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text string	id string	dump string	url string	file_path string	language string	language_score float64	token_count int64	score float64	int_score int64	embedding list	count int64	Content string	Tokens int64	Top_Lang string	Top_Conf float64
England’s Indebtedness To The Huguenots Before the 14th century, the people of England worked mainly in agricultural occupations. There were very few skilled trades and industries. For example, most clothing had to be imported from other countries, because even though the wool used to make it was from England, it had to be shipped to Flanders, France, and Germany to be dyed and manufactured. To remedy this, several successive kings of England, starting with Edward III, invited foreign craftsmen to come over into England. Some did, but there were many advantages to staying in their own countries, so they did not emigrate in large numbers. In the early part of the 16th century, the Reformation under Luther took place, causing a complete revolution in religious opinions throughout Europe. Among those most closely linked with the Reformed faith were the people of the Netherlands and the Huguenots, or Protestants, of France. The people of the Netherlands were under the dominion of Spain at that time. The king of Spain, Philip II, hated the Reformed faith and was determined to use any means possible to stamp it out among his subjects in the Netherlands. He sent a vast army under the command of the Duke of Alba to accomplish his design. Many fell victim to the cruelty of their persecutors, counting the Word of God and the privileges of the gospel much more precious than life. However, others prepared to leave the country, and with the previous invitations from England still extended, they fled there for asylum, where they were readily welcomed. In France, somewhat similar scenes had taken place against the Huguenots, culminating at length in the terrible massacre of St. Bartholomew in August 1572. Worn out by continued persecution and desiring liberty of conscience in the worship of God, the Huguenots joined the refugees from the Netherlands, seeking refuge in England, then under the reign of Elizabeth. Here they settled in large numbers throughout the land, especially in the south. Having settled down, the refugees began to pursue the callings which they had followed in their own country. Among them were cloth-makers from Antwerp and Bruges, lace-makers from Valenciennes, cambric-makers from Cambray, glass- workers from Paris, weavers from Meaux, merchants and tradesmen from Rouen, and shipwrights from Dieppe and Havre. Some, too, were millers, potters, smiths, brewers and hat-makers. Other industries brought to England by these men included the dyeing of fabrics, the manufacture of felts, the making of brass plates for culinary utensils, the manufacture of tapestry, the art of printing wallpapers, and the striping and flowering of silks and damasks; as well as skilled work in metals and the making of cutlery, jewellery, and mathematical instruments. They also revived gardening, with many of the grounds at Wandsworth, Battersea, and Bermondsey owing their origin to Flemish refugees. In 1621, when a census was taken of the city of London, there were found to be 10,000 of the refugees in that city alone, carrying on 121 different trades. All of these were trades and industries which, prior to the coming of the foreign Protestants, were practically unknown in England. The industries introduced in this way soon lifted England high among the nations, with the general results of abundant employment, cheap food, and great prosperity throughout what had been an impoverished kingdom at the beginning of Elizabeth’s reign; “these blessings from God,” Bishop Parkhurst declaring, “having happened by reason of the godly exiles who were so kindly harboured there.” Thus, we see England’s indebtedness, under God, to the Protestant refugees from France and the Netherlands. There was never a reason to regret admitting them to this country. Honest and God-fearing, they proved to be peaceful and law- abiding citizens. They had come to England in order that they might have liberty of conscience and freedom to worship God according to the teaching of His Word; and having this privilege granted them, they were quite content. Wherever they went, they formed themselves into congregations, having their own ministers to instruct them in the mysteries of the gospel. B.A.W, Friendly Companion 1904 [adapted]	<urn:uuid:79a25e0e-69a2-461a-8e08-08955a2edba7>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://testallthings.com/2019/12/25/englands-indebtedness-to-the-huguenots/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597458.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120052454-20200120080454-00488.warc.gz	en	0.981745	909	4.125	4	[ 0.09077639877796173, 0.13140292465686798, 0.273659348487854, -0.3392009437084198, 0.37895727157592773, -0.3550608158111572, -0.040513455867767334, 0.06853573024272919, -0.06033579260110855, -0.12098804861307144, -0.3087358772754669, -0.3625234067440033, 0.19706779718399048, 0.1437867432832...	3	England’s Indebtedness To The Huguenots Before the 14th century, the people of England worked mainly in agricultural occupations. There were very few skilled trades and industries. For example, most clothing had to be imported from other countries, because even though the wool used to make it was from England, it had to be shipped to Flanders, France, and Germany to be dyed and manufactured. To remedy this, several successive kings of England, starting with Edward III, invited foreign craftsmen to come over into England. Some did, but there were many advantages to staying in their own countries, so they did not emigrate in large numbers. In the early part of the 16th century, the Reformation under Luther took place, causing a complete revolution in religious opinions throughout Europe. Among those most closely linked with the Reformed faith were the people of the Netherlands and the Huguenots, or Protestants, of France. The people of the Netherlands were under the dominion of Spain at that time. The king of Spain, Philip II, hated the Reformed faith and was determined to use any means possible to stamp it out among his subjects in the Netherlands. He sent a vast army under the command of the Duke of Alba to accomplish his design. Many fell victim to the cruelty of their persecutors, counting the Word of God and the privileges of the gospel much more precious than life. However, others prepared to leave the country, and with the previous invitations from England still extended, they fled there for asylum, where they were readily welcomed. In France, somewhat similar scenes had taken place against the Huguenots, culminating at length in the terrible massacre of St. Bartholomew in August 1572. Worn out by continued persecution and desiring liberty of conscience in the worship of God, the Huguenots joined the refugees from the Netherlands, seeking refuge in England, then under the reign of Elizabeth. Here they settled in large numbers throughout the land, especially in the south. Having settled down, the refugees began to pursue the callings which they had followed in their own country. Among them were cloth-makers from Antwerp and Bruges, lace-makers from Valenciennes, cambric-makers from Cambray, glass- workers from Paris, weavers from Meaux, merchants and tradesmen from Rouen, and shipwrights from Dieppe and Havre. Some, too, were millers, potters, smiths, brewers and hat-makers. Other industries brought to England by these men included the dyeing of fabrics, the manufacture of felts, the making of brass plates for culinary utensils, the manufacture of tapestry, the art of printing wallpapers, and the striping and flowering of silks and damasks; as well as skilled work in metals and the making of cutlery, jewellery, and mathematical instruments. They also revived gardening, with many of the grounds at Wandsworth, Battersea, and Bermondsey owing their origin to Flemish refugees. In 1621, when a census was taken of the city of London, there were found to be 10,000 of the refugees in that city alone, carrying on 121 different trades. All of these were trades and industries which, prior to the coming of the foreign Protestants, were practically unknown in England. The industries introduced in this way soon lifted England high among the nations, with the general results of abundant employment, cheap food, and great prosperity throughout what had been an impoverished kingdom at the beginning of Elizabeth’s reign; “these blessings from God,” Bishop Parkhurst declaring, “having happened by reason of the godly exiles who were so kindly harboured there.” Thus, we see England’s indebtedness, under God, to the Protestant refugees from France and the Netherlands. There was never a reason to regret admitting them to this country. Honest and God-fearing, they proved to be peaceful and law- abiding citizens. They had come to England in order that they might have liberty of conscience and freedom to worship God according to the teaching of His Word; and having this privilege granted them, they were quite content. Wherever they went, they formed themselves into congregations, having their own ministers to instruct them in the mysteries of the gospel. B.A.W, Friendly Companion 1904 [adapted]	902	ENGLISH	1
"Remember the dignity of your womanhood. Do not appeal, do not beg, do not grovel. Take courage, join hands, stand besides us, fight with us." -Christabel Pankhurst History has always been marked by past victories that have shaped the world and made it a better place. Momentous occasions such as the falling of the Berlin Wall, the Moon Landing, the Russian revolution, and the formation of the UN have impacted people in lands across the planet. The women's suffrage movement that mostly occurred in Canada, the US, Australia, New Zealand, and distinct parts of Europe is a major political change that initially sparked havoc and controversy but later became one of the greatest victories of all time for women. What did the women's suffrage movement achieve? During the 19th century and early 20th century, when the suffrage movement was in full swing, women around the world did not have the right to vote and were not considered equal to men. Therefore, women wanted to achieve what was rightly theirs and some died trying. Without further ado, in today's article, we will discuss some of the most monumental events and notable victories that occurred in the women's suffrage movement. 19th Century Suffrage Victories The women's suffrage movement primarily began in the mid-1800s when women were tired of being viewed as inferior to men. Therefore, to make a change that would garner results, passionate and hard-working females met together to discuss pressing issues and discover ways to be effectively heard by prejudging men. The following are some of the most notable moments in suffrage history during the 19th century: - First Women's Suffrage Petition: in the UK the first major progress associated with the suffrage movement begins in August 1832 when Mary Smith of Yorkshire desires to advocate change and talks to MP Henry Hunt about the fact that many women should have a say in elections deciding future members of parliament. Although this petition from Mary Smith was met with lacklustre results and did not reap the fruit wanted, it definitely got the ball moving in terms of raising awareness for the suffrage movement. - Over 1500 Signatures Gained: the suffragists, early fighters of the suffrage movement, worked hard to ensure that women's equal rights and voting opportunity became a reality. They did this by signing a petition claiming that women should have been added to the Second Reform Bill. What is the Second Reform Bill? The Reform Act of 1867 is a piece of British legislation that validated urban male working-class groups the right to vote in England and Wales; before only wealthy men of certain families could vote. The suffragists received the help of John Stuart Mill MP after 1500 signatures were signed. He presented the petition to the House of Commons for women to be granted the right to vote along with working-class men, but the petition was denied. Although rejected, this was a major move forward for the suffragists since some people were taking them seriously. Major suffragist groups arise in London, Manchester, and Edinburgh. - Women's Suffrage is Granted in the Isle of Man: the Isle of Man is a very isolated place located in the Irish sea between England and Ireland. Not many things have been spoken of when discussing the Isle of Man; nevertheless, in November 1880, an amendment to the Manx Election Act of 1875 was accepted and women earned full suffrage. This was a major step forward and first of its kind in the United Kingdom. - Millicent Fawcett Leads NUWSS: the minor developments that were taking place for suffragists, after their respectful yet forceful protests and petitions, made many women want to join the women's rights movement and this lead to many all-female groups being formed across the UK in the 1870s, 1880s, and 1890s. Nevertheless, to unite societies and make a more drastic impact, the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) was formed and led by Millicent Fawcett. The NUWSS never achieved the right to vote for women yet through their tireless and peaceful campaigns, major government entities became aware of suffragists demands and pleas. Learning more about the intriguing moments that shaped the suffrage movement in the 19th century helps all gain compassion towards the women who fought to make the world a better more equal place. Early 20th Century Achievements for Women While the late 19th century deserves credit for starting the women's suffrage movement, the most noteworthy events that sparked change took place in the early 20th century when the suffragettes were fearless fighting for their right. The following are the most noteworthy achievements of the suffrage movement that occurred in the early to mid-1900s: - The Unrest Becomes Unanimous: the 20th century has just begun and there are still no signs of change for women's rights in England; therefore, the unrest becomes more intense than ever before. Women from all walks of life want to earn voting privileges and be viewed as equal to men. A noteworthy event occurs in 1902 when 37,000 signatures from Northern England textile workers are signed on a petition demanding votes for women. - Emmeline Pankhurst Becomes a Major Player: in 1903 the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) was formed in Manchester at the home of Emmeline Pankhurst. With the rise of the WSPU, the suffragettes also emerge and become a force to be reckoned with for their more fearless approach toward the government. The suffragettes, led by Emmeline Pankhurst, crash political gatherings, chain themselves to fences, participate in loud protests, and refuse to engage in censuses. - Emily Wilding Davison Dies: since the suffragettes were known for their "deeds not words" approach, they were often involved in many disturbing situations. One of the most devastating events that occurred during the women's suffrage movement was when Emily Wilding Davison stepped out in front of the King's horse at Epsom derby. As an active and proud member of the Women's Social and Political Union, Wilding Davison's actions are viewed as an effort to disrupt the Derby for suffrage purposes. Thousands of activists, suffragettes, and other individuals attend her funeral. - The Representation of the People Bill is Passed: when World War One commenced in 1914, the suffragist movement and the suffragettes' personal agenda to acquire votes for everyone were put on hold until the war ended in 1918. However, it was definitely worth the wait since women all over Great Britain and Ireland were granted the right to vote! The Representation of the People Act was approved in February 1918 to reform the electoral system. It is known by many as the Fourth Reform Act. This bill allowed women over the age of 30 and all men over 21 to vote freely. Nevertheless, women had to be married or be a member of the Local Government Register. - Women in the UK Can Vote: although married women over the age of 30 had won the victory to now vote, it wasn't until May 1929 that unmarried women over the age of 21 could vote in their first general election. While it took many years for women to earn the right to vote and be considered equal to men in this regard, UK females rejoiced and were proud to know that their efforts had finally paid off and could be enjoyed for generations of women to come. Achieving the right to vote may seem like a trivial matter for many individuals; however, it is a fundamental human right for people of all races and genders. Determining the political climate is an essential duty that has aided people in doing their part to transform the world and make it a better place. Definitions From Today's Article If there were some words or specific terms mentioned in today's article that was not quite understood, there is no shame to admitting that a dictionary is sometimes needed to clarify the facts. Therefore, without further ado, we will consider some of the most commonly misunderstood words about the suffrage movement in today's article. What is a suffragist? A suffragist is a person who advocates the extension of suffrage. Suffragists arrived on the scene prior to the suffragettes and were known for their more respectful tactics against the government. It is important to state that suffragists were not only female, certain men got involved in the suffrage change. What is a suffragette? A suffragette is very similar to suffragist since it is a person who fights for the equal rights of women. Suffragettes differ in the fact that they used more aggressive methods to get their point across. What is the full suffrage? Suffrage is the right to vote in public political elections. In many English speaking countries, the right to vote is called active suffrage and is very different from passive suffrage which is the legal right to stand for election. It is important to state that the combination of voting and having the right to run for public office is known as full suffrage. Learning more about the women's suffrage change is a very informative study that deserves specific attention from those who greatly appreciate historical events.	<urn:uuid:37e016a8-65aa-449b-81ec-23a3a0f0ad60>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.superprof.ca/blog/best-moments-in-history-for-suffragists-and-suffragettes/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604849.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121162615-20200121191615-00111.warc.gz	en	0.980818	1,895	3.8125	4	[ -0.4051668345928192, -0.03565032780170441, 0.26664113998413086, 0.3550899624824524, -0.4039187431335449, 0.6147469282150269, -0.2386433184146881, 0.2702786326408386, -0.15554136037826538, 0.06804195791482925, -0.08248056471347809, -0.15564864873886108, 0.24893397092819214, -0.2036454677581...	7	"Remember the dignity of your womanhood. Do not appeal, do not beg, do not grovel. Take courage, join hands, stand besides us, fight with us." -Christabel Pankhurst History has always been marked by past victories that have shaped the world and made it a better place. Momentous occasions such as the falling of the Berlin Wall, the Moon Landing, the Russian revolution, and the formation of the UN have impacted people in lands across the planet. The women's suffrage movement that mostly occurred in Canada, the US, Australia, New Zealand, and distinct parts of Europe is a major political change that initially sparked havoc and controversy but later became one of the greatest victories of all time for women. What did the women's suffrage movement achieve? During the 19th century and early 20th century, when the suffrage movement was in full swing, women around the world did not have the right to vote and were not considered equal to men. Therefore, women wanted to achieve what was rightly theirs and some died trying. Without further ado, in today's article, we will discuss some of the most monumental events and notable victories that occurred in the women's suffrage movement. 19th Century Suffrage Victories The women's suffrage movement primarily began in the mid-1800s when women were tired of being viewed as inferior to men. Therefore, to make a change that would garner results, passionate and hard-working females met together to discuss pressing issues and discover ways to be effectively heard by prejudging men. The following are some of the most notable moments in suffrage history during the 19th century: - First Women's Suffrage Petition: in the UK the first major progress associated with the suffrage movement begins in August 1832 when Mary Smith of Yorkshire desires to advocate change and talks to MP Henry Hunt about the fact that many women should have a say in elections deciding future members of parliament. Although this petition from Mary Smith was met with lacklustre results and did not reap the fruit wanted, it definitely got the ball moving in terms of raising awareness for the suffrage movement. - Over 1500 Signatures Gained: the suffragists, early fighters of the suffrage movement, worked hard to ensure that women's equal rights and voting opportunity became a reality. They did this by signing a petition claiming that women should have been added to the Second Reform Bill. What is the Second Reform Bill? The Reform Act of 1867 is a piece of British legislation that validated urban male working-class groups the right to vote in England and Wales; before only wealthy men of certain families could vote. The suffragists received the help of John Stuart Mill MP after 1500 signatures were signed. He presented the petition to the House of Commons for women to be granted the right to vote along with working-class men, but the petition was denied. Although rejected, this was a major move forward for the suffragists since some people were taking them seriously. Major suffragist groups arise in London, Manchester, and Edinburgh. - Women's Suffrage is Granted in the Isle of Man: the Isle of Man is a very isolated place located in the Irish sea between England and Ireland. Not many things have been spoken of when discussing the Isle of Man; nevertheless, in November 1880, an amendment to the Manx Election Act of 1875 was accepted and women earned full suffrage. This was a major step forward and first of its kind in the United Kingdom. - Millicent Fawcett Leads NUWSS: the minor developments that were taking place for suffragists, after their respectful yet forceful protests and petitions, made many women want to join the women's rights movement and this lead to many all-female groups being formed across the UK in the 1870s, 1880s, and 1890s. Nevertheless, to unite societies and make a more drastic impact, the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) was formed and led by Millicent Fawcett. The NUWSS never achieved the right to vote for women yet through their tireless and peaceful campaigns, major government entities became aware of suffragists demands and pleas. Learning more about the intriguing moments that shaped the suffrage movement in the 19th century helps all gain compassion towards the women who fought to make the world a better more equal place. Early 20th Century Achievements for Women While the late 19th century deserves credit for starting the women's suffrage movement, the most noteworthy events that sparked change took place in the early 20th century when the suffragettes were fearless fighting for their right. The following are the most noteworthy achievements of the suffrage movement that occurred in the early to mid-1900s: - The Unrest Becomes Unanimous: the 20th century has just begun and there are still no signs of change for women's rights in England; therefore, the unrest becomes more intense than ever before. Women from all walks of life want to earn voting privileges and be viewed as equal to men. A noteworthy event occurs in 1902 when 37,000 signatures from Northern England textile workers are signed on a petition demanding votes for women. - Emmeline Pankhurst Becomes a Major Player: in 1903 the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) was formed in Manchester at the home of Emmeline Pankhurst. With the rise of the WSPU, the suffragettes also emerge and become a force to be reckoned with for their more fearless approach toward the government. The suffragettes, led by Emmeline Pankhurst, crash political gatherings, chain themselves to fences, participate in loud protests, and refuse to engage in censuses. - Emily Wilding Davison Dies: since the suffragettes were known for their "deeds not words" approach, they were often involved in many disturbing situations. One of the most devastating events that occurred during the women's suffrage movement was when Emily Wilding Davison stepped out in front of the King's horse at Epsom derby. As an active and proud member of the Women's Social and Political Union, Wilding Davison's actions are viewed as an effort to disrupt the Derby for suffrage purposes. Thousands of activists, suffragettes, and other individuals attend her funeral. - The Representation of the People Bill is Passed: when World War One commenced in 1914, the suffragist movement and the suffragettes' personal agenda to acquire votes for everyone were put on hold until the war ended in 1918. However, it was definitely worth the wait since women all over Great Britain and Ireland were granted the right to vote! The Representation of the People Act was approved in February 1918 to reform the electoral system. It is known by many as the Fourth Reform Act. This bill allowed women over the age of 30 and all men over 21 to vote freely. Nevertheless, women had to be married or be a member of the Local Government Register. - Women in the UK Can Vote: although married women over the age of 30 had won the victory to now vote, it wasn't until May 1929 that unmarried women over the age of 21 could vote in their first general election. While it took many years for women to earn the right to vote and be considered equal to men in this regard, UK females rejoiced and were proud to know that their efforts had finally paid off and could be enjoyed for generations of women to come. Achieving the right to vote may seem like a trivial matter for many individuals; however, it is a fundamental human right for people of all races and genders. Determining the political climate is an essential duty that has aided people in doing their part to transform the world and make it a better place. Definitions From Today's Article If there were some words or specific terms mentioned in today's article that was not quite understood, there is no shame to admitting that a dictionary is sometimes needed to clarify the facts. Therefore, without further ado, we will consider some of the most commonly misunderstood words about the suffrage movement in today's article. What is a suffragist? A suffragist is a person who advocates the extension of suffrage. Suffragists arrived on the scene prior to the suffragettes and were known for their more respectful tactics against the government. It is important to state that suffragists were not only female, certain men got involved in the suffrage change. What is a suffragette? A suffragette is very similar to suffragist since it is a person who fights for the equal rights of women. Suffragettes differ in the fact that they used more aggressive methods to get their point across. What is the full suffrage? Suffrage is the right to vote in public political elections. In many English speaking countries, the right to vote is called active suffrage and is very different from passive suffrage which is the legal right to stand for election. It is important to state that the combination of voting and having the right to run for public office is known as full suffrage. Learning more about the women's suffrage change is a very informative study that deserves specific attention from those who greatly appreciate historical events.	1,955	ENGLISH	1
Founding Fathers: George Mason George Mason was born on December 11, 1725 on a farm in Fairfax County, Virginia. He is most famous for leading Virginia patriots during the American Revolution and his idea of inalienable rights, which influenced Thomas Jefferson when he was writing the Declaration of Independence. As a member of the Constitutional Convention, George Mason advocated for a weak central government and a strong local government. This advocacy was one of the factors that led to the adoption of the Bill of Rights. George Mason was born as the son of George and Ann Thomson Mason on his family’s plantation in Fairfax County. After his father drowned in a boating accident in 1735, George Mason left his mother to live with his uncle, John Mercer. His uncle had a vast collection of volumes in a library, with around 500 books dedicated to law. After studying with tutors and going to a private school in Maryland, he took over his inheritance at the age of 21 of about 20,000 acres of land in both Maryland and Virginia. As a near neighbor of George Washington and landowner, George Mason took a leadership role in local affairs. He also became interested in Western expansion of America and was very active in the Ohio Company, which was organized in 1749 in order to sell land and develop trade on the upper Ohio River. Around the same time, George Mason also helped to found the town of Alexandria, Virginia. Because of family problems and poor health, George Mason typically stayed away from public office, although he accepted election and became a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1759. With the exception of his membership in the Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia in 1787, being a member was the highest office George Mason ever held. However, he was still very crucial in shaping political institutions in the United States. As a leader of the Virginia patriots from 1775 to 1783 on the eve of the American Revolution, George Mason also served on the Committee of Safety. In 1776, Mason drafted the state constitution in Virginia, where his declaration of rights became the first authoritative description of the doctrine of inalienable rights. George Mason's Declaration of Rights was known to Thomas Jefferson, who was influenced by it when drafting the Declaration of Independence. The Virginia's Declaration of Rights soon became a model by most of the states for their own state constitutions and also became incorporated in some form to in the federal Constitution. From 1776 to 1788, George Mason also served as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates. As a member of the Constitutional Convention, George Mason strongly opposed the compromise which permitted the continuation of the slave trade in the United States until 1808. Although Mason was a Southerner, he considered the slave trade “disgraceful to mankind.” Mason also preferred education for bondsmen and also supported a system of free labor. Because Mason objected to the large and indefinite powers placed in the new government, he joined many other Virginians in opposing the adoption of the Constitution. As a Jeffersonian Republican, George Mason felt that local governments should be kept strong while the central government should be weak. Mason’s criticism of the Constitution helped bring about the ratification of the Bill of Rights to the United States Constitution. Soon after the Constitutional Convention, George Mason retired to his home, Gunston Hall. He passed away on October 7, 1792 and was buried at Gunston Hall.	<urn:uuid:a5526470-0489-451c-a02b-62ec43633762>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://kids.laws.com/george-mason	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250591763.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118023429-20200118051429-00554.warc.gz	en	0.981691	696	3.90625	4	[ 0.04188436269760132, 0.21528172492980957, 0.472743958234787, -0.31985217332839966, -0.4367627501487732, 0.12976184487342834, 0.20564822852611542, -0.00606479961425066, -0.3868449330329895, 0.3327747583389282, -0.16919341683387756, 0.13633844256401062, -0.06040504574775696, 0.18744884431362...	3	Founding Fathers: George Mason George Mason was born on December 11, 1725 on a farm in Fairfax County, Virginia. He is most famous for leading Virginia patriots during the American Revolution and his idea of inalienable rights, which influenced Thomas Jefferson when he was writing the Declaration of Independence. As a member of the Constitutional Convention, George Mason advocated for a weak central government and a strong local government. This advocacy was one of the factors that led to the adoption of the Bill of Rights. George Mason was born as the son of George and Ann Thomson Mason on his family’s plantation in Fairfax County. After his father drowned in a boating accident in 1735, George Mason left his mother to live with his uncle, John Mercer. His uncle had a vast collection of volumes in a library, with around 500 books dedicated to law. After studying with tutors and going to a private school in Maryland, he took over his inheritance at the age of 21 of about 20,000 acres of land in both Maryland and Virginia. As a near neighbor of George Washington and landowner, George Mason took a leadership role in local affairs. He also became interested in Western expansion of America and was very active in the Ohio Company, which was organized in 1749 in order to sell land and develop trade on the upper Ohio River. Around the same time, George Mason also helped to found the town of Alexandria, Virginia. Because of family problems and poor health, George Mason typically stayed away from public office, although he accepted election and became a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses in 1759. With the exception of his membership in the Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia in 1787, being a member was the highest office George Mason ever held. However, he was still very crucial in shaping political institutions in the United States. As a leader of the Virginia patriots from 1775 to 1783 on the eve of the American Revolution, George Mason also served on the Committee of Safety. In 1776, Mason drafted the state constitution in Virginia, where his declaration of rights became the first authoritative description of the doctrine of inalienable rights. George Mason's Declaration of Rights was known to Thomas Jefferson, who was influenced by it when drafting the Declaration of Independence. The Virginia's Declaration of Rights soon became a model by most of the states for their own state constitutions and also became incorporated in some form to in the federal Constitution. From 1776 to 1788, George Mason also served as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates. As a member of the Constitutional Convention, George Mason strongly opposed the compromise which permitted the continuation of the slave trade in the United States until 1808. Although Mason was a Southerner, he considered the slave trade “disgraceful to mankind.” Mason also preferred education for bondsmen and also supported a system of free labor. Because Mason objected to the large and indefinite powers placed in the new government, he joined many other Virginians in opposing the adoption of the Constitution. As a Jeffersonian Republican, George Mason felt that local governments should be kept strong while the central government should be weak. Mason’s criticism of the Constitution helped bring about the ratification of the Bill of Rights to the United States Constitution. Soon after the Constitutional Convention, George Mason retired to his home, Gunston Hall. He passed away on October 7, 1792 and was buried at Gunston Hall.	733	ENGLISH	1
The 75/55-mm tapered bore 7.5-cm Pak 41. Artillery is not a field in which you might have expected, in 1939, to find anything secret; it appeared to be a fairly pedestrian field of activity, with developments limited simply to making minor improvements in metallurgy or fire control or detail design. Surely there was nothing that one nation could come up with which would have escaped the attention of every other artillery-producing nation? Or was there? The taper-bore guns In 1903 a German called Karl Puff patented a design for a gun in which the bore, instead of being the same diameter from end to end, was tapered; it started out at the breech end at, let us say, 10mm diameter and then gradually got smaller until at the muzzle it would be 7mm diameter. He completed the idea by designing a bullet with an expanded sleeve around its waist; this was of 10mm diameter, so that it loaded correctly into the bore, but when fired it passed down the bore and the gradual taper squeezed the sleeve down until it left the muzzle with the sleeve firmly reduced into a prepared groove in the bullet so that the bullet had the usual smooth exterior shape. His object in designing this device can be explained by some simple arithmetic. Suppose the base area of a bullet when loaded to be 10 square centimetres. And suppose the gas pressure generated by the propellant charge to be 10,000kg. The pressure on the bullet will therefore be 1,000kg per square centimetre, which will produce some specific velocity. But as the bullet goes down the bore, the base diameter shrinks and thus the base area shrinks with it. The design of the charge can be adjusted to provide a constant gas pressure, so that by the time the bullet reaches the muzzle the pressure remains the same at 10,000kg but the base area has, let us say, halved. So the pressure on the bullet is now 2,000kg per square centimetre, and this will have increased the velocity by a considerable amount. Tapering the bore therefore develops a far higher muzzle velocity than could be achieved by a conventionally rifled parallel bore. Puff’s intention was to obtain high velocity so as to get a flatter trajectory and a shorter time of flight, and thus improve the accuracy of the weapon. And everybody thought it was rather a clever wheeze, but how do you drill a tapering hole and then rifle it? And how do you make these complicated little contracting bullets? Ah, said Herr Puff, that’s your problem. But if you do succeed, than I’ll take my percentage in licence fees. Puff’s patent duly expired without ever being worked, and some time in the 1920s another German, a gunmaker this time, decided that technology had moved along a little since 1903 and perhaps Puff’s idea might be workable. The gunmaker was Hermann Gerlich, and in conjunction with a partner called Halbe he eventually produced a taper-bore sporting rifle which he marketed as the Halger. With the aid of the RWS ammunition company he also developed a practical bullet, and, as Puff had predicted, the Halger rifle had high velocity and a flat trajectory which, even though it was expensive, made it popular with hunters, so Halbe and Gerlich were able to make a living. But Gerlich, like many a gun inventor before him, had his eyes firmly fixed on a military contract, and in 1928-33 he walked the corridors of war departments in Germany, Britain and the USA in an attempt to interest them in a powerful sniping rifle. They were all interested, but the cost of such a weapon was daunting, and there were no takers. The Americans experimented at Springfield Arsenal and developed a number of bullets, one of which produced a muzzle velocity of 7,100 feet per second (compared with around 2,800fps for a standard military rifle), but the programme was abandoned early in 1939. Gerlich went back to Germany in 1933 and got in touch with the RheinmetallBorsig company. Hitler had become Chancellor, the Versailles Treaty was repudiated, re-armament was beginning, and ideas were wanted. They were particularly wanted in the field of anti-tank gun design, because the problem there was to produce a weapon light and handy enough to be easily moved about and emplaced by a couple of infantrymen but powerful enough to penetrate the armour of tanks. Fortunately, at that period, the armour on tanks was not of any great thickness, since it was only intended to keep out ordinary small arms bullets and shell splinters. Reduced to its basics, the penetration of armour is simply a question of momentum; throw something hard enough and the mass and velocity will carry it through. Even a plain lead ball will go through armour steel if you can get it moving fast enough. So the Halger rifle, with its high velocity, was a promising idea. In order to survive the impact with the target, the bullet was given a core of tungsten carbide; this was enclosed in a soft steel casing which had two flanges or’skirts’which could be squeezed down in the bore so as to present a smooth outline at the muzzle. Rheinmetall, after various experiments, decided on a barrel tapering from 28mm to 20mm; for security reasons it was known as the schwere Panzerbüchse 41 (`heavy anti-tank rifle’) but in every respect it was a small conventional artillery piece on a two-wheeled, split-trail carriage, with a small gun-shield and a hydro-pneumatic recoil system. The whole equipment weighed only 5051b (229kg) and it fired a 131-gram bullet at 4,595 feet per second (1,400 metres/second) to go through 2.6 inches (66mm) of steel armour at 500 yards range. It would be idle to suppose that security was so tight that nobody outside Rheinmetall knew what was going on, and there was soon a whisper around the armaments engineers in Europe that somebody was playing with a taper-bore weapon. As a result one or two other people began looking at the idea; one was a Czech who, in 1938, got out of Czechoslovakia just ahead of the occupying Germans and fled to Britain. There he began trying to interest the military in his taper-bore theories. He met with a stony response. In the July 1940 the Ordnance Board, tired of his supplications, poured cold water on the idea. `The principle has been investigated in the past. It is quite clear that, as regards attack of armour, a weapon of this type cannot be regarded as possessing any advantages over a normal weapon of equal weight and of the same calibre. As regards the application of the principle to the 2-pounder gun, the Board recommend No Further Action.’ A few days later a liaison officer lately returned from France submitted a report on the Halger taper-bore rifle, an example of which he had acquired in France. He got much the same treatment: `The system was investigated by the Small Arms Committee some years ago (See SAC Mins 1935 or so, under ‘Halger Rifle’), Herr Gerlich himself being employed by the War Department. He was not the inventor of the coned bore and skirted projectile, the credit for this being due to Karl Puff whose patent was taken out in about 1903. [Actually Brit Pat 18601 of 27/8/1904]. The system was developed by Gerlich in collaboration with Halger. It is still being pursued by Kern, in Switzerland, and by Pacetti at Otterup in Denmark. The Kern proposal is being dealt with in current Proceedings. Neither ammunition nor weapons are yet within measurable distance of becoming fit for use in war. No Further Action to be taken.’ About eight months later the British Army captured a Panzerbüchse 41 in the Libyan Desert and flew it back to Britain to be examined. It was found to have a muzzle velocity of 1,388m/sec (4,555ft/sec) and to penetrate 70mm of homogenous armour at 100 yards range. By that time Rheinmetall had moved on and had designed the 4.2cm Panzerjagerkanone 41 (`tank-hunting cannon’) which was more or less an enlarged version of the first weapon. This started out at 42mm calibre and ejected the projectile at 29.4mm calibre. The shot weighed 11.8 ounces (336g), had a velocity of 4,150ft/sec (1,265m/sec) and could go through 3.43 inches (87mm) of armour at 500 yards range, or 2.36 inches (60mm) at 1,000 yards. This weapon came into service early in 1941. Krupp, that other famous German gunmaker, had also looked at the taper-bore idea. In 1939, looking well ahead to the inevitable increase in the size and strength of tanks, the army had asked Krupp and Rheinmetall for a 7.5cm anti-tank gun. Rheinmetall produced a conventional gun. Krupp was attracted to the taper bore but was faced with a major engineering problem in producing a tapering gun barrel of that calibre and size and therefore invented a variation which became known as the `Squeeze-bore’. The 7.5cm Pak 41 gun was a conventionally rifled gun with a barrel 116 inches (2.95m) long. To the end of this barrel was attached a smooth-bore extension 37 inches (950mm) long which had a varying internal taper. As the flanged shot left the muzzle of the rifled section and passed into the extension, it first went through a section tapered at 1-in-20 for about 10.6 inches (270mm), then into a more sharply tapered section at 1-in-12 for another 6.7 inches (170mm) and then into a parallelsided section for the rest of its travel, emerging squeezed down to 5.5cm calibre. The advantage of this method of manufacture was that only a short length of the barrel had to be tapered and this did not have to be rifled. The wear on this taper as the shot passed through at high speed was such that the extension piece was worn out after about 500 shots, but it was simply held on the barrel by a screwed collar and could be replaced in a very short time in the field and with the minimum of tools. The gun fired a tungsten-cored shot weighing 5.71b (2.6kg) at a muzzle velocity of 3,690ft/sec (1,125m/sec) and could defeat 7 inches (177mm) of armour at 1,000 metres range, striking at a 30 degree angle, or 4.9 inches (124mm) at 2,000 metres. This was a really formidable performance for 1941 and but for one thing this might have been the standard German army antitank gun for the remainder of the war. The one thing which defeated it, and also defeated the other two taper-bore guns, was the demand for tungsten to provide the cores for the projectiles. Tungsten was not native to Germany and had to be imported; the supply was restricted, and there was a constant demand for it for the manufacture of machine tools and other vital production equipment. A tungsten machine tool could be sharpened or rebuilt when worn; a tungsten projectile fired at an enemy was so much tungsten lost for ever. And since production was the more vital of the two conflicting demands, tungsten for ammunition was cut off in the late summer of 1942. And once their special ammunition was gone, the taper-bore guns went to the scrap pile. So effectively, indeed, that few specimens of the 7.5cm Pak 41 survived the war. But if the shortage of tungsten ruled out the taper-bore as an anti-tank weapon, it certainly did not rule it out in other applications, and now the anti-aircraft specialists began to look at the system. In the anti-aircraft business the principal problem was the interval between firing the gun and having the shell arrive in the vicinity of the target; a great deal could happen during that time, and any way of shortening the shell’s time of flight by increasing its velocity was carefully scrutinised. Therefore the taper bore, with its substantial increase in velocity, was a highly attractive idea; the difficulty lay in the design of the projectile. In an anti-tank gun the `payload’ was a lump of inert metal, but in an anti-aircraft gun the payload had to be high explosive. And the dangers which lay in squeezing a high explosive shell were self-evident. With armour-piercing shot the core acted, as it were, as an anvil, while the tapering barrel acted as a hammer, but with an explosive filling the squeezing action had to be carefully controlled so as not to place excessive pressure on the shell body. Two solutions appeared to work satisfactorily. In the first type, the shell was of smaller diameter than the bore and was fitted with two supporting bands of sintered iron, one at the shoulder and one at the base. These were attached in the manner of driving bands, and performed the same function in spinning the shell, but they were malleable so that as the bore reduced they were swaged down and folded back, so that at the muzzle the shell left with two smoothed-down bands which set up minimal air drag. The second method was rather more complex. Three soft studs were fitted at the shoulder of the shell and the base was deeply indented with a semi-circular groove around the body. Into this grove went a malleable skirt with a circular base which fitted into the groove and acted as a sort of flexible ball-joint, turning backwards as the skirt was squeezed down by the reducing bore. At the same time the soft studs at the shoulder were pressed down and deformed until they were mere bumps on the outside of the shell. Again, the result was that as the shell left the muzzle the studs and skirt had been reduced to streamlined excrescenses which set up minimal drag. It was claimed that either of these designs could give a reduction in the time of flight by about 30 per cent, though there appear to be no trials results to back this up. Like so many other developments, the taper-bore anti-aircraft gun was overtaken by events and the war ended before the design could be perfected.	<urn:uuid:02fbd512-7726-403f-8fd7-c4673eafeb85>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://weaponsandwarfare.com/2019/08/08/german-wwii-special-artillery-the-taper-bore-guns/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606872.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122071919-20200122100919-00028.warc.gz	en	0.980461	3,095	3.453125	3	[ -0.3984679579734802, 0.5802499055862427, 0.15008127689361572, -0.004025235306471586, -0.1988106518983841, 0.08620239794254303, 0.16717855632305145, 0.3085232377052307, -0.5044971108436584, 0.14464055001735687, 0.21565893292427063, -0.4623969793319702, 0.21686646342277527, 0.257450491189956...	2	The 75/55-mm tapered bore 7.5-cm Pak 41. Artillery is not a field in which you might have expected, in 1939, to find anything secret; it appeared to be a fairly pedestrian field of activity, with developments limited simply to making minor improvements in metallurgy or fire control or detail design. Surely there was nothing that one nation could come up with which would have escaped the attention of every other artillery-producing nation? Or was there? The taper-bore guns In 1903 a German called Karl Puff patented a design for a gun in which the bore, instead of being the same diameter from end to end, was tapered; it started out at the breech end at, let us say, 10mm diameter and then gradually got smaller until at the muzzle it would be 7mm diameter. He completed the idea by designing a bullet with an expanded sleeve around its waist; this was of 10mm diameter, so that it loaded correctly into the bore, but when fired it passed down the bore and the gradual taper squeezed the sleeve down until it left the muzzle with the sleeve firmly reduced into a prepared groove in the bullet so that the bullet had the usual smooth exterior shape. His object in designing this device can be explained by some simple arithmetic. Suppose the base area of a bullet when loaded to be 10 square centimetres. And suppose the gas pressure generated by the propellant charge to be 10,000kg. The pressure on the bullet will therefore be 1,000kg per square centimetre, which will produce some specific velocity. But as the bullet goes down the bore, the base diameter shrinks and thus the base area shrinks with it. The design of the charge can be adjusted to provide a constant gas pressure, so that by the time the bullet reaches the muzzle the pressure remains the same at 10,000kg but the base area has, let us say, halved. So the pressure on the bullet is now 2,000kg per square centimetre, and this will have increased the velocity by a considerable amount. Tapering the bore therefore develops a far higher muzzle velocity than could be achieved by a conventionally rifled parallel bore. Puff’s intention was to obtain high velocity so as to get a flatter trajectory and a shorter time of flight, and thus improve the accuracy of the weapon. And everybody thought it was rather a clever wheeze, but how do you drill a tapering hole and then rifle it? And how do you make these complicated little contracting bullets? Ah, said Herr Puff, that’s your problem. But if you do succeed, than I’ll take my percentage in licence fees. Puff’s patent duly expired without ever being worked, and some time in the 1920s another German, a gunmaker this time, decided that technology had moved along a little since 1903 and perhaps Puff’s idea might be workable. The gunmaker was Hermann Gerlich, and in conjunction with a partner called Halbe he eventually produced a taper-bore sporting rifle which he marketed as the Halger. With the aid of the RWS ammunition company he also developed a practical bullet, and, as Puff had predicted, the Halger rifle had high velocity and a flat trajectory which, even though it was expensive, made it popular with hunters, so Halbe and Gerlich were able to make a living. But Gerlich, like many a gun inventor before him, had his eyes firmly fixed on a military contract, and in 1928-33 he walked the corridors of war departments in Germany, Britain and the USA in an attempt to interest them in a powerful sniping rifle. They were all interested, but the cost of such a weapon was daunting, and there were no takers. The Americans experimented at Springfield Arsenal and developed a number of bullets, one of which produced a muzzle velocity of 7,100 feet per second (compared with around 2,800fps for a standard military rifle), but the programme was abandoned early in 1939. Gerlich went back to Germany in 1933 and got in touch with the RheinmetallBorsig company. Hitler had become Chancellor, the Versailles Treaty was repudiated, re-armament was beginning, and ideas were wanted. They were particularly wanted in the field of anti-tank gun design, because the problem there was to produce a weapon light and handy enough to be easily moved about and emplaced by a couple of infantrymen but powerful enough to penetrate the armour of tanks. Fortunately, at that period, the armour on tanks was not of any great thickness, since it was only intended to keep out ordinary small arms bullets and shell splinters. Reduced to its basics, the penetration of armour is simply a question of momentum; throw something hard enough and the mass and velocity will carry it through. Even a plain lead ball will go through armour steel if you can get it moving fast enough. So the Halger rifle, with its high velocity, was a promising idea. In order to survive the impact with the target, the bullet was given a core of tungsten carbide; this was enclosed in a soft steel casing which had two flanges or’skirts’which could be squeezed down in the bore so as to present a smooth outline at the muzzle. Rheinmetall, after various experiments, decided on a barrel tapering from 28mm to 20mm; for security reasons it was known as the schwere Panzerbüchse 41 (`heavy anti-tank rifle’) but in every respect it was a small conventional artillery piece on a two-wheeled, split-trail carriage, with a small gun-shield and a hydro-pneumatic recoil system. The whole equipment weighed only 5051b (229kg) and it fired a 131-gram bullet at 4,595 feet per second (1,400 metres/second) to go through 2.6 inches (66mm) of steel armour at 500 yards range. It would be idle to suppose that security was so tight that nobody outside Rheinmetall knew what was going on, and there was soon a whisper around the armaments engineers in Europe that somebody was playing with a taper-bore weapon. As a result one or two other people began looking at the idea; one was a Czech who, in 1938, got out of Czechoslovakia just ahead of the occupying Germans and fled to Britain. There he began trying to interest the military in his taper-bore theories. He met with a stony response. In the July 1940 the Ordnance Board, tired of his supplications, poured cold water on the idea. `The principle has been investigated in the past. It is quite clear that, as regards attack of armour, a weapon of this type cannot be regarded as possessing any advantages over a normal weapon of equal weight and of the same calibre. As regards the application of the principle to the 2-pounder gun, the Board recommend No Further Action.’ A few days later a liaison officer lately returned from France submitted a report on the Halger taper-bore rifle, an example of which he had acquired in France. He got much the same treatment: `The system was investigated by the Small Arms Committee some years ago (See SAC Mins 1935 or so, under ‘Halger Rifle’), Herr Gerlich himself being employed by the War Department. He was not the inventor of the coned bore and skirted projectile, the credit for this being due to Karl Puff whose patent was taken out in about 1903. [Actually Brit Pat 18601 of 27/8/1904]. The system was developed by Gerlich in collaboration with Halger. It is still being pursued by Kern, in Switzerland, and by Pacetti at Otterup in Denmark. The Kern proposal is being dealt with in current Proceedings. Neither ammunition nor weapons are yet within measurable distance of becoming fit for use in war. No Further Action to be taken.’ About eight months later the British Army captured a Panzerbüchse 41 in the Libyan Desert and flew it back to Britain to be examined. It was found to have a muzzle velocity of 1,388m/sec (4,555ft/sec) and to penetrate 70mm of homogenous armour at 100 yards range. By that time Rheinmetall had moved on and had designed the 4.2cm Panzerjagerkanone 41 (`tank-hunting cannon’) which was more or less an enlarged version of the first weapon. This started out at 42mm calibre and ejected the projectile at 29.4mm calibre. The shot weighed 11.8 ounces (336g), had a velocity of 4,150ft/sec (1,265m/sec) and could go through 3.43 inches (87mm) of armour at 500 yards range, or 2.36 inches (60mm) at 1,000 yards. This weapon came into service early in 1941. Krupp, that other famous German gunmaker, had also looked at the taper-bore idea. In 1939, looking well ahead to the inevitable increase in the size and strength of tanks, the army had asked Krupp and Rheinmetall for a 7.5cm anti-tank gun. Rheinmetall produced a conventional gun. Krupp was attracted to the taper bore but was faced with a major engineering problem in producing a tapering gun barrel of that calibre and size and therefore invented a variation which became known as the `Squeeze-bore’. The 7.5cm Pak 41 gun was a conventionally rifled gun with a barrel 116 inches (2.95m) long. To the end of this barrel was attached a smooth-bore extension 37 inches (950mm) long which had a varying internal taper. As the flanged shot left the muzzle of the rifled section and passed into the extension, it first went through a section tapered at 1-in-20 for about 10.6 inches (270mm), then into a more sharply tapered section at 1-in-12 for another 6.7 inches (170mm) and then into a parallelsided section for the rest of its travel, emerging squeezed down to 5.5cm calibre. The advantage of this method of manufacture was that only a short length of the barrel had to be tapered and this did not have to be rifled. The wear on this taper as the shot passed through at high speed was such that the extension piece was worn out after about 500 shots, but it was simply held on the barrel by a screwed collar and could be replaced in a very short time in the field and with the minimum of tools. The gun fired a tungsten-cored shot weighing 5.71b (2.6kg) at a muzzle velocity of 3,690ft/sec (1,125m/sec) and could defeat 7 inches (177mm) of armour at 1,000 metres range, striking at a 30 degree angle, or 4.9 inches (124mm) at 2,000 metres. This was a really formidable performance for 1941 and but for one thing this might have been the standard German army antitank gun for the remainder of the war. The one thing which defeated it, and also defeated the other two taper-bore guns, was the demand for tungsten to provide the cores for the projectiles. Tungsten was not native to Germany and had to be imported; the supply was restricted, and there was a constant demand for it for the manufacture of machine tools and other vital production equipment. A tungsten machine tool could be sharpened or rebuilt when worn; a tungsten projectile fired at an enemy was so much tungsten lost for ever. And since production was the more vital of the two conflicting demands, tungsten for ammunition was cut off in the late summer of 1942. And once their special ammunition was gone, the taper-bore guns went to the scrap pile. So effectively, indeed, that few specimens of the 7.5cm Pak 41 survived the war. But if the shortage of tungsten ruled out the taper-bore as an anti-tank weapon, it certainly did not rule it out in other applications, and now the anti-aircraft specialists began to look at the system. In the anti-aircraft business the principal problem was the interval between firing the gun and having the shell arrive in the vicinity of the target; a great deal could happen during that time, and any way of shortening the shell’s time of flight by increasing its velocity was carefully scrutinised. Therefore the taper bore, with its substantial increase in velocity, was a highly attractive idea; the difficulty lay in the design of the projectile. In an anti-tank gun the `payload’ was a lump of inert metal, but in an anti-aircraft gun the payload had to be high explosive. And the dangers which lay in squeezing a high explosive shell were self-evident. With armour-piercing shot the core acted, as it were, as an anvil, while the tapering barrel acted as a hammer, but with an explosive filling the squeezing action had to be carefully controlled so as not to place excessive pressure on the shell body. Two solutions appeared to work satisfactorily. In the first type, the shell was of smaller diameter than the bore and was fitted with two supporting bands of sintered iron, one at the shoulder and one at the base. These were attached in the manner of driving bands, and performed the same function in spinning the shell, but they were malleable so that as the bore reduced they were swaged down and folded back, so that at the muzzle the shell left with two smoothed-down bands which set up minimal air drag. The second method was rather more complex. Three soft studs were fitted at the shoulder of the shell and the base was deeply indented with a semi-circular groove around the body. Into this grove went a malleable skirt with a circular base which fitted into the groove and acted as a sort of flexible ball-joint, turning backwards as the skirt was squeezed down by the reducing bore. At the same time the soft studs at the shoulder were pressed down and deformed until they were mere bumps on the outside of the shell. Again, the result was that as the shell left the muzzle the studs and skirt had been reduced to streamlined excrescenses which set up minimal drag. It was claimed that either of these designs could give a reduction in the time of flight by about 30 per cent, though there appear to be no trials results to back this up. Like so many other developments, the taper-bore anti-aircraft gun was overtaken by events and the war ended before the design could be perfected.	3,193	ENGLISH	1
