas and observing fast, to instil peace among the warring communities. Even though Gandhi served the nation selflessly, some people accused him of acting biased towards the Muslims, and he was shot dead by a Hindu fanatic at a prayer meeting on 30th January 1948 in Delhi. Thus, the life of this embodiment of peace was snuffed out by violence. Gandhi was not only a freedom fighter but was also a great social reformer, who fought against many social ills like untouchability, for the eradication of which he observed several fasts many times in his life. Thus, Mahatma Gandhi’s contribution to our land has no parallels in history. Gandhi Jayanti is celebrated on 2nd October all over the country. On this day, the President of India leads the nation in offering homage to Gandhi at his Samadhi (place of cremation), in Delhi, while his statues are garlanded, and tributes paid to him in state capitals and other places. Prayer meetings and events are also held at the place where he fell to the assassin’s bullets and all over the country, during which his services to the nation are gratefully remembered. Gandhi Jayanti is a national holiday for India, while the UN has declared the day as the International Day of Non-Violence.	<urn:uuid:ac4e3f2d-4040-4d6b-abea-ce6de69c9b1a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.astroved.com/astropedia/en/festivals/gandhi-jayanti	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250613416.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123191130-20200123220130-00346.warc.gz	en	0.987877	814	3.578125	4	[ -0.07238385826349258, 0.6620674133300781, 0.108176589012146, -0.05844061076641083, -0.5070395469665527, -0.2741641402244568, 0.5154973268508911, -0.1302947700023651, -0.06509363651275635, 0.18559831380844116, 0.15886472165584564, -0.1305166631937027, 0.33675891160964966, 0.3810126781463623...	1	09:41 AM to 11:06 AM 12:32 PM to 01:57 PM 04:49 PM to 06:14 PM Click the 'Play' button to read out loud this webpage content Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was a great son of India. He was born when the country was suffering under the British rule. Gandhi, by his words and deeds, inspired the people of the country, united them and led them in a massive, non-violent struggle against the mighty British. Thanks to his leadership and the great sacrifices of the people, the English were forced to move out of our land, and our country got independence at last, in the year 1947. Gandhi was a noble soul and is hailed as Mahatma and ‘The Apostle of Peace.’ He is also revered as the Father of the Nation. The word ‘Jayanti’ denotes the day of birth and is used to refer to the birth of divinities and great persons. Gandhi Jayanti is the birthday of Mahatma Gandhi, and people celebrate the occasion with gratitude and joy. Mahatma Gandhi was born on 2nd October 1869 in the state of Gujarat. He studied law in England and went to South Africa for practising as a lawyer and earning his livelihood. England was ruling South Africa then, and the people of Indian origin were treated as virtual slaves. Gandhi brought the people together, started the struggle against British tyranny through peaceful means, and at last, got them many legitimate rights. Then, he returned to his motherland in 1915. India was under the total control of the English then, where people were denied their rights and were undergoing untold miseries. Gandhi assessed the situation and launched the Civil Disobedience Movement, organizing people in non-violent, non-cooperation struggles against the rulers. Acceding to his call of ‘Satyagraha,’ the truthful, non-violent resistance, millions of people quit their vocations and went to prison. This unique struggle of Mahatma Gandhi had no precedents, and hence, the British authorities had no answers for it. They let loose various forms of oppression on the people and Gandhi himself, along with many leaders of The Indian National Congress, the party he led, was imprisoned for years. After decades of struggle, the British government was forced to grant freedom to India. However, the tension between Hindus and Muslims led to great violence, and the nation had to be divided into sectarian lines, as India and Pakistan, amidst bloodshed. India became independent on 15th August 1947. However, Gandhi, who was mainly instrumental in us getting freedom, was touring the riot-hit areas and observing fast, to instil peace among the warring communities. Even though Gandhi served the nation selflessly, some people accused him of acting biased towards the Muslims, and he was shot dead by a Hindu fanatic at a prayer meeting on 30th January 1948 in Delhi. Thus, the life of this embodiment of peace was snuffed out by violence. Gandhi was not only a freedom fighter but was also a great social reformer, who fought against many social ills like untouchability, for the eradication of which he observed several fasts many times in his life. Thus, Mahatma Gandhi’s contribution to our land has no parallels in history. Gandhi Jayanti is celebrated on 2nd October all over the country. On this day, the President of India leads the nation in offering homage to Gandhi at his Samadhi (place of cremation), in Delhi, while his statues are garlanded, and tributes paid to him in state capitals and other places. Prayer meetings and events are also held at the place where he fell to the assassin’s bullets and all over the country, during which his services to the nation are gratefully remembered. Gandhi Jayanti is a national holiday for India, while the UN has declared the day as the International Day of Non-Violence.	839	ENGLISH	1
How important was chivalry in molding the cultural world of the upper classes? The word chivalry comes from the French term “chevalrie” which when literally described meant the warrior attributes of armed knights on horseback. When the word was first used it did not have many, if any, of the moral or social aspects with which were later attributed to it. Reaching the later periods of the Middle Ages there begins to be a consensus opinion on the definition of a chivalrous knight. This knight would be polite, especially to women, loyal to his lord, a devout and humble Christian, and a powerful and strong-willed fighter. While no man could live up to these expectations, an ideal chivalrous knight would demonstrate all of these qualities. Chivalry would begin to fade in the 15th century following the unrealistic disposition of courtly love. From the beginning of the Crusades to this point however, chivalry was not only an important part of the cultural world of the upper classes it would come to define it. Indeed, many of the major parts of life in the Middle Ages including warfare, religion, ceremonies and romance were significantly affected by chivalry. These key aspects of life which chivalry impacted would define the cultural world of the upper classes throughout Europe. Chivalry, in its most all-encompassing definition, can be described as “a form of behavior knights and nobles would have liked to imaged they followed, both based on and reflected in the epics and romances, a form of behavior which took armed and mounted combat as one of its key elements.” This definition opens many doors as to a true depiction of chivalry; however it is efficient at enabling discussion of chivalry from almost every medieval source. It is just as important to know what was expected of the chivalrous knight. These knights should: believe the church and all of its teachings, defend the church, respect weakness and defend them, love their country, not retreat when confronted with an enemy, fight against the infidel without cessation or mercy, follow their feudal duties (if they did not betray the laws of God), not lie and stay true to their word, be generous, and be the champion of right against injustice. It is clearly evident being an ideal chivalrous knight was extremely difficult, one could only try to emulate as many of these qualities as possible. It was up to the nobility and gentry, however, to uphold these chivalric values to the best of their ability. The following aspects of life which were affected by chivalry are seen in France, but can be with some limitations (England’s need to make anything French more palatable, for example) attributed to most of Europe. Chivalry would at first shape the cultural world of the upper classes through chivalric ideals in warfare. A chivalrous knight in war was deemed to possess exquisite armor, a keen sword and the ability to kill fearsome opponents without even “raising a sweat.” One knight, as described in the...	<urn:uuid:af60eacb-7899-407b-9434-db7d72496431>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://brightkite.com/essay-on/chivalry-17	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595282.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119205448-20200119233448-00098.warc.gz	en	0.981844	621	3.96875	4	[ -0.015079334378242493, -0.09161998331546783, 0.10048456490039825, -0.7846835851669312, -0.19998937845230103, 0.054601266980171204, 0.6457098126411438, 0.14857229590415955, 0.1530449390411377, -0.05694486200809479, -0.35188591480255127, -0.143269881606102, 0.018709739670157433, 0.2317172288...	1	How important was chivalry in molding the cultural world of the upper classes? The word chivalry comes from the French term “chevalrie” which when literally described meant the warrior attributes of armed knights on horseback. When the word was first used it did not have many, if any, of the moral or social aspects with which were later attributed to it. Reaching the later periods of the Middle Ages there begins to be a consensus opinion on the definition of a chivalrous knight. This knight would be polite, especially to women, loyal to his lord, a devout and humble Christian, and a powerful and strong-willed fighter. While no man could live up to these expectations, an ideal chivalrous knight would demonstrate all of these qualities. Chivalry would begin to fade in the 15th century following the unrealistic disposition of courtly love. From the beginning of the Crusades to this point however, chivalry was not only an important part of the cultural world of the upper classes it would come to define it. Indeed, many of the major parts of life in the Middle Ages including warfare, religion, ceremonies and romance were significantly affected by chivalry. These key aspects of life which chivalry impacted would define the cultural world of the upper classes throughout Europe. Chivalry, in its most all-encompassing definition, can be described as “a form of behavior knights and nobles would have liked to imaged they followed, both based on and reflected in the epics and romances, a form of behavior which took armed and mounted combat as one of its key elements.” This definition opens many doors as to a true depiction of chivalry; however it is efficient at enabling discussion of chivalry from almost every medieval source. It is just as important to know what was expected of the chivalrous knight. These knights should: believe the church and all of its teachings, defend the church, respect weakness and defend them, love their country, not retreat when confronted with an enemy, fight against the infidel without cessation or mercy, follow their feudal duties (if they did not betray the laws of God), not lie and stay true to their word, be generous, and be the champion of right against injustice. It is clearly evident being an ideal chivalrous knight was extremely difficult, one could only try to emulate as many of these qualities as possible. It was up to the nobility and gentry, however, to uphold these chivalric values to the best of their ability. The following aspects of life which were affected by chivalry are seen in France, but can be with some limitations (England’s need to make anything French more palatable, for example) attributed to most of Europe. Chivalry would at first shape the cultural world of the upper classes through chivalric ideals in warfare. A chivalrous knight in war was deemed to possess exquisite armor, a keen sword and the ability to kill fearsome opponents without even “raising a sweat.” One knight, as described in the...	621	ENGLISH	1
JACK BALLISTER’S FORTUNES E, of these times, protected as we are by the laws and by the number of people about us, can hardly comprehend such a life as that of the American colonies in the early part of the eighteenth century, when it was possible for a pirate like Capt. Teach, known as Blackbeard, to exist, and for the governor and the secretary of the province in which he lived perhaps to share his plunder, and to shelter and to protect him against the law. At that time the American colonists were in general a rough, rugged people, knowing nothing of the finer things of life. They lived mostly in little settlements, separated by long distances from one another, so that they could neither make nor enforce laws to protect themselves. Each man or little group of men had to depend upon his or their own strength to keep what belonged to them, and to prevent fierce men or groups of men from seizing what did not belong to them. It is the natural disposition of everyone to get all that he can. Little children, for instance, always try to take away from others	<urn:uuid:c7cc07ca-97be-4b7e-b7f7-3aa8e86a9454>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Howard_Pyle%27s_Book_of_Pirates_(1921).djvu/187	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251688806.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126104828-20200126134828-00262.warc.gz	en	0.986614	228	3.515625	4	[ -0.4598706066608429, 0.058424483984708786, 0.37538912892341614, -0.35265955328941345, 0.2250431925058365, -0.14298370480537415, 0.40199926495552063, -0.29268547892570496, -0.25662410259246826, -0.05570157989859581, 0.108917236328125, -0.003067543962970376, 0.29016971588134766, 0.0400138273...	1	JACK BALLISTER’S FORTUNES E, of these times, protected as we are by the laws and by the number of people about us, can hardly comprehend such a life as that of the American colonies in the early part of the eighteenth century, when it was possible for a pirate like Capt. Teach, known as Blackbeard, to exist, and for the governor and the secretary of the province in which he lived perhaps to share his plunder, and to shelter and to protect him against the law. At that time the American colonists were in general a rough, rugged people, knowing nothing of the finer things of life. They lived mostly in little settlements, separated by long distances from one another, so that they could neither make nor enforce laws to protect themselves. Each man or little group of men had to depend upon his or their own strength to keep what belonged to them, and to prevent fierce men or groups of men from seizing what did not belong to them. It is the natural disposition of everyone to get all that he can. Little children, for instance, always try to take away from others	227	ENGLISH	1
Get help with any kind of project - from a high school essay to a PhD dissertation \|Subject area\|\|Arts Entertainment\| Friederich Nietzsche and His Philosophies Friederich Nietzsche was created in 1844 in the Prussian province of Saxony. He was the offspring of an extended type of clergymen including his dad, who was simply the pastor of a Lutheran congregation. His childhood was consumed with the haunting loss of life of his dad and, after soon, brother. After searching for college, he suffered from extreme, painful myopia and head aches which caused burning up sensations and blurred vision. This may have been syphilis and it might have been contracted from his father who had proven similar symptoms. In 1858, he signed up for the prestigious Pforte boarding school. His disease continuing to plague him, leading to many "pilgrimages" to the sanitarium however, he could form an organization called Germania, which was specialized in the continuing research of "intellectual topics." He delivered amazing lectures on subjects which range from Nordic legends to German poetry. Before graduation shortly, he made a decision to study philology because of his intrigue of it's focus on analysis and logic. It had been after he remaining the University of Bonn that Nietzsche's life required a substantial course. After acquiring an enormous personal debt at Bonn, Nietzsche remaining for Leipzig for a far more affordable solution to an excellent education. There, he uncovered Arthur Schopenhauer's The Globe as Can and Representation. In his function, Schopenhauer declared that suffering and conflict were the objective of life. This predilection intrigued Nietzsche. He (Nietzsche) shortly developed a program of little rest and an excessive amount of study. It had been then that he previously decided to turn into a philologist and the globe became released to his philosophies. Sometimes philosophy is named "timeless," implying that it is lessons ar...	<urn:uuid:c2bd8298-4a60-467f-9a56-eb344f79474c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://studybay.com/example-works/essay/arts_entertainment/1011032/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250609478.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123071220-20200123100220-00168.warc.gz	en	0.980091	397	3.484375	3	[ -0.061689186841249466, 0.954730749130249, -0.26830756664276123, 0.11796528100967407, -0.3429878354072571, -0.4771003723144531, 0.14591681957244873, 0.256369411945343, -0.2322182059288025, -0.23893992602825165, 0.15870912373065948, -0.2290181964635849, 0.2535778284072876, 0.3492448925971985...	1	Get help with any kind of project - from a high school essay to a PhD dissertation \|Subject area\|\|Arts Entertainment\| Friederich Nietzsche and His Philosophies Friederich Nietzsche was created in 1844 in the Prussian province of Saxony. He was the offspring of an extended type of clergymen including his dad, who was simply the pastor of a Lutheran congregation. His childhood was consumed with the haunting loss of life of his dad and, after soon, brother. After searching for college, he suffered from extreme, painful myopia and head aches which caused burning up sensations and blurred vision. This may have been syphilis and it might have been contracted from his father who had proven similar symptoms. In 1858, he signed up for the prestigious Pforte boarding school. His disease continuing to plague him, leading to many "pilgrimages" to the sanitarium however, he could form an organization called Germania, which was specialized in the continuing research of "intellectual topics." He delivered amazing lectures on subjects which range from Nordic legends to German poetry. Before graduation shortly, he made a decision to study philology because of his intrigue of it's focus on analysis and logic. It had been after he remaining the University of Bonn that Nietzsche's life required a substantial course. After acquiring an enormous personal debt at Bonn, Nietzsche remaining for Leipzig for a far more affordable solution to an excellent education. There, he uncovered Arthur Schopenhauer's The Globe as Can and Representation. In his function, Schopenhauer declared that suffering and conflict were the objective of life. This predilection intrigued Nietzsche. He (Nietzsche) shortly developed a program of little rest and an excessive amount of study. It had been then that he previously decided to turn into a philologist and the globe became released to his philosophies. Sometimes philosophy is named "timeless," implying that it is lessons ar...	400	ENGLISH	1
Do you think that Germany's treaty obligations under the Treaty of Versailles were excessive? Although it is certainly possible to argue this issue both ways, I would say that the obligations and punishments imposed upon Germany were excessive. They added up to a group of conditions that treated Germany as if it had been solely responsible for the war and which made it look as if the Allies’ war aims were to expand their own territory and power. It is really rather harsh and inaccurate to say that Germany was solely to blame for World War I. The war was really caused by the actions and attitudes of most of the countries of Europe. Therefore, imposing things like harsh reparations on Germany was surely not appropriate. Furthermore, there was no justice in doing things like stripping Germany of its overseas territories. The possession of territories did not cause Germany to go to war. The possession of territories was no more unjust than the British or French possession of their empires. By taking these possessions away (and putting them under so called “mandates” from the League of Nations, the Allies were essentially just looting Germany after the war. For these reasons, it seems to me that the terms of the Treaty of Versailles were excessive and ultimately counterproductive. check Approved by eNotes Editorial	<urn:uuid:a97bb147-51f1-4963-885f-1a08a8a88b11>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/do-you-think-that-germanys-treaty-obligations-were-429919?en_action=hh-question_click&en_label=hh-sidebar&en_category=internal_campaign	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700988.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127143516-20200127173516-00027.warc.gz	en	0.989251	259	3.734375	4	[ -0.37671709060668945, 0.29349374771118164, 0.261441707611084, -0.3628452718257904, 0.2840067148208618, -0.4265795350074768, 0.18628227710723877, 0.08640776574611664, 0.2000741958618164, -0.201346755027771, 0.23904135823249817, -0.3128110468387604, -0.09937509894371033, 0.8421885371208191, ...	1	Do you think that Germany's treaty obligations under the Treaty of Versailles were excessive? Although it is certainly possible to argue this issue both ways, I would say that the obligations and punishments imposed upon Germany were excessive. They added up to a group of conditions that treated Germany as if it had been solely responsible for the war and which made it look as if the Allies’ war aims were to expand their own territory and power. It is really rather harsh and inaccurate to say that Germany was solely to blame for World War I. The war was really caused by the actions and attitudes of most of the countries of Europe. Therefore, imposing things like harsh reparations on Germany was surely not appropriate. Furthermore, there was no justice in doing things like stripping Germany of its overseas territories. The possession of territories did not cause Germany to go to war. The possession of territories was no more unjust than the British or French possession of their empires. By taking these possessions away (and putting them under so called “mandates” from the League of Nations, the Allies were essentially just looting Germany after the war. For these reasons, it seems to me that the terms of the Treaty of Versailles were excessive and ultimately counterproductive. check Approved by eNotes Editorial	251	ENGLISH	1
After Europeans brought muskets (long-barrelled, muzzle-loaded guns) to New Zealand, these guns were used in a series of battles between Māori tribes, mostly between 1818 and 1840. Around 20,000 people may have died from direct and indirect causes. Tribal boundaries were also changed by the musket wars. Buying and using muskets Tribes that wanted muskets had to increase production of pigs and potatoes, which were used as currency to pay for the guns. At first tribes had just a few muskets, which were mainly used to scare their opponents. Tribes then bought hundreds of muskets – meaning they had to work hard to produce enough pigs and potatoes. Once they had enough guns, work returned to normal. Māori learnt tactics for using firearms, and designed pā to protect against musket attacks. In 1807–8, despite having some muskets, Ngāpuhi were defeated in a battle with Ngāti Whātua (who used traditional weapons). By about 1818 Ngāpuhi had significant numbers of muskets, and in 1821 the chief Hongi Hika returned from overseas with hundreds more. Over the next six years Ngāpuhi attacked and defeated Ngāti Pāoa, Ngāti Maru, Waikato, Te Arawa and Ngāti Whātua. In 1827 Hongi was shot in a battle. He died the following year from his injuries. After his death Ngāpuhi had less military impact. In 1821 Waikato tribes expelled Ngāti Toa chief Te Rauparaha from Kāwhia after intertribal fighting. Waikato, led by Te Wherowhero, then attacked Ngāti Toa in Taranaki. In 1824 Waikato and Ngāti Tūwharetoa defeated Ngāti Kahungunu at Napier, and in 1826 Waikato invaded Taranaki, forcing some groups to move south. Waikato attacked Taranaki tribes again in the early 1830s. Waikato ended the wars successfully. They defended their lands against northern invaders, and expelled other tribes. After Te Rauparaha and Ngāti Toa left Waikato, they moved first to north Taranaki and then to the Kāpiti Coast. They captured Kāpiti Island and established a base there. In 1824 other tribal groups attacked the island but were defeated. Te Rauparaha wanted to extend his trading strength by controlling pounamu (greenstone) in the South Island. From 1827 Ngāti Toa and their Te Āti Awa allies attacked southern tribes and captured much of the South Island. Ngāti Toa allies Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama invaded the Chatham Islands in 1835. They conquered the Moriori and also fought each other.	<urn:uuid:93711f83-7553-4122-a5e3-84ea5b6fd0f1>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://admin.teara.govt.nz/en/musket-wars	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251678287.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125161753-20200125190753-00156.warc.gz	en	0.983488	622	3.796875	4	[ -0.48022231459617615, 0.5709428191184998, 0.2419954091310501, 0.09314288198947906, -0.4317653775215149, -0.34461772441864014, 0.14323514699935913, -0.07921220362186432, -0.4184812605381012, 0.16065725684165955, 0.2270863801240921, -0.7313243746757507, 0.17652365565299988, 0.450832992792129...	4	After Europeans brought muskets (long-barrelled, muzzle-loaded guns) to New Zealand, these guns were used in a series of battles between Māori tribes, mostly between 1818 and 1840. Around 20,000 people may have died from direct and indirect causes. Tribal boundaries were also changed by the musket wars. Buying and using muskets Tribes that wanted muskets had to increase production of pigs and potatoes, which were used as currency to pay for the guns. At first tribes had just a few muskets, which were mainly used to scare their opponents. Tribes then bought hundreds of muskets – meaning they had to work hard to produce enough pigs and potatoes. Once they had enough guns, work returned to normal. Māori learnt tactics for using firearms, and designed pā to protect against musket attacks. In 1807–8, despite having some muskets, Ngāpuhi were defeated in a battle with Ngāti Whātua (who used traditional weapons). By about 1818 Ngāpuhi had significant numbers of muskets, and in 1821 the chief Hongi Hika returned from overseas with hundreds more. Over the next six years Ngāpuhi attacked and defeated Ngāti Pāoa, Ngāti Maru, Waikato, Te Arawa and Ngāti Whātua. In 1827 Hongi was shot in a battle. He died the following year from his injuries. After his death Ngāpuhi had less military impact. In 1821 Waikato tribes expelled Ngāti Toa chief Te Rauparaha from Kāwhia after intertribal fighting. Waikato, led by Te Wherowhero, then attacked Ngāti Toa in Taranaki. In 1824 Waikato and Ngāti Tūwharetoa defeated Ngāti Kahungunu at Napier, and in 1826 Waikato invaded Taranaki, forcing some groups to move south. Waikato attacked Taranaki tribes again in the early 1830s. Waikato ended the wars successfully. They defended their lands against northern invaders, and expelled other tribes. After Te Rauparaha and Ngāti Toa left Waikato, they moved first to north Taranaki and then to the Kāpiti Coast. They captured Kāpiti Island and established a base there. In 1824 other tribal groups attacked the island but were defeated. Te Rauparaha wanted to extend his trading strength by controlling pounamu (greenstone) in the South Island. From 1827 Ngāti Toa and their Te Āti Awa allies attacked southern tribes and captured much of the South Island. Ngāti Toa allies Ngāti Mutunga and Ngāti Tama invaded the Chatham Islands in 1835. They conquered the Moriori and also fought each other.	651	ENGLISH	1
The Gupta Period of India was not characterized by enormous material wealth or by elaborate trade activity. It was defined by creativity. Flourishing arts, fabulous literature, and stupendous scholars are just a few of the things that marked the period. In 185 B.C.E., the Mauryan empire collapsed when the last of the Mauryan kings was assassinated. In its place, small kingdoms arose throughout India. For nearly 500 years, the various states warred with each other. In the northern territories, a new empire arose when a ruler named Chandragupta I ascended the throne in 320 C.E. He revived many principles of Mauryan government and paved the way for his son, Samudragupta, to develop an extensive empire. Victory at Any Cost Samudragupta was a great warrior and conquest was his passion. He sought to unite all of India under his rule and quickly set out to achieve this goal by waging wars across much of the Indian subcontinent. Hoping for mercy, many potential victims offered tribute and presents to Samudragupta as he swept through the territories. But little mercy was granted. One by one, he defeated nine kings in the north and twelve in the south. In addition to the human devastation countless horses were slaughtered to celebrate his victories. The Gupta territories expanded so greatly under Samudragupta's reign that he has often been compared to great conquerors such as Alexander the Great and Napoleon. But of course he did not achieve military success singlehandedly. Local squads — which each consisted of one elephant, one chariot, three armed cavalrymen, and five foot soldiers — protected Gupta villages from raids and revolts. In times of war, the squads joined together to form a powerful royal army. Gupta Achievements But Samudragupta was more than a fighter; he was also a lover of the arts. Engraved coins and inscribed pillars from the time of his reign provide evidence of both his artistic talent and his patronage. He set the stage for the... Please join StudyMode to read the full document	<urn:uuid:0fe00a73-fd4d-4726-811f-0414ba2c9a04>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.studymode.com/essays/Gupta-Empire-1853127.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778168.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128091916-20200128121916-00001.warc.gz	en	0.980081	426	4.21875	4	[ -0.19506578147411346, 0.32852882146835327, 0.31167346239089966, -0.30333849787712097, -0.47307315468788147, -0.24984608590602875, 0.4887644648551941, 0.13595812022686005, -0.3741565942764282, -0.48605427145957947, 0.19251970946788788, -0.4337572753429413, -0.10739943385124207, 0.0952262729...	2	The Gupta Period of India was not characterized by enormous material wealth or by elaborate trade activity. It was defined by creativity. Flourishing arts, fabulous literature, and stupendous scholars are just a few of the things that marked the period. In 185 B.C.E., the Mauryan empire collapsed when the last of the Mauryan kings was assassinated. In its place, small kingdoms arose throughout India. For nearly 500 years, the various states warred with each other. In the northern territories, a new empire arose when a ruler named Chandragupta I ascended the throne in 320 C.E. He revived many principles of Mauryan government and paved the way for his son, Samudragupta, to develop an extensive empire. Victory at Any Cost Samudragupta was a great warrior and conquest was his passion. He sought to unite all of India under his rule and quickly set out to achieve this goal by waging wars across much of the Indian subcontinent. Hoping for mercy, many potential victims offered tribute and presents to Samudragupta as he swept through the territories. But little mercy was granted. One by one, he defeated nine kings in the north and twelve in the south. In addition to the human devastation countless horses were slaughtered to celebrate his victories. The Gupta territories expanded so greatly under Samudragupta's reign that he has often been compared to great conquerors such as Alexander the Great and Napoleon. But of course he did not achieve military success singlehandedly. Local squads — which each consisted of one elephant, one chariot, three armed cavalrymen, and five foot soldiers — protected Gupta villages from raids and revolts. In times of war, the squads joined together to form a powerful royal army. Gupta Achievements But Samudragupta was more than a fighter; he was also a lover of the arts. Engraved coins and inscribed pillars from the time of his reign provide evidence of both his artistic talent and his patronage. He set the stage for the... Please join StudyMode to read the full document	438	ENGLISH	1
During the European Renaissanceartistic depictions of children increased dramatically, which did not impact the social attitude to children much, however. The English philosopher John Locke was particularly influential in defining this new attitude towards children, especially with regard to his theory of the tabula rasawhich considered the mind at birth to be a "blank slate". Forest of Morrois The following scenes were differently written by the two authors. First, I will tell Thomas' version before I tell Beroul's. According to Thomas and Gottfried von Stassburg, Mark tiring of bearing his doubts and suspicions of the relationship between his wife and nephew, despite Isolde having undergone the ordeal by fire, the king ordered the lovers to leave his court. Mark could not execute them, so he banished the lovers to the forest. Both Tristan and Isolde left the court, hand in hand, secretly rejoicing that they would be able to live together. Tristan and Isolde found shelter in the cave at the forest of Morrois, where Tristan hunted for their food. Mark decided to have his wife and nephew burn at the stakes. Tristan failed to persuade his uncle of Isolde's innocence. As the guards lead them to the stakes, Tristan asked them to at least allow to pray in the church before he was to die. In the chapel, the only mean of escape was through the window. However, the chapel was situated on top of a high cliff. Tristan fearlessly jumped down below, landing on the sand without injury. Tristan believed that God was on his side, otherwise he would have jumped to his death. When Mark heard that Tristan had escape, instead of burning his wife at the stake, he decided to give Isolde to a group of lepers who were likely to rape her. Governal was afraid that King Mark might also arrest him as an accomplice, decided to leave secretly. Governal wore Tristan's armour and sword, before riding out. By fortunate event, Governal met Tristan on the beach. After Tristan put on his armour on and mounting his horse, Tristan decided to rescue Isolde from the stake. Instead Tristan found Isolde surrounded by lepers. The hero charged into them and plucked Isolde from lust-crazed lepers and rode away into the forest. Beroul's poem shows that Tristan and Isolde was living in hardship at Morrois compared that to Thomas' work. They feared that Mark and his retinues would discover their hiding place. But the Cornish nobles feared to enter the forest after Governal killed one of the nobles whom had betrayed Tristan and Isolde. Tristan had a dog called Husdant Hodain was suffering from withdrawal, since Tristan's escape, leaving his faithful hound behind. King Mark taking pity on the hound, decided to release it. Husdant followed tracks from the city to the Tristan's hiding place in the forest.Books shelved as childhood-favorites: Charlotte's Web by E.B. White, Where the Sidewalk Ends by Shel Silverstein, A Wrinkle in Time by Madeleine L'Engle. TV shows and characters have huge influence over children's thoughts and behavioral patterns. For me, The Simpsons was the show that made an impact. My parents were a bit hesitant to let me watch the show, but they were hooked after few episodes. Take the Ultimate Mop Top Beatles tour here in the birthplace of The Beatles,Liverpool. Mop Top Beatles Tours Liverpool's favourite tour! Great stories never grow old! Chosen by children’s librarians at The New York Public Library, these inspiring tales have thrilled generations of children and their parents — and are still flying off our shelves. 19 Adult Jokes In Cartoons That You Never Understood As A Kid. Right in the childhood. Hachette Australia is a team of expert publishers and passionate readers dedicated to discovering and supporting talented writers and working with them to craft exceptional stories.	<urn:uuid:365c9352-5880-463e-9ea5-6e0fdc05e343>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://vequwawygilahywo.heartoftexashop.com/favourite-story-of-childhood-17928ss.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614880.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124011048-20200124040048-00305.warc.gz	en	0.981005	843	3.671875	4	[ -0.18683943152427673, 0.4100581407546997, -0.1741849184036255, -0.057567767798900604, -0.2426929771900177, 0.12270352244377136, 0.2589492201805115, 0.25482919812202454, 0.1267138570547104, -0.026335548609495163, 0.24716360867023468, -0.33532029390335083, 0.11439666152000427, -0.05653399601...	1	During the European Renaissanceartistic depictions of children increased dramatically, which did not impact the social attitude to children much, however. The English philosopher John Locke was particularly influential in defining this new attitude towards children, especially with regard to his theory of the tabula rasawhich considered the mind at birth to be a "blank slate". Forest of Morrois The following scenes were differently written by the two authors. First, I will tell Thomas' version before I tell Beroul's. According to Thomas and Gottfried von Stassburg, Mark tiring of bearing his doubts and suspicions of the relationship between his wife and nephew, despite Isolde having undergone the ordeal by fire, the king ordered the lovers to leave his court. Mark could not execute them, so he banished the lovers to the forest. Both Tristan and Isolde left the court, hand in hand, secretly rejoicing that they would be able to live together. Tristan and Isolde found shelter in the cave at the forest of Morrois, where Tristan hunted for their food. Mark decided to have his wife and nephew burn at the stakes. Tristan failed to persuade his uncle of Isolde's innocence. As the guards lead them to the stakes, Tristan asked them to at least allow to pray in the church before he was to die. In the chapel, the only mean of escape was through the window. However, the chapel was situated on top of a high cliff. Tristan fearlessly jumped down below, landing on the sand without injury. Tristan believed that God was on his side, otherwise he would have jumped to his death. When Mark heard that Tristan had escape, instead of burning his wife at the stake, he decided to give Isolde to a group of lepers who were likely to rape her. Governal was afraid that King Mark might also arrest him as an accomplice, decided to leave secretly. Governal wore Tristan's armour and sword, before riding out. By fortunate event, Governal met Tristan on the beach. After Tristan put on his armour on and mounting his horse, Tristan decided to rescue Isolde from the stake. Instead Tristan found Isolde surrounded by lepers. The hero charged into them and plucked Isolde from lust-crazed lepers and rode away into the forest. Beroul's poem shows that Tristan and Isolde was living in hardship at Morrois compared that to Thomas' work. They feared that Mark and his retinues would discover their hiding place. But the Cornish nobles feared to enter the forest after Governal killed one of the nobles whom had betrayed Tristan and Isolde. Tristan had a dog called Husdant Hodain was suffering from withdrawal, since Tristan's escape, leaving his faithful hound behind. King Mark taking pity on the hound, decided to release it. Husdant followed tracks from the city to the Tristan's hiding place in the forest.Books shelved as childhood-favorites: Charlotte's Web by E.B. White, Where the Sidewalk Ends by Shel Silverstein, A Wrinkle in Time by Madeleine L'Engle. TV shows and characters have huge influence over children's thoughts and behavioral patterns. For me, The Simpsons was the show that made an impact. My parents were a bit hesitant to let me watch the show, but they were hooked after few episodes. Take the Ultimate Mop Top Beatles tour here in the birthplace of The Beatles,Liverpool. Mop Top Beatles Tours Liverpool's favourite tour! Great stories never grow old! Chosen by children’s librarians at The New York Public Library, these inspiring tales have thrilled generations of children and their parents — and are still flying off our shelves. 19 Adult Jokes In Cartoons That You Never Understood As A Kid. Right in the childhood. Hachette Australia is a team of expert publishers and passionate readers dedicated to discovering and supporting talented writers and working with them to craft exceptional stories.	810	ENGLISH	1
In the 17th century, King Louis XIV was crowned king & he ruled the thrown at the young age of five in France when his father had died. This ruler was notable throughout European history and in this period of time, civilization was marked by a discontent composure and an uneasy way of life within the social classes. His style of ruling was an absolute monarchy where he had full control of government and his power was not defined by a constitution or the law. As the highest leader of France, King Louis XIV engaged a workshop that consists of artists architects such as a painter named Hyacinthe Rigaud, who became the foremost painter to the king. According to author Jones (2014), “Hyacinthe Rigaud’s famous state portrait of King Louis XIV in full regalia presents the king at the height of his powers, framed in an ostentatiously theatrical setting… Crown, sceptre, great sword of state, and heavy fleur-de-lys ermine robes evoke the putative timeless nature of the French monarchy, then at the zenith of its power.” (p. 16-17). The beautiful painting (as seen on the cover page) painted by Hyacinthe Rigaud contains three important elements that depicts the importance of the king’s appearance & dress during his reign that includes the ermine robe, red high-heeled shoes, & his wig for hairstyle.	<urn:uuid:5a08550f-0f7c-4b75-8c40-98e04d7e2161>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://brightinvisiblegreen.com/in-the-17th-century/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251737572.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127235617-20200128025617-00150.warc.gz	en	0.985086	290	3.78125	4	[ -0.019668441265821457, 0.7243989109992981, 0.23663893342018127, -0.3026486039161682, -0.1117774173617363, -0.17628653347492218, 0.17444808781147003, 0.21742281317710876, -0.1181127056479454, 0.07793158292770386, 0.18114924430847168, 0.019426127895712852, -0.09180588275194168, 0.28864708542...	4	In the 17th century, King Louis XIV was crowned king & he ruled the thrown at the young age of five in France when his father had died. This ruler was notable throughout European history and in this period of time, civilization was marked by a discontent composure and an uneasy way of life within the social classes. His style of ruling was an absolute monarchy where he had full control of government and his power was not defined by a constitution or the law. As the highest leader of France, King Louis XIV engaged a workshop that consists of artists architects such as a painter named Hyacinthe Rigaud, who became the foremost painter to the king. According to author Jones (2014), “Hyacinthe Rigaud’s famous state portrait of King Louis XIV in full regalia presents the king at the height of his powers, framed in an ostentatiously theatrical setting… Crown, sceptre, great sword of state, and heavy fleur-de-lys ermine robes evoke the putative timeless nature of the French monarchy, then at the zenith of its power.” (p. 16-17). The beautiful painting (as seen on the cover page) painted by Hyacinthe Rigaud contains three important elements that depicts the importance of the king’s appearance & dress during his reign that includes the ermine robe, red high-heeled shoes, & his wig for hairstyle.	284	ENGLISH	1
How Did Martin Luther challenge loyalty To The Roman Catholic Church In our society today, it is ruled with a firm hand. Similar aspects of our modern society and how our society was. Back then in the early fifteen – hundreds were similar. Such as today the public has the right to free speech and to build and choose a strong democracy, and a responsible loyal leader. The people in our life want to seek independence and live their own life from the ruler. In a unique way, all things have a ruler for instance the church in our case for Catholics, Pope John Paul is the Catholic religion ruler; and as it was back in the fifteen-Hundreds, a man named Martin Luther became an important ruler. In the year of fifteen-seventeen, a German monk named Martin Luther wrote a reformation that changed the life of the Roman Catholic Church. Martin Luther was born in Eisleben on November 10, 1483 (Beers, Burton page 246). Luther’s family was peasants but still being peasants they were wealthy. Luther was survived by his father Hans Luther his occupation was a copper miner (Flowers page 27). When Luther got older, his father sent him out to study law at the University of Wittenburg; not interested in the idea of law school, Luther dropped the class sold his learning books and left school. After Luther left school he later joined a monastery. The reason why Luther decided to join a monastery was one night, while walking home a storm began to brew from up above while not taking shelter, lightning struck Luther and in fear Luther cried ” Saint Anne, help me; For I will become a monk” (Beers page 247). ... they had a leader in Martin Luther. The problem was the Catholic Church.The Church, Martin thought, was corrupt. The ... land back. Germans from all over supported Martin Luther because Martin was German and they did not like ... not a painter, was not a ruler, but in was Martin Luther, and that is why I am ... die I will be your bitter death." Martin Luther began his life in Germany in a city called Eisleben ... Being true to his words Luther joined a monastery where he taught Bible studies and studied theology in order to become a professor. His friends and family were shocked by his actions. While in training Luther began to believe that a person’s sin cannot be removed by just doing good deeds but to have faith in god. With Luther’s beliefs he then accuses the selling of indulgences or the removal of sin after death in purgatory through money which was made by the church. That is one way Luther is loyal to the church but in this case Luther can do the opposite. Luther challenges loyalty against the church by composing ninety-five questions for arguments against the Pope, he also posts his reasons on the church of Wittenburg, his reforms showed much impact on people’s lives especially the peasants. These ninety-five questions were called the ninety-five theses (Chambers page 14). Luther firsts starts out challenging loyalty to the Roman Catholic Church by writing the ninety-five theses which also were Latin proposals opposing the attitude the church in raising money to build Saint Peter’s in Rome by selling indulgences. Since his theses were in another language they were later translated into German so that they may be spread all over Europe. He later said that a person’s sins cannot be reduced or removed by buying indulgences or by doing good works but by only believing in God. His criticism to the church expanded and soon he battles the church authorities in other cases. He says that a Pope is not more powerful than the Bible’s authority and the conscience of a person. This means that the Pope cannot decide or judge someone by himself. A council of Bishops will decide what to do to the person who is accused. Pope Leo X was frightened at the movements of Luther. The Pope calls Luther and tells him to destroy all the theses he made or else he will be excommunicated. The church didn’t show loyalty to its people so Luther had to protest. The church was selfish. The Emperor Charles V questions him also about dropping his criticism. “But Luther refuses to withdraw his criticism about the church, (p. ... of as a highly controversial topic among the people of the Roman Catholic Church. Luther's idea changed the world fundamentally and was ... individual sin which was granted by the pope. Many actions and ideas from Martin Luther made this German monk become a lightning ... the worse, in which Pope Leo declared forty-one articles of Luther's teaching as heretical teachings, and Luther's books were publicly ... 294).” He was tough like a “bull.” Instead, he declares, ” I cannot… go against my conscience. Here I stand. I cannot do otherwise. (p. 294).’ This declaration made him as a leader of reform-minded churches in the Holy Roman Empire. Luther find shelter in Saxony, there he translates the Bible in German language in only eleven weeks, then he became a well known figure in the history. Luther coaxes people to agree with him and to turn against the church. First Luther had people support his reforms. Second his ideas were spread by the support of his people. And third Most people liked his movements because they voided paying huge taxes given by the church. Some German princes even sided with Luther’s ideas because they also wanted independence from the Holy Roman Emperor. The Emperor tried to stop the princes from being so rude to the Pope and tells them to remain loyal so the princes began to protest. Luther’s had a great impact on peasants. ” They eagerly accepted the idea that the individual Christian is free to interpret the bible” (pg. 295). Peasants had a major problem on paying taxes to the church. They wanted to read the Bible and wanted to choose their own ministers. There was a peasant’s war made by the poor people against the church. And Luther gets involved because of his writings he moves quickly and sides with the Princes. Emperor Charles V got angry and wanted to take all the Lutheran princes back to the Catholic Church and he set up a military force against them. But later, he made a compromise not to bother them anymore and divided the nation in fifteen-fifty-five because of the ” Diet of Augsberg.” The Princes later got their independence after the ” Diet of Augsberg.” (Rowan Noble) As a result of these reforms, Germany was soon divided into two separate parts. Because of this most Lutheran Princes lived in the north part of Germany and most Catholic Princes lived in the South part. Martin Luther’s achievements were writing the ninety-five theses that showed his questions and reasons for his accusations, he taught three things to his people first he tells individuals that they cannot achieve salvation by their own efforts, second, he tells everybody that the guide for Christians is the Bible itself, and third, he coaxes people to turn against the Church. ... power that the Catholic Church held over the people. Through examination of Machiavellis The Prince, and Martin Luthers Christian Liberty, their ... better understand their issues with the Catholic Church. Many people say that Martin Luther started the Protestant Reformation by nailing ... or go to Church every Sunday. Luther felt that the Church did not have the right to run peoples lives through ... These were the things Martin Luther achieved to challenge loyalty to the Catholic Church. Martin Luther later died on February 15, 1546. He became a very important figure and up to now people still follow his beliefs such as the religion called Lutheran, the Lutherans practice the teachings of Luther of what he taught back then. If you think about it today not everyone is loyal take the President for an example with the Monica Louinski conflict President Bill Clinton was not loyal to his country by lying to us and loosing our trust. Loyalty is an important factor in all lives.	<urn:uuid:99deb5ea-cf1d-42bd-8748-f1eb0e0c1a2b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://educheer.com/essays/martin-luther-king-church-people-princes/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594662.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119151736-20200119175736-00206.warc.gz	en	0.986651	1,663	3.390625	3	[ -0.4237392544746399, 0.25865426659584045, -0.061665911227464676, -0.04788028448820114, -0.4696085453033447, 0.12869256734848022, 0.018664009869098663, 0.23087802529335022, 0.3760332763195038, -0.0059546809643507, -0.30929169058799744, -0.021499119699001312, 0.010954758152365685, -0.3682731...	1	How Did Martin Luther challenge loyalty To The Roman Catholic Church In our society today, it is ruled with a firm hand. Similar aspects of our modern society and how our society was. Back then in the early fifteen – hundreds were similar. Such as today the public has the right to free speech and to build and choose a strong democracy, and a responsible loyal leader. The people in our life want to seek independence and live their own life from the ruler. In a unique way, all things have a ruler for instance the church in our case for Catholics, Pope John Paul is the Catholic religion ruler; and as it was back in the fifteen-Hundreds, a man named Martin Luther became an important ruler. In the year of fifteen-seventeen, a German monk named Martin Luther wrote a reformation that changed the life of the Roman Catholic Church. Martin Luther was born in Eisleben on November 10, 1483 (Beers, Burton page 246). Luther’s family was peasants but still being peasants they were wealthy. Luther was survived by his father Hans Luther his occupation was a copper miner (Flowers page 27). When Luther got older, his father sent him out to study law at the University of Wittenburg; not interested in the idea of law school, Luther dropped the class sold his learning books and left school. After Luther left school he later joined a monastery. The reason why Luther decided to join a monastery was one night, while walking home a storm began to brew from up above while not taking shelter, lightning struck Luther and in fear Luther cried ” Saint Anne, help me; For I will become a monk” (Beers page 247). ... they had a leader in Martin Luther. The problem was the Catholic Church.The Church, Martin thought, was corrupt. The ... land back. Germans from all over supported Martin Luther because Martin was German and they did not like ... not a painter, was not a ruler, but in was Martin Luther, and that is why I am ... die I will be your bitter death." Martin Luther began his life in Germany in a city called Eisleben ... Being true to his words Luther joined a monastery where he taught Bible studies and studied theology in order to become a professor. His friends and family were shocked by his actions. While in training Luther began to believe that a person’s sin cannot be removed by just doing good deeds but to have faith in god. With Luther’s beliefs he then accuses the selling of indulgences or the removal of sin after death in purgatory through money which was made by the church. That is one way Luther is loyal to the church but in this case Luther can do the opposite. Luther challenges loyalty against the church by composing ninety-five questions for arguments against the Pope, he also posts his reasons on the church of Wittenburg, his reforms showed much impact on people’s lives especially the peasants. These ninety-five questions were called the ninety-five theses (Chambers page 14). Luther firsts starts out challenging loyalty to the Roman Catholic Church by writing the ninety-five theses which also were Latin proposals opposing the attitude the church in raising money to build Saint Peter’s in Rome by selling indulgences. Since his theses were in another language they were later translated into German so that they may be spread all over Europe. He later said that a person’s sins cannot be reduced or removed by buying indulgences or by doing good works but by only believing in God. His criticism to the church expanded and soon he battles the church authorities in other cases. He says that a Pope is not more powerful than the Bible’s authority and the conscience of a person. This means that the Pope cannot decide or judge someone by himself. A council of Bishops will decide what to do to the person who is accused. Pope Leo X was frightened at the movements of Luther. The Pope calls Luther and tells him to destroy all the theses he made or else he will be excommunicated. The church didn’t show loyalty to its people so Luther had to protest. The church was selfish. The Emperor Charles V questions him also about dropping his criticism. “But Luther refuses to withdraw his criticism about the church, (p. ... of as a highly controversial topic among the people of the Roman Catholic Church. Luther's idea changed the world fundamentally and was ... individual sin which was granted by the pope. Many actions and ideas from Martin Luther made this German monk become a lightning ... the worse, in which Pope Leo declared forty-one articles of Luther's teaching as heretical teachings, and Luther's books were publicly ... 294).” He was tough like a “bull.” Instead, he declares, ” I cannot… go against my conscience. Here I stand. I cannot do otherwise. (p. 294).’ This declaration made him as a leader of reform-minded churches in the Holy Roman Empire. Luther find shelter in Saxony, there he translates the Bible in German language in only eleven weeks, then he became a well known figure in the history. Luther coaxes people to agree with him and to turn against the church. First Luther had people support his reforms. Second his ideas were spread by the support of his people. And third Most people liked his movements because they voided paying huge taxes given by the church. Some German princes even sided with Luther’s ideas because they also wanted independence from the Holy Roman Emperor. The Emperor tried to stop the princes from being so rude to the Pope and tells them to remain loyal so the princes began to protest. Luther’s had a great impact on peasants. ” They eagerly accepted the idea that the individual Christian is free to interpret the bible” (pg. 295). Peasants had a major problem on paying taxes to the church. They wanted to read the Bible and wanted to choose their own ministers. There was a peasant’s war made by the poor people against the church. And Luther gets involved because of his writings he moves quickly and sides with the Princes. Emperor Charles V got angry and wanted to take all the Lutheran princes back to the Catholic Church and he set up a military force against them. But later, he made a compromise not to bother them anymore and divided the nation in fifteen-fifty-five because of the ” Diet of Augsberg.” The Princes later got their independence after the ” Diet of Augsberg.” (Rowan Noble) As a result of these reforms, Germany was soon divided into two separate parts. Because of this most Lutheran Princes lived in the north part of Germany and most Catholic Princes lived in the South part. Martin Luther’s achievements were writing the ninety-five theses that showed his questions and reasons for his accusations, he taught three things to his people first he tells individuals that they cannot achieve salvation by their own efforts, second, he tells everybody that the guide for Christians is the Bible itself, and third, he coaxes people to turn against the Church. ... power that the Catholic Church held over the people. Through examination of Machiavellis The Prince, and Martin Luthers Christian Liberty, their ... better understand their issues with the Catholic Church. Many people say that Martin Luther started the Protestant Reformation by nailing ... or go to Church every Sunday. Luther felt that the Church did not have the right to run peoples lives through ... These were the things Martin Luther achieved to challenge loyalty to the Catholic Church. Martin Luther later died on February 15, 1546. He became a very important figure and up to now people still follow his beliefs such as the religion called Lutheran, the Lutherans practice the teachings of Luther of what he taught back then. If you think about it today not everyone is loyal take the President for an example with the Monica Louinski conflict President Bill Clinton was not loyal to his country by lying to us and loosing our trust. Loyalty is an important factor in all lives.	1,624	ENGLISH	1
(click on picture above to download) Memorizing multiplication facts is a difficult task for any child to accomplish. Why not give them a study tool to help with their learning? I have created these simple multiplication fact cards for you to print out. There are cards for facts 0-10 (I think 11s and 12s are unnecessary to memorize once they know how to do double digit addition). You could do various different activities with these cards: - You could print them all out, attach them together with a brad, and have your child work through them. - They can be a study guide for them and once they think they know a full card, have them give you the card, and they could recite them. If they could do it, put a sticker on the top of that card as a reward. - You could also print them all out, cut them apart, glue them onto a piece of construction paper or a manila folder, and you could make them into a book.	<urn:uuid:024ed00c-b4d5-4909-9880-2bed7c93178f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.homeschool4life.org/single-post/2016/08/18/Multiplication-Fact-Cards	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681412.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125191854-20200125221854-00234.warc.gz	en	0.982156	208	3.828125	4	[ -0.16313493251800537, 0.09501251578330994, 0.28491148352622986, -0.1530282348394394, -0.3046363890171051, 0.02148624137043953, -0.12207654863595963, 0.07658367604017258, -0.06305109709501266, 0.17095302045345306, 0.16303811967372894, 0.2196047455072403, 0.2625710070133209, 0.39035516977310...	1	(click on picture above to download) Memorizing multiplication facts is a difficult task for any child to accomplish. Why not give them a study tool to help with their learning? I have created these simple multiplication fact cards for you to print out. There are cards for facts 0-10 (I think 11s and 12s are unnecessary to memorize once they know how to do double digit addition). You could do various different activities with these cards: - You could print them all out, attach them together with a brad, and have your child work through them. - They can be a study guide for them and once they think they know a full card, have them give you the card, and they could recite them. If they could do it, put a sticker on the top of that card as a reward. - You could also print them all out, cut them apart, glue them onto a piece of construction paper or a manila folder, and you could make them into a book.	208	ENGLISH	1
Interpreting A Rose for Emily “A Rose for Emily,” by William Faulkner is a short story about the life of the main character, Miss Emily. Some may think Miss Emily would narrate the story but it is actually the townspeople who tell it. This way the reader sees the story from an outside perspective and do not know what is going on in Miss Emily’s head. This tragic story begins with the death of Miss Emily then flashes back in time to talk about the events that led up to her death; starting with the death of her father and ending with the death of her boyfriend. The author expresses an abundance of external conflict, symbolism, and foreshadowing within the story. In part one of the story we learn that Miss Emily has lost her father, but she told many people for three days that he was not dead. This is Miss Emily’s way of not recognizing the truth. Once she said her father was dead that would mean it was the truth. After her father’s death she had no source of income and had no skills, because of this Colonel Sartoris told Miss Emily she would not have to pay any taxes. This represents the gender roles that are played throughout the story because the story is set during the civil war. Within the next generation as teleology and education had increased Miss Emily had been getting tax notices in the mail, since she would not reply to them the mayor sent a couple men to her door to ask for her taxes, but she exclaims to them that she has no taxes in Jefferson and to see Colonel Sartoris. Men where quite confused knowing that Colonel Sartoris had died 10 years ago. This would be an example of Emily living into her own reality. She does not listen to anyone but herself and only thinks that her way is the right way. Throughout this story there is no recognition of a mother figure in the life Miss Emily, and her father would drive out any relationship Emily had with a boy. So truly the only person Miss Emily had in her life was her father and when he died she only had the huge house to herself and Tobe her housekeeper. This demonstrates that she was very lonely. She never left her house much after her father’s death. It seemed like she never wanted to let people into her life. She would give people a glare if they did not do what she wanted. Miss Emily was never one to explain herself for the things she did. Symbolism plays a key factor in “A Rose for Emily. ” Some say that the house is a reflection of Miss Emily. In the Norton Introduction to Literature states, “it was a big squarish frame house that has once been white, decorated with cupolas and spires and scrolled balconies in the heavily lightsome style of the seventies” (Faulkner 730). Later in the story the author states that Miss Emily was a fat woman in black and she has a pallid hue for skin (Faulkner 731). Her house was also in the middle of a cotton gin and a gas station. This represented the old south and the new south. Miss Emily was stuck in the middle of two different worlds. Faulkner’s recurring use of symbolism is apparent when the town’s people were putting down the lime to cover up the stench that was coming from Miss Emily’s house instead of telling her to fix it. This was a way so the town’s people could cover up the smell and not be embarrassed of what other people thought of their town. This was a symbol of how their generation did things. Time is a big symbol within the story. The town’s people tell time by the length of Miss Emily’s hair and after it had turns an iron-grey color Miss Emily stopped going out of house. Then instead they use Tobe’s hair to then tell time as his hair starts to turn grey. At the end of the story when they had found Homer Barren’s dead body they had found a long iron-grey strand of hair. This is was a symbol that Miss Emily had been laying next to the dead body. Maybe she liked the quietness of the corps and the comfort of a person next to her. In “A Rose for Emily,” Faulkner manipulates foreshadowing with the setting of the story. He uses Miss Emily’s house as a dark isolated setting. Making people wonder what goes on behind those closed doors. No one really knew Miss Emily that well. The foul stench that comes from Miss Emily’s house is also a huge foreshadow within this story. The townspeople complain profusely about the smell but never tell Miss Emily directly about it. Most of the townspeople think the smell is coming from dead rats but little do they know it is Homer Barren. Similarly when she buys the arsenic and does not give a reason why, many people start to wonder about the disappearance of Homer Barren. Many wonder what thoughts were going on throughout Faulkner’s head when he wrote the story “A Rose for Emily”. This story has a lot of ambiguity, which means that everyone has their own interpretation after they are finished with the story, and sometimes individuals have to read the story multiple times to really understand what the author is trying to say. Within this short story many individuals have a hard time grasping the different concepts whether it is symbolism, external conflict, or foreshadowing.	<urn:uuid:ec6914e8-b7e2-41a4-959b-3f8432394a6f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://freebooksummary.com/interpreting-a-rose-for-emily-119559	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251684146.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126013015-20200126043015-00056.warc.gz	en	0.987352	1,146	3.484375	3	[ -0.45746108889579773, 0.11902962625026703, 0.04735935479402542, 0.28933554887771606, -0.1595207303762436, -0.26571762561798096, 0.5892189741134644, -0.07725504785776138, 0.1780691295862198, -0.08733032643795013, 0.10441407561302185, -0.1568639576435089, 0.008311227895319462, 0.003232500981...	1	Interpreting A Rose for Emily “A Rose for Emily,” by William Faulkner is a short story about the life of the main character, Miss Emily. Some may think Miss Emily would narrate the story but it is actually the townspeople who tell it. This way the reader sees the story from an outside perspective and do not know what is going on in Miss Emily’s head. This tragic story begins with the death of Miss Emily then flashes back in time to talk about the events that led up to her death; starting with the death of her father and ending with the death of her boyfriend. The author expresses an abundance of external conflict, symbolism, and foreshadowing within the story. In part one of the story we learn that Miss Emily has lost her father, but she told many people for three days that he was not dead. This is Miss Emily’s way of not recognizing the truth. Once she said her father was dead that would mean it was the truth. After her father’s death she had no source of income and had no skills, because of this Colonel Sartoris told Miss Emily she would not have to pay any taxes. This represents the gender roles that are played throughout the story because the story is set during the civil war. Within the next generation as teleology and education had increased Miss Emily had been getting tax notices in the mail, since she would not reply to them the mayor sent a couple men to her door to ask for her taxes, but she exclaims to them that she has no taxes in Jefferson and to see Colonel Sartoris. Men where quite confused knowing that Colonel Sartoris had died 10 years ago. This would be an example of Emily living into her own reality. She does not listen to anyone but herself and only thinks that her way is the right way. Throughout this story there is no recognition of a mother figure in the life Miss Emily, and her father would drive out any relationship Emily had with a boy. So truly the only person Miss Emily had in her life was her father and when he died she only had the huge house to herself and Tobe her housekeeper. This demonstrates that she was very lonely. She never left her house much after her father’s death. It seemed like she never wanted to let people into her life. She would give people a glare if they did not do what she wanted. Miss Emily was never one to explain herself for the things she did. Symbolism plays a key factor in “A Rose for Emily. ” Some say that the house is a reflection of Miss Emily. In the Norton Introduction to Literature states, “it was a big squarish frame house that has once been white, decorated with cupolas and spires and scrolled balconies in the heavily lightsome style of the seventies” (Faulkner 730). Later in the story the author states that Miss Emily was a fat woman in black and she has a pallid hue for skin (Faulkner 731). Her house was also in the middle of a cotton gin and a gas station. This represented the old south and the new south. Miss Emily was stuck in the middle of two different worlds. Faulkner’s recurring use of symbolism is apparent when the town’s people were putting down the lime to cover up the stench that was coming from Miss Emily’s house instead of telling her to fix it. This was a way so the town’s people could cover up the smell and not be embarrassed of what other people thought of their town. This was a symbol of how their generation did things. Time is a big symbol within the story. The town’s people tell time by the length of Miss Emily’s hair and after it had turns an iron-grey color Miss Emily stopped going out of house. Then instead they use Tobe’s hair to then tell time as his hair starts to turn grey. At the end of the story when they had found Homer Barren’s dead body they had found a long iron-grey strand of hair. This is was a symbol that Miss Emily had been laying next to the dead body. Maybe she liked the quietness of the corps and the comfort of a person next to her. In “A Rose for Emily,” Faulkner manipulates foreshadowing with the setting of the story. He uses Miss Emily’s house as a dark isolated setting. Making people wonder what goes on behind those closed doors. No one really knew Miss Emily that well. The foul stench that comes from Miss Emily’s house is also a huge foreshadow within this story. The townspeople complain profusely about the smell but never tell Miss Emily directly about it. Most of the townspeople think the smell is coming from dead rats but little do they know it is Homer Barren. Similarly when she buys the arsenic and does not give a reason why, many people start to wonder about the disappearance of Homer Barren. Many wonder what thoughts were going on throughout Faulkner’s head when he wrote the story “A Rose for Emily”. This story has a lot of ambiguity, which means that everyone has their own interpretation after they are finished with the story, and sometimes individuals have to read the story multiple times to really understand what the author is trying to say. Within this short story many individuals have a hard time grasping the different concepts whether it is symbolism, external conflict, or foreshadowing.	1,100	ENGLISH	1