In the United States, anti-miscegenation laws also known as miscegenation laws were state laws passed by individual states to prohibit interracial marriage and interracial sex. Anti-miscegenation laws were a part of American law in some States since before the United States was established and remained so until ruled unconstitutional in by the U. Supreme Court in Loving v. The term miscegenation was first used in , during the American Civil War , by American journalists to discredit the abolitionist movement by stirring up debate over the prospect of interracial marriage after the abolition of slavery. Discover California Singles Via Interracial Dating Central Interracial Marriage Laws History Timeline On July 11, , newlyweds Richard and Mildred Loving were asleep in bed when three armed police officers burst into the room. The couple were hauled from their house and thrown into jail, where Mildred remained for several days, all for the crime of getting married. At that time, 24 states across the country had laws strictly prohibiting marriage between people of different races. Five weeks earlier, the longtime couple had learned Mildred was pregnant and decided to wed in defiance of the law. In , they approached the American Civil Liberties Union to fight their case in court. After an extensive legal battle, the Supreme Court ruled that laws prohibiting interracial marriage were unconstitutional in June of Best cities in california for interracial dating Centuries before the same-sex marriage movement , the U. It's widely known that the Deep South banned interracial marriages until , but less widely known that many other states did the same California until , for example -- or that three brazen attempts were made to ban interracial marriages nationally by amending the U. Maryland passes the first British colonial law banning marriage between whites and slaves -- a law that, among other things, orders the enslavement of white women who have married black men:. As you might imagine, the white nationalist colonial governments did not leave these questions unanswered for long. The Commonwealth of Virginia bans all interracial marriages, threatening to exile whites who marry people of color. I heard it was partially because people like to stick to their own, although San Bernardino is a racially diverse city. I think people should not rule out dating someone outside their race and everyone should try dating a different ethnicity at least once in their life. Sophomore Sandy Arevalo, feels that dating outside your race is interesting because she gets to learn a different culture. The issue she originally had was the language barrier between her parents and her current boyfriend.	<urn:uuid:2f7565fb-1843-4e57-a1c8-3516d01dc5b8>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://1000canaries.com/boyfriend-dating/interracial-dating-california.php	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593295.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118164132-20200118192132-00137.warc.gz	en	0.981358	515	3.359375	3	[ -0.24850313365459442, 0.2140931785106659, -0.304820716381073, -0.2734416425228119, -0.1919678896665573, 0.15415890514850616, -0.009702585637569427, -0.388347864151001, 0.31725382804870605, 0.33993375301361084, 0.1580783575773239, -0.03869146108627319, 0.016341853886842728, 0.24937659502029...	1	In the United States, anti-miscegenation laws also known as miscegenation laws were state laws passed by individual states to prohibit interracial marriage and interracial sex. Anti-miscegenation laws were a part of American law in some States since before the United States was established and remained so until ruled unconstitutional in by the U. Supreme Court in Loving v. The term miscegenation was first used in , during the American Civil War , by American journalists to discredit the abolitionist movement by stirring up debate over the prospect of interracial marriage after the abolition of slavery. Discover California Singles Via Interracial Dating Central Interracial Marriage Laws History Timeline On July 11, , newlyweds Richard and Mildred Loving were asleep in bed when three armed police officers burst into the room. The couple were hauled from their house and thrown into jail, where Mildred remained for several days, all for the crime of getting married. At that time, 24 states across the country had laws strictly prohibiting marriage between people of different races. Five weeks earlier, the longtime couple had learned Mildred was pregnant and decided to wed in defiance of the law. In , they approached the American Civil Liberties Union to fight their case in court. After an extensive legal battle, the Supreme Court ruled that laws prohibiting interracial marriage were unconstitutional in June of Best cities in california for interracial dating Centuries before the same-sex marriage movement , the U. It's widely known that the Deep South banned interracial marriages until , but less widely known that many other states did the same California until , for example -- or that three brazen attempts were made to ban interracial marriages nationally by amending the U. Maryland passes the first British colonial law banning marriage between whites and slaves -- a law that, among other things, orders the enslavement of white women who have married black men:. As you might imagine, the white nationalist colonial governments did not leave these questions unanswered for long. The Commonwealth of Virginia bans all interracial marriages, threatening to exile whites who marry people of color. I heard it was partially because people like to stick to their own, although San Bernardino is a racially diverse city. I think people should not rule out dating someone outside their race and everyone should try dating a different ethnicity at least once in their life. Sophomore Sandy Arevalo, feels that dating outside your race is interesting because she gets to learn a different culture. The issue she originally had was the language barrier between her parents and her current boyfriend.	505	ENGLISH	1
Protestant denominations have been around for centuries, and one of the oldest of these is the Moravian Church. Its roots extend to the 15th century. The name was applied to it about three hundred years after its beginning, when a group of exiles left Moravia due to persecution, but it began in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia (what is now the Czech Republic) in the mid-1400s, though the area was reached for Christ in the ninth century. The area gradually became generally ruled, religiously, by Rome, but some Christians protested. One person stood out in the early 1400s, the philosopher and rector of the University in Prague, named John Hus. He preached at the Bethlehem Chapel, located in Prague, and this became the headquarters of the reformation in the area. With the support of the Christians around him, he led a protest against the Roman Catholic practices. An accusation of heresy resulted in a trial that ended with Hus burned at the stake. However, the loss of their leader did not impede the reformation occurring. In 1457, the believers organized into the Unity of Brethren (Unitas Fratrum), which is the official name of the Moravian Church. It would be another sixty years before Martin Luther’s theses and a century before the Anglican Church was established. The founder of the church, Gregory the Patriarch, held the view that a Christian was not such due to beliefs and doctrine, but due to the life lived. One who followed Christ’s teachings and lived as He set forth was a Christian. The first members of the Moravian Church were described by Gregory as “people who have decided once and for all to be guided only by the gospel and example of our Lord Jesus Christ and His holy apostles in gentleness, humility, patience, and love for our enemies.” (from History of the Unity by Rican). Within ten years, the church had its ministry established and went on to define three orders: bishop, deacon, and presbyter. The Moravian Church grew quickly, including over 200,000 people by 1517. They had created a catechism and a hymnal specifically for their church, and having acquired two printing presses, they were able to print Bibles in the language of the Bohemian and Moravian people to provide to them. Thirty years later, religious persecution began to severely affect the Christians in Moravia and Bohemia, and the church spread to Poland, where it grew quickly. Continued persecution during the Thirty Years War (1618-1648) resulted in the defeat of Bohemian Protestants in 1620 at the battle of White Mountain. Through these years, the leader of the Unity of Brethren was Bishop John Amon Comenius. He was most known for his view on education. Because of the persecution, he lived in exile much of his life, in England first, then in Holland until his death in 1670. He believed and prayed that a remnant of the Unitas Fratrum existed to return life to the church. His prayer was answered in the 1700s. The Saxony nobleman Count Nicholas Ludwig von Zinzendorf opened his estate to some of the fleeing Moravian people, where they built a community called Herrnhut. Many more refugees from Moravia were welcomed to the community. The count was a part of the Moravian Church, as well, and encouraged the people to hold to the Christian lifestyle, and also shared with them the vision he had to evangelize the world. The Moravian Church’s apex of spiritual renewal in 1727 began in Herrnhut and four years later the group sent missionaries for the first time, to minister to the West Indies. Moravians traveled to America during the colonization days of the country. A group arrived in Georgia in 1735 with General Oglethorpe, but they were not successful in establishing a community in Savannah. However, their influence extended to John Wesley, who was there during a personal crisis. Their calm demeanor in facing a storm which rattled experienced sailors impressed him. He visited a Moravian Church service after his return to London and found it heartwarming. Despite the lack of success in Georgia, the Moravians went on to form a community in Pennsylvania, where they were given space on the property of George Whitefield. They went on to buy 500 acres for their own town, Bethlehem, in 1741. They added 5,000 acres from Whitefield’s manager, where they established the town of Nazareth. Moravian congregations developed throughout the area, extending into New Jersey, New York, and Maryland. Along with congregations, the Moravians also established communities. They used these communities as headquarters for spreading the gospel to the people on the frontier, including the Native Americans. A 100,000 acre expanse in North Carolina became the southern headquarters, called Wachovia (originally dubbed Wachau, which was one of Count Zinzendorf’s estates, located in Austria). Several other settlements were quickly formed, including Bethania, Bethabara, and Salem (which is now Winston-Salem). Along with their beginnings in Europe and their establishments in America, the Moravian Church also has members in eastern Africa, the Caribbean, South Africa, Canada, and more. The Unity of Brethren continues to believe strongly in mission work and still carries the gospel to a large portion of the world, as well as ministering evangelistically to those with whom they are surrounded. They offer personal support to their congregations and their communities. Read more about the Moravian Church’s history. Where to Buy Behold The Lamb: The history, life and dream of the Moravian Church. A radical community based design for the local church and foreign missions This history follows the development of the Moravian Church from its roots through the course of its growth. This Images of America book contains photographs taken by both amateur and professional photographers of the Moravian communities documents their day-to-day life. The faith and surrendered lives of the Moravian Christians is traced in this book from its roots with John Huss and on up from there. This explains the community-based design that the Moravian Christians used for both their local church and for foreign missions. Though Count Zinzendorf was a key figure in the Moravian’s settlement in Pennsylvania, his name is not well known. He was a compassionate and joyful man of God who leaned on His Savior for strength.	<urn:uuid:d50fc5ef-e6de-4968-9113-3d897074c243>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://onlyonehope.com/who-were-the-moravians/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251671078.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125071430-20200125100430-00256.warc.gz	en	0.982253	1,368	3.796875	4	[ 0.02031652256846428, 0.3832625150680542, -0.309324711561203, -0.02184772863984108, -0.029100939631462097, 0.02998502179980278, -0.350904256105423, 0.18581092357635498, 0.1983465850353241, 0.2663302719593048, 0.018090546131134033, -0.1321583092212677, 0.23608796298503876, -0.212617278099060...	2	Protestant denominations have been around for centuries, and one of the oldest of these is the Moravian Church. Its roots extend to the 15th century. The name was applied to it about three hundred years after its beginning, when a group of exiles left Moravia due to persecution, but it began in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia (what is now the Czech Republic) in the mid-1400s, though the area was reached for Christ in the ninth century. The area gradually became generally ruled, religiously, by Rome, but some Christians protested. One person stood out in the early 1400s, the philosopher and rector of the University in Prague, named John Hus. He preached at the Bethlehem Chapel, located in Prague, and this became the headquarters of the reformation in the area. With the support of the Christians around him, he led a protest against the Roman Catholic practices. An accusation of heresy resulted in a trial that ended with Hus burned at the stake. However, the loss of their leader did not impede the reformation occurring. In 1457, the believers organized into the Unity of Brethren (Unitas Fratrum), which is the official name of the Moravian Church. It would be another sixty years before Martin Luther’s theses and a century before the Anglican Church was established. The founder of the church, Gregory the Patriarch, held the view that a Christian was not such due to beliefs and doctrine, but due to the life lived. One who followed Christ’s teachings and lived as He set forth was a Christian. The first members of the Moravian Church were described by Gregory as “people who have decided once and for all to be guided only by the gospel and example of our Lord Jesus Christ and His holy apostles in gentleness, humility, patience, and love for our enemies.” (from History of the Unity by Rican). Within ten years, the church had its ministry established and went on to define three orders: bishop, deacon, and presbyter. The Moravian Church grew quickly, including over 200,000 people by 1517. They had created a catechism and a hymnal specifically for their church, and having acquired two printing presses, they were able to print Bibles in the language of the Bohemian and Moravian people to provide to them. Thirty years later, religious persecution began to severely affect the Christians in Moravia and Bohemia, and the church spread to Poland, where it grew quickly. Continued persecution during the Thirty Years War (1618-1648) resulted in the defeat of Bohemian Protestants in 1620 at the battle of White Mountain. Through these years, the leader of the Unity of Brethren was Bishop John Amon Comenius. He was most known for his view on education. Because of the persecution, he lived in exile much of his life, in England first, then in Holland until his death in 1670. He believed and prayed that a remnant of the Unitas Fratrum existed to return life to the church. His prayer was answered in the 1700s. The Saxony nobleman Count Nicholas Ludwig von Zinzendorf opened his estate to some of the fleeing Moravian people, where they built a community called Herrnhut. Many more refugees from Moravia were welcomed to the community. The count was a part of the Moravian Church, as well, and encouraged the people to hold to the Christian lifestyle, and also shared with them the vision he had to evangelize the world. The Moravian Church’s apex of spiritual renewal in 1727 began in Herrnhut and four years later the group sent missionaries for the first time, to minister to the West Indies. Moravians traveled to America during the colonization days of the country. A group arrived in Georgia in 1735 with General Oglethorpe, but they were not successful in establishing a community in Savannah. However, their influence extended to John Wesley, who was there during a personal crisis. Their calm demeanor in facing a storm which rattled experienced sailors impressed him. He visited a Moravian Church service after his return to London and found it heartwarming. Despite the lack of success in Georgia, the Moravians went on to form a community in Pennsylvania, where they were given space on the property of George Whitefield. They went on to buy 500 acres for their own town, Bethlehem, in 1741. They added 5,000 acres from Whitefield’s manager, where they established the town of Nazareth. Moravian congregations developed throughout the area, extending into New Jersey, New York, and Maryland. Along with congregations, the Moravians also established communities. They used these communities as headquarters for spreading the gospel to the people on the frontier, including the Native Americans. A 100,000 acre expanse in North Carolina became the southern headquarters, called Wachovia (originally dubbed Wachau, which was one of Count Zinzendorf’s estates, located in Austria). Several other settlements were quickly formed, including Bethania, Bethabara, and Salem (which is now Winston-Salem). Along with their beginnings in Europe and their establishments in America, the Moravian Church also has members in eastern Africa, the Caribbean, South Africa, Canada, and more. The Unity of Brethren continues to believe strongly in mission work and still carries the gospel to a large portion of the world, as well as ministering evangelistically to those with whom they are surrounded. They offer personal support to their congregations and their communities. Read more about the Moravian Church’s history. Where to Buy Behold The Lamb: The history, life and dream of the Moravian Church. A radical community based design for the local church and foreign missions This history follows the development of the Moravian Church from its roots through the course of its growth. This Images of America book contains photographs taken by both amateur and professional photographers of the Moravian communities documents their day-to-day life. The faith and surrendered lives of the Moravian Christians is traced in this book from its roots with John Huss and on up from there. This explains the community-based design that the Moravian Christians used for both their local church and for foreign missions. Though Count Zinzendorf was a key figure in the Moravian’s settlement in Pennsylvania, his name is not well known. He was a compassionate and joyful man of God who leaned on His Savior for strength.	1,371	ENGLISH	1
The end of the Bison on the Great Plains happened around the 1880s. This was the point when herds of millions of buffalo became a few hundred survivors in the early 20th century and then the 25, 000 which are now living in our National Parks. Bison, or buffalo as we now call them, on the US Great plains once numbered somewhere between 30 to 100 million, but by the end of the 19th century there were only a few hundred left in the wild. 125 is one number I have seen for the surviving bison at the end of the 19th century. Today, some 20,000-25,000 remain in public herds. These survivors are mostly in Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming. The link directly above leads to a wonderful and simple timeline for the end of the bison as they once were. This epic catastrophe was not an accident or any kind of natural event. Like most wildlife extinctions, the 19th century almost-extinction of the buffalo was caused entirely by humans. Specifically it was deliberately planned by the US army as a way to starve Native Americans into submission. Once Bison were the most numerous large mammals to ever exist on the face of the earth. In 1871, an American soldier named George Anderson sent a letter to his sweetheart describing a herd he saw in Kansas: “I am safe in calling this a single herd,” he wrote, “but it is impossible to approximate the millions that composed it. It took me six days on horseback to ride through it.” It’s hard for us to imagine now, but buffalo were once in such abundance they could literally drink a river dry. William Cody was a legendary 19th century frontiersman who in his later years conducted buffalo hunts for well heeled tourists in the 1860s and 70s. The US army often supplied him with guns and sundries to make his hunts more successful. “The Army wasn’t in the business of guiding hunting trips for tourists but it was in the business of controlling the Native Americans in the area, and that meant killing buffalo. One colonel told a wealthy hunter who felt guilty after he shot 30 bison, “Kill every buffalo you can! Every buffalo dead is an Indian gone.” 1 “On one of Cody’s buffalo hunting trips, the Army had supplied an armed escort and 25 wagons filled with cooks, linen, china, carpets for their tents, and a traveling icehouse to keep their wine chilled. The reason for such extravagance was undoubtedly because the New Yorkers were well-connected, but also because Major-General Phillip Sheridan, the man with the task of forcing Native Americans off the Great Plains and onto reservations, had come along with them. This was a leisure hunt, but Sheridan also viewed the extermination of buffalo and his victory over the Native Americans as a single, inextricable mission––and in that sense, it could be argued that any buffalo hunt was Army business. “ Not all the bison were killed by the army or by their wealthy clients. American settlers and hide-hunters also helped kill Buffalos to near-extinction, and tourists shot the animals from the windows of trains as if the slaughter could last forever. Many things contributed to the buffalo’s demise. But one important factor was that for a long time, the country’s highest generals, politicians, even then President Ulysses S. Grant saw the destruction of buffalo as the solution to the country’s “Indian Problem.” Sheridan was one such general. “He was a major-general for the Union during the Civil War. It was there he learned the power of destroying enemy resources. He’d used the same scorched-earth strategy that William Tecumseh Sherman, then a major-general, used in his March to the Sea, tearing up railroad ties, toppling telegraph poles, and lighting nearly all of Atlanta and anything an infantryman could digest ablaze. After the war, President Grant asked Sherman and Sheridan to command armies in the Great Plains.” Sherman knew that as long as the Sioux hunted buffalo, they’d never surrender to life with a plow. The buffalo had to go. But by 1870s the Indian wars had paused. “In the lull, enlisted men like William Cody found other ways to stay busy, and to make money. They became buffalo hunters. Cody had joined the Cavalry at 17, and he earned the name “Buffalo Bill” because in one 18-month stretch he claimed to have killed 4,280 buffalo. In 1870, a bull hide sold for $3.50.” “Then in 1873 an economic depression hit the country, and what easier way was there to make money than to chase down these ungainly beasts? Thousands of buffalo runners came, sometimes averaging 50 kills a day. They slaughtered so many buffalo that it flooded the market and the price dropped, which meant they had to kill more. In towns, hides rose in stacks as tall as houses. This was not the work of the Army. It was private industry. But that doesn’t mean Army officers and generals couldn’t lean back and look at it with satisfaction.” Andrew C. Isenberg, author of “The Destruction of the Bison,” and a professor of history at Temple University said that the military looked at what the private sector was doing and they didn’t need to do anything more than stand back and watch it happen. “In the next decade, the hide hunters exterminated nearly every buffalo on the plains. Colonel Dodge would later write that “where there were myriads of buffalo the year before, there were now myriads of carcasses. The air was foul with a sickening stench, and the vast plain which only a short twelve months before teemed with animal life, was a dead, solitary desert.” ”The wasteland was so scattered with the bones of dead animals and buffalos that all the prairie felt like a graveyard risen. One judge called it a “charnel house, with so many skulls staring at a man, and so many bones that newcomers felt nervous.” “A few men saw the future though. And even before the buffalo runners had wiped out almost every animal and the U.S. Army had to protect the last remaining wild herd in Yellowstone National Park, conservationists lobbied Congress to pass a bill that’d save buffalo. It did not sit well with Sheridan. No record exists of his words, but one hide hunter later said Sheridan had defended the industry to legislatures by saying: “These men have done in the last two years, and will do more in the next year, to settle the vexed Indian question, than the entire regular army has done in the last thirty years.” More reading about the end of buffalo in America - Much of this article and some of it’s words were taken from the Atlantic Magazine article linked to above. All quotations in this article are from this Atlantic magazine article which is titled “Kill every Buffalo you can! Every Buffalo Dead is an Indian Gone.	<urn:uuid:31d2d48b-7c8f-4ee3-afa9-0826c54f06be>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://onceandfutureearth.com/the-end-of-the-bison-on-the-great-plains/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604397.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121132900-20200121161900-00151.warc.gz	en	0.98019	1,503	3.5	4	[ -0.12479675561189651, -0.2511860132217407, 0.6196552515029907, 0.1261216104030609, 0.11516907811164856, -0.44224369525909424, -0.038510750979185104, 0.23914870619773865, -0.22186237573623657, 0.14627809822559357, 0.12151040136814117, -0.16513380408287048, 0.016145076602697372, 0.2774935662...	1	The end of the Bison on the Great Plains happened around the 1880s. This was the point when herds of millions of buffalo became a few hundred survivors in the early 20th century and then the 25, 000 which are now living in our National Parks. Bison, or buffalo as we now call them, on the US Great plains once numbered somewhere between 30 to 100 million, but by the end of the 19th century there were only a few hundred left in the wild. 125 is one number I have seen for the surviving bison at the end of the 19th century. Today, some 20,000-25,000 remain in public herds. These survivors are mostly in Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming. The link directly above leads to a wonderful and simple timeline for the end of the bison as they once were. This epic catastrophe was not an accident or any kind of natural event. Like most wildlife extinctions, the 19th century almost-extinction of the buffalo was caused entirely by humans. Specifically it was deliberately planned by the US army as a way to starve Native Americans into submission. Once Bison were the most numerous large mammals to ever exist on the face of the earth. In 1871, an American soldier named George Anderson sent a letter to his sweetheart describing a herd he saw in Kansas: “I am safe in calling this a single herd,” he wrote, “but it is impossible to approximate the millions that composed it. It took me six days on horseback to ride through it.” It’s hard for us to imagine now, but buffalo were once in such abundance they could literally drink a river dry. William Cody was a legendary 19th century frontiersman who in his later years conducted buffalo hunts for well heeled tourists in the 1860s and 70s. The US army often supplied him with guns and sundries to make his hunts more successful. “The Army wasn’t in the business of guiding hunting trips for tourists but it was in the business of controlling the Native Americans in the area, and that meant killing buffalo. One colonel told a wealthy hunter who felt guilty after he shot 30 bison, “Kill every buffalo you can! Every buffalo dead is an Indian gone.” 1 “On one of Cody’s buffalo hunting trips, the Army had supplied an armed escort and 25 wagons filled with cooks, linen, china, carpets for their tents, and a traveling icehouse to keep their wine chilled. The reason for such extravagance was undoubtedly because the New Yorkers were well-connected, but also because Major-General Phillip Sheridan, the man with the task of forcing Native Americans off the Great Plains and onto reservations, had come along with them. This was a leisure hunt, but Sheridan also viewed the extermination of buffalo and his victory over the Native Americans as a single, inextricable mission––and in that sense, it could be argued that any buffalo hunt was Army business. “ Not all the bison were killed by the army or by their wealthy clients. American settlers and hide-hunters also helped kill Buffalos to near-extinction, and tourists shot the animals from the windows of trains as if the slaughter could last forever. Many things contributed to the buffalo’s demise. But one important factor was that for a long time, the country’s highest generals, politicians, even then President Ulysses S. Grant saw the destruction of buffalo as the solution to the country’s “Indian Problem.” Sheridan was one such general. “He was a major-general for the Union during the Civil War. It was there he learned the power of destroying enemy resources. He’d used the same scorched-earth strategy that William Tecumseh Sherman, then a major-general, used in his March to the Sea, tearing up railroad ties, toppling telegraph poles, and lighting nearly all of Atlanta and anything an infantryman could digest ablaze. After the war, President Grant asked Sherman and Sheridan to command armies in the Great Plains.” Sherman knew that as long as the Sioux hunted buffalo, they’d never surrender to life with a plow. The buffalo had to go. But by 1870s the Indian wars had paused. “In the lull, enlisted men like William Cody found other ways to stay busy, and to make money. They became buffalo hunters. Cody had joined the Cavalry at 17, and he earned the name “Buffalo Bill” because in one 18-month stretch he claimed to have killed 4,280 buffalo. In 1870, a bull hide sold for $3.50.” “Then in 1873 an economic depression hit the country, and what easier way was there to make money than to chase down these ungainly beasts? Thousands of buffalo runners came, sometimes averaging 50 kills a day. They slaughtered so many buffalo that it flooded the market and the price dropped, which meant they had to kill more. In towns, hides rose in stacks as tall as houses. This was not the work of the Army. It was private industry. But that doesn’t mean Army officers and generals couldn’t lean back and look at it with satisfaction.” Andrew C. Isenberg, author of “The Destruction of the Bison,” and a professor of history at Temple University said that the military looked at what the private sector was doing and they didn’t need to do anything more than stand back and watch it happen. “In the next decade, the hide hunters exterminated nearly every buffalo on the plains. Colonel Dodge would later write that “where there were myriads of buffalo the year before, there were now myriads of carcasses. The air was foul with a sickening stench, and the vast plain which only a short twelve months before teemed with animal life, was a dead, solitary desert.” ”The wasteland was so scattered with the bones of dead animals and buffalos that all the prairie felt like a graveyard risen. One judge called it a “charnel house, with so many skulls staring at a man, and so many bones that newcomers felt nervous.” “A few men saw the future though. And even before the buffalo runners had wiped out almost every animal and the U.S. Army had to protect the last remaining wild herd in Yellowstone National Park, conservationists lobbied Congress to pass a bill that’d save buffalo. It did not sit well with Sheridan. No record exists of his words, but one hide hunter later said Sheridan had defended the industry to legislatures by saying: “These men have done in the last two years, and will do more in the next year, to settle the vexed Indian question, than the entire regular army has done in the last thirty years.” More reading about the end of buffalo in America - Much of this article and some of it’s words were taken from the Atlantic Magazine article linked to above. All quotations in this article are from this Atlantic magazine article which is titled “Kill every Buffalo you can! Every Buffalo Dead is an Indian Gone.	1,477	ENGLISH	1
The world of Geopolitics is a convoluted and often unexciting one, and so it is understandable that that branch of social studies is commonly editorialized for students in high school, and occasionally those in universities. However, there is one particular iota of human history so blatantly misrepresented, and yet so crucial to the state of our modern world, that the utter failure of even Historians to acknowledge the truth surrounding it is baffling. The Interwar Period in Europe, following the devastation of World War 1 and preluding World War 2, is often glossed over due to the overshadowing nature of the wars that it buffers, but one must not forget that with it came the Great Depression, a complete restructuring of Europe, and perhaps most crucially, the creation of Nazi Germany. The birth of Fascism in Europe and the rise of Hitler is unequivocally one of the most influential phenomenons of the last century, causing the death of millions across the world and entirely redefining global politics, and yet it is simultaneously one of the least accurately portrayed. As any high school history teacher will tell you, to understand the rise of Nazism one must look back to the infamous Treaty of Versailles. This treaty, one of many signed at the Paris Peace Conference, is thought of as an inciting incident in a gripping and tragic story of how the Allied Powers of World War 1, in their great immaturity and mercilessness, took revenge on a sorely beaten Germany, demanding so much of the defeated country that her economy collapsed. It then makes sense that in the resulting state of poverty and desperation, the German people placed their faith in a fascist that promised them a return to greatness. This story, while being a satisfying explanation for Nazi Germany and World War 2, is a myth. It is true that a German economic depression largely contributed to the rise of Hitler, but that depression was not the fault of Allied spite, and it was not the fault of the Treaty of Versailles. In reality, the truth is quite a bit more complicated. The Treaty of Versailles was not excessive in its demands of Germany, it did not directly contribute to the German economic impression, and its modern interpretation as having singled-out Germany was a lie invented by the Nazi party in Germany that has gained ubiquitous popularity since then because of the simplified story of interwar history it creates. To understand how all of this became so fouly misconstrued, one must more closely examine the history of postwar treaties, and some German economics. At 11 O’clock on the 11th of November, 1918, an armistice was signed between the allied powers of WW1 and the German Empire. Germany’s allies had hitherto signed separate armistices, and so this marked the end of fighting in Europe. Months later, in early may of 1919, German diplomats met for the Paris Peace Conference and were presented with the proposed Treaty of Versailles. These diplomats were not met kindly in Paris: The specialized train they took was made to slow down as it made its way through war-stricken areas of France, and they were treated rudely by employees of the hotel they were meant to stay in (MacMillan, pg. 460). Edward M. House, advisor to US President Woodrow Wilson and an American diplomat at the Paris Peace conference, expressed his concerns about holding peace-talks in Paris, remarking that “it will be difficult enough at best to make a just peace, and it will be almost impossible to do so while sitting in the atmosphere of a belligerent capital” (MacMillan, pg. 27). All this tension was not without reason, however. The war had left France devastated in a way no other Western European country experienced. This was worst on the front lines. The natural landscape was decimated, the infrastructure had been reduced to rubble, and the ground was littered with shrapnel and other debris of war. House’ son-in-law, Gordon Auchincloss, had visited some of these scenes, and wrote home a letter saying “I have never seen such horrible waste and such intense destruction” (MacMillan 148). The War did not merely scar the land, but also the country as a whole. France was not the only country to suffer extreme losses at the hands of Germany – Russia had lost millions of soldiers and was forced to pay millions of gold rubles in reparations to Germany under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and German war crimes in Belgium were no myth – but she had experienced the brunt of it. France had lost millions of lives, and many of her coal mines had been destroyed by the German invaders. The cost of rebuilding France, and in turn, Belgium, would be immense. It followed naturally that because Germany caused a majority of the damage to those countries and experienced almost no invasion or damage to itself, that she should be made to economically assist France in this very cumbersome process of reconstruction. French officials also feared that because of France’s innate economic and industrial inferiority to Germany, if Germany was not forced to pay substantial reparations and thereby share the weight of post-war costs with France, that Germany would quickly rise again as an economic and militaristic superpower that would stand as a great threat to France (Marks, pg. 244). This was the premise for the demands that would eventually constitute the Treaty of Versailles. Reparations were not a greedy attempt to plunder an impoverished Germany, but rather an attempt to make Germany right its wrongs by sharing its relative wealth with the countries that were left economically devastated by the German Army in the war. The German diplomats, however, did not see it this way. After reading the Treaty of Versailles, the diplomats were outraged. Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau, foreign minister of the German empire and head of diplomats in Paris exclaimed “This fat volume was quite unnecessary. They could have easily expressed the whole thing more simply in one clause – ‘Germany surrenders all claims to its existence'” (MacMillan 465). There was one particular area of the treaty that the German diplomats were most disturbed by: Part VIII, Reparations. To head off this section was the infamous Article 231, otherwise known as the “War Guilt Clause”, and a number of further articles describing the way in which Germany would perform reparations payments. Article 231 stirred up particular controversy at the conference, and in the decades to come. It read:The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies. (The Treaty of Versailles, Part VIII, Section I, Article 231). The German plenipotentiaries interpreted this as a means of pinning all blame for the war on Germany, which they felt was unfair and an insult to their nation. It remains some matter of debate exactly how responsible Germany was for the instigation and continued violence of World War 1, but it is an unassailable fact that this understanding of the article’s meaning is patently false. One must understand that the Treaty of Versailles was one of many signed at the Paris Peace Conference, and was specifically devoted to Germany. The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye was devoted to Austria, the Treaty of Trianon was devoted to Hungary, the Treaty of Neuilly-sur Seine was devoted to Bulgaria, and the Treaty of Sèvres, while never ratified, was devoted to Turkey. The same article was present, almost verbatim, in every one of these treaties, and specified each country individually, just as the Treaty of Versailles specifies Germany. Not only this, but the Treaty of Versailles does not solely blame Germany for damage sustained by the war, rather indicating “Germany and her allies”. This illogical fixation on article 231 led to it becoming a propaganda device for German Nationalists, and eventually the Nazi Party. While concerns over article 231 are easy to dismiss, German uproar over reparations payments is more complicated. Article 235 of the treaty stated that Germany must pay the equivalent of 20 billion gold marks in the form of currency or commodity between may of 1919 and may of 1921, at which point the Reparations Council would meet and discuss a new plan for German payments. This was not an absurd figure given the economic resources of Germany and the extensive damage to France and Belgium, and despite that Germany would only go on to pay 8 billion in these interim payments (Marks, pg. 233). The Reparations Council met in late April of 1921, and determined that the net total in due reparations payments not only on the part of Germany, but on her allies as well, would be the equivalent of approximately 132 billion gold marks. However, it was utterly unrealistic for any of the other central powers to pay anything in reparations, as most had weak economies and a great deal of reconstruction to do, so this check fell to Germany. The 132 billion figure had been determined during negotiations between the Belgians, French, and Italians who sought a higher demand, and the British who argued for a lower demand, wanting Germany to return to economic prosperity as quickly as possible so that trade might presume as before the war. It was seen as the lowest amount in payments that the allied governments could demand without public outcry in allied countries affected by the war. However, even still the allies recognized that this was quite a sum to ask of Germany. The payment was hence broken down into three sections, A, B, and C bonds, with A bonds constituting the interim payment of 12 billion gold marks that Germany had failed to deliver, B bonds constituting another 38 billion gold marks, and C bonds being entirely fictional. Indeed, the C bonds stood as a superficial symbol of German defeat to satisfy public demand that Germany be punished, and were never meant to be paid in any extent. In total, the German government was only required to pay a total of 50 billion gold marks in debt following the Reparations Commision, well within their economic capabilities and below the German government’s counter-offer (Marks, pg. 237). It was the aim of the allied powers that the Treaty of Versailles would serve to help rebuild a damaged France and Belgium, but not be so harsh that the German economy could not quickly return to prosperity. However, due to Germany’s response, this did not go exactly as planned. In 1921 Germany had paid about 8 billion gold marks in reparations, and by the onset of World War 2 they had paid only 20 billion, barely enough to cover the interim payments due previously by May 1st of 1921. In fact, it was only on October 3rd of 2010 that Germany finished paying off its debt, having recommitted to her duty in the 1950s (Crossland). This gargantuan failure on the part of the allied powers in collecting their war debt is what ultimately made the Treaty of Versailles a failure, and in many not-so-obvious ways, German reparations avoidance set the stage for the rise of Hitler and World War 2. Enforcing reparations was difficult from the beginning. The London Schedule of reparations payments, as determined by the Reparations Council in 1921, would have Germany pay the 50 billion gold marks over a long period of time, with regular annuities over that timeline. The allied powers occupied the German customs post in Dusseldorf to oversee the delivery of the first billion gold marks that summer, which the Germans successfully paid in full (Marks, pg. 237). The allies then pulled their forces from the customs post, assuming that Germany would continue delivering payments on time. They did not. Germany made some payments in late 1921 and early 1922, but never enough, and in 1922 payments had all but ceased entirely. The Germans excused their failure to meet the London Schedule on their weakened economy, which had experienced a fair deal of inflation since World War 1. German officials blamed this inflation on the reparations demands of the allies, but allied economic experts were not so sure. These economists noticed a distinct pattern, or, rather, a lack thereof, that suggested to disprove these claims. The greatest period of German inflation was following the drafting of the London Schedule in 1921, during which time the Germans paid very little in reparations. Meanwhile, the German economy was remarkably stable prior to 1921, during which time she had paid the greatest sum in reparations (Marks, pg. 239). It seemed, and was indeed the case, that the German government was not experiencing economic implosion due to monetary demands of the allies, but was intentionally destroying its currency in an attempt to dodge payments. The archives of the Reich Chancellery confirm that the German government was indeed ignoring economic reform policy during this time, allowing inflation to destroy the mark, thereby making its value so low that paying off reparations would barely put a dent in the German economy (Marks, pg. 239). The allies had realized this, but were divided over the appropriate course of action to respond. The British sought to appease Germany, issuing a four-year moratorium on reparations payments such that the German economy would recover, whereas the French demanded that the allied forces punish this insolence by occupying some form of German land or economic hub as collateral to enforce payments (Marks, pg. 240). In December of 1922, Germany failed to produce a large delivery of reparations in the form of timber, which was paradoxically a payment designed in kind and quantity by the German government itself. They then failed repeatedly in monthly deliveries of coal, and so a conference was held in January in which the allied powers and Germany would present plans to redraw reparations plans. When this conference ended indecisive, with no new plan established, Germany’s coal defaults were declared by the reparations council. France, seeing this as her opportunity, responded by occupying the Rhine-Ruhr river valley basin with the help of Italy and Belgium to manually produce the German exports that had been due, all to the dismay of Britain.	<urn:uuid:dc688806-3247-4b2b-aeaf-40d973264951>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://michiganboergoat.org/the-mercilessness-took-revenge-on-a-sorely-beaten-germany/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606269.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122012204-20200122041204-00539.warc.gz	en	0.981315	2,905	3.375	3	[ -0.08855339884757996, 0.21391043066978455, 0.1689879596233368, 0.053937554359436035, -0.05443790182471275, 0.10556653887033463, -0.028628399595618248, 0.07710665464401245, 0.07865656912326813, -0.1434003710746765, 0.028734419494867325, -0.18917840719223022, 0.2522948384284973, 0.7795854806...	1	The world of Geopolitics is a convoluted and often unexciting one, and so it is understandable that that branch of social studies is commonly editorialized for students in high school, and occasionally those in universities. However, there is one particular iota of human history so blatantly misrepresented, and yet so crucial to the state of our modern world, that the utter failure of even Historians to acknowledge the truth surrounding it is baffling. The Interwar Period in Europe, following the devastation of World War 1 and preluding World War 2, is often glossed over due to the overshadowing nature of the wars that it buffers, but one must not forget that with it came the Great Depression, a complete restructuring of Europe, and perhaps most crucially, the creation of Nazi Germany. The birth of Fascism in Europe and the rise of Hitler is unequivocally one of the most influential phenomenons of the last century, causing the death of millions across the world and entirely redefining global politics, and yet it is simultaneously one of the least accurately portrayed. As any high school history teacher will tell you, to understand the rise of Nazism one must look back to the infamous Treaty of Versailles. This treaty, one of many signed at the Paris Peace Conference, is thought of as an inciting incident in a gripping and tragic story of how the Allied Powers of World War 1, in their great immaturity and mercilessness, took revenge on a sorely beaten Germany, demanding so much of the defeated country that her economy collapsed. It then makes sense that in the resulting state of poverty and desperation, the German people placed their faith in a fascist that promised them a return to greatness. This story, while being a satisfying explanation for Nazi Germany and World War 2, is a myth. It is true that a German economic depression largely contributed to the rise of Hitler, but that depression was not the fault of Allied spite, and it was not the fault of the Treaty of Versailles. In reality, the truth is quite a bit more complicated. The Treaty of Versailles was not excessive in its demands of Germany, it did not directly contribute to the German economic impression, and its modern interpretation as having singled-out Germany was a lie invented by the Nazi party in Germany that has gained ubiquitous popularity since then because of the simplified story of interwar history it creates. To understand how all of this became so fouly misconstrued, one must more closely examine the history of postwar treaties, and some German economics. At 11 O’clock on the 11th of November, 1918, an armistice was signed between the allied powers of WW1 and the German Empire. Germany’s allies had hitherto signed separate armistices, and so this marked the end of fighting in Europe. Months later, in early may of 1919, German diplomats met for the Paris Peace Conference and were presented with the proposed Treaty of Versailles. These diplomats were not met kindly in Paris: The specialized train they took was made to slow down as it made its way through war-stricken areas of France, and they were treated rudely by employees of the hotel they were meant to stay in (MacMillan, pg. 460). Edward M. House, advisor to US President Woodrow Wilson and an American diplomat at the Paris Peace conference, expressed his concerns about holding peace-talks in Paris, remarking that “it will be difficult enough at best to make a just peace, and it will be almost impossible to do so while sitting in the atmosphere of a belligerent capital” (MacMillan, pg. 27). All this tension was not without reason, however. The war had left France devastated in a way no other Western European country experienced. This was worst on the front lines. The natural landscape was decimated, the infrastructure had been reduced to rubble, and the ground was littered with shrapnel and other debris of war. House’ son-in-law, Gordon Auchincloss, had visited some of these scenes, and wrote home a letter saying “I have never seen such horrible waste and such intense destruction” (MacMillan 148). The War did not merely scar the land, but also the country as a whole. France was not the only country to suffer extreme losses at the hands of Germany – Russia had lost millions of soldiers and was forced to pay millions of gold rubles in reparations to Germany under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, and German war crimes in Belgium were no myth – but she had experienced the brunt of it. France had lost millions of lives, and many of her coal mines had been destroyed by the German invaders. The cost of rebuilding France, and in turn, Belgium, would be immense. It followed naturally that because Germany caused a majority of the damage to those countries and experienced almost no invasion or damage to itself, that she should be made to economically assist France in this very cumbersome process of reconstruction. French officials also feared that because of France’s innate economic and industrial inferiority to Germany, if Germany was not forced to pay substantial reparations and thereby share the weight of post-war costs with France, that Germany would quickly rise again as an economic and militaristic superpower that would stand as a great threat to France (Marks, pg. 244). This was the premise for the demands that would eventually constitute the Treaty of Versailles. Reparations were not a greedy attempt to plunder an impoverished Germany, but rather an attempt to make Germany right its wrongs by sharing its relative wealth with the countries that were left economically devastated by the German Army in the war. The German diplomats, however, did not see it this way. After reading the Treaty of Versailles, the diplomats were outraged. Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau, foreign minister of the German empire and head of diplomats in Paris exclaimed “This fat volume was quite unnecessary. They could have easily expressed the whole thing more simply in one clause – ‘Germany surrenders all claims to its existence'” (MacMillan 465). There was one particular area of the treaty that the German diplomats were most disturbed by: Part VIII, Reparations. To head off this section was the infamous Article 231, otherwise known as the “War Guilt Clause”, and a number of further articles describing the way in which Germany would perform reparations payments. Article 231 stirred up particular controversy at the conference, and in the decades to come. It read:The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies. (The Treaty of Versailles, Part VIII, Section I, Article 231). The German plenipotentiaries interpreted this as a means of pinning all blame for the war on Germany, which they felt was unfair and an insult to their nation. It remains some matter of debate exactly how responsible Germany was for the instigation and continued violence of World War 1, but it is an unassailable fact that this understanding of the article’s meaning is patently false. One must understand that the Treaty of Versailles was one of many signed at the Paris Peace Conference, and was specifically devoted to Germany. The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye was devoted to Austria, the Treaty of Trianon was devoted to Hungary, the Treaty of Neuilly-sur Seine was devoted to Bulgaria, and the Treaty of Sèvres, while never ratified, was devoted to Turkey. The same article was present, almost verbatim, in every one of these treaties, and specified each country individually, just as the Treaty of Versailles specifies Germany. Not only this, but the Treaty of Versailles does not solely blame Germany for damage sustained by the war, rather indicating “Germany and her allies”. This illogical fixation on article 231 led to it becoming a propaganda device for German Nationalists, and eventually the Nazi Party. While concerns over article 231 are easy to dismiss, German uproar over reparations payments is more complicated. Article 235 of the treaty stated that Germany must pay the equivalent of 20 billion gold marks in the form of currency or commodity between may of 1919 and may of 1921, at which point the Reparations Council would meet and discuss a new plan for German payments. This was not an absurd figure given the economic resources of Germany and the extensive damage to France and Belgium, and despite that Germany would only go on to pay 8 billion in these interim payments (Marks, pg. 233). The Reparations Council met in late April of 1921, and determined that the net total in due reparations payments not only on the part of Germany, but on her allies as well, would be the equivalent of approximately 132 billion gold marks. However, it was utterly unrealistic for any of the other central powers to pay anything in reparations, as most had weak economies and a great deal of reconstruction to do, so this check fell to Germany. The 132 billion figure had been determined during negotiations between the Belgians, French, and Italians who sought a higher demand, and the British who argued for a lower demand, wanting Germany to return to economic prosperity as quickly as possible so that trade might presume as before the war. It was seen as the lowest amount in payments that the allied governments could demand without public outcry in allied countries affected by the war. However, even still the allies recognized that this was quite a sum to ask of Germany. The payment was hence broken down into three sections, A, B, and C bonds, with A bonds constituting the interim payment of 12 billion gold marks that Germany had failed to deliver, B bonds constituting another 38 billion gold marks, and C bonds being entirely fictional. Indeed, the C bonds stood as a superficial symbol of German defeat to satisfy public demand that Germany be punished, and were never meant to be paid in any extent. In total, the German government was only required to pay a total of 50 billion gold marks in debt following the Reparations Commision, well within their economic capabilities and below the German government’s counter-offer (Marks, pg. 237). It was the aim of the allied powers that the Treaty of Versailles would serve to help rebuild a damaged France and Belgium, but not be so harsh that the German economy could not quickly return to prosperity. However, due to Germany’s response, this did not go exactly as planned. In 1921 Germany had paid about 8 billion gold marks in reparations, and by the onset of World War 2 they had paid only 20 billion, barely enough to cover the interim payments due previously by May 1st of 1921. In fact, it was only on October 3rd of 2010 that Germany finished paying off its debt, having recommitted to her duty in the 1950s (Crossland). This gargantuan failure on the part of the allied powers in collecting their war debt is what ultimately made the Treaty of Versailles a failure, and in many not-so-obvious ways, German reparations avoidance set the stage for the rise of Hitler and World War 2. Enforcing reparations was difficult from the beginning. The London Schedule of reparations payments, as determined by the Reparations Council in 1921, would have Germany pay the 50 billion gold marks over a long period of time, with regular annuities over that timeline. The allied powers occupied the German customs post in Dusseldorf to oversee the delivery of the first billion gold marks that summer, which the Germans successfully paid in full (Marks, pg. 237). The allies then pulled their forces from the customs post, assuming that Germany would continue delivering payments on time. They did not. Germany made some payments in late 1921 and early 1922, but never enough, and in 1922 payments had all but ceased entirely. The Germans excused their failure to meet the London Schedule on their weakened economy, which had experienced a fair deal of inflation since World War 1. German officials blamed this inflation on the reparations demands of the allies, but allied economic experts were not so sure. These economists noticed a distinct pattern, or, rather, a lack thereof, that suggested to disprove these claims. The greatest period of German inflation was following the drafting of the London Schedule in 1921, during which time the Germans paid very little in reparations. Meanwhile, the German economy was remarkably stable prior to 1921, during which time she had paid the greatest sum in reparations (Marks, pg. 239). It seemed, and was indeed the case, that the German government was not experiencing economic implosion due to monetary demands of the allies, but was intentionally destroying its currency in an attempt to dodge payments. The archives of the Reich Chancellery confirm that the German government was indeed ignoring economic reform policy during this time, allowing inflation to destroy the mark, thereby making its value so low that paying off reparations would barely put a dent in the German economy (Marks, pg. 239). The allies had realized this, but were divided over the appropriate course of action to respond. The British sought to appease Germany, issuing a four-year moratorium on reparations payments such that the German economy would recover, whereas the French demanded that the allied forces punish this insolence by occupying some form of German land or economic hub as collateral to enforce payments (Marks, pg. 240). In December of 1922, Germany failed to produce a large delivery of reparations in the form of timber, which was paradoxically a payment designed in kind and quantity by the German government itself. They then failed repeatedly in monthly deliveries of coal, and so a conference was held in January in which the allied powers and Germany would present plans to redraw reparations plans. When this conference ended indecisive, with no new plan established, Germany’s coal defaults were declared by the reparations council. France, seeing this as her opportunity, responded by occupying the Rhine-Ruhr river valley basin with the help of Italy and Belgium to manually produce the German exports that had been due, all to the dismay of Britain.	3,009	ENGLISH	1