Explaining about the risk involved with the consumption of red meat, Swedish researchers have also said that the diet of poultry meat might cut down on the risks. Pancreatic cancer is one of the most fatal cancers, occurring largely, because it is very rarely detected at an early stage, when it is curable. Surgical removal is considered the only chance of a cure, but unfortunately only a few percentages of patients are candidates for this mode of treatment. In many of the cases the removal is not possible as the surgery would often reveals that the cancer has actually spread outside the pancreas. Dr. Susanna C. Larsson, the lead researcher said, "Findings from our study suggests that high consumption of red meat is associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer." Larsson of the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm and colleagues had conducted their study on more than 61,000 women. The investigative researchers were interested in the possible effects of meat, fish, poultry, and egg consumption on diet. They announced that during the 17 years of follow-up, 172 of these women were diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. Larsson also stated that there were no significant associations with consumption of processed meat, fish or eggs. She concluded that these findings would raise the possibility that the individuals may lower their risk of pancreatic cancer by reducing red meat consumption.	<urn:uuid:3e640a7b-ac13-4f46-99a9-e957bad9f121>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.medindia.net/news/view_news_main.asp?x=11787	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778168.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128091916-20200128121916-00347.warc.gz	en	0.984683	278	3.453125	3	[ 0.11943290382623672, -0.12117941677570343, -0.00605761120095849, -0.05522787570953369, 0.10369905829429626, -0.04594232887029648, 0.5234206914901733, 0.46395713090896606, 0.1243777722120285, -0.17556674778461456, -0.09213504940271378, -0.4680018723011017, -0.014565077610313892, 0.090442426...	1	Explaining about the risk involved with the consumption of red meat, Swedish researchers have also said that the diet of poultry meat might cut down on the risks. Pancreatic cancer is one of the most fatal cancers, occurring largely, because it is very rarely detected at an early stage, when it is curable. Surgical removal is considered the only chance of a cure, but unfortunately only a few percentages of patients are candidates for this mode of treatment. In many of the cases the removal is not possible as the surgery would often reveals that the cancer has actually spread outside the pancreas. Dr. Susanna C. Larsson, the lead researcher said, "Findings from our study suggests that high consumption of red meat is associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer." Larsson of the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm and colleagues had conducted their study on more than 61,000 women. The investigative researchers were interested in the possible effects of meat, fish, poultry, and egg consumption on diet. They announced that during the 17 years of follow-up, 172 of these women were diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. Larsson also stated that there were no significant associations with consumption of processed meat, fish or eggs. She concluded that these findings would raise the possibility that the individuals may lower their risk of pancreatic cancer by reducing red meat consumption.	277	ENGLISH	1
Sigmund Freud 's Theory And Knowledge Essay Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in Freiberg, Moravia. When he was four years old his family moved to Vienna, Austria. He was born as Sigismund but later changed his name to Sigmund in 1878. While in school he excelled in his academics. He was a very studious boy and he was extremely ambitious. He was top of his class seven out of eight years. He was interested in science so he went on to study medicine at the University of Vienna in 1873. He then went to Paris for further study (History). Freud began to conduct research on neurophysiology after completing his degree. Although he got his medical degree, the practice of medicine didn’t really interest him. Science and research interested him more. In order to marry his fiancé, Martha Bernays, he needed a steady career so he went into private practice. He specialized in nervous disorders and then on September 14, 1886 when Freud was thirty-one years old, he married the love of his life (Cherry). When he was thirty-nine years old he first used the term "psychoanalysis," which is a way to treat mental illnesses by revealing and discussing a patient 's unconscious thoughts and feelings. Around the same…	<urn:uuid:870aa5ee-1e4f-423b-843f-610d0c2e0d1a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.cram.com/essay/Sigmund-Freud-s-Theory-And-Knowledge/P37RBP2M5YW	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251789055.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129071944-20200129101944-00182.warc.gz	en	0.992176	275	3.71875	4	[ -0.01731722243130207, 0.7733161449432373, 0.045477986335754395, 0.026267539709806442, -0.26528728008270264, 0.22680050134658813, 0.4746631383895874, 0.2219436764717102, 0.34179288148880005, -0.4913894832134247, 0.20667105913162231, -0.6934868097305298, -0.17635592818260193, 0.5439875125885...	1	Sigmund Freud 's Theory And Knowledge Essay Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856 in Freiberg, Moravia. When he was four years old his family moved to Vienna, Austria. He was born as Sigismund but later changed his name to Sigmund in 1878. While in school he excelled in his academics. He was a very studious boy and he was extremely ambitious. He was top of his class seven out of eight years. He was interested in science so he went on to study medicine at the University of Vienna in 1873. He then went to Paris for further study (History). Freud began to conduct research on neurophysiology after completing his degree. Although he got his medical degree, the practice of medicine didn’t really interest him. Science and research interested him more. In order to marry his fiancé, Martha Bernays, he needed a steady career so he went into private practice. He specialized in nervous disorders and then on September 14, 1886 when Freud was thirty-one years old, he married the love of his life (Cherry). When he was thirty-nine years old he first used the term "psychoanalysis," which is a way to treat mental illnesses by revealing and discussing a patient 's unconscious thoughts and feelings. Around the same…	284	ENGLISH	1
A major new study has found children with autism are more likely to be bullied by both their siblings and their peers, meaning that when they return from school, they have no respite from victimisation. The researchers also found that children with autism are more likely to be both the victims and perpetrators of sibling bullying compared to those without autism. The study used data from The Millennium Cohort Study to investigate sibling bullying in a sample of over 8,000 children, more than 231 of which had autism. The children were asked questions about how often they were picked on or hurt on purpose by their siblings and peers and how often they were the perpetrators of such acts. The study revealed that, at the age of 11 years, two thirds of children with autism reported being involved in some form of sibling bullying, compared to half of children without autism. While there was a decrease in bullying for children in both groups by the time they reached the age of 14 years, there were still differences in the specific types of involvement. Children with autism were still more likely to be involved in two-way sibling bullying, as a victim and a perpetrator. Lead author of the study, Dr Umar Toseeb from the Department of Education at the University of York, said: “Children with autism experience difficulties with social interaction and communication, which may have implications for their relationships with siblings. “From an evolutionary perspective, siblings may be considered competitors for parental resources such as affection, attention and material goods — children with autism might get priority access to these limited parental resources leading to conflict and bullying between siblings.” The parents of the children involved in the study were asked questions about their children’s emotional and behavioural difficulties, focusing on things like whether their child was unhappy, downhearted and restless. According to the research, those children involved in sibling bullying, irrespective of whether they had autism or not, were more likely to experience emotional and behavioural difficulties both in the long and short term. Because sibling bullying disproportionately affects children with autism, the researchers are calling for more resources to help children with autism and their parents identify and deal with bullying behaviours in the home, particularly earlier in childhood. Dr Toseeb added: “Parents should be aware of the potential long term consequences of sibling bullying on children’s mental health and wellbeing. “Persistent conflicts between siblings may be indicative of sibling bullying and this should not be viewed as a normal part of growing up.” Source: Read Full Article	<urn:uuid:b2bad2bc-cd1a-4391-a246-664077b288ba>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://crunchtime-records.com/health-news/children-with-autism-more-likely-to-be-bullied-at-home-and-at-school-study-finds/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599718.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120165335-20200120194335-00301.warc.gz	en	0.981938	512	3.421875	3	[ 0.31076371669769287, -0.0227042343467474, 0.12502829730510712, -0.12672306597232819, -0.06391993910074234, 0.3270814120769501, -0.09786870330572128, 0.047393523156642914, 0.31372499465942383, -0.18000929057598114, 0.3873867094516754, -0.15510258078575134, 0.39935630559921265, 0.22355104982...	2	A major new study has found children with autism are more likely to be bullied by both their siblings and their peers, meaning that when they return from school, they have no respite from victimisation. The researchers also found that children with autism are more likely to be both the victims and perpetrators of sibling bullying compared to those without autism. The study used data from The Millennium Cohort Study to investigate sibling bullying in a sample of over 8,000 children, more than 231 of which had autism. The children were asked questions about how often they were picked on or hurt on purpose by their siblings and peers and how often they were the perpetrators of such acts. The study revealed that, at the age of 11 years, two thirds of children with autism reported being involved in some form of sibling bullying, compared to half of children without autism. While there was a decrease in bullying for children in both groups by the time they reached the age of 14 years, there were still differences in the specific types of involvement. Children with autism were still more likely to be involved in two-way sibling bullying, as a victim and a perpetrator. Lead author of the study, Dr Umar Toseeb from the Department of Education at the University of York, said: “Children with autism experience difficulties with social interaction and communication, which may have implications for their relationships with siblings. “From an evolutionary perspective, siblings may be considered competitors for parental resources such as affection, attention and material goods — children with autism might get priority access to these limited parental resources leading to conflict and bullying between siblings.” The parents of the children involved in the study were asked questions about their children’s emotional and behavioural difficulties, focusing on things like whether their child was unhappy, downhearted and restless. According to the research, those children involved in sibling bullying, irrespective of whether they had autism or not, were more likely to experience emotional and behavioural difficulties both in the long and short term. Because sibling bullying disproportionately affects children with autism, the researchers are calling for more resources to help children with autism and their parents identify and deal with bullying behaviours in the home, particularly earlier in childhood. Dr Toseeb added: “Parents should be aware of the potential long term consequences of sibling bullying on children’s mental health and wellbeing. “Persistent conflicts between siblings may be indicative of sibling bullying and this should not be viewed as a normal part of growing up.” Source: Read Full Article	496	ENGLISH	1
The American history remains as one of the most dramatic history across the globe. There are many issues or rather events that happened especially in the 18th century that shaped the America that is seen today. Among these events is the American Revolution that occurred during the second half of the 18th century. To begin with, this was a social and political aggressiveness by thirteen northern states that united in order to break away from the British rule and form the United States of America. Whereas this was a social and political issue, it involved mostly the use of military tactics as a way of breaking loose from the British rule that had a powerful army. Buy Washington's Crossing essay paper online There are many historians that have formulated different arguments in regard to the use of the military force against the British by the Americans as one of the most important element that enabled the continuation of the American Revolution. One of these historians is David Hackett Fischer in his book 'Washington's Crossing'. Fischer perceives fighting as a military dimension of a much larger political and social conflict pitting the 'new order of liberty' against an 'old order of hierarchy and discipline' (Fischer 449). In retrospect, the arguments that are presented by Fischer plays a critical role into understanding exact what a revolution is and how military interventions play a critical role in setting up political and social structures in any given society. With this in mind, one needs to understand that the events of the 18th century acted as a revolution in the American history. To begin with, it is important for one to note that the society has a way of dealing with the challenges that emerges within its structures on a daily basis. In this regard, whenever there are limitations in expression of oneself, there has always been a tendency of the person that is oppressed to seek for solutions through other means. One of these means include the use of violence as a means of helping one to break away from his or her master. In reference to Fischer (2006), people are able to organize the society on the basis of liberty and freedom (4). On the other hand, it is important to understand that discipline in the society could be achieved if people were trained to serve willingly rather than being treated as slaves. In line with this, the fighting as led by General Washington can be termed as revolutionary since it left a great impact in the society leading to the formation of the United States. Notably, as it has been argued out by Fischer (2006), the decisions by the Americans to defend their country against the British and to some extend the Germans resulted into massive changes not only in New England but also across the globe (6). It is important for one to understand that revolutionary events often culminate in a drastic change which in most cases is anticipated by those that participate in it. The defeat of the British Army and the Germans not only freed the Americans from their oppression, but it also restored liberty and freedom of humanity in the American society. More so, the states that participated in this war of revolution were able to create room for independency of New England and led to the creation of the United States of America. It is also important to note that these events can be characterized as revolutionary when they have a key policy or aim of attaining certain goals in the society and more often in regard to social justice and injustice in the society. With this in mind, the British army and leadership in general was characterized by inhuman behaviors that degraded humanity and elevated injustice in the society. According to Fischer (2006) in reference to the British lack of humanity says that, 'the entire British army had been stripped bare of shoes and stockings by the constant marching during the bad weather, uniforms were torn and officers, especially those of the Jagger companies, had almost nothing on their bodies' (350). However, these men were not supposed to raise any complain in regard to their conditions. Instead, they were supposed to follow orders without question under the hierarchy and discipline forms of leadership. Worse still was the fact that the inhabitants of New England were treated badly by the British. These conditions contributed to George Washington and other free men to desire to free their fellow Americans from such brutality. Additionally, the timing of any form of revolution occurs in such a way that people who are involved often work together or rather are united in fighting for a particular course. To begin with, the events that led to the American independence began slightly on a low note with the painting of General Washington by a German-American immigrant that in New York (Fischer 4). There are other events that followed leading to formation of a United Army against the British and the Germans. More important is the fact that people united and used every means that they had to expel the British rule in the midst. They understood what they needed in their lives, i.e. liberty and freedom. In summation, the events that led to the attainment of the American Independence in the second half of the 18th century can be termed as revolutionary because of various reasons. To begin with, people were tired of the situations they had gone through under the British rule. In this regard, they united and began to fight for common course never minding their own lives but fighting to ensure that the future of America is set on a right course. With this in mind, they did not concern themselves with their limitations but with what the future had for them, i.e. political and social structure that would uphold humanity, freedom and liberty. In other words, they needed a political and social change in their society. Most popular orders	<urn:uuid:2973bbaa-a5f1-475b-8689-8547ac860d64>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://exclusivepapers.com/essays/book-report/washington-s-crossing.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598726.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120110422-20200120134422-00058.warc.gz	en	0.981532	1,123	3.40625	3	[ -0.16228581964969635, 0.2992249131202698, 0.5437946915626526, -0.18982237577438354, -0.0572047159075737, 0.3329479694366455, -0.11300439387559891, 0.07721833884716034, -0.18980328738689423, -0.11243410408496857, -0.05912231281399727, 0.3117048144340515, -0.13155625760555267, 0.167893201112...	1	The American history remains as one of the most dramatic history across the globe. There are many issues or rather events that happened especially in the 18th century that shaped the America that is seen today. Among these events is the American Revolution that occurred during the second half of the 18th century. To begin with, this was a social and political aggressiveness by thirteen northern states that united in order to break away from the British rule and form the United States of America. Whereas this was a social and political issue, it involved mostly the use of military tactics as a way of breaking loose from the British rule that had a powerful army. Buy Washington's Crossing essay paper online There are many historians that have formulated different arguments in regard to the use of the military force against the British by the Americans as one of the most important element that enabled the continuation of the American Revolution. One of these historians is David Hackett Fischer in his book 'Washington's Crossing'. Fischer perceives fighting as a military dimension of a much larger political and social conflict pitting the 'new order of liberty' against an 'old order of hierarchy and discipline' (Fischer 449). In retrospect, the arguments that are presented by Fischer plays a critical role into understanding exact what a revolution is and how military interventions play a critical role in setting up political and social structures in any given society. With this in mind, one needs to understand that the events of the 18th century acted as a revolution in the American history. To begin with, it is important for one to note that the society has a way of dealing with the challenges that emerges within its structures on a daily basis. In this regard, whenever there are limitations in expression of oneself, there has always been a tendency of the person that is oppressed to seek for solutions through other means. One of these means include the use of violence as a means of helping one to break away from his or her master. In reference to Fischer (2006), people are able to organize the society on the basis of liberty and freedom (4). On the other hand, it is important to understand that discipline in the society could be achieved if people were trained to serve willingly rather than being treated as slaves. In line with this, the fighting as led by General Washington can be termed as revolutionary since it left a great impact in the society leading to the formation of the United States. Notably, as it has been argued out by Fischer (2006), the decisions by the Americans to defend their country against the British and to some extend the Germans resulted into massive changes not only in New England but also across the globe (6). It is important for one to understand that revolutionary events often culminate in a drastic change which in most cases is anticipated by those that participate in it. The defeat of the British Army and the Germans not only freed the Americans from their oppression, but it also restored liberty and freedom of humanity in the American society. More so, the states that participated in this war of revolution were able to create room for independency of New England and led to the creation of the United States of America. It is also important to note that these events can be characterized as revolutionary when they have a key policy or aim of attaining certain goals in the society and more often in regard to social justice and injustice in the society. With this in mind, the British army and leadership in general was characterized by inhuman behaviors that degraded humanity and elevated injustice in the society. According to Fischer (2006) in reference to the British lack of humanity says that, 'the entire British army had been stripped bare of shoes and stockings by the constant marching during the bad weather, uniforms were torn and officers, especially those of the Jagger companies, had almost nothing on their bodies' (350). However, these men were not supposed to raise any complain in regard to their conditions. Instead, they were supposed to follow orders without question under the hierarchy and discipline forms of leadership. Worse still was the fact that the inhabitants of New England were treated badly by the British. These conditions contributed to George Washington and other free men to desire to free their fellow Americans from such brutality. Additionally, the timing of any form of revolution occurs in such a way that people who are involved often work together or rather are united in fighting for a particular course. To begin with, the events that led to the American independence began slightly on a low note with the painting of General Washington by a German-American immigrant that in New York (Fischer 4). There are other events that followed leading to formation of a United Army against the British and the Germans. More important is the fact that people united and used every means that they had to expel the British rule in the midst. They understood what they needed in their lives, i.e. liberty and freedom. In summation, the events that led to the attainment of the American Independence in the second half of the 18th century can be termed as revolutionary because of various reasons. To begin with, people were tired of the situations they had gone through under the British rule. In this regard, they united and began to fight for common course never minding their own lives but fighting to ensure that the future of America is set on a right course. With this in mind, they did not concern themselves with their limitations but with what the future had for them, i.e. political and social structure that would uphold humanity, freedom and liberty. In other words, they needed a political and social change in their society. Most popular orders	1,134	ENGLISH	1
Migrant Workers During the 20th century, Hispanic Americans — the majority of whom were Mexican Americans — made up the largest minority group in California. One-half million Mexicans migrated to the United States during the 1920s, with more than 30 percent settling in California. Employers viewed Mexican workers as desirable because they did not demand higher wages, and they were seen by managers as being satisfied with the conditions they worked under – even when the conditions were very undesirable. Most families needed for their children to work as well. Migrant workers were rarely paid enough to afford comfortable housing - even with all capable members of their families working long hours. Every harvest season, an estimated 300,000 children between the ages of 6 and 14 migrate with their parents who have been hired to work in the fields. At about age 10, half of those children begin working, and the number rises sharply as the children get older, depriving them of education and often endangering their health and safety. Many of the photographs that you will see show Mexican migrant workers in California agriculture. Families faced rough working conditions in the fields and even worse living conditions. This 10-year old boy has been working as a seasonal migrant farm worker since he was 7. Family of migrant workers, 1940s Children of Mexican migrant workers posing at the entrance to El Rio FSA Camp, El Rio, California, 1941 Child for hire, Texas Picking Cotton Tucson, Arizona “This book gives a voice to the children of migrant farm workers, [one of] our country’s most exploited and deprived group[s] of people . . . The poems and interviews in this book relate life as it is experienced by these migrant children.” VOICES from the FIELDS • Francisco Jimenez • (excerpt from Foreword)	<urn:uuid:d1959a4c-09ba-456a-83ba-a9d16da47602>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.slideserve.com/boyd/migrant-workers	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607407.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122191620-20200122220620-00040.warc.gz	en	0.980985	366	3.859375	4	[ 0.26142147183418274, -0.023050567135214806, 0.13798809051513672, 0.05296877771615982, -0.1106584221124649, 0.1249811202287674, -0.6201071739196777, -0.021803632378578186, -0.3439529836177826, -0.1800455003976822, 0.29978400468826294, 0.21840211749076843, 0.018176434561610222, 0.11885049194...	2	Migrant Workers During the 20th century, Hispanic Americans — the majority of whom were Mexican Americans — made up the largest minority group in California. One-half million Mexicans migrated to the United States during the 1920s, with more than 30 percent settling in California. Employers viewed Mexican workers as desirable because they did not demand higher wages, and they were seen by managers as being satisfied with the conditions they worked under – even when the conditions were very undesirable. Most families needed for their children to work as well. Migrant workers were rarely paid enough to afford comfortable housing - even with all capable members of their families working long hours. Every harvest season, an estimated 300,000 children between the ages of 6 and 14 migrate with their parents who have been hired to work in the fields. At about age 10, half of those children begin working, and the number rises sharply as the children get older, depriving them of education and often endangering their health and safety. Many of the photographs that you will see show Mexican migrant workers in California agriculture. Families faced rough working conditions in the fields and even worse living conditions. This 10-year old boy has been working as a seasonal migrant farm worker since he was 7. Family of migrant workers, 1940s Children of Mexican migrant workers posing at the entrance to El Rio FSA Camp, El Rio, California, 1941 Child for hire, Texas Picking Cotton Tucson, Arizona “This book gives a voice to the children of migrant farm workers, [one of] our country’s most exploited and deprived group[s] of people . . . The poems and interviews in this book relate life as it is experienced by these migrant children.” VOICES from the FIELDS • Francisco Jimenez • (excerpt from Foreword)	382	ENGLISH	1
Born: 1906, December 9th Died: 1992, January 1st Education: Grace was privately educated and went on to complete two degrees in mathematics and physics and a PhD in mathematics. Grace was born in New York City, USA. Her father, who owned an insurance company, wanted his daughter to have the same opportunities as his two sons. Grace was privately educated and went on to complete two degrees in mathematics and physics and a PhD in mathematics. When the United States joined World War II in 1941, Grace wanted to do her bit for the war effort. Her grandfather had been a rear admiral, but she couldn’t join the Navy because of her age. She was accepted into the US Naval Reserve instead. In 1943 Grace was sent to Harvard University, Massachusetts to take part in a top-secret naval project. The team at Harvard was working on the Mark I, one of the earliest computers. It was designed to perform the long calculations that warships use to fire their weapons accurately. Grace was one of the Mark I’s three programmers and wrote its 561-page instruction manual. She even coined the computing term “bug,” after a moth got stuck in the machine and caused havoc. In 1949 Grace went to work on UNIVAC I, the first commercial electronic computer. She also developed the first compiler – the component that translated the numbers and symbols fed into the zeros and ones that told the machine what to do. In 1955 Grace wrote FLOW-MATIC, the first computer language that used English words and phrases instead of complex mathematical symbols. It was the basis for COBOL-a commonly accepted language that could program computers made by different manufacturers. By 1970 it was the world’s most widely used computer language. She was known as “Amazing Grace,” the “First Lady of Software,” and the “Mother of Computing.” Without Grace Hopper’s decades of work, computers would still need highly trained professionals to program them, and groundbreaking scientific leaps such as spaceflight might never have happened. Grace was still working in her sixties and seventies. She standardized the computer languages being used in the Navy and was one of the first women to reach the rank of rear admiral. She finally retired in 1986, just a few months before her 80th birthday. The Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing (GHC) is a series of conferences designed to bring the research and career interests of women in computing to the forefront. It is the world's largest gathering of women in computing. Started in 1994. - Why was Grace Hopper known as the ‘First Lady of Software’ and ‘Amazing Grace’? - What was FLOW-MATIC? Why was it important? - What is the Grace Hopper Celebration? - Find ten interesting facts about Grace Hopper.	<urn:uuid:15fc4f38-4f4f-43a1-99ea-22eb73cfeb98>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.willowprimaryschool.co.uk/grace-hopper/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607118.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122131612-20200122160612-00182.warc.gz	en	0.981732	602	3.390625	3	[ -0.27408185601234436, -0.10854154825210571, -0.035173527896404266, -0.3790948688983917, -0.5371568202972412, 0.24194489419460297, 0.10593785345554352, 0.30737268924713135, 0.2613314390182495, -0.12194088101387024, 0.07293114811182022, 0.05461544543504715, 0.41526007652282715, 0.02463274449...	8	Born: 1906, December 9th Died: 1992, January 1st Education: Grace was privately educated and went on to complete two degrees in mathematics and physics and a PhD in mathematics. Grace was born in New York City, USA. Her father, who owned an insurance company, wanted his daughter to have the same opportunities as his two sons. Grace was privately educated and went on to complete two degrees in mathematics and physics and a PhD in mathematics. When the United States joined World War II in 1941, Grace wanted to do her bit for the war effort. Her grandfather had been a rear admiral, but she couldn’t join the Navy because of her age. She was accepted into the US Naval Reserve instead. In 1943 Grace was sent to Harvard University, Massachusetts to take part in a top-secret naval project. The team at Harvard was working on the Mark I, one of the earliest computers. It was designed to perform the long calculations that warships use to fire their weapons accurately. Grace was one of the Mark I’s three programmers and wrote its 561-page instruction manual. She even coined the computing term “bug,” after a moth got stuck in the machine and caused havoc. In 1949 Grace went to work on UNIVAC I, the first commercial electronic computer. She also developed the first compiler – the component that translated the numbers and symbols fed into the zeros and ones that told the machine what to do. In 1955 Grace wrote FLOW-MATIC, the first computer language that used English words and phrases instead of complex mathematical symbols. It was the basis for COBOL-a commonly accepted language that could program computers made by different manufacturers. By 1970 it was the world’s most widely used computer language. She was known as “Amazing Grace,” the “First Lady of Software,” and the “Mother of Computing.” Without Grace Hopper’s decades of work, computers would still need highly trained professionals to program them, and groundbreaking scientific leaps such as spaceflight might never have happened. Grace was still working in her sixties and seventies. She standardized the computer languages being used in the Navy and was one of the first women to reach the rank of rear admiral. She finally retired in 1986, just a few months before her 80th birthday. The Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing (GHC) is a series of conferences designed to bring the research and career interests of women in computing to the forefront. It is the world's largest gathering of women in computing. Started in 1994. - Why was Grace Hopper known as the ‘First Lady of Software’ and ‘Amazing Grace’? - What was FLOW-MATIC? Why was it important? - What is the Grace Hopper Celebration? - Find ten interesting facts about Grace Hopper.	601	ENGLISH	1