The last true pharaoh of Egypt, Cleopatra VII (69-30 BC) has been immortalised through centuries of art, music and literature for her great physical beauty and love affairs with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. But she was much more than a femme fatale or tragic heroine – Cleopatra was a fearsome leader and brilliantly astute politician. During her rule between 51–30 BC, she brought peace and prosperity to a country that had been bankrupt and split by civil war. Here are 10 facts about the legendary Queen of the Nile. 1. She was the last ruler of the Ptolemaic dynasty Although she was born in Egypt, Cleopatra was not Egyptian. Her origins trace back to the Ptolemaic dynasty, a Macedonian Greek royal family. She was a descendant of Ptolemy I ‘Soter’, a general and friend of Alexander the Great. The Ptolemies were the last dynasty to rule Egypt, from 305 to 30 BC. After her father Ptolemy XII’s death in 51 BC, Cleopatra became co-regent of Egypt alongside her brother Ptolemy XIII. 2. She was highly intelligent and well educated Medieval Arab texts praise Cleopatra for her accomplishments as a mathematician, chemist and philosopher. She was said to have written scientific books and, in the words of the historian Al-Masudi: She was a sage, a philosopher, who elevated the ranks of scholars and enjoyed their company. She was also multilingual – historical accounts report her speaking between 5 and 9 languages, including her native Greek, Egyptian, Arabic and Hebrew. 3. She married two of her brothers Cleopatra was married to her brother and co-ruler Ptolemy XIII, who was 10 years old at the time (she was 18). In 48 BC, Ptolemy tried to depose his sister, forcing her to flee to Syria and Egypt. Upon Ptolemy XIII’s death after being defeated by her Roman-Egyptian armies, Cleopatra married his younger brother Ptolemy XIV. She was 22; he was 12. During their marriage Cleopatra continued to live with Caesar privately and act as his mistress. She married Mark Antony in 32 BC. Following Antony’s surrender and suicide after being defeated by Octavian, Cleopatra was captured by his army. The legend goes that Cleopatra had an asp smuggled into her room and allowed it to bite her, poisoning and killing her. 4. Her beauty was the product of Roman propaganda Contrary to modern portrayals from Elizabeth Taylor and Vivien Leigh, there is no evidence among ancient historians that Cleopatra was a great beauty. Contemporary visual sources show Cleopatra with a large pointed nose, narrow lips and sharp, jutting chin. According to Plutarch: Her actual beauty…was not so remarkable that none could be compared with her. Her reputation as a dangerous and seductive temptress was in fact the creation of her enemy Octavian. Roman historians portrayed her as a harlot who used sex to bewitch powerful men into giving her power. 5. She used her image as a political tool Cleopatra believed herself to be a living goddess and was keenly aware of the relationship between image and power. Historian John Fletcher described her as “a mistress of disguise and costume.” She would appear dressed as the goddess Isis at ceremonial events, and surrounded herself with luxury. 6. She was a popular pharaoh Contemporary Egyptian sources suggest that Cleopatra was loved among her people. Unlike her Ptolemaic forebears – who spoke Greek and observed Greek customs – Cleopatra identified as a truly Egyptian pharaoh. She learned the Egyptian language and commissioned portraits of herself in the traditional Egyptian style. 7. She was a strong and successful leader Under her rule, Egypt was the richest nation in the Mediterranean and the last to remain independent from the rapidly expanding Roman Empire. Cleopatra built up the Egyptian economy, and used trade with Arab nations to bolster her country’s status as a world power. 8. Her lovers were also her political allies Cleopatra’s relationships with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony were as much military alliances as romantic liaisons. At the time of her meeting with Caesar, Cleopatra was in exile – cast out by her brother. Caesar was to arbitrate a peace conference between the warring siblings. Cleopatra persuaded her servant to wrap her in a carpet and present her to the Roman general. In her best finery, she begged Caesar for his help to regain the throne. By all accounts she and Mark Antony were truly in love. But by allying herself with Octavian’s rival, she helped defend Egypt from becoming a vassal of Rome. 9. She was in Rome when Caesar was killed Cleopatra was living in Rome as Caesar’s mistress at the time of his violent death in 44 BC. His assassination put her own life in danger, and she fled with their young son across the river Tiber. Upon her return to Egypt, Cleopatra immediately took steps to consolidate her rule. She had her brother Ptolemy XIV poisoned with aconite and replaced him with her son, Ptolemy XV ‘Caesarion’. 10. She had four children Cleopatra had one son with Julius Caesar, who she named Caesarion – ‘little Caesar’. After her suicide, Caesarion was killed under orders by the Roman emperor Augustus. Cleopatra had three children with Mark Antony: Ptolemy ‘Philadelphus’ and twins Cleopatra ‘Selene’ and Alexander ‘Helios’. None of her descendants lived to inherit Egypt.	<urn:uuid:0672892e-7e4b-45c5-a2ea-f145e623f5df>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.historyhit.com/facts-about-cleopatra/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251788528.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129041149-20200129071149-00492.warc.gz	en	0.984685	1,245	3.609375	4	[ -0.050841763615608215, 0.7973676919937134, 0.45569249987602234, 0.08840180933475494, -0.88388991355896, -0.11376460641622543, 0.48822084069252014, 0.17735585570335388, 0.03141849488019943, 0.028371572494506836, 0.05005769431591034, -0.648674726486206, -0.050644341856241226, 0.1898688971996...	7	The last true pharaoh of Egypt, Cleopatra VII (69-30 BC) has been immortalised through centuries of art, music and literature for her great physical beauty and love affairs with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. But she was much more than a femme fatale or tragic heroine – Cleopatra was a fearsome leader and brilliantly astute politician. During her rule between 51–30 BC, she brought peace and prosperity to a country that had been bankrupt and split by civil war. Here are 10 facts about the legendary Queen of the Nile. 1. She was the last ruler of the Ptolemaic dynasty Although she was born in Egypt, Cleopatra was not Egyptian. Her origins trace back to the Ptolemaic dynasty, a Macedonian Greek royal family. She was a descendant of Ptolemy I ‘Soter’, a general and friend of Alexander the Great. The Ptolemies were the last dynasty to rule Egypt, from 305 to 30 BC. After her father Ptolemy XII’s death in 51 BC, Cleopatra became co-regent of Egypt alongside her brother Ptolemy XIII. 2. She was highly intelligent and well educated Medieval Arab texts praise Cleopatra for her accomplishments as a mathematician, chemist and philosopher. She was said to have written scientific books and, in the words of the historian Al-Masudi: She was a sage, a philosopher, who elevated the ranks of scholars and enjoyed their company. She was also multilingual – historical accounts report her speaking between 5 and 9 languages, including her native Greek, Egyptian, Arabic and Hebrew. 3. She married two of her brothers Cleopatra was married to her brother and co-ruler Ptolemy XIII, who was 10 years old at the time (she was 18). In 48 BC, Ptolemy tried to depose his sister, forcing her to flee to Syria and Egypt. Upon Ptolemy XIII’s death after being defeated by her Roman-Egyptian armies, Cleopatra married his younger brother Ptolemy XIV. She was 22; he was 12. During their marriage Cleopatra continued to live with Caesar privately and act as his mistress. She married Mark Antony in 32 BC. Following Antony’s surrender and suicide after being defeated by Octavian, Cleopatra was captured by his army. The legend goes that Cleopatra had an asp smuggled into her room and allowed it to bite her, poisoning and killing her. 4. Her beauty was the product of Roman propaganda Contrary to modern portrayals from Elizabeth Taylor and Vivien Leigh, there is no evidence among ancient historians that Cleopatra was a great beauty. Contemporary visual sources show Cleopatra with a large pointed nose, narrow lips and sharp, jutting chin. According to Plutarch: Her actual beauty…was not so remarkable that none could be compared with her. Her reputation as a dangerous and seductive temptress was in fact the creation of her enemy Octavian. Roman historians portrayed her as a harlot who used sex to bewitch powerful men into giving her power. 5. She used her image as a political tool Cleopatra believed herself to be a living goddess and was keenly aware of the relationship between image and power. Historian John Fletcher described her as “a mistress of disguise and costume.” She would appear dressed as the goddess Isis at ceremonial events, and surrounded herself with luxury. 6. She was a popular pharaoh Contemporary Egyptian sources suggest that Cleopatra was loved among her people. Unlike her Ptolemaic forebears – who spoke Greek and observed Greek customs – Cleopatra identified as a truly Egyptian pharaoh. She learned the Egyptian language and commissioned portraits of herself in the traditional Egyptian style. 7. She was a strong and successful leader Under her rule, Egypt was the richest nation in the Mediterranean and the last to remain independent from the rapidly expanding Roman Empire. Cleopatra built up the Egyptian economy, and used trade with Arab nations to bolster her country’s status as a world power. 8. Her lovers were also her political allies Cleopatra’s relationships with Julius Caesar and Mark Antony were as much military alliances as romantic liaisons. At the time of her meeting with Caesar, Cleopatra was in exile – cast out by her brother. Caesar was to arbitrate a peace conference between the warring siblings. Cleopatra persuaded her servant to wrap her in a carpet and present her to the Roman general. In her best finery, she begged Caesar for his help to regain the throne. By all accounts she and Mark Antony were truly in love. But by allying herself with Octavian’s rival, she helped defend Egypt from becoming a vassal of Rome. 9. She was in Rome when Caesar was killed Cleopatra was living in Rome as Caesar’s mistress at the time of his violent death in 44 BC. His assassination put her own life in danger, and she fled with their young son across the river Tiber. Upon her return to Egypt, Cleopatra immediately took steps to consolidate her rule. She had her brother Ptolemy XIV poisoned with aconite and replaced him with her son, Ptolemy XV ‘Caesarion’. 10. She had four children Cleopatra had one son with Julius Caesar, who she named Caesarion – ‘little Caesar’. After her suicide, Caesarion was killed under orders by the Roman emperor Augustus. Cleopatra had three children with Mark Antony: Ptolemy ‘Philadelphus’ and twins Cleopatra ‘Selene’ and Alexander ‘Helios’. None of her descendants lived to inherit Egypt.	1,214	ENGLISH	1
Since returning from our Christmas break, we have had some new resources delivered that we have been able to use in our outdoor area. The children have particularly enjoyed our new wheelbarrows. As we wish to expand and extend the children's motor skills we decided to incorporate more resources in the garden to promote this, which has also been thoroughly enjoyed and explored with by the children. The children were working together and working on their sharing skills to work together to build their own towers with our bricks. The children were filling up their wheelbarrows with different materials and transporting these around the garden. They were working together to move the wheelbarrows over a variety of obstacles, such as the bridge. This needed the children to work together and challenge each other. COEL: Critical thinking. EYFS: Physical Development.	<urn:uuid:ea4c09d1-1df7-442f-95d4-2744cd5c9442>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.children-first.info/baby-nursery/baby-nursery-blog/garden-time/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610004.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123101110-20200123130110-00221.warc.gz	en	0.985572	166	3.265625	3	[ -0.16363699734210968, -0.5836294293403625, 0.7237651944160461, -0.11467889696359634, -0.30010008811950684, 0.2960776686668396, -0.2661439776420593, -0.09572454541921616, -0.3777655065059662, -0.02755899168550968, 0.2535218596458435, -0.18400292098522186, 0.19834403693675995, 0.318968355655...	11	Since returning from our Christmas break, we have had some new resources delivered that we have been able to use in our outdoor area. The children have particularly enjoyed our new wheelbarrows. As we wish to expand and extend the children's motor skills we decided to incorporate more resources in the garden to promote this, which has also been thoroughly enjoyed and explored with by the children. The children were working together and working on their sharing skills to work together to build their own towers with our bricks. The children were filling up their wheelbarrows with different materials and transporting these around the garden. They were working together to move the wheelbarrows over a variety of obstacles, such as the bridge. This needed the children to work together and challenge each other. COEL: Critical thinking. EYFS: Physical Development.	163	ENGLISH	1
1638 (25th November) Catherine of Braganza was born to John, Duke of Braganza and his wife, Luisa de Guzman, at the Palace of Vila Vicosa in Portugal. At the time Portugal and Spain were under one rule. 1640 (1st December) Following a rebellion led by Catherine’s father against the rule of Spain, he became King John IV of Portugal. King Charles I of England suggested a marriage between his son, Charles and Catherine. Negotiations between England and Portugal began but were ended with the outbreak of the English Civil War. Catherine began her education and her lessons were supervised by her mother. She lived a fairly sheltered life either in a nearby convent or in the royal palace. 1643 (21st August) Catherine’s brother Alfonso was born to John, Duke of Braganza and his wife, Luisa de Guzman. 1653 (17th November) Catherine’s elder sister, Joana, died 1656 (6th November) Catherine’s father, John IV of Portugal, died. Her brother Alfonso became King Alfonso VI. Catherine’s mother was regent because Alfonso was only 13 years old. In England it was suggested that negotiations with Portugal for a marriage between King Charles II and Catherine of Braganza be reopened. The idea was not popular in England due to Catherine being a Catholic but the negotiations went ahead. 1661 (23rd June) The marriage treaty with Portugal finally agreed the marriage of Catherine to King Charles II. England was to receive Tangiers in North Africa, the Seven Islands of Bombay as well as trading rights in Brazil and the East Indies as well as a £300,000 cash payment. In return England would provide military support for Portugal in its war with Spain. Catherine, who was a Catholic, would be allowed freedom of worship. Charles took little part in the negotiations and was totally disinterested in the marriage other than for its political value. 1662 (23rd April) Catherine of Braganza married King Charles II of England by proxy in Lisbon. 1662 (14th May) Catherine of Braganza arrived in England. However, Charles was not present to welcome his future bride. 1662 (20th May) King Charles finally came to visit Catherine at Portsmouth. 1662 (21st May) Charles married Catherine of Braganza who was a Catholic in a secret private Catholic ceremony and a public Anglican ceremony. Henry Hyde was appointed Catherine’s Private Secretary. Catherine soon realised that Charles would not be a faithful husband and that he had a number of mistresses. She also found court life difficult since she did not speak English. Catherine was furious when Charles appointed his mistress, Barbara Palmer, as Lady of the Bedchamber. When she protested he sent most of her Portuguese attendants back to Portugal. Catherine eventually had to endure the appointment. Catherine of Braganza suffered a miscarriage. Catherine was taken seriously ill and for a time it was thought she may not recover. Charles sat at her bedside often during her illness. The artist Jacob Huysmans painted Catherine as Saint Catherine. Catherine ordered a religious house to be built to the east of St James’s Palace. Catherine suffered a bout of illness possibly caused by stress of not producing an heir for Charles and the possibility that he may divorce her. Henry Hyde was appointed Catherine’s Lord Chamberlain. Catherine and Charles left London for Salisbury to escape the Great Plague Catherine of Braganza was delivered of a stillborn child at Oxford. 1666 (late February) The religious house ordered by Catherine in 1665 was completed. It was occupied by 13 Portuguese Franciscan monks and became known as the Friary. 1668 (7th May) Catherine of Braganza was delivered of a stillborn child. Catherine tried to persuade Charles to take action against the Turks who had laid siege to Candia, in Crete. 1669 (7th June) Catherine of Braganza was delivered of a stillborn child. The Pope sent Catherine a number of religious devotion items. Charles ordered a yacht to be built for Catherine. Catherine enjoyed trips on the Thames as well as two journeys to Portugal on board Her Majesty’s Yacht Saubadoes Catherine and Charles went on a tour of England. This act stated that anyone in public office had to swear an oath of allegiance and could not be a Catholic. An order that all Irish and English Catholic priests should leave the country left Catherine without a priest. She appointed Catholic Portuguese Francisco de Mello as her Lord Chamberlain. Catherine’s Lord Chamberlain, Francisco de Mello, was dismissed from office for ordering the printing of a Catholic book. There was growing concern over the succession since Charles II had no legitimate children. Heir to the throne was Charles’s brother, James who had converted to Catholicism. In a bid to persuade people that the royal family were not Catholic, Charles insisted that James’s daughter Mary be married to her cousin William III of Orange Titus Oates claimed that there was a plot to assassinate Charles and replace him with his brother James who had converted to Catholicism. He stated that Catherine had been part of the conspiracy. The rumour sparked a wave of anti-Catholic hysteria and supposed conspirators were executed. The 1673 Test Act was extended and effectively barred Catholics from being members of either the House of Commons or the House of Lords. 1683 (1st April) Rye House Plot This was a plot to assassinate King Charles and his brother James while they were at the races at Newmarket. However, a fire in Newmarket led to the cancellation of the races and Charles and James returned to London. News of the failed Rye House Plot leaked and Charles’s illegitimate son, the Duke of Monmouth, was implicated as being one of the conspirators. He fled England and sought refuge in the court of William III of Orange. 1685 (2nd February) Charles suffered a seizure. 1685 (5th February) Charles realised he was close to death and converted to Catholicism. He also requested that Nell Gwyn be provided for. 1685 (6th February) Charles died. He was succeeded by his brother James as King James II of England VII of Scotland. 1685 (after 6th February) Catherine suffered a period of depression. 1688 (after 6th February) Catherine continued to live at Somerset House, London but her position as a Catholic in England was becomming increasingly difficult. Parliament passed a bill to limit the number of Catholic servants that Catherine had. Catherine returned to Portugal where she looked after her nephew Prince John. Catherine acted as regent for her brother, Peter II of Portugal. 1703 (27th December) Catherine supported this treaty between Portugal and England. Catherine acted as regent for her brother, Peter II of Portugal again. 1705 (31st December) Catherine died at the Bemposta Palace, Lisbon. She was buried at the Monastery of St Vincent of Fora in Lisbon.	<urn:uuid:982036b7-4123-4342-be38-8e4f7ce54230>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.totallytimelines.com/catherine-of-braganza-1638-1705/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783342.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128215526-20200129005526-00558.warc.gz	en	0.982075	1,534	3.5	4	[ -0.16561071574687958, 0.5109557509422302, 0.08328954130411148, 0.05384712666273117, -0.23321828246116638, -0.28097525238990784, -0.043164364993572235, 0.06943919509649277, 0.09709043800830841, 0.1831451803445816, -0.06787272542715073, -0.5165777206420898, -0.07685694843530655, 0.3551989495...	1	1638 (25th November) Catherine of Braganza was born to John, Duke of Braganza and his wife, Luisa de Guzman, at the Palace of Vila Vicosa in Portugal. At the time Portugal and Spain were under one rule. 1640 (1st December) Following a rebellion led by Catherine’s father against the rule of Spain, he became King John IV of Portugal. King Charles I of England suggested a marriage between his son, Charles and Catherine. Negotiations between England and Portugal began but were ended with the outbreak of the English Civil War. Catherine began her education and her lessons were supervised by her mother. She lived a fairly sheltered life either in a nearby convent or in the royal palace. 1643 (21st August) Catherine’s brother Alfonso was born to John, Duke of Braganza and his wife, Luisa de Guzman. 1653 (17th November) Catherine’s elder sister, Joana, died 1656 (6th November) Catherine’s father, John IV of Portugal, died. Her brother Alfonso became King Alfonso VI. Catherine’s mother was regent because Alfonso was only 13 years old. In England it was suggested that negotiations with Portugal for a marriage between King Charles II and Catherine of Braganza be reopened. The idea was not popular in England due to Catherine being a Catholic but the negotiations went ahead. 1661 (23rd June) The marriage treaty with Portugal finally agreed the marriage of Catherine to King Charles II. England was to receive Tangiers in North Africa, the Seven Islands of Bombay as well as trading rights in Brazil and the East Indies as well as a £300,000 cash payment. In return England would provide military support for Portugal in its war with Spain. Catherine, who was a Catholic, would be allowed freedom of worship. Charles took little part in the negotiations and was totally disinterested in the marriage other than for its political value. 1662 (23rd April) Catherine of Braganza married King Charles II of England by proxy in Lisbon. 1662 (14th May) Catherine of Braganza arrived in England. However, Charles was not present to welcome his future bride. 1662 (20th May) King Charles finally came to visit Catherine at Portsmouth. 1662 (21st May) Charles married Catherine of Braganza who was a Catholic in a secret private Catholic ceremony and a public Anglican ceremony. Henry Hyde was appointed Catherine’s Private Secretary. Catherine soon realised that Charles would not be a faithful husband and that he had a number of mistresses. She also found court life difficult since she did not speak English. Catherine was furious when Charles appointed his mistress, Barbara Palmer, as Lady of the Bedchamber. When she protested he sent most of her Portuguese attendants back to Portugal. Catherine eventually had to endure the appointment. Catherine of Braganza suffered a miscarriage. Catherine was taken seriously ill and for a time it was thought she may not recover. Charles sat at her bedside often during her illness. The artist Jacob Huysmans painted Catherine as Saint Catherine. Catherine ordered a religious house to be built to the east of St James’s Palace. Catherine suffered a bout of illness possibly caused by stress of not producing an heir for Charles and the possibility that he may divorce her. Henry Hyde was appointed Catherine’s Lord Chamberlain. Catherine and Charles left London for Salisbury to escape the Great Plague Catherine of Braganza was delivered of a stillborn child at Oxford. 1666 (late February) The religious house ordered by Catherine in 1665 was completed. It was occupied by 13 Portuguese Franciscan monks and became known as the Friary. 1668 (7th May) Catherine of Braganza was delivered of a stillborn child. Catherine tried to persuade Charles to take action against the Turks who had laid siege to Candia, in Crete. 1669 (7th June) Catherine of Braganza was delivered of a stillborn child. The Pope sent Catherine a number of religious devotion items. Charles ordered a yacht to be built for Catherine. Catherine enjoyed trips on the Thames as well as two journeys to Portugal on board Her Majesty’s Yacht Saubadoes Catherine and Charles went on a tour of England. This act stated that anyone in public office had to swear an oath of allegiance and could not be a Catholic. An order that all Irish and English Catholic priests should leave the country left Catherine without a priest. She appointed Catholic Portuguese Francisco de Mello as her Lord Chamberlain. Catherine’s Lord Chamberlain, Francisco de Mello, was dismissed from office for ordering the printing of a Catholic book. There was growing concern over the succession since Charles II had no legitimate children. Heir to the throne was Charles’s brother, James who had converted to Catholicism. In a bid to persuade people that the royal family were not Catholic, Charles insisted that James’s daughter Mary be married to her cousin William III of Orange Titus Oates claimed that there was a plot to assassinate Charles and replace him with his brother James who had converted to Catholicism. He stated that Catherine had been part of the conspiracy. The rumour sparked a wave of anti-Catholic hysteria and supposed conspirators were executed. The 1673 Test Act was extended and effectively barred Catholics from being members of either the House of Commons or the House of Lords. 1683 (1st April) Rye House Plot This was a plot to assassinate King Charles and his brother James while they were at the races at Newmarket. However, a fire in Newmarket led to the cancellation of the races and Charles and James returned to London. News of the failed Rye House Plot leaked and Charles’s illegitimate son, the Duke of Monmouth, was implicated as being one of the conspirators. He fled England and sought refuge in the court of William III of Orange. 1685 (2nd February) Charles suffered a seizure. 1685 (5th February) Charles realised he was close to death and converted to Catholicism. He also requested that Nell Gwyn be provided for. 1685 (6th February) Charles died. He was succeeded by his brother James as King James II of England VII of Scotland. 1685 (after 6th February) Catherine suffered a period of depression. 1688 (after 6th February) Catherine continued to live at Somerset House, London but her position as a Catholic in England was becomming increasingly difficult. Parliament passed a bill to limit the number of Catholic servants that Catherine had. Catherine returned to Portugal where she looked after her nephew Prince John. Catherine acted as regent for her brother, Peter II of Portugal. 1703 (27th December) Catherine supported this treaty between Portugal and England. Catherine acted as regent for her brother, Peter II of Portugal again. 1705 (31st December) Catherine died at the Bemposta Palace, Lisbon. She was buried at the Monastery of St Vincent of Fora in Lisbon.	1,525	ENGLISH	1
LONDON -- The first modern Briton had dark skin and blue eyes, London scientists said on Wednesday, following groundbreaking DNA analysis of the remains of a man who lived 10,000 years ago. Known as "Cheddar Man" after the area in southwest England where his skeleton was discovered in a cave in 1903, the ancient man has been brought to life through the first ever full DNA analysis of his remains. In a joint project between Britain's Natural History Museum and University College London, scientists drilled a 2mm hole into the skull and extracted bone powder for analysis. Their findings transformed the way they had previously seen Cheddar Man, who had been portrayed as having brown eyes and light skin in an earlier model. "It is very surprising that a Brit 10,000 years ago could have that combination of very blue eyes but really dark skin," said the museum's Chris Stringer, who for the past decade has analysed the bones of people found in the cave. The findings suggest that lighter pigmentation being a feature of populations of northern Europe is more recent than previously thought. Cheddar Man's tribe migrated to Britain at the end of the last Ice Age and his DNA has been linked to individuals discovered in modern-day Spain, Hungary and Luxembourg. Selina Brace, a researcher of ancient DNA at the museum, said the cave environment Cheddar Man was found in helped preserve his remains. "In the cave you have a really nice, cool, dry, constant environment, and that basically prevents the DNA from breaking down," she said. A bust of Cheddar Man, complete with shoulder-length dark hair and short facial hair, was created using 3D printing. It took close to three months to build the model, with its makers using a high-tech scanner which had been designed for the International Space Station. Alfons Kennis, who made the bust with his brother Adrie, said the DNA findings were "revolutionary." "It's a story all about migrations throughout history," he told Channel 4 in a documentary to be aired on February 18. "It maybe gets rid of the idea that you have to look a certain way to be from somewhere. We are all immigrants," he added.	<urn:uuid:c476f55c-3324-42fc-a589-d299a4f0628f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cheddar-man-first-britons-had-dark-skin-blue-eyes-dna-analysis-shows/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783621.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129010251-20200129040251-00097.warc.gz	en	0.984247	457	3.3125	3	[ -0.2402760237455368, 0.4438328742980957, 0.24757781624794006, 0.22045408189296722, -0.08027973771095276, 0.046028848737478256, 0.3401322364807129, 0.0380890853703022, -0.2834955155849457, -0.2926541864871979, 0.005839988589286804, -0.638014554977417, -0.23887214064598083, 0.523737549781799...	2	LONDON -- The first modern Briton had dark skin and blue eyes, London scientists said on Wednesday, following groundbreaking DNA analysis of the remains of a man who lived 10,000 years ago. Known as "Cheddar Man" after the area in southwest England where his skeleton was discovered in a cave in 1903, the ancient man has been brought to life through the first ever full DNA analysis of his remains. In a joint project between Britain's Natural History Museum and University College London, scientists drilled a 2mm hole into the skull and extracted bone powder for analysis. Their findings transformed the way they had previously seen Cheddar Man, who had been portrayed as having brown eyes and light skin in an earlier model. "It is very surprising that a Brit 10,000 years ago could have that combination of very blue eyes but really dark skin," said the museum's Chris Stringer, who for the past decade has analysed the bones of people found in the cave. The findings suggest that lighter pigmentation being a feature of populations of northern Europe is more recent than previously thought. Cheddar Man's tribe migrated to Britain at the end of the last Ice Age and his DNA has been linked to individuals discovered in modern-day Spain, Hungary and Luxembourg. Selina Brace, a researcher of ancient DNA at the museum, said the cave environment Cheddar Man was found in helped preserve his remains. "In the cave you have a really nice, cool, dry, constant environment, and that basically prevents the DNA from breaking down," she said. A bust of Cheddar Man, complete with shoulder-length dark hair and short facial hair, was created using 3D printing. It took close to three months to build the model, with its makers using a high-tech scanner which had been designed for the International Space Station. Alfons Kennis, who made the bust with his brother Adrie, said the DNA findings were "revolutionary." "It's a story all about migrations throughout history," he told Channel 4 in a documentary to be aired on February 18. "It maybe gets rid of the idea that you have to look a certain way to be from somewhere. We are all immigrants," he added.	452	ENGLISH	1
Chaucer is the eminent principal as well as he is worldwide known to be one of the best poet in the history of poetry. Chaucer being a father of poetry, his skills and view points on human perspectives are such that no other writer can compete him. His works are such that it have more effect even to these days as his distinction are actively based upon the ability of notifying and accounts are remarkable as he is the man of poetry. His modern poems are practically distinguished which are determined through the spectator of middle English. “If Shakespeare stands apart as our greatest, then it is John Milton who must dispute with Chaucer the honour of the second place. ” ( Apperson, 1954) Through his experiences, Chaucer was able to represent society as a whole where not many authors could not match up his level and it was many years before Shakespeare came and was able to represent society like Chaucer. Chaucer was a civil servant and he served several jobs which made him too busy to even have time for his family but still he found time to write his master pieces. Fourteen century was a century where many disastrous events and social changes took place in various ways and it changed England drastically but surprisingly Chaucer mostly passed these events in his writings. He lived through a clamorous times. Chaucer was among those writers whose popularity in English literature continued throughout fourteen to twenty-first century. ( Boitani, 2003)Chaucer produced several master pieces among which “ The Canterbury Tales” was the best known in the English literature in his times as well as to this modern world. This tale portrays a story with his poetic skills. The story is about pilgrimage in which pilgrims pay homage to Thomas Becket at a place called Canterbury. This story contains stories within stories. The inside stories are about individual travellers. (Stephen, 2014) He also produced many other texts which are no less famous than Canterbury tales. Some of his other works are ‘ The Book of Duchess’, ‘The Parliament of Fouls’, ‘ Troilus and Criseyde’ and ‘Roman de la Rose’ to mention a few, Chaucer made countless contribution in English literature. Chaucer wrote many poems at the same time he wrote scientific as well as philosophical thesis. Chaucer had been buried under ‘Poet’s Corner’ as he was the greatest writer during his time in the medieval period. There are certain reasons for calling him as the father of English poetry and out of which one reason could be that in Chaucer’s era, England got no specific language to communicate rather they spoke different native dialects, which made it difficult for them to communicate. Even with difficult situation he did not fail to write in his own style and language. With his popularity and the increase in the usage of his language, today people use the updated version of Chaucer’s dialect. He shaped an English literature giving a global claim in this modern era of today as well. His poem ‘The Canterbury Tales’ was his time as well as in the greatest to his delineate situations and persona as well as the historical precision and social outlook of the individual person. This poem not only includes humorous romance but also provide us with viewpoint about the way of living of middle age society. Chaucer was renowned poet for all times because he wrote dramas, stories and poems based on way of life during his time instead of having his travellers narrate stories. He is also known as world’s first short story writer. His stories showcased different aspects of his personalities which included the blue Chaucer, literary Chaucer and funny Chaucer. His stories were mostly based on his moods and personalities which brought up many well written poems and stories. Likewise, he invented character in such a way that they are nasty, foolish, arrogant and funny to make his folk tales more realistic and legit. He also developed form of rhyming in his stories and poems which also inspired Shakespeare and was adopted centuries later. Chaucer was a man with realistic experiences as he served three kings, lived through times of war and also survived plagues ( Black death) and various political and social mayhems. Because of all these experiences, he was able to contribute several literary pieces in the field of English literature which gave him the title ‘ Father of English Poetry’. No other writer was known for perfect variety and substantial amount of work as much as Geoffrey Chaucer does in the English literature. Chaucer skilfully utilized his life experience and intelligence to depict the picture of life in it’s entirety which only few writer dare to challenge it. He was authority to both written and spoken aspects of English literature as he was grown up with it. Chaucer’s fame in poetry was limitless and expansive. It has travelled far beyond his own time and even vibrant till this day.	<urn:uuid:36a76f96-089a-4378-b56b-3e5fa7b90fbf>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://essayhub.net/essays/why-geoffrey-chaucer-is-known-as-the-father-of-english-poetry	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251779833.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128153713-20200128183713-00329.warc.gz	en	0.993216	995	3.96875	4	[ 0.18789231777191162, 0.26282644271850586, 0.3632119596004486, 0.09857851266860962, -0.5778647661209106, -0.1647888571023941, 0.32827121019363403, 0.0042119682766497135, -0.07632429897785187, -0.3190062642097473, -0.4774647355079651, -0.111307293176651, -0.13110677897930145, 0.2645886242389...	2	Chaucer is the eminent principal as well as he is worldwide known to be one of the best poet in the history of poetry. Chaucer being a father of poetry, his skills and view points on human perspectives are such that no other writer can compete him. His works are such that it have more effect even to these days as his distinction are actively based upon the ability of notifying and accounts are remarkable as he is the man of poetry. His modern poems are practically distinguished which are determined through the spectator of middle English. “If Shakespeare stands apart as our greatest, then it is John Milton who must dispute with Chaucer the honour of the second place. ” ( Apperson, 1954) Through his experiences, Chaucer was able to represent society as a whole where not many authors could not match up his level and it was many years before Shakespeare came and was able to represent society like Chaucer. Chaucer was a civil servant and he served several jobs which made him too busy to even have time for his family but still he found time to write his master pieces. Fourteen century was a century where many disastrous events and social changes took place in various ways and it changed England drastically but surprisingly Chaucer mostly passed these events in his writings. He lived through a clamorous times. Chaucer was among those writers whose popularity in English literature continued throughout fourteen to twenty-first century. ( Boitani, 2003)Chaucer produced several master pieces among which “ The Canterbury Tales” was the best known in the English literature in his times as well as to this modern world. This tale portrays a story with his poetic skills. The story is about pilgrimage in which pilgrims pay homage to Thomas Becket at a place called Canterbury. This story contains stories within stories. The inside stories are about individual travellers. (Stephen, 2014) He also produced many other texts which are no less famous than Canterbury tales. Some of his other works are ‘ The Book of Duchess’, ‘The Parliament of Fouls’, ‘ Troilus and Criseyde’ and ‘Roman de la Rose’ to mention a few, Chaucer made countless contribution in English literature. Chaucer wrote many poems at the same time he wrote scientific as well as philosophical thesis. Chaucer had been buried under ‘Poet’s Corner’ as he was the greatest writer during his time in the medieval period. There are certain reasons for calling him as the father of English poetry and out of which one reason could be that in Chaucer’s era, England got no specific language to communicate rather they spoke different native dialects, which made it difficult for them to communicate. Even with difficult situation he did not fail to write in his own style and language. With his popularity and the increase in the usage of his language, today people use the updated version of Chaucer’s dialect. He shaped an English literature giving a global claim in this modern era of today as well. His poem ‘The Canterbury Tales’ was his time as well as in the greatest to his delineate situations and persona as well as the historical precision and social outlook of the individual person. This poem not only includes humorous romance but also provide us with viewpoint about the way of living of middle age society. Chaucer was renowned poet for all times because he wrote dramas, stories and poems based on way of life during his time instead of having his travellers narrate stories. He is also known as world’s first short story writer. His stories showcased different aspects of his personalities which included the blue Chaucer, literary Chaucer and funny Chaucer. His stories were mostly based on his moods and personalities which brought up many well written poems and stories. Likewise, he invented character in such a way that they are nasty, foolish, arrogant and funny to make his folk tales more realistic and legit. He also developed form of rhyming in his stories and poems which also inspired Shakespeare and was adopted centuries later. Chaucer was a man with realistic experiences as he served three kings, lived through times of war and also survived plagues ( Black death) and various political and social mayhems. Because of all these experiences, he was able to contribute several literary pieces in the field of English literature which gave him the title ‘ Father of English Poetry’. No other writer was known for perfect variety and substantial amount of work as much as Geoffrey Chaucer does in the English literature. Chaucer skilfully utilized his life experience and intelligence to depict the picture of life in it’s entirety which only few writer dare to challenge it. He was authority to both written and spoken aspects of English literature as he was grown up with it. Chaucer’s fame in poetry was limitless and expansive. It has travelled far beyond his own time and even vibrant till this day.	992	ENGLISH	1
Growing Women's Rights in the Early-Mid Nineteenth Century. During the mid nineteenth century, women's role in society changed drastically. With the many numerous reform campaigns going on and the outburst of the Second Great Awakening, there was a chaos of cultures and view points floating about. Women could now speak their minds and work towards equality and women's rights. During this crucial movement, women finally got together to improve their status, slowly moving towards equality with men. Before this movement, women's lives were enclosed in the cult of domesticity which forced them to stay at home and nurture the children while the husbands went out to work. A women was suppose to be dedicate to her master, not to be out in a school or outside of the home. The time for change was finally felt and women's role was redefined, but it was "redefined" so women continued to work in the home with children. But even in the home there was a more independent atmosphere. After a drop in fertility rate, and some use of birth control being practiced; women were obviously were playing a leading part in decisions to have fewer children. This "domestic feminism" was revealing the growing power of women. . However, even though the role of the good homemaker was celebrated, women longed to venture into the public world that the men possessed. Lead off by the Second Great Awakening, where women saw the feminization of religion, women heard the preaching of female spiritual worth, which ultimately led them to task of saving the rest of society. The women's right movement finally began when female reformers" activity in areas such as antislavery were ignored by men; these included Sarah and Angelina Grimke who received male opposition for their involvement in antislavery. The Grimke sisters were joined with many other upset women reformers, including Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B.	<urn:uuid:b17cdb83-c7a6-4223-9c02-44c051cd1cc0>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.exampleessays.com/viewpaper/50008.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610919.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123131001-20200123160001-00119.warc.gz	en	0.989991	386	4.15625	4	[ -0.026042645797133446, -0.03478324040770531, 0.08821909874677658, 0.09073609113693237, -0.12080905586481094, 0.44728991389274597, -0.4089631140232086, 0.06895919144153595, -0.12620484828948975, 0.02838730998337269, -0.02453703247010708, 0.04533473774790764, 0.10799811035394669, 0.018973074...	2	Growing Women's Rights in the Early-Mid Nineteenth Century. During the mid nineteenth century, women's role in society changed drastically. With the many numerous reform campaigns going on and the outburst of the Second Great Awakening, there was a chaos of cultures and view points floating about. Women could now speak their minds and work towards equality and women's rights. During this crucial movement, women finally got together to improve their status, slowly moving towards equality with men. Before this movement, women's lives were enclosed in the cult of domesticity which forced them to stay at home and nurture the children while the husbands went out to work. A women was suppose to be dedicate to her master, not to be out in a school or outside of the home. The time for change was finally felt and women's role was redefined, but it was "redefined" so women continued to work in the home with children. But even in the home there was a more independent atmosphere. After a drop in fertility rate, and some use of birth control being practiced; women were obviously were playing a leading part in decisions to have fewer children. This "domestic feminism" was revealing the growing power of women. . However, even though the role of the good homemaker was celebrated, women longed to venture into the public world that the men possessed. Lead off by the Second Great Awakening, where women saw the feminization of religion, women heard the preaching of female spiritual worth, which ultimately led them to task of saving the rest of society. The women's right movement finally began when female reformers" activity in areas such as antislavery were ignored by men; these included Sarah and Angelina Grimke who received male opposition for their involvement in antislavery. The Grimke sisters were joined with many other upset women reformers, including Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B.	385	ENGLISH	1
One of the stalwarts of the Nehru family, Motilal Nehru was born on 6 May 1861. He made his name as a popular Indian lawyer. Along with this, he was a prominent activist in the Indian Freedom Movement as well as a pioneer of the Indian National Congress. He became the President of the Congress party twice. Another thing that needs special mention is that Motilal Nehru is considered as the founder of the well known Nehru-Gandhi family. He died on 6 February 1931. Birth, Childhood and Education Motilal Nehru was born in a Kashmiri Brahmin family in Delhi. His parents were Gangadhar and Jeevarani. Motilal’s father had passed away by the time of his birth. Therefore, it was Nandalal, Motilal’s elder brother, who brought him up. Initially they resided in Khetri, which was then a part of princely state of Jaipur. Nandalal was a Diwan in the state. But he left the job after some time and started practicing law in Allahabad. Motilal Nehru had a good education. He matriculated from Kanpur and then pursued his studies in the Muir Central College, Allahabad. The Western style of college education was not that common in those days; thus, Motilal was among the first generation of Hindus lucky enough to receive such education. However, he was not able to appear for the final B.A. exam. His interest in law made him take the law examination and he earned a ‘Bar at Law’ from the University of Cambridge. After passing the law examination in 1883, he started his law practice in Kanpur and then shifted to Allahabad. Career and Professional Life Motilal Nehru had a highly successful law practice. He bought a large house in the Civil Lines of Allahabad and named it Anand Bhavan. It was in 1909 when his career reached its zenith and he got the sanction of appearing in the Privy Council of Great Britain. He had to visit Europe several times and got influenced by the Western lifestyle greatly. He was a part of the daily called The Leader from Allahabad and also the first Chairman of the same. He was also in the main Board of Directors. In 1919, he started his own daily known as The Independent. Motilal Nehru’s ideologies regarding the British rule got shattered after the Jalianwala Bagh tragedy of Amritsar in 1919. Along with this, Mahatma Gandhi had a great impact on the life and beliefs of Motilal Nehru. It was Gandhiji who made him realise the importance of ‘Swadeshi’, which Motilal adopted fervently. After the heinous incident of Jalianwala Bagh, the Congress appointed an inquiry commission and Motilal Nehru along with Mahatma Gandhi and Chittaranjan Das were its main members. In 1919, Motilal became the President of the Indian National Congress. He was also closely involved in the Non-Cooperation Movement. Though he was quite close to Gandhiji, he openly criticized Gandhiji’s suspension of civil resistance in the year 1922. The founding of Swaraj Party in 1923 with Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das was an important event in the Indian Independence history. Motilal Nehru became the Secretary as well as the President of the Swaraj Party and won the elections to become the leader of the opposition in the Central Legislative Assembly. He opposed the decisions of the British rule vehemently. In 1926-27, the issue of conferring full Dominion status to India came up but was rejected by the Assembly. After this Motilal returned to the Congress and was elected its President in 1928 for the second time. Jawaharlal Nehru – Motilal’s Son With the entry of Jawaharlal Nehru, Motilal’s well educated and glamorous son, a new chapter in Indian history was added. He entered politics in 1916. In 1929, Motilal handed over his presidency to his son. Gandhiji backed the decision and it became a historical event for India. It was in 1928 that the famous Nehru Commission came up and was chaired by Motilal Nehru. The commission was a counter to the Simon Commission. The commission mentioned that they wanted a dominion status for the country within the British Empire. Though the move was supported by Congress, majority of the Nationalists opposed the same and demanded complete independence. End of political career and death Motilal Nehru’s health worsened towards the end of his days. Though he was an integral part of the Satyagraha movement initiated by Gandhiji and was imprisoned for the same, he was released on account of ill-health. He breathed his last on 6 February 1931, leaving behind a great legacy of the Gandhi-Nehru dynasty. Also on this day 1894 – Kirpal Singh, Indian religious leader, was born 1915 – Kavi Pradeep, Indian poet and songwriter, was born 1983 – Sreesanth, Indian cricketer, was born 1976 – Ritwik Ghatak, Bangladeshi-Indian director and scriptwriter, died 2012 – Sharada Dwivedi, Indian historian and author, passed away	<urn:uuid:deab208c-2123-48bc-be05-d5fdd0f842cb>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.mapsofindia.com/on-this-day/6th-february-1931-motilal-nehru-indian-lawyer-and-politician-passed-away	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251728207.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127205148-20200127235148-00078.warc.gz	en	0.987133	1,122	3.65625	4	[ 0.25098565220832825, 0.7232049703598022, 0.17465272545814514, -0.3853875994682312, -0.28113383054733276, 0.019474808126688004, 0.6522641181945801, -0.048002541065216064, -0.0887826681137085, -0.4499218463897705, 0.09298244118690491, -0.06093907728791237, 0.1352328211069107, 0.5798224210739...	4	One of the stalwarts of the Nehru family, Motilal Nehru was born on 6 May 1861. He made his name as a popular Indian lawyer. Along with this, he was a prominent activist in the Indian Freedom Movement as well as a pioneer of the Indian National Congress. He became the President of the Congress party twice. Another thing that needs special mention is that Motilal Nehru is considered as the founder of the well known Nehru-Gandhi family. He died on 6 February 1931. Birth, Childhood and Education Motilal Nehru was born in a Kashmiri Brahmin family in Delhi. His parents were Gangadhar and Jeevarani. Motilal’s father had passed away by the time of his birth. Therefore, it was Nandalal, Motilal’s elder brother, who brought him up. Initially they resided in Khetri, which was then a part of princely state of Jaipur. Nandalal was a Diwan in the state. But he left the job after some time and started practicing law in Allahabad. Motilal Nehru had a good education. He matriculated from Kanpur and then pursued his studies in the Muir Central College, Allahabad. The Western style of college education was not that common in those days; thus, Motilal was among the first generation of Hindus lucky enough to receive such education. However, he was not able to appear for the final B.A. exam. His interest in law made him take the law examination and he earned a ‘Bar at Law’ from the University of Cambridge. After passing the law examination in 1883, he started his law practice in Kanpur and then shifted to Allahabad. Career and Professional Life Motilal Nehru had a highly successful law practice. He bought a large house in the Civil Lines of Allahabad and named it Anand Bhavan. It was in 1909 when his career reached its zenith and he got the sanction of appearing in the Privy Council of Great Britain. He had to visit Europe several times and got influenced by the Western lifestyle greatly. He was a part of the daily called The Leader from Allahabad and also the first Chairman of the same. He was also in the main Board of Directors. In 1919, he started his own daily known as The Independent. Motilal Nehru’s ideologies regarding the British rule got shattered after the Jalianwala Bagh tragedy of Amritsar in 1919. Along with this, Mahatma Gandhi had a great impact on the life and beliefs of Motilal Nehru. It was Gandhiji who made him realise the importance of ‘Swadeshi’, which Motilal adopted fervently. After the heinous incident of Jalianwala Bagh, the Congress appointed an inquiry commission and Motilal Nehru along with Mahatma Gandhi and Chittaranjan Das were its main members. In 1919, Motilal became the President of the Indian National Congress. He was also closely involved in the Non-Cooperation Movement. Though he was quite close to Gandhiji, he openly criticized Gandhiji’s suspension of civil resistance in the year 1922. The founding of Swaraj Party in 1923 with Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das was an important event in the Indian Independence history. Motilal Nehru became the Secretary as well as the President of the Swaraj Party and won the elections to become the leader of the opposition in the Central Legislative Assembly. He opposed the decisions of the British rule vehemently. In 1926-27, the issue of conferring full Dominion status to India came up but was rejected by the Assembly. After this Motilal returned to the Congress and was elected its President in 1928 for the second time. Jawaharlal Nehru – Motilal’s Son With the entry of Jawaharlal Nehru, Motilal’s well educated and glamorous son, a new chapter in Indian history was added. He entered politics in 1916. In 1929, Motilal handed over his presidency to his son. Gandhiji backed the decision and it became a historical event for India. It was in 1928 that the famous Nehru Commission came up and was chaired by Motilal Nehru. The commission was a counter to the Simon Commission. The commission mentioned that they wanted a dominion status for the country within the British Empire. Though the move was supported by Congress, majority of the Nationalists opposed the same and demanded complete independence. End of political career and death Motilal Nehru’s health worsened towards the end of his days. Though he was an integral part of the Satyagraha movement initiated by Gandhiji and was imprisoned for the same, he was released on account of ill-health. He breathed his last on 6 February 1931, leaving behind a great legacy of the Gandhi-Nehru dynasty. Also on this day 1894 – Kirpal Singh, Indian religious leader, was born 1915 – Kavi Pradeep, Indian poet and songwriter, was born 1983 – Sreesanth, Indian cricketer, was born 1976 – Ritwik Ghatak, Bangladeshi-Indian director and scriptwriter, died 2012 – Sharada Dwivedi, Indian historian and author, passed away	1,160	ENGLISH	1
1527 (21st May) Philip II of Spain was born to Charles I of Spain and Isabella of Portugal at Pimentel Palace, Valladolid, Spain. He was styled Prince of Girona. Philip was created Prince of Asturias. 1528 (21st March) Philip’s sister, Maria, was born to Charles I of Spain and Isabella of Portugal at Madrid, Spain. Philip was nominated as heir to the throne of Spain. Philip began his education. He was educated by the Roman Catholic priest Juan Martinez Siliceo. 1535 (24th June) Philip’s sister, Joanna, was born to Charles I of Spain and Isabella of Portugal at Madrid, Spain. 1539 (1st May) Philip’s mother, Isabella of Portugal, died. Philip was created Duke of Milan. Philip began spending time with his father learning how to govern a country. Philip’s wife Elizabeth died following a miscarriage. Philip received military training from Juan de Zuniga and also the Duke of Alba. He joined the Duke at the Siege of Perpignan which saw the French defeated by the Spanish. 1543 (12th November) Philip married his cousin, Maria Manuela, daughter of Juan III of Portugal at Salamanca, Spain. 1545 (8th July) A son, Carlos, known as Don Carlos, was born to Philip and Maria. He was styled Prince of Asturias. 1545 (12th July) Philip’s wife, Maria, died from complications following the birth of Don Carlos. Philip was betrothed to Queen Mary of England . Under the terms of the marriage treaty, Philip would become King Consort of England for until Mary died. 1554 (23rd July) Philip arrived at Winchester in England. 1554 (25th July) Philip married Queen Mary I of England at Winchester Cathedral. 1554 (25th July) Philip became King of Naples after his father abdicated the throne in his favour. 1554 (2nd October) Philip was crowned King of Naples by Pope Julius III. 1554 (18th November) Philip was crowned King of Sicily and Jerusalem by Pope Julius III. 1555 (23rd May) Gian Pietro Carafa was elected Pope Paul IV. He angered Philip by following an anti-Spanish policy. In England, an act was passed that would make Philip regent if Mary died in childbirth. 1555 (late July) It became clear that Mary was not going to have a child. Philip left England to command his army against France. Philip declared war on the Papal states in retaliation for Pope Paul IV’s anti-Spanish policy. 1556 (16th January) Philip became King Philip II of Spain when his father, Charles V of Spain, abdicated in his favour. He was now ruler of Spain, Netherlands, Naples, Milan and Spain’s possessions in the Americas. His brother, Ferdinand, who was already ruler of Austria, became Holy Roman Emperor. 1556 (5th February) Treaty of Vaucelles This treaty between France and Spain agreed a peace between the two countries. Howevver, the peace did not last very long. Philip returned to England. He hoped to persuade Mary to support him in a war against France. Although Mary was happy to support him, her leading councillors opposed any declaration of war because it would adversely affect English trade. 1557 (10th August) Battle of Saint Quentin This battle between Spain and France during the Italian Wars saw the Spanish victorious. 1557 (27th August) Spanish troops commanded by the Duke of Alba had reached the gates of Rome and were ready to attack. 1557 (13th September) Cardinal Carlo Carafa signed a peace agreement with Philip ending the war with the Papal States. The Balearic Islands were captured by the Turk, Piyale Pasha, who made slaves of the people and then used the islands as a base to make raids on mainland Spain. 1558 (13th July) Battle of Gravelines This was another Spanish victory over the French. 1558 (21st September) Philip’s father, Charles V, died at Yuste, Spain. 1558 (17th November) Philip’s wife, Mary I of England, died. She was succeeded by her half-sister, the Protestant Elizabeth Philip II proposed marriage to Elizabeth I hoping to use his influence to prevent England returning to Protestantism, but she turned him down. 1559 (3rd April) Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis This treaty, signed by France and Spain, ended the fighting between the two countries over Italy. Spain gained Savoy, Genoa and control of Milan, Naples, Sicily and Sardinia. The treaty was to be sealed with the marriage of Philip to Elisabeth of Valois. Philip married Elisabeth, daughter of Henry II of France and Catherine de Medici. Philip organised a Holy League of Spain, Venice, Genoa, the Papal States, Savoy and Malta against the Ottoman Empire. Philip’s wife, Elisabeth, was delivered of a stillborn son. Philip nominated his eldest son, Don Carlos, as his heir. 1560 (12th March) The Holy League captured the island of Djerba. 1560 (9th – 14th May) Battle of Djerba The Ottoman Empire sent a fleet commanded by Piyale Pasha to take Djerba from the Holy League. The battle was won by the Ottoman Empire. Philip moved the royal court to Madrid following a fire in Valladolid. Philip’s son, Don Carlos, developed mental health issues after falling from his horse and injuring his head. Philip’s wife, Elisabeth, miscarried twin daughters. 1566 (12th August) A daughter, Isabella Clara Eugenia was born to Philip and Elisabeth of France. A daughter, Catalina Micaela was born to Philip and Elisabeth of France. 1568 (3rd October) Philip’s wife Elisabeth died following a miscarriage. The Dutch states revolted against Philip’s rule. In retaliation Philip persecuted Protestants and came down hard on those who took part in the revolts. 1568 (17th January) Philip arrested his son, Don Carlos, for plotting against him and placed him under house arrest. 1568 (24th July) Philip’s son, Don Carlos, died in Madrid. Philip married his niece, Anna of Austria, at Segovia, Spain. 1571 (4th December) A son, Ferdinand, was born to Philip and Anna. He was styled Prince of the Asturias. Battle of Lepanto A fleet of the Holy League commanded by Don Juan of Austria scored a decisive victory over the Ottoman fleet. The Holy League took took Tunis from the Ottoman Empire. 1573 (12th August) A son, Carlos Laurence, was born to Philip and Anna. He was styled Prince of the Asturias. 1573 (7th September) Philip’s sister, Joanna died. The Ottoman Empire re took Tunis from the Holy League. 1575 (30th June) Philip’s son, Carlos, died. 1575 (15th August) A son, Diego, was born to Philip and Anna. He was styled Prince of Asturias. 1578 (3rd April) A son, Philip, was born to Philip and Anna. He was styled Prince of Asturias. 1578 (18th October) Philip’s son, Ferdinand, died. Union of Utrecht This was an alliance between the Dutch provinces against the rule of Philip. They were led by William, Prince of Orange. A daughter, Maria, was born to Philip and Anna. Philip’s wife, Anna, died from complications following the birth of her daughter Maria. 1580 (24th July) Antonio, Prior of Crato, grandson of King Manuel I, claimed the Portuguese throne following the death of his uncle, King Henry, son of Manuel I. Philip believed he had a greater claim to the throne through his mother, Isabella, eldest daughter of Manuel I. 1580 (25th August) Battle of Alcantara Philip’s Spanish troops defeated the Portuguese troops of Antonio, Prior of Crato who had taken the Portuguese throne. 1580 (27th August) The Spanish troops in Portugal led by the Duke of Alba, captured Lisbon. Antonio, Prior of Crato who had taken the Portuguese throne, fled to France. Philip was recognised as King of Portugal, claiming the throne through descent from his Portuguese mother. 1582 (21st November) Philip’s son, Diego, died. 1583 (5th August) Philip’s daughter, Maria, died William of Orange, leader of the Dutch rebels, was assassinated by a Catholic loyalist. A peace was agreed between the Holy League and the Ottoman Empire. Treaty of Nonsuch This was a treaty between the Netherlands and England whereby Elizabeth promised military support to the Dutch against the Spanish. 1585 (after August) Philip was annoyed when Elizabeth of England sent troops, led by Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, to the Netherlands to support Protestants who were fighting against his rule. Philip was furious when Elizabeth I of England executed the Catholic Mary Queen of Scots for treason. Philip, like many Catholics believed that Mary, granddaughter of Henry VIII’s elder sister, was the rightful Queen of England and that Elizabeth was illegitimate. Philip II pf Spain sent the Spanish Armada to invade England. He hoped to depose Elizabeth, take the throne of England and restore Catholicism. The fleet of ships were to sail to the Netherlands and the Duke of Parma and Spanish troops before invading England. 1588 (29th July) The English sent eight fire ships (ships loaded with gunpowder and wood that would explode when fired at) to attack the Spanish ships anchored off Gravelines. The Spanish commander, Medina Sidonia, gave an order for the ships to cut their anchor cables and sail east, away from the English. However, the English continued to attack firing on the ships at close range forcing the Spanish ships into the North Sea. To return to Spain they had to sail around Scotland. 1588 (early August) The Spanish Armada ships were met with storms and gale force winds in the North Sea. Most of the ships had cut their anchors to escape Gravelines and, unable to drop anchor, around half of the ships were battered and destroyed. Philip two further Armadas to try to invade England but both failed. 1598 (13th September) Philip died at El Escorial near Madrid. He was succeeded by his son, Philip.	<urn:uuid:b8eea7ae-82eb-4f30-94e6-f4399377b7f1>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.totallytimelines.com/king-philip-ii-of-spain-1527-1598/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250590107.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117180950-20200117204950-00126.warc.gz	en	0.985227	2,405	3.359375	3	[ -0.24764159321784973, 0.41229528188705444, 0.4539417624473572, -0.22016841173171997, -0.3733732998371124, -0.3750822842121124, -0.2859020233154297, 0.3457854390144348, 0.33614081144332886, 0.15858644247055054, 0.41531479358673096, -0.6218363046646118, 0.013951543718576431, 0.17614936828613...	2	1527 (21st May) Philip II of Spain was born to Charles I of Spain and Isabella of Portugal at Pimentel Palace, Valladolid, Spain. He was styled Prince of Girona. Philip was created Prince of Asturias. 1528 (21st March) Philip’s sister, Maria, was born to Charles I of Spain and Isabella of Portugal at Madrid, Spain. Philip was nominated as heir to the throne of Spain. Philip began his education. He was educated by the Roman Catholic priest Juan Martinez Siliceo. 1535 (24th June) Philip’s sister, Joanna, was born to Charles I of Spain and Isabella of Portugal at Madrid, Spain. 1539 (1st May) Philip’s mother, Isabella of Portugal, died. Philip was created Duke of Milan. Philip began spending time with his father learning how to govern a country. Philip’s wife Elizabeth died following a miscarriage. Philip received military training from Juan de Zuniga and also the Duke of Alba. He joined the Duke at the Siege of Perpignan which saw the French defeated by the Spanish. 1543 (12th November) Philip married his cousin, Maria Manuela, daughter of Juan III of Portugal at Salamanca, Spain. 1545 (8th July) A son, Carlos, known as Don Carlos, was born to Philip and Maria. He was styled Prince of Asturias. 1545 (12th July) Philip’s wife, Maria, died from complications following the birth of Don Carlos. Philip was betrothed to Queen Mary of England . Under the terms of the marriage treaty, Philip would become King Consort of England for until Mary died. 1554 (23rd July) Philip arrived at Winchester in England. 1554 (25th July) Philip married Queen Mary I of England at Winchester Cathedral. 1554 (25th July) Philip became King of Naples after his father abdicated the throne in his favour. 1554 (2nd October) Philip was crowned King of Naples by Pope Julius III. 1554 (18th November) Philip was crowned King of Sicily and Jerusalem by Pope Julius III. 1555 (23rd May) Gian Pietro Carafa was elected Pope Paul IV. He angered Philip by following an anti-Spanish policy. In England, an act was passed that would make Philip regent if Mary died in childbirth. 1555 (late July) It became clear that Mary was not going to have a child. Philip left England to command his army against France. Philip declared war on the Papal states in retaliation for Pope Paul IV’s anti-Spanish policy. 1556 (16th January) Philip became King Philip II of Spain when his father, Charles V of Spain, abdicated in his favour. He was now ruler of Spain, Netherlands, Naples, Milan and Spain’s possessions in the Americas. His brother, Ferdinand, who was already ruler of Austria, became Holy Roman Emperor. 1556 (5th February) Treaty of Vaucelles This treaty between France and Spain agreed a peace between the two countries. Howevver, the peace did not last very long. Philip returned to England. He hoped to persuade Mary to support him in a war against France. Although Mary was happy to support him, her leading councillors opposed any declaration of war because it would adversely affect English trade. 1557 (10th August) Battle of Saint Quentin This battle between Spain and France during the Italian Wars saw the Spanish victorious. 1557 (27th August) Spanish troops commanded by the Duke of Alba had reached the gates of Rome and were ready to attack. 1557 (13th September) Cardinal Carlo Carafa signed a peace agreement with Philip ending the war with the Papal States. The Balearic Islands were captured by the Turk, Piyale Pasha, who made slaves of the people and then used the islands as a base to make raids on mainland Spain. 1558 (13th July) Battle of Gravelines This was another Spanish victory over the French. 1558 (21st September) Philip’s father, Charles V, died at Yuste, Spain. 1558 (17th November) Philip’s wife, Mary I of England, died. She was succeeded by her half-sister, the Protestant Elizabeth Philip II proposed marriage to Elizabeth I hoping to use his influence to prevent England returning to Protestantism, but she turned him down. 1559 (3rd April) Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis This treaty, signed by France and Spain, ended the fighting between the two countries over Italy. Spain gained Savoy, Genoa and control of Milan, Naples, Sicily and Sardinia. The treaty was to be sealed with the marriage of Philip to Elisabeth of Valois. Philip married Elisabeth, daughter of Henry II of France and Catherine de Medici. Philip organised a Holy League of Spain, Venice, Genoa, the Papal States, Savoy and Malta against the Ottoman Empire. Philip’s wife, Elisabeth, was delivered of a stillborn son. Philip nominated his eldest son, Don Carlos, as his heir. 1560 (12th March) The Holy League captured the island of Djerba. 1560 (9th – 14th May) Battle of Djerba The Ottoman Empire sent a fleet commanded by Piyale Pasha to take Djerba from the Holy League. The battle was won by the Ottoman Empire. Philip moved the royal court to Madrid following a fire in Valladolid. Philip’s son, Don Carlos, developed mental health issues after falling from his horse and injuring his head. Philip’s wife, Elisabeth, miscarried twin daughters. 1566 (12th August) A daughter, Isabella Clara Eugenia was born to Philip and Elisabeth of France. A daughter, Catalina Micaela was born to Philip and Elisabeth of France. 1568 (3rd October) Philip’s wife Elisabeth died following a miscarriage. The Dutch states revolted against Philip’s rule. In retaliation Philip persecuted Protestants and came down hard on those who took part in the revolts. 1568 (17th January) Philip arrested his son, Don Carlos, for plotting against him and placed him under house arrest. 1568 (24th July) Philip’s son, Don Carlos, died in Madrid. Philip married his niece, Anna of Austria, at Segovia, Spain. 1571 (4th December) A son, Ferdinand, was born to Philip and Anna. He was styled Prince of the Asturias. Battle of Lepanto A fleet of the Holy League commanded by Don Juan of Austria scored a decisive victory over the Ottoman fleet. The Holy League took took Tunis from the Ottoman Empire. 1573 (12th August) A son, Carlos Laurence, was born to Philip and Anna. He was styled Prince of the Asturias. 1573 (7th September) Philip’s sister, Joanna died. The Ottoman Empire re took Tunis from the Holy League. 1575 (30th June) Philip’s son, Carlos, died. 1575 (15th August) A son, Diego, was born to Philip and Anna. He was styled Prince of Asturias. 1578 (3rd April) A son, Philip, was born to Philip and Anna. He was styled Prince of Asturias. 1578 (18th October) Philip’s son, Ferdinand, died. Union of Utrecht This was an alliance between the Dutch provinces against the rule of Philip. They were led by William, Prince of Orange. A daughter, Maria, was born to Philip and Anna. Philip’s wife, Anna, died from complications following the birth of her daughter Maria. 1580 (24th July) Antonio, Prior of Crato, grandson of King Manuel I, claimed the Portuguese throne following the death of his uncle, King Henry, son of Manuel I. Philip believed he had a greater claim to the throne through his mother, Isabella, eldest daughter of Manuel I. 1580 (25th August) Battle of Alcantara Philip’s Spanish troops defeated the Portuguese troops of Antonio, Prior of Crato who had taken the Portuguese throne. 1580 (27th August) The Spanish troops in Portugal led by the Duke of Alba, captured Lisbon. Antonio, Prior of Crato who had taken the Portuguese throne, fled to France. Philip was recognised as King of Portugal, claiming the throne through descent from his Portuguese mother. 1582 (21st November) Philip’s son, Diego, died. 1583 (5th August) Philip’s daughter, Maria, died William of Orange, leader of the Dutch rebels, was assassinated by a Catholic loyalist. A peace was agreed between the Holy League and the Ottoman Empire. Treaty of Nonsuch This was a treaty between the Netherlands and England whereby Elizabeth promised military support to the Dutch against the Spanish. 1585 (after August) Philip was annoyed when Elizabeth of England sent troops, led by Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, to the Netherlands to support Protestants who were fighting against his rule. Philip was furious when Elizabeth I of England executed the Catholic Mary Queen of Scots for treason. Philip, like many Catholics believed that Mary, granddaughter of Henry VIII’s elder sister, was the rightful Queen of England and that Elizabeth was illegitimate. Philip II pf Spain sent the Spanish Armada to invade England. He hoped to depose Elizabeth, take the throne of England and restore Catholicism. The fleet of ships were to sail to the Netherlands and the Duke of Parma and Spanish troops before invading England. 1588 (29th July) The English sent eight fire ships (ships loaded with gunpowder and wood that would explode when fired at) to attack the Spanish ships anchored off Gravelines. The Spanish commander, Medina Sidonia, gave an order for the ships to cut their anchor cables and sail east, away from the English. However, the English continued to attack firing on the ships at close range forcing the Spanish ships into the North Sea. To return to Spain they had to sail around Scotland. 1588 (early August) The Spanish Armada ships were met with storms and gale force winds in the North Sea. Most of the ships had cut their anchors to escape Gravelines and, unable to drop anchor, around half of the ships were battered and destroyed. Philip two further Armadas to try to invade England but both failed. 1598 (13th September) Philip died at El Escorial near Madrid. He was succeeded by his son, Philip.	2,303	ENGLISH	1
In 1884 Tesla arrived the United States with little more than the clothes on his back and a letter of introduction to famed inventor and business mogul Thomas Edison, whose DC-based electrical works were fast becoming the standard in the country. Edison hired Tesla, and the two men were soon working tirelessly alongside each other, making improvements to Edison's inventions. However, several months later, the two parted ways due to a conflicting business-scientific relationship, attributed by historians to their incredibly different personalities: While Edison was a power figure who focused on marketing and financial success, Tesla was commercially out-of-tune and somewhat vulnerable. After parting ways with Edison, in 1885 Tesla received funding for the Tesla Electric Light Company and was tasked by his investors to develop improved arc lighting. After successfully doing so, however, Tesla was forced out of the venture and for a time had to work as a manual laborer in order to survive. His luck changed in 1887, when he was able to find interest in his AC electrical system and funding for his new Tesla Electric Company. Setting straight to work, by the end of the year, Tesla had successfully filed several patents for AC-based inventions. Tesla's AC system eventually caught the attention of American engineer and business man George Westinghouse, who was seeking a solution to supplying the nation with long-distance power. Convinced that Tesla's inventions would help him achieve this, in 1888 he purchased his patents for $60,000 in cash and stock in the Westinghouse Corporation. As interest in an alternating-current system grew, Tesla and Westinghouse were put in direct competition with Thomas Edison, who was intent on selling his direct-current system to the nation. A negative-press campaign was soon waged by Edison, in an attempt to undermine interest in AC power. Tesla, for his part, continued in his work and would patent several more inventions during this period, including the "Tesla coil," which laid the foundation for wireless technologies and is still used in radio technology today. Unfortunately for Thomas Edison, the Westinghouse Corporation was chosen to supply the lighting at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, and Tesla conducted demonstrations of his AC system there. Two years later, in 1895, Tesla designed what was among the first AC hydroelectric power plants in the United States, at Niagara Falls. The following year, it was used to power the city of Buffalo, New York, a feat that was highly publicized throughout the world. With its repeat successes and favorable press, the alternating-current system would quickly become the preeminent power system of the 20th century, and it has remained the worldwide standard ever since.	<urn:uuid:4c96f544-9cbe-46ae-930d-6a50c67701c7>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://forum.daffodilvarsity.edu.bd/index.php/topic,27123.msg76879.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601040.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120224950-20200121013950-00008.warc.gz	en	0.985847	541	3.359375	3	[ -0.11419360339641571, 0.25248369574546814, 0.1769428253173828, 0.24613340198993683, -0.5839197635650635, 0.1680433601140976, 0.23943813145160675, 0.3384751081466675, 0.03808538615703583, 0.003756224177777767, 0.1399044692516327, 0.4704166054725647, 0.16402101516723633, -0.04676415398716926...	3	In 1884 Tesla arrived the United States with little more than the clothes on his back and a letter of introduction to famed inventor and business mogul Thomas Edison, whose DC-based electrical works were fast becoming the standard in the country. Edison hired Tesla, and the two men were soon working tirelessly alongside each other, making improvements to Edison's inventions. However, several months later, the two parted ways due to a conflicting business-scientific relationship, attributed by historians to their incredibly different personalities: While Edison was a power figure who focused on marketing and financial success, Tesla was commercially out-of-tune and somewhat vulnerable. After parting ways with Edison, in 1885 Tesla received funding for the Tesla Electric Light Company and was tasked by his investors to develop improved arc lighting. After successfully doing so, however, Tesla was forced out of the venture and for a time had to work as a manual laborer in order to survive. His luck changed in 1887, when he was able to find interest in his AC electrical system and funding for his new Tesla Electric Company. Setting straight to work, by the end of the year, Tesla had successfully filed several patents for AC-based inventions. Tesla's AC system eventually caught the attention of American engineer and business man George Westinghouse, who was seeking a solution to supplying the nation with long-distance power. Convinced that Tesla's inventions would help him achieve this, in 1888 he purchased his patents for $60,000 in cash and stock in the Westinghouse Corporation. As interest in an alternating-current system grew, Tesla and Westinghouse were put in direct competition with Thomas Edison, who was intent on selling his direct-current system to the nation. A negative-press campaign was soon waged by Edison, in an attempt to undermine interest in AC power. Tesla, for his part, continued in his work and would patent several more inventions during this period, including the "Tesla coil," which laid the foundation for wireless technologies and is still used in radio technology today. Unfortunately for Thomas Edison, the Westinghouse Corporation was chosen to supply the lighting at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, and Tesla conducted demonstrations of his AC system there. Two years later, in 1895, Tesla designed what was among the first AC hydroelectric power plants in the United States, at Niagara Falls. The following year, it was used to power the city of Buffalo, New York, a feat that was highly publicized throughout the world. With its repeat successes and favorable press, the alternating-current system would quickly become the preeminent power system of the 20th century, and it has remained the worldwide standard ever since.	559	ENGLISH	1
The strongest opposition of was for the federalists took place in the reunion or Hartford convection in May of The United States wanted to have control over fur trade and other riches. America had began to stand up for itself after it gained some national identity and after overcoming some economic difficulties the result would ring in the era of good feelings When it was clearly seen that none of the two countries were able to win the war, both decided to put an end to it. In fact, true love is often regarded as not important. All of population did not support the war. In writing 'Tess of the D'Urbervilles' Thomas Hardy is very successful in grabbing the attention and sentiments of the reader and then steering their emotions so that they feel empathy and understanding for the character Tess The worst of them was the continuous confrontations with Great Britain. Neither English nor French were in disposition to cede to American petitions. With the changing and values of these times, literature took new turns which had not, or at the very least rarely had been, seen in prior years. They emphasize appearances and wealth, so these are the two aspects that they stressed the most. All of population did not support the war. Through reading Hardy's 'Tess of the D'Urbervilles' I have realised that it is invaluable that the readers of any novel sympathise with and feel compassion for the main character.	<urn:uuid:7a742e4d-a48b-463d-a30f-93edd12794d8>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://tuzynevata.dellrichards.com/historians-have-traditionally-labeled-the-period-after-the-war-of-1812-as-the-era-of-good-feelings-d252273107sm.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00490.warc.gz	en	0.985463	286	3.40625	3	[ -0.19986648857593536, 0.23541253805160522, -0.10713063180446625, -0.12927114963531494, 0.08912309259176254, 0.4768131375312805, -0.16952431201934814, 0.5032467842102051, -0.15826642513275146, -0.024697717279195786, 0.19310426712036133, 0.08190856873989105, 0.3038928210735321, 0.03742324188...	1	The strongest opposition of was for the federalists took place in the reunion or Hartford convection in May of The United States wanted to have control over fur trade and other riches. America had began to stand up for itself after it gained some national identity and after overcoming some economic difficulties the result would ring in the era of good feelings When it was clearly seen that none of the two countries were able to win the war, both decided to put an end to it. In fact, true love is often regarded as not important. All of population did not support the war. In writing 'Tess of the D'Urbervilles' Thomas Hardy is very successful in grabbing the attention and sentiments of the reader and then steering their emotions so that they feel empathy and understanding for the character Tess The worst of them was the continuous confrontations with Great Britain. Neither English nor French were in disposition to cede to American petitions. With the changing and values of these times, literature took new turns which had not, or at the very least rarely had been, seen in prior years. They emphasize appearances and wealth, so these are the two aspects that they stressed the most. All of population did not support the war. Through reading Hardy's 'Tess of the D'Urbervilles' I have realised that it is invaluable that the readers of any novel sympathise with and feel compassion for the main character.	282	ENGLISH	1
Chained and Tried: The Fate of the Loyalist Prisoners from Kettle Creek You are here Home › Learn › Articles › Chained and Tried: The Fate of the Loyalist Prisoners from Kettle Creek With his men in tow, Loyalist Colonel John Boyd wandered through the Carolina backcountry with the goal of reaching the British army in Georgia. Yet, American Patriots like General and South Carolina plantation owner Andrew Williamson had other ideas in mind for this Loyalist force as he hoped to turn the tide in the backcountry in favor of the Whigs. American Colonel Andrew Pickens had been on the trail of Boyd’s men. On the morning of February 14th, 1779, Pickens and his backcountry Whig militiamen, fiercely ambushed Loyalist forces at Kettle Creek. While Boyd’s Loyalists greatly outnumbered the American militiamen, the element of surprise ultimately led to an American victory. In the aftermath of battle, a number of Loyalists were taken prisoner. In the Carolina backcountry there was an ongoing fear that residents would turn to the British cause. Before hearing the result of the attack at Kettle Creek, Williamson had already decided that [if victorious] Pickens’ prisoners would serve as a deterrent to future American defectors in the backcountry. Hoping to avert more Loyalists from picking up arms, Williamson wrote, “Our eyes are now opened and not with standing the lenity hitherto shown them they have at this crisis given convincing proofs, and that no faith should or ought be placed in their most solumn assurance and a severe example must certainly be made for the benefit of the State, and as a terror to others.” Williamson learned of the American victory at Kettle Creek by February 20th. He was pleased to hear that a handful of his Carolina neighbors would be turned into “severe examples.” While only twenty or so Loyalists were captured at Kettle Creek, the group of prisoners were treated more like cattle than men. Many of the prisoners were suffering from battle wounds. The group was marched to Augusta, Georgia in chains and put in the bullpen of Old Fort Augusta. They were later joined by 78 Kettle Creek Loyalists who had turned themselves over to Williamson on the false promise that they would be released and posted bond if they were to come to his camp. Other loyalists joined the Kettle Creek prisoners and soon the numbers swelled to more than 150 prisoners. The main distinction between the prisoners held at Augusta and other prisoners held during the war was that these men were not treated as prisoners of war, but instead as pure criminals. As criminals, these men were to be put on trial in the town of Ninety Six. Led by Colonel John Williams’ regiment, the prisoners were marched from Augusta, Georgia to Ninety Six, South Carolina with a brief stop at General Williamson’s bull pen. The prisoners arrived at the brick jail of Ninety Six by March 10th, 1779. While South Carolina Governor John Rutledge ordered the trials to start on March 9th, they were postponed until March 22nd. Sheriff of Ninety Six, William Moore, was charged with the task of selecting members of the jury. While the court proceedings have been lost to time, we do know basic facts and figures surrounding the trials. Approximately 75 men were released. According to the Gazette of the State of South Carolina, another 50 men were given reprieves after being found guilty because… “it appeared upon their trials, that most of them had been seduced and terrified into the fatal step, by Boyd, and a number of people who frequently came amongst them from North Carolina, under a variety of pretenses; and for want of proper information on the nature of our contest with Great Britain.” And the remaining group of approximately 20 Loyalists were sentenced to death. The trials concluded on April 12th. One Loyalist by the name of Zachariahs Gibbes described the treatment of these condemned prisoners as cruel, saying that the prisoners were forced to look at the holes that were to be their future graves as well as the gallows they were to be hanged from. While sentenced to die on April 19th, these Loyalists seemed to strike luck when a writ of habeas corpus from Governor Rutledge came on that very day to halt the hangings. The Loyalist prisoners on death row were then moved to Orangeburg, South Carolina, where they were kept in the town’s blockhouse. All the while, the British were ablaze with frustration as they attempted to have the accused Loyalist prisoners released or exchanged as prisoners of war. Unsuccessful, some British officials penned threats to the Americans. British Colonel James Mark Prevost wrote directly to Williamson to emphasize the consequences that would befall the American Whigs if any harm was done to his majesties “faithful subjects..." Williamson retorted that the men being held prisoner had… “daringly taken up arms against, and wantonly plundered the honest and industrious inhabitants of this state [South Carolina], were properly secured and delivered up to the civil law.” General Moultrie and Major Thomas Pinckney also received fiery requests from British officials, but the Americans insisted that the prisoners were being held under the tenets of civil law. Prevost considered revenge by exacting punishment on his Whig prisoners, but was persuaded by the threat of American backlash against other British prisoners. The British threat however loomed on the minds of Patriot authorities. In effect, South Carolina officials started to question the consequences of moving forward with the execution of the prisoners at Orangeburg. They pondered the safety of themselves, their families, and their property if they pushed the British to react. Thus, when British Lieutenant Colonel Prevost launched an invasion into South Carolina in April of 1779, all but 5 of the Loyalist prisoners were granted reprieves. The last of the 5 prisoners were returned to Ninety Six where they were to receive their fatal punishment. Sheriff William Moore oversaw the hangings of Charles Draper, John Anderson, James Lindley, Samuel Clegg, and Aquilla Hall. It was said that these men had committed cruel unforgivable acts against their patriot counterparts. The men at the forefront of the trials and executions, Sheriff Moore and General Williamson, paid the consequences they so feared and ended up in British hands as the Redcoats took control of South Carolina in 1780. Moore was actually held in the same jail in Ninety Six as the Loyalist prisoners had once been in 1779. Meanwhile, Williamson surrendered himself to the British and accepted parole. He claimed that he had been working with the British all along… giving him the debated title of “Arnold of the South.” Join t Fight Donate today to preserve Revolutionary War battlefields and the nation’s history for generations to come.	<urn:uuid:e535f455-ef30-4a77-bbe7-e44ac09974da>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/chained-and-tried-fate-loyalist-prisoners-kettle-creek	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606269.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122012204-20200122041204-00275.warc.gz	en	0.984874	1,423	3.34375	3	[ -0.6010853052139282, -0.2490691989660263, 0.18164120614528656, 0.1615375280380249, -0.11446593701839447, -0.1618473380804062, 0.2833598852157593, -0.024265971034765244, -0.3357916474342346, -0.2721235156059265, -0.15382680296897888, -0.033113233745098114, -0.0936918780207634, 0.10378287732...	1	Chained and Tried: The Fate of the Loyalist Prisoners from Kettle Creek You are here Home › Learn › Articles › Chained and Tried: The Fate of the Loyalist Prisoners from Kettle Creek With his men in tow, Loyalist Colonel John Boyd wandered through the Carolina backcountry with the goal of reaching the British army in Georgia. Yet, American Patriots like General and South Carolina plantation owner Andrew Williamson had other ideas in mind for this Loyalist force as he hoped to turn the tide in the backcountry in favor of the Whigs. American Colonel Andrew Pickens had been on the trail of Boyd’s men. On the morning of February 14th, 1779, Pickens and his backcountry Whig militiamen, fiercely ambushed Loyalist forces at Kettle Creek. While Boyd’s Loyalists greatly outnumbered the American militiamen, the element of surprise ultimately led to an American victory. In the aftermath of battle, a number of Loyalists were taken prisoner. In the Carolina backcountry there was an ongoing fear that residents would turn to the British cause. Before hearing the result of the attack at Kettle Creek, Williamson had already decided that [if victorious] Pickens’ prisoners would serve as a deterrent to future American defectors in the backcountry. Hoping to avert more Loyalists from picking up arms, Williamson wrote, “Our eyes are now opened and not with standing the lenity hitherto shown them they have at this crisis given convincing proofs, and that no faith should or ought be placed in their most solumn assurance and a severe example must certainly be made for the benefit of the State, and as a terror to others.” Williamson learned of the American victory at Kettle Creek by February 20th. He was pleased to hear that a handful of his Carolina neighbors would be turned into “severe examples.” While only twenty or so Loyalists were captured at Kettle Creek, the group of prisoners were treated more like cattle than men. Many of the prisoners were suffering from battle wounds. The group was marched to Augusta, Georgia in chains and put in the bullpen of Old Fort Augusta. They were later joined by 78 Kettle Creek Loyalists who had turned themselves over to Williamson on the false promise that they would be released and posted bond if they were to come to his camp. Other loyalists joined the Kettle Creek prisoners and soon the numbers swelled to more than 150 prisoners. The main distinction between the prisoners held at Augusta and other prisoners held during the war was that these men were not treated as prisoners of war, but instead as pure criminals. As criminals, these men were to be put on trial in the town of Ninety Six. Led by Colonel John Williams’ regiment, the prisoners were marched from Augusta, Georgia to Ninety Six, South Carolina with a brief stop at General Williamson’s bull pen. The prisoners arrived at the brick jail of Ninety Six by March 10th, 1779. While South Carolina Governor John Rutledge ordered the trials to start on March 9th, they were postponed until March 22nd. Sheriff of Ninety Six, William Moore, was charged with the task of selecting members of the jury. While the court proceedings have been lost to time, we do know basic facts and figures surrounding the trials. Approximately 75 men were released. According to the Gazette of the State of South Carolina, another 50 men were given reprieves after being found guilty because… “it appeared upon their trials, that most of them had been seduced and terrified into the fatal step, by Boyd, and a number of people who frequently came amongst them from North Carolina, under a variety of pretenses; and for want of proper information on the nature of our contest with Great Britain.” And the remaining group of approximately 20 Loyalists were sentenced to death. The trials concluded on April 12th. One Loyalist by the name of Zachariahs Gibbes described the treatment of these condemned prisoners as cruel, saying that the prisoners were forced to look at the holes that were to be their future graves as well as the gallows they were to be hanged from. While sentenced to die on April 19th, these Loyalists seemed to strike luck when a writ of habeas corpus from Governor Rutledge came on that very day to halt the hangings. The Loyalist prisoners on death row were then moved to Orangeburg, South Carolina, where they were kept in the town’s blockhouse. All the while, the British were ablaze with frustration as they attempted to have the accused Loyalist prisoners released or exchanged as prisoners of war. Unsuccessful, some British officials penned threats to the Americans. British Colonel James Mark Prevost wrote directly to Williamson to emphasize the consequences that would befall the American Whigs if any harm was done to his majesties “faithful subjects..." Williamson retorted that the men being held prisoner had… “daringly taken up arms against, and wantonly plundered the honest and industrious inhabitants of this state [South Carolina], were properly secured and delivered up to the civil law.” General Moultrie and Major Thomas Pinckney also received fiery requests from British officials, but the Americans insisted that the prisoners were being held under the tenets of civil law. Prevost considered revenge by exacting punishment on his Whig prisoners, but was persuaded by the threat of American backlash against other British prisoners. The British threat however loomed on the minds of Patriot authorities. In effect, South Carolina officials started to question the consequences of moving forward with the execution of the prisoners at Orangeburg. They pondered the safety of themselves, their families, and their property if they pushed the British to react. Thus, when British Lieutenant Colonel Prevost launched an invasion into South Carolina in April of 1779, all but 5 of the Loyalist prisoners were granted reprieves. The last of the 5 prisoners were returned to Ninety Six where they were to receive their fatal punishment. Sheriff William Moore oversaw the hangings of Charles Draper, John Anderson, James Lindley, Samuel Clegg, and Aquilla Hall. It was said that these men had committed cruel unforgivable acts against their patriot counterparts. The men at the forefront of the trials and executions, Sheriff Moore and General Williamson, paid the consequences they so feared and ended up in British hands as the Redcoats took control of South Carolina in 1780. Moore was actually held in the same jail in Ninety Six as the Loyalist prisoners had once been in 1779. Meanwhile, Williamson surrendered himself to the British and accepted parole. He claimed that he had been working with the British all along… giving him the debated title of “Arnold of the South.” Join t Fight Donate today to preserve Revolutionary War battlefields and the nation’s history for generations to come.	1,441	ENGLISH	1
David Guterson's Snow Falling on Cedars The beginning of World War II caused many Americans to spawn a deep hatred against anyone of Japanese decent. Following the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941, fear of the Japanese emerged in hearts all across America. White Americans felt threatened by Japan. The fear of Japan created a fear of its people and this fear created severe prejudice against anyone who looked like the “enemy.” During the war, and for many years after, Japanese Americans were victims of this fear. In the fictional novel Snow Falling on Cedars by David Guterson, Kabuo Miyamoto is an example of this victimization. The United States did not enter World War II until Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. On Sunday morning December 7, 1941, with no formal declaration of war, Japan bombed the Hawaiian navy base. “Eight American battleships and 13 other naval vessels were sunk or badly damaged, almost 200 American aircraft were destroyed, and approximately 3,000 naval and military personnel were killed or wounded (Pearl Harbor, 1).” The U.S. Navy was caught completely off guard. As a result of the attack, Roosevelt immediately sought and was granted a declaration of war from congress. “On Monday, FDR signed the declaration of war granted by Congress. One day later both Germany and Italy, as partners of Japan in the Tripartite Pact, declared war on the US (attack, 1).” Not only did Japan kill hundreds of American soldiers, they were also the reason the U.S. decided to go to war, thus causing the death of thousands more American men. Following the surprise attack, America became suspicious of anything even remotely related to Japan. White Americans quickly concluded that all people of Japanese decent were a threat to American national ecurity. This feeling resulted in the relocation of at least 110,000 Japanese people. “In February of 1942 Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered the relocation of all people of Japanese ancestry living on the West Coast of the United States. (Friedler, 1).” Japanese Americans were sent to concentration camps. While these camps were not “death” camps like the ones for the Jews in Germany, the living conditions were very harsh. In the novel, The Imada’s and the Miyamoto’s were sent to Manzanar,. “Manzanar barracks measured 120x20 feet and were divided into six one-room apartments, ranging in size from 320 to 480 square feet. Each block of 15 barracks shared bath, latrine, an mess buildings (Manzanar, 2).” These conditions were cruel and unusual punishment to the Japanese Americans who were forced to live there. The Japanese Americans felt that the sentence of imprisonment was against their rights as American citizens. However, in the 1944 court case Korematsu vs. United States “The Court sided with the government and held that the need to protect natural Americans against espionage outweighed Korematsu’s rights (Korematsu, 1).” American citizens of Japanese heritage had to leave their...	<urn:uuid:5d12fd15-1077-45b8-b009-49cede871adf>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://brightkite.com/essay-on/david-guterson-s-snow-falling-on-cedars	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251678287.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125161753-20200125190753-00032.warc.gz	en	0.981078	626	3.84375	4	[ 0.08421219140291214, 0.1495133936405182, -0.04525889828801155, 0.1384567767381668, 0.21732331812381744, 0.4239768981933594, 0.27205997705459595, 0.28074169158935547, 0.18311156332492828, -0.08527538180351257, 0.49416378140449524, 0.09509308636188507, 0.46639925241470337, 0.6708727478981018...	1	David Guterson's Snow Falling on Cedars The beginning of World War II caused many Americans to spawn a deep hatred against anyone of Japanese decent. Following the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941, fear of the Japanese emerged in hearts all across America. White Americans felt threatened by Japan. The fear of Japan created a fear of its people and this fear created severe prejudice against anyone who looked like the “enemy.” During the war, and for many years after, Japanese Americans were victims of this fear. In the fictional novel Snow Falling on Cedars by David Guterson, Kabuo Miyamoto is an example of this victimization. The United States did not enter World War II until Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. On Sunday morning December 7, 1941, with no formal declaration of war, Japan bombed the Hawaiian navy base. “Eight American battleships and 13 other naval vessels were sunk or badly damaged, almost 200 American aircraft were destroyed, and approximately 3,000 naval and military personnel were killed or wounded (Pearl Harbor, 1).” The U.S. Navy was caught completely off guard. As a result of the attack, Roosevelt immediately sought and was granted a declaration of war from congress. “On Monday, FDR signed the declaration of war granted by Congress. One day later both Germany and Italy, as partners of Japan in the Tripartite Pact, declared war on the US (attack, 1).” Not only did Japan kill hundreds of American soldiers, they were also the reason the U.S. decided to go to war, thus causing the death of thousands more American men. Following the surprise attack, America became suspicious of anything even remotely related to Japan. White Americans quickly concluded that all people of Japanese decent were a threat to American national ecurity. This feeling resulted in the relocation of at least 110,000 Japanese people. “In February of 1942 Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered the relocation of all people of Japanese ancestry living on the West Coast of the United States. (Friedler, 1).” Japanese Americans were sent to concentration camps. While these camps were not “death” camps like the ones for the Jews in Germany, the living conditions were very harsh. In the novel, The Imada’s and the Miyamoto’s were sent to Manzanar,. “Manzanar barracks measured 120x20 feet and were divided into six one-room apartments, ranging in size from 320 to 480 square feet. Each block of 15 barracks shared bath, latrine, an mess buildings (Manzanar, 2).” These conditions were cruel and unusual punishment to the Japanese Americans who were forced to live there. The Japanese Americans felt that the sentence of imprisonment was against their rights as American citizens. However, in the 1944 court case Korematsu vs. United States “The Court sided with the government and held that the need to protect natural Americans against espionage outweighed Korematsu’s rights (Korematsu, 1).” American citizens of Japanese heritage had to leave their...	647	ENGLISH	1
There is no question that the founders of our democracy did a great job crafting a constitution that anticipated most of the problems that they determined could occur. Crafting three co-equal branches of government was a stroke of genius that has served us well for most of our history. But nobody can anticipate everything that can possibly happen. It is clear that the founders did not anticipate the emergence of political parties. Their intent was for each elected official to represent the interests of those voters that elected them. Had they anticipated political parties my guess is that the founders would have limited their participation in the political process. Our frequent use of the phrase “our two party system” leads many to assume that political parties were a part of the U.S. Constitution. However, there is no mention of political parties. The Constitution was ratified in 1788. The Democratic Party was founded in 1828; the Republican Party in 1854.Throughout most of our history there were moderates in both parties; and there was a general understanding that they needed to get something done on important issues. This required compromise. Today, the only way seemingly to get something done is for one party to control the White House, the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate. That’s because the party out of power is determined to make certain that the party in power is prevented from accomplishing anything important. The more the party in power accomplishes, the harder it will be to defeat them in the next election. The result? Ongoing gridlock. So what do we do? I can think of several things but most are probably not doable. I will offer one proposal because it’s simple, non-partisan and I am convinced most voters would support, which should make it do-able. A bill should be passed that REQUIRES the Senate and the House to vote on any legislation or resolution that has the support of 20 percent of its members. If such a bill became law, important legislation such as immigration reform, infrastructure and gun control would pass immediately in my view. Such a proposed bill is not liberal or conservative. It’s common sense. The founders would not have allowed the right to vote to be at the discretion of the speakers of the House or Senate. The bill I suggest would merely require elected officials to do what they were elected to do: Vote on legislation! We could call it the Do Your Job Bill. (Mabra Holeyfield is a businessman and the author of “Use What You Got.” Email: [email protected])	<urn:uuid:bc37d30d-e2ba-4932-b79d-ef2e9216747b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://tri-statedefender.com/mabra-holeyfield-broken-democracy-may-call-for-a-do-your-job-bill/11/22/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593937.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118193018-20200118221018-00327.warc.gz	en	0.980861	536	3.5625	4	[ -0.7055696249008179, -0.17306053638458252, 0.15350914001464844, -0.5551359057426453, -0.4814547896385193, 0.3393034338951111, 0.1689634919166565, 0.0613328292965889, -0.11530749499797821, -0.0394786112010479, 0.231377512216568, 0.5284552574157715, -0.03247687220573425, -0.1638016551733017,...	6	There is no question that the founders of our democracy did a great job crafting a constitution that anticipated most of the problems that they determined could occur. Crafting three co-equal branches of government was a stroke of genius that has served us well for most of our history. But nobody can anticipate everything that can possibly happen. It is clear that the founders did not anticipate the emergence of political parties. Their intent was for each elected official to represent the interests of those voters that elected them. Had they anticipated political parties my guess is that the founders would have limited their participation in the political process. Our frequent use of the phrase “our two party system” leads many to assume that political parties were a part of the U.S. Constitution. However, there is no mention of political parties. The Constitution was ratified in 1788. The Democratic Party was founded in 1828; the Republican Party in 1854.Throughout most of our history there were moderates in both parties; and there was a general understanding that they needed to get something done on important issues. This required compromise. Today, the only way seemingly to get something done is for one party to control the White House, the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate. That’s because the party out of power is determined to make certain that the party in power is prevented from accomplishing anything important. The more the party in power accomplishes, the harder it will be to defeat them in the next election. The result? Ongoing gridlock. So what do we do? I can think of several things but most are probably not doable. I will offer one proposal because it’s simple, non-partisan and I am convinced most voters would support, which should make it do-able. A bill should be passed that REQUIRES the Senate and the House to vote on any legislation or resolution that has the support of 20 percent of its members. If such a bill became law, important legislation such as immigration reform, infrastructure and gun control would pass immediately in my view. Such a proposed bill is not liberal or conservative. It’s common sense. The founders would not have allowed the right to vote to be at the discretion of the speakers of the House or Senate. The bill I suggest would merely require elected officials to do what they were elected to do: Vote on legislation! We could call it the Do Your Job Bill. (Mabra Holeyfield is a businessman and the author of “Use What You Got.” Email: [email protected])	517	ENGLISH	1
In 1987, a bidding battle ensued between several monetary firms to obtain RJR Nabisco. Finally, the private equity takeover firm, Kohlberg Kravis and Roberts & Co (commonly referred…...Read The Articles of Confederation as well as the Constitution In 1783, if the Treaty of Paris was signed, America officially broke away from Great britain and became an independent nation. Devoid of British regulation, we needed a new kind of government. The Articles of Confederation had been America's initially form of government, but it was obviously a very fragile system and it did start to fail speedily. There were a large number of individual difficulties with the Content of Confederation that triggered it to become a failure. One of the biggest complications America acquired under this form of government is that all 13 states served as their individual independent international locations, instead of being one united country. Each state imprinted its own cash, and that form of currency can only be used in that express. In this time period, there were various financial challenges. Merchants ended accepted funds from exterior their own express. The daily news money that Americans applied was not backed by gold or perhaps silver, which in turn caused pumpiing. A lot of money had now become worthless. Because we had only broken faraway from Britain, all of us did not require a strong overbearing government. The American govt did not have the power to tax, so it wasn't able to pay for a few of the things this desperately required to. We even now owed debts to other foreign countries such as France, Holland, and Spain from the Revolutionary Warfare. We couldn't pay our soldiers or pay off the debt. There were also many international and domestic challenges involved with the Articles of Confederation. The United States lacked the military power to be able to guard itself against Britain and Spain. The British still occupied all their forts near to the Great Lakes area, and congress found it extremely tough to discuss territory with Spain. Under the new form of authorities, we had no judicial system or executive department, but all of us did include a legislative branch. The congress was unicameral, that means it had a single house, that was the united states senate. Because the claims were acting as person countries, they will seldom decided with...	<urn:uuid:9993567f-83e1-4381-9141-068574a7dd3c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://anniebrewerwrites.com/articles-of-confederation/74492-essay-about-articles-of-confederation-vs-constitution.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610919.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123131001-20200123160001-00021.warc.gz	en	0.986426	462	3.515625	4	[ -0.24240830540657043, 0.022985422983765602, -0.00032898224890232086, 0.16409458220005035, 0.10545919835567474, 0.08789129555225372, -0.0754408910870552, 0.13649743795394897, -0.11903207749128342, -0.030367819592356682, 0.3567836880683899, 0.06617041677236557, -0.16852891445159912, 0.133707...	1	In 1987, a bidding battle ensued between several monetary firms to obtain RJR Nabisco. Finally, the private equity takeover firm, Kohlberg Kravis and Roberts & Co (commonly referred…...Read The Articles of Confederation as well as the Constitution In 1783, if the Treaty of Paris was signed, America officially broke away from Great britain and became an independent nation. Devoid of British regulation, we needed a new kind of government. The Articles of Confederation had been America's initially form of government, but it was obviously a very fragile system and it did start to fail speedily. There were a large number of individual difficulties with the Content of Confederation that triggered it to become a failure. One of the biggest complications America acquired under this form of government is that all 13 states served as their individual independent international locations, instead of being one united country. Each state imprinted its own cash, and that form of currency can only be used in that express. In this time period, there were various financial challenges. Merchants ended accepted funds from exterior their own express. The daily news money that Americans applied was not backed by gold or perhaps silver, which in turn caused pumpiing. A lot of money had now become worthless. Because we had only broken faraway from Britain, all of us did not require a strong overbearing government. The American govt did not have the power to tax, so it wasn't able to pay for a few of the things this desperately required to. We even now owed debts to other foreign countries such as France, Holland, and Spain from the Revolutionary Warfare. We couldn't pay our soldiers or pay off the debt. There were also many international and domestic challenges involved with the Articles of Confederation. The United States lacked the military power to be able to guard itself against Britain and Spain. The British still occupied all their forts near to the Great Lakes area, and congress found it extremely tough to discuss territory with Spain. Under the new form of authorities, we had no judicial system or executive department, but all of us did include a legislative branch. The congress was unicameral, that means it had a single house, that was the united states senate. Because the claims were acting as person countries, they will seldom decided with...	473	ENGLISH	1
Philosophy is a Greek word, meaning “love of wisdom”. It is the study of existence, morality, and truth. Philosophy was a way of trying to make sense of the world without guidance through religion. Instead of myths and legends, logic and reason were used to find answers. Through the writings of ancient Greek philosophers and Renaissance humanists, new versions of philosophy were found, and ideas proposed that contributed greatly to the Renaissance. Philosophy looks into knowledge, reality, life and the overall aspect of human existence. Miletus, a Greek colony, became the birthplace of philosophy when Thales asked: “What are simple items of the world, where everything else comes from?” He decided that the answer was a solo element, water, more clearly, moisture. From here he considered himself the first philosopher along with being a mathematician, scientist, and teacher even though his career was engineering. Philosophy spreads into five different branches: Metaphysics, the study of existence, Epistemology, the study of knowledge, Ethics, the study of behaviour, Politics, the study of governance, and Aesthetics, the study of art. Socrates was born 470 B.C.E. in Alopece, a small town just outside of Athens. His father was a sculptor and a stonemason, and his mother a midwife. He worked as a mason for some of his life before becoming a philosopher. Socrates believed that the mind was more important than the body, and that all knowledge resided within a person. He invented the Socratic method of teaching which focused on guided debates between students in order to answer a question and would regularly question the government along with the status quo. This proved to be his downfall. After the Peloponnesian War, thirty tyrants took control of Athens, and did not appreciate Socrates questioning their style of government and sentenced him to death by way of a draught of poison hemlock, accusing him of corrupting Athen’s youth. Socrates died in 399 B.C.E. at the age of 71. Plato was born circa 428 B.C.E. in Athens, the capital city of Greece. His parents were Ariston of Athens and Perictione, who were both from the Greek aristocracy. Some scholars believe that Plato was named after his grandfather, Aristocles. Some historians suggest that he was given the nickname, “Platon”, which means “broad”, by his wrestling coach. Plato strongly believed in justice and equality, as shown in his writings. After his mentor, Socrates died, Plato spent 12 years traveling the Mediterranean region studying mathematics in Italy, and various other subjects in Egypt. During this time, he started his extensive writing, including The Apology of Socrates, Hippias Major & Minor, and the most well-known, The Republic.Soon after, Plato opened his academy, most known as Platonic Academy, it is there where he taught Aristotle. It is universally accepted that Plato dedicated his final years to spending time at his academy. Although his death ranges from passing in Athens in his early 80s to dying while attending a wedding to peacefully passing away in his sleep. Aristotle was born 384 B.C.E. in Stagira, a small town on the northern coast of Greece. Both of his parents were members of traditional medical families and died when he was young. At the age of 17, he was sent to Athens to study at Plato’s Academy. In 335 B.C.E he opened his own school in Athens, called The Lyceum. He taught “The Golden Mean”, the desirable middle between excessiveness and deficiency. Aristotle was a polymath and his writings include many subjects; Ethics, Politics, Poetics, Rhetoric, and metaphysics and were possibly lecture notes. He also aimed to discover the best way to live life and give it meaning. “The supreme good for man” he eventually determined was the pursuit of happiness. His works were compiled into a set of six books called the Organon. Aristotle died in 322 B.C.E. of a digestive issue. The idea of Humanism originated in the Renaissance period. Humanism is the belief that human life on Earth is important; this differed from the previously common belief that preparing for the afterlife was the most important goal. It was also the belief that human beings had great potential. People looked back to the ancient Greeks and Romans, their architecture and discoveries as proof of this. As a result of humanism, people began to become more curious and again, attempted to create wonderful buildings and use logic and reason to find answers as the Greeks did. Petrarch was born as Francesco Petrarca on July 20, 1304, in Arezzo, Tuscany. His father was Ser Petracco, and his mother was Eletta Canigiani. With his family, they moved to Avignon, France. Petrarch decided to study law to fulfill his father’s wishes, but his heart was with literature, specifically Greek and Roman literature which he began studying after his father died. He was hired as a cleric, allowing him to pursue his passion. He started collecting ancient texts. Among these texts were Cicero’s letters to Atticus. Petrarch’s discovery of these letters gave him an insight into Roman life and his fascination turned into envy. He believed that humanity could exceed the heights of past accomplishments. Supporting these beliefs helped to start the Renaissance. His other passion was writing. His most notable compositions were his lyrical poems written to Laura, a woman he fell in unrequited love with, writing poems about her even after her death. Petrarch died of a stroke just before his 70th birthday and was found dead in his library. Michel de Montaigne Michel de Montaigne was a humanist author, born February 28, 1533. His works, written in short opinion pieces called “essais”, focused mainly on himself instead of using other people as the subject of his works. He thought that before any other education, people should first learn about themselves. As well, he encouraged thinking that did not follow the rules set by authority, discouraging dogmatic thinking (thinking only within a given set of parameters). Montaigne believed that friendship, love, and courage should be the basis for all decisions. His writings became very famous, influencing many authors such as William Shakespeare, Friederich Nietzche, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Montaigne lived until he was 59 before dying due to an infection in his throat. He died on September 13, 1592. Giovanni Boccaccio was born in Certaldo Italy, on June 16, 1313. He grew up to be a writer, poet, scholar, correspondent of Petrarch, and a great humanist. Giovanni’s books included folk tales, fairy tales, and many poems which he wrote in both Latin and Italian. His most well-known book is Decameron, and contains one hundred stories about a group of people fleeing the Black Death from Florence. He was critical to the creation of the novel along with helping to spread writing around the literary world. Boccaccio helped to revive Hellenistic learning in Florence, or the study of the ancient Greeks. Greek Philosophy was a major influence on the Renaissance. The name Renaissance means “The Rebirth”, as after almost 1300 years, Greek philosophy was rediscovered in Europe. People read the works of philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, and became inspired to look for answers themselves, using logic and reason just as they did. This translated to many professions as people began to observe the world and look for answers rather than accept what was told to them without question, and this was what shaped the Renaissance. Greek philosophy also had a big impact on humanist ideas and scholars. For example, Michel de Montaigne encouraging thinking outside of societal norms and questioning is extremely similar to Socrates’ belief in challenging the government and asking people to really think about life. In conclusion, both humanism and Greek philosophy had a great impact on the Renaissance.	<urn:uuid:62e3dee9-d39e-4a49-9aaf-8d165a5c7697>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://schoolworkhelper.net/greek-philosophy-and-humanism/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694176.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127020458-20200127050458-00369.warc.gz	en	0.988889	1,687	3.875	4	[ 0.319221556186676, 0.24435663223266602, 0.08528400957584381, -0.23735779523849487, -0.8387930393218994, -0.171071857213974, 0.598381757736206, 0.6143674850463867, 0.025361549109220505, 0.05029311403632164, -0.17055903375148773, -0.20155614614486694, 0.2340666502714157, 0.16916340589523315,...	3	Philosophy is a Greek word, meaning “love of wisdom”. It is the study of existence, morality, and truth. Philosophy was a way of trying to make sense of the world without guidance through religion. Instead of myths and legends, logic and reason were used to find answers. Through the writings of ancient Greek philosophers and Renaissance humanists, new versions of philosophy were found, and ideas proposed that contributed greatly to the Renaissance. Philosophy looks into knowledge, reality, life and the overall aspect of human existence. Miletus, a Greek colony, became the birthplace of philosophy when Thales asked: “What are simple items of the world, where everything else comes from?” He decided that the answer was a solo element, water, more clearly, moisture. From here he considered himself the first philosopher along with being a mathematician, scientist, and teacher even though his career was engineering. Philosophy spreads into five different branches: Metaphysics, the study of existence, Epistemology, the study of knowledge, Ethics, the study of behaviour, Politics, the study of governance, and Aesthetics, the study of art. Socrates was born 470 B.C.E. in Alopece, a small town just outside of Athens. His father was a sculptor and a stonemason, and his mother a midwife. He worked as a mason for some of his life before becoming a philosopher. Socrates believed that the mind was more important than the body, and that all knowledge resided within a person. He invented the Socratic method of teaching which focused on guided debates between students in order to answer a question and would regularly question the government along with the status quo. This proved to be his downfall. After the Peloponnesian War, thirty tyrants took control of Athens, and did not appreciate Socrates questioning their style of government and sentenced him to death by way of a draught of poison hemlock, accusing him of corrupting Athen’s youth. Socrates died in 399 B.C.E. at the age of 71. Plato was born circa 428 B.C.E. in Athens, the capital city of Greece. His parents were Ariston of Athens and Perictione, who were both from the Greek aristocracy. Some scholars believe that Plato was named after his grandfather, Aristocles. Some historians suggest that he was given the nickname, “Platon”, which means “broad”, by his wrestling coach. Plato strongly believed in justice and equality, as shown in his writings. After his mentor, Socrates died, Plato spent 12 years traveling the Mediterranean region studying mathematics in Italy, and various other subjects in Egypt. During this time, he started his extensive writing, including The Apology of Socrates, Hippias Major & Minor, and the most well-known, The Republic.Soon after, Plato opened his academy, most known as Platonic Academy, it is there where he taught Aristotle. It is universally accepted that Plato dedicated his final years to spending time at his academy. Although his death ranges from passing in Athens in his early 80s to dying while attending a wedding to peacefully passing away in his sleep. Aristotle was born 384 B.C.E. in Stagira, a small town on the northern coast of Greece. Both of his parents were members of traditional medical families and died when he was young. At the age of 17, he was sent to Athens to study at Plato’s Academy. In 335 B.C.E he opened his own school in Athens, called The Lyceum. He taught “The Golden Mean”, the desirable middle between excessiveness and deficiency. Aristotle was a polymath and his writings include many subjects; Ethics, Politics, Poetics, Rhetoric, and metaphysics and were possibly lecture notes. He also aimed to discover the best way to live life and give it meaning. “The supreme good for man” he eventually determined was the pursuit of happiness. His works were compiled into a set of six books called the Organon. Aristotle died in 322 B.C.E. of a digestive issue. The idea of Humanism originated in the Renaissance period. Humanism is the belief that human life on Earth is important; this differed from the previously common belief that preparing for the afterlife was the most important goal. It was also the belief that human beings had great potential. People looked back to the ancient Greeks and Romans, their architecture and discoveries as proof of this. As a result of humanism, people began to become more curious and again, attempted to create wonderful buildings and use logic and reason to find answers as the Greeks did. Petrarch was born as Francesco Petrarca on July 20, 1304, in Arezzo, Tuscany. His father was Ser Petracco, and his mother was Eletta Canigiani. With his family, they moved to Avignon, France. Petrarch decided to study law to fulfill his father’s wishes, but his heart was with literature, specifically Greek and Roman literature which he began studying after his father died. He was hired as a cleric, allowing him to pursue his passion. He started collecting ancient texts. Among these texts were Cicero’s letters to Atticus. Petrarch’s discovery of these letters gave him an insight into Roman life and his fascination turned into envy. He believed that humanity could exceed the heights of past accomplishments. Supporting these beliefs helped to start the Renaissance. His other passion was writing. His most notable compositions were his lyrical poems written to Laura, a woman he fell in unrequited love with, writing poems about her even after her death. Petrarch died of a stroke just before his 70th birthday and was found dead in his library. Michel de Montaigne Michel de Montaigne was a humanist author, born February 28, 1533. His works, written in short opinion pieces called “essais”, focused mainly on himself instead of using other people as the subject of his works. He thought that before any other education, people should first learn about themselves. As well, he encouraged thinking that did not follow the rules set by authority, discouraging dogmatic thinking (thinking only within a given set of parameters). Montaigne believed that friendship, love, and courage should be the basis for all decisions. His writings became very famous, influencing many authors such as William Shakespeare, Friederich Nietzche, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Montaigne lived until he was 59 before dying due to an infection in his throat. He died on September 13, 1592. Giovanni Boccaccio was born in Certaldo Italy, on June 16, 1313. He grew up to be a writer, poet, scholar, correspondent of Petrarch, and a great humanist. Giovanni’s books included folk tales, fairy tales, and many poems which he wrote in both Latin and Italian. His most well-known book is Decameron, and contains one hundred stories about a group of people fleeing the Black Death from Florence. He was critical to the creation of the novel along with helping to spread writing around the literary world. Boccaccio helped to revive Hellenistic learning in Florence, or the study of the ancient Greeks. Greek Philosophy was a major influence on the Renaissance. The name Renaissance means “The Rebirth”, as after almost 1300 years, Greek philosophy was rediscovered in Europe. People read the works of philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, and became inspired to look for answers themselves, using logic and reason just as they did. This translated to many professions as people began to observe the world and look for answers rather than accept what was told to them without question, and this was what shaped the Renaissance. Greek philosophy also had a big impact on humanist ideas and scholars. For example, Michel de Montaigne encouraging thinking outside of societal norms and questioning is extremely similar to Socrates’ belief in challenging the government and asking people to really think about life. In conclusion, both humanism and Greek philosophy had a great impact on the Renaissance.	1,694	ENGLISH	1