Ancient Indians had evolved a modern society and had advanced thoughts about the need for army and the weapons of war. The Janapada concept was expanded to Mahajanapada, which essentially meant that the King conquered neighbouring land to enlarge his Kingdom. With it came the idea of Bharatavarsh. Regular armies were created and rules of war including warrior codes were written. The warrior was respected and given a high place in society. Organisation of the Army Our ancestors used two terms - "Regular Army" and "Proper Army". The word Regular means a permanent army composed of soldiers who are dedicated and devoted to the task of protecting the nation and its people. A Proper army means an efficient fighting machine. An army, which is well trained and always ready for battle, can be called a Proper army. All armies of the world are required to fight in all types of terrain and are accordingly equipped. India has vast and diverse terrain features ranging from mountains, deserts, plains and forests. The army had to be mobile to cover great distances and therefore chariots and cavalry formed the core strength along with infantry. The ancient armies were made of the Chariots, Elephants, Horses and Infantry. Collectively it was called Chaturangabala. The four fold Chaturangabala was the traditional force. A King had a number of chariots, horses and elephants. All these required a minister or department of state to look after and also required money to feed the animals, pay the soldiers and provide accommodation for the soldiers and their handlers. Therefore, to control and administer large armies new organisations were created such as a ministry called Mantra, the force of counsel and Kosha, the power of the treasury. Thus it became a six fold force. As societies progressed the organization of the army was further strengthened, due to its deployment in different situations of war. It became an eight fold force to include, cara or spies, commissariat and transport, navy or Admiralty and Desika or elders and advisors. Chariots: In Vedic times, the chariot was considered the most important to fight a war. It could maneuver through the fighting forces thus suddenly occupying positions of advantage, break through ranks and threaten enemy from the flank or the rear. Each chariot had a charioteer and the warrior. A flag decorated it with an image called dhvaja and an umbrella. The use of the chariots declined by 650 A.D. and no mention of its use is made in any historical texts in later years. Elephants: The next important force of war was the elephant. In peacetime it was used as a vehicle to carry men and material. In war it became a combatant. Mention of elephants in battle is found in Rig Veda. The Arthasastra describes in great detail the role and tasks of a special officer to take care of the elephant division. It also mentions the area required to house one elephant in designated areas called elephant forest and its food and training requirements. The importance of elephants as a powerful means for battle can be seen from Gajasiksa or hastisastra, was a special science of elephants and formed an important part of military studies. Cavalry: The third division of the army, was the cavalry. Again, in Arthasastra, detailed descriptions are given of cavalry division. There was a Superintendent called as vadyaksa who was responsible to maintain the horses. A cavalry unit was the fastest moving force of an army and it could be employed to gain surprise and it played an important role in battles. Infantry: Infantry was the next important division of the army. Infantry gave the army its numbers, which became the factor for many victories. The Arthasastra talks of the Infantry as a separate department of the army, under the charge of a special officer of the state. All infantry soldiers carried a sword or a dagger and a shield. In addition they were equipped with a bow and arrow and some with firearms or javelins (long spears). Commissariat: The chaturanga or the four-fold division of the army was initial organisation of the army which was later improved to an eight fold division which included the Commissariat and the Admiralty. The Commissariat can be traced to the Mahabharata armies. It was basically an organization responsible to provide logistic support. That is to say, armies marched to the battlefront and the support in the form of extra weapons, rations and camping stores followed the marching army. This also included medical support and repair items for broken chariots, etc. The Admiralty: The use of ships and boats were known to the vedic people but the idea of creating a separate department to coordinate and control the war ships was done by Chanakya. We find reference of ships in the Rig Veda, Dharmasastra and the Puranas. Tamils and people of the East coast of India, used ships as early as the vedic period, extensively for trade and conquest of neighbouring lands. There were three classifications of war ships. The first was ships with compartments to carry soldiers, the second carried the King, treasures, animals, etc., and the third was a ship used for long distance sailing and seafights.	<urn:uuid:18761f93-91eb-432c-a816-8724ea4626d4>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.studypage.in/military/armies-in-ancient-age	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608295.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123041345-20200123070345-00239.warc.gz	en	0.980684	1,090	3.90625	4	[ -0.30458056926727295, 0.5880677103996277, 0.2905586361885071, 0.24175278842449188, -0.3385869264602661, -0.28505605459213257, 0.17641973495483398, 0.005360045470297337, -0.025104815140366554, 0.08715380728244781, -0.0014865288976579905, -0.6203523874282837, 0.1960468292236328, 0.3591350317...	1	Ancient Indians had evolved a modern society and had advanced thoughts about the need for army and the weapons of war. The Janapada concept was expanded to Mahajanapada, which essentially meant that the King conquered neighbouring land to enlarge his Kingdom. With it came the idea of Bharatavarsh. Regular armies were created and rules of war including warrior codes were written. The warrior was respected and given a high place in society. Organisation of the Army Our ancestors used two terms - "Regular Army" and "Proper Army". The word Regular means a permanent army composed of soldiers who are dedicated and devoted to the task of protecting the nation and its people. A Proper army means an efficient fighting machine. An army, which is well trained and always ready for battle, can be called a Proper army. All armies of the world are required to fight in all types of terrain and are accordingly equipped. India has vast and diverse terrain features ranging from mountains, deserts, plains and forests. The army had to be mobile to cover great distances and therefore chariots and cavalry formed the core strength along with infantry. The ancient armies were made of the Chariots, Elephants, Horses and Infantry. Collectively it was called Chaturangabala. The four fold Chaturangabala was the traditional force. A King had a number of chariots, horses and elephants. All these required a minister or department of state to look after and also required money to feed the animals, pay the soldiers and provide accommodation for the soldiers and their handlers. Therefore, to control and administer large armies new organisations were created such as a ministry called Mantra, the force of counsel and Kosha, the power of the treasury. Thus it became a six fold force. As societies progressed the organization of the army was further strengthened, due to its deployment in different situations of war. It became an eight fold force to include, cara or spies, commissariat and transport, navy or Admiralty and Desika or elders and advisors. Chariots: In Vedic times, the chariot was considered the most important to fight a war. It could maneuver through the fighting forces thus suddenly occupying positions of advantage, break through ranks and threaten enemy from the flank or the rear. Each chariot had a charioteer and the warrior. A flag decorated it with an image called dhvaja and an umbrella. The use of the chariots declined by 650 A.D. and no mention of its use is made in any historical texts in later years. Elephants: The next important force of war was the elephant. In peacetime it was used as a vehicle to carry men and material. In war it became a combatant. Mention of elephants in battle is found in Rig Veda. The Arthasastra describes in great detail the role and tasks of a special officer to take care of the elephant division. It also mentions the area required to house one elephant in designated areas called elephant forest and its food and training requirements. The importance of elephants as a powerful means for battle can be seen from Gajasiksa or hastisastra, was a special science of elephants and formed an important part of military studies. Cavalry: The third division of the army, was the cavalry. Again, in Arthasastra, detailed descriptions are given of cavalry division. There was a Superintendent called as vadyaksa who was responsible to maintain the horses. A cavalry unit was the fastest moving force of an army and it could be employed to gain surprise and it played an important role in battles. Infantry: Infantry was the next important division of the army. Infantry gave the army its numbers, which became the factor for many victories. The Arthasastra talks of the Infantry as a separate department of the army, under the charge of a special officer of the state. All infantry soldiers carried a sword or a dagger and a shield. In addition they were equipped with a bow and arrow and some with firearms or javelins (long spears). Commissariat: The chaturanga or the four-fold division of the army was initial organisation of the army which was later improved to an eight fold division which included the Commissariat and the Admiralty. The Commissariat can be traced to the Mahabharata armies. It was basically an organization responsible to provide logistic support. That is to say, armies marched to the battlefront and the support in the form of extra weapons, rations and camping stores followed the marching army. This also included medical support and repair items for broken chariots, etc. The Admiralty: The use of ships and boats were known to the vedic people but the idea of creating a separate department to coordinate and control the war ships was done by Chanakya. We find reference of ships in the Rig Veda, Dharmasastra and the Puranas. Tamils and people of the East coast of India, used ships as early as the vedic period, extensively for trade and conquest of neighbouring lands. There were three classifications of war ships. The first was ships with compartments to carry soldiers, the second carried the King, treasures, animals, etc., and the third was a ship used for long distance sailing and seafights.	1,075	ENGLISH	1
The Great Depression (1929 – 1939) is an informative in-depth historical documentary, verging on the poetic by ABC networks. The film takes you back in time to the great depression and makes you feel how it was to be living in those days. How Was Life During The Great Depression? The Great Depression was a global economic crisis, which started in the United States. All types of people were affected by the Great Depression. The country changed drastically, after the stock market crash in 1929. Many people lost their jobs and practically every person had to adjust to a different way of living than what they were used to. Children had to deal with changes in their education if they could attend school. Teenagers and their parents were traveling to search for a new life. The middle class had to deal with a life without money and security. The years of the Great Depression were very difficult for those who lived through them and they also mark an important era in the history of the USA. The USA was tetering on the brink of revolution. During this time many children were deprived of an education because many communities had to close their schools down during the 1932-1933 term because of a lack of money. Some children were lucky enough to be in schools where the teachers did not care that they were going to be paid next to nothing and continued educating. Children also greatly suffered from malnutrition. For example, in a 1932 study by the Health Department in New York City, it was found that 20.5 percent of the children were suffering from malnutrition. Children in rural areas were even worse off. Dietary diseases were rampant because adequate food such as milk, fruit, fresh vegetables, and eggs could not be bought with the family’s low income. The death rate for children suffering from undernourishment was on the rise because children were losing their stamina and were unable to fight off disease. Many teenagers of this period were known for “riding the rails.” Teenagers who felt that they were a burden to their families or were ashamed of their unemployment and poverty felt the need to leave their homes to find a life of their own. They wanted to take the adventure of living on their own and trying to find a better life. During the height of the Depression, 250,000 teenagers were roaming around America by freight trains. Some people admired these teenagers for their spirit while others feared them as potentially dangerous. About eighty-five percent of these teenagers were in search of employment. Americans From African Descent During this period, most of the country’s African-American population lived in rural areas and worked on farms owned by white landowners. Even though these rural African-Americans had known poverty most of their lives, the Great Depression was a hard hit. Their living conditions worsened due to the fact that the farmers they worked for lost their land. Life for African-Americans in urban areas was harder. However, those in these areas continued to work hard at their jobs. They would do hard manual labor or worked in areas that were known for their dangerous conditions such as foundries. Others might have worked as domestic servants for white people. Some also worked for railroads, steel mills, and coal mines. Still others became street vendors or peddlers. Farmers found themselves in a very desperate situation during the Great Depression. In the decade prior to this period, farmers were already losing money because of greater industrialization in cities. For them, the Great Depression just made worse an already dismal situation. Many of these farmers were renting their land and their machinery because of the loss of money in the 20s. At the beginning of the depression, prices on food that the farmers produced deflated so much that the farmers were unable to make a profit off of their land. As a consequence of this, they refused to sell what they produced. If they lived in the middle portion of the country, known at this time as the Dust Bowl, they were also experiencing drought starting around 1932. They could no longer make money off of what they land provided. Usually it was barely enough to maintain their families. As the farmers grew deeper into debt and could no longer make payments on their land and machinery, the banks where they loaned money from foreclosed on their land. Some of these displaced farmers hoped to move West to find better land to farm and better opportunities for themselves and their families. These people who, after being thrown off their land, chose to move were known as vagrants or migrant workers. In 1932, the United States Children’s Bureau and the National Association of Traveler’s Aid Societies reported that there were at least 25,000 families wandering around the country and it was believed that this was only a portion of the actual number. These families became very susceptible to disease while traveling because of a lack of food and a lack of proper shelter. Most of the time, the families would travel in their cars and would stop at campsites set up by other vagrants along the way to search for jobs in the area. If they were able to find a job, which was practically impossible, they would not have earned enough to support their families. For example, the net earning for an agricultural migratory worker averaged $110 in 1933 and $124 in 1934. These farmers were some of the hardest hit groups during the depression. The main role of women during the Great Depression was that of the homemaker. Of course, some women had gone through college and, like their male counterparts, were having a difficult time of finding employment. Those with families had the task of keeping their family together when the principal moneymaker of the family was out of work. These women had to be creative with what they had. They obviously could not create elaborate meals for their families, but they made do with what they had. Some women joined the work force and would do jobs that men previously had held. These women worked as hard as they could to support their families during this difficult time. The Middle Class One group that had to deal with drastic changes during the depression was the middle class. This group accounted for 15 to 20 percent of Americans at this time. The collapse of the stock market and the closing of more than 5,000 banks mostly affected the middle class. The professional men that worked at these jobs now had to deal with a loss of income and unemployment. They now found themselves having a hard time supporting their families. Many of these people could no longer consider themselves in the middle class after the depression took its toll on them. Most people who had worked their way through college found themselves unable to find a job during this time. Their degrees were in no way useful to them. Among the professions that had few job openings were bankers, architects, agriculturalists, educators, and salesmen. A study of fifty-four colleges conducted by the American College Personnel Association showed that 21, 974 women and men holding degrees from these colleges were without jobs. This proves what a dire state the middle class was in because those who would make up the middle class, those with higher educations, had a difficult time of finding a job. The middle class was in danger of becoming politically and socially insignificant because of the numbers of people who were descending from the middle class into the lower classes. Everyone had to adjust to a new way of living during the Great Depression. The people of this time knew that they had to change in order to survive. Practically everyone had to deal with major losses and drastic changes. Children had to cope with the loss of a stable life and an education. Farmers had to learn to live with the loss of their farms that had supported their families. The middle class had to deal with the loss of money and the potential disappearance of their social class. This period might have been a dark one for the United States, but it brought about many changes that still affect the country to this day and, therefore, this was a very important time for America’s history.	<urn:uuid:555654a7-0c5c-4ffe-bad8-35d4e80b745c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://docsonline.eu/abc-the-great-depression-1929-1939/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601628.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121074002-20200121103002-00196.warc.gz	en	0.993034	1,615	3.328125	3	[ 0.13438346982002258, 0.29533103108406067, 0.25607913732528687, 0.10914494842290878, 0.20338091254234314, 0.1870763897895813, -0.37933942675590515, -0.08640772849321365, -0.5717083215713501, -0.04893196374177933, 0.17129579186439514, 0.41266265511512756, 0.398291677236557, 0.357230246067047...	3	The Great Depression (1929 – 1939) is an informative in-depth historical documentary, verging on the poetic by ABC networks. The film takes you back in time to the great depression and makes you feel how it was to be living in those days. How Was Life During The Great Depression? The Great Depression was a global economic crisis, which started in the United States. All types of people were affected by the Great Depression. The country changed drastically, after the stock market crash in 1929. Many people lost their jobs and practically every person had to adjust to a different way of living than what they were used to. Children had to deal with changes in their education if they could attend school. Teenagers and their parents were traveling to search for a new life. The middle class had to deal with a life without money and security. The years of the Great Depression were very difficult for those who lived through them and they also mark an important era in the history of the USA. The USA was tetering on the brink of revolution. During this time many children were deprived of an education because many communities had to close their schools down during the 1932-1933 term because of a lack of money. Some children were lucky enough to be in schools where the teachers did not care that they were going to be paid next to nothing and continued educating. Children also greatly suffered from malnutrition. For example, in a 1932 study by the Health Department in New York City, it was found that 20.5 percent of the children were suffering from malnutrition. Children in rural areas were even worse off. Dietary diseases were rampant because adequate food such as milk, fruit, fresh vegetables, and eggs could not be bought with the family’s low income. The death rate for children suffering from undernourishment was on the rise because children were losing their stamina and were unable to fight off disease. Many teenagers of this period were known for “riding the rails.” Teenagers who felt that they were a burden to their families or were ashamed of their unemployment and poverty felt the need to leave their homes to find a life of their own. They wanted to take the adventure of living on their own and trying to find a better life. During the height of the Depression, 250,000 teenagers were roaming around America by freight trains. Some people admired these teenagers for their spirit while others feared them as potentially dangerous. About eighty-five percent of these teenagers were in search of employment. Americans From African Descent During this period, most of the country’s African-American population lived in rural areas and worked on farms owned by white landowners. Even though these rural African-Americans had known poverty most of their lives, the Great Depression was a hard hit. Their living conditions worsened due to the fact that the farmers they worked for lost their land. Life for African-Americans in urban areas was harder. However, those in these areas continued to work hard at their jobs. They would do hard manual labor or worked in areas that were known for their dangerous conditions such as foundries. Others might have worked as domestic servants for white people. Some also worked for railroads, steel mills, and coal mines. Still others became street vendors or peddlers. Farmers found themselves in a very desperate situation during the Great Depression. In the decade prior to this period, farmers were already losing money because of greater industrialization in cities. For them, the Great Depression just made worse an already dismal situation. Many of these farmers were renting their land and their machinery because of the loss of money in the 20s. At the beginning of the depression, prices on food that the farmers produced deflated so much that the farmers were unable to make a profit off of their land. As a consequence of this, they refused to sell what they produced. If they lived in the middle portion of the country, known at this time as the Dust Bowl, they were also experiencing drought starting around 1932. They could no longer make money off of what they land provided. Usually it was barely enough to maintain their families. As the farmers grew deeper into debt and could no longer make payments on their land and machinery, the banks where they loaned money from foreclosed on their land. Some of these displaced farmers hoped to move West to find better land to farm and better opportunities for themselves and their families. These people who, after being thrown off their land, chose to move were known as vagrants or migrant workers. In 1932, the United States Children’s Bureau and the National Association of Traveler’s Aid Societies reported that there were at least 25,000 families wandering around the country and it was believed that this was only a portion of the actual number. These families became very susceptible to disease while traveling because of a lack of food and a lack of proper shelter. Most of the time, the families would travel in their cars and would stop at campsites set up by other vagrants along the way to search for jobs in the area. If they were able to find a job, which was practically impossible, they would not have earned enough to support their families. For example, the net earning for an agricultural migratory worker averaged $110 in 1933 and $124 in 1934. These farmers were some of the hardest hit groups during the depression. The main role of women during the Great Depression was that of the homemaker. Of course, some women had gone through college and, like their male counterparts, were having a difficult time of finding employment. Those with families had the task of keeping their family together when the principal moneymaker of the family was out of work. These women had to be creative with what they had. They obviously could not create elaborate meals for their families, but they made do with what they had. Some women joined the work force and would do jobs that men previously had held. These women worked as hard as they could to support their families during this difficult time. The Middle Class One group that had to deal with drastic changes during the depression was the middle class. This group accounted for 15 to 20 percent of Americans at this time. The collapse of the stock market and the closing of more than 5,000 banks mostly affected the middle class. The professional men that worked at these jobs now had to deal with a loss of income and unemployment. They now found themselves having a hard time supporting their families. Many of these people could no longer consider themselves in the middle class after the depression took its toll on them. Most people who had worked their way through college found themselves unable to find a job during this time. Their degrees were in no way useful to them. Among the professions that had few job openings were bankers, architects, agriculturalists, educators, and salesmen. A study of fifty-four colleges conducted by the American College Personnel Association showed that 21, 974 women and men holding degrees from these colleges were without jobs. This proves what a dire state the middle class was in because those who would make up the middle class, those with higher educations, had a difficult time of finding a job. The middle class was in danger of becoming politically and socially insignificant because of the numbers of people who were descending from the middle class into the lower classes. Everyone had to adjust to a new way of living during the Great Depression. The people of this time knew that they had to change in order to survive. Practically everyone had to deal with major losses and drastic changes. Children had to cope with the loss of a stable life and an education. Farmers had to learn to live with the loss of their farms that had supported their families. The middle class had to deal with the loss of money and the potential disappearance of their social class. This period might have been a dark one for the United States, but it brought about many changes that still affect the country to this day and, therefore, this was a very important time for America’s history.	1,659	ENGLISH	1
Around 80 men had been executed after the Battle of Culloden – and now their families would suffer too. Forfeiture of the often vast estates and income of the key Jacobite figures of the 1745 rising was designed to root out, once and for all, the old Highland influences and any lurking danger to the stability of the state from the supporters of the Stuart cause. The Duke of Cumberland, who led British forces at Culloden and the ultimate defeat of the Jacobites, was an enthusiastic supporter of the forfeiture regime. READ MORE: The Jacobites who fought on after Culloden Moved by hate and fear of Scots and particularly of Highlanders, he declared after April 1746: “I tremble for fear that this vile spot may still be the ruin of this island and our family,’ according to an account in Annette Smith’s Jacobite Estates of the Forty Five. Money stripped out of this land through rent and sale of produce was to be ploughed back into improvements in the Highlands with infrastructure projects to diversify the economy, lessening the influence of the clan, as well as contribute to wider social benefit. READ MORE: What if the Jacobites had won at Culloden ? But Professor Murray Pittock, British cultural historian at Glasgow University said the true intention of forfeiture was clear. He said: “Really this whole idea of improvement was window dressing. It was really hit or miss. “The whole reason for forfeiture was, quite transparently, to punish those who had taken part in the 45.” The results of the Edinburgh-based Board of Forfeited Estates were mixed at best. A total of 53 estates were surveyed following the Vesting Act of 1747 which allowed the Scottish Court of Exchequer to value land and possessions of those accused of high treason. The rents, issues and profits of the estates were to be brought for the Use of His Majesty. Following that, the Annexing Act five years later went further. “Clear rents and produce should be applicable to the purpose of civilising the inhabitants upon the said estates, and other parts of the Highlands of Scotland, the promoting among them the Protestant religion, good government, industry and the principles of duty and loyalty to his majesty... and nothing else,” the legislation said. But the forfeitures, which had been tested after the 1715 rising, were fraught with difficulty and led to often miserable outcomes, with deals being cut and inconsistency in they way the punishment of the Highlands was served. There were dangers too. One surveyor sent to the Highlands noted the and his men carried out their duties at ‘considerable rique (sic) of personal injury and danger.” Complaints about the weather as they ventured from Edinburgh into the Highlands were common. The same surveyor spoke of sleeping on straw in his clothes while on the job and of being ‘not certain when we lay down but our throats might be cut before morning.” Colin Campbell of Glenure, the government-appointed Factor who collected rents from the Clan Stewart of Appin lands in north Argyllsshire, was shot in the back by a marksman in May 1752 with the case known as the Appin Murder. Tenants who had lived and worked under their landlord were often resistant to dealing with new government officialdom. Some were still paying rent under the old system. Of course, they did not want to pay it twice. “Even if you got into the estates, the tenants could be obstructive. People often didn’t want to co-operate,” Professor Pittock added. Projects like the Forth and Clyde Canal – which received the equivalent of £11m at today’s values – plus the building of roads bridges, harbours, inns, were all funded by the forfeited estates programme. The Royal Edinburgh Hospital in Morningside, which treats mental health patients, was built after almost £500,000 in today’s money was given from the forefeited estates fund. General Register House, the repository for national records, was built with a grant of £12,000 – or around £2m at today’s values. Meanwhile, towns through the Highlands were reconstructed, including Beauly in Invernesshire. One agent described it as such: “Though the common people are generally lazy, ignorant and addicted to drinking....the site itself could ‘not miss to attract strangers of different professions from many corners and would consequently soon diffuse a spirit of trade of industry, as well as promote agriculture through all this extensive country.” Support and expansion of the linen industry were also supported by the Board for Annexed Estates, with around £6m at today’s prices to be spent on three manufacturing stations across the Highlands. Following the passing of the Annexing Act in 1752, only 13 of the original 53 surveyed were actually annexed, with funds going to the Exchequer. They were Arnprior, Ardsheal, Barnsdale, Callant, Cluny, Cromarty, Kinlochmoidart. Lochgarry, Lochiel, Lovat, Monalty, Perth and Struan. The fate of Lovat estate illustrates the inconsistency in the way Jacobite families were treated by the state. Lord Simon Lovat, known as the Old Fox, was beheaded at Tower Hill in London in April 1747 for his support of the Jacobites during the 1745 rising. He was also working as a British Government spy. His heir, also Simon Fraser, also fought at Culloden but escaped punishment and went on to raise a Fraser regiment from the land which had been seized under the forfeiture programme. But with the fighters serving the British Army in Canada,some of the forfeited estate was granted back to him by an Act of Parliament in 1774 in recognition of his military service to the Crown. Professor Pittock said: “Simon Fraser was brought onto the field of Culloden and fired a few shots in the air. "Afterwards, he spent his life redeeming himself to the British Army. Although the estate was forfeited, he was allowed to raise men off his lands because they were to fight for the British Army and in the end he got a special deal. He was given the estate back in 1774 because he had been such a good boy.” He was also given favourable terms for paying back the public funds used to clear debts of the Lovat estates at the time they were taken over by the government. He was given 10 years to give the money back at three per cent interest while others were given five years to pay at a five per cent rate. The standards of improvements to the Highlands estates also wildly varied. Lord Kames, an advocate and agricultural improver, said large amounts of money spent on the Highlands and annexed estates was ‘no better than water spilt on the ground’. When it came to debate the return of the annexed estates, Lord Sydney said it was ‘easy to distinguish’ the annexed estates because of the bad condition they were in compared to other men’s estates and for the almost total neglect of their cultivation,” according to Smith. There was little opposition to returning the estates to the families of the 1745 rebels, with some genealogical research required to establish the rightful heir in some cases. By 1784, the experiment was complete.	<urn:uuid:2b90123e-bf2b-4b3a-9bc5-9d2d9c51515f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.scotsman.com/heritage/the-seized-jacobite-money-and-land-that-helped-build-scotland-1-5072007	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593994.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118221909-20200119005909-00019.warc.gz	en	0.983358	1,557	3.46875	3	[ -0.2484259307384491, 0.16025932133197784, -0.028352130204439163, 0.22975647449493408, 0.27961087226867676, -0.034785591065883636, 0.2105911821126938, -0.0006420642603188753, -0.10454069077968597, 0.07735556364059448, -0.16200217604637146, -0.07719340920448303, 0.3071681559085846, 0.0633702...	2	Around 80 men had been executed after the Battle of Culloden – and now their families would suffer too. Forfeiture of the often vast estates and income of the key Jacobite figures of the 1745 rising was designed to root out, once and for all, the old Highland influences and any lurking danger to the stability of the state from the supporters of the Stuart cause. The Duke of Cumberland, who led British forces at Culloden and the ultimate defeat of the Jacobites, was an enthusiastic supporter of the forfeiture regime. READ MORE: The Jacobites who fought on after Culloden Moved by hate and fear of Scots and particularly of Highlanders, he declared after April 1746: “I tremble for fear that this vile spot may still be the ruin of this island and our family,’ according to an account in Annette Smith’s Jacobite Estates of the Forty Five. Money stripped out of this land through rent and sale of produce was to be ploughed back into improvements in the Highlands with infrastructure projects to diversify the economy, lessening the influence of the clan, as well as contribute to wider social benefit. READ MORE: What if the Jacobites had won at Culloden ? But Professor Murray Pittock, British cultural historian at Glasgow University said the true intention of forfeiture was clear. He said: “Really this whole idea of improvement was window dressing. It was really hit or miss. “The whole reason for forfeiture was, quite transparently, to punish those who had taken part in the 45.” The results of the Edinburgh-based Board of Forfeited Estates were mixed at best. A total of 53 estates were surveyed following the Vesting Act of 1747 which allowed the Scottish Court of Exchequer to value land and possessions of those accused of high treason. The rents, issues and profits of the estates were to be brought for the Use of His Majesty. Following that, the Annexing Act five years later went further. “Clear rents and produce should be applicable to the purpose of civilising the inhabitants upon the said estates, and other parts of the Highlands of Scotland, the promoting among them the Protestant religion, good government, industry and the principles of duty and loyalty to his majesty... and nothing else,” the legislation said. But the forfeitures, which had been tested after the 1715 rising, were fraught with difficulty and led to often miserable outcomes, with deals being cut and inconsistency in they way the punishment of the Highlands was served. There were dangers too. One surveyor sent to the Highlands noted the and his men carried out their duties at ‘considerable rique (sic) of personal injury and danger.” Complaints about the weather as they ventured from Edinburgh into the Highlands were common. The same surveyor spoke of sleeping on straw in his clothes while on the job and of being ‘not certain when we lay down but our throats might be cut before morning.” Colin Campbell of Glenure, the government-appointed Factor who collected rents from the Clan Stewart of Appin lands in north Argyllsshire, was shot in the back by a marksman in May 1752 with the case known as the Appin Murder. Tenants who had lived and worked under their landlord were often resistant to dealing with new government officialdom. Some were still paying rent under the old system. Of course, they did not want to pay it twice. “Even if you got into the estates, the tenants could be obstructive. People often didn’t want to co-operate,” Professor Pittock added. Projects like the Forth and Clyde Canal – which received the equivalent of £11m at today’s values – plus the building of roads bridges, harbours, inns, were all funded by the forfeited estates programme. The Royal Edinburgh Hospital in Morningside, which treats mental health patients, was built after almost £500,000 in today’s money was given from the forefeited estates fund. General Register House, the repository for national records, was built with a grant of £12,000 – or around £2m at today’s values. Meanwhile, towns through the Highlands were reconstructed, including Beauly in Invernesshire. One agent described it as such: “Though the common people are generally lazy, ignorant and addicted to drinking....the site itself could ‘not miss to attract strangers of different professions from many corners and would consequently soon diffuse a spirit of trade of industry, as well as promote agriculture through all this extensive country.” Support and expansion of the linen industry were also supported by the Board for Annexed Estates, with around £6m at today’s prices to be spent on three manufacturing stations across the Highlands. Following the passing of the Annexing Act in 1752, only 13 of the original 53 surveyed were actually annexed, with funds going to the Exchequer. They were Arnprior, Ardsheal, Barnsdale, Callant, Cluny, Cromarty, Kinlochmoidart. Lochgarry, Lochiel, Lovat, Monalty, Perth and Struan. The fate of Lovat estate illustrates the inconsistency in the way Jacobite families were treated by the state. Lord Simon Lovat, known as the Old Fox, was beheaded at Tower Hill in London in April 1747 for his support of the Jacobites during the 1745 rising. He was also working as a British Government spy. His heir, also Simon Fraser, also fought at Culloden but escaped punishment and went on to raise a Fraser regiment from the land which had been seized under the forfeiture programme. But with the fighters serving the British Army in Canada,some of the forfeited estate was granted back to him by an Act of Parliament in 1774 in recognition of his military service to the Crown. Professor Pittock said: “Simon Fraser was brought onto the field of Culloden and fired a few shots in the air. "Afterwards, he spent his life redeeming himself to the British Army. Although the estate was forfeited, he was allowed to raise men off his lands because they were to fight for the British Army and in the end he got a special deal. He was given the estate back in 1774 because he had been such a good boy.” He was also given favourable terms for paying back the public funds used to clear debts of the Lovat estates at the time they were taken over by the government. He was given 10 years to give the money back at three per cent interest while others were given five years to pay at a five per cent rate. The standards of improvements to the Highlands estates also wildly varied. Lord Kames, an advocate and agricultural improver, said large amounts of money spent on the Highlands and annexed estates was ‘no better than water spilt on the ground’. When it came to debate the return of the annexed estates, Lord Sydney said it was ‘easy to distinguish’ the annexed estates because of the bad condition they were in compared to other men’s estates and for the almost total neglect of their cultivation,” according to Smith. There was little opposition to returning the estates to the families of the 1745 rebels, with some genealogical research required to establish the rightful heir in some cases. By 1784, the experiment was complete.	1,531	ENGLISH	1
The societal structures experienced a lot of changes in the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century in regard to the roles that were played by different genders. During this period, there are a lot of women who were able to gain education which earned them a place in the workforce. In line with this, most women spend their time at their place of work just as men. However, it is important to note that they were not relieved from some responsibilities in the society as a result of their new found responsibilities. Buy The Working Mother: Has it affected a Child’s Development essay paper online Following this point, women were expected to reproduce and act as both wives and mothers. Consequently, whereas they were given some time off from their work to go for maternity leaves, this period was not enough for them to spend with their children until they had fully developed. Therefore, whereas modern mothers were able to earn and contribute positively toward the financial status of their families, their absence from homes was found to affect the development of their children, both positively and negatively. Research Findings and Discussion It was found out that most working mothers had to find an option on how their children would be cared for when they went away to work. In reference to Bernal (2008), daycare centers were one of the options that were pursued by these mothers (p.1173-1178). In this regard, it was found out that daycare centers provided an opportunity for these children to learn at an early age that they belonged not only to their families but also to the whole community. This was found to help them develop a sense of responsibility and commitment towards the society. On the other hand, since these daycare centers received children from other mothers who were working too, their interaction created a bond that was cited as one of the important elements in developing of a person’s social skills in the society. It also provided an opportunity for such a child to learn the culture and societal norms of his or her people at an early age through songs, riddles, tales and dances (p.1192-1197). Personal independence was also recognized as an important factor in the life of a person and in the society as a whole. In line with this, children that were left at home since their mothers were working were found to be more independent as compared to children who had their mothers near them all the time. Such independency was an important element that enhanced the maturity of a person in the society. It was also noted that working mothers had a high level of stress as compared to the mothers that were not working. This resulted from the fact that the working environment had a potential of exerting a certain kind of pressure on the people within its structures, which in some cases overflowed to the family life of a person. However, it was important for one to recognize that such kind of stress created a negative impact on the development of a child in the family. According to Kelley, Power & Wimbush (2008), whereas the working status of a mother had no proved evidence that it affected the development of a child’s development, it was important to note that this only depended on whether the mother was happy or was stressed together with the family members by her working status (p.573-578). In other words, the working mother had no effects on the child’s development as long as there was no stress that emerged in her life and in the life of her family as a result of her work. The debate on the effect of maternal employment on the child’s development did not stop at the fact that there was no effect of this employment on the development of a child. In reference to Mangelsdorf et al. (2008), studies that had been carried out indicated that or rather tried to link maternal employment and retarded intellectual development among children (p.820-825). This article by Mangelsdorf et al. (2008) indicated that the time period at which the mother resumed employment was the one that had an effect on the development of the child. In this regard, if the mother began her employment when the child was over one year, no significant effects were found out in such a case (p.822-827). However, if the mother resumed work when the child was below nine months, there was a significant effect on the development of this child’s intellectual ability and this was seen in the performance of the child when he or she was about three years old after joining kindergarten. It can be argued that there were different challenges that were associated with the working mothers in the society, and in this regard in terms of the development of their children. Following this point, it was important to realize that a working mother had an effect on the development of her child. First, since many of these children were enrolled in daycare centers, they were able to interact with other children in the society thus enabling them to learn easily concerning the societal norms as well as develop their social skills. On the other hand, stress on the mother and the family due to her work affected negatively the development of her child. Therefore, one could argue that whether positive or negative, the working mother had an effect on the development of her child in the family and the society as a whole. Related Free Economics Essays - The Law of Globalization - Economics: Private & Public Choice - The Book Freakonomics - Ethical Theories Explored - The Real Economic Growth - Macroeconomics for Business and Society - The Economy of the United States of America - Globalization of Palm Oil - India and the Global Financial Crisis - The Economy of the United Kingdom Most popular orders	<urn:uuid:6e1af82d-000c-4411-9c41-837b03accd17>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://exclusivepapers.com/essays/economics/the-working-mother-has-it-affected-a-child-s.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778168.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128091916-20200128121916-00007.warc.gz	en	0.990593	1,167	3.5625	4	[ -0.04356052726507187, 0.27529019117355347, 0.17433498799800873, -0.23871776461601257, -0.1192874163389206, 0.30307841300964355, -0.011501668952405453, 0.13904115557670593, -0.18442198634147644, -0.28616422414779663, 0.1932855248451233, 0.14881667494773865, 0.060678720474243164, 0.192412883...	1	The societal structures experienced a lot of changes in the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century in regard to the roles that were played by different genders. During this period, there are a lot of women who were able to gain education which earned them a place in the workforce. In line with this, most women spend their time at their place of work just as men. However, it is important to note that they were not relieved from some responsibilities in the society as a result of their new found responsibilities. Buy The Working Mother: Has it affected a Child’s Development essay paper online Following this point, women were expected to reproduce and act as both wives and mothers. Consequently, whereas they were given some time off from their work to go for maternity leaves, this period was not enough for them to spend with their children until they had fully developed. Therefore, whereas modern mothers were able to earn and contribute positively toward the financial status of their families, their absence from homes was found to affect the development of their children, both positively and negatively. Research Findings and Discussion It was found out that most working mothers had to find an option on how their children would be cared for when they went away to work. In reference to Bernal (2008), daycare centers were one of the options that were pursued by these mothers (p.1173-1178). In this regard, it was found out that daycare centers provided an opportunity for these children to learn at an early age that they belonged not only to their families but also to the whole community. This was found to help them develop a sense of responsibility and commitment towards the society. On the other hand, since these daycare centers received children from other mothers who were working too, their interaction created a bond that was cited as one of the important elements in developing of a person’s social skills in the society. It also provided an opportunity for such a child to learn the culture and societal norms of his or her people at an early age through songs, riddles, tales and dances (p.1192-1197). Personal independence was also recognized as an important factor in the life of a person and in the society as a whole. In line with this, children that were left at home since their mothers were working were found to be more independent as compared to children who had their mothers near them all the time. Such independency was an important element that enhanced the maturity of a person in the society. It was also noted that working mothers had a high level of stress as compared to the mothers that were not working. This resulted from the fact that the working environment had a potential of exerting a certain kind of pressure on the people within its structures, which in some cases overflowed to the family life of a person. However, it was important for one to recognize that such kind of stress created a negative impact on the development of a child in the family. According to Kelley, Power & Wimbush (2008), whereas the working status of a mother had no proved evidence that it affected the development of a child’s development, it was important to note that this only depended on whether the mother was happy or was stressed together with the family members by her working status (p.573-578). In other words, the working mother had no effects on the child’s development as long as there was no stress that emerged in her life and in the life of her family as a result of her work. The debate on the effect of maternal employment on the child’s development did not stop at the fact that there was no effect of this employment on the development of a child. In reference to Mangelsdorf et al. (2008), studies that had been carried out indicated that or rather tried to link maternal employment and retarded intellectual development among children (p.820-825). This article by Mangelsdorf et al. (2008) indicated that the time period at which the mother resumed employment was the one that had an effect on the development of the child. In this regard, if the mother began her employment when the child was over one year, no significant effects were found out in such a case (p.822-827). However, if the mother resumed work when the child was below nine months, there was a significant effect on the development of this child’s intellectual ability and this was seen in the performance of the child when he or she was about three years old after joining kindergarten. It can be argued that there were different challenges that were associated with the working mothers in the society, and in this regard in terms of the development of their children. Following this point, it was important to realize that a working mother had an effect on the development of her child. First, since many of these children were enrolled in daycare centers, they were able to interact with other children in the society thus enabling them to learn easily concerning the societal norms as well as develop their social skills. On the other hand, stress on the mother and the family due to her work affected negatively the development of her child. Therefore, one could argue that whether positive or negative, the working mother had an effect on the development of her child in the family and the society as a whole. Related Free Economics Essays - The Law of Globalization - Economics: Private & Public Choice - The Book Freakonomics - Ethical Theories Explored - The Real Economic Growth - Macroeconomics for Business and Society - The Economy of the United States of America - Globalization of Palm Oil - India and the Global Financial Crisis - The Economy of the United Kingdom Most popular orders	1,177	ENGLISH	1
Introduction to Radcliffe on Trent Radcliffe on Trent is a village lying south of the river Trent on the main road between Nottingham, the county town 6 miles to the west, and Bingham market town some 3 miles to the east. Situated on the margin of the red Mercian mudstone (Keuper Marl) and the aluvium, it is slightly elevated above the flood plain. Its meadows border the river and its arable land slopes upwards to the higher ground on the south. To the east dramatic cliffs give the village its name. Written evidence of any settlement does not appear until after the Norman conquest, however archaeological finds suggest that the site might at least have been traversed, if not settled, from early times. By Tudor times a settlement would have been clustered around the church and also the main road. Information relating to Radcliffe occurs in the Domesday Book of 1086. The basic unit used in the Radcliffe section was the manor. This term referred to the single administrative unit of a landed estate and could include the hall or residence of the land holder. Two names are described in the village, one conveyed to the King’s son, William Peverel and the other to William de Aincourt (Deyncourt), Lord of Blankeney in Lincolnshire. During the Tudor period the Rosell family were the resident squires living in what was The Chestnuts (now Tudor Grange), they were the visible representatives of gentry authority at a time when the absentee landlord was commonplace. Great political or social heights eluded them, their status was improved in the 16th century but met ill fortune in the 17th century and they had left the village by the close of the Stuart period. The Pierreponts were the next land holders, evidence exists that they held some holdings in Radcliffe and Lamcote as early as 1527, gaining complete control in the 18th century. From Lamcote Corner the street plan followed todays main road past The Green and St Mary’s church. Another site the traveller would see was the Syke Drain, an unculverted stream which came down from Saxondale, through the Main Street, causing occasional footbridges to be built for access to property, before flowing towards the river down The Green. A Painting of The Poplars by Samuel Parrot 1797 to 1876, loaned to the society by Mr D. Tomlinson. Syke Drain and Bridges in the foreground Inns and alehouses They provided a focal point for the community. The first one to be encountered would have been The Red Lion, now a private house, on Water Lane. Next would be The Manvers Arms formerly known as The White Hart and was probably the most important inn as coaches regularly stopped outside. Documentary evidence records it was built in the late 18th century. The Royal Oak formerly The Dukes Arms and then The Plough is next along the Main Road. It became known as The Royal Oak in 1834. Then we come to The Black Lion, originally situated on the opposite side (where the Indian takeaway is now) to its present location and dates back to the 18th century. It moved over the road in 1928 on the site of Buxtons farm and village pinfold. The Black Lion is now a Tesco convenience store. At the bottom of Bingham Road stood The Nags Head, now a private house, run by Sarah Buxton who is described as a ‘beerhouse innkeeper’ but it only appears in the 1851 Census. The Chestnut, formerly known as The Cliffe Inn was developed from a beerhouse later in the 19th century. Cricket was first played on a pitch on Holme Lane as early as 1801. It was played only by the parish elite. Famous cricketers from Radcliffe were George Parr and Richard Daft. The Golf Club was formed in 1909 on Cropwell Road on land leased from Lord Manvers. Radcliffe Olympic football club traces its beginnings to 1876 playing on a ground on Holme Lane, it later moved to its current location in the late 1890’s. Religion in Radcliffe Records of a church in Radcliffe appear in the 13th century when references to priests begin to appear. The early building dedicated to the virgin Mary with a traditional chancel window at the east end and north and south aisles presumably on either side of a central nave would have been similar to how it looks today but on a much smaller scale. The church as we now know it was extensively rebuilt in the Victorian period together with a distinctive high tower with a saddle-back roof and was finally completed about 1905. For more information see History of St Mary’s Church and also an article on the Reverend John Cullen, vicar at the time of the rebuilding of the church. Photograph taken before the saddleback tower was added in the late 19th century Methodism came to Radcliffe in the late 18th century in the form of Primitives and Wesleyans. The Wesleyan chapel situated on Nottingham Road, close to Mount Pleasant was built in 1839. It was demolished in 1967. The Primitive Methodist chapel on Shelford Road was built in 1893 and it wasn’t until 1953 that the two branches of Methodism were combined and services were held here on Shelford Road. The Railway came to Radcliffe in the mid 19th century. Construction work commenced in 1848. A grand opening of the line from Colwick to Grantham was held in July 1850. By early 1864 it was clear that because of increased freight traffic the original wooden viaduct across the meadows to the Trent was in need of replacement by something much stouter, and work began on a new viaduct in January 1909 . The railway opened up the village to the wealthy businessmen of Nottingham and contributed to the building boom of the 1870’s around the Shelford Road – Lorne Grove area. Other changes in the Victorian period saw improvements to sanitation and water supplies. Schools both private and public flourished, with the old school opposite the church provided by the Dowager Countess Manvers being replaced by a new school on Bingham Road in 1909 (now demolished). The 20th century saw the War Memorial erected in the Churchyard, recording the deaths of 52 Radcliffe men in the First World War and 9 more who died as a result of illness on active service. A further 19 names were added after the second world war. Rockley Memorial Parkand the Cliff walk was given to the village by Lisle Rockley in memory of his son who had been killed in the first world war. Lord Manvers ownership of many lands in the village came to an end in 1920 with further sales in 1940/1. A bypass was constructed in 1930, and a large housing estate built for the Canadian airmen stationed at Langar was built in the 1950’s with numerous housing developments since including Council Houses some of which on Shelford Road were built following the First World War and a larger estate built after World War 2.	<urn:uuid:d24a5ec8-fa6c-41ff-afd8-97f67598ba88>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://radcliffe-on-trent-local-history-society.co.uk/radcliffe/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250603761.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121103642-20200121132642-00471.warc.gz	en	0.980488	1,476	3.328125	3	[ -0.17520210146903992, 0.08326771855354309, 0.4789130985736847, 0.4132486879825592, -0.22593581676483154, -0.3457789421081543, 0.4180067777633667, -0.10782068967819214, -0.4692479372024536, 0.025541508570313454, 0.25352418422698975, -1.0048972368240356, 0.028748031705617905, -0.307588875293...	2	Introduction to Radcliffe on Trent Radcliffe on Trent is a village lying south of the river Trent on the main road between Nottingham, the county town 6 miles to the west, and Bingham market town some 3 miles to the east. Situated on the margin of the red Mercian mudstone (Keuper Marl) and the aluvium, it is slightly elevated above the flood plain. Its meadows border the river and its arable land slopes upwards to the higher ground on the south. To the east dramatic cliffs give the village its name. Written evidence of any settlement does not appear until after the Norman conquest, however archaeological finds suggest that the site might at least have been traversed, if not settled, from early times. By Tudor times a settlement would have been clustered around the church and also the main road. Information relating to Radcliffe occurs in the Domesday Book of 1086. The basic unit used in the Radcliffe section was the manor. This term referred to the single administrative unit of a landed estate and could include the hall or residence of the land holder. Two names are described in the village, one conveyed to the King’s son, William Peverel and the other to William de Aincourt (Deyncourt), Lord of Blankeney in Lincolnshire. During the Tudor period the Rosell family were the resident squires living in what was The Chestnuts (now Tudor Grange), they were the visible representatives of gentry authority at a time when the absentee landlord was commonplace. Great political or social heights eluded them, their status was improved in the 16th century but met ill fortune in the 17th century and they had left the village by the close of the Stuart period. The Pierreponts were the next land holders, evidence exists that they held some holdings in Radcliffe and Lamcote as early as 1527, gaining complete control in the 18th century. From Lamcote Corner the street plan followed todays main road past The Green and St Mary’s church. Another site the traveller would see was the Syke Drain, an unculverted stream which came down from Saxondale, through the Main Street, causing occasional footbridges to be built for access to property, before flowing towards the river down The Green. A Painting of The Poplars by Samuel Parrot 1797 to 1876, loaned to the society by Mr D. Tomlinson. Syke Drain and Bridges in the foreground Inns and alehouses They provided a focal point for the community. The first one to be encountered would have been The Red Lion, now a private house, on Water Lane. Next would be The Manvers Arms formerly known as The White Hart and was probably the most important inn as coaches regularly stopped outside. Documentary evidence records it was built in the late 18th century. The Royal Oak formerly The Dukes Arms and then The Plough is next along the Main Road. It became known as The Royal Oak in 1834. Then we come to The Black Lion, originally situated on the opposite side (where the Indian takeaway is now) to its present location and dates back to the 18th century. It moved over the road in 1928 on the site of Buxtons farm and village pinfold. The Black Lion is now a Tesco convenience store. At the bottom of Bingham Road stood The Nags Head, now a private house, run by Sarah Buxton who is described as a ‘beerhouse innkeeper’ but it only appears in the 1851 Census. The Chestnut, formerly known as The Cliffe Inn was developed from a beerhouse later in the 19th century. Cricket was first played on a pitch on Holme Lane as early as 1801. It was played only by the parish elite. Famous cricketers from Radcliffe were George Parr and Richard Daft. The Golf Club was formed in 1909 on Cropwell Road on land leased from Lord Manvers. Radcliffe Olympic football club traces its beginnings to 1876 playing on a ground on Holme Lane, it later moved to its current location in the late 1890’s. Religion in Radcliffe Records of a church in Radcliffe appear in the 13th century when references to priests begin to appear. The early building dedicated to the virgin Mary with a traditional chancel window at the east end and north and south aisles presumably on either side of a central nave would have been similar to how it looks today but on a much smaller scale. The church as we now know it was extensively rebuilt in the Victorian period together with a distinctive high tower with a saddle-back roof and was finally completed about 1905. For more information see History of St Mary’s Church and also an article on the Reverend John Cullen, vicar at the time of the rebuilding of the church. Photograph taken before the saddleback tower was added in the late 19th century Methodism came to Radcliffe in the late 18th century in the form of Primitives and Wesleyans. The Wesleyan chapel situated on Nottingham Road, close to Mount Pleasant was built in 1839. It was demolished in 1967. The Primitive Methodist chapel on Shelford Road was built in 1893 and it wasn’t until 1953 that the two branches of Methodism were combined and services were held here on Shelford Road. The Railway came to Radcliffe in the mid 19th century. Construction work commenced in 1848. A grand opening of the line from Colwick to Grantham was held in July 1850. By early 1864 it was clear that because of increased freight traffic the original wooden viaduct across the meadows to the Trent was in need of replacement by something much stouter, and work began on a new viaduct in January 1909 . The railway opened up the village to the wealthy businessmen of Nottingham and contributed to the building boom of the 1870’s around the Shelford Road – Lorne Grove area. Other changes in the Victorian period saw improvements to sanitation and water supplies. Schools both private and public flourished, with the old school opposite the church provided by the Dowager Countess Manvers being replaced by a new school on Bingham Road in 1909 (now demolished). The 20th century saw the War Memorial erected in the Churchyard, recording the deaths of 52 Radcliffe men in the First World War and 9 more who died as a result of illness on active service. A further 19 names were added after the second world war. Rockley Memorial Parkand the Cliff walk was given to the village by Lisle Rockley in memory of his son who had been killed in the first world war. Lord Manvers ownership of many lands in the village came to an end in 1920 with further sales in 1940/1. A bypass was constructed in 1930, and a large housing estate built for the Canadian airmen stationed at Langar was built in the 1950’s with numerous housing developments since including Council Houses some of which on Shelford Road were built following the First World War and a larger estate built after World War 2.	1,555	ENGLISH	1