Franklin Pierce (1804-1869) was born in Hillsborough, New Hampshire, on November 23, 1804. The son of an American Revolutionary War hero, he got his start in politics by first studying law and then being admitted to the bar in 1827. He was elected to the New Hampshire state legislature at the young age of 24, and then at 26, he became the body’s speaker. Pierce was a strong member of the Democratic Party and an avid supporter of President Andrew Jackson. In 1833, Pierce started his terms in Congress, serving twice in the House of Representatives. He also served one term, from 1837 to 1842, in the Senate. In 1834, he married Jane Appleton, whose father had been the president of Bowdoin University, where Pierce had studied. Pierce, like many of his predecessors, was a military man. During the Mexican War (1846-1848), he was an officer. He counted many southerners as his friends and was therefore sympathetic to their desire to have slaves, and his popularity grew as he enforced the Compromise of 1850. Pierce’s 1852 presidential win was a narrow victory, but just two months before he took the office, he and his family were on a train from Boston to Concord when there was an accident. Although Mr. and Mrs. Pierce walked away with few and minor injuries, Bennie, their 11-year-old son, did not survive. Tragically, Bennie was the couple’s third son to die before reaching adulthood. Jane was so distraught, she never recovered from this loss and performed very little of her duty as First Lady. During his inaugural address, Pierce said, “I fervently hope that the [slavery] issue is at rest,” and then went on to explain his desire to expand the nation’s border. This last idea did not go over well, since many northerners feared geographical expansion would just open up the doors to more slavery territory. Far from being resolved, the issue of slavery became a hotbed of controversy, and one of the president’s greatest downfalls was the Kansas-Nebraska Act. The bill, proposed in 1854 by Senator Stephen Douglas, would make Kansas and Nebraska territories and repeal the ban on slavery in the former. The legislation made it so that citizens of the territory, and not Congress, could choose whether to allow slavery. Pierce’s support for slavery led to the establishment of a new opposition group, the Republican Party, made up of Free Soilers, former Whigs, and even some anti-slavery Democrats. Violent skirmishes between pro- and anti-slavery citizens began breaking out across the territory. The conflict became so volatile that it reached even into Washington, when Preston Brooks, a South Carolina representative, assaulted abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner on the Senate floor in May 1856. “Bleeding Kansas,” as the clash became known, was the downfall of Pierce’s presidency and prevented him from winning the Democratic nomination for the next election. Civil War broke out in 1861, and, since Pierce supported the southerners’ so-called right to own slaves, he claimed Abraham Lincoln and the Republicans had been reckless. He condemned Lincoln’s Emancipation Act of 1863, and, during a Democratic rally on July 4, he said the war was “fearful, fruitless, [and] fatal.” After news of the Union victory at Gettysburg, Pierce retreated from the spotlight. Jane died that same year, and the former president passed on in 1869.	<urn:uuid:ddcf4e6a-1b1d-4057-b99f-0b4b35210139>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://lngenz.com/franklin-pierce-the-bleeding-kansas-president/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594101.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119010920-20200119034920-00349.warc.gz	en	0.98715	760	3.65625	4	[ -0.03964792937040329, 0.2318185716867447, 0.0026356629095971584, -0.25078755617141724, -0.4107394814491272, 0.03176750987768173, 0.2335343211889267, 0.033875420689582825, -0.5508884787559509, -0.22972998023033142, 0.5553225874900818, -0.18026885390281677, -0.19901779294013977, 0.3535689413...	3	Franklin Pierce (1804-1869) was born in Hillsborough, New Hampshire, on November 23, 1804. The son of an American Revolutionary War hero, he got his start in politics by first studying law and then being admitted to the bar in 1827. He was elected to the New Hampshire state legislature at the young age of 24, and then at 26, he became the body’s speaker. Pierce was a strong member of the Democratic Party and an avid supporter of President Andrew Jackson. In 1833, Pierce started his terms in Congress, serving twice in the House of Representatives. He also served one term, from 1837 to 1842, in the Senate. In 1834, he married Jane Appleton, whose father had been the president of Bowdoin University, where Pierce had studied. Pierce, like many of his predecessors, was a military man. During the Mexican War (1846-1848), he was an officer. He counted many southerners as his friends and was therefore sympathetic to their desire to have slaves, and his popularity grew as he enforced the Compromise of 1850. Pierce’s 1852 presidential win was a narrow victory, but just two months before he took the office, he and his family were on a train from Boston to Concord when there was an accident. Although Mr. and Mrs. Pierce walked away with few and minor injuries, Bennie, their 11-year-old son, did not survive. Tragically, Bennie was the couple’s third son to die before reaching adulthood. Jane was so distraught, she never recovered from this loss and performed very little of her duty as First Lady. During his inaugural address, Pierce said, “I fervently hope that the [slavery] issue is at rest,” and then went on to explain his desire to expand the nation’s border. This last idea did not go over well, since many northerners feared geographical expansion would just open up the doors to more slavery territory. Far from being resolved, the issue of slavery became a hotbed of controversy, and one of the president’s greatest downfalls was the Kansas-Nebraska Act. The bill, proposed in 1854 by Senator Stephen Douglas, would make Kansas and Nebraska territories and repeal the ban on slavery in the former. The legislation made it so that citizens of the territory, and not Congress, could choose whether to allow slavery. Pierce’s support for slavery led to the establishment of a new opposition group, the Republican Party, made up of Free Soilers, former Whigs, and even some anti-slavery Democrats. Violent skirmishes between pro- and anti-slavery citizens began breaking out across the territory. The conflict became so volatile that it reached even into Washington, when Preston Brooks, a South Carolina representative, assaulted abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner on the Senate floor in May 1856. “Bleeding Kansas,” as the clash became known, was the downfall of Pierce’s presidency and prevented him from winning the Democratic nomination for the next election. Civil War broke out in 1861, and, since Pierce supported the southerners’ so-called right to own slaves, he claimed Abraham Lincoln and the Republicans had been reckless. He condemned Lincoln’s Emancipation Act of 1863, and, during a Democratic rally on July 4, he said the war was “fearful, fruitless, [and] fatal.” After news of the Union victory at Gettysburg, Pierce retreated from the spotlight. Jane died that same year, and the former president passed on in 1869.	781	ENGLISH	1
Ancient Indian art is religious in nature. Most of the murals, paintings, and sculptures convey a sense of religious study and invoke the gods and goddesses in their various forms. Ancient Indian literature is also religious in nature though there are points of divergence between Indian art and literature. As Basham (1954) points out, “ Indian literature was the product of men and women who lived ascetically and were in self-denial having given up worldly pleasures whereas Indian art was the product of artisans and secular craftsmen” . The latter though they worked under the guidance of priests and followed their instructions, loved the world with an intensity that reflected in the art forms that they were making. The spirit of Indian art had much to do with the times that the artworks were made and they are as much a reflection of the ebb and tide of history as they are of the reigning deities of the time. Further, the art reflected the conceptions of beauty that the artisans and people felt for the inner truth that they were expressing. As Nehru (2004) states, “ The ancient Indians loved beauty also, but they always sought to out some deeper significance in their work, some vision of the inner truth as they saw it” .The early period of Indian art is full of naturalism and a sense of belonging to nature and this may have been partly because of the influence of the Chinese on Indian culture. Thus, Indian art can be said to have been the expression of the higher selves of the artisans and their patrons. One striking feature of Indian art is the joy de Vivre expression that is manifest in the works and that says a lot about the Indian culture and history of those times. In the next section, we look at Buddhist Art and discuss the same. The development of Buddhist art is marked by a series of phases which were characterized by evolution from “ happy fleshy figures with little spirituality about them, but later they developed in grace and religious feeling” (Brown, 1949). Please type your essay title, choose your document type, enter your email and we send you essay samples	<urn:uuid:2d5c95d9-2bb4-41fa-88c4-4d24f10279fa>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://freeessayhelp.com/essay-theory-art-asia-905695	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681625.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125222506-20200126012506-00543.warc.gz	en	0.980693	431	3.5625	4	[ 0.3729960322380066, 0.3585997521877289, 0.07292595505714417, 0.05345827713608742, -0.41683587431907654, 0.24757696688175201, 0.30935826897621155, -0.2354765236377716, 0.14870375394821167, -0.05037470534443855, -0.2778078019618988, -0.3350616991519928, 0.0365077406167984, 0.3243299722671509...	1	Ancient Indian art is religious in nature. Most of the murals, paintings, and sculptures convey a sense of religious study and invoke the gods and goddesses in their various forms. Ancient Indian literature is also religious in nature though there are points of divergence between Indian art and literature. As Basham (1954) points out, “ Indian literature was the product of men and women who lived ascetically and were in self-denial having given up worldly pleasures whereas Indian art was the product of artisans and secular craftsmen” . The latter though they worked under the guidance of priests and followed their instructions, loved the world with an intensity that reflected in the art forms that they were making. The spirit of Indian art had much to do with the times that the artworks were made and they are as much a reflection of the ebb and tide of history as they are of the reigning deities of the time. Further, the art reflected the conceptions of beauty that the artisans and people felt for the inner truth that they were expressing. As Nehru (2004) states, “ The ancient Indians loved beauty also, but they always sought to out some deeper significance in their work, some vision of the inner truth as they saw it” .The early period of Indian art is full of naturalism and a sense of belonging to nature and this may have been partly because of the influence of the Chinese on Indian culture. Thus, Indian art can be said to have been the expression of the higher selves of the artisans and their patrons. One striking feature of Indian art is the joy de Vivre expression that is manifest in the works and that says a lot about the Indian culture and history of those times. In the next section, we look at Buddhist Art and discuss the same. The development of Buddhist art is marked by a series of phases which were characterized by evolution from “ happy fleshy figures with little spirituality about them, but later they developed in grace and religious feeling” (Brown, 1949). Please type your essay title, choose your document type, enter your email and we send you essay samples	429	ENGLISH	1
Millions of years ago, dinosaurs roamed the Earth as both as apex predators and gentle giants. Among lizards, birds and insects, it was soon discovered that snakes also inhabited the tropical forests of Cretaceous Myanmar. Scientists have recently discovered a baby snake perfectly conserved in ancient amber. The fossil is amazing and particularly rare, as few were found before. Michael Caldwell, biology professor at the University of Alberta has already co-authored a study for the journal of Science Advances in which the baby snake is described to the smallest details. The discovery of a piece of snakeskin shed by what is believed to be a mature snake is also presented. The discovery is very important as it offers us more information about snakes. It is the first piece of concrete evidence which proves that snakes lived in forests since the first stages of their evolution. Previously snake fossils have only been found in desserts. They further allow scientist to explore the spreading of snakes around the world. Both fossils were retrieved from amazingly old amber deposits that have offered many interesting discoveries in the past: dinosaur bones, baby birds and insects were found in the amber treasure. It is also believed that some discoveries may have eluded scientists as amber is often mined by private individuals and companies who then proceed to what they find to the highest bidder, usually Chinese collectors or museums. Luda Xing, associate professor at the Beijing University of Geosciences and main writer of the paper explained how he came upon the deposit. In 2016, he was contacted by a dealer offering what was believed to be the skin of a crocodile. Upon further inspection, Xing concluded that it was in fact the skin of snake. A few months late he was contacted by another dealer and what was believed to be the fossil of a centipede proved to be the baby snake.	<urn:uuid:391cbd1a-73d1-48f1-9675-40d5be4ae63e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://greatlakesledger.com/2018/07/19/incredibly-rare-fossil-of-a-baby-snake-from-the-dinosaurs-era-was-found/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601040.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120224950-20200121013950-00165.warc.gz	en	0.984533	368	3.84375	4	[ -0.49499014019966125, -0.03516384959220886, 0.4459576904773712, 0.18487060070037842, 0.050298869609832764, -0.2019963562488556, 0.39086371660232544, 0.21871601045131683, -0.3180021643638611, 0.3711364269256592, 0.4540523588657379, -0.4738432765007019, 0.20328845083713531, 0.419118225574493...	1	Millions of years ago, dinosaurs roamed the Earth as both as apex predators and gentle giants. Among lizards, birds and insects, it was soon discovered that snakes also inhabited the tropical forests of Cretaceous Myanmar. Scientists have recently discovered a baby snake perfectly conserved in ancient amber. The fossil is amazing and particularly rare, as few were found before. Michael Caldwell, biology professor at the University of Alberta has already co-authored a study for the journal of Science Advances in which the baby snake is described to the smallest details. The discovery of a piece of snakeskin shed by what is believed to be a mature snake is also presented. The discovery is very important as it offers us more information about snakes. It is the first piece of concrete evidence which proves that snakes lived in forests since the first stages of their evolution. Previously snake fossils have only been found in desserts. They further allow scientist to explore the spreading of snakes around the world. Both fossils were retrieved from amazingly old amber deposits that have offered many interesting discoveries in the past: dinosaur bones, baby birds and insects were found in the amber treasure. It is also believed that some discoveries may have eluded scientists as amber is often mined by private individuals and companies who then proceed to what they find to the highest bidder, usually Chinese collectors or museums. Luda Xing, associate professor at the Beijing University of Geosciences and main writer of the paper explained how he came upon the deposit. In 2016, he was contacted by a dealer offering what was believed to be the skin of a crocodile. Upon further inspection, Xing concluded that it was in fact the skin of snake. A few months late he was contacted by another dealer and what was believed to be the fossil of a centipede proved to be the baby snake.	365	ENGLISH	1
Thomas Preston (c.1722—c. 1798) was a British officer, a captain who served in Boston in the Province of Massachusetts Bay. He commanded troops in the Boston Massacre in 1770 and was tried for murder, but he was acquitted. Historians have never settled whether he ordered his men to fire on the colonists. Preston was originally from Ireland; his people were among the Protestants settled there. The Kingdom of Great Britain, officially called Great Britain, was a sovereign state in western Europe from 1 May 1707 to 1 January 1801. The state came into being following the Treaty of Union in 1706, ratified by the Acts of Union 1707, which united the kingdoms of England and Scotland to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of Great Britain and its outlying islands, with the exception of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The unitary state was governed by a single parliament and government that was based in Westminster. The former kingdoms had been in personal union since James VI of Scotland became King of England and King of Ireland in 1603 following the death of Elizabeth I, bringing about the "Union of the Crowns". Since its inception the kingdom was in legislative and personal union with Ireland and after the accession of George I to the throne of Great Britain in 1714, the kingdom was in a personal union with the Electorate of Hanover. The Province of Massachusetts Bay was a crown colony in British America which became one of the thirteen original states of the United States from 1776 onward. It was chartered on October 7, 1691 by William III and Mary II, the joint monarchs of the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The charter took effect on May 14, 1692 and included the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the Plymouth Colony, the Province of Maine, Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick; the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the direct successor. Maine has been a separate state since 1820, and Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are now Canadian provinces, having been part of the colony only until 1697. The Boston Massacre, known to the British as the Incident on King Street, was a confrontation on March 5, 1770 in which British soldiers shot and killed several people while being harassed by a mob in Boston. The event was heavily publicized by leading Patriots such as Paul Revere and Samuel Adams. British troops had been stationed in the Province of Massachusetts Bay since 1768 in order to support crown-appointed officials and to enforce unpopular Parliamentary legislation. Thomas Preston was an officer of the 29th Regiment of Foot, part of the British garrison in Boston under the overall command of Thomas Gage. He was present at the Boston Massacre on 5 March 1770, when British troops fired on colonists of the city, after an aggressive mob had confronted the troops and thrown snowballs, clubs, and rocks at them. General Thomas Gage was a British Army general officer and colonial official best known for his many years of service in North America, including his role as British commander-in-chief in the early days of the American Revolution. Charges were brought against him and other soldiers, but he was acquitted in a trial held in Boston, Massachusetts. Future United States President John Adams was his attorney. It is still unknown whether or not Preston gave the order to fire; many historians believe that he did not. Two of his men, Hugh Montgomery and Matthew Kilroy, were found guilty of manslaughter. They "prayed clergy" to avoid the death sentence. Instead, they were branded on the thumb with a hot iron, the letter "M" for murder.Captain Preston was found not guilty. Massachusetts, officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named after the Massachusett tribe, which once inhabited the east side of the area, and is one of the original thirteen states. The capital of Massachusetts is Boston, which is also the most populous city in New England. Over 80% of the population of Massachusetts lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution. During the 20th century, Massachusetts's economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance, and maritime trade. John Adams was an American statesman, attorney, diplomat, writer, and Founding Father who served as the second president of the United States, from 1797 to 1801. Before his presidency, he was a leader of the American Revolution that achieved independence from Great Britain and served as the first vice president of the United States. Adams was a dedicated diarist and regularly corresponded with many important figures in early American history, including his wife and adviser, Abigail. His letters and other papers serve as an important source of historical information about the era. Private Hugh Montgomery was a soldier of the 29th Regiment of Foot who was present at the Boston Massacre. He killed one man and was found guilty of manslaughter. After his trial, Preston retired from the army. He reportedly settled in Ireland. Adams later recalled seeing him in London in the 1780s, when Adams was serving there as US Minister to Britain. The communities of East Preston and North Preston, Nova Scotia may have been named for him. North Preston is a rural community in Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia, Canada. Nova Scotia is one of Canada's three Maritime Provinces, and one of the four provinces that form Atlantic Canada. Its provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is the second-smallest of Canada's ten provinces, with an area of 55,284 square kilometres (21,300 sq mi), including Cape Breton and another 3,800 coastal islands. As of 2016, the population was 923,598. Nova Scotia is Canada's second-most-densely populated province, after Prince Edward Island, with 17.4 inhabitants per square kilometre (45/sq mi). John Adams is a 2008 American television miniseries chronicling most of U.S. President John Adams's political life and his role in the founding of the United States. Paul Giamatti portrays John Adams. The miniseries was directed by Tom Hooper. Kirk Ellis wrote the screenplay based on the 2001 book John Adams by David McCullough. The biopic of John Adams and the story of the first 50 years of the United States was broadcast in seven parts by HBO between March 16 and April 20, 2008. John Adams received widespread critical acclaim and many prestigious awards. The show won four Golden Globe awards and 13 Emmy awards, more than any other miniseries in history. Ritchie Coster is an English actor. He is best known for playing the roles of Dietrich Banning in The Tuxedo (2002), Chechen in The Dark Knight (2008), Elias Kassar in Blackhat (2015), Mayor Austin Chessani on the second season of the HBO anthology television series True Detective and Francisco Scaramucci / Mr. Blue on the SyFy television series Happy!. Sons of Liberty is an American television miniseries dramatizing the early American Revolution events in Boston, Massachusetts, the start of the Revolutionary War, and the negotiations of the Second Continental Congress which resulted in drafting and signing the 1776 United States Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The three-part miniseries premiered on History on January 25, 2015, directed by Kari Skogland. The theme music was composed by Hans Zimmer. John Hancock was an American merchant, statesman, and prominent Patriot of the American Revolution. He served as president of the Second Continental Congress and was the first and third Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. He is remembered for his large and stylish signature on the United States Declaration of Independence, so much so that the term "John Hancock" has become a synonym in the United States for one's signature. Crispus Attucks was an American stevedore of African and Native American descent, widely regarded as the first person killed in the Boston Massacre and thus the first American killed in the American Revolution. Historians disagree on whether he was a free man or an escaped slave, but most agree that he was of Wampanoag and African descent. Two major sources of eyewitness testimony about the Boston Massacre published in 1770 did not refer to him as "black" nor as a "Negro"; it appears that Bostonians viewed him as being of mixed ethnicity. According to a contemporaneous account in the Pennsylvania Gazette, he was a "Mulattoe man, named Crispus Attucks, who was born in Framingham, but lately belonged to New-Providence, and was here in order to go for North Carolina." Robert Treat Paine was a Massachusetts lawyer and politician, best known as a signer of the Declaration of Independence as a representative of Massachusetts. He served as the state's first attorney general, and served as an associate justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, the state's highest court. The Intolerable Acts were punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 after the Boston Tea Party. The laws were meant to punish the Massachusetts colonists for their defiance in the Tea Party protest in reaction to changes in taxation by the British to the detriment of colonial goods. In Great Britain, these laws were referred to as the Coercive Acts. Sir Francis Bernard, 1st Baronet was a British colonial administrator who served as governor of the provinces of New Jersey and Massachusetts Bay. His uncompromising policies and harsh tactics in Massachusetts angered the colonists and were instrumental in the building of broad-based opposition within the province to the rule of Parliament in the events leading to the American Revolution. The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (SJC) is the highest court in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The SJC claims the distinction of being the oldest continuously functioning appellate court in the Americas, with a recognized history dating to the establishment of the Massachusetts Superior Court of Judicature in 1692 under the charter of the Province of Massachusetts Bay. The Townshend Acts were a series of British acts of Parliament passed during 1767 and 1768 relating to the British colonies in America. They are named after Charles Townshend, the Chancellor of the Exchequer who proposed the program. Historians vary slightly as to which acts they include under the heading "Townshend Acts", but five are often listed: The Massachusetts Circular Letter was a statement written by Samuel Adams and James Otis Jr., and passed by the Massachusetts House of Representatives in February 1768 in response to the Townshend Acts. Reactions to the letter brought heightened tensions between the British Parliament and Massachusetts, and resulted in the military occupation of Boston by the British Army, which contributed to the coming of the American Revolution. Josiah Quincy II was an American lawyer and patriot. He was a principal spokesman for the Sons of Liberty in Boston prior to the Revolution and was John Adams' co-counsel during the trials of Captain Thomas Preston and the soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre. The Hutchinson Letters Affair was an incident that increased tensions between the colonists of the Province of Massachusetts Bay and the British government prior to the American Revolution. In June 1773 letters written several years earlier by Thomas Hutchinson and Andrew Oliver, governor and lieutenant governor of the province at the time of their publication, were published in a Boston newspaper. The content of the letters was propagandistically claimed by Massachusetts radical politicians to call for the abridgement of colonial rights, and a duel was fought in England over the matter. Hiller B. Zobel is a retired Associate Justice of the Superior Court of Massachusetts and author or coauthor of several books on various legal topics, including the Boston Massacre and John Adams. He graduated from Harvard College in 1953 and received his law degree in 1959 from Harvard. He was recalled from retirement in 2006 and now serves the Middlesex Superior Court. Christopher Seider (1758—1770) was a British colonist killed in the political strife that became the American Revolutionary War. He was 11 years old when he was shot and killed by loyalist Ebenezer Richardson in Boston on February 22, 1770. His funeral became a major political event, with his death heightening tensions that erupted into the Boston Massacre on March 5, 1770. Samuel Adams was an American statesman, political philosopher, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He was a politician in colonial Massachusetts, a leader of the movement that became the American Revolution, and one of the architects of the principles of American republicanism that shaped the political culture of the United States. He was a second cousin to his fellow Founding Father, President John Adams. Peter Oliver was Chief Justice of the Superior Court of the Province of Massachusetts Bay from 1772–1775. He was a Loyalist during the American Revolution, and left Massachusetts in 1776, settling in England. Private Matthew Kilroy was a soldier of the 29th Regiment of Foot who was present at the Boston Massacre. He killed one man and was found guilty of manslaughter. Col. Josiah Quincy I (1710–1784) was an American merchant, planter, soldier, and politician. He was the son of Col. Edmund and Dorothy Flynt Quincy. He was named for his grandfather, Rev. Josiah Flynt. After graduating from Harvard in 1728, he returned to Braintree, Massachusetts (Quincy). In 1735 he moved to Boston and engaged in commerce and shipbuilding. He returned to Braintree in 1748. Josiah was an American Patriot and supporter. He wrote to General George Washington about British troop movements and was a friend of Benjamin Franklin. \|This biographical article related to the British Army is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.\|	<urn:uuid:4ee5ff64-3a2e-4154-b761-9dd6245414ef>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://wikimili.com/en/Thomas_Preston_%28British_Army_officer%29	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250595282.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119205448-20200119233448-00437.warc.gz	en	0.980709	2,896	3.34375	3	[ 0.20257802307605743, -0.16275262832641602, 0.5646300315856934, -0.48408740758895874, -0.122258260846138, -0.3417724370956421, 0.19826146960258484, -0.13489341735839844, -0.061050571501255035, 0.007529234979301691, 0.010958620347082615, -0.6774548292160034, 0.02180742844939232, -0.078835301...	1	Thomas Preston (c.1722—c. 1798) was a British officer, a captain who served in Boston in the Province of Massachusetts Bay. He commanded troops in the Boston Massacre in 1770 and was tried for murder, but he was acquitted. Historians have never settled whether he ordered his men to fire on the colonists. Preston was originally from Ireland; his people were among the Protestants settled there. The Kingdom of Great Britain, officially called Great Britain, was a sovereign state in western Europe from 1 May 1707 to 1 January 1801. The state came into being following the Treaty of Union in 1706, ratified by the Acts of Union 1707, which united the kingdoms of England and Scotland to form a single kingdom encompassing the whole island of Great Britain and its outlying islands, with the exception of the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands. The unitary state was governed by a single parliament and government that was based in Westminster. The former kingdoms had been in personal union since James VI of Scotland became King of England and King of Ireland in 1603 following the death of Elizabeth I, bringing about the "Union of the Crowns". Since its inception the kingdom was in legislative and personal union with Ireland and after the accession of George I to the throne of Great Britain in 1714, the kingdom was in a personal union with the Electorate of Hanover. The Province of Massachusetts Bay was a crown colony in British America which became one of the thirteen original states of the United States from 1776 onward. It was chartered on October 7, 1691 by William III and Mary II, the joint monarchs of the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland. The charter took effect on May 14, 1692 and included the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the Plymouth Colony, the Province of Maine, Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick; the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the direct successor. Maine has been a separate state since 1820, and Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are now Canadian provinces, having been part of the colony only until 1697. The Boston Massacre, known to the British as the Incident on King Street, was a confrontation on March 5, 1770 in which British soldiers shot and killed several people while being harassed by a mob in Boston. The event was heavily publicized by leading Patriots such as Paul Revere and Samuel Adams. British troops had been stationed in the Province of Massachusetts Bay since 1768 in order to support crown-appointed officials and to enforce unpopular Parliamentary legislation. Thomas Preston was an officer of the 29th Regiment of Foot, part of the British garrison in Boston under the overall command of Thomas Gage. He was present at the Boston Massacre on 5 March 1770, when British troops fired on colonists of the city, after an aggressive mob had confronted the troops and thrown snowballs, clubs, and rocks at them. General Thomas Gage was a British Army general officer and colonial official best known for his many years of service in North America, including his role as British commander-in-chief in the early days of the American Revolution. Charges were brought against him and other soldiers, but he was acquitted in a trial held in Boston, Massachusetts. Future United States President John Adams was his attorney. It is still unknown whether or not Preston gave the order to fire; many historians believe that he did not. Two of his men, Hugh Montgomery and Matthew Kilroy, were found guilty of manslaughter. They "prayed clergy" to avoid the death sentence. Instead, they were branded on the thumb with a hot iron, the letter "M" for murder.Captain Preston was found not guilty. Massachusetts, officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It borders on the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named after the Massachusett tribe, which once inhabited the east side of the area, and is one of the original thirteen states. The capital of Massachusetts is Boston, which is also the most populous city in New England. Over 80% of the population of Massachusetts lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution. During the 20th century, Massachusetts's economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a global leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance, and maritime trade. John Adams was an American statesman, attorney, diplomat, writer, and Founding Father who served as the second president of the United States, from 1797 to 1801. Before his presidency, he was a leader of the American Revolution that achieved independence from Great Britain and served as the first vice president of the United States. Adams was a dedicated diarist and regularly corresponded with many important figures in early American history, including his wife and adviser, Abigail. His letters and other papers serve as an important source of historical information about the era. Private Hugh Montgomery was a soldier of the 29th Regiment of Foot who was present at the Boston Massacre. He killed one man and was found guilty of manslaughter. After his trial, Preston retired from the army. He reportedly settled in Ireland. Adams later recalled seeing him in London in the 1780s, when Adams was serving there as US Minister to Britain. The communities of East Preston and North Preston, Nova Scotia may have been named for him. North Preston is a rural community in Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia, Canada. Nova Scotia is one of Canada's three Maritime Provinces, and one of the four provinces that form Atlantic Canada. Its provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is the second-smallest of Canada's ten provinces, with an area of 55,284 square kilometres (21,300 sq mi), including Cape Breton and another 3,800 coastal islands. As of 2016, the population was 923,598. Nova Scotia is Canada's second-most-densely populated province, after Prince Edward Island, with 17.4 inhabitants per square kilometre (45/sq mi). John Adams is a 2008 American television miniseries chronicling most of U.S. President John Adams's political life and his role in the founding of the United States. Paul Giamatti portrays John Adams. The miniseries was directed by Tom Hooper. Kirk Ellis wrote the screenplay based on the 2001 book John Adams by David McCullough. The biopic of John Adams and the story of the first 50 years of the United States was broadcast in seven parts by HBO between March 16 and April 20, 2008. John Adams received widespread critical acclaim and many prestigious awards. The show won four Golden Globe awards and 13 Emmy awards, more than any other miniseries in history. Ritchie Coster is an English actor. He is best known for playing the roles of Dietrich Banning in The Tuxedo (2002), Chechen in The Dark Knight (2008), Elias Kassar in Blackhat (2015), Mayor Austin Chessani on the second season of the HBO anthology television series True Detective and Francisco Scaramucci / Mr. Blue on the SyFy television series Happy!. Sons of Liberty is an American television miniseries dramatizing the early American Revolution events in Boston, Massachusetts, the start of the Revolutionary War, and the negotiations of the Second Continental Congress which resulted in drafting and signing the 1776 United States Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The three-part miniseries premiered on History on January 25, 2015, directed by Kari Skogland. The theme music was composed by Hans Zimmer. John Hancock was an American merchant, statesman, and prominent Patriot of the American Revolution. He served as president of the Second Continental Congress and was the first and third Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. He is remembered for his large and stylish signature on the United States Declaration of Independence, so much so that the term "John Hancock" has become a synonym in the United States for one's signature. Crispus Attucks was an American stevedore of African and Native American descent, widely regarded as the first person killed in the Boston Massacre and thus the first American killed in the American Revolution. Historians disagree on whether he was a free man or an escaped slave, but most agree that he was of Wampanoag and African descent. Two major sources of eyewitness testimony about the Boston Massacre published in 1770 did not refer to him as "black" nor as a "Negro"; it appears that Bostonians viewed him as being of mixed ethnicity. According to a contemporaneous account in the Pennsylvania Gazette, he was a "Mulattoe man, named Crispus Attucks, who was born in Framingham, but lately belonged to New-Providence, and was here in order to go for North Carolina." Robert Treat Paine was a Massachusetts lawyer and politician, best known as a signer of the Declaration of Independence as a representative of Massachusetts. He served as the state's first attorney general, and served as an associate justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, the state's highest court. The Intolerable Acts were punitive laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 after the Boston Tea Party. The laws were meant to punish the Massachusetts colonists for their defiance in the Tea Party protest in reaction to changes in taxation by the British to the detriment of colonial goods. In Great Britain, these laws were referred to as the Coercive Acts. Sir Francis Bernard, 1st Baronet was a British colonial administrator who served as governor of the provinces of New Jersey and Massachusetts Bay. His uncompromising policies and harsh tactics in Massachusetts angered the colonists and were instrumental in the building of broad-based opposition within the province to the rule of Parliament in the events leading to the American Revolution. The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (SJC) is the highest court in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The SJC claims the distinction of being the oldest continuously functioning appellate court in the Americas, with a recognized history dating to the establishment of the Massachusetts Superior Court of Judicature in 1692 under the charter of the Province of Massachusetts Bay. The Townshend Acts were a series of British acts of Parliament passed during 1767 and 1768 relating to the British colonies in America. They are named after Charles Townshend, the Chancellor of the Exchequer who proposed the program. Historians vary slightly as to which acts they include under the heading "Townshend Acts", but five are often listed: The Massachusetts Circular Letter was a statement written by Samuel Adams and James Otis Jr., and passed by the Massachusetts House of Representatives in February 1768 in response to the Townshend Acts. Reactions to the letter brought heightened tensions between the British Parliament and Massachusetts, and resulted in the military occupation of Boston by the British Army, which contributed to the coming of the American Revolution. Josiah Quincy II was an American lawyer and patriot. He was a principal spokesman for the Sons of Liberty in Boston prior to the Revolution and was John Adams' co-counsel during the trials of Captain Thomas Preston and the soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre. The Hutchinson Letters Affair was an incident that increased tensions between the colonists of the Province of Massachusetts Bay and the British government prior to the American Revolution. In June 1773 letters written several years earlier by Thomas Hutchinson and Andrew Oliver, governor and lieutenant governor of the province at the time of their publication, were published in a Boston newspaper. The content of the letters was propagandistically claimed by Massachusetts radical politicians to call for the abridgement of colonial rights, and a duel was fought in England over the matter. Hiller B. Zobel is a retired Associate Justice of the Superior Court of Massachusetts and author or coauthor of several books on various legal topics, including the Boston Massacre and John Adams. He graduated from Harvard College in 1953 and received his law degree in 1959 from Harvard. He was recalled from retirement in 2006 and now serves the Middlesex Superior Court. Christopher Seider (1758—1770) was a British colonist killed in the political strife that became the American Revolutionary War. He was 11 years old when he was shot and killed by loyalist Ebenezer Richardson in Boston on February 22, 1770. His funeral became a major political event, with his death heightening tensions that erupted into the Boston Massacre on March 5, 1770. Samuel Adams was an American statesman, political philosopher, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He was a politician in colonial Massachusetts, a leader of the movement that became the American Revolution, and one of the architects of the principles of American republicanism that shaped the political culture of the United States. He was a second cousin to his fellow Founding Father, President John Adams. Peter Oliver was Chief Justice of the Superior Court of the Province of Massachusetts Bay from 1772–1775. He was a Loyalist during the American Revolution, and left Massachusetts in 1776, settling in England. Private Matthew Kilroy was a soldier of the 29th Regiment of Foot who was present at the Boston Massacre. He killed one man and was found guilty of manslaughter. Col. Josiah Quincy I (1710–1784) was an American merchant, planter, soldier, and politician. He was the son of Col. Edmund and Dorothy Flynt Quincy. He was named for his grandfather, Rev. Josiah Flynt. After graduating from Harvard in 1728, he returned to Braintree, Massachusetts (Quincy). In 1735 he moved to Boston and engaged in commerce and shipbuilding. He returned to Braintree in 1748. Josiah was an American Patriot and supporter. He wrote to General George Washington about British troop movements and was a friend of Benjamin Franklin. \|This biographical article related to the British Army is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.\|	3,072	ENGLISH	1
The Jamestown colony flourished under the strict rule of John Smith. Nevertheless, The London Company (which was now called the Virginia Company) had formed a new government that was to be led by Thomas De La Warre. The new charter issued by the Virginia Company called for the appointment of a governor rather than a president. John Smith, who nearly died after igniting himself in a canoe, returned to England for good. Since De La Warre was unable to make the trip immediately, Thomas Gates was named interim governor. Unfortunately, Gates' ship wrecked off the coast of Bermuda and he was unable to resume the trip until new ships were built. Meanwhile, the Virginia Company was in the process of reformulating its philosophy on potential profits in Jamestown. By 1609, it became obvious that profits would have to be realized over a long-term basis rather than immediately. The Virginia Company began reorganizing business possibilities to resemble those that had been successful in controlling the populations in Ireland. They proposed to bring England to the New World by sending families to Jamestown. Families were promised their own parcels of land for seven years of communal labor at Jamestown. This, the Virginia Company believed, would cause colonists to have a permanent stake in the welfare of the community as a whole, which would result in increased productivity and profit. Those that were not wealthy enough to pay their passage to the New World would have their trip subsidized (paid for) in exchange for seven years of labor. Those individuals became servants. With John Smith out of the picture, and with the lack of a visible leader at Jamestown (because of Gates' shipwreck), Powhatan saw an opportunity to rid himself of the white settlers once and for all. Hence, Powhatan ordered his people to stop trading with the settlers. Without any leadership, and more specifically without the leadership of John Smith, the settlers once again became complacent and stopped contributing to the welfare of Jamestown. Trading teams that departed from Jamestown to Powhatan's lands rarely returned and were presumed dead. Without corn from the Algonkins, with settlers who refused to work, and with Powhatan's warriors seemingly closing in around them, the winter of 1609-1610 became known as the "Starving Time". Colonists were forced to eat cats and dogs and some were even executed for digging up human corpses to eat. When Gates finally arrived in 1610, only about 60 of the 500 settlers were still alive. Gates decided to abandon the settlement and nearly set sail with the remaining settlers for England. While Powhatan and his people celebrated wildly, Thomas De La Warre arrived with three fully supplied ships with a mission to stay indefinitely. De La Warre and Gates re-established the tough discipline that had led the colony to success under John Smith. Under the set of rules developed by Gates and enforced by Sir Thomas Dale (the future governor of Virginia), settlers would be brutally punished for breaking the rules. Settlers were shot, burned at the stake, and hung at the gallows. Such transgressions as cursing carried physical torture or public humiliation as consequences. During this time relations with the Indians worsened. The settlers were still dependent on the Indians for food, and became more and more violent in their quests to obtain it. The Indians, in turn, responded in kind, resulting in a bloody series of killings on both sides. During the winter of 1612-1613, Samuel Argall devised a plan to kidnap Powhatan's favorite daughter, Pocahontas, who was visiting friends near Jamestown. Argall bribed two Indians with some copper kettles to lure Pocahontas onto an English ship. Although Pocahontas was suspicious, she boarded the ship and was kidnapped. Argall planned to ransom Pocahontas, but Powhatan was unwilling to meet the demands of the English. Negotiations dragged on for over a year, during which time, Pocahontas grew accustomed to life among the English. In captivity, she converted to Christianity, was baptized, and in 1614, married the wealthy tobacco planter John Rolfe. The marriage of Rolfe and Pocahontas resulted in a truce between the Indians and the English. Although Powhatan was unhappy with the marriage and truce, as he realized in would result in the expansion of the English settlement, he grew tired of the fighting and felt powerless to stop it. Despite the truce, Jamestown remained a dismal place for most of the settlers. Food shortages and disease were rampant in Jamestown. Because Rolfe's tobacco crop showed such promise for profit, many settlers began growing their own, though few reserved space for corn. Tobacco became the cash crop of the Jamestown settlement. In 1614, conditions improved for settlers when Thomas Dale, using his powers as governor, began transferring some of the land to private ownership. In order to continue growing tobacco, the Virginia Company needed a substantial workforce. Through "the Headright System", English settlers were guaranteed 50 acres of land in return for three years of labor. "Heads of Families" who came to the New World were guaranteed 50 acres of land for each person they brought over. With their own lands, settlers began to build houses, tend to their land and grow crops which resulted in a new hope and inspiration for a successful colony. Unfortunately, Jamestown's future was not bright. Powhatan's successor, Opechancanough, attacked the white settlements near Jamestown in order to prevent the settlers from taking more land for tobacco. It was a surprise attack, as the warriors approached the settlements as if they were preparing to trade. The attacks decimated the settlements and resulted in the deaths of 347 settlers, including John Rolfe. The attacks were especially surprising considering the peaceful relations that had reigned for many years. Although the Indians were driven back and eventually completely defeated, In 1624, as a result of the high mortality rates at Jamestown, and the colony's poor financial state, King James revoked the colony's charter and made Virginia a possession of the crown.	<urn:uuid:39015553-caf6-44b4-9c37-5c8074d5c9c3>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://mrnussbaum.com/uploads/activities/13c/jamestown2.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778168.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128091916-20200128121916-00137.warc.gz	en	0.984302	1,255	3.9375	4	[ -0.1456870436668396, 0.29080015420913696, 0.673243522644043, 0.3717954754829407, -0.12522950768470764, -0.02344941347837448, 0.18333199620246887, 0.057469986379146576, -0.47347545623779297, 0.02536514773964882, -0.19123178720474243, 0.23176132142543793, 0.104180708527565, -0.05051052570343...	2	The Jamestown colony flourished under the strict rule of John Smith. Nevertheless, The London Company (which was now called the Virginia Company) had formed a new government that was to be led by Thomas De La Warre. The new charter issued by the Virginia Company called for the appointment of a governor rather than a president. John Smith, who nearly died after igniting himself in a canoe, returned to England for good. Since De La Warre was unable to make the trip immediately, Thomas Gates was named interim governor. Unfortunately, Gates' ship wrecked off the coast of Bermuda and he was unable to resume the trip until new ships were built. Meanwhile, the Virginia Company was in the process of reformulating its philosophy on potential profits in Jamestown. By 1609, it became obvious that profits would have to be realized over a long-term basis rather than immediately. The Virginia Company began reorganizing business possibilities to resemble those that had been successful in controlling the populations in Ireland. They proposed to bring England to the New World by sending families to Jamestown. Families were promised their own parcels of land for seven years of communal labor at Jamestown. This, the Virginia Company believed, would cause colonists to have a permanent stake in the welfare of the community as a whole, which would result in increased productivity and profit. Those that were not wealthy enough to pay their passage to the New World would have their trip subsidized (paid for) in exchange for seven years of labor. Those individuals became servants. With John Smith out of the picture, and with the lack of a visible leader at Jamestown (because of Gates' shipwreck), Powhatan saw an opportunity to rid himself of the white settlers once and for all. Hence, Powhatan ordered his people to stop trading with the settlers. Without any leadership, and more specifically without the leadership of John Smith, the settlers once again became complacent and stopped contributing to the welfare of Jamestown. Trading teams that departed from Jamestown to Powhatan's lands rarely returned and were presumed dead. Without corn from the Algonkins, with settlers who refused to work, and with Powhatan's warriors seemingly closing in around them, the winter of 1609-1610 became known as the "Starving Time". Colonists were forced to eat cats and dogs and some were even executed for digging up human corpses to eat. When Gates finally arrived in 1610, only about 60 of the 500 settlers were still alive. Gates decided to abandon the settlement and nearly set sail with the remaining settlers for England. While Powhatan and his people celebrated wildly, Thomas De La Warre arrived with three fully supplied ships with a mission to stay indefinitely. De La Warre and Gates re-established the tough discipline that had led the colony to success under John Smith. Under the set of rules developed by Gates and enforced by Sir Thomas Dale (the future governor of Virginia), settlers would be brutally punished for breaking the rules. Settlers were shot, burned at the stake, and hung at the gallows. Such transgressions as cursing carried physical torture or public humiliation as consequences. During this time relations with the Indians worsened. The settlers were still dependent on the Indians for food, and became more and more violent in their quests to obtain it. The Indians, in turn, responded in kind, resulting in a bloody series of killings on both sides. During the winter of 1612-1613, Samuel Argall devised a plan to kidnap Powhatan's favorite daughter, Pocahontas, who was visiting friends near Jamestown. Argall bribed two Indians with some copper kettles to lure Pocahontas onto an English ship. Although Pocahontas was suspicious, she boarded the ship and was kidnapped. Argall planned to ransom Pocahontas, but Powhatan was unwilling to meet the demands of the English. Negotiations dragged on for over a year, during which time, Pocahontas grew accustomed to life among the English. In captivity, she converted to Christianity, was baptized, and in 1614, married the wealthy tobacco planter John Rolfe. The marriage of Rolfe and Pocahontas resulted in a truce between the Indians and the English. Although Powhatan was unhappy with the marriage and truce, as he realized in would result in the expansion of the English settlement, he grew tired of the fighting and felt powerless to stop it. Despite the truce, Jamestown remained a dismal place for most of the settlers. Food shortages and disease were rampant in Jamestown. Because Rolfe's tobacco crop showed such promise for profit, many settlers began growing their own, though few reserved space for corn. Tobacco became the cash crop of the Jamestown settlement. In 1614, conditions improved for settlers when Thomas Dale, using his powers as governor, began transferring some of the land to private ownership. In order to continue growing tobacco, the Virginia Company needed a substantial workforce. Through "the Headright System", English settlers were guaranteed 50 acres of land in return for three years of labor. "Heads of Families" who came to the New World were guaranteed 50 acres of land for each person they brought over. With their own lands, settlers began to build houses, tend to their land and grow crops which resulted in a new hope and inspiration for a successful colony. Unfortunately, Jamestown's future was not bright. Powhatan's successor, Opechancanough, attacked the white settlements near Jamestown in order to prevent the settlers from taking more land for tobacco. It was a surprise attack, as the warriors approached the settlements as if they were preparing to trade. The attacks decimated the settlements and resulted in the deaths of 347 settlers, including John Rolfe. The attacks were especially surprising considering the peaceful relations that had reigned for many years. Although the Indians were driven back and eventually completely defeated, In 1624, as a result of the high mortality rates at Jamestown, and the colony's poor financial state, King James revoked the colony's charter and made Virginia a possession of the crown.	1,283	ENGLISH	1