More information about Kikuyu and Mount Kenya Four centuries ago, the Kikuyu now formed Kenya’s largest ethnic group. The Kikuyu people spread rapidly throughout the Central Province and Kenya. The Kikuyu usually identify their land by the surrounding mountain ranges which they call Kirinyaga-the shining mountain. The Kikuyu are Bantu and actually came into Kenya during the Bantu migration. They include some families from all the surrounding people and can be identified with the Kamba, the Meru, the Embu and the Chuka. The Kikuyu tribe was founded by a man named Gikuyu. Kikuyu history tells the Kikuyu God, Ngai, took Gikuyu to the top of Kirinyaga and told him to stay and build his home there. He was also given his wife, Mumbi. Together, Mumbi and Gikuyu had nine daughters. There was actually a tenth daughter but the Kikuyu considered it to be bad luck to say the number ten. When counting they used to say full-nine instead of ten. It was from the nine daughters that the nine – occaisionally a tenth – Kikuyu clans: Achera, Agachiku, Airimu, Ambui, Angare, Anjiru, Angui, Aithaga, and Aitherandu were formed. The Kikuyu rely on agriculture. They grow bananas, sugarcane, arum lily, yams, beans, millet, maize, black beans and a variety of other vegetables. They also raise cattle, sheep, and goats. They use the hides from the cattle to make bedding, sandals, and carrying straps and they raise the goats and sheep to use for religious sacrifices and purification. In the Kikuyu culture boys and girls are raised very differently. The girls are raised to work in the farm and the boys usually work with the animals. The girls also have the responsibility of taking care of a baby brother or sister and also helping the mother out with household chores. In the Kikuyu culture family identity is carried on by naming the first boy after the father’s father and the second after the mother’s father. The same goes for the girls; the first is named after the father’s mother and the second after the mother’s mother. Following children are named after the brothers and sisters of the grandparents, starting with the oldest and working to the youngest. Along with the naming of the children was the belief that the deceased grandparent’s spirit, that the child was named after, would come in to the new child. This belief was lost with the increase in life-span because generally the grandparents are now still alive when the children are born. Though they are traditionally agricultural people and have a reputation as hard-working people, a lot of them are now involved in business. Most of the Kikuyu still live on small family plots but many of them have also seen the opportunities in business and have moved to cities and different areas to work. They have a desire for knowledge and it is believed that all children should receive a full education. They have a terrific reputation for money management and it is common for them to have many enterprises at one time. The Kikuyu have also been active politically. The first president of Kenya, Jomo Kenyatta, was actually a Kikuyu. Kenyatta was a major figure in Kenya's fight for independence.	<urn:uuid:812c7969-4548-4330-9182-33c977177eb9>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://yongchen.com/ch_apple_mount_kenya.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594662.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119151736-20200119175736-00312.warc.gz	en	0.981608	724	3.265625	3	[ -0.12303776293992996, 0.06879034638404846, 0.25613152980804443, 0.37173229455947876, 0.07812953740358353, 0.2761498987674713, 0.26710426807403564, -0.18757498264312744, -0.40747320652008057, 0.46888405084609985, 0.16736531257629395, -0.5399617552757263, 0.42602452635765076, 0.2560987472534...	3	More information about Kikuyu and Mount Kenya Four centuries ago, the Kikuyu now formed Kenya’s largest ethnic group. The Kikuyu people spread rapidly throughout the Central Province and Kenya. The Kikuyu usually identify their land by the surrounding mountain ranges which they call Kirinyaga-the shining mountain. The Kikuyu are Bantu and actually came into Kenya during the Bantu migration. They include some families from all the surrounding people and can be identified with the Kamba, the Meru, the Embu and the Chuka. The Kikuyu tribe was founded by a man named Gikuyu. Kikuyu history tells the Kikuyu God, Ngai, took Gikuyu to the top of Kirinyaga and told him to stay and build his home there. He was also given his wife, Mumbi. Together, Mumbi and Gikuyu had nine daughters. There was actually a tenth daughter but the Kikuyu considered it to be bad luck to say the number ten. When counting they used to say full-nine instead of ten. It was from the nine daughters that the nine – occaisionally a tenth – Kikuyu clans: Achera, Agachiku, Airimu, Ambui, Angare, Anjiru, Angui, Aithaga, and Aitherandu were formed. The Kikuyu rely on agriculture. They grow bananas, sugarcane, arum lily, yams, beans, millet, maize, black beans and a variety of other vegetables. They also raise cattle, sheep, and goats. They use the hides from the cattle to make bedding, sandals, and carrying straps and they raise the goats and sheep to use for religious sacrifices and purification. In the Kikuyu culture boys and girls are raised very differently. The girls are raised to work in the farm and the boys usually work with the animals. The girls also have the responsibility of taking care of a baby brother or sister and also helping the mother out with household chores. In the Kikuyu culture family identity is carried on by naming the first boy after the father’s father and the second after the mother’s father. The same goes for the girls; the first is named after the father’s mother and the second after the mother’s mother. Following children are named after the brothers and sisters of the grandparents, starting with the oldest and working to the youngest. Along with the naming of the children was the belief that the deceased grandparent’s spirit, that the child was named after, would come in to the new child. This belief was lost with the increase in life-span because generally the grandparents are now still alive when the children are born. Though they are traditionally agricultural people and have a reputation as hard-working people, a lot of them are now involved in business. Most of the Kikuyu still live on small family plots but many of them have also seen the opportunities in business and have moved to cities and different areas to work. They have a desire for knowledge and it is believed that all children should receive a full education. They have a terrific reputation for money management and it is common for them to have many enterprises at one time. The Kikuyu have also been active politically. The first president of Kenya, Jomo Kenyatta, was actually a Kikuyu. Kenyatta was a major figure in Kenya's fight for independence.	715	ENGLISH	1
What does the second stanza of "The Good Morrow" by John Donne mean? Let us just remind ourselves of the context of this excellent poem. The speaker is a man who is addressing a woman with whom he has spent the night. As they wake up and lie in bed together, he talks to her, describing the love that they have. The title of the poem comes from the second stanza, as the first stanza argues that they were not really born before this point because of their lack of knowledge of love. Now however, their union has caused their souls to "wake," so the speaker bids "good morrow" to them. They have awakened to a love that is trusting and not dominated by fear. Jealousy has no part in their relationship as the purity of their love means they are not looking for other lovers: For love all love of other sights controls, And makes one little room an everywhere. Their love is so complete that even the little room they are in becomes an "everywhere." The stanza continues by considering the outer world that the lovers have given up to be together. The physical worlds that explorers seek and the spiritual world of the lovers is contrasted, and the speaker affirms that each of the lovers is a world in themselves, but at the same time arguing that they should "possess one world" through their union together. This refers to the Elizabethan belief that every human was their own miniature universe. check Approved by eNotes Editorial	<urn:uuid:aff0ec2c-7f96-4b01-a387-9a812814939e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-does-second-stanza-good-morrow-by-john-donne-262372?en_action=hh-question_click&en_label=topics_related_hh_questions&en_category=internal_campaign	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592261.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118052321-20200118080321-00117.warc.gz	en	0.980048	309	3.4375	3	[ -0.027918616309762, 0.04918359965085983, -0.11203054338693619, 0.18212711811065674, -0.2113816887140274, -0.02116049826145172, 0.6376206874847412, 0.10306745767593384, 0.23109731078147888, -0.19839869439601898, -0.016287392005324364, -0.22349286079406738, 0.3117574155330658, 0.137941464781...	1	What does the second stanza of "The Good Morrow" by John Donne mean? Let us just remind ourselves of the context of this excellent poem. The speaker is a man who is addressing a woman with whom he has spent the night. As they wake up and lie in bed together, he talks to her, describing the love that they have. The title of the poem comes from the second stanza, as the first stanza argues that they were not really born before this point because of their lack of knowledge of love. Now however, their union has caused their souls to "wake," so the speaker bids "good morrow" to them. They have awakened to a love that is trusting and not dominated by fear. Jealousy has no part in their relationship as the purity of their love means they are not looking for other lovers: For love all love of other sights controls, And makes one little room an everywhere. Their love is so complete that even the little room they are in becomes an "everywhere." The stanza continues by considering the outer world that the lovers have given up to be together. The physical worlds that explorers seek and the spiritual world of the lovers is contrasted, and the speaker affirms that each of the lovers is a world in themselves, but at the same time arguing that they should "possess one world" through their union together. This refers to the Elizabethan belief that every human was their own miniature universe. check Approved by eNotes Editorial	297	ENGLISH	1
The are terracotta clay figures that were made for ritual use and buried with the dead as funerary objects during the Kofun period (3rd to 6th centuries AD) of the history of Japan. Haniwa were created according to the wazumi technique, in which mounds of coiled clay were built up to shape the figure, layer by layer. Haniwa were made with water-based clay and dried into a coarse and absorbent material that stood the test of time. Their name means “circle of clay” referring to how they were arranged in a circle above the tomb. The protruding parts of the figures were made separately and then attached, while a few things were carved into them. They were smoothed out by a wooden paddle. Terraces were arranged to place them with a cylindrical base into the ground, where the earth would hold them in place. During the Kofun period, a highly aristocratic society with militaristic rulers developed. The cavalry wore iron armor, carried swords and other weapons, and used advanced military methods like those of northeast Asia. Many of them are represented in haniwa figurines for funerary purposes. The most important of the haniwa were found in southern Honshū—especially the Kinai region around Nara—and northern Kyūshū. Haniwa grave offerings were made in many forms, such as horses, chickens, birds, fans, fish, houses, weapons, shields, sunshades, pillows, and humans. Besides decorative and spiritual reasons of protecting the deceased in his afterlife, these figures served as a sort of retaining wall for the burial mound. Because these haniwa display the contemporary clothing, hairstyle, farming tools, and architecture, these sculptures are important as a historical archive of the Kofun Period. Everyday pottery items from that period are called Haji pottery. Hiroaki Sato cites a passage from the Nihon Shoki, in which Emperor Suinin issued an imperial edict concerning funerals: "From now on make it a rule to erect clay figures and not to hurt people." Thus, these clay figures may have replaced live human sacrifices. The origin of haniwa started during the latter part of the Yayoi period around the Kingdom of Kibi. During this time special earthenware figurines and bowls started to appear on top of the tombs of leaders. The early sculptures exceeded 1m (3.3ft) in length. They consisted of a cylindrical portion, which represented the torso, and a skirt-shaped portion at the base, which represented the legs. Many times a special insignia or pattern would be displayed on the torso. Sometimes an obi would be placed around the torso. These sculptures are thought to have been used as part of a funeral ritual. Other than the Kibi area, the only other place these sculptures were found was in the Izumo province. During the latter part of the 3rd century AD, these sculptures started to appear on top of the imperial grave mounds in the Kinai region. During this time more elaborate haniwa appeared with earthenware bowls. It is believed that the movement of these sculptures and haniwa from the Kibi region to the Kinai region is indicative of an increase in their importance. During the earlier part of the Kofun period (later 3rd century AD) the only earthenware haniwa were cylindrical; however, toward the early 4th century AD, shield and other tool-shaped haniwa started to appear. Additionally, during the middle Kofun period (mid-5th century AD) shrine maiden, horse, dog, and other animal-shaped haniwa were introduced. As the practice of ceremonial burial mounds declined in the mid-6th century AD, haniwa became rarer in the Kinai region; however, haniwa were made in abundance in the Kantō region. It is not uncommon for some haniwa to be painted with red dye or other colors. Besides the cylindrical haniwa (enkei-haniwa), another common type was the house-shaped haniwa (keisho-haniwa). Other things that fell into the category of keisho-haniwa were those shaped like humans, animals, and swords. The details on the haniwa give information about the elite buried in the tomb, as well as valuable knowledge of the tools or other objects people of that time used. The military haniwa inform archeologists of the armour and weapons, as well as the status symbols of these military branches. Originally, the cylindrical type haniwa were set on top of the funeral mounds, so it is believed that they had a purpose in funeral rituals; however, as the haniwa became more developed, they were set toward the outside of the grave area. It is thought that they were used as boundary markers for the borders of the gravesite. There is a theory that the soul of the deceased would reside in the haniwa, as the earlier haniwa were placed on top of the funeral mounds. There are haniwa that are equipped with weapons and armor. These are thought to be containers for souls. The armor and weapons would drive away evil spirits and protect the buried ruler from calamity. Because the horse- and animal-shaped haniwa were normally neatly arranged into a line, it is believed that they were part of a sending-off ceremony. Although the religious implications of the haniwa have largely declined in modern society, the sculptures are prized by many for their aesthetic and historical significance. The works of Shojiro Ishibashi, for example, were heavily influenced by the haniwa. They have been accepted as "Pure Art", according to Time magazine. Beyond simple appreciation as artistic sculptures, modern popular culture has, in some cases, portrayed the haniwa as containing a sentient entity and not just as a simple empty sculpture. The most common portrayal depicts the haniwa with a rounded, pot-like shape, bearing two deep eyes, a wide mouth, and two featureless "arms" on opposite sides of the "pot". The portrayal of living haniwa has—since the late 1990s—become widespread, being featured in trading cards, video games such as the Animal Crossing, Dragon Quest and Kirby series; and television. In many of the depictions, the haniwa is primarily presented as a ghostlike, malevolent creature; without attempting to retain the historical aspect of the haniwas religious nature.In Animal Crossing, haniwas are called gyroids and are furniture only found buried in the ground.	<urn:uuid:53686720-ac7e-4e92-9912-8d8a3c320fff>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://everything.explained.today/Haniwa/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604397.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121132900-20200121161900-00049.warc.gz	en	0.980054	1,398	4.1875	4	[ -0.36148861050605774, 0.6002624034881592, 0.42280489206314087, 0.2506139576435089, -0.188660129904747, 0.5108704566955566, 0.4178338050842285, 0.13031712174415588, -0.12878480553627014, 0.2903827428817749, -0.11553329974412918, -0.35992151498794556, 0.21021343767642975, 0.8534988760948181,...	2	The are terracotta clay figures that were made for ritual use and buried with the dead as funerary objects during the Kofun period (3rd to 6th centuries AD) of the history of Japan. Haniwa were created according to the wazumi technique, in which mounds of coiled clay were built up to shape the figure, layer by layer. Haniwa were made with water-based clay and dried into a coarse and absorbent material that stood the test of time. Their name means “circle of clay” referring to how they were arranged in a circle above the tomb. The protruding parts of the figures were made separately and then attached, while a few things were carved into them. They were smoothed out by a wooden paddle. Terraces were arranged to place them with a cylindrical base into the ground, where the earth would hold them in place. During the Kofun period, a highly aristocratic society with militaristic rulers developed. The cavalry wore iron armor, carried swords and other weapons, and used advanced military methods like those of northeast Asia. Many of them are represented in haniwa figurines for funerary purposes. The most important of the haniwa were found in southern Honshū—especially the Kinai region around Nara—and northern Kyūshū. Haniwa grave offerings were made in many forms, such as horses, chickens, birds, fans, fish, houses, weapons, shields, sunshades, pillows, and humans. Besides decorative and spiritual reasons of protecting the deceased in his afterlife, these figures served as a sort of retaining wall for the burial mound. Because these haniwa display the contemporary clothing, hairstyle, farming tools, and architecture, these sculptures are important as a historical archive of the Kofun Period. Everyday pottery items from that period are called Haji pottery. Hiroaki Sato cites a passage from the Nihon Shoki, in which Emperor Suinin issued an imperial edict concerning funerals: "From now on make it a rule to erect clay figures and not to hurt people." Thus, these clay figures may have replaced live human sacrifices. The origin of haniwa started during the latter part of the Yayoi period around the Kingdom of Kibi. During this time special earthenware figurines and bowls started to appear on top of the tombs of leaders. The early sculptures exceeded 1m (3.3ft) in length. They consisted of a cylindrical portion, which represented the torso, and a skirt-shaped portion at the base, which represented the legs. Many times a special insignia or pattern would be displayed on the torso. Sometimes an obi would be placed around the torso. These sculptures are thought to have been used as part of a funeral ritual. Other than the Kibi area, the only other place these sculptures were found was in the Izumo province. During the latter part of the 3rd century AD, these sculptures started to appear on top of the imperial grave mounds in the Kinai region. During this time more elaborate haniwa appeared with earthenware bowls. It is believed that the movement of these sculptures and haniwa from the Kibi region to the Kinai region is indicative of an increase in their importance. During the earlier part of the Kofun period (later 3rd century AD) the only earthenware haniwa were cylindrical; however, toward the early 4th century AD, shield and other tool-shaped haniwa started to appear. Additionally, during the middle Kofun period (mid-5th century AD) shrine maiden, horse, dog, and other animal-shaped haniwa were introduced. As the practice of ceremonial burial mounds declined in the mid-6th century AD, haniwa became rarer in the Kinai region; however, haniwa were made in abundance in the Kantō region. It is not uncommon for some haniwa to be painted with red dye or other colors. Besides the cylindrical haniwa (enkei-haniwa), another common type was the house-shaped haniwa (keisho-haniwa). Other things that fell into the category of keisho-haniwa were those shaped like humans, animals, and swords. The details on the haniwa give information about the elite buried in the tomb, as well as valuable knowledge of the tools or other objects people of that time used. The military haniwa inform archeologists of the armour and weapons, as well as the status symbols of these military branches. Originally, the cylindrical type haniwa were set on top of the funeral mounds, so it is believed that they had a purpose in funeral rituals; however, as the haniwa became more developed, they were set toward the outside of the grave area. It is thought that they were used as boundary markers for the borders of the gravesite. There is a theory that the soul of the deceased would reside in the haniwa, as the earlier haniwa were placed on top of the funeral mounds. There are haniwa that are equipped with weapons and armor. These are thought to be containers for souls. The armor and weapons would drive away evil spirits and protect the buried ruler from calamity. Because the horse- and animal-shaped haniwa were normally neatly arranged into a line, it is believed that they were part of a sending-off ceremony. Although the religious implications of the haniwa have largely declined in modern society, the sculptures are prized by many for their aesthetic and historical significance. The works of Shojiro Ishibashi, for example, were heavily influenced by the haniwa. They have been accepted as "Pure Art", according to Time magazine. Beyond simple appreciation as artistic sculptures, modern popular culture has, in some cases, portrayed the haniwa as containing a sentient entity and not just as a simple empty sculpture. The most common portrayal depicts the haniwa with a rounded, pot-like shape, bearing two deep eyes, a wide mouth, and two featureless "arms" on opposite sides of the "pot". The portrayal of living haniwa has—since the late 1990s—become widespread, being featured in trading cards, video games such as the Animal Crossing, Dragon Quest and Kirby series; and television. In many of the depictions, the haniwa is primarily presented as a ghostlike, malevolent creature; without attempting to retain the historical aspect of the haniwas religious nature.In Animal Crossing, haniwas are called gyroids and are furniture only found buried in the ground.	1,360	ENGLISH	1
“The Sixteenth Century is the Century of the Common Man. Like all the other centuries. And that’s my proposition.” Act One, pp. 3, 4. This line spoken by the character The Common Man, who is a narrator and plays different roles in the play, can be taken more than one way. Historically, it could mean that in the Sixteenth Century, certain middle class men began to rise in station, like Cardinal Wolsey and Thomas Cromwell. From the character’s point of view, it means that he thinks he has the most pragmatic outlook on life. The Common Man is smug because he is a survivor among the important people around him who are caught up in political intrigue. He goes on, performing the small tasks while the great men rise and fall from power. Bolt may also be thinking of “Common” as coarse. A Sir Thomas More is a rare man in any age, and he is never appreciated or understood by the men of common soul. “A man should go where he won’t be tempted.” Act One, p. 7. This is Sir Thomas More’s advice to Richard Rich who comes looking for a job. Rich wants position and power, but More sees, even from the beginning that Rich is weak. He tries to explain that public life is full of bribery and temptation. He should go back to Cambridge and become a teacher. “My master Thomas More would give anything to anyone . . . .some day someone’s going to ask him for something that he wants to keep.” Act One, p. 17 The Common Man as More’s butler comments on his generosity, predicting that there will come a time when he won’t be able to say yes to everything. The something he will want to keep to himself is his opinion on the King’s second marriage and the Act of Supremacy. “You don’t know how to flatter.” Act One, p. 59. More’s wife Alice is begging him to keep up a good friendship with the King. He says he is trying, but Alice thinks he does not know how to act like a courtier. “I have not disobeyed my sovereign. I truly believe no man in England is safer than myself.” Act One, p. 68. More has just said no to discussing the King’s divorce with him because he was promised he could stay out of it. Now the King is begging for a public statement, but when More says he cannot, the King says he respects his conscience. More thinks he has escaped the pressure. “What’s in me for him to miss?” Act Two, p. 97 More has resigned the office of Chancellor because he does not agree to go with the bishops in supporting the King. His property and income are confiscated; he has to let the servants go. He asks his butler Matthew (The Common Man) if he will stay for smaller wages. He refuses, so More says that he will miss him. Matthew turns to the audience and asks why More would miss someone like him. He can see through him and knows he cheats. Matthew cynically concludes that it was just a line to manipulate him. “We feel that since you are known to have been a friend of More’s, your participation will show that there is nothing in the nature of a ‘persecution,’ but only the strict processes of law.” Act Two, p. 103. Cromwell informs Norfolk that the King wants him to be involved in bringing down Sir Thomas More. Norfolk is angry and bitter, because the More family is very dear to him. He is being blackmailed to bring pressure on More to yield, or hunt him down for treason. “To frighten a man there must be something in the cupboard, must there not?” Act Two, p. 118 More is not intimidated by Cromwell’s methods of interrogation, and says he has but an empty cupboard. Cromwell says there is something in the cupboard and produces a writ of the King’s, denouncing More as a traitor. This is the moment More knows it is all over. He can no longer hide in silence. He must give in or lose his head. “In matters of conscience, the loyal subject is more bounden to be loyal to his conscience than to any other thing.” Act Two, p. 153. More at his trial explains he is not treasonous to the King or England by being loyal to his own conscience. Every citizen should be. “You have long known the secrets of my heart.” Act Two, p. 161. More’s last words of comfort to his daughter, Margaret, as he ascends the scaffold compliment her as the one who knows him best. He has taught her all his knowledge. She understands what he lives and dies by. A Man For All Seasons: Top Ten Quotes	<urn:uuid:72b789a4-8378-4759-a899-9299081d1673>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.novelguide.com/a-man-for-all-seasons/top-ten-quotes	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250605075.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121192553-20200121221553-00321.warc.gz	en	0.980753	1,061	3.28125	3	[ -0.4771367907524109, 0.276153028011322, 0.04969054460525513, -0.24553021788597107, -0.27170857787132263, -0.2678472399711609, 0.3200192451477051, -0.03806297108530998, 0.1827714741230011, -0.15668651461601257, -0.101410411298275, -0.2099890112876892, 0.10336928069591522, 0.0642283111810684...	7	“The Sixteenth Century is the Century of the Common Man. Like all the other centuries. And that’s my proposition.” Act One, pp. 3, 4. This line spoken by the character The Common Man, who is a narrator and plays different roles in the play, can be taken more than one way. Historically, it could mean that in the Sixteenth Century, certain middle class men began to rise in station, like Cardinal Wolsey and Thomas Cromwell. From the character’s point of view, it means that he thinks he has the most pragmatic outlook on life. The Common Man is smug because he is a survivor among the important people around him who are caught up in political intrigue. He goes on, performing the small tasks while the great men rise and fall from power. Bolt may also be thinking of “Common” as coarse. A Sir Thomas More is a rare man in any age, and he is never appreciated or understood by the men of common soul. “A man should go where he won’t be tempted.” Act One, p. 7. This is Sir Thomas More’s advice to Richard Rich who comes looking for a job. Rich wants position and power, but More sees, even from the beginning that Rich is weak. He tries to explain that public life is full of bribery and temptation. He should go back to Cambridge and become a teacher. “My master Thomas More would give anything to anyone . . . .some day someone’s going to ask him for something that he wants to keep.” Act One, p. 17 The Common Man as More’s butler comments on his generosity, predicting that there will come a time when he won’t be able to say yes to everything. The something he will want to keep to himself is his opinion on the King’s second marriage and the Act of Supremacy. “You don’t know how to flatter.” Act One, p. 59. More’s wife Alice is begging him to keep up a good friendship with the King. He says he is trying, but Alice thinks he does not know how to act like a courtier. “I have not disobeyed my sovereign. I truly believe no man in England is safer than myself.” Act One, p. 68. More has just said no to discussing the King’s divorce with him because he was promised he could stay out of it. Now the King is begging for a public statement, but when More says he cannot, the King says he respects his conscience. More thinks he has escaped the pressure. “What’s in me for him to miss?” Act Two, p. 97 More has resigned the office of Chancellor because he does not agree to go with the bishops in supporting the King. His property and income are confiscated; he has to let the servants go. He asks his butler Matthew (The Common Man) if he will stay for smaller wages. He refuses, so More says that he will miss him. Matthew turns to the audience and asks why More would miss someone like him. He can see through him and knows he cheats. Matthew cynically concludes that it was just a line to manipulate him. “We feel that since you are known to have been a friend of More’s, your participation will show that there is nothing in the nature of a ‘persecution,’ but only the strict processes of law.” Act Two, p. 103. Cromwell informs Norfolk that the King wants him to be involved in bringing down Sir Thomas More. Norfolk is angry and bitter, because the More family is very dear to him. He is being blackmailed to bring pressure on More to yield, or hunt him down for treason. “To frighten a man there must be something in the cupboard, must there not?” Act Two, p. 118 More is not intimidated by Cromwell’s methods of interrogation, and says he has but an empty cupboard. Cromwell says there is something in the cupboard and produces a writ of the King’s, denouncing More as a traitor. This is the moment More knows it is all over. He can no longer hide in silence. He must give in or lose his head. “In matters of conscience, the loyal subject is more bounden to be loyal to his conscience than to any other thing.” Act Two, p. 153. More at his trial explains he is not treasonous to the King or England by being loyal to his own conscience. Every citizen should be. “You have long known the secrets of my heart.” Act Two, p. 161. More’s last words of comfort to his daughter, Margaret, as he ascends the scaffold compliment her as the one who knows him best. He has taught her all his knowledge. She understands what he lives and dies by. A Man For All Seasons: Top Ten Quotes	990	ENGLISH	1
Milling coins was another ball game, entirely different to hammered coinage. Milled coins were not hammered but pressed between two dies into the metal. The lifetime of these dies was extended over that seen for hammered because the mill slowly impressed the die onto the metal. This gentle coming together in a consistent way led to much longer die life. Also this process was a single act so no double strikings and of course the orientation of the dies was part of the setup of the equipment. There was also a second process where the edge of the coin was pressed with a message. This was deemed necessary to deter owners from edge clipping or filing metal away from the edge before passing a coin on at it’s full value but now under weight. So a much higher quality of coinage but at a higher price and a lower rate of production. Pierre Blondeau was invited over from Paris to demonstrate what was possible. The engraver Thomas Symonds was commanded to produce dies to make, halfcrowns, shillings and sixpences, around 100 pieces in total which could then be evaluated along with costs. The mint under the direction of Ramage competed with their own milled coinage but were only able to make a few examples. In the end the mint was able to argue that the excessive costs of milling coinage were just too high to bear and that the hammer would continue. The Symonds dies were leading edge in that the engraving incorporated the highest level of image resolution to prove what the mill process could achieve. The Irish harp was given not 7 but 13 strings. The cross hatch was of a very fine variety, The inner beading was extra fine usually reserved for “fine work dies”. The outer beading was deep and strong to protect the centre of the coin from wear and tear. On the obverse for the first time leaf veins were incorporated into the design probably to monitor die wear. These were top quality dies produced to test both the engraver and the mill Process. Both Symonds and Blondeau rose to the occasion Suggesting that they were a match winning team.	<urn:uuid:1627f2ab-6264-4a48-bfa5-6ad77dbda454>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://cromwellcoins.com/html/milled.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594603.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119122744-20200119150744-00368.warc.gz	en	0.985697	435	3.3125	3	[ -0.43399474024772644, 0.04578534513711929, -0.039995815604925156, -0.18221084773540497, 0.2177463173866272, -0.10854391753673553, 0.021987296640872955, 0.06276451796293259, 0.07790465652942657, -0.2637653946876526, 0.004872967954725027, -0.27512216567993164, 0.06844092905521393, -0.1818208...	2	Milling coins was another ball game, entirely different to hammered coinage. Milled coins were not hammered but pressed between two dies into the metal. The lifetime of these dies was extended over that seen for hammered because the mill slowly impressed the die onto the metal. This gentle coming together in a consistent way led to much longer die life. Also this process was a single act so no double strikings and of course the orientation of the dies was part of the setup of the equipment. There was also a second process where the edge of the coin was pressed with a message. This was deemed necessary to deter owners from edge clipping or filing metal away from the edge before passing a coin on at it’s full value but now under weight. So a much higher quality of coinage but at a higher price and a lower rate of production. Pierre Blondeau was invited over from Paris to demonstrate what was possible. The engraver Thomas Symonds was commanded to produce dies to make, halfcrowns, shillings and sixpences, around 100 pieces in total which could then be evaluated along with costs. The mint under the direction of Ramage competed with their own milled coinage but were only able to make a few examples. In the end the mint was able to argue that the excessive costs of milling coinage were just too high to bear and that the hammer would continue. The Symonds dies were leading edge in that the engraving incorporated the highest level of image resolution to prove what the mill process could achieve. The Irish harp was given not 7 but 13 strings. The cross hatch was of a very fine variety, The inner beading was extra fine usually reserved for “fine work dies”. The outer beading was deep and strong to protect the centre of the coin from wear and tear. On the obverse for the first time leaf veins were incorporated into the design probably to monitor die wear. These were top quality dies produced to test both the engraver and the mill Process. Both Symonds and Blondeau rose to the occasion Suggesting that they were a match winning team.	429	ENGLISH	1
Ypres was a city in northern Belgium that gained a critical importance in the war- an importance that cost almost 1 million men their lives. Virtually every battle the Canadians fought over the next four years was within 100 km of Ypres. It was the northern anchor of the trench lines. The English Channel was only 40 kilometers away and both sides realized that if they won the battle at Ypres they could turn the other sides' flank, sweep in behind the other's trench lines and win the war. This was the dream of the "big breakthrough" - a hope that one great victory would blow a hole in the other sides lines that would lead to victory. The Britsh Army defended the Ypres Sector, and when the Canadians arrived in April, 1915, they were located there as well.	<urn:uuid:1c443c6b-ed1c-4d50-b689-2f155ce767e6>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.dvsww2.ca/1915/1915ypres1.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251678287.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125161753-20200125190753-00111.warc.gz	en	0.987572	160	3.53125	4	[ -0.0473264642059803, 0.3947176933288574, 0.7841991186141968, -0.02696305140852928, 0.16761048138141632, -0.017281705513596535, -0.05202480033040047, 0.6512028574943542, -0.014723695814609528, -0.07218636572360992, -0.3377551734447479, -0.8556907773017883, 0.3718986511230469, 0.030051348730...	3	Ypres was a city in northern Belgium that gained a critical importance in the war- an importance that cost almost 1 million men their lives. Virtually every battle the Canadians fought over the next four years was within 100 km of Ypres. It was the northern anchor of the trench lines. The English Channel was only 40 kilometers away and both sides realized that if they won the battle at Ypres they could turn the other sides' flank, sweep in behind the other's trench lines and win the war. This was the dream of the "big breakthrough" - a hope that one great victory would blow a hole in the other sides lines that would lead to victory. The Britsh Army defended the Ypres Sector, and when the Canadians arrived in April, 1915, they were located there as well.	170	ENGLISH	1