The Second Crusade (1147-1149 CE) was a military campaign organised by the Pope and European nobles to recapture the city of Edessa in Mesopotamia which had fallen in 1144 CE to the Muslim Seljuk Turks. Despite an army of 60,000 and the presence of two western kings, the crusade was not successful in the Levant and caused further tension between the Byzantine Empire and the west. The Second Crusade also included significant campaigns in the Iberian peninsula and the Baltic against the Muslim Moors and pagan Europeans respectively. Both secondary campaigns were largely successful but the main objective, to free the Latin East from the threat of Muslim occupation, would remain unfulfilled, and so further crusades over the next two centuries would be called, all with only marginal successes. Edessa, located on the edge of the desert of Syria in Upper Mesopotamia, was an important commercial and cultural centre. The city had been in Christian hands since the First Crusade (1095-1102 CE) but it fell to Imad ad-Din Zangi (r. 1127-1146 CE), the Muslim independent ruler of Mosul (in Iraq) and Aleppo (in Syria), on 24 December 1144 CE. Following the capture, which Muslims described as "the victory of victories" (Asbridge, 226), western Christians were killed or sold into slavery while eastern Christians were permitted to remain. A response was called for. The Christians of Edessa had appealed for help, and a general defence of the Latin East, as the Crusader states in the Middle East were collectively known, was required. Pope Eugenius III (r. 1145-1153 CE) formally called for a crusade (what is now known as the Second Crusade) on 1 December 1145 CE. The goals of the campaign were put somewhat vaguely. Neither Edessa nor Zangi was specifically mentioned, rather it was a broad appeal for the achievements of the First Crusade and Christians and holy relics in the Levant to be protected. This lack of a precise aim would have repercussions later in the Crusaders' choice of military targets. To boost the Crusade’s appeal, Christians who joined were promised a remission of their sins, even if they died on the journey to the Levant. In addition, their property and families would be protected while away and such trivial matters as interest on loans would be suspended or cancelled. The appeal, backed by recruitment tours across Europe - notably by Bernard, abbot of Clairvaux - and the widespread public reading of a letter from the Pope (called the Quantum praedecessores after its first two words), was hugely successful, and 60,000 Crusaders made ready for departure. The Crusade was led by the German king Conrad III (r. 1138-1152 CE) and Louis VII, the king of France (r. 1137-1180 CE). It was the first time that kings had personally led a crusader force. In the early summer of 1147 CE the army marched across Europe to Constantinople, and from there to the Levant where the French and German troops were joined by Italians, northern Europeans, and more French crusaders who had sailed rather than travelled by land. The Crusaders were reminded of the urgency of a military response when Nur ad-Din (also spelt Nur al-Din, r. 1146-1174 CE), Zangi’s successor after his death in September 1146 CE, defeated the Latin leader Joscelin II’s attempt to retake Edessa. Once again the city was sacked to celebrate Nur ad-Din's new power. All the Christian male citizens of the city were slaughtered, and the women and children were sold into slavery, just as their western fellows had been two years before. Iberia & Baltic Campaigns The Second Crusade, besides Edessa, had additional objectives in Iberia and the Baltic, and both campaigns were backed by the Pope. The crusaders who were to sail to the east were perhaps used in Iberia because they had to delay their departure in order for the land armies to make their slow progress to the Levant. The sea route was much quicker and so it was advantageous to put them to good use in the meantime. A fleet of some 160-200 Genoese ships packed with crusaders sailed for Lisbon to assist King Alfonso Henriques of Portugal (r. 1139-1185 CE) capture that city from the Muslims. On arrival, a textbook siege began on 28 June 1147 CE and was ultimately successful, the city falling on 24 October 1147 CE. Some crusaders successfully continued the war against the Muslims in Iberia, the reconquista, as it was known, notably capturing Almeria in northern Spain (17 October 1147 CE) guided by King Alfonso VII of León and Castille (r. 1126-1157 CE) and Tortosa in eastern Spain (30 December 1148 CE). An attack on Jaén in southern Spain, though, was a failure. Another arena for the Crusades was the Baltic and those areas bordering German territories which continued to be pagan. The Northern Crusades campaign, conducted by Saxons led by German and Danish nobles and directed against the pagan Wends, provided a new facet to the Crusader movement: active conversion of non-Christians as opposed to liberating territory held by infidels. Between June and September of 1147 CE, Dobin and Malchow (both in modern northeast Germany) were successfully attacked but the overall campaign fared little better than the usual annual raiding parties sent into the area. The Baltic would continue to be an arena for Crusades in the following centuries, especially with the arrival of the Teutonic Knights from the 13th century CE. The Byzantine emperor at the time of the Second Crusade was Manuel I Komnenos (r. 1143 - 1180 CE). Unlike his predecessors, Manuel seemed greatly attracted to the west. He favoured Latins in Constantinople, dispensing civil awards and military titles in their direction. Ever since the First Crusade, though, there was a deep suspicion on both sides between the west and Byzantium. Manuel’s primary concern was that the Crusaders were really only after the choice parts of the Byzantine Empire, especially now that Jerusalem was in Christian hands. It was for this reason that Manuel insisted the leaders of the Crusade, on arrival in September and October 1147 CE, swear allegiance to him. At the same time, the western powers considered the Byzantines rather too preoccupied with their own affairs and unhelpful in the noble opportunities they thought a crusade presented. The Byzantines had been attacking Crusader-held Antioch, and the old divisions between the eastern and western churches had not gone away. It was significant that Manuel, despite the diplomacy, strengthened the fortifications of Constantinople. In more practical terms, the usual rabble of zealots and men of dubious background seeking absolution which crusader campaigns seemed to attract were soon pillaging, looting, and raping as they crossed Byzantine territory on their way to the Levant. This was despite Manuel’s insistence to the leaders that all food and supplies be paid for. Manuel provided a military escort to see the Crusaders on their way as quickly as possible, but fighting between the two armed groups was not infrequent. Adrianople in Thrace suffered particularly badly. When the French and German contingents arrived at the Byzantine capital of Constantinople in 1147 CE, things worsened still. Always suspicious of the Eastern Church and now outraged to discover Manuel had signed a truce with the Turks (seen by him as less of a threat than the Crusaders in the short term), the French section of the army wanted to storm Constantinople itself. The German crusaders had their own problems, a large number of them being wiped out by a terrible flash flood. The Crusaders were, eventually, persuaded to hurry on their way east with reports of a large Muslim army preparing to block their path in Asia Minor. There they ignored Manuel's advice to stick to the safety of the coast and so met disaster. Asia Minor & Disaster The German army led by Conrad III was the first to suffer from a lack of planning and not heeding local advice. Unprepared for the harsh semi-arid steppe, the Crusaders lacked food supplies, and Conrad had underestimated the time needed to reach his objective. At Dorylaion a force of Muslim Seljuk Turks, primarily archers, caused havoc with the slow-moving westerners on 25 October 1147 CE, and, forced to retreat to Nicaea, Conrad himself was wounded but did eventually make it back to Constantinople. Louis VII was shocked to hear of the Germans' failure but pressed on and managed to defeat a Seljuk army in December 1147 CE using his superior cavalry. The success was short-lived, though, for on 7 January 1148 CE the French were beaten badly in battle as they crossed the Cadmus Mountains. The Crusader army had become too stretched out, some units losing contact with each other and the Seljuks took full advantage. What remained of the westerners was commanded by a group of Knights Templars. There were a few minor victories as the Crusaders made their way to the southern coast of Asia Minor but it was a disastrous opening to a campaign which had not even reached its target of northern Syria. The Siege of Damascus Louis VII and his ravaged army finally arrived at Antioch in March 1148 CE. From there, he ignored Raymond of Antioch’s proposal to fight in northern Syria and marched on to the south. The lack of cooperation between the two rulers, if rumours were true, may have been due to Louis’ discovery that his young wife Eleanor of Aquitaine and Raymond (Eleanor’s uncle) had been carrying on an affair under his very nose. In any case, a council of western leaders was convened at Acre, and the target of the Crusade was now selected, not at the already destroyed Edessa, but Muslim-held Damascus, the closest threat to Jerusalem and a prestigious prize. Although Damascus had once been in alliance with the Crusader-led Kingdom of Jerusalem, the shifting loyalties between the various Muslim states meant this fact held no guarantee for the future and, faced with the necessity to take at least one major city or go home as complete failures, Damascus was as good a choice as any for the Crusaders. The situation was made more urgent as there was now a very real prospect that the Muslims of Damascus would join up with those of Aleppo under command of Edessa’s ambitious conqueror, Nur ad-Din. The Crusader army arrived at Damascus on 24 July 1148 CE and immediately began a siege. After only four days, though, the difficulties presented by the defences and the serious lack of water for the attackers meant the siege had to be abandoned. Once again, bad planning and poor logistics were to prove the Crusaders' undoing. The fighting around the city had been ferocious with heavy casualties on both sides but no real advance had been made. The failures of the Second Crusade were now putting the already legendary successes of the First Crusade into some perspective. The collapse of the siege after such a short time led some, notably Conrad III, to suspect the defenders had bribed the Christian residents into inaction. Others suspected Byzantine interference. Overlooked, perhaps, is the zeal of the defenders to keep their prized possession, a city with many links to Islamic tradition, and the arrival 150 kilometres away of a large Muslim relief army sent by Nur ad-Din. With limited numbers and supplies and facing a short time limit to capture the city before relief arrived and threatened their own poor defences, the Crusader leaders may have preferred the option of retreat to fight another day. There was to be no other fight, though, as Conrad III returned to Europe in September 1148 CE and Louis, after a sightseeing tour of the Holy Land, did the same six months later. The Second Crusade, despite so much early promise, had disappointingly fizzled out like a water-damaged firework. The Second Crusade was a serious blow to Byzantium’s carefully constructed diplomatic alliances, especially with Conrad III against the Normans. The Crusade and Conrad's absence from Europe provided a distraction which allowed the Norman king Roger II of Sicily (r. 1130-1154 CE) the freedom to attack and pillage Kerkyra (Corfu), Euboea, Corinth, and Thebes in 1147 CE. Manuel’s attempt to persuade Louis VII to side with him against Roger failed. In 1149 CE the embarrassment of a Serbian uprising and an attack on the area around Constantinople by George of Antioch’s fleet was offset by the Byzantines recapturing Kerkyra. Once again, a crusade had damaged east-west relations. Nur ad-Din, as the Crusaders no doubt had feared, continued to consolidate his empire, and he took Antioch on 29 June 1149 CE after the battle of Inab, beheading its ruler Raymond of Antioch. Raymond, the Count of Edessa, was captured and imprisoned, and the Latin state of Edessa was eliminated by 1150 CE. Next Nur ad-Din took over Damascus in 1154 CE, uniting Muslim Syria. Manuel would strike back with successful campaigns there from 1158 to 1176 CE, but the signs were ominous that the Muslims would pose a permanent threat to the Byzantines and Latin East. When Nur ad-Din’s general Shirkuh conquered Egypt in 1168 CE, the way was paved for an even greater threat to Christendom, the great Muslim leader Saladin (r. 1169-1193 CE), Sultan of Egypt, whose victory at the Battle of Hattin in 1187 CE would spark off the Third Crusade (1189-1192 CE).	<urn:uuid:d697baad-08a6-46f6-badb-df2dd26fcd7c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.ancient.eu/Second_Crusade/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593937.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118193018-20200118221018-00163.warc.gz	en	0.980948	2,847	3.765625	4	[ -0.2896810472011566, 0.579277753829956, -0.17409148812294006, -0.2830617427825928, -0.1925673484802246, 0.20857399702072144, -0.8125938177108765, 0.395457923412323, 0.21525008976459503, 0.12460462003946304, -0.2129499465227127, -0.6096543073654175, 0.01061919704079628, -0.18599236011505127...	7	The Second Crusade (1147-1149 CE) was a military campaign organised by the Pope and European nobles to recapture the city of Edessa in Mesopotamia which had fallen in 1144 CE to the Muslim Seljuk Turks. Despite an army of 60,000 and the presence of two western kings, the crusade was not successful in the Levant and caused further tension between the Byzantine Empire and the west. The Second Crusade also included significant campaigns in the Iberian peninsula and the Baltic against the Muslim Moors and pagan Europeans respectively. Both secondary campaigns were largely successful but the main objective, to free the Latin East from the threat of Muslim occupation, would remain unfulfilled, and so further crusades over the next two centuries would be called, all with only marginal successes. Edessa, located on the edge of the desert of Syria in Upper Mesopotamia, was an important commercial and cultural centre. The city had been in Christian hands since the First Crusade (1095-1102 CE) but it fell to Imad ad-Din Zangi (r. 1127-1146 CE), the Muslim independent ruler of Mosul (in Iraq) and Aleppo (in Syria), on 24 December 1144 CE. Following the capture, which Muslims described as "the victory of victories" (Asbridge, 226), western Christians were killed or sold into slavery while eastern Christians were permitted to remain. A response was called for. The Christians of Edessa had appealed for help, and a general defence of the Latin East, as the Crusader states in the Middle East were collectively known, was required. Pope Eugenius III (r. 1145-1153 CE) formally called for a crusade (what is now known as the Second Crusade) on 1 December 1145 CE. The goals of the campaign were put somewhat vaguely. Neither Edessa nor Zangi was specifically mentioned, rather it was a broad appeal for the achievements of the First Crusade and Christians and holy relics in the Levant to be protected. This lack of a precise aim would have repercussions later in the Crusaders' choice of military targets. To boost the Crusade’s appeal, Christians who joined were promised a remission of their sins, even if they died on the journey to the Levant. In addition, their property and families would be protected while away and such trivial matters as interest on loans would be suspended or cancelled. The appeal, backed by recruitment tours across Europe - notably by Bernard, abbot of Clairvaux - and the widespread public reading of a letter from the Pope (called the Quantum praedecessores after its first two words), was hugely successful, and 60,000 Crusaders made ready for departure. The Crusade was led by the German king Conrad III (r. 1138-1152 CE) and Louis VII, the king of France (r. 1137-1180 CE). It was the first time that kings had personally led a crusader force. In the early summer of 1147 CE the army marched across Europe to Constantinople, and from there to the Levant where the French and German troops were joined by Italians, northern Europeans, and more French crusaders who had sailed rather than travelled by land. The Crusaders were reminded of the urgency of a military response when Nur ad-Din (also spelt Nur al-Din, r. 1146-1174 CE), Zangi’s successor after his death in September 1146 CE, defeated the Latin leader Joscelin II’s attempt to retake Edessa. Once again the city was sacked to celebrate Nur ad-Din's new power. All the Christian male citizens of the city were slaughtered, and the women and children were sold into slavery, just as their western fellows had been two years before. Iberia & Baltic Campaigns The Second Crusade, besides Edessa, had additional objectives in Iberia and the Baltic, and both campaigns were backed by the Pope. The crusaders who were to sail to the east were perhaps used in Iberia because they had to delay their departure in order for the land armies to make their slow progress to the Levant. The sea route was much quicker and so it was advantageous to put them to good use in the meantime. A fleet of some 160-200 Genoese ships packed with crusaders sailed for Lisbon to assist King Alfonso Henriques of Portugal (r. 1139-1185 CE) capture that city from the Muslims. On arrival, a textbook siege began on 28 June 1147 CE and was ultimately successful, the city falling on 24 October 1147 CE. Some crusaders successfully continued the war against the Muslims in Iberia, the reconquista, as it was known, notably capturing Almeria in northern Spain (17 October 1147 CE) guided by King Alfonso VII of León and Castille (r. 1126-1157 CE) and Tortosa in eastern Spain (30 December 1148 CE). An attack on Jaén in southern Spain, though, was a failure. Another arena for the Crusades was the Baltic and those areas bordering German territories which continued to be pagan. The Northern Crusades campaign, conducted by Saxons led by German and Danish nobles and directed against the pagan Wends, provided a new facet to the Crusader movement: active conversion of non-Christians as opposed to liberating territory held by infidels. Between June and September of 1147 CE, Dobin and Malchow (both in modern northeast Germany) were successfully attacked but the overall campaign fared little better than the usual annual raiding parties sent into the area. The Baltic would continue to be an arena for Crusades in the following centuries, especially with the arrival of the Teutonic Knights from the 13th century CE. The Byzantine emperor at the time of the Second Crusade was Manuel I Komnenos (r. 1143 - 1180 CE). Unlike his predecessors, Manuel seemed greatly attracted to the west. He favoured Latins in Constantinople, dispensing civil awards and military titles in their direction. Ever since the First Crusade, though, there was a deep suspicion on both sides between the west and Byzantium. Manuel’s primary concern was that the Crusaders were really only after the choice parts of the Byzantine Empire, especially now that Jerusalem was in Christian hands. It was for this reason that Manuel insisted the leaders of the Crusade, on arrival in September and October 1147 CE, swear allegiance to him. At the same time, the western powers considered the Byzantines rather too preoccupied with their own affairs and unhelpful in the noble opportunities they thought a crusade presented. The Byzantines had been attacking Crusader-held Antioch, and the old divisions between the eastern and western churches had not gone away. It was significant that Manuel, despite the diplomacy, strengthened the fortifications of Constantinople. In more practical terms, the usual rabble of zealots and men of dubious background seeking absolution which crusader campaigns seemed to attract were soon pillaging, looting, and raping as they crossed Byzantine territory on their way to the Levant. This was despite Manuel’s insistence to the leaders that all food and supplies be paid for. Manuel provided a military escort to see the Crusaders on their way as quickly as possible, but fighting between the two armed groups was not infrequent. Adrianople in Thrace suffered particularly badly. When the French and German contingents arrived at the Byzantine capital of Constantinople in 1147 CE, things worsened still. Always suspicious of the Eastern Church and now outraged to discover Manuel had signed a truce with the Turks (seen by him as less of a threat than the Crusaders in the short term), the French section of the army wanted to storm Constantinople itself. The German crusaders had their own problems, a large number of them being wiped out by a terrible flash flood. The Crusaders were, eventually, persuaded to hurry on their way east with reports of a large Muslim army preparing to block their path in Asia Minor. There they ignored Manuel's advice to stick to the safety of the coast and so met disaster. Asia Minor & Disaster The German army led by Conrad III was the first to suffer from a lack of planning and not heeding local advice. Unprepared for the harsh semi-arid steppe, the Crusaders lacked food supplies, and Conrad had underestimated the time needed to reach his objective. At Dorylaion a force of Muslim Seljuk Turks, primarily archers, caused havoc with the slow-moving westerners on 25 October 1147 CE, and, forced to retreat to Nicaea, Conrad himself was wounded but did eventually make it back to Constantinople. Louis VII was shocked to hear of the Germans' failure but pressed on and managed to defeat a Seljuk army in December 1147 CE using his superior cavalry. The success was short-lived, though, for on 7 January 1148 CE the French were beaten badly in battle as they crossed the Cadmus Mountains. The Crusader army had become too stretched out, some units losing contact with each other and the Seljuks took full advantage. What remained of the westerners was commanded by a group of Knights Templars. There were a few minor victories as the Crusaders made their way to the southern coast of Asia Minor but it was a disastrous opening to a campaign which had not even reached its target of northern Syria. The Siege of Damascus Louis VII and his ravaged army finally arrived at Antioch in March 1148 CE. From there, he ignored Raymond of Antioch’s proposal to fight in northern Syria and marched on to the south. The lack of cooperation between the two rulers, if rumours were true, may have been due to Louis’ discovery that his young wife Eleanor of Aquitaine and Raymond (Eleanor’s uncle) had been carrying on an affair under his very nose. In any case, a council of western leaders was convened at Acre, and the target of the Crusade was now selected, not at the already destroyed Edessa, but Muslim-held Damascus, the closest threat to Jerusalem and a prestigious prize. Although Damascus had once been in alliance with the Crusader-led Kingdom of Jerusalem, the shifting loyalties between the various Muslim states meant this fact held no guarantee for the future and, faced with the necessity to take at least one major city or go home as complete failures, Damascus was as good a choice as any for the Crusaders. The situation was made more urgent as there was now a very real prospect that the Muslims of Damascus would join up with those of Aleppo under command of Edessa’s ambitious conqueror, Nur ad-Din. The Crusader army arrived at Damascus on 24 July 1148 CE and immediately began a siege. After only four days, though, the difficulties presented by the defences and the serious lack of water for the attackers meant the siege had to be abandoned. Once again, bad planning and poor logistics were to prove the Crusaders' undoing. The fighting around the city had been ferocious with heavy casualties on both sides but no real advance had been made. The failures of the Second Crusade were now putting the already legendary successes of the First Crusade into some perspective. The collapse of the siege after such a short time led some, notably Conrad III, to suspect the defenders had bribed the Christian residents into inaction. Others suspected Byzantine interference. Overlooked, perhaps, is the zeal of the defenders to keep their prized possession, a city with many links to Islamic tradition, and the arrival 150 kilometres away of a large Muslim relief army sent by Nur ad-Din. With limited numbers and supplies and facing a short time limit to capture the city before relief arrived and threatened their own poor defences, the Crusader leaders may have preferred the option of retreat to fight another day. There was to be no other fight, though, as Conrad III returned to Europe in September 1148 CE and Louis, after a sightseeing tour of the Holy Land, did the same six months later. The Second Crusade, despite so much early promise, had disappointingly fizzled out like a water-damaged firework. The Second Crusade was a serious blow to Byzantium’s carefully constructed diplomatic alliances, especially with Conrad III against the Normans. The Crusade and Conrad's absence from Europe provided a distraction which allowed the Norman king Roger II of Sicily (r. 1130-1154 CE) the freedom to attack and pillage Kerkyra (Corfu), Euboea, Corinth, and Thebes in 1147 CE. Manuel’s attempt to persuade Louis VII to side with him against Roger failed. In 1149 CE the embarrassment of a Serbian uprising and an attack on the area around Constantinople by George of Antioch’s fleet was offset by the Byzantines recapturing Kerkyra. Once again, a crusade had damaged east-west relations. Nur ad-Din, as the Crusaders no doubt had feared, continued to consolidate his empire, and he took Antioch on 29 June 1149 CE after the battle of Inab, beheading its ruler Raymond of Antioch. Raymond, the Count of Edessa, was captured and imprisoned, and the Latin state of Edessa was eliminated by 1150 CE. Next Nur ad-Din took over Damascus in 1154 CE, uniting Muslim Syria. Manuel would strike back with successful campaigns there from 1158 to 1176 CE, but the signs were ominous that the Muslims would pose a permanent threat to the Byzantines and Latin East. When Nur ad-Din’s general Shirkuh conquered Egypt in 1168 CE, the way was paved for an even greater threat to Christendom, the great Muslim leader Saladin (r. 1169-1193 CE), Sultan of Egypt, whose victory at the Battle of Hattin in 1187 CE would spark off the Third Crusade (1189-1192 CE).	3,048	ENGLISH	1
Reception children discovered frost and ice outside today. They practiced writing in the frost with either their fingers or a stick. Children developed the skill of estimating, that we have been learning in maths by dropping the ice and estimating how many pieces it had broken into. They checked their answers by counting the smaller pieces of ice! In their maths learning yesterday, Year 4 were been looking at the properties of shapes and lines. They looked at parallel and perpendicular lines and had to identify them within the Union Jack flag. Using this knowledge of lines, they then had to create their own flag which contained a certain amount of parallel and perpendicular lines. We then began to look at similarities and differences between shapes. The discussions the children were having together were amazing! There was lots of mathematical vocabulary used such as lines of symmetry, number of vertices and right angles. Well done year 4! Year 1 had an exciting afternoon. We were joined by Mrs Bone who led a session following on from our maths learning. Year 1 learned some history around famous bridges. We got a chance to be challenge chasers and build our own lego bridges. We were set the challenge of having a toy plastic car travel over the bridge we had made. We all succeeded! Thank you to all the grown ups who came in to join us! Continuing with our theme this week of The Gingerbread Man, Nursery made their own gingerbread men today. We followed a recipe but found it tricky to measure the ingredients correctly. We took turns to measure and mix and then roll and cut the gingerbread shapes. Once cooked and cooled we wrapped them up to take home. The children told us that they’d be eating them as soon as they could to make sure these ones don’t run away! Children were developing their writing skills today. In the mud kitchen, pancakes were being made with a delicious topping of maple syrup. A list of ingredients was added to the menu board. Inside, children were labelling their pictures and models and making books. This week, year 4 have been looking at different types of data in maths. We have looked at discrete data and how that can be represented, and then did the same for continuous data. We then collected our own data, decided which type of data it is and represented it in a graph/chart. Some children were asked to roll a dice 50 times and record what number was rolled each time, others were asked to jump for 2 and a half minutes, and record how many jumps they had done at 30 second intervals. I was so impressed with how Year 4 did this, and although they might have been slightly out of breath, they were able to collect their own data and represent this in a line graph or a bar chart. Can you tell which activity produces discrete data and which produces continuous? This week, Year 4 have been learning all about their new science topic – electricity. They have been discussing renewable and non-renewable energy sources and which ones are better for us. After learning about these sources, Year 4 then began planning and recording their own tv show which informed children about different ways we can get electricity. They worked so hard on this and are very excited to learn more about electricity! Year 5 have begun writing about aliens! We started by learning about each planet before designing an alien that we thought would be well suited to the environment on a particular planet. Each alien had to have three adaptations to ensure it could survive on its planet. Some aliens inhaled hydrogen and used it to power their hoverboard legs to remain above the surface on a gas planet with a hydrogen based atmosphere. Some aliens were furry to keep them warm. Some aliens used their tentacles to propel them above the surface. Some had huge eyes to help them see through the storms. I was amazed by the thought that went into them. We have now begun using language creatively to describe the aliens. The children are choosing and placing words and phrases to ensure their reader is either disgusted, scared or intrigued by their alien. Year 5 were presented with a joke and a code. To work out the answer to the joke, they had to crack the code. This involved some complex ordering of numbers with up to three decimal places and the careful positioning of them on number lines. We tried different methods for ordering numbers and the children then used which one they found the most useful. They were extremely resilient with some returning again and again to questions to get the positioning on the number line as accurate as possible. This afternoon, the new class reader for Year 5 was revealed. The children were allowed to explore the front and back cover and the blurb. From this, they were asked to observe closely and comment on the things they noticed. We then tried to work out which fiction genre it could be. I was blown away by the depth of discussion that occurred and how closely and carefully they observed. “The boy is hanging on the branch while the girl is hanging on a snake-like branch. This could mean that the girl creates the boy from her imagination as she is hanging onto something that can’t be there.” “The girl on the back is see through. You can just about see the man through her. She must need him to exist. The cloud of smoke above them could be the energy she requires to be imagined.” “The images on his shirt and shorts are reversed. Perhaps he isn’t what he seems.” “The boy is running. I wonder if he is running from something or to something.”	<urn:uuid:b2dec7e9-82ac-4189-9b25-8235725de5b8>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.maplecross.herts.sch.uk/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606872.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122071919-20200122100919-00206.warc.gz	en	0.986351	1,139	3.5625	4	[ -0.6381618976593018, -0.022305844351649284, 0.2597205340862274, -0.014009994454681873, -0.06125355511903763, 0.43646401166915894, 0.040921151638031006, 0.13694487512111664, -0.013996759429574013, 0.11455156654119492, 0.07159307599067688, -0.2325671911239624, 0.24269963800907135, 0.16096730...	1	Reception children discovered frost and ice outside today. They practiced writing in the frost with either their fingers or a stick. Children developed the skill of estimating, that we have been learning in maths by dropping the ice and estimating how many pieces it had broken into. They checked their answers by counting the smaller pieces of ice! In their maths learning yesterday, Year 4 were been looking at the properties of shapes and lines. They looked at parallel and perpendicular lines and had to identify them within the Union Jack flag. Using this knowledge of lines, they then had to create their own flag which contained a certain amount of parallel and perpendicular lines. We then began to look at similarities and differences between shapes. The discussions the children were having together were amazing! There was lots of mathematical vocabulary used such as lines of symmetry, number of vertices and right angles. Well done year 4! Year 1 had an exciting afternoon. We were joined by Mrs Bone who led a session following on from our maths learning. Year 1 learned some history around famous bridges. We got a chance to be challenge chasers and build our own lego bridges. We were set the challenge of having a toy plastic car travel over the bridge we had made. We all succeeded! Thank you to all the grown ups who came in to join us! Continuing with our theme this week of The Gingerbread Man, Nursery made their own gingerbread men today. We followed a recipe but found it tricky to measure the ingredients correctly. We took turns to measure and mix and then roll and cut the gingerbread shapes. Once cooked and cooled we wrapped them up to take home. The children told us that they’d be eating them as soon as they could to make sure these ones don’t run away! Children were developing their writing skills today. In the mud kitchen, pancakes were being made with a delicious topping of maple syrup. A list of ingredients was added to the menu board. Inside, children were labelling their pictures and models and making books. This week, year 4 have been looking at different types of data in maths. We have looked at discrete data and how that can be represented, and then did the same for continuous data. We then collected our own data, decided which type of data it is and represented it in a graph/chart. Some children were asked to roll a dice 50 times and record what number was rolled each time, others were asked to jump for 2 and a half minutes, and record how many jumps they had done at 30 second intervals. I was so impressed with how Year 4 did this, and although they might have been slightly out of breath, they were able to collect their own data and represent this in a line graph or a bar chart. Can you tell which activity produces discrete data and which produces continuous? This week, Year 4 have been learning all about their new science topic – electricity. They have been discussing renewable and non-renewable energy sources and which ones are better for us. After learning about these sources, Year 4 then began planning and recording their own tv show which informed children about different ways we can get electricity. They worked so hard on this and are very excited to learn more about electricity! Year 5 have begun writing about aliens! We started by learning about each planet before designing an alien that we thought would be well suited to the environment on a particular planet. Each alien had to have three adaptations to ensure it could survive on its planet. Some aliens inhaled hydrogen and used it to power their hoverboard legs to remain above the surface on a gas planet with a hydrogen based atmosphere. Some aliens were furry to keep them warm. Some aliens used their tentacles to propel them above the surface. Some had huge eyes to help them see through the storms. I was amazed by the thought that went into them. We have now begun using language creatively to describe the aliens. The children are choosing and placing words and phrases to ensure their reader is either disgusted, scared or intrigued by their alien. Year 5 were presented with a joke and a code. To work out the answer to the joke, they had to crack the code. This involved some complex ordering of numbers with up to three decimal places and the careful positioning of them on number lines. We tried different methods for ordering numbers and the children then used which one they found the most useful. They were extremely resilient with some returning again and again to questions to get the positioning on the number line as accurate as possible. This afternoon, the new class reader for Year 5 was revealed. The children were allowed to explore the front and back cover and the blurb. From this, they were asked to observe closely and comment on the things they noticed. We then tried to work out which fiction genre it could be. I was blown away by the depth of discussion that occurred and how closely and carefully they observed. “The boy is hanging on the branch while the girl is hanging on a snake-like branch. This could mean that the girl creates the boy from her imagination as she is hanging onto something that can’t be there.” “The girl on the back is see through. You can just about see the man through her. She must need him to exist. The cloud of smoke above them could be the energy she requires to be imagined.” “The images on his shirt and shorts are reversed. Perhaps he isn’t what he seems.” “The boy is running. I wonder if he is running from something or to something.”	1,108	ENGLISH	1
Posted on December 18 2019 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. once stated, “A man who won’t die for something is not fit to live.” Arrested over twenty times, stabbed in the chest, his house firebombed and, ultimately shot and killed, King embodied the idea that equality and the African American Civil Rights Movement were worth dying for. He was a husband and father to four children as persecution and death threats filled his days, yet his example was one of nonviolent, civil disobedience. Had he not been assassinated, King would have celebrated his 85th birthday on January 15th. He was born in Atlanta, Georgia in 1929 as Michael Luther King Jr. His father, Michael Luther King Sr., worked as a pastor at Ebenezer Baptist Church and, after attending the Baptist World Alliance Congress in Berlin, adopted the name Martin Luther King Sr. in honor of the German Protestant religious leader Martin Luther. In time, Michael Jr. adopted the name. A bright boy, King skipped two grades in high school, allowing him to start college at age 15. Following in his father’s and grandfather’s footsteps, he attended Morehouse College, graduating in 1948 with a B.A. in sociology. He enrolled in Crozer Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania, where he was class president of a largely white class. He graduated in 1951 and, with a fellowship he’d been awarded, applied for graduate studies at Boston University. There he met Coretta Scott who was studying at the New England Conservatory of Music where she received a degree in voice and violin. On June 18, 1953, King married Coretta, and they became the parents of Yolanda King, Martin Luther King III, Dexter Scott King, and Bernice King. King expected Coretta to be a housewife and limited her role in the civil rights movement. While women did a tremendous amount of work in the Civil Rights Movement, few received recognition. By age 25, Martin Luther King became pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. Both King and Coretta had been active in civil rights organizations in college, and King wanted to end segregation, get the right to vote and labor rights. At that time, the Jim Crow laws legally protected racial segregation that was most pronounced in the South and in industrial cities of the North. By 1955, King was a member of the executive committee of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the leading organization of its kind in the nation. Earlier in 1955, a young woman was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white man. Because she was pregnant and unmarried, King and others felt they should wait for an instance that would play better with American sympathies. When Rosa Parks was arrested on December 1, 1955, it was the moment civil rights leaders had been waiting for. King, a great orator, led the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the first of many boycotts and demonstrations that would come to define his legacy. For 382 days, African Americans walked through stifling heat, rain or cold rather than support the buses. Losing 80% of fares, the boycott crippled the transit system. It was during 1956 that many of King’s arrests and the firebombing took place. The commitment that African Americans showed is exemplary of the determination necessary for change. Still, the city of Montgomery stood firm until the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional to require segregation on buses on December 21, 1956. In January, 1957, King and 60 others recognized the need for a national civil rights organization and created the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Now a national figure, King became its first president. As a Christian pastor, many of King’s speeches centered on Jesus Christ, loving others, turning the other cheek, and praying for your enemies. King was also inspired by Gandhi and traveled to India to meet him. It’s estimated that between 1957 and 1968, King traveled roughly six million miles and spoke over twenty-five hundred times. He also penned several books during these years. King understood that media was an invaluable tool in turning American sentiment, but demonstrations and protests did not always go as King had hoped, and King often found himself criticized by his supporters and his antagonists. More militant groups and individuals, such as Malcolm X thought King too soft. King was not weak though; he sought out confrontations that would highlight the unfairness of Jim Crow laws. One such confrontation that caught the world’s attention took place in Birmingham, Alabama. King invited whole families to take part in the protest. Televised images showed parents and children being fire-hosed and attacked by police dogs. While it did much to get white Americans behind the movement, King was criticized for putting children in harm’s way. From his Birmingham cell, King responded, “Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community, which has constantly refused to negotiate, is forced to confront the issue.” On August 28, 1963, King participated in the March on Washington and gave his “l Have a Dream” address to over 200,000 people from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. Given Lincoln’s abhorrence of slavery, the spot was chosen to show not only how far the nation had come, but how far it still had to go to make all men equal. In 1963, King was named Man of the Year by Time magazine. Working with President John F. Kennedy, the Civil Rights Act passed in 1964—the same year King received the Nobel Peace Prize. As a 35-year-old man, King was the youngest to receive that honor. The $54,123 prize money he donated to the civil rights movement. By 1968, King was worn thin from constant protests, criticisms, arrests, and death threats. He’d been labeled a radical since the March on Washington, and the FBI watched his every move, including his alleged affairs. His critical stance on the Vietnam War only worsened his standing with the government. Still, when he was asked to lead a march for striking garbage workers in Memphis, Tennessee, he agreed. On the evening of April 4, 1968, while standing on the balcony of his motel room in Memphis, Tennessee, he was assassinated. Riots broke out across the country and, as with Kennedy’s assassination, many felt it was a conspiracy. King’s tireless work for African Americans and the poor is a legacy that lives on. In 1983, President Ronald Reagan signed a bill to create a holiday in King’s honor. On January 20, 1986, Martin Luther King Jr. Day was observed for the first time. He is the only American to have this honor. On August 28, 2011 (48 years after the March on Washington), the Martin Luther King Memorial was dedicated on the National Mall. Countless streets and building bearing his name remind us that change does not come easily, but with perseverance, it does come.	<urn:uuid:de67284a-2d1e-4a2b-96aa-e8a42b15e0b8>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.maps.com/blogs/news/why-we-celebrate-martin-luther-king-day	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251799918.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129133601-20200129163601-00551.warc.gz	en	0.982219	1,439	3.3125	3	[ -0.22051472961902618, 0.606803834438324, 0.38042235374450684, -0.38822460174560547, -0.25976866483688354, 0.22076228260993958, 0.15100955963134766, 0.03965524956583977, -0.025282911956310272, 0.220049187541008, 0.12342530488967896, 0.36354684829711914, 0.13919490575790405, -0.2362388223409...	10	Posted on December 18 2019 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. once stated, “A man who won’t die for something is not fit to live.” Arrested over twenty times, stabbed in the chest, his house firebombed and, ultimately shot and killed, King embodied the idea that equality and the African American Civil Rights Movement were worth dying for. He was a husband and father to four children as persecution and death threats filled his days, yet his example was one of nonviolent, civil disobedience. Had he not been assassinated, King would have celebrated his 85th birthday on January 15th. He was born in Atlanta, Georgia in 1929 as Michael Luther King Jr. His father, Michael Luther King Sr., worked as a pastor at Ebenezer Baptist Church and, after attending the Baptist World Alliance Congress in Berlin, adopted the name Martin Luther King Sr. in honor of the German Protestant religious leader Martin Luther. In time, Michael Jr. adopted the name. A bright boy, King skipped two grades in high school, allowing him to start college at age 15. Following in his father’s and grandfather’s footsteps, he attended Morehouse College, graduating in 1948 with a B.A. in sociology. He enrolled in Crozer Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania, where he was class president of a largely white class. He graduated in 1951 and, with a fellowship he’d been awarded, applied for graduate studies at Boston University. There he met Coretta Scott who was studying at the New England Conservatory of Music where she received a degree in voice and violin. On June 18, 1953, King married Coretta, and they became the parents of Yolanda King, Martin Luther King III, Dexter Scott King, and Bernice King. King expected Coretta to be a housewife and limited her role in the civil rights movement. While women did a tremendous amount of work in the Civil Rights Movement, few received recognition. By age 25, Martin Luther King became pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. Both King and Coretta had been active in civil rights organizations in college, and King wanted to end segregation, get the right to vote and labor rights. At that time, the Jim Crow laws legally protected racial segregation that was most pronounced in the South and in industrial cities of the North. By 1955, King was a member of the executive committee of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the leading organization of its kind in the nation. Earlier in 1955, a young woman was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white man. Because she was pregnant and unmarried, King and others felt they should wait for an instance that would play better with American sympathies. When Rosa Parks was arrested on December 1, 1955, it was the moment civil rights leaders had been waiting for. King, a great orator, led the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the first of many boycotts and demonstrations that would come to define his legacy. For 382 days, African Americans walked through stifling heat, rain or cold rather than support the buses. Losing 80% of fares, the boycott crippled the transit system. It was during 1956 that many of King’s arrests and the firebombing took place. The commitment that African Americans showed is exemplary of the determination necessary for change. Still, the city of Montgomery stood firm until the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional to require segregation on buses on December 21, 1956. In January, 1957, King and 60 others recognized the need for a national civil rights organization and created the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Now a national figure, King became its first president. As a Christian pastor, many of King’s speeches centered on Jesus Christ, loving others, turning the other cheek, and praying for your enemies. King was also inspired by Gandhi and traveled to India to meet him. It’s estimated that between 1957 and 1968, King traveled roughly six million miles and spoke over twenty-five hundred times. He also penned several books during these years. King understood that media was an invaluable tool in turning American sentiment, but demonstrations and protests did not always go as King had hoped, and King often found himself criticized by his supporters and his antagonists. More militant groups and individuals, such as Malcolm X thought King too soft. King was not weak though; he sought out confrontations that would highlight the unfairness of Jim Crow laws. One such confrontation that caught the world’s attention took place in Birmingham, Alabama. King invited whole families to take part in the protest. Televised images showed parents and children being fire-hosed and attacked by police dogs. While it did much to get white Americans behind the movement, King was criticized for putting children in harm’s way. From his Birmingham cell, King responded, “Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community, which has constantly refused to negotiate, is forced to confront the issue.” On August 28, 1963, King participated in the March on Washington and gave his “l Have a Dream” address to over 200,000 people from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. Given Lincoln’s abhorrence of slavery, the spot was chosen to show not only how far the nation had come, but how far it still had to go to make all men equal. In 1963, King was named Man of the Year by Time magazine. Working with President John F. Kennedy, the Civil Rights Act passed in 1964—the same year King received the Nobel Peace Prize. As a 35-year-old man, King was the youngest to receive that honor. The $54,123 prize money he donated to the civil rights movement. By 1968, King was worn thin from constant protests, criticisms, arrests, and death threats. He’d been labeled a radical since the March on Washington, and the FBI watched his every move, including his alleged affairs. His critical stance on the Vietnam War only worsened his standing with the government. Still, when he was asked to lead a march for striking garbage workers in Memphis, Tennessee, he agreed. On the evening of April 4, 1968, while standing on the balcony of his motel room in Memphis, Tennessee, he was assassinated. Riots broke out across the country and, as with Kennedy’s assassination, many felt it was a conspiracy. King’s tireless work for African Americans and the poor is a legacy that lives on. In 1983, President Ronald Reagan signed a bill to create a holiday in King’s honor. On January 20, 1986, Martin Luther King Jr. Day was observed for the first time. He is the only American to have this honor. On August 28, 2011 (48 years after the March on Washington), the Martin Luther King Memorial was dedicated on the National Mall. Countless streets and building bearing his name remind us that change does not come easily, but with perseverance, it does come.	1,518	ENGLISH	1
The operational definition for epilepsy in these observations included the inability or difficulty for a child to learn in the average classroom. It was believed that if the child had more than one impairment, they were unable to attend school at all. Special education was also dubbed as a treatment for epilepsy. Thorugh this terminology, we can see how much further there was to understanding both epilepsy and what would constitute as a treatment. We also noticed the language used when discussing a child’s epileptic diagnosis. Terms like ‘defect’, ‘special school’, and ‘mentally imbalanced’ were regularly used throughout these reports. Epilepsy was understood (as it is today) to cause both mental and physical symptoms - When partial (focal) seizure involves a structure called the limbic system (the emotional center of the brain), an aura may consist of any emotion, from rage to spiritual ecstasy. - Temporal lobe epilepsy commonly causes seizures consisting of odd behavior. It is sometimes associated with dream-like states. - In his book Musicophilia, Oliver Sacks described temporal lobe seizures as, “an odd, superimposed state in which [people] experience strange moods, feelings, visions, or smells.” Diagnosis of epilepsy did skew some from the uncertain signs and symptoms as it was truly up to the discretion of whoever was diagnosing the cause. It is important to remember that medical care was not that same as it is today, yet society still had a significant hold on what was deemed necessary to medicalize versus what was simply seen as a personality flaw or characteristic. This section will go into how many were diagnosed along with the treatment that was prescribed and provided to them, along with how society saw epilepsy as a diagnosis.	<urn:uuid:692bfff6-f289-4e81-8aa9-9e0fd01536b2>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://londonspulse.org/signs-symptoms-of-epilepsy/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601615.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121044233-20200121073233-00219.warc.gz	en	0.983262	363	3.953125	4	[ 0.0774621069431305, -0.042506519705057144, 0.30022186040878296, -0.14504405856132507, -0.28808504343032837, 0.2345465123653412, 0.6493533253669739, 0.022783983498811722, 0.22989076375961304, 0.048371024429798126, 0.4233899712562561, -0.19968318939208984, -0.020051585510373116, 0.1278992891...	8	The operational definition for epilepsy in these observations included the inability or difficulty for a child to learn in the average classroom. It was believed that if the child had more than one impairment, they were unable to attend school at all. Special education was also dubbed as a treatment for epilepsy. Thorugh this terminology, we can see how much further there was to understanding both epilepsy and what would constitute as a treatment. We also noticed the language used when discussing a child’s epileptic diagnosis. Terms like ‘defect’, ‘special school’, and ‘mentally imbalanced’ were regularly used throughout these reports. Epilepsy was understood (as it is today) to cause both mental and physical symptoms - When partial (focal) seizure involves a structure called the limbic system (the emotional center of the brain), an aura may consist of any emotion, from rage to spiritual ecstasy. - Temporal lobe epilepsy commonly causes seizures consisting of odd behavior. It is sometimes associated with dream-like states. - In his book Musicophilia, Oliver Sacks described temporal lobe seizures as, “an odd, superimposed state in which [people] experience strange moods, feelings, visions, or smells.” Diagnosis of epilepsy did skew some from the uncertain signs and symptoms as it was truly up to the discretion of whoever was diagnosing the cause. It is important to remember that medical care was not that same as it is today, yet society still had a significant hold on what was deemed necessary to medicalize versus what was simply seen as a personality flaw or characteristic. This section will go into how many were diagnosed along with the treatment that was prescribed and provided to them, along with how society saw epilepsy as a diagnosis.	346	ENGLISH	1
Ralph Bunche Biography, Life, Interesting Facts Ralph Bunche was born on August 7, 1903. He was an America academic and a political scientist. He was also a United Nations diplomat. In 1950, he was the first African American to win the Nobel Prize. He was actively involved in the Martin Luther King’s Movement. He also played a role in the organizing and administering of the United Nations. He was an academic who spent most of his life in the department of political science at the Harvard University. Ralph Bunche was born on August 7, 1903, in Detroit. He was born to Fred Bunche who was a barber and Olive Agnes who was a musician. His mother died when he was a teenager, and his father abandoned him thereafter. He was brought up alongside his sister. Both of them were taken care of by their maternal grandmother, Lucy Johnson Taylor. They were raised in Los Angeles. To support his family, Ralph would get part time jobs such as carpet laying among other odd jobs. In 1927, he graduated from the University of California in Los Angeles. He studied in the university through scholarships. In 1928, he graduated with a Master’s Degree from Harvard University. He later started teaching at the university. In 1934, he obtained his Ph.D. in Government and International Relations from the university. In 1936, he joined the London School of Economic, England to pursue his postdoctoral research in anthropology. He later went to the University of Cape Town, South Africa to do more research. Ralph was concerned with the issue of racism since he was a descendant of a slave. His concerns led him to serve as a co-director at the Institute of Race Relations at the Swarthmore College. In 1940, he got a job as an investigative researcher and writer for An American Dilemma which was a Swedish sociologist’s study of racism in America. During World War II he became a senior social analyst at the Office of Strategic Services. He was also a part of the National Defence Program. He later worked in the United State’s State Department as a planner. He was among the main planners who were tasked with the formation of the United Nations. In 1947, Trygve Lie who was the then United Nations Secretary General approached him to join the United Nations Secretariat as a director of the Trusteeship Division. In the same year, he became a part of the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine. The United Nations planned to divide Palestine into Arab and Jewish states, but the Arabs were against the idea. The refusal of the Arabs led to the first Arab Israeli War. In 1948, Ralph became the United Nations chief negotiator after his supervisor was assassinated. He led the negotiations between the Arabs and the Israeli groups thus reaching an agreement in 1949. In 1956, he became the director of the peacekeeping operations in the Suez Area of the Middle East. In 1960 and 1964, he led peacekeeping operations in Congo and Cyrus respectively. He was actively involved in the Civil Rights Movement that was begun by Martin Luther King. He was also a member of the board of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Awards And Achievements In 1950, he was the Nobel Peace Prize for managing to resolve the Arab Israeli conflict in Palestine. In 1951, he received the Silver Buffalo Award from the National Boy Scouts of America. In 1963, he received the Medal of Freedom from John F. Kennedy. The Liberty District Ralph Bunche Community Centre was named after him because of his numerous contributions for colored people. In 1930, he married Ruth Harris with whom he had three children, Joan Harris Bunche, Jane Johnson Bunche and Ralph Bunche Junior. He died on December 9, 1971, of diabetes mellitus at the age of sixty eight. He was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery, New York City.	<urn:uuid:987a0a95-4857-428f-81d4-97093f1cc56e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.sunsigns.org/famousbirthdays/d/profile/ralph-bunche/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250615407.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124040939-20200124065939-00053.warc.gz	en	0.989608	791	3.34375	3	[ -0.25722983479499817, 0.46957623958587646, 0.6201170682907104, -0.04372379183769226, 0.32796844840049744, 0.3432903289794922, 0.17211589217185974, 0.20194679498672485, -0.297990083694458, -0.02445950359106064, 0.5660057663917542, -0.18540583550930023, 0.08031854778528214, 0.414072334766387...	2	Ralph Bunche Biography, Life, Interesting Facts Ralph Bunche was born on August 7, 1903. He was an America academic and a political scientist. He was also a United Nations diplomat. In 1950, he was the first African American to win the Nobel Prize. He was actively involved in the Martin Luther King’s Movement. He also played a role in the organizing and administering of the United Nations. He was an academic who spent most of his life in the department of political science at the Harvard University. Ralph Bunche was born on August 7, 1903, in Detroit. He was born to Fred Bunche who was a barber and Olive Agnes who was a musician. His mother died when he was a teenager, and his father abandoned him thereafter. He was brought up alongside his sister. Both of them were taken care of by their maternal grandmother, Lucy Johnson Taylor. They were raised in Los Angeles. To support his family, Ralph would get part time jobs such as carpet laying among other odd jobs. In 1927, he graduated from the University of California in Los Angeles. He studied in the university through scholarships. In 1928, he graduated with a Master’s Degree from Harvard University. He later started teaching at the university. In 1934, he obtained his Ph.D. in Government and International Relations from the university. In 1936, he joined the London School of Economic, England to pursue his postdoctoral research in anthropology. He later went to the University of Cape Town, South Africa to do more research. Ralph was concerned with the issue of racism since he was a descendant of a slave. His concerns led him to serve as a co-director at the Institute of Race Relations at the Swarthmore College. In 1940, he got a job as an investigative researcher and writer for An American Dilemma which was a Swedish sociologist’s study of racism in America. During World War II he became a senior social analyst at the Office of Strategic Services. He was also a part of the National Defence Program. He later worked in the United State’s State Department as a planner. He was among the main planners who were tasked with the formation of the United Nations. In 1947, Trygve Lie who was the then United Nations Secretary General approached him to join the United Nations Secretariat as a director of the Trusteeship Division. In the same year, he became a part of the United Nations Special Committee on Palestine. The United Nations planned to divide Palestine into Arab and Jewish states, but the Arabs were against the idea. The refusal of the Arabs led to the first Arab Israeli War. In 1948, Ralph became the United Nations chief negotiator after his supervisor was assassinated. He led the negotiations between the Arabs and the Israeli groups thus reaching an agreement in 1949. In 1956, he became the director of the peacekeeping operations in the Suez Area of the Middle East. In 1960 and 1964, he led peacekeeping operations in Congo and Cyrus respectively. He was actively involved in the Civil Rights Movement that was begun by Martin Luther King. He was also a member of the board of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Awards And Achievements In 1950, he was the Nobel Peace Prize for managing to resolve the Arab Israeli conflict in Palestine. In 1951, he received the Silver Buffalo Award from the National Boy Scouts of America. In 1963, he received the Medal of Freedom from John F. Kennedy. The Liberty District Ralph Bunche Community Centre was named after him because of his numerous contributions for colored people. In 1930, he married Ruth Harris with whom he had three children, Joan Harris Bunche, Jane Johnson Bunche and Ralph Bunche Junior. He died on December 9, 1971, of diabetes mellitus at the age of sixty eight. He was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery, New York City.	856	ENGLISH	1
Gold was born on May 22, 1920 in Vienna, Austria to Max Gold, a wealthy Jewish industrialist (pre-war) who ran one of Austria's largest mining and metal fabrication companies, and German former actress Josefine Martin. Following the economic downfall of the European mining industry in the late 1920s, Max Gold moved his family to Berlin, where he had taken a job as director of a metal trading company. Following the start of Nazi leader Adolf Hitler's anti-Jewish campaigns in 1933, Gold and his family left Germany because of his father's heritage. The family traveled through Europe for the next few years. Gold attended boarding school at the Lyceum Alpinum Zuoz in Zuoz, Switzerland, where he quickly proved to be a clever, competitive and physically and mentally aggressive individual. Gold finished his schooling at Zuoz in 1938, and fled with his family to England after the German invasion of Austria in early 1938. Gold entered Trinity College, Cambridge in 1939 and began studying mechanical sciences. In May 1940, just as Hitler was commencing his advance in Belgium and France, Gold was sent into internment as an enemy alien by the British government. It was on the first night of internment, at an army barracks in Bury St Edmunds, that he met his future collaborator and close friend, Hermann Bondi. A paper plane, paper aeroplane (UK), paper airplane (US), paper glider, paper dart or dart is a toy aircraft, usually a glider made out of paper or paperboard. The origin of folded paper gliders is generally considered to be of Ancient China, although there is equal evidence that the refinement and development of folded gliders took place in equal measure in Japan. Certainly, manufacture of paper on a widespread scale took place in China 500 BCE, and origami and paper folding became popular within a century of this period, approximately 460-390 BCE. It is impossible to ascertain where and in what form the first paper aircraft were constructed, or even the first paper plane's form. For over a thousand years after this, paper aircraft were the dominant man-made heavier-than-air craft whose principles could be readily appreciated, though thanks to their high drag coefficients, not of an exceptional performance when gliding over long distances. The pioneers of powered flight have all studied paper model aircraft in order to design larger machines. Da Vinci wrote of the building of a model plane out of parchment, and of testing some of his early ornithopter, an aircraft that flies by flapping wings, and parachute designs using paper models. Thereafter, Sir George Cayley explored the performance of paper gliders in the late 19th century. Other pioneers, such as Clément Ader, Prof. Charles Langley, and Alberto Santos-Dumont often tested ideas with paper as well as balsa models to confirm (in scale) their theories before putting them into practice.	<urn:uuid:d04be58d-6c67-4c83-99b2-3e00cd97804d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://ro.wn.com/Paper_Aeroplane_(Tom_Staar_Remix)_Thomas_Gold	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599789.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120195035-20200120224035-00212.warc.gz	en	0.980388	597	3.71875	4	[ 0.10195125639438629, 0.4259583353996277, -0.06953851878643036, 0.3183389902114868, -0.08779878914356232, 0.06934249401092529, 0.0008322726935148239, 0.6311253309249878, -0.1824430227279663, 0.0347277969121933, 0.4633987545967102, -0.061287082731723785, 0.07358816266059875, 0.56154906749725...	5	Gold was born on May 22, 1920 in Vienna, Austria to Max Gold, a wealthy Jewish industrialist (pre-war) who ran one of Austria's largest mining and metal fabrication companies, and German former actress Josefine Martin. Following the economic downfall of the European mining industry in the late 1920s, Max Gold moved his family to Berlin, where he had taken a job as director of a metal trading company. Following the start of Nazi leader Adolf Hitler's anti-Jewish campaigns in 1933, Gold and his family left Germany because of his father's heritage. The family traveled through Europe for the next few years. Gold attended boarding school at the Lyceum Alpinum Zuoz in Zuoz, Switzerland, where he quickly proved to be a clever, competitive and physically and mentally aggressive individual. Gold finished his schooling at Zuoz in 1938, and fled with his family to England after the German invasion of Austria in early 1938. Gold entered Trinity College, Cambridge in 1939 and began studying mechanical sciences. In May 1940, just as Hitler was commencing his advance in Belgium and France, Gold was sent into internment as an enemy alien by the British government. It was on the first night of internment, at an army barracks in Bury St Edmunds, that he met his future collaborator and close friend, Hermann Bondi. A paper plane, paper aeroplane (UK), paper airplane (US), paper glider, paper dart or dart is a toy aircraft, usually a glider made out of paper or paperboard. The origin of folded paper gliders is generally considered to be of Ancient China, although there is equal evidence that the refinement and development of folded gliders took place in equal measure in Japan. Certainly, manufacture of paper on a widespread scale took place in China 500 BCE, and origami and paper folding became popular within a century of this period, approximately 460-390 BCE. It is impossible to ascertain where and in what form the first paper aircraft were constructed, or even the first paper plane's form. For over a thousand years after this, paper aircraft were the dominant man-made heavier-than-air craft whose principles could be readily appreciated, though thanks to their high drag coefficients, not of an exceptional performance when gliding over long distances. The pioneers of powered flight have all studied paper model aircraft in order to design larger machines. Da Vinci wrote of the building of a model plane out of parchment, and of testing some of his early ornithopter, an aircraft that flies by flapping wings, and parachute designs using paper models. Thereafter, Sir George Cayley explored the performance of paper gliders in the late 19th century. Other pioneers, such as Clément Ader, Prof. Charles Langley, and Alberto Santos-Dumont often tested ideas with paper as well as balsa models to confirm (in scale) their theories before putting them into practice.	625	ENGLISH	1