Ww2and mexican americans African americans in ww2 His craft went to the rescue of another ship which had been torpedoed by enemy action and saved survivors from the abandoned ship. Although the armed forces had been desegregated in by presidential order, the 65thRegiment, comprised entirely of islanders, remained an all-Puerto Rican unit. Eight of these nurses were assigned to the Army Post at San Juan, Puerto Rico , where they were valued for their bilingual abilities. Resto, who lost an eye during his last mission, was awarded a Purple Heart, a POW Medal and an Air Medal with one battle star after he was liberated from captivity. During World War II, he was promoted to captain and, in , to rear admiral. The Longoria incident propelled the American G. The atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki , Japan on August 9, , but while the Allies awaited Japan's response to the demand to surrender, the war continued. At first, his black unit was issued sticks instead of guns. After being deployed to North Africa and Italy to guard supply lines, they came under assault from German forces in Europe. Zoot Suit Riot Facts - 4: The young American Mexicans who wore them also styled their hair in the "ducktail" hairstyle in which their hair was greased into a quiff at the front and combed into a duck's tail at the back of the head Zoot Suit Riot Facts - 5: During WW2 there was a shortage of cloth as this was required to make the soldier's uniforms. Puerto Ricans who served in the regular army units versus service-oriented African American ones likewise experienced combat. The local funeral home, however, refused a request by his widow, Beatrice, to use the funeral home's chapel for a wake in his honor. The essay also discusses the economic and social significance of military service to American Latinos. Little wonder that General Douglas MacArthur, who until April was in charge of military operations in Korea, said that the 65th "was showing magnificent ability and courage in field operations. The Army Air Corps' black fighter wing was completely separate, training at an all black university at Tuskegee, Alabama. Forum to secure equal treatment for Mexican American veterans at Veteran Administration hospitals. Puerto Ricans were also involved in clerical positions with the Tuskegee unit. Four years after his combat death in the Philippines inLongoria's remains were shipped to the U. She survived a plane disaster when the craft in which she was on crashed in the jungles of New Guinea. Navy Construction Battalion, and the eldest, who turned 50 during the war, as a civil defense air-raid warden. Mexican american soldiers in ww2 Although President Franklin Roosevelt had issued an executive order in banning discrimination in defense industry hiring, the war's seemingly ceaseless demand for labor soon proved more effective in trouncing employer reluctance to hire Latino workers. According to one estimate , around 15, Mexican nationals served in the U. The local funeral home, however, refused a request by his widow, Beatrice, to use the funeral home's chapel for a wake in his honor. The term "ace in a day" is used to designate a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more enemy aircraft in a single day. Lopez, Sr. Although local city officials charged Garcia with aggravated assault, nationally he won in the court of public opinion, especially after the radio celebrity Walter Winchell decried the injustice of the incident on his program. Little wonder that General Douglas MacArthur, who until April was in charge of military operations in Korea, said that the 65th "was showing magnificent ability and courage in field operations. Not until the Korean War did Puerto Ricans have the chance to prove themselves in battle in significant numbers. Calero attacked the enemy squad, killing 10 and capturing 21 before being wounded. Eisenhower 's theatre headquarters. Counter Intelligence gathering information against the enemy. That performance led to a long friendship and other visits. Zoot Suit Riot Facts - 8: The Zoot Suit Riots were sparked by racism combined with fears of juvenile delinquency and any perceived unpatriotic acts. Garcia, led the charge to address the injustice. Contreras remembers that the women who served abroad were not treated like the regular Army servicemen. During a bombing mission over Duren, Germany, Resto's plane, a B, was shot down. She retired in with the rank of lieutenant colonel. For mexican-americans world war ii quizlet Joseph B. August United States Army At the heart of the modern Latino experience has been the quest for first-class citizenship. Johnson Lieutenant Francisco Mercado, Jr. Eight of these nurses were assigned to the Army Post at San Juan, Puerto Rico , where they were valued for their bilingual abilities. Thus, a tiny two-block lane in Silvis, Illinois, originally settled by Mexican immigrant railroad workers, earned the nickname "Hero Street" for sending an amazing 45 sons off to war. Others were wounded or killed when unmarked enemy ships transporting prisoners of war to Japan were sunk by U. Eventually, he took a job at the auto dealer, running the car wash until he worked his way into a job as a mechanic. By , people of Mexican descent in the U. In recognition of Herrera's heroism, for example, the governor of Arizona decided to name August 14, Silvestre Herrera Day. Llopis led the fight against the Anarchists in Catalonia , but his troops were outnumbered. Arizona was sinking and still under attack, a Negro seaman who had been trained as nothing but a mess man rushed to the deck, grabbed an unmanned anti-aircraft machinegun and kept firing until his ammunition ran out. Charged mainly with hemispheric defense, members of the 65th Infantry Regiment formerly the island's provisional regiment were stationed as far away as the Galapagos Islands and again in the Panama Canal Zone, where some soldiers became subjects in army medical experiments about the effects of mustard gas. At every training base, black and white soldiers were kept apart. Air Force. Serving overseas was dangerous for women; if capturedWAACs, as "auxiliaries" serving with the Army rather than in it, did not have the same protections under international law as male soldiers. Virgil R. Of these, some 1, are believed to have been killed, imprisoned, injured or disappeared. The atomic bomb was dropped on NagasakiJapan on August 9,but while the Allies awaited Japan's response to the demand to surrender, the war continued. Unfortunately, in advance of that date the governor also had to order Phoenix businesses to take down signs that read, "No Mexican Trade Wanted. based on 101 review	<urn:uuid:83b30236-eb51-44d2-be2e-87121be7ac98>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://pavysidonifa.whatshanesaid.com/ww2and-mexican-americans292341064me.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251788528.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129041149-20200129071149-00180.warc.gz	en	0.981268	1,382	3.8125	4	[ -0.17362770438194275, 0.4946485161781311, 0.07928523421287537, -0.017546959221363068, 0.18075056374073029, 0.028132110834121704, 0.03891675919294357, 0.36337146162986755, -0.46772104501724243, -0.2806674838066101, 0.1630653291940689, 0.24927783012390137, -0.16173453629016876, 0.29290598630...	1	Ww2and mexican americans African americans in ww2 His craft went to the rescue of another ship which had been torpedoed by enemy action and saved survivors from the abandoned ship. Although the armed forces had been desegregated in by presidential order, the 65thRegiment, comprised entirely of islanders, remained an all-Puerto Rican unit. Eight of these nurses were assigned to the Army Post at San Juan, Puerto Rico , where they were valued for their bilingual abilities. Resto, who lost an eye during his last mission, was awarded a Purple Heart, a POW Medal and an Air Medal with one battle star after he was liberated from captivity. During World War II, he was promoted to captain and, in , to rear admiral. The Longoria incident propelled the American G. The atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki , Japan on August 9, , but while the Allies awaited Japan's response to the demand to surrender, the war continued. At first, his black unit was issued sticks instead of guns. After being deployed to North Africa and Italy to guard supply lines, they came under assault from German forces in Europe. Zoot Suit Riot Facts - 4: The young American Mexicans who wore them also styled their hair in the "ducktail" hairstyle in which their hair was greased into a quiff at the front and combed into a duck's tail at the back of the head Zoot Suit Riot Facts - 5: During WW2 there was a shortage of cloth as this was required to make the soldier's uniforms. Puerto Ricans who served in the regular army units versus service-oriented African American ones likewise experienced combat. The local funeral home, however, refused a request by his widow, Beatrice, to use the funeral home's chapel for a wake in his honor. The essay also discusses the economic and social significance of military service to American Latinos. Little wonder that General Douglas MacArthur, who until April was in charge of military operations in Korea, said that the 65th "was showing magnificent ability and courage in field operations. The Army Air Corps' black fighter wing was completely separate, training at an all black university at Tuskegee, Alabama. Forum to secure equal treatment for Mexican American veterans at Veteran Administration hospitals. Puerto Ricans were also involved in clerical positions with the Tuskegee unit. Four years after his combat death in the Philippines inLongoria's remains were shipped to the U. She survived a plane disaster when the craft in which she was on crashed in the jungles of New Guinea. Navy Construction Battalion, and the eldest, who turned 50 during the war, as a civil defense air-raid warden. Mexican american soldiers in ww2 Although President Franklin Roosevelt had issued an executive order in banning discrimination in defense industry hiring, the war's seemingly ceaseless demand for labor soon proved more effective in trouncing employer reluctance to hire Latino workers. According to one estimate , around 15, Mexican nationals served in the U. The local funeral home, however, refused a request by his widow, Beatrice, to use the funeral home's chapel for a wake in his honor. The term "ace in a day" is used to designate a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more enemy aircraft in a single day. Lopez, Sr. Although local city officials charged Garcia with aggravated assault, nationally he won in the court of public opinion, especially after the radio celebrity Walter Winchell decried the injustice of the incident on his program. Little wonder that General Douglas MacArthur, who until April was in charge of military operations in Korea, said that the 65th "was showing magnificent ability and courage in field operations. Not until the Korean War did Puerto Ricans have the chance to prove themselves in battle in significant numbers. Calero attacked the enemy squad, killing 10 and capturing 21 before being wounded. Eisenhower 's theatre headquarters. Counter Intelligence gathering information against the enemy. That performance led to a long friendship and other visits. Zoot Suit Riot Facts - 8: The Zoot Suit Riots were sparked by racism combined with fears of juvenile delinquency and any perceived unpatriotic acts. Garcia, led the charge to address the injustice. Contreras remembers that the women who served abroad were not treated like the regular Army servicemen. During a bombing mission over Duren, Germany, Resto's plane, a B, was shot down. She retired in with the rank of lieutenant colonel. For mexican-americans world war ii quizlet Joseph B. August United States Army At the heart of the modern Latino experience has been the quest for first-class citizenship. Johnson Lieutenant Francisco Mercado, Jr. Eight of these nurses were assigned to the Army Post at San Juan, Puerto Rico , where they were valued for their bilingual abilities. Thus, a tiny two-block lane in Silvis, Illinois, originally settled by Mexican immigrant railroad workers, earned the nickname "Hero Street" for sending an amazing 45 sons off to war. Others were wounded or killed when unmarked enemy ships transporting prisoners of war to Japan were sunk by U. Eventually, he took a job at the auto dealer, running the car wash until he worked his way into a job as a mechanic. By , people of Mexican descent in the U. In recognition of Herrera's heroism, for example, the governor of Arizona decided to name August 14, Silvestre Herrera Day. Llopis led the fight against the Anarchists in Catalonia , but his troops were outnumbered. Arizona was sinking and still under attack, a Negro seaman who had been trained as nothing but a mess man rushed to the deck, grabbed an unmanned anti-aircraft machinegun and kept firing until his ammunition ran out. Charged mainly with hemispheric defense, members of the 65th Infantry Regiment formerly the island's provisional regiment were stationed as far away as the Galapagos Islands and again in the Panama Canal Zone, where some soldiers became subjects in army medical experiments about the effects of mustard gas. At every training base, black and white soldiers were kept apart. Air Force. Serving overseas was dangerous for women; if capturedWAACs, as "auxiliaries" serving with the Army rather than in it, did not have the same protections under international law as male soldiers. Virgil R. Of these, some 1, are believed to have been killed, imprisoned, injured or disappeared. The atomic bomb was dropped on NagasakiJapan on August 9,but while the Allies awaited Japan's response to the demand to surrender, the war continued. Unfortunately, in advance of that date the governor also had to order Phoenix businesses to take down signs that read, "No Mexican Trade Wanted. based on 101 review	1,394	ENGLISH	1
Written By: MikeMcNamara8 ~ Blogger The rhesus negative blood factor is a recessive phenotype while the O rhesus positive factor is a dominant phenotype. Black wavy hair, brown eyes, copper to brown tanned oily skin are dominant phenotypes which the men who drew these cave paintings most likely possessed. The women most likely possessed dominant features as well but probably had hazel eyes and slightly lighter skin which may have been less oily. These women were probably the carriers of the O positive blood factor. 35 000 years ago the men of southern France and the Basque region hunted the wild bison, wooly rhinocerus, horse, and mammoth where they lived in tepees with the women and not in the painted caves according to popular belief. The women would have gathered wild fruits, seeds, and berries where they brought them back to thier campsite. They probably spent most of thier time in those dark tepees and only occasionaly did they most likely wander out of thier tepees to collect the fruit of the plains. The reason being for this is that after menstruation and child birth, they needed protection from the cold and other weather elements to raise and feed thier children. This is probably where the women, over thousands of years, obtained the recessive genotypes like lighter skin and hazel eyes, although not necessarily the dominate phenotype of the O+ blood factor which they most likely picked up 5-6000 years earlier when they ventured out of Siberia on thier way to northern and southern Europe. It is positively sure that a few of the O rhesus positive women joined the O rhesus negative tribe, but a lot of the women travelling to southern Europe just below the Swiss alps likely still had the O rhesus negative factor while those travelling north of the glaciated Swiss alps likely had the O rhesus positive factor. This may explain why a lot of Spanish and Italians presently have dark hair as opposed to the Germans and French who have lighter complexions and blond or blonde hair. Modern humans (H.s.sapiens) were present in western Europe by 35 000 B.C. During the final glaciation they occupied the area south of the major ice sheets, including both Spain and southern Britain. This Late Palaeolithic population is thought to have been relatively open with regard to mating networks, and mutations could have circulated among the founder populations of Spain and the British Isles. Indeed, during the maximum glaciation at around 18 000 BC, south-west Europe may have served as a refuge area for Palaeolithic populations where the shift in the thermal gradient enhanced offshore fishing on the Cantabrian coast. It is about this time that probably some of the big game such as bison, wooly rhinocerus, and mammoth would have been hunted to extinction while the lions who hunted these prey became extinct also. The hunters then probably turned to horses and the giant irish deer for food. 12,000 years ago the giant irish deer which these hunters hunted in southern France were becoming scarce and these hunters knew this. These giant irish riendeer likely stayed close to the ice-capped mountains of the Pyrennes and when the weather got warmer, they headed toward the glaciated mountain caps of the Swiss alps. The warm period came to an end about 11 000 years ago and a mini ice age followed lasting some centuries, during which the still present glaciers recovered some of thier lost ground. The famous Irish archaeologist Michael O'Kelly wrote: "In the Post-glacial Stage which commenced about 10,300 years ago the climate again began to improve and thus began the present warm stage' in whic we now live". It is likely that the upper palaeolithic or mesolithic hunter-gatherers of the Pyrenees and Andorra Spain ventured to the bay of Bisacy 12 000 years ago and started building thier ocean ships. What these were made of is uncertain, however it's quite possible that they used large logs made from oaks or pine that were doubled on top of one another where they were tied down with soft springy saplings that were split lengthwise and bent over the logs horizontaly to the top and the underside. These springy saplings with pliability were then tied at the ends together with leather similar to how a gripper bar raft is made. A coracle was placed on top of the gripper bar raft which was tied down to the corners of the raft with leather rope. The coracle may have had small holes in it to allow for a paddle rudder mounted on an A-frame to steer the raft. The cut leather surrounding the holes would have been tied around the wooden branches of the A-frame with finer strips of leather. The sails would have likely been made from the skins of the giant irish reindeer with the skins being scraped clean and sewn together. It's also possible the skins would have been made from smaller reindeer hides, but this seems unlikely since the hunters had sought and favoured the larger irish reindeer, and the coracle placed on top of the raft would have been too small. Whatever the ocean ships were made of, the hunter-gatherers sought reindeer and knew they lied north of the Bay of Biscay and set out to sail from there. They headed north using star navigation about 11 000 years ago and found a large herd of migrating reindeer in Arctic Norway.The first people to settle on the west coasts of the Atlantic Islands 11000 to 10 000 years ago were likely the support crews for the reindeer hunters of Finnmark in Arctic Norway, who needed safe harbours, resting places, supply and repair services for thier ocean transport ships. The first and most important of these bases established was likely on Orkney, which has the longest record of continuous settlement of the British Isles and has rich archaeological sites to prove it. The traditional view of the origin of the Picts is that they started out settling the other islands from Orkney as is written by Bede in "The Eclesiastical History of the English People" (731 A.D). It was also roughly the half-way point between the Basque country and Finnmark. The people sent there over the centuries came from either the Bay of Biscay or from the western coasts of Ireland which they may have used as a repair and resting staion. From the Bay of Biscay, they brought any needed tools, livestock and nets. It is quite possible that they may have brought pigs and goats because they could survive with little care in the coastal forests and they seem to do well together since pigs eat roots and tubers while goats can eat small twigs, branches and lichens. The west coasts of Ireland and Scotland which presently have moors would have looked like forests since the warm gulf stream would not have had a full effect at this stage. The weather appears to have been considerably better than it is today as O'Kelly wrote: "In circa 9,600 BP, the Boreal Phase, birch was still present but hazel began to expand greatly. The lowlands and lower mountain slopes became covered in woodland and the heath lands seem to have disappeared. Pine also became prominent and while hazel continued to increase at the expense of birch, the oak and the elm made their appearance. The climate was relatively dry and not unlike that of the present day, although perhaps less stormy because the forest was able to spread right down to the western coastline. It is known that man was in Ireland at this time..." THE Rh-NEGATIVE POPULATION The first mesolithic people from the Basque peninsula were without doubt the most experienced sailors of the Atlantic. These people who populated the northwest coast of Europe have a very special blood peculiarty which thier descendants are still living today. Dr.Luigi Cavalli-Sforza published a map of the populations with the highest percentage of thier members with Rh-negative blood. He wrote: "Rh-negative genes are frequent in Europe, infrequent in Africa and West Asia, and virtually absent in East Asia and among the aboriginal populations of America and Australia. One can estimate degrees of relatedness by subtracting the percentage of Rh-negative individuals among, say, the English (16%) from that of the Basques (25%) to find a difference of nine percentage points. The highest percentage of people with rh- blood is found in the Atlas mountains of Morocco(40%). The next highest are the Basques, reported in different publications as having 25 and 32%, depending on location. The people of northwest Ireland, the Highland Scots and the western islanders of Norway all have between 16 and 25%, while the Lapps of Norway and Finland have between 5 and 7% It is said that the first people in Ireland came from Scotland in wooden boats 10 000 years ago as mesolthic hunter-gatherers. If the first people came to Ireland from Scotland 10 000 years ago, surely Scotland, the outer Hebrides, and Orkney were populated much earlier. Not only that, the people on the west coasts of Ireland where supply and repair stations for the ocean boats of the hunters in Arctic Norway would have been to Ireland a few centuries or a thousand years earlier. It's possible that even if there were no deer in certain places among the glaciated Atlantic coasts, the hunter-gatherers would have eaten raw seal. The area was widely glaciated and a mini iceage would have made sure they didn't stay there for very long atleast. It is said that the first people came to county Antrim in Northern Ireland and when the mini iceage lasting a few centuries set in, they moved south along the east coast of Ireland where mesolithic remains but no settlements were found. It may also have been possible that if the first people did settle on the west coasts of Ireland, they would have travelled back to the outer Hebrides of Scotland or present day Britain when the mini iceage did set in. At any rate, these people hung around in Ireland and Scotland for 3000 years hunting wild boar and goats which they brought with them from the Bay of Biscay while the women were gathering plants and berries as mesolithic hunter-gatherers when the first celtic speaking neolithic settlers arrived. THE NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENTS OF IRELAND The Celtic speaking neolithic settlers of Ireland were Ireland's first farmers who made grave cairns, passage tombs and megaliths from large standing stones which they dug up and may have found more flint from removing them. Given the higher productivity of an agricultural subsistence economy and the effect of sedentism itself on birth spacing, the new farming communities could quickly have outgrown the indigenous population before much intermarriage took place. At the end of the period, ca. 2500 BC, the basis of the Irish genepool was determined, with an estimated 100 000-200 000 people living in Ireland. These people had the slight advantage in the fact that they brought cows with them so thier flesh could be preserved by smoking which meant it had a longer shelf life; smoking pig flesh does not preserve or stay as long as it is full of fat. They may have also come in huge numbers and brought better strands of healthier wheat or barley and made milk from the cows to feed thier young. By the end of the mesolithic there were several thousand people in Ireland and probably twice that amount before the neolithic people arrived in Scotland.	<urn:uuid:80d5a475-ead2-4ab0-b279-e331a0084f6e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.oom2.com/t39848-the-original-europeans-rh-factor-the-neolithic-settlements-of-ireland	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606872.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122071919-20200122100919-00174.warc.gz	en	0.980095	2,376	3.625	4	[ -0.07429184019565582, 0.2990616261959076, -0.21481850743293762, 0.2993168532848358, -0.007670835591852665, 0.07007565349340439, 0.20159479975700378, 0.19266730546951294, -0.4048190712928772, 0.2385679930448532, -0.02116280421614647, -0.9772840142250061, 0.013338819146156311, 0.501821160316...	2	Written By: MikeMcNamara8 ~ Blogger The rhesus negative blood factor is a recessive phenotype while the O rhesus positive factor is a dominant phenotype. Black wavy hair, brown eyes, copper to brown tanned oily skin are dominant phenotypes which the men who drew these cave paintings most likely possessed. The women most likely possessed dominant features as well but probably had hazel eyes and slightly lighter skin which may have been less oily. These women were probably the carriers of the O positive blood factor. 35 000 years ago the men of southern France and the Basque region hunted the wild bison, wooly rhinocerus, horse, and mammoth where they lived in tepees with the women and not in the painted caves according to popular belief. The women would have gathered wild fruits, seeds, and berries where they brought them back to thier campsite. They probably spent most of thier time in those dark tepees and only occasionaly did they most likely wander out of thier tepees to collect the fruit of the plains. The reason being for this is that after menstruation and child birth, they needed protection from the cold and other weather elements to raise and feed thier children. This is probably where the women, over thousands of years, obtained the recessive genotypes like lighter skin and hazel eyes, although not necessarily the dominate phenotype of the O+ blood factor which they most likely picked up 5-6000 years earlier when they ventured out of Siberia on thier way to northern and southern Europe. It is positively sure that a few of the O rhesus positive women joined the O rhesus negative tribe, but a lot of the women travelling to southern Europe just below the Swiss alps likely still had the O rhesus negative factor while those travelling north of the glaciated Swiss alps likely had the O rhesus positive factor. This may explain why a lot of Spanish and Italians presently have dark hair as opposed to the Germans and French who have lighter complexions and blond or blonde hair. Modern humans (H.s.sapiens) were present in western Europe by 35 000 B.C. During the final glaciation they occupied the area south of the major ice sheets, including both Spain and southern Britain. This Late Palaeolithic population is thought to have been relatively open with regard to mating networks, and mutations could have circulated among the founder populations of Spain and the British Isles. Indeed, during the maximum glaciation at around 18 000 BC, south-west Europe may have served as a refuge area for Palaeolithic populations where the shift in the thermal gradient enhanced offshore fishing on the Cantabrian coast. It is about this time that probably some of the big game such as bison, wooly rhinocerus, and mammoth would have been hunted to extinction while the lions who hunted these prey became extinct also. The hunters then probably turned to horses and the giant irish deer for food. 12,000 years ago the giant irish deer which these hunters hunted in southern France were becoming scarce and these hunters knew this. These giant irish riendeer likely stayed close to the ice-capped mountains of the Pyrennes and when the weather got warmer, they headed toward the glaciated mountain caps of the Swiss alps. The warm period came to an end about 11 000 years ago and a mini ice age followed lasting some centuries, during which the still present glaciers recovered some of thier lost ground. The famous Irish archaeologist Michael O'Kelly wrote: "In the Post-glacial Stage which commenced about 10,300 years ago the climate again began to improve and thus began the present warm stage' in whic we now live". It is likely that the upper palaeolithic or mesolithic hunter-gatherers of the Pyrenees and Andorra Spain ventured to the bay of Bisacy 12 000 years ago and started building thier ocean ships. What these were made of is uncertain, however it's quite possible that they used large logs made from oaks or pine that were doubled on top of one another where they were tied down with soft springy saplings that were split lengthwise and bent over the logs horizontaly to the top and the underside. These springy saplings with pliability were then tied at the ends together with leather similar to how a gripper bar raft is made. A coracle was placed on top of the gripper bar raft which was tied down to the corners of the raft with leather rope. The coracle may have had small holes in it to allow for a paddle rudder mounted on an A-frame to steer the raft. The cut leather surrounding the holes would have been tied around the wooden branches of the A-frame with finer strips of leather. The sails would have likely been made from the skins of the giant irish reindeer with the skins being scraped clean and sewn together. It's also possible the skins would have been made from smaller reindeer hides, but this seems unlikely since the hunters had sought and favoured the larger irish reindeer, and the coracle placed on top of the raft would have been too small. Whatever the ocean ships were made of, the hunter-gatherers sought reindeer and knew they lied north of the Bay of Biscay and set out to sail from there. They headed north using star navigation about 11 000 years ago and found a large herd of migrating reindeer in Arctic Norway.The first people to settle on the west coasts of the Atlantic Islands 11000 to 10 000 years ago were likely the support crews for the reindeer hunters of Finnmark in Arctic Norway, who needed safe harbours, resting places, supply and repair services for thier ocean transport ships. The first and most important of these bases established was likely on Orkney, which has the longest record of continuous settlement of the British Isles and has rich archaeological sites to prove it. The traditional view of the origin of the Picts is that they started out settling the other islands from Orkney as is written by Bede in "The Eclesiastical History of the English People" (731 A.D). It was also roughly the half-way point between the Basque country and Finnmark. The people sent there over the centuries came from either the Bay of Biscay or from the western coasts of Ireland which they may have used as a repair and resting staion. From the Bay of Biscay, they brought any needed tools, livestock and nets. It is quite possible that they may have brought pigs and goats because they could survive with little care in the coastal forests and they seem to do well together since pigs eat roots and tubers while goats can eat small twigs, branches and lichens. The west coasts of Ireland and Scotland which presently have moors would have looked like forests since the warm gulf stream would not have had a full effect at this stage. The weather appears to have been considerably better than it is today as O'Kelly wrote: "In circa 9,600 BP, the Boreal Phase, birch was still present but hazel began to expand greatly. The lowlands and lower mountain slopes became covered in woodland and the heath lands seem to have disappeared. Pine also became prominent and while hazel continued to increase at the expense of birch, the oak and the elm made their appearance. The climate was relatively dry and not unlike that of the present day, although perhaps less stormy because the forest was able to spread right down to the western coastline. It is known that man was in Ireland at this time..." THE Rh-NEGATIVE POPULATION The first mesolithic people from the Basque peninsula were without doubt the most experienced sailors of the Atlantic. These people who populated the northwest coast of Europe have a very special blood peculiarty which thier descendants are still living today. Dr.Luigi Cavalli-Sforza published a map of the populations with the highest percentage of thier members with Rh-negative blood. He wrote: "Rh-negative genes are frequent in Europe, infrequent in Africa and West Asia, and virtually absent in East Asia and among the aboriginal populations of America and Australia. One can estimate degrees of relatedness by subtracting the percentage of Rh-negative individuals among, say, the English (16%) from that of the Basques (25%) to find a difference of nine percentage points. The highest percentage of people with rh- blood is found in the Atlas mountains of Morocco(40%). The next highest are the Basques, reported in different publications as having 25 and 32%, depending on location. The people of northwest Ireland, the Highland Scots and the western islanders of Norway all have between 16 and 25%, while the Lapps of Norway and Finland have between 5 and 7% It is said that the first people in Ireland came from Scotland in wooden boats 10 000 years ago as mesolthic hunter-gatherers. If the first people came to Ireland from Scotland 10 000 years ago, surely Scotland, the outer Hebrides, and Orkney were populated much earlier. Not only that, the people on the west coasts of Ireland where supply and repair stations for the ocean boats of the hunters in Arctic Norway would have been to Ireland a few centuries or a thousand years earlier. It's possible that even if there were no deer in certain places among the glaciated Atlantic coasts, the hunter-gatherers would have eaten raw seal. The area was widely glaciated and a mini iceage would have made sure they didn't stay there for very long atleast. It is said that the first people came to county Antrim in Northern Ireland and when the mini iceage lasting a few centuries set in, they moved south along the east coast of Ireland where mesolithic remains but no settlements were found. It may also have been possible that if the first people did settle on the west coasts of Ireland, they would have travelled back to the outer Hebrides of Scotland or present day Britain when the mini iceage did set in. At any rate, these people hung around in Ireland and Scotland for 3000 years hunting wild boar and goats which they brought with them from the Bay of Biscay while the women were gathering plants and berries as mesolithic hunter-gatherers when the first celtic speaking neolithic settlers arrived. THE NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENTS OF IRELAND The Celtic speaking neolithic settlers of Ireland were Ireland's first farmers who made grave cairns, passage tombs and megaliths from large standing stones which they dug up and may have found more flint from removing them. Given the higher productivity of an agricultural subsistence economy and the effect of sedentism itself on birth spacing, the new farming communities could quickly have outgrown the indigenous population before much intermarriage took place. At the end of the period, ca. 2500 BC, the basis of the Irish genepool was determined, with an estimated 100 000-200 000 people living in Ireland. These people had the slight advantage in the fact that they brought cows with them so thier flesh could be preserved by smoking which meant it had a longer shelf life; smoking pig flesh does not preserve or stay as long as it is full of fat. They may have also come in huge numbers and brought better strands of healthier wheat or barley and made milk from the cows to feed thier young. By the end of the mesolithic there were several thousand people in Ireland and probably twice that amount before the neolithic people arrived in Scotland.	2,435	ENGLISH	1