Even though the Execution Dock in London is long gone, the gallows are still maintained to this very day on the Thames foreshore by the Prospect of Whitby public house. The Execution dock was used for 400 years up until 1830. It was used to execute all seagoing criminals, including pirates, mutineers, and smugglers. The dock was nothing more than scaffolding used for hangings and was located beside the shoreline of the River Thames at Wapping. The British Admiralty oversaw all crimes committed on the water, and also doled out the sentences to the criminals. The dock was used as a symbol for their jurisdiction; it was placed just beyond the low-tide mark in the river. You could not outrun the long arm of the law, they did not care if you committed the crimes in their waters or abroad; you would be brought back to London and tried by the High Court of the Admiralty. They doled out Capital Punishment to acts of mutiny that resulted in death, for murder on the sea and very specific violations of the Articles of War that governed the behavior of naval sailors, this included sodomy. Those who were sentenced to death were usually brought to the Execution Dock from one of two places, Marshalsea Prison or Newgate Prison. Those that were condemned by the Admiralty were paraded through the streets of London by the High Court Marshal or his deputy. He would carry a Silver oar, which was a representation of the Admiralty’s authority. Prisoners were transported using a cart which had a chaplain inside so they could confess their sins to him. The prisoners were allowed to drink one quart of ale from a public house of their way to the gallows, just like the execution process to Tyburn. The execution was a family affair back then; families would come out and stand on the river banks or one of the boats that would come up the river. The executions were performed by hangmen who worked at both Newgate Prison and Tyburn. For those who were convicted of piracy, they would receive the cruelest of punishments. They would be hanged with a shortened rope so that when the floor was dropped out from under them their fall would not snap their neck, they would then strangle to death. This was called the “Marshal’s Dance” because it looked like they were dancing while they struggled. Unlike hanging on land, bodies of pirates were often left up until at least three tides had washed over their head. If the crime was so heinous, then the Admiralty would have the bodies covered in tar and hung in chains at Blackwell Point or at Cuckold’s Point as a warning to all of those who would dare turn to piracy. Next, I will share an account from The Gentleman’s Magazine, from February 4, 1796, that gives a very vivid image of an execution at London’s Execution Docks. “This morning, a little after ten o’clock, Colley, Cole, and Blanche, the three sailors convicted of the murder of Captain Little, were brought out of Newgate, and conveyed in solemn procession to Execution Dock, there to receive the punishment awarded by law. On the cart on which they rode was an elevated stage; on this were seated Colley, the principal instigator in the murder, in the middle, and his two wretched instruments, the Spaniard Blanche, and the Mulatto Cole, on each side of him; and behind, on another seat, two executioners. Colley seemed to be in a state resembling that of a man stupidly intoxicated, and scarcely awake, and the two discovered little sensibility on this occasion, nor to the last moment of their existence, did they, as we hear, make any confession. They were turned off about a quarter before twelve in the midst of an immense crowd of spectators. On the way to the place of execution, they were preceded by the Marshall of the Admiralty in his carriage, the Deputy Marshall, bearing the silver oar, and the two City Marshals on horseback, Sheriff’s officers, etc. The whole cavalcade was conducted with great solemnity.” Captain Kidd, who was a heinous pirate convicted of piracy (obviously) and murder, he was taken from Newgate Prison and hanged at the dock in 1701. The rope snapped during his first execution, so they strung him up again and killed him the second time, his body remained in that location for forty years. The last executions to take place at the Execution dock were in 1830, where sailors George Davis and William Watts – who had murdered a ship captain – were hanged in December. There have been reports of a large E on the Thames side of the building at Swan Warf; supposedly that indicates where the dock once stood. Other sources state that the dock was once where the London Underground Station now stands, which is about 2/3 of the way along Wapping High Street going east.	<urn:uuid:f38cb407-77ce-4a9f-b8ef-b160e261f1f9>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.thevintagenews.com/2018/02/19/smugglers-mutineers/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251696046.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127081933-20200127111933-00316.warc.gz	en	0.989478	1,036	3.578125	4	[ 0.10499604791402817, -0.17195919156074524, 0.10799703001976013, -0.23641234636306763, 0.1794883906841278, -0.25167638063430786, 0.5356862545013428, -0.2876412868499756, -0.004713436588644981, -0.1641012281179428, 0.3346279263496399, 0.03556813299655914, -0.04617791250348091, 0.147890344262...	5	Even though the Execution Dock in London is long gone, the gallows are still maintained to this very day on the Thames foreshore by the Prospect of Whitby public house. The Execution dock was used for 400 years up until 1830. It was used to execute all seagoing criminals, including pirates, mutineers, and smugglers. The dock was nothing more than scaffolding used for hangings and was located beside the shoreline of the River Thames at Wapping. The British Admiralty oversaw all crimes committed on the water, and also doled out the sentences to the criminals. The dock was used as a symbol for their jurisdiction; it was placed just beyond the low-tide mark in the river. You could not outrun the long arm of the law, they did not care if you committed the crimes in their waters or abroad; you would be brought back to London and tried by the High Court of the Admiralty. They doled out Capital Punishment to acts of mutiny that resulted in death, for murder on the sea and very specific violations of the Articles of War that governed the behavior of naval sailors, this included sodomy. Those who were sentenced to death were usually brought to the Execution Dock from one of two places, Marshalsea Prison or Newgate Prison. Those that were condemned by the Admiralty were paraded through the streets of London by the High Court Marshal or his deputy. He would carry a Silver oar, which was a representation of the Admiralty’s authority. Prisoners were transported using a cart which had a chaplain inside so they could confess their sins to him. The prisoners were allowed to drink one quart of ale from a public house of their way to the gallows, just like the execution process to Tyburn. The execution was a family affair back then; families would come out and stand on the river banks or one of the boats that would come up the river. The executions were performed by hangmen who worked at both Newgate Prison and Tyburn. For those who were convicted of piracy, they would receive the cruelest of punishments. They would be hanged with a shortened rope so that when the floor was dropped out from under them their fall would not snap their neck, they would then strangle to death. This was called the “Marshal’s Dance” because it looked like they were dancing while they struggled. Unlike hanging on land, bodies of pirates were often left up until at least three tides had washed over their head. If the crime was so heinous, then the Admiralty would have the bodies covered in tar and hung in chains at Blackwell Point or at Cuckold’s Point as a warning to all of those who would dare turn to piracy. Next, I will share an account from The Gentleman’s Magazine, from February 4, 1796, that gives a very vivid image of an execution at London’s Execution Docks. “This morning, a little after ten o’clock, Colley, Cole, and Blanche, the three sailors convicted of the murder of Captain Little, were brought out of Newgate, and conveyed in solemn procession to Execution Dock, there to receive the punishment awarded by law. On the cart on which they rode was an elevated stage; on this were seated Colley, the principal instigator in the murder, in the middle, and his two wretched instruments, the Spaniard Blanche, and the Mulatto Cole, on each side of him; and behind, on another seat, two executioners. Colley seemed to be in a state resembling that of a man stupidly intoxicated, and scarcely awake, and the two discovered little sensibility on this occasion, nor to the last moment of their existence, did they, as we hear, make any confession. They were turned off about a quarter before twelve in the midst of an immense crowd of spectators. On the way to the place of execution, they were preceded by the Marshall of the Admiralty in his carriage, the Deputy Marshall, bearing the silver oar, and the two City Marshals on horseback, Sheriff’s officers, etc. The whole cavalcade was conducted with great solemnity.” Captain Kidd, who was a heinous pirate convicted of piracy (obviously) and murder, he was taken from Newgate Prison and hanged at the dock in 1701. The rope snapped during his first execution, so they strung him up again and killed him the second time, his body remained in that location for forty years. The last executions to take place at the Execution dock were in 1830, where sailors George Davis and William Watts – who had murdered a ship captain – were hanged in December. There have been reports of a large E on the Thames side of the building at Swan Warf; supposedly that indicates where the dock once stood. Other sources state that the dock was once where the London Underground Station now stands, which is about 2/3 of the way along Wapping High Street going east.	1,030	ENGLISH	1
Islam means Peace. The opponents of peace caused untold miseries and pains on the holy prophet and the believers. They imposed dozen of battles and smaller fights on them. It was only when the words of Allah had come that the Muslims were told to take up arms against the enemies of Islam. Thus Islam had risen through constant struggles and warfare. Those who laid down their lives in the service of Islam, became Shaheeds (Martyrs); those who survived, are called Gazees. Necessity is the best virtue. When the fighting was forced on the Believers, they fought shoulder to shoulder with the prophet (SAW) and their commanders. Those who strived in the way of Allah and fought ‘to justify His ways to men’, were brave soldiers, commanders and administrators. They were heroes. Islam has produced many heroes both Shaheeds and Gazees. Some great names are Hazrat Hamza (uncle of the prophet), Hazrat Umer Farooq, Hazrat Ali (Prophet’s cousin and sonin-law) Khalid Bin Waleed, Tariq Bin Zeyad, Bibi Khola, and Gazi Salahuddin and others. Among the staunch followers who kept the standard of Islam flying high, were Muhammad Bin Qasim, Mehmood Ghaznavi, Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan. In a small essay, only a few great names have been selected. Their deeds shall always shine in the pages of history. To begin with Hazrat Hamza was a great warrior. He was martyred in the battle of Badar. He has been called the great and first Shaheed of Islam. It was the height of cruelty that his heart was torn from his dead body to appease Hinda. The two names that stand prominent are those of the second and fourth Chaliphs of Islam, Hazrat Omar Farooq and Hazrat Ali respectively. Before embracing Islam, Omer was a bitter enemy of the Prophet and Islam. The Holy Prophet (SAW) prayed Allah to show light to Omer. His prayer was heard and Omer embraced Islam. He had rendered unflinching and gallant services to Islam. He has rightly been called ‘the Builder of the Islamic Empire’. It was during his Caliphate that Byzantine (Turkey) Persia, Iraq, Syria and northern. African countries were conquered. He also sent his emissaries to the East and the Far East. He is famous for his justice, simplicity of life and services. Hazrat Ali has been called the Sword of Islàm’. He was as brave as a lion. He had been brought up under the glorious influence of the Prophet (SAW). He was always first in Peace and first in wars. He accounted for many enemies of Islam, the Non-believers. He hoisted the Crescent on Khybar. He was well versed in Islamic Theology and Quranic teachings. Nobody can deny the greatness and glory of Omer and Ali as the greatest heroes of Islam. Those who kept the torch of Islam burning and held the ‘Crescent high, were Khalid Bin Walid, Tariq Bin Zeyad and Ghazi Salahuddin Ayubi. All of them added new chapters to the glory of Islam. They had won many victories for the believers. Tariq’s proverbial ‘burning of the boats’ is famous. He conquered Spain on which the Muslim had ruled for 800 years. Ghazi Salahuddin Ayubi was the ‘terror of the Christian world. He had fought six crusades (holy battles) and always defeated the combined forces of the enemy. They were also the preservers of the Great Tradition (given by the Prophet). The others were like meteors who start up on the horizon of Islam. Muhammad Bin Qasim was the conquerer of India. Mahmood Ghaznavi was the greatest iconoclast (the idol breaker). Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan were brave sons of Islam who fought the last bat tles for the glory of Indian rulers and muslims. We take off our hats to them. I will conclude with the famous words of Tipu Sultan: Lion’s one day’s life is better than hundred years of jackal.Tipu Sultan	<urn:uuid:2049f072-44bb-4679-ad80-d8fbb2abf3f7>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.thecollegestudy.net/2019/05/heroes-of-islam-english-essay.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608295.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123041345-20200123070345-00494.warc.gz	en	0.982821	894	3.421875	3	[ -0.27099713683128357, 0.7959022521972656, -0.21126969158649445, 0.22669053077697754, -0.3085065484046936, 0.17187270522117615, 0.7996964454650879, 0.14386644959449768, 0.2925591468811035, 0.3354066014289856, -0.05398169532418251, -0.2503511309623718, 0.24022053182125092, 0.0908786803483963...	8	Islam means Peace. The opponents of peace caused untold miseries and pains on the holy prophet and the believers. They imposed dozen of battles and smaller fights on them. It was only when the words of Allah had come that the Muslims were told to take up arms against the enemies of Islam. Thus Islam had risen through constant struggles and warfare. Those who laid down their lives in the service of Islam, became Shaheeds (Martyrs); those who survived, are called Gazees. Necessity is the best virtue. When the fighting was forced on the Believers, they fought shoulder to shoulder with the prophet (SAW) and their commanders. Those who strived in the way of Allah and fought ‘to justify His ways to men’, were brave soldiers, commanders and administrators. They were heroes. Islam has produced many heroes both Shaheeds and Gazees. Some great names are Hazrat Hamza (uncle of the prophet), Hazrat Umer Farooq, Hazrat Ali (Prophet’s cousin and sonin-law) Khalid Bin Waleed, Tariq Bin Zeyad, Bibi Khola, and Gazi Salahuddin and others. Among the staunch followers who kept the standard of Islam flying high, were Muhammad Bin Qasim, Mehmood Ghaznavi, Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan. In a small essay, only a few great names have been selected. Their deeds shall always shine in the pages of history. To begin with Hazrat Hamza was a great warrior. He was martyred in the battle of Badar. He has been called the great and first Shaheed of Islam. It was the height of cruelty that his heart was torn from his dead body to appease Hinda. The two names that stand prominent are those of the second and fourth Chaliphs of Islam, Hazrat Omar Farooq and Hazrat Ali respectively. Before embracing Islam, Omer was a bitter enemy of the Prophet and Islam. The Holy Prophet (SAW) prayed Allah to show light to Omer. His prayer was heard and Omer embraced Islam. He had rendered unflinching and gallant services to Islam. He has rightly been called ‘the Builder of the Islamic Empire’. It was during his Caliphate that Byzantine (Turkey) Persia, Iraq, Syria and northern. African countries were conquered. He also sent his emissaries to the East and the Far East. He is famous for his justice, simplicity of life and services. Hazrat Ali has been called the Sword of Islàm’. He was as brave as a lion. He had been brought up under the glorious influence of the Prophet (SAW). He was always first in Peace and first in wars. He accounted for many enemies of Islam, the Non-believers. He hoisted the Crescent on Khybar. He was well versed in Islamic Theology and Quranic teachings. Nobody can deny the greatness and glory of Omer and Ali as the greatest heroes of Islam. Those who kept the torch of Islam burning and held the ‘Crescent high, were Khalid Bin Walid, Tariq Bin Zeyad and Ghazi Salahuddin Ayubi. All of them added new chapters to the glory of Islam. They had won many victories for the believers. Tariq’s proverbial ‘burning of the boats’ is famous. He conquered Spain on which the Muslim had ruled for 800 years. Ghazi Salahuddin Ayubi was the ‘terror of the Christian world. He had fought six crusades (holy battles) and always defeated the combined forces of the enemy. They were also the preservers of the Great Tradition (given by the Prophet). The others were like meteors who start up on the horizon of Islam. Muhammad Bin Qasim was the conquerer of India. Mahmood Ghaznavi was the greatest iconoclast (the idol breaker). Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan were brave sons of Islam who fought the last bat tles for the glory of Indian rulers and muslims. We take off our hats to them. I will conclude with the famous words of Tipu Sultan: Lion’s one day’s life is better than hundred years of jackal.Tipu Sultan	880	ENGLISH	1
By Toby Shaw Across the world on February 14th, many flowers, cards and gifts will be exchanged between loved ones, as St. Valentine's day is celebrated. However, the story of why we celebrate this day is a bit of a mystery. The tradition of St. Valentine's Day mixes elements of both ancient Roman rites and Christian tradition. Just to confuse matters further, three different saints called Valentine are recognised by the Catholic Church. One legend is that Valentine was a priest in Rome during the third century. Emperor Claudius II decreed that marriage was to be outlawed for young men, as he thought that single men made better soldiers than those who were married with families. Valentine, felt the decree was unjust and unfair, and defied the Emperor by performing secret marriages for young lovers. When his actions for undercover lovers was discovered, Claudius ordered valentine be executed. Variations on this legend say that Valentine was put to death for trying to help fellow Christians escape from harsh Roman prisons where they were often tortured. According to another legend, Valentine may have actually sent the first 'valentine' greeting himself in 270 AD the day before he was to be executed for refusing to renounce his Christian beliefs. Allegedly he sent note of appreciation to his jailer's blind daughter for bringing him food and delivering messages while he was imprisoned, signed "from your Valentine. While we can never be certain as to the true origin of the St. Valentine legend, one thing is for certain, it must have been an appealing and enduring story because by the Middle Ages, Valentine had become one of the most popular saints in France and Britain. The timing observance of his saint's day may have been driven by the common place practice of trying to integrate previous pagan festivals into the Christian calendar. in this case, the Lupercalia festival. In ancient Rome, February was seen as the beginning of spring and was considered a time for purification. Houses were ritually cleansed by sweeping them out and then sprinkling salt and wheat throughout the interiors (we still refer to Spring Cleaning to this day). Lupercalia, which began on the 'ides (15th) of February', was a fertility festival dedicated to the agricultural god Lupercus and to the Goddess of Love, Juno, as well as to the Roman founders Romulus and Remus. Roman maidens placed their names into an urn set up in the public squares and young single men drew from it to get a 'blind date' for the coming year. More often than not, these annual matches often ended in marriage. St. Valentine's Day was set at February 14th by Pope Gelasius, at around 500 AD. By this time, the 'lottery' system for romantic dating was deemed un-Christian and had been outlawed. During the Middle Ages, the practice of love lotteries carried on as 'Chance Boxes'. In France , drawings from the boxes allotted couples one year to get married or part company. In England, it was a common practice for men to wear the name of the girl they drew from the chance boxes on their sleeve, encircled with a heart. Also at this time, it was commonly believed in parts of England and France that February 14 marked the beginning of birds' mating season, which increased the notion that Valentine's Day should be a day for romance. Valentines messages started to appear around the beginning of the Fifteenth century, and even in these formative times they were often given anonymously, perhaps harking back to the unknown recipients of the Roman lotteries. The oldest known valentine still in existence today was a poem written by Charles, Duke of Orleans to his wife while he was imprisoned in the Tower of London following his capture at the Battle of Agincourt. The greeting, which was written in 1415, is part of the manuscript collection of the British Library in London. In the United Kingdom, St. Valentine's Day became a popular celebration around the 1600's. It continued to take hold, with the familiar "roses are red, violets are blue" verses making their debut sometime in the seventeenth century. By the 1850's, it was common for lovers from all social standings to give their adored ones small gifts or handwritten letters. At the same time, in France, people began to decorate their valentines with ribbons and lace. By the start of the twentieth century, the handwritten letters gave way to cards as advances in printing technology had improved the quality of printed cards. At the time, it was culturally discouraged for people to show their emotions in such a direct way as a letter, so a printed card was a more acceptable method. More affordable postage costs and increasing use of the postal system probably contributed to the rise in popularity of the Valentine's card. Americans probably first began exchanging handmade valentines with verses in the early 1700s. In the mid nineteenth century, the first mass-produced valentines began to go on sale in America. Miss Esther Howland, an artist and entrepreneur, became the first regular publisher of valentines in the USA. Often referred to as 'the Mother of the Valentine', Miss Howland designed many elaborate creations using lace, ribbons and colorful pictures known as "scrap". Her cards usually cost between $5 - $10 each, with some as much as $35, astonishingly expensive for the time. The Greeting Card Association estimates that if we include children's classroom valentines, over one billion valentine cards will be opened this year. St. Valentine's Day is the second largest card-sending time of the year, accounting for 25% of all seasonal card sales (Christmas accounts for 60%). It is estimated that women purchase 80 percent of all valentine's cards, which means that a large proportion of men either forget, or aren't very romantic when it comes to reciprocating! Valentine's Day is celebrated in the USA, Canada, Mexico, United Kingdom, France, and Australia, and is increasing in popularity in many other parts of the world.	<urn:uuid:07d560fa-6c1a-4d41-9a1b-00f1b338839d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://kesq.com/entertainment/valentines-day/2020/01/08/the-history-of-st-valentines-day/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251796127.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129102701-20200129132701-00420.warc.gz	en	0.98087	1,258	3.28125	3	[ 0.20278383791446686, 0.416579931974411, 0.4127638339996338, -0.2562463879585266, -0.13708321750164032, -0.2083817422389984, -0.010344088077545166, 0.3021610975265503, 0.3825337588787079, -0.20600783824920654, 0.020131127908825874, 0.3767942488193512, 0.1585356742143631, 0.01283381786197424...	9	By Toby Shaw Across the world on February 14th, many flowers, cards and gifts will be exchanged between loved ones, as St. Valentine's day is celebrated. However, the story of why we celebrate this day is a bit of a mystery. The tradition of St. Valentine's Day mixes elements of both ancient Roman rites and Christian tradition. Just to confuse matters further, three different saints called Valentine are recognised by the Catholic Church. One legend is that Valentine was a priest in Rome during the third century. Emperor Claudius II decreed that marriage was to be outlawed for young men, as he thought that single men made better soldiers than those who were married with families. Valentine, felt the decree was unjust and unfair, and defied the Emperor by performing secret marriages for young lovers. When his actions for undercover lovers was discovered, Claudius ordered valentine be executed. Variations on this legend say that Valentine was put to death for trying to help fellow Christians escape from harsh Roman prisons where they were often tortured. According to another legend, Valentine may have actually sent the first 'valentine' greeting himself in 270 AD the day before he was to be executed for refusing to renounce his Christian beliefs. Allegedly he sent note of appreciation to his jailer's blind daughter for bringing him food and delivering messages while he was imprisoned, signed "from your Valentine. While we can never be certain as to the true origin of the St. Valentine legend, one thing is for certain, it must have been an appealing and enduring story because by the Middle Ages, Valentine had become one of the most popular saints in France and Britain. The timing observance of his saint's day may have been driven by the common place practice of trying to integrate previous pagan festivals into the Christian calendar. in this case, the Lupercalia festival. In ancient Rome, February was seen as the beginning of spring and was considered a time for purification. Houses were ritually cleansed by sweeping them out and then sprinkling salt and wheat throughout the interiors (we still refer to Spring Cleaning to this day). Lupercalia, which began on the 'ides (15th) of February', was a fertility festival dedicated to the agricultural god Lupercus and to the Goddess of Love, Juno, as well as to the Roman founders Romulus and Remus. Roman maidens placed their names into an urn set up in the public squares and young single men drew from it to get a 'blind date' for the coming year. More often than not, these annual matches often ended in marriage. St. Valentine's Day was set at February 14th by Pope Gelasius, at around 500 AD. By this time, the 'lottery' system for romantic dating was deemed un-Christian and had been outlawed. During the Middle Ages, the practice of love lotteries carried on as 'Chance Boxes'. In France , drawings from the boxes allotted couples one year to get married or part company. In England, it was a common practice for men to wear the name of the girl they drew from the chance boxes on their sleeve, encircled with a heart. Also at this time, it was commonly believed in parts of England and France that February 14 marked the beginning of birds' mating season, which increased the notion that Valentine's Day should be a day for romance. Valentines messages started to appear around the beginning of the Fifteenth century, and even in these formative times they were often given anonymously, perhaps harking back to the unknown recipients of the Roman lotteries. The oldest known valentine still in existence today was a poem written by Charles, Duke of Orleans to his wife while he was imprisoned in the Tower of London following his capture at the Battle of Agincourt. The greeting, which was written in 1415, is part of the manuscript collection of the British Library in London. In the United Kingdom, St. Valentine's Day became a popular celebration around the 1600's. It continued to take hold, with the familiar "roses are red, violets are blue" verses making their debut sometime in the seventeenth century. By the 1850's, it was common for lovers from all social standings to give their adored ones small gifts or handwritten letters. At the same time, in France, people began to decorate their valentines with ribbons and lace. By the start of the twentieth century, the handwritten letters gave way to cards as advances in printing technology had improved the quality of printed cards. At the time, it was culturally discouraged for people to show their emotions in such a direct way as a letter, so a printed card was a more acceptable method. More affordable postage costs and increasing use of the postal system probably contributed to the rise in popularity of the Valentine's card. Americans probably first began exchanging handmade valentines with verses in the early 1700s. In the mid nineteenth century, the first mass-produced valentines began to go on sale in America. Miss Esther Howland, an artist and entrepreneur, became the first regular publisher of valentines in the USA. Often referred to as 'the Mother of the Valentine', Miss Howland designed many elaborate creations using lace, ribbons and colorful pictures known as "scrap". Her cards usually cost between $5 - $10 each, with some as much as $35, astonishingly expensive for the time. The Greeting Card Association estimates that if we include children's classroom valentines, over one billion valentine cards will be opened this year. St. Valentine's Day is the second largest card-sending time of the year, accounting for 25% of all seasonal card sales (Christmas accounts for 60%). It is estimated that women purchase 80 percent of all valentine's cards, which means that a large proportion of men either forget, or aren't very romantic when it comes to reciprocating! Valentine's Day is celebrated in the USA, Canada, Mexico, United Kingdom, France, and Australia, and is increasing in popularity in many other parts of the world.	1,263	ENGLISH	1
In November 1820, an enraged sperm whale rammed and sank the Nantucket whaleship Essex in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, 1,300 miles from the nearest land. Twenty sailors survived the attack and quickly outfitted their three small whaleboats to make a journey to safety. They had limited food and water, and could only hope that their supplies would last them as they slowly sailed for land across miles of open water. Three months later, five emaciated survivors were picked up by passing ships, three more remained stranded on a deserted island, and twelve men were dead- seven of them eaten in desperation by their starving shipmates. Their tale of choices, survival, and leadership would stun the maritime community, eventually serving as part of the inspiration for Moby-Dick.	<urn:uuid:e802479c-35a4-4c74-bbb2-8f9a7a59ba1e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://nha.org/whats-on/exhibitions/permanent-exhibitions/the-tragedy-of-the-essex/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601040.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120224950-20200121013950-00049.warc.gz	en	0.987335	159	3.609375	4	[ 0.1019158661365509, 0.3264929950237274, 0.008024141192436218, -0.412236750125885, -0.028377937152981758, 0.021067723631858826, -0.03983732685446739, 0.12810653448104858, -0.11562400311231613, -0.17876413464546204, 0.23085659742355347, -0.5936104655265808, 0.13691657781600952, 0.32561546564...	1	In November 1820, an enraged sperm whale rammed and sank the Nantucket whaleship Essex in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, 1,300 miles from the nearest land. Twenty sailors survived the attack and quickly outfitted their three small whaleboats to make a journey to safety. They had limited food and water, and could only hope that their supplies would last them as they slowly sailed for land across miles of open water. Three months later, five emaciated survivors were picked up by passing ships, three more remained stranded on a deserted island, and twelve men were dead- seven of them eaten in desperation by their starving shipmates. Their tale of choices, survival, and leadership would stun the maritime community, eventually serving as part of the inspiration for Moby-Dick.	164	ENGLISH	1
August 5, 2014 One year ago today the world’s first entirely laboratory-grown beef patty was assembled, cooked, and consumed. The vatburger was made from stem cells taken from a cow. These cells were replicated and encouraged to develop into muscle tissue. The in vitro burger was entirely composed of protein-containing muscle cells. These cells were grown without the aid of blood and lack their color-containing pigment molecules (hemoglobin). Red beet juice and saffron were added to color the largely colorless mass of muscle tissue. Bread crumbs, salt, and egg powder were also added for flavor and better binding. The sugars present in the extra ingredients and on the surface of the meat cells allowed the burger to brown when cooked. The burger was split and shared among a panel of tasters. Most agreed that it had the texture of meat, but the flavor was lacking. Though browning gives some flavor, fats and fat cells are conspicuously absent in the vatburger. © 2020 Oobites \| Theme by Eleven Themes modified by Oobites	<urn:uuid:29d74e55-ec67-4750-8cb0-81cab81f227e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://oobites.com/2014/08/vatburger/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700675.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127112805-20200127142805-00107.warc.gz	en	0.981921	224	3.609375	4	[ -0.32106783986091614, -0.18061436712741852, -0.3233534097671509, -0.16452497243881226, -0.0414130873978138, 0.014302650466561317, -0.14216071367263794, 0.03133968636393547, -0.2443624883890152, 0.14971740543842316, 0.283617228269577, -0.7116698622703552, -0.05775673687458038, 0.08678764849...	3	August 5, 2014 One year ago today the world’s first entirely laboratory-grown beef patty was assembled, cooked, and consumed. The vatburger was made from stem cells taken from a cow. These cells were replicated and encouraged to develop into muscle tissue. The in vitro burger was entirely composed of protein-containing muscle cells. These cells were grown without the aid of blood and lack their color-containing pigment molecules (hemoglobin). Red beet juice and saffron were added to color the largely colorless mass of muscle tissue. Bread crumbs, salt, and egg powder were also added for flavor and better binding. The sugars present in the extra ingredients and on the surface of the meat cells allowed the burger to brown when cooked. The burger was split and shared among a panel of tasters. Most agreed that it had the texture of meat, but the flavor was lacking. Though browning gives some flavor, fats and fat cells are conspicuously absent in the vatburger. © 2020 Oobites \| Theme by Eleven Themes modified by Oobites	219	ENGLISH	1
Throughout the second Term of the year, in Literature, we have seen, as well as “The Destructors”, “Lady in the Looking-Glass: a Reflexion”. This story by Virginia Woolf was from the XIX century which not only matches with the Victorian Ages but also with the rise of feminism. Woolf was one of the first writers in talking about feminism and the figure of woman at the time. In order to analyse the story we were told to answer eight out of thirteen questions, 2 of which were mandatory and six up to our choice. The last question was to connect the story by Virginia Woolf with a text by Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar besigned as “The Madwoman in the Attic”. It depicts what was women’s role in the XIX century, how they were treated and how that affected their lives. They were seen as inferiors to men, beings with no opinion or value of their own unless they were accompanied by a man on their side. Besides they were condemned to domestic work without any political or social voice and poor ability to be economically stable to live without a man as the only job they were allowed to do did not pay that good. The story “Lady in the Looking-Glass: a Reflexion” introduces a woman called Isabella who we can see through a mirror inside the house that she spends much of her time outside in the garden taking care of the flowers and their appearance. Yet, as she enters into the house and approaches the mirror, we are able to see her more clearly and unconceal her true self. I analyse this through the way in which society impacted on the women’s life. Because women were oppressed by the superior and powerful men they had to repress their true identities and live as men wanted them to. Therefore, women had to act in a certain manner that was not them. This is why along the story the narrator says “she must be happy” or “if facts were what one wanted”. People had no clue of what Isabella’s true self was like so society began to make incorrect suppositions based on what she showed; a mask to protect herself from criticism and spite. I could relate “Lady in the Looking-Glass: a Reflection” with an artwork that I made in Art class a few weeks ago. At first we had to create a readymade. This refers to a piece of art that by just changing a small detail of an object that has been already made, it transforms into an artwork. I used a portable mirror which opens as a book and inside has a tiny mirror on each lid. What did I change? I pasted in the front part a piece of paper with the Facebook logo. (I owe you the hd) Later, we had to make a drawing or a painting which captured the message of the readymade; that what people show on social media is not their real self. It was then that I did this: I connected the Victorian writing to modern life nowadays. And casually the use of colora match the descriptions of the environment in the story. Outside it was all beautiful and bright (life) while inside darkness dominated (death).	<urn:uuid:cb6fc165-d43c-4a67-a6d7-4291d16a6f32>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://anoukdelaferrere.cumbresblogs.com/2019/10/12/from-victorian-times-to-modernity/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251802249.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129194333-20200129223333-00223.warc.gz	en	0.989443	672	3.5625	4	[ 0.016216624528169632, 0.06405550241470337, 0.28934141993522644, 0.3544979393482208, -0.146434485912323, 0.01610722206532955, 0.18775907158851624, 0.0962868481874466, -0.09303189069032669, -0.20249786972999573, -0.018057268112897873, -0.16352508962154388, 0.09170407801866531, 0.129155278205...	3	Throughout the second Term of the year, in Literature, we have seen, as well as “The Destructors”, “Lady in the Looking-Glass: a Reflexion”. This story by Virginia Woolf was from the XIX century which not only matches with the Victorian Ages but also with the rise of feminism. Woolf was one of the first writers in talking about feminism and the figure of woman at the time. In order to analyse the story we were told to answer eight out of thirteen questions, 2 of which were mandatory and six up to our choice. The last question was to connect the story by Virginia Woolf with a text by Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar besigned as “The Madwoman in the Attic”. It depicts what was women’s role in the XIX century, how they were treated and how that affected their lives. They were seen as inferiors to men, beings with no opinion or value of their own unless they were accompanied by a man on their side. Besides they were condemned to domestic work without any political or social voice and poor ability to be economically stable to live without a man as the only job they were allowed to do did not pay that good. The story “Lady in the Looking-Glass: a Reflexion” introduces a woman called Isabella who we can see through a mirror inside the house that she spends much of her time outside in the garden taking care of the flowers and their appearance. Yet, as she enters into the house and approaches the mirror, we are able to see her more clearly and unconceal her true self. I analyse this through the way in which society impacted on the women’s life. Because women were oppressed by the superior and powerful men they had to repress their true identities and live as men wanted them to. Therefore, women had to act in a certain manner that was not them. This is why along the story the narrator says “she must be happy” or “if facts were what one wanted”. People had no clue of what Isabella’s true self was like so society began to make incorrect suppositions based on what she showed; a mask to protect herself from criticism and spite. I could relate “Lady in the Looking-Glass: a Reflection” with an artwork that I made in Art class a few weeks ago. At first we had to create a readymade. This refers to a piece of art that by just changing a small detail of an object that has been already made, it transforms into an artwork. I used a portable mirror which opens as a book and inside has a tiny mirror on each lid. What did I change? I pasted in the front part a piece of paper with the Facebook logo. (I owe you the hd) Later, we had to make a drawing or a painting which captured the message of the readymade; that what people show on social media is not their real self. It was then that I did this: I connected the Victorian writing to modern life nowadays. And casually the use of colora match the descriptions of the environment in the story. Outside it was all beautiful and bright (life) while inside darkness dominated (death).	641	ENGLISH	1
All elephants are herbivores, which means that they consume only plant life, they will consume it wherever they go. Due to their large size, they can get food even from the high areas of the trees. They can even use the trunk to reach fruits that grow where other types of animals simply can not reach. They are very intelligent when it comes to getting food, they do not go around leaving food for other animals to go after. For example, if the food they want is too high, they wrap the trunk around the trunk and shake it quickly, this process usually gives them a lot of food falling from the trees for themselves and their young. If that does not work the elephant can only take the whole tree or the plant and throw it on the ground and then consume it. One of the biggest problems they face in nature is the lack of available food. Their habitats continue to be smaller and smaller and they have fewer options for food as well as competition in some areas with other elephants for the same food sources. Elephants can spend up to 16 hours a day looking for food. They do not seem to be in a hurry to find it, and they take their time of grazing. One of the reasons why you have to consume so much daily food is due to their immense bodies. They only process around 40% of what they eat. The process of digestion for the elephant is very different than that of other animals. It really is not understood why their bodies do not digest more than they consume. They have to consume a lot of water, this is done through the tube. They can consume up to 15 liters of water at a time, although in certain parts of the year it is difficult for them to find that amount of water. They use their tusks to dig in the ground in order to find the water supplies they need, this water is also used by other animals in the wild. Many people feel that the feeding habits of elephants destroy the environment on a large scale. However, they tend to move often enough not to exhaust all the existing vegetation in a certain area. This movement, in fact, allows more of it to grow. Unfortunately, as the elephants get older the teeth begin to wear out, due to the type of diet they consume, which is why many of them end up dying of starvation when they get old. It is a slow process and seems to take a toll on the entire herd, due to the strong ties that form in their herds.	<urn:uuid:48695633-29eb-47a9-9d77-782017db01ff>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://blog-city.info/en/theelephants.php?Page=2	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250615407.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124040939-20200124065939-00346.warc.gz	en	0.980752	510	3.421875	3	[ -0.017084689810872078, -0.24374395608901978, 0.37141135334968567, -0.006469034124165773, 0.08413269370794296, -0.3552590608596802, 0.1417839080095291, -0.23326221108436584, 0.14322254061698914, 0.3396015167236328, 0.4072861969470978, -0.684489905834198, 0.13960616290569305, -0.035899799317...	2	All elephants are herbivores, which means that they consume only plant life, they will consume it wherever they go. Due to their large size, they can get food even from the high areas of the trees. They can even use the trunk to reach fruits that grow where other types of animals simply can not reach. They are very intelligent when it comes to getting food, they do not go around leaving food for other animals to go after. For example, if the food they want is too high, they wrap the trunk around the trunk and shake it quickly, this process usually gives them a lot of food falling from the trees for themselves and their young. If that does not work the elephant can only take the whole tree or the plant and throw it on the ground and then consume it. One of the biggest problems they face in nature is the lack of available food. Their habitats continue to be smaller and smaller and they have fewer options for food as well as competition in some areas with other elephants for the same food sources. Elephants can spend up to 16 hours a day looking for food. They do not seem to be in a hurry to find it, and they take their time of grazing. One of the reasons why you have to consume so much daily food is due to their immense bodies. They only process around 40% of what they eat. The process of digestion for the elephant is very different than that of other animals. It really is not understood why their bodies do not digest more than they consume. They have to consume a lot of water, this is done through the tube. They can consume up to 15 liters of water at a time, although in certain parts of the year it is difficult for them to find that amount of water. They use their tusks to dig in the ground in order to find the water supplies they need, this water is also used by other animals in the wild. Many people feel that the feeding habits of elephants destroy the environment on a large scale. However, they tend to move often enough not to exhaust all the existing vegetation in a certain area. This movement, in fact, allows more of it to grow. Unfortunately, as the elephants get older the teeth begin to wear out, due to the type of diet they consume, which is why many of them end up dying of starvation when they get old. It is a slow process and seems to take a toll on the entire herd, due to the strong ties that form in their herds.	507	ENGLISH	1
Regarding the early history of Chamba, it is said that the region was inhabited by the Kolian tribes and later on captured by the Khasas. In the 2nd century BC, the Audmabaras, who were the worshippers of Lord Shiva, took control over the area. Chamba went under the reign of Thakurs and Ranas in the 4th century BC and in 7th century AD, it became the ruling region of the Rajputs. The Muslims and the Mughals never got succeeded to invade the remote village valley of Chamba and thus this part of northern India was quite peaceful. However, one of the Mughals Raja Prithvi Singh ruled the city during the 16th century and during that period, he introduced Mughal- Rajput style of architecture in Chamba. The town was also came in control of the Sikhs in 18th century and finally in the hands of the British. In 1948, the town of Chamba was merged into the state of Himachal Pradesh as an administrative region.	<urn:uuid:dd044bb7-d657-428e-ae53-4374f55d4f52>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.ftd.travel/chamba-history	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694908.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127051112-20200127081112-00333.warc.gz	en	0.989787	217	3.625	4	[ 0.05455514043569565, 0.42184001207351685, 0.18439942598342896, -0.0159849151968956, -0.5069815516471863, -0.22604140639305115, 0.36473411321640015, 0.01502753421664238, 0.05721553415060043, 0.12652066349983215, -0.1375444531440735, -0.7342935800552368, 0.11900375783443451, 0.28088873624801...	6	Regarding the early history of Chamba, it is said that the region was inhabited by the Kolian tribes and later on captured by the Khasas. In the 2nd century BC, the Audmabaras, who were the worshippers of Lord Shiva, took control over the area. Chamba went under the reign of Thakurs and Ranas in the 4th century BC and in 7th century AD, it became the ruling region of the Rajputs. The Muslims and the Mughals never got succeeded to invade the remote village valley of Chamba and thus this part of northern India was quite peaceful. However, one of the Mughals Raja Prithvi Singh ruled the city during the 16th century and during that period, he introduced Mughal- Rajput style of architecture in Chamba. The town was also came in control of the Sikhs in 18th century and finally in the hands of the British. In 1948, the town of Chamba was merged into the state of Himachal Pradesh as an administrative region.	226	ENGLISH	1
Hearing aids are one of the best inventions of the 20th century, at least in terms of technological prowess. They have restored hearing to millions around the world, and have improved the hearing of thousands more. Even still, we look forward to the better integration of technology that will allow for personalized and individualized hearing aids. In order to truly appreciate the tremendous progress that we have made regarding hearing aids, we should take a closer look at the past models and see how far we have come. Ear Trumpets: The Basics One of the first types of hearing aids that were ever produced is called the ear trumpet. These were pretty much any metal implement that had a hollow end and a flared end through which sound could travel. The larger, trumpet, end of the device would capture sound and then help direct it into the ear. While this was not the very best type of hearing device, it was a very basic way to help people get a slight edge in terms of their hearing. These were in fashion in the 17th through 19th centuries, but were replaced as technology grew. Vacuum Tube Hearing Aids The vacuum tube hearing aid did not directly precede the ear trumpet, but it is notable because it is an interstice between the basic and electric models of hearing aids. Essentially, this hearing aid used many parts from the telephone in order to capture sound from the environment around the listener, and then turned it into an electrical impulse inside of the vacuum tube. At this point, it would be transmitted through the receiver and into the ear piece of the user at a much loud rate. This amplification allowed the person to hear much better than before, and was also one of the first hearing aids that were truly portable, at only a little over five pounds. Carbon Microphone Hearing Aids One of the other hearing aids that came after the ear trumpet was the carbon hearing aid. This hearing aid was a rather complicated machine that used a large battery, a magnetic piece, and a carbon microphone. The microphone would take in the sound and use it to hurl the carbon pieces across the product into a diaphragm. This would amplify the noise and allow the individual to hear a much louder sound than the original. However, this came with the drawback that it would be scratchy sound of poor quality. Also, since the whole contraption was so large, you could never take it outside of the home. It also required a very still environment, but it was still a very large step forward for people.	<urn:uuid:21edba67-89fc-4ba1-8d74-a1f6d2164dc4>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.carsonhearing.com/hearing-aids-news/evolution-hearing-aids/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594662.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119151736-20200119175736-00369.warc.gz	en	0.984828	512	3.3125	3	[ -0.175864577293396, 0.06731794774532318, 0.4094030261039734, -0.41242533922195435, -0.48116806149482727, 0.035286467522382736, 0.17020457983016968, 0.42917904257774353, -0.06214505434036255, -0.13433746993541718, 0.03316056355834007, -0.12916244566440582, 0.27987414598464966, -0.0169337112...	13	Hearing aids are one of the best inventions of the 20th century, at least in terms of technological prowess. They have restored hearing to millions around the world, and have improved the hearing of thousands more. Even still, we look forward to the better integration of technology that will allow for personalized and individualized hearing aids. In order to truly appreciate the tremendous progress that we have made regarding hearing aids, we should take a closer look at the past models and see how far we have come. Ear Trumpets: The Basics One of the first types of hearing aids that were ever produced is called the ear trumpet. These were pretty much any metal implement that had a hollow end and a flared end through which sound could travel. The larger, trumpet, end of the device would capture sound and then help direct it into the ear. While this was not the very best type of hearing device, it was a very basic way to help people get a slight edge in terms of their hearing. These were in fashion in the 17th through 19th centuries, but were replaced as technology grew. Vacuum Tube Hearing Aids The vacuum tube hearing aid did not directly precede the ear trumpet, but it is notable because it is an interstice between the basic and electric models of hearing aids. Essentially, this hearing aid used many parts from the telephone in order to capture sound from the environment around the listener, and then turned it into an electrical impulse inside of the vacuum tube. At this point, it would be transmitted through the receiver and into the ear piece of the user at a much loud rate. This amplification allowed the person to hear much better than before, and was also one of the first hearing aids that were truly portable, at only a little over five pounds. Carbon Microphone Hearing Aids One of the other hearing aids that came after the ear trumpet was the carbon hearing aid. This hearing aid was a rather complicated machine that used a large battery, a magnetic piece, and a carbon microphone. The microphone would take in the sound and use it to hurl the carbon pieces across the product into a diaphragm. This would amplify the noise and allow the individual to hear a much louder sound than the original. However, this came with the drawback that it would be scratchy sound of poor quality. Also, since the whole contraption was so large, you could never take it outside of the home. It also required a very still environment, but it was still a very large step forward for people.	513	ENGLISH	1
One of our Biology teachers, Melissa Teply, is a firm believer of teaching new and difficult concepts in story form so that it is entertaining and easier to remember. When Cellular Respiration comes around in Biology and Anatomy and Physiology, she makes it a point to tell “The Cellular Respiration Story”. The students then break out into groups to write their own version of the story. Below is Carley Thomas’s version. The Cellular Respiration Story By Carley Thomas Once upon a time, there were three groups of elements, and their group names were “The Carbon Conundrums”, “The Odd Oxygens”, and “The Hallucinating Hydrogens”. They decided to join together to become one group, and they voted to call themselves “The Glucose Gang”. One sunny, October day, they decided to take a trip to Cell-City, and enjoy themselves for a while. When they got there, they all wanted to go shopping for some delicious phosphates, for they had heard from “The Hallucinating Heliums” that the phosphates in Cell-City were absolutely wonderful. As they walked around the outdoor market, they saw a small booth with a sign reading, “Free Phosphates! Get em’ while their hot!” The Glucose Gang, thinking they were very lucky to have found free phosphates, walked over to the booth and asked if they could have some of the phosphates. Unfortunately, the shop owners, Mr. and Mrs. ATP, only had two phosphates left. Even though they were disappointed, The Glucose Gang took the shop’s last two phosphates. As soon as they acquired the phosphates, the gang members began arguing amongst themselves over who was to have the phosphates. They got so angry at each other that they split apart into two groups, each taking one of the two phosphates, and they stomped off in opposite directions. As the two groups continued through the market, two other shop owners, ATP Jr. and ATP Sr., ran towards them, offering each group another phosphate and saying that they had found some in the back of their shop. They were walking around proudly holding their two phosphates, when suddenly a car with a bunch of NADs came around the corner and asked the Hydrogens if they would come with them to the big element party over at the Electron Transport Chain. Two of the Hydrogens thought a party would be great fun, so a Hydrogen member from each group left and went with the NADs to the party. Then, while the groups were feeling sad and lonely from the gang’s separation and from losing a member from each of their groups, Mr. and Mrs. ATP, followed by ATP Jr. and Sr. came over to the poor, lonely gangs, and demanded they have their phosphates back! So, the pitiful elements solemnly gave back all of the phosphates that they had taken. After this blow, the separated gang members, who were now sitting quietly in the cytoplasm hall of Cell-City, decided that they were going to recover, and so they each named their own group, “The Powerful Pyruvate!” Once their wits were gathered, they decided to travel over to the Mitochondria Mall, for they had also heard that this place was full of all sorts of fun things to do. As they travelled towards the Mitochondria Mall, suddenly, out of nowhere, another car with a bunch NADs came flying past and they hurriedly asked if any Hydrogens would like to come with them to the big party. Then, one Hydrogen out of each of the gangs, hopped in with the NADs, and said, “I’m outta’ here!” Following this betrayal, a Carbon and two Hydrogens linked up and decided to head to the party and see if it was as much fun as everyone was saying. So, the poor, broken apart gangs were thinking things would never get better, when all of a sudden, a guy came up and asked if he could hang out with them. He said his name was Coenzyme A, and they were so happy, they decided to call their new club, “Acetyl Coenzyme A.” The happy elements began to explore the Mitochondria Mall, when they stumbled upon the Krebs Cycle-Go Round. It looked so fun! They absolutely had to try it! So, they climbed aboard the exciting looking ride, preparing themselves for fun! As the ride began to move, a Carbon and two Hydrogens got sick from the movement, and hopped off the ride, planning to go and see what the party was like while they were waiting. As the ride started spinning faster, those horrible NADs swung by and stole a few more Hydrogens. The rest of the group was having too much fun to really notice, when a dude named FAD came by. Almost instantly, one of the Hydrogens became mesmerized by the new molecule of a man. She hopped off the ride and took off with Mr. FAD, hoping to never have to see the rest of the group again. When the ride was over, they did a head count, and to their surprise, each group had lost two Carbons, four Oxygens, and four Hydrogens!! Feeling quite distressed, they decided to name what was left of their group, “The Omnipotent Oxaloacetic Acid!” After their new name had been proclaimed, they voted on what they were going to do next. Almost everyone wanted to go to “the big, important party” that had claimed so many of their friends. They finally found the place called the Electron Transport Chain. The whole place appeared like a big factory funhouse. Hydrogens were going in, ATPs and water were coming out! That’s where all the Hydrogens had gone! The whole thing was like a never ending chain of events, and so they decided to name this process Cellular Respiration. They told their story to all of the elements that wanted to go to Cell-City to warn them to stay away, and beware of NADs, ATPs, and FADs!!!! Carley Thomas is 13 years old and lives in Decatur County, Indiana on a small farm with her two brothers and two sisters. She loves riding horses, and is currently training a yearling filly that she hopes to be riding and showing in the spring of 2020 when the filly turns two. She also enjoys playing hockey at the Columbus Ice Rink with three of her younger siblings, and likes to cook, sew, write, and paint. To learn more about our Live Online Classes click HERE. Thanks for subscribing! Fill in the form below. We will contact you in 1-2 business days. There was a problem submitting the form. Please try again. Thanks for contacting us. We'll respond to you very soon.	<urn:uuid:a60291bc-ac13-4d12-b1ef-243d37a65e31>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://veritaspress.com/blog/in-the-classroom-the-cellular-respiration-story-by-carly-thomas	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601628.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121074002-20200121103002-00128.warc.gz	en	0.989162	1,460	3.546875	4	[ -0.2582490146160126, 0.3078405261039734, 0.2055232971906662, 0.028616497293114662, -0.2693387269973755, -0.25807446241378784, 0.08070959150791168, 0.38967210054397583, -0.13786640763282776, -0.015892595052719116, 0.0013851379044353962, -0.1037275567650795, 0.10477828234434128, 0.2437069118...	1	One of our Biology teachers, Melissa Teply, is a firm believer of teaching new and difficult concepts in story form so that it is entertaining and easier to remember. When Cellular Respiration comes around in Biology and Anatomy and Physiology, she makes it a point to tell “The Cellular Respiration Story”. The students then break out into groups to write their own version of the story. Below is Carley Thomas’s version. The Cellular Respiration Story By Carley Thomas Once upon a time, there were three groups of elements, and their group names were “The Carbon Conundrums”, “The Odd Oxygens”, and “The Hallucinating Hydrogens”. They decided to join together to become one group, and they voted to call themselves “The Glucose Gang”. One sunny, October day, they decided to take a trip to Cell-City, and enjoy themselves for a while. When they got there, they all wanted to go shopping for some delicious phosphates, for they had heard from “The Hallucinating Heliums” that the phosphates in Cell-City were absolutely wonderful. As they walked around the outdoor market, they saw a small booth with a sign reading, “Free Phosphates! Get em’ while their hot!” The Glucose Gang, thinking they were very lucky to have found free phosphates, walked over to the booth and asked if they could have some of the phosphates. Unfortunately, the shop owners, Mr. and Mrs. ATP, only had two phosphates left. Even though they were disappointed, The Glucose Gang took the shop’s last two phosphates. As soon as they acquired the phosphates, the gang members began arguing amongst themselves over who was to have the phosphates. They got so angry at each other that they split apart into two groups, each taking one of the two phosphates, and they stomped off in opposite directions. As the two groups continued through the market, two other shop owners, ATP Jr. and ATP Sr., ran towards them, offering each group another phosphate and saying that they had found some in the back of their shop. They were walking around proudly holding their two phosphates, when suddenly a car with a bunch of NADs came around the corner and asked the Hydrogens if they would come with them to the big element party over at the Electron Transport Chain. Two of the Hydrogens thought a party would be great fun, so a Hydrogen member from each group left and went with the NADs to the party. Then, while the groups were feeling sad and lonely from the gang’s separation and from losing a member from each of their groups, Mr. and Mrs. ATP, followed by ATP Jr. and Sr. came over to the poor, lonely gangs, and demanded they have their phosphates back! So, the pitiful elements solemnly gave back all of the phosphates that they had taken. After this blow, the separated gang members, who were now sitting quietly in the cytoplasm hall of Cell-City, decided that they were going to recover, and so they each named their own group, “The Powerful Pyruvate!” Once their wits were gathered, they decided to travel over to the Mitochondria Mall, for they had also heard that this place was full of all sorts of fun things to do. As they travelled towards the Mitochondria Mall, suddenly, out of nowhere, another car with a bunch NADs came flying past and they hurriedly asked if any Hydrogens would like to come with them to the big party. Then, one Hydrogen out of each of the gangs, hopped in with the NADs, and said, “I’m outta’ here!” Following this betrayal, a Carbon and two Hydrogens linked up and decided to head to the party and see if it was as much fun as everyone was saying. So, the poor, broken apart gangs were thinking things would never get better, when all of a sudden, a guy came up and asked if he could hang out with them. He said his name was Coenzyme A, and they were so happy, they decided to call their new club, “Acetyl Coenzyme A.” The happy elements began to explore the Mitochondria Mall, when they stumbled upon the Krebs Cycle-Go Round. It looked so fun! They absolutely had to try it! So, they climbed aboard the exciting looking ride, preparing themselves for fun! As the ride began to move, a Carbon and two Hydrogens got sick from the movement, and hopped off the ride, planning to go and see what the party was like while they were waiting. As the ride started spinning faster, those horrible NADs swung by and stole a few more Hydrogens. The rest of the group was having too much fun to really notice, when a dude named FAD came by. Almost instantly, one of the Hydrogens became mesmerized by the new molecule of a man. She hopped off the ride and took off with Mr. FAD, hoping to never have to see the rest of the group again. When the ride was over, they did a head count, and to their surprise, each group had lost two Carbons, four Oxygens, and four Hydrogens!! Feeling quite distressed, they decided to name what was left of their group, “The Omnipotent Oxaloacetic Acid!” After their new name had been proclaimed, they voted on what they were going to do next. Almost everyone wanted to go to “the big, important party” that had claimed so many of their friends. They finally found the place called the Electron Transport Chain. The whole place appeared like a big factory funhouse. Hydrogens were going in, ATPs and water were coming out! That’s where all the Hydrogens had gone! The whole thing was like a never ending chain of events, and so they decided to name this process Cellular Respiration. They told their story to all of the elements that wanted to go to Cell-City to warn them to stay away, and beware of NADs, ATPs, and FADs!!!! Carley Thomas is 13 years old and lives in Decatur County, Indiana on a small farm with her two brothers and two sisters. She loves riding horses, and is currently training a yearling filly that she hopes to be riding and showing in the spring of 2020 when the filly turns two. She also enjoys playing hockey at the Columbus Ice Rink with three of her younger siblings, and likes to cook, sew, write, and paint. To learn more about our Live Online Classes click HERE. Thanks for subscribing! Fill in the form below. We will contact you in 1-2 business days. There was a problem submitting the form. Please try again. Thanks for contacting us. We'll respond to you very soon.	1,411	ENGLISH	1