The treaty also established a joint Brazilian–Dutch commission that would physically demarcate the border with markers. The boundary defined by the treaty is still the recognized border between Brazil and now-independent Suriname. There are no border checkpoints along the border, and much of the border region consists of impenetrable rainforest, but the boundary commission has set down 60 border markers along the Brazil–Suriname border. The border described in the treaty was the result of an arbitration process that was headed by King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy. The treaty was signed in Rio de Janeiro on 5 May 1906. Brazil and the Netherlands both ratified the treaty in 1908. The Treaty of Limits between the United Mexican States and the United States of America is an 1828 treaty between Mexico and the United States that confirmed the borders between the two states. The Treaty of Limits was the first treaty concluded between the two countries. The Treaty of Limits was concluded on 12 January 1828 at Mexico City. Joel Roberts Poinsett signed the treaty for the United States and Sebastián Camacho and José Ignacio Esteva for Mexico. The treaty recognized the Mexico–U.S. boundary that had been established by the 1819 Adams–Onís Treaty between Spain and the U.S. The Treaty of Limits was ratified by Mexico and the U.S. and it entered into force on 5 April 1832. The treaty was amended in 1831 and again in 1835. After the Republic of Texas became independent from Mexico, the U.S. and Texas signed an 1838 treaty confirming the boundary from the Treaty of Limits.	<urn:uuid:09c71f26-0a6f-4e31-8b00-2be6667b1f0c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://wn.com/Treaty_of_Limits	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607118.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122131612-20200122160612-00517.warc.gz	en	0.981405	329	3.765625	4	[ -0.27828770875930786, -0.09794801473617554, 0.678979754447937, 0.2143423706293106, 0.05431343987584114, -0.21302299201488495, 0.062097568064928055, 0.16511012613773346, 0.21290899813175201, -0.020603464916348457, 0.2682078778743744, -0.8160540461540222, -0.3486235737800598, 0.4252119064331...	2	The treaty also established a joint Brazilian–Dutch commission that would physically demarcate the border with markers. The boundary defined by the treaty is still the recognized border between Brazil and now-independent Suriname. There are no border checkpoints along the border, and much of the border region consists of impenetrable rainforest, but the boundary commission has set down 60 border markers along the Brazil–Suriname border. The border described in the treaty was the result of an arbitration process that was headed by King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy. The treaty was signed in Rio de Janeiro on 5 May 1906. Brazil and the Netherlands both ratified the treaty in 1908. The Treaty of Limits between the United Mexican States and the United States of America is an 1828 treaty between Mexico and the United States that confirmed the borders between the two states. The Treaty of Limits was the first treaty concluded between the two countries. The Treaty of Limits was concluded on 12 January 1828 at Mexico City. Joel Roberts Poinsett signed the treaty for the United States and Sebastián Camacho and José Ignacio Esteva for Mexico. The treaty recognized the Mexico–U.S. boundary that had been established by the 1819 Adams–Onís Treaty between Spain and the U.S. The Treaty of Limits was ratified by Mexico and the U.S. and it entered into force on 5 April 1832. The treaty was amended in 1831 and again in 1835. After the Republic of Texas became independent from Mexico, the U.S. and Texas signed an 1838 treaty confirming the boundary from the Treaty of Limits.	354	ENGLISH	1
Aboriginally, Hidatsa villages were built on flood-free terraces of the Missouri River. These permanent villages were located adjacent to bottomland gardening areas and valuable timber stands. Villages were compact and fortified by ditches and palisades. Houses were large, circular, earth-covered Structures built upon a substantial foundation of timber beams and posts. The Hidatsa also constructed more temporary versions of earthlodge encampments in the wooded bottomlands that served as winter quarters. During the early 1800s, the three Hidatsa subgroups, the Hidatsa proper, Awatixa, and Awaxawi, lived in villages that numbered approximately eighty, fifty, and twenty earthlodges respectively, with populations of about one thousand, seven hundred, and three hundred. By the late 1860s, when the Hidatsa had relocated into a single village and were experiencing the acculturative influences of reservation policies, the square log cabin began to replace the traditional earthlodge. By this time, family size had declined significantly and the Hidatsa were being encouraged to alter their family Structure to the nuclear family model of rural American agrarian life. The cohesive, nucleated earthlodge settlement plan disappeared in the 1880s, when the village was dismantled and the Hidatsa were placed on family allotments and scattered along the Missouri Valley. The creation of Garrison Dam in the 1950s inundated the small farming and ranching communities that the Hidatsa developed in the rich bottomlands of the reservation, and they have been relocated to towns or isolated homes in the upland prairie.	<urn:uuid:0e7c2cf3-4471-480c-80f3-4a86fd1e5b4d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.everyculture.com/North-America/Hidatsa-Settlements.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251688806.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126104828-20200126134828-00115.warc.gz	en	0.98113	339	3.953125	4	[ 0.2034454345703125, 0.32450324296951294, 0.5447352528572083, -0.17792649567127228, 0.06745997816324234, -0.487470418214798, -0.2841372489929199, -0.1432923823595047, -0.47549599409103394, 0.11508693546056747, 0.23131129145622253, -0.6908583641052246, -0.03242762014269829, 0.034398987889289...	2	Aboriginally, Hidatsa villages were built on flood-free terraces of the Missouri River. These permanent villages were located adjacent to bottomland gardening areas and valuable timber stands. Villages were compact and fortified by ditches and palisades. Houses were large, circular, earth-covered Structures built upon a substantial foundation of timber beams and posts. The Hidatsa also constructed more temporary versions of earthlodge encampments in the wooded bottomlands that served as winter quarters. During the early 1800s, the three Hidatsa subgroups, the Hidatsa proper, Awatixa, and Awaxawi, lived in villages that numbered approximately eighty, fifty, and twenty earthlodges respectively, with populations of about one thousand, seven hundred, and three hundred. By the late 1860s, when the Hidatsa had relocated into a single village and were experiencing the acculturative influences of reservation policies, the square log cabin began to replace the traditional earthlodge. By this time, family size had declined significantly and the Hidatsa were being encouraged to alter their family Structure to the nuclear family model of rural American agrarian life. The cohesive, nucleated earthlodge settlement plan disappeared in the 1880s, when the village was dismantled and the Hidatsa were placed on family allotments and scattered along the Missouri Valley. The creation of Garrison Dam in the 1950s inundated the small farming and ranching communities that the Hidatsa developed in the rich bottomlands of the reservation, and they have been relocated to towns or isolated homes in the upland prairie.	347	ENGLISH	1
Also sometimes referred to as the "Prush-Antiford War". Tensions between Antiford and The Prush Empire had been rising steadily since the early 1870s. Harold II and the VonKresser family had managed to keep the peace. In 1874, Harold II died, leaving his son, Harold III, heir to the throne. Harold III was a very different man from his father. He was short tempered and swift to take violent action. Desiring control over the resources in the Prodigious Canyon, Antiford declared war on the Prush Empire on the 10th of Firch, 1879. The conflict was bitter on both sides. In 1883, Antiford was in a stalemate with the Prush Empire. Both sides were evenly matched. The nation's engineers were inventing at an amazing pace and being stifled by the politics of the time. The King attempted to court the engineers, however, it was understood that it was simply a way to obtain new technologies to try and win the war. Both nations destabilized into revolutions, see Antiford's and Prush's, and a treaty was signed calling for a permanent cessation of hostilities and officially, neither nation has a recognized claim to the canyon. This is an internationally-recognized document and also states that only people who live within the canyon, such as the city-state of Conwell, can claim political right to it.	<urn:uuid:8e6a813a-cdc2-48a9-9aae-4e7c66cd59df>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://citizensofantiford.com/encyclopedia?view=244	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594603.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119122744-20200119150744-00524.warc.gz	en	0.9873	295	3.375	3	[ -0.29415175318717957, 0.4844459593296051, 0.014702929183840752, -0.05165945366024971, 0.16952216625213623, -0.48465102910995483, 0.5709294676780701, 0.11776358634233475, -0.5383504629135132, -0.08984669297933578, 0.06673490256071091, -0.3891022503376007, 0.26940375566482544, 0.151776239275...	5	Also sometimes referred to as the "Prush-Antiford War". Tensions between Antiford and The Prush Empire had been rising steadily since the early 1870s. Harold II and the VonKresser family had managed to keep the peace. In 1874, Harold II died, leaving his son, Harold III, heir to the throne. Harold III was a very different man from his father. He was short tempered and swift to take violent action. Desiring control over the resources in the Prodigious Canyon, Antiford declared war on the Prush Empire on the 10th of Firch, 1879. The conflict was bitter on both sides. In 1883, Antiford was in a stalemate with the Prush Empire. Both sides were evenly matched. The nation's engineers were inventing at an amazing pace and being stifled by the politics of the time. The King attempted to court the engineers, however, it was understood that it was simply a way to obtain new technologies to try and win the war. Both nations destabilized into revolutions, see Antiford's and Prush's, and a treaty was signed calling for a permanent cessation of hostilities and officially, neither nation has a recognized claim to the canyon. This is an internationally-recognized document and also states that only people who live within the canyon, such as the city-state of Conwell, can claim political right to it.	304	ENGLISH	1
Known for her passionate words, outstanding leadership, and personal touch to each work, Gabriela Mistral is one of the most famous and respected World Poets of her time. Her success is measured not only through her incredible works of poetry, but also her leadership as a woman in Latin America. By the end of her life, Mistral was a part of the United Nations, Chilean Government, received the Nobel Prize in Literature, and played a key role in reshaping schools and libraries in Mexico. She is most known for her love for children and the intense passion she pours into her works. Her constant love and passion for both education and writing is admirable and sets a tremendous example for young writers even today. Mistral was born into a family of educators in Chile on April 7, 1889. Her father, a local teacher, abandoned her family when she was three-years-old, thus she was primarily raised by her mother, Petrolina Alcayaga de Molina. Mistral’s birth name is actually Lucila Godoy Alcayaga; however, when she began writing, she chose the pen name of “Gabriela Mistral” which means Mediterranean Wind. In her early life, Mistral was expelled from secondary school for Paegan ideas and then attended the Pedagogical College in Santiago. Directly after college, Mistral began her teaching career as a teacher’s assistant for pre-school (Howard 457-461). Working her way up the educational totem pole, Mistral received her teaching certification in 1910 and eventually taught secondary	<urn:uuid:cdd1860e-b7e2-40bd-9774-6b5ce06db6da>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.bartleby.com/essay/The-Astonishing-Life-of-Gabriela-Mistral-F3Q82LEC8B6A	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251688806.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126104828-20200126134828-00113.warc.gz	en	0.984024	321	3.265625	3	[ 0.1350494772195816, 0.0003438333806116134, 0.22742554545402527, 0.49049410223960876, 0.3220755457878113, 0.09630179405212402, 0.12958206236362457, 0.1472792625427246, 0.06271373480558395, -0.2814442813396454, -0.150770902633667, -0.10732828080654144, 0.029366133734583855, -0.12799200415611...	1	Known for her passionate words, outstanding leadership, and personal touch to each work, Gabriela Mistral is one of the most famous and respected World Poets of her time. Her success is measured not only through her incredible works of poetry, but also her leadership as a woman in Latin America. By the end of her life, Mistral was a part of the United Nations, Chilean Government, received the Nobel Prize in Literature, and played a key role in reshaping schools and libraries in Mexico. She is most known for her love for children and the intense passion she pours into her works. Her constant love and passion for both education and writing is admirable and sets a tremendous example for young writers even today. Mistral was born into a family of educators in Chile on April 7, 1889. Her father, a local teacher, abandoned her family when she was three-years-old, thus she was primarily raised by her mother, Petrolina Alcayaga de Molina. Mistral’s birth name is actually Lucila Godoy Alcayaga; however, when she began writing, she chose the pen name of “Gabriela Mistral” which means Mediterranean Wind. In her early life, Mistral was expelled from secondary school for Paegan ideas and then attended the Pedagogical College in Santiago. Directly after college, Mistral began her teaching career as a teacher’s assistant for pre-school (Howard 457-461). Working her way up the educational totem pole, Mistral received her teaching certification in 1910 and eventually taught secondary	327	ENGLISH	1
French Revolution In the late 1700’s, France went through a period of time that changed their country drastically. The French Revolution was how France changed the way their government was and how their people lived. Before the Revolution started in 1789, the French used a political and social system called the Old Regime. The Old Regime was the same as “Absolute power. ” Absolute power is when the government controls everything that goes on. In the early 1700’s before the Revolution, the French kings had absolute power. King Louis XVIII started this way of government and it was kept going by King Louis XIV. The Kings had control over establishing judges, taxation, appointing new bureaucrats and the government. They also followed the divine right, which is a political and religious doctrine of royal right to rule. It states that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, taking away the right to rule directly from the will of god. During this time period, France was divided into three estates. The first estate was made up of all clergy members. These members include people such as priests, preachers, pastors and other religious professionals. The second estate was made up of nobility. Nobility are the people who have more privileges and control then everyone else. The third estate, which made up nearly Davis 2 96% of the people, was made up of peasants. Peasants are a lot less fortunate then everyone else. They were required to pay a sizeable amount of their income to the king and a tenth of their taxes to the church. Living conditions for the peasants were terrible. They didn’t have any rights or privileges because the nobles controlled everything that went on. They had no more than 2 sets of clothes. All they had to choose from for food was bread or broth soup. People were uneducated. All they did was work and whatever money they earned, they had to give most of it to the church or the king. The Bourgeoisie were very unhappy people during this time. They are middle class people, but they were put in the third estate with the peasants. Even though it was made up of the most people, it could easily be outvoted by the first and second estates. The main reason they were mad was because the other 2 estates didn’t have to pay any taxes and left the burden of financing the kingdom to the third estate. The tennis court oath essentially marked the beginning of the French Revolution. When the third estate was locked out of the meeting by the first and second estates, they moved to a nearby tennis court and declared themselves the National Assembly and swore never to separate until they had drafted a constitution for France. The age of enlightenment was a cultural movement in the 17 and 18 hundreds. Its purpose was to reform society using reason, challenging tradition and faith ideas, and the use of the scientific method to advance knowledge. It questioned the authority of the kings to rule by the divine right. Davis 3 The American Revolution was actually successful in setting up a democratic government. As a result the idea of democracy possibly influenced many of French to eventually rise against the government, therefore starting the French Revolution. Also, the French had lent money to the American colonies, which played a role in causing France to have a massive national debt. This helped trigger civil unrest within France. The British Revolution resulted in constitutional monarchy. This is where citizens vote for elected members. Louis XIV was also known as the “Sun King. He saw himself as the centre of French life and culture. He built a vast and opulent palace in the village of Versailles and forced important nobles to live there with him. Everything that these nobles did required Louis’s approval. He also got involved in a number of wars that were largely unsuccessful. He involved himself in the politics of the Holy Roman Empire and claimed special rights. He persecuted Huguenots, who were often business people and entrepreneurs. All these conflicts, as well as his extravagant lifestyle almost ruined the French economy. Twice the government brought in less money than it spent. Louis XV took the throne in 1715 at the age of 5. The extravagances of the court and failure of government to reform economic and social life continued to push France toward disaster. Louis XVI came to the throne in 1774, but didn’t want to govern so he left that to the others living well apart from the affairs of the government. The Cardinal of Richelieu created the Bastille as a prison for nobles and famous people. These prisoners were sentenced there by king’s letters without any other trial. Usually it was because they displeased the king. At the time of the Revolution, the prison for nobles was no more and Davis 4 the decision was made to close it. On July 14th, 1789 there were only 7 prisoners left. The people of the Revolution stormed the Bastille to take possession of the 13,600 kg of gunpowder that was stored in it. However, the storming of the Bastille remains as the symbol of the fall of tyranny. On this day the monarchy ended and the Revolution started. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen consists of a preamble and 17 articles containing various provisions pertaining to the individual and the Nation. It spells out ‘natural and indefeasible” rights as liberty, property, security and the right to resist oppression. The Declaration also recognizes equality, notably before the law and justice. Finally, it asserts the principle of the separation of powers. The Reign of Terror was the short but bloody period during the Revolution. It was a movement that resulted in the overthrow of a monarchy. It began in 1793 and ended in July 1794. During this time, revolutionary leader Maximilean Robspierre headed a group called a tribunal that arrested and put to death more than 17 thousand people. Most of them were killed by beheading them with a guillotine. The most notable people that were beheaded were Louis XVI and Marie Antionette. After the Reign of Terror, the Revolution of France was over. A body of 5 directors were now in control. They called themselves the French Directory. What we now consider the dignity of individuals, the sanctity of human life, civil rights, the equality of all humans under the law, things in other words that we take for granted today were all a result of the French Revolution. They now follow the motto, “liberty, equality and fraternity. ” http://www. enotes. com/french-revolution-reference-guide/french-revolution Censer, Jack, and Lynn Hunt. 2001. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, Available: http://www. encyclopedia. com/topic/French_Revolution. aspx http://www. publicbookshelf. com/public_html/Outline_of_Great_Books_Volume_I/informatio_bad. html	<urn:uuid:f8a32dc7-17f0-4555-af19-cf11361c141e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://ameliahensley.com/french-revolution-2/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690095.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126165718-20200126195718-00039.warc.gz	en	0.982956	1,424	3.359375	3	[ -0.2705462574958801, 0.5363332629203796, -0.1082562506198883, -0.6520232558250427, 0.054371826350688934, 0.3289843201637268, 0.11737945675849915, 0.15649771690368652, 0.19336313009262085, 0.3820926547050476, 0.13252460956573486, 0.27902108430862427, -0.06868824362754822, 0.0385970026254653...	1	French Revolution In the late 1700’s, France went through a period of time that changed their country drastically. The French Revolution was how France changed the way their government was and how their people lived. Before the Revolution started in 1789, the French used a political and social system called the Old Regime. The Old Regime was the same as “Absolute power. ” Absolute power is when the government controls everything that goes on. In the early 1700’s before the Revolution, the French kings had absolute power. King Louis XVIII started this way of government and it was kept going by King Louis XIV. The Kings had control over establishing judges, taxation, appointing new bureaucrats and the government. They also followed the divine right, which is a political and religious doctrine of royal right to rule. It states that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, taking away the right to rule directly from the will of god. During this time period, France was divided into three estates. The first estate was made up of all clergy members. These members include people such as priests, preachers, pastors and other religious professionals. The second estate was made up of nobility. Nobility are the people who have more privileges and control then everyone else. The third estate, which made up nearly Davis 2 96% of the people, was made up of peasants. Peasants are a lot less fortunate then everyone else. They were required to pay a sizeable amount of their income to the king and a tenth of their taxes to the church. Living conditions for the peasants were terrible. They didn’t have any rights or privileges because the nobles controlled everything that went on. They had no more than 2 sets of clothes. All they had to choose from for food was bread or broth soup. People were uneducated. All they did was work and whatever money they earned, they had to give most of it to the church or the king. The Bourgeoisie were very unhappy people during this time. They are middle class people, but they were put in the third estate with the peasants. Even though it was made up of the most people, it could easily be outvoted by the first and second estates. The main reason they were mad was because the other 2 estates didn’t have to pay any taxes and left the burden of financing the kingdom to the third estate. The tennis court oath essentially marked the beginning of the French Revolution. When the third estate was locked out of the meeting by the first and second estates, they moved to a nearby tennis court and declared themselves the National Assembly and swore never to separate until they had drafted a constitution for France. The age of enlightenment was a cultural movement in the 17 and 18 hundreds. Its purpose was to reform society using reason, challenging tradition and faith ideas, and the use of the scientific method to advance knowledge. It questioned the authority of the kings to rule by the divine right. Davis 3 The American Revolution was actually successful in setting up a democratic government. As a result the idea of democracy possibly influenced many of French to eventually rise against the government, therefore starting the French Revolution. Also, the French had lent money to the American colonies, which played a role in causing France to have a massive national debt. This helped trigger civil unrest within France. The British Revolution resulted in constitutional monarchy. This is where citizens vote for elected members. Louis XIV was also known as the “Sun King. He saw himself as the centre of French life and culture. He built a vast and opulent palace in the village of Versailles and forced important nobles to live there with him. Everything that these nobles did required Louis’s approval. He also got involved in a number of wars that were largely unsuccessful. He involved himself in the politics of the Holy Roman Empire and claimed special rights. He persecuted Huguenots, who were often business people and entrepreneurs. All these conflicts, as well as his extravagant lifestyle almost ruined the French economy. Twice the government brought in less money than it spent. Louis XV took the throne in 1715 at the age of 5. The extravagances of the court and failure of government to reform economic and social life continued to push France toward disaster. Louis XVI came to the throne in 1774, but didn’t want to govern so he left that to the others living well apart from the affairs of the government. The Cardinal of Richelieu created the Bastille as a prison for nobles and famous people. These prisoners were sentenced there by king’s letters without any other trial. Usually it was because they displeased the king. At the time of the Revolution, the prison for nobles was no more and Davis 4 the decision was made to close it. On July 14th, 1789 there were only 7 prisoners left. The people of the Revolution stormed the Bastille to take possession of the 13,600 kg of gunpowder that was stored in it. However, the storming of the Bastille remains as the symbol of the fall of tyranny. On this day the monarchy ended and the Revolution started. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen consists of a preamble and 17 articles containing various provisions pertaining to the individual and the Nation. It spells out ‘natural and indefeasible” rights as liberty, property, security and the right to resist oppression. The Declaration also recognizes equality, notably before the law and justice. Finally, it asserts the principle of the separation of powers. The Reign of Terror was the short but bloody period during the Revolution. It was a movement that resulted in the overthrow of a monarchy. It began in 1793 and ended in July 1794. During this time, revolutionary leader Maximilean Robspierre headed a group called a tribunal that arrested and put to death more than 17 thousand people. Most of them were killed by beheading them with a guillotine. The most notable people that were beheaded were Louis XVI and Marie Antionette. After the Reign of Terror, the Revolution of France was over. A body of 5 directors were now in control. They called themselves the French Directory. What we now consider the dignity of individuals, the sanctity of human life, civil rights, the equality of all humans under the law, things in other words that we take for granted today were all a result of the French Revolution. They now follow the motto, “liberty, equality and fraternity. ” http://www. enotes. com/french-revolution-reference-guide/french-revolution Censer, Jack, and Lynn Hunt. 2001. Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, Available: http://www. encyclopedia. com/topic/French_Revolution. aspx http://www. publicbookshelf. com/public_html/Outline_of_Great_Books_Volume_I/informatio_bad. html	1,442	ENGLISH	1
[December 14, 2019] The Japanese surrendered unconditionally on September 2, 1945, onboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay. Part of the plan for Japan after World War II was to end its military adventurism. To do so would not be an easy task. U.S. Army General Douglas MacArthur, as the Supreme Commander of Allied Powers in the Pacific, believed one of the solutions would be to end state-sponsorship of Shintoism in Japan. MacArthur proposed a two-part plan. First, Japan was required to demobilize all of its armed forces and return all troops from aboard. Japan, as a developing nation since the early 20th century, had a history of foreign intervention, and a military-dominated political structure. This had to end. Second, Shintoism was seen by the Allies as an impediment to the economic and political reforms the Allies had devised for Japan’s future. Ending Shintoism as Japan’s nationally-supported religion was an early step. Allied leadership believed that democratic reforms and a constitutional government could not be implemented as long as the people of Japan looked upon their emperor as their ultimate authority. Emperor Hirohito was required to renounce his divine status. His powers were radically reduced and eventually served mostly as a figurehead. Compulsory courses on Shinto ethics, mandated by the government up to this point, were eliminated as part of a more extensive decentralization of all power. The Shinto Directive was issued on this date, December 14, 1945, to abolish state support for the Shinto religion.1 The directive encompasses the ideas of freedom of religion and separation of church and state. There is little doubt that these two proposals, eventually implemented vigorously, had a positive impact on the country of Japan and its social and economic recovery. Many today question whether the ban on state support of Shintoism is necessary. Unsurprisingly, Shinto remains one of the most popular religions in Japan. And, some want to restore Shinto as a state religion.2 The two-part solution devised by General MacArthur and his staff was what was needed at the time. Planning, implementation, and execution of the Shinto Directive were stressful and met with many complaints. This is where dedicated and experienced staffing, along with strong leadership, comes in handy. Ending Shinto’s state support within the context of post-WWII Japan is a valuable lesson for any leader. - December 15, 1945, in Japan. - Shintoism was seen as social propaganda and was used as a tool of ultra-nationalism and a disguise for militarism. Three specific Shinto doctrines were banned. The Emperor is superior to other rulers. 2. The Japanese people are inherently superior to other peoples. 3. That Japanese islands are spiritually superior to other lands. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto_Directive	<urn:uuid:d2a67a53-da99-4c11-bc2d-59fe5777c2d3>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.theleadermaker.com/why-end-shintoism-in-japan-after-wwii/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594603.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119122744-20200119150744-00496.warc.gz	en	0.980841	591	3.890625	4	[ -0.26053205132484436, 0.23899272084236145, 0.10729074478149414, -0.6364660263061523, -0.17527279257774353, 0.3515476882457733, -0.14089813828468323, 0.23514829576015472, 0.008287284523248672, 0.14372442662715912, 0.19895726442337036, 0.007409002631902695, 0.664513111114502, 0.6197068691253...	2	[December 14, 2019] The Japanese surrendered unconditionally on September 2, 1945, onboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay. Part of the plan for Japan after World War II was to end its military adventurism. To do so would not be an easy task. U.S. Army General Douglas MacArthur, as the Supreme Commander of Allied Powers in the Pacific, believed one of the solutions would be to end state-sponsorship of Shintoism in Japan. MacArthur proposed a two-part plan. First, Japan was required to demobilize all of its armed forces and return all troops from aboard. Japan, as a developing nation since the early 20th century, had a history of foreign intervention, and a military-dominated political structure. This had to end. Second, Shintoism was seen by the Allies as an impediment to the economic and political reforms the Allies had devised for Japan’s future. Ending Shintoism as Japan’s nationally-supported religion was an early step. Allied leadership believed that democratic reforms and a constitutional government could not be implemented as long as the people of Japan looked upon their emperor as their ultimate authority. Emperor Hirohito was required to renounce his divine status. His powers were radically reduced and eventually served mostly as a figurehead. Compulsory courses on Shinto ethics, mandated by the government up to this point, were eliminated as part of a more extensive decentralization of all power. The Shinto Directive was issued on this date, December 14, 1945, to abolish state support for the Shinto religion.1 The directive encompasses the ideas of freedom of religion and separation of church and state. There is little doubt that these two proposals, eventually implemented vigorously, had a positive impact on the country of Japan and its social and economic recovery. Many today question whether the ban on state support of Shintoism is necessary. Unsurprisingly, Shinto remains one of the most popular religions in Japan. And, some want to restore Shinto as a state religion.2 The two-part solution devised by General MacArthur and his staff was what was needed at the time. Planning, implementation, and execution of the Shinto Directive were stressful and met with many complaints. This is where dedicated and experienced staffing, along with strong leadership, comes in handy. Ending Shinto’s state support within the context of post-WWII Japan is a valuable lesson for any leader. - December 15, 1945, in Japan. - Shintoism was seen as social propaganda and was used as a tool of ultra-nationalism and a disguise for militarism. Three specific Shinto doctrines were banned. The Emperor is superior to other rulers. 2. The Japanese people are inherently superior to other peoples. 3. That Japanese islands are spiritually superior to other lands. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto_Directive	599	ENGLISH	1

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