U.S. Army Birthdays The 14 June date is when Congress adopted "the American continental army" after reaching a consensus position in The Committee of the Whole. This procedure and the desire for secrecy account for the sparseness of the official journal entries for the day. The record indicates only that Congress undertook to raise ten companies of riflemen, approved an enlistment form for them, and appointed a committee (including Washington and Schuyler) to draft rules and regulations for the government of the army. The delegates' correspondence, diaries, and subsequent actions make it clear that they really did much more. They also accepted responsibility for the existing New England troops and forces requested for the defense of the various points in New York. The former were believed to total 10,000 men; the latter, both New Yorkers and Connecticut men, another 5,000. At least some members of Congress assumed from the beginning that this force would be expanded. That expansion, in the form of increased troop ceilings at Boston, came very rapidly as better information arrived regarding the actual numbers of New England troops. By the third week in June delegates were referring to 15,000 at Boston. When on 19 June Congress requested the governments of Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire to forward to Boston "such of the forces as are already embodied, towards their quotas of the troops agreed to be raised by the New England Colonies," it gave a clear indication of its intent to adopt the regional army. Discussions the next day indicated that Congress was prepared to support a force at Boston twice the size of the British garrison, and that it was unwilling to order any existing units to be disbanded. By the first week in July delegates were referring to a total at Boston that was edging toward 20.000. Maximum strengths for the forces both in Massachusetts and New York were finally established on 21 and 22 July, when solid information was on hand. These were set, respectively, at 22,000 and 5,000 men, a total nearly double that envisioned on 14 June. The "expert riflemen" authorized on 14 June were the first units raised directly as Continentals. Congress intended to have the ten companies serve as a light infantry force for the Boston siege. At the same time it symbolically extended military participation beyond New England by allocating 6 of the companies to Pennsylvania, 2 to Maryland, and 2 to Virginia. Each company would have a captain, 3 lieutenants, 4 sergeants, 4 corporals, a drummer (or horn player), and 68 privates. The enlistment period was set at one year, the norm for the earlier Provincials, a period that would expire on 1 July 1776. Responsibility for recruiting the companies was given to the three colonies' delegates, who in turn relied on the county committees of those areas noted for skilled marksmen. The response in Pennsylvania's western and northern frontier counties was so great that on 22 June the colony's quota was increased from six to eight companies, organized as a regiment. On 25 June the Pennsylvania delegates, with authority from the Pennsylvania Assembly, appointed field officers for the regiment. Since there was no staff organization, company officers and volunteers performed the necessary duties. On 11 July delegate George Read secured the adoption of a ninth company that his wife's nephew had organized in Lancaster County. In Virginia Daniel Morgan raised one company in Frederick County, and Hugh Stephenson raised another in Berkeley County. Michael Cresap's and Thomas Price's Maryland companies were both from Frederick County. All thirteen companies were organized during late June and early July. They then raced to Boston, where their frontier attitudes created disciplinary problems. - 1 Selection of Commanders - 2 Basic branches - 2.1 Infantry, 14 June 1775 - 2.2 Adjutant General's Corps, 16 June 1775 - 2.3 Corps of Engineers, 16 June 1775 - 2.4 Finance Corps, 16 June 1775 - 2.5 Quartermaster Corps, 16 June 1775 - 2.6 Field Artillery, 17 November 1775 - 2.7 Office of Mounted Commands, 12 December 1776 - 2.8 Ordnance Corps, 14 May 1812 - 2.9 Signal Corps, 21 June 1860 - 2.10 Chemical Corps, 28 June 1918 - 2.11 Military Police Corps, 26 September 1941 - 2.12 Transportation Corps, 31 July 1942 - 2.13 Military Intelligence, 1 July 1962 - 2.14 Aviation, 12 April 1983 - 2.15 Special Forces, 9 April 1987 - 3 Special branches - 4 References - 5 External links Selection of Commanders The inclusion of troops from outside New England gave a continental flavor to the army at Boston. A desire to broaden the base of support for the war also led John Adams to work for the appointment of a southerner as the commander of all the continental forces, raised, or to be raised, for the defense of American liberty. On 15 June Congress unanimously chose George Washington. Washington had been active in the military planning committees of Congress and by late May had taken to wearing his old uniform. His colleagues believed that his modesty and competence qualified him to adjust to the "Temper & Genius" of the New England troops. Washington was given the rank of General and Commander in Chief. Congress clearly respected Washington, for it granted him extensive powers which combined functions of a regular British commander with the military responsibilities of a colonial governor. His instructions on 20 June told him to proceed to Massachusetts, "take charge of the army of the United Colonies," and capture or destroy all armed enemies. His was also to prepare and to send to Congress an accurate strength return of that army. On the other hand, instructions to keep the army obedient, diligent, and disciplined were rather vague. The Commander in Chief's right to make strategic and tactical decisions on purely military grounds was limited only by a requirement to listen to the advice of a council of war. Within a set troop maximum, including volunteers, Washington had the right to determine how many men to retain, and he had the power to fill temporarily any vacancies below the rank of colonel. Permanent promotions and appointments were reserved for the colonial governments to make. Although sectional politics were involved in Washington's selection, in strictly military terms he was in fact the best-qualified native American. He had begun his military career in 1752 in the Virginia militia as one of four regional adjutants responsible for training. During the first phase of the French and Indian War, he served with gallantry as Edward Braddock's volunteer aide at the battle of the Monongahela, and later as the commander of Virginia's two Provincial regiments defending the colony's frontiers. In 1758 he commanded a brigade composed of Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania units on John Forbes' expedition against Fort Duquesne. Washington was the only American in that war to command so large a force. The experience of these years taught him the importance of discipline, marksmanship, and professional study. Exposure to Forbes' ideas on adapting European tactics to the American wilderness also contributed significantly to his military education. Above all, he came to the conclusion that only unyielding commitment to hard work and attention to administrative detail could keep troops in the field. On 16 June, the day after Washington's appointment, Congress authorized a variety of other senior officers for its new army. Details were again settled by the Committee of the Whole. Positions for five major staff officers were established: an Adjutant General, a Commissary of Musters, a Paymaster General, a Commissary General, and a Quartermaster General. These officers were expected to assist the Commander in Chief with the administration of the "grand army." The forces allocated to New York already were considered a separate department and were authorized their own deputy quartermaster general and deputy paymaster general. A military secretary and 3 aides for Washington, a secretary for the separate department, and 6 engineers (3 for each force) completed the staff. Congress also created the ranks of major general and brigadier general. The number of generals remained uncertain for several days as Congress debated. Between 17 and 22 June it finally decided on 4 major generals, each having 2 aides, and 8 brigadier generals. These totals allowed each colony raising troops to have a share of the patronage. Congress then took steps for issuing paper money to finance the army, and on 30 June it adopted the Articles of War. Selection of the subordinate generals and senior staff officers led to political maneuvering as delegates sought appointments for favorite sons. On 17 June Congress elected Artemas Ward and Charles Lee as the first and second major generals and Horatio Gates as the Adjutant General. Ward received seniority because he was in command at Boston and because Massachusetts had furnished the largest contingent of troops. Ward was a Harvard graduate with many years of political experience. After two years of active duty as a field officer in the French and Indian War, he had compiled an excellent record as a militia administrator. Lee and Gates were professional English officers in their forties who were living in Virginia on the half-pay (inactive) list. Both had served in the French and Indian War and were associates of politicians in England and America who opposed British policies. Lee had also seen service in Portugal and in the Polish Army. Gates had ended the Seven Years' War as a major in the Caribbean. His appointment as Adjutant General (with the rank of brigadier general) reflected Congress' hope that his staff experience would enable him to provide Washington with strong administrative assistance. On 19 June two more major generals were appointed to satisfy other colonies' contributing large troop contingents. Philip Schuyler, a New York delegate with close ties to Washington, was expected to take command of the troops in his colony. A member of one of New York's leading families, the 42-year-old Schuyler had been a major in the French and Indian War, specializing in logistics. His experience, political connections, and extensive business interests in Albany were particularly valuable in his new command. Connecticut's delegation could not agree on a nominee for that colony's major general. In the end Israel Putnam's status as a folk hero outweighed consideration of seniority, and he received the appointment. Putnam, at 57, had seen extensive service in the French and Indian War, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel. He had also been an early, vocal leader of the Connecticut Sons of Liberty. The process of selecting brigadier generals on 22 June was the product of a compromise. Congress allotted these appointments in proportion to the number of men contributed by each colony and followed the recommendations of the colony's delegates in the actual selection. Congress, however, created problems by ignoring seniority and status. When it elected Massachusetts' Seth Pomeroy, William Heath, and John Thomas as the first, fourth, and sixth brigadier generals, respectively, Thomas felt he had been slighted. The situation was resolved when Pomeroy declined the appointment, citing age, before Washington handed out the commissions. Congress then made Thomas the first brigadier general, although it did not fill the vacancy created by Pomeroy's withdrawal. Thomas, a surgeon militiamen, and former Provincial born in 1724, had gained combat experience primarily in medical roles. Heath, thirteen years younger, was strictly a product of the militia. Richard Montgomery of New York became the second ranking brigadier general. Born in Ireland in 1738 and educated at Dublin's Trinity College, he had entered the British Army in 1756. After combat service in North America and in the Caribbean, he resigned in 1772 when he failed to receive a promotion to major. He moved to New York, married into the powerful Livingston family, and in 1775 won election to the New York Provincial Congress. Montgomery's appointment was intended to complement Schuyler's logistical and administrative skills with combat experience. David Wooster and Joseph Spencer of Connecticut became the third and fifth brigadier generals. Born in 1711 and educated at Yale, Wooster had served in Connecticut's navy during King George's War. He later commanded a regiment in the French and Indian War. Spencer, three years younger, had also served in both wars. The two men initially refused to serve under Putnam, disputing his seniority, and had to be coaxed into accepting their commissions. Delegate John Sullivan of New Hampshire, a 35-yearold lawyer, became the seventh brigadier general instead of Nathaniel Folsom. Nathanael Greene of Rhode Island completed the list. In retrospect, the June 1775 decision of the Continental Congress to create the Continental Army seems remarkably free from political strife. Delegates of all shades of opinion supported each step, and arguments largely concerned technical details. Unanimity resulted from a conviction that British actions required defensive measures and from carefully worded compromises. Those individuals committed to the ideal of the citizen-soldier saw Congress' adoption of the short-term New England force as an acceptance of a yeoman army. Others, remembering practical lessons of the colonial wars, believed that they were forming an army based on the Provincial model. Officer selection was another area of compromise; the fact that Washington and Schuyler were given blank commissions from Congress to distribute to the regimental officers confirmed local selections while retaining a nominal national level of appointment. Infantry, 14 June 1775 Ten companies of riflemen were authorized by a resolution of the Continental Congress on 14 June 1775. However, the oldest Regular Army infantry regiment, the 3d, was constituted on 3 June 1784, as the First American Regiment. Adjutant General's Corps, 16 June 1775 The post of Adjutant General was established 16 June 1775, and has been continuously in operation since that time. The Adjutant General's Department, by that name, was established by the act of 3 March 1813, and was redesignated the Adjutant General's Corps in 1950. Corps of Engineers, 16 June 1775 Continental Congress authority for a "Chief Engineer for the Army" dates from 16 June 1775. A corps of Engineers for the United States was authorized by the Congress on 11 March 1779. The Corps of Engineers as it is known today came into being on 16 March 1802, when the President was authorized to "organize and establish a Corps of Engineers ... that the said Corps ... shall be stationed at West Point in the State of New York and shall constitute a Military Academy." A Corps of Topographical Engineers, authorized on 4 July 1838, was merged with the Corps of Engineers in March 1863. Finance Corps, 16 June 1775 The Finance Corps is the successor to the old Pay Department, which was created in June 1775. The Finance Department was created by law on 1 July 1920. It became the Finance Corps in 1950. Quartermaster Corps, 16 June 1775 The Quartermaster Corps, originally designated the Quartermaster Department, was established on 16 June 1775. While numerous additions, deletions, and changes of function have occurred, its basic supply and service support functions have continued in existence. Field Artillery, 17 November 1775 The Continental Congress unanimously elected Henry Knox "Colonel of the Regiment of Artillery" on 17 November 1775. The regiment formally entered service on 1 January 1776. Office of Mounted Commands, 12 December 1776 The Armor branch traces its origin to the Cavalry. A regiment of cavalry was authorized to be raised by the Continental Congress Resolve of 12 December 1776. Although mounted units were raised at various times after the Revolution, the first in continuous service was the United States 1st and 2nd Regiment of Dragoons, organized in 1833. The Tank Service was formed on 5 March 1918. The Armored Force was formed on 10 July 1940. Armor became a permanent branch of the Army in 1950. Ordnance Corps, 14 May 1812 The Ordnance Department was established by act of Congress on 14 May 1812. During the Revolutionary War, ordnance material was under supervision of the Board of War and Ordnance. Numerous shifts in duties and responsibilities have occurred in the Ordnance Corps since colonial times. It acquired its present designation in 1950. Signal Corps, 21 June 1860 The Signal Corps was authorized as a separate branch of the Army by act of Congress on 3 March 1863. However, the Signal Corps dates its existence from 21 June 1860, when Congress authorized the appointment of one signal officer in the Army, and a War Department order carried the following assignment: "Signal Department—Assistant Surgeon Albert J. Myer to be Signal Officer, with the rank of Major, 27 June 1860, to fill an original vacancy." Chemical Corps, 28 June 1918 The Chemical Warfare Service was established on 28 June 1918, combining activities that until then had been dispersed among five separate agencies of Government. It was made a permanent branch of the Regular Army by the National Defense Act of 1920. In 1945, it was redesignated the Chemical Corps. Military Police Corps, 26 September 1941 A Provost Marshal General's Office and Corps of Military Police were established in 1941. Prior to that time, except during the Civil War and World War I, there was no regularly appointed Provost Marshal General or regularly constituted Military Police Corps, although a "Provost Marshal" can be found as early as January 1776, and a "Provost Corps" as early as 1778. Transportation Corps, 31 July 1942 The historical background of the Transportation Corps starts with World War I. Prior to that time, transportation operations were chiefly the responsibility of the Quartermaster General. The Transportation Corps, essentially in its present form, was organized on 31 July 1942. Military Intelligence, 1 July 1962 Intelligence has been an essential element of Army operations during war as well as during periods of peace. In the past, requirements were met by personnel from the Army Intelligence and Army Security Reserve branches, two-year obligated tour officers, one-tour levies on the various branches, and Regular Army officers in the specialization programs. To meet the Army's increased requirement for national and tactical intelligence, an Intelligence and Security Branch was established in the Army effective 1 July 1962, by General Orders No. 38, 3 July 1962. On 1 July 1967, the branch was redesignated as Military Intelligence. Aviation, 12 April 1983 Following the establishment of the U.S. Air Force as a separate service in 1947, the Army began to develop further its own aviation assets (light planes and rotary wing aircraft) in support of ground operations. The Korean War gave this drive impetus, and the war in Vietnam saw its fruition, as Army aviation units performed a variety of missions, including reconnaissance, transport, and fire support. After the war in Vietnam, the role of armed helicopters as tank destroyers received new emphasis. In recognition of the growing importance of aviation in Army doctrine and operations, Aviation became a separate branch on 12 April 1983, and a full member of the Army's combined arms team. Special Forces, 9 April 1987 The first Special Forces unit in the Army was formed on 11 June 1952, when the 10th Special Forces Group was activated at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. A major expansion of Special Forces occurred during the 1960s, with a total of eighteen groups organized in the Regular Army, Army Reserve, and Army National Guard. As a result of renewed emphasis on special operations in the 1980s, the Special Forces Branch was established as a basic branch of the Army effective April 9, 1987, by General Orders No. 35, 19 June 1987. Army Medical Department, 27 July 1775 The Army Medical Department and the Medical Corps trace their origins to 27 July 1775, when the Continental Congress established the Army hospital headed by a "Director General and Chief Physician." Congress provided a medical organization of the Army only in time of war or emergency until 1818, which marked the inception of a permanent and continuous Medical Department. The Army Nurse Corps dates from 1901, the Dental Corps from 1911, the Veterinary Corps from 1916, the Medical Service Corps from 1917, and the Army Medical Specialist Corps from 1947. The Army Organization Act of 1950 renamed the Medical Department as the Army Medical Service. On 4 June 1968, the Army Medical Service was redesignated the Army Medical Department. Chaplains, 29 July 1775 The legal origin of the Chaplains is found in a resolution of the Continental Congress, adopted 29 July 1775, which made provision for the pay of chaplains. The Office of the Chief of Chaplains was created by the National Defense Act of 1920. Judge Advocate General's Corps, 29 July 1775 The Office of Judge Advocate of the Army may be deemed to have been created on 29 July 1775, and has generally paralleled the origin and development of the American system of military justice. The Judge Advocate General's Department, by that name, was established in 1884. Its present designation as a corps was enacted in 1948. Civil Affairs, 17 August 1955 The Civil Affairs/Military Government Branch in the Army Reserve Branch was established on 17 August 1955. It was later redesignated the Civil Affairs Branch on 2 October 1959, and it has continued its mission to provide guidance to commanders in a broad spectrum of activities ranging from host–guest relationships to the assumption of executive, legislative, and judicial processes in occupied or liberated areas.	<urn:uuid:72d4f955-f741-4fe7-b679-259cfff8942f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.goodacts.org/state/florida/?rdp_we_resource=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FU.S._Army_Birthdays	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597458.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120052454-20200120080454-00023.warc.gz	en	0.980112	4,394	3.609375	4	[ -0.8496267199516296, -0.06576597690582275, 0.4556548297405243, -0.2793130874633789, -0.31290507316589355, 0.19957244396209717, -0.3151920735836029, -0.03436323627829552, -0.3039444088935852, -0.031315967440605164, 0.6170457601547241, 0.0838182270526886, 0.22263699769973755, 0.1557638645172...	1	U.S. Army Birthdays The 14 June date is when Congress adopted "the American continental army" after reaching a consensus position in The Committee of the Whole. This procedure and the desire for secrecy account for the sparseness of the official journal entries for the day. The record indicates only that Congress undertook to raise ten companies of riflemen, approved an enlistment form for them, and appointed a committee (including Washington and Schuyler) to draft rules and regulations for the government of the army. The delegates' correspondence, diaries, and subsequent actions make it clear that they really did much more. They also accepted responsibility for the existing New England troops and forces requested for the defense of the various points in New York. The former were believed to total 10,000 men; the latter, both New Yorkers and Connecticut men, another 5,000. At least some members of Congress assumed from the beginning that this force would be expanded. That expansion, in the form of increased troop ceilings at Boston, came very rapidly as better information arrived regarding the actual numbers of New England troops. By the third week in June delegates were referring to 15,000 at Boston. When on 19 June Congress requested the governments of Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire to forward to Boston "such of the forces as are already embodied, towards their quotas of the troops agreed to be raised by the New England Colonies," it gave a clear indication of its intent to adopt the regional army. Discussions the next day indicated that Congress was prepared to support a force at Boston twice the size of the British garrison, and that it was unwilling to order any existing units to be disbanded. By the first week in July delegates were referring to a total at Boston that was edging toward 20.000. Maximum strengths for the forces both in Massachusetts and New York were finally established on 21 and 22 July, when solid information was on hand. These were set, respectively, at 22,000 and 5,000 men, a total nearly double that envisioned on 14 June. The "expert riflemen" authorized on 14 June were the first units raised directly as Continentals. Congress intended to have the ten companies serve as a light infantry force for the Boston siege. At the same time it symbolically extended military participation beyond New England by allocating 6 of the companies to Pennsylvania, 2 to Maryland, and 2 to Virginia. Each company would have a captain, 3 lieutenants, 4 sergeants, 4 corporals, a drummer (or horn player), and 68 privates. The enlistment period was set at one year, the norm for the earlier Provincials, a period that would expire on 1 July 1776. Responsibility for recruiting the companies was given to the three colonies' delegates, who in turn relied on the county committees of those areas noted for skilled marksmen. The response in Pennsylvania's western and northern frontier counties was so great that on 22 June the colony's quota was increased from six to eight companies, organized as a regiment. On 25 June the Pennsylvania delegates, with authority from the Pennsylvania Assembly, appointed field officers for the regiment. Since there was no staff organization, company officers and volunteers performed the necessary duties. On 11 July delegate George Read secured the adoption of a ninth company that his wife's nephew had organized in Lancaster County. In Virginia Daniel Morgan raised one company in Frederick County, and Hugh Stephenson raised another in Berkeley County. Michael Cresap's and Thomas Price's Maryland companies were both from Frederick County. All thirteen companies were organized during late June and early July. They then raced to Boston, where their frontier attitudes created disciplinary problems. - 1 Selection of Commanders - 2 Basic branches - 2.1 Infantry, 14 June 1775 - 2.2 Adjutant General's Corps, 16 June 1775 - 2.3 Corps of Engineers, 16 June 1775 - 2.4 Finance Corps, 16 June 1775 - 2.5 Quartermaster Corps, 16 June 1775 - 2.6 Field Artillery, 17 November 1775 - 2.7 Office of Mounted Commands, 12 December 1776 - 2.8 Ordnance Corps, 14 May 1812 - 2.9 Signal Corps, 21 June 1860 - 2.10 Chemical Corps, 28 June 1918 - 2.11 Military Police Corps, 26 September 1941 - 2.12 Transportation Corps, 31 July 1942 - 2.13 Military Intelligence, 1 July 1962 - 2.14 Aviation, 12 April 1983 - 2.15 Special Forces, 9 April 1987 - 3 Special branches - 4 References - 5 External links Selection of Commanders The inclusion of troops from outside New England gave a continental flavor to the army at Boston. A desire to broaden the base of support for the war also led John Adams to work for the appointment of a southerner as the commander of all the continental forces, raised, or to be raised, for the defense of American liberty. On 15 June Congress unanimously chose George Washington. Washington had been active in the military planning committees of Congress and by late May had taken to wearing his old uniform. His colleagues believed that his modesty and competence qualified him to adjust to the "Temper & Genius" of the New England troops. Washington was given the rank of General and Commander in Chief. Congress clearly respected Washington, for it granted him extensive powers which combined functions of a regular British commander with the military responsibilities of a colonial governor. His instructions on 20 June told him to proceed to Massachusetts, "take charge of the army of the United Colonies," and capture or destroy all armed enemies. His was also to prepare and to send to Congress an accurate strength return of that army. On the other hand, instructions to keep the army obedient, diligent, and disciplined were rather vague. The Commander in Chief's right to make strategic and tactical decisions on purely military grounds was limited only by a requirement to listen to the advice of a council of war. Within a set troop maximum, including volunteers, Washington had the right to determine how many men to retain, and he had the power to fill temporarily any vacancies below the rank of colonel. Permanent promotions and appointments were reserved for the colonial governments to make. Although sectional politics were involved in Washington's selection, in strictly military terms he was in fact the best-qualified native American. He had begun his military career in 1752 in the Virginia militia as one of four regional adjutants responsible for training. During the first phase of the French and Indian War, he served with gallantry as Edward Braddock's volunteer aide at the battle of the Monongahela, and later as the commander of Virginia's two Provincial regiments defending the colony's frontiers. In 1758 he commanded a brigade composed of Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania units on John Forbes' expedition against Fort Duquesne. Washington was the only American in that war to command so large a force. The experience of these years taught him the importance of discipline, marksmanship, and professional study. Exposure to Forbes' ideas on adapting European tactics to the American wilderness also contributed significantly to his military education. Above all, he came to the conclusion that only unyielding commitment to hard work and attention to administrative detail could keep troops in the field. On 16 June, the day after Washington's appointment, Congress authorized a variety of other senior officers for its new army. Details were again settled by the Committee of the Whole. Positions for five major staff officers were established: an Adjutant General, a Commissary of Musters, a Paymaster General, a Commissary General, and a Quartermaster General. These officers were expected to assist the Commander in Chief with the administration of the "grand army." The forces allocated to New York already were considered a separate department and were authorized their own deputy quartermaster general and deputy paymaster general. A military secretary and 3 aides for Washington, a secretary for the separate department, and 6 engineers (3 for each force) completed the staff. Congress also created the ranks of major general and brigadier general. The number of generals remained uncertain for several days as Congress debated. Between 17 and 22 June it finally decided on 4 major generals, each having 2 aides, and 8 brigadier generals. These totals allowed each colony raising troops to have a share of the patronage. Congress then took steps for issuing paper money to finance the army, and on 30 June it adopted the Articles of War. Selection of the subordinate generals and senior staff officers led to political maneuvering as delegates sought appointments for favorite sons. On 17 June Congress elected Artemas Ward and Charles Lee as the first and second major generals and Horatio Gates as the Adjutant General. Ward received seniority because he was in command at Boston and because Massachusetts had furnished the largest contingent of troops. Ward was a Harvard graduate with many years of political experience. After two years of active duty as a field officer in the French and Indian War, he had compiled an excellent record as a militia administrator. Lee and Gates were professional English officers in their forties who were living in Virginia on the half-pay (inactive) list. Both had served in the French and Indian War and were associates of politicians in England and America who opposed British policies. Lee had also seen service in Portugal and in the Polish Army. Gates had ended the Seven Years' War as a major in the Caribbean. His appointment as Adjutant General (with the rank of brigadier general) reflected Congress' hope that his staff experience would enable him to provide Washington with strong administrative assistance. On 19 June two more major generals were appointed to satisfy other colonies' contributing large troop contingents. Philip Schuyler, a New York delegate with close ties to Washington, was expected to take command of the troops in his colony. A member of one of New York's leading families, the 42-year-old Schuyler had been a major in the French and Indian War, specializing in logistics. His experience, political connections, and extensive business interests in Albany were particularly valuable in his new command. Connecticut's delegation could not agree on a nominee for that colony's major general. In the end Israel Putnam's status as a folk hero outweighed consideration of seniority, and he received the appointment. Putnam, at 57, had seen extensive service in the French and Indian War, rising to the rank of lieutenant colonel. He had also been an early, vocal leader of the Connecticut Sons of Liberty. The process of selecting brigadier generals on 22 June was the product of a compromise. Congress allotted these appointments in proportion to the number of men contributed by each colony and followed the recommendations of the colony's delegates in the actual selection. Congress, however, created problems by ignoring seniority and status. When it elected Massachusetts' Seth Pomeroy, William Heath, and John Thomas as the first, fourth, and sixth brigadier generals, respectively, Thomas felt he had been slighted. The situation was resolved when Pomeroy declined the appointment, citing age, before Washington handed out the commissions. Congress then made Thomas the first brigadier general, although it did not fill the vacancy created by Pomeroy's withdrawal. Thomas, a surgeon militiamen, and former Provincial born in 1724, had gained combat experience primarily in medical roles. Heath, thirteen years younger, was strictly a product of the militia. Richard Montgomery of New York became the second ranking brigadier general. Born in Ireland in 1738 and educated at Dublin's Trinity College, he had entered the British Army in 1756. After combat service in North America and in the Caribbean, he resigned in 1772 when he failed to receive a promotion to major. He moved to New York, married into the powerful Livingston family, and in 1775 won election to the New York Provincial Congress. Montgomery's appointment was intended to complement Schuyler's logistical and administrative skills with combat experience. David Wooster and Joseph Spencer of Connecticut became the third and fifth brigadier generals. Born in 1711 and educated at Yale, Wooster had served in Connecticut's navy during King George's War. He later commanded a regiment in the French and Indian War. Spencer, three years younger, had also served in both wars. The two men initially refused to serve under Putnam, disputing his seniority, and had to be coaxed into accepting their commissions. Delegate John Sullivan of New Hampshire, a 35-yearold lawyer, became the seventh brigadier general instead of Nathaniel Folsom. Nathanael Greene of Rhode Island completed the list. In retrospect, the June 1775 decision of the Continental Congress to create the Continental Army seems remarkably free from political strife. Delegates of all shades of opinion supported each step, and arguments largely concerned technical details. Unanimity resulted from a conviction that British actions required defensive measures and from carefully worded compromises. Those individuals committed to the ideal of the citizen-soldier saw Congress' adoption of the short-term New England force as an acceptance of a yeoman army. Others, remembering practical lessons of the colonial wars, believed that they were forming an army based on the Provincial model. Officer selection was another area of compromise; the fact that Washington and Schuyler were given blank commissions from Congress to distribute to the regimental officers confirmed local selections while retaining a nominal national level of appointment. Infantry, 14 June 1775 Ten companies of riflemen were authorized by a resolution of the Continental Congress on 14 June 1775. However, the oldest Regular Army infantry regiment, the 3d, was constituted on 3 June 1784, as the First American Regiment. Adjutant General's Corps, 16 June 1775 The post of Adjutant General was established 16 June 1775, and has been continuously in operation since that time. The Adjutant General's Department, by that name, was established by the act of 3 March 1813, and was redesignated the Adjutant General's Corps in 1950. Corps of Engineers, 16 June 1775 Continental Congress authority for a "Chief Engineer for the Army" dates from 16 June 1775. A corps of Engineers for the United States was authorized by the Congress on 11 March 1779. The Corps of Engineers as it is known today came into being on 16 March 1802, when the President was authorized to "organize and establish a Corps of Engineers ... that the said Corps ... shall be stationed at West Point in the State of New York and shall constitute a Military Academy." A Corps of Topographical Engineers, authorized on 4 July 1838, was merged with the Corps of Engineers in March 1863. Finance Corps, 16 June 1775 The Finance Corps is the successor to the old Pay Department, which was created in June 1775. The Finance Department was created by law on 1 July 1920. It became the Finance Corps in 1950. Quartermaster Corps, 16 June 1775 The Quartermaster Corps, originally designated the Quartermaster Department, was established on 16 June 1775. While numerous additions, deletions, and changes of function have occurred, its basic supply and service support functions have continued in existence. Field Artillery, 17 November 1775 The Continental Congress unanimously elected Henry Knox "Colonel of the Regiment of Artillery" on 17 November 1775. The regiment formally entered service on 1 January 1776. Office of Mounted Commands, 12 December 1776 The Armor branch traces its origin to the Cavalry. A regiment of cavalry was authorized to be raised by the Continental Congress Resolve of 12 December 1776. Although mounted units were raised at various times after the Revolution, the first in continuous service was the United States 1st and 2nd Regiment of Dragoons, organized in 1833. The Tank Service was formed on 5 March 1918. The Armored Force was formed on 10 July 1940. Armor became a permanent branch of the Army in 1950. Ordnance Corps, 14 May 1812 The Ordnance Department was established by act of Congress on 14 May 1812. During the Revolutionary War, ordnance material was under supervision of the Board of War and Ordnance. Numerous shifts in duties and responsibilities have occurred in the Ordnance Corps since colonial times. It acquired its present designation in 1950. Signal Corps, 21 June 1860 The Signal Corps was authorized as a separate branch of the Army by act of Congress on 3 March 1863. However, the Signal Corps dates its existence from 21 June 1860, when Congress authorized the appointment of one signal officer in the Army, and a War Department order carried the following assignment: "Signal Department—Assistant Surgeon Albert J. Myer to be Signal Officer, with the rank of Major, 27 June 1860, to fill an original vacancy." Chemical Corps, 28 June 1918 The Chemical Warfare Service was established on 28 June 1918, combining activities that until then had been dispersed among five separate agencies of Government. It was made a permanent branch of the Regular Army by the National Defense Act of 1920. In 1945, it was redesignated the Chemical Corps. Military Police Corps, 26 September 1941 A Provost Marshal General's Office and Corps of Military Police were established in 1941. Prior to that time, except during the Civil War and World War I, there was no regularly appointed Provost Marshal General or regularly constituted Military Police Corps, although a "Provost Marshal" can be found as early as January 1776, and a "Provost Corps" as early as 1778. Transportation Corps, 31 July 1942 The historical background of the Transportation Corps starts with World War I. Prior to that time, transportation operations were chiefly the responsibility of the Quartermaster General. The Transportation Corps, essentially in its present form, was organized on 31 July 1942. Military Intelligence, 1 July 1962 Intelligence has been an essential element of Army operations during war as well as during periods of peace. In the past, requirements were met by personnel from the Army Intelligence and Army Security Reserve branches, two-year obligated tour officers, one-tour levies on the various branches, and Regular Army officers in the specialization programs. To meet the Army's increased requirement for national and tactical intelligence, an Intelligence and Security Branch was established in the Army effective 1 July 1962, by General Orders No. 38, 3 July 1962. On 1 July 1967, the branch was redesignated as Military Intelligence. Aviation, 12 April 1983 Following the establishment of the U.S. Air Force as a separate service in 1947, the Army began to develop further its own aviation assets (light planes and rotary wing aircraft) in support of ground operations. The Korean War gave this drive impetus, and the war in Vietnam saw its fruition, as Army aviation units performed a variety of missions, including reconnaissance, transport, and fire support. After the war in Vietnam, the role of armed helicopters as tank destroyers received new emphasis. In recognition of the growing importance of aviation in Army doctrine and operations, Aviation became a separate branch on 12 April 1983, and a full member of the Army's combined arms team. Special Forces, 9 April 1987 The first Special Forces unit in the Army was formed on 11 June 1952, when the 10th Special Forces Group was activated at Fort Bragg, North Carolina. A major expansion of Special Forces occurred during the 1960s, with a total of eighteen groups organized in the Regular Army, Army Reserve, and Army National Guard. As a result of renewed emphasis on special operations in the 1980s, the Special Forces Branch was established as a basic branch of the Army effective April 9, 1987, by General Orders No. 35, 19 June 1987. Army Medical Department, 27 July 1775 The Army Medical Department and the Medical Corps trace their origins to 27 July 1775, when the Continental Congress established the Army hospital headed by a "Director General and Chief Physician." Congress provided a medical organization of the Army only in time of war or emergency until 1818, which marked the inception of a permanent and continuous Medical Department. The Army Nurse Corps dates from 1901, the Dental Corps from 1911, the Veterinary Corps from 1916, the Medical Service Corps from 1917, and the Army Medical Specialist Corps from 1947. The Army Organization Act of 1950 renamed the Medical Department as the Army Medical Service. On 4 June 1968, the Army Medical Service was redesignated the Army Medical Department. Chaplains, 29 July 1775 The legal origin of the Chaplains is found in a resolution of the Continental Congress, adopted 29 July 1775, which made provision for the pay of chaplains. The Office of the Chief of Chaplains was created by the National Defense Act of 1920. Judge Advocate General's Corps, 29 July 1775 The Office of Judge Advocate of the Army may be deemed to have been created on 29 July 1775, and has generally paralleled the origin and development of the American system of military justice. The Judge Advocate General's Department, by that name, was established in 1884. Its present designation as a corps was enacted in 1948. Civil Affairs, 17 August 1955 The Civil Affairs/Military Government Branch in the Army Reserve Branch was established on 17 August 1955. It was later redesignated the Civil Affairs Branch on 2 October 1959, and it has continued its mission to provide guidance to commanders in a broad spectrum of activities ranging from host–guest relationships to the assumption of executive, legislative, and judicial processes in occupied or liberated areas.	4,944	ENGLISH	1
It is always a magnificent story when animals work alongside humans to achieve a common goal. In this case, a group of killer whales (Orcinus orca) known as the Killer Whales of Eden, co-operated with hunters to prey on cetacean species near the port of Eden in southeastern Australia. All parties involved mutually benefited from this most fascinating dual-hunting strategy partnership which lasted close to 80 years during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. At the time, the whalers hunted baleen whales, which are whales named after their feeding apparatus: baleens. Baleen consists of a series of plates made from keratin, which is the same substance that makes up human fingernails. These baleens hang from the rood of the mouth and are used to filter plankton, krill, and other schooling fish. Baleen whales include whales such as rorquals, gray whales, and pygmy right whales which can grow up to 34 meters in length. These whales were mostly targeted for their blubber, bones, and baleen, which was specifically utilized to manufacture clothes for women. The famous pod of killer whales included a distinctive member, a large male possessing a unique dorsal fin called Old Tom, who was known for his quirky character and regular sightings. This group of whales would intercept whales on their migration journey and then, working together, would corral them into Twofold Bay. Once the victim baleen whale was contained within the bay, a member of the group, usually Old Tom, would alert the whales by breaching of tail slapping at the mouth of the Kiah River, just outside the hunter’s homes. This action led the hunters to believe that Old Tom was the “leader of the pack”, however among killer whales such a role was more likely to be taken by a female. The whalers would then launch their wood row boats to where Old Tom and his pod held the entrapped whale. It is believed that after the harpooning phase, the whales would grab the harpoon ropes which extended from the speared whale to the boat and would help haul the dead baleen whale to shore. Old Tom was famous for taking the ropes in his mouth or under his pectoral flipper. Visitors are still able to view the teeth and the skeleton of Old Tom on display at the Eden Killer Whale Museum. There are significant wear marks on the teeth from repeatedly grabbing fast-moving ropes. In exchange for their help, the whalers would anchor the carcass overnight. Meanwhile the killer whales would eat the tongue, throat, and lips of the whale before the whalers would haul it to shore. They would also feed on the many fish and birds that would show up to scavenge small scraps and fishing runoff. This arrangement was dubbed the “law of the tongue” and was a fundamental piece of the partnership between man and orca. Unfortunately, as with all things in life, everything seemingly comes to an end. In 1923, a third-generation whaler named George Davidson, and a retired pastor John Logan went fishing on a motorized yacht. During the trip, Old Tom had forced a small whale to the surface which initiated Davidson to harpoon it. There was a severe thunderstorm approaching and Davidson wanted to hastily get off the water and attempted to bring the carcass to shore without fulfilling his part of the arrangement. Old Tom grabbed the tow rope and ended up losing some teeth in the struggle. It is documented that Logan was deeply apologetic and resentful for what had happened. Old Tom’s corpse washed ashore in 1930, and it was noticed the mouth had abscesses from missing teeth which implied he could have died from starvation. His death was reported in the 18 September 1930 issue of The Sydney Morning Herald as “King of the Killers”. By this time, shore-base and offshore drilling had significantly reduced the number of baleen whales which could have resulted in the reduction of orcas in the area. This killer partnership lasted for almost a century and is a unique example of fish and humans working together.	<urn:uuid:ebeb8816-4cd5-454a-9176-764ef5d4d4e6>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://reticentearth.com/animals/killer-whales-of-eden/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592565.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118110141-20200118134141-00380.warc.gz	en	0.982786	857	3.46875	3	[ 0.18182331323623657, -0.028258729726076126, -0.043847717344760895, 0.08129055798053741, 0.20805594325065613, -0.24561423063278198, 0.5718404054641724, 0.04633218050003052, -0.17509609460830688, 0.04880222678184509, 0.11810092628002167, -0.9399677515029907, 0.023999597877264023, 0.349942922...	6	It is always a magnificent story when animals work alongside humans to achieve a common goal. In this case, a group of killer whales (Orcinus orca) known as the Killer Whales of Eden, co-operated with hunters to prey on cetacean species near the port of Eden in southeastern Australia. All parties involved mutually benefited from this most fascinating dual-hunting strategy partnership which lasted close to 80 years during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. At the time, the whalers hunted baleen whales, which are whales named after their feeding apparatus: baleens. Baleen consists of a series of plates made from keratin, which is the same substance that makes up human fingernails. These baleens hang from the rood of the mouth and are used to filter plankton, krill, and other schooling fish. Baleen whales include whales such as rorquals, gray whales, and pygmy right whales which can grow up to 34 meters in length. These whales were mostly targeted for their blubber, bones, and baleen, which was specifically utilized to manufacture clothes for women. The famous pod of killer whales included a distinctive member, a large male possessing a unique dorsal fin called Old Tom, who was known for his quirky character and regular sightings. This group of whales would intercept whales on their migration journey and then, working together, would corral them into Twofold Bay. Once the victim baleen whale was contained within the bay, a member of the group, usually Old Tom, would alert the whales by breaching of tail slapping at the mouth of the Kiah River, just outside the hunter’s homes. This action led the hunters to believe that Old Tom was the “leader of the pack”, however among killer whales such a role was more likely to be taken by a female. The whalers would then launch their wood row boats to where Old Tom and his pod held the entrapped whale. It is believed that after the harpooning phase, the whales would grab the harpoon ropes which extended from the speared whale to the boat and would help haul the dead baleen whale to shore. Old Tom was famous for taking the ropes in his mouth or under his pectoral flipper. Visitors are still able to view the teeth and the skeleton of Old Tom on display at the Eden Killer Whale Museum. There are significant wear marks on the teeth from repeatedly grabbing fast-moving ropes. In exchange for their help, the whalers would anchor the carcass overnight. Meanwhile the killer whales would eat the tongue, throat, and lips of the whale before the whalers would haul it to shore. They would also feed on the many fish and birds that would show up to scavenge small scraps and fishing runoff. This arrangement was dubbed the “law of the tongue” and was a fundamental piece of the partnership between man and orca. Unfortunately, as with all things in life, everything seemingly comes to an end. In 1923, a third-generation whaler named George Davidson, and a retired pastor John Logan went fishing on a motorized yacht. During the trip, Old Tom had forced a small whale to the surface which initiated Davidson to harpoon it. There was a severe thunderstorm approaching and Davidson wanted to hastily get off the water and attempted to bring the carcass to shore without fulfilling his part of the arrangement. Old Tom grabbed the tow rope and ended up losing some teeth in the struggle. It is documented that Logan was deeply apologetic and resentful for what had happened. Old Tom’s corpse washed ashore in 1930, and it was noticed the mouth had abscesses from missing teeth which implied he could have died from starvation. His death was reported in the 18 September 1930 issue of The Sydney Morning Herald as “King of the Killers”. By this time, shore-base and offshore drilling had significantly reduced the number of baleen whales which could have resulted in the reduction of orcas in the area. This killer partnership lasted for almost a century and is a unique example of fish and humans working together.	853	ENGLISH	1
Test Of A Courageous Person Essay Research Test Of A Courageous Person Essay, Research Paper The test of a courageous person is the ability to bear defeat without losing heart. This happens when a person is challenged with an overwhelming obstacle that is immposible to defreat, but when overcome the person still emerges with his dignity. Two works that illustrate this are the play The Crucible by Arthur Miller and the novel The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It is possible not to overcome an obstacle and still manage to be victorious. This is true for John Proctor a Puritan from Puritan New England, who was defeated, but died with his dignity. One example is seen when Abigail with whom John had an affair, convinced the jury his wife, Elizabeth was a witch. John did not wan this wife to pay for his sins and he admitted to the truth of his adultery knowing his fate would be death. During this chaos John is accused of witchcraft. He refused to admit to being a witch and would not spare his life by admitting to a lie. The jury would let him live if he confessed but he chose his fate and told the truth. He had far too much dignity to lie in order to save himself he rather the truth be known. Another example is obvious when he made a false confession to practicing witchcraft but could not sign it because he wanted to keep his good name for his sons and die a martyr. Even though he was put to death he still was victorious because he did not lose his dignity by admitting to a lie. Another Character who illustrates the statement is The Scarlet Letter’s Hester Pryne who throughout the novel is antagonized by everyone in the town but still does not lose heart. One example is clear when she must stand on the scaffold in front of the entire town to be ridiculed for her sin of adultery. She never lowers herself by yelling back at the crowd. The crowd called her cruel names and described how they would have punished her. Therefore she keeps her dignity by not resorting to their childish level. She also must wear a scarlet “A” on everything she wears as a constant reminder of her sin. When she walks through the town the people see the “A” and yell at her ans call her names but she never responds. Another Example when she does not lose heart involves her husband, Roger Chillingworth, He comes to the town after being held captive by the Indians. When he arrives he pretends to be a doctor and is slowly destroys Reverand Dimmesdale, Hester’s lover. Chillingworth poses as a doctor to help the sickly Dimmesdale. However Chillingworth is actually giving him potions and special Indian medicines to make him feel even more ill. By doing this Chillingworth is slowly destroying Hester’s life as well. Soon she devises a plan to run away with Dimmesdale and her daughter Pearl. When Chillingworth discovers this he makes arrangements to come along. This crushes Hester’s dreams of happiness with her family, but she still manages not to give up. Even after Dimmesdale finally confesses to adultery and dies and Chillingworth dies she still makes her life in the town the best it can be. Now people in the town ask her for advice, which is ironic, because in the beginning of the novel she was looked down upon. She is now seen as a wise womean. In the novel Hester Pryne endured many obstacles but still maintained her dignity and never gave up. These two works demonstrate that a courageous person can be defeated but does not have to give up and still manages to keep their dignity. This task is difficult but still able to be achieved. John Proctor and Hester Pryne are strong people who were defeated by major problems during their life but were still able to keep their dignity. This theme is found throughout literature and is difficult to achieve but not immposible.	<urn:uuid:c0415c4c-eed3-4737-9bcc-76a8c85be022>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://referat.ru/referat/test-of-a-courageous-person-essay-research-459594	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694071.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126230255-20200127020255-00196.warc.gz	en	0.990042	809	3.390625	3	[ -0.6622044444084167, 0.5982741117477417, -0.07141727209091187, 0.3340267241001129, -0.3936390280723572, 0.3088039755821228, 0.7840064764022827, 0.081893689930439, -0.16530604660511017, -0.4940290153026581, -0.228152334690094, -0.0038892272859811783, 0.516609251499176, 0.18759168684482574, ...	3	Test Of A Courageous Person Essay Research Test Of A Courageous Person Essay, Research Paper The test of a courageous person is the ability to bear defeat without losing heart. This happens when a person is challenged with an overwhelming obstacle that is immposible to defreat, but when overcome the person still emerges with his dignity. Two works that illustrate this are the play The Crucible by Arthur Miller and the novel The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It is possible not to overcome an obstacle and still manage to be victorious. This is true for John Proctor a Puritan from Puritan New England, who was defeated, but died with his dignity. One example is seen when Abigail with whom John had an affair, convinced the jury his wife, Elizabeth was a witch. John did not wan this wife to pay for his sins and he admitted to the truth of his adultery knowing his fate would be death. During this chaos John is accused of witchcraft. He refused to admit to being a witch and would not spare his life by admitting to a lie. The jury would let him live if he confessed but he chose his fate and told the truth. He had far too much dignity to lie in order to save himself he rather the truth be known. Another example is obvious when he made a false confession to practicing witchcraft but could not sign it because he wanted to keep his good name for his sons and die a martyr. Even though he was put to death he still was victorious because he did not lose his dignity by admitting to a lie. Another Character who illustrates the statement is The Scarlet Letter’s Hester Pryne who throughout the novel is antagonized by everyone in the town but still does not lose heart. One example is clear when she must stand on the scaffold in front of the entire town to be ridiculed for her sin of adultery. She never lowers herself by yelling back at the crowd. The crowd called her cruel names and described how they would have punished her. Therefore she keeps her dignity by not resorting to their childish level. She also must wear a scarlet “A” on everything she wears as a constant reminder of her sin. When she walks through the town the people see the “A” and yell at her ans call her names but she never responds. Another Example when she does not lose heart involves her husband, Roger Chillingworth, He comes to the town after being held captive by the Indians. When he arrives he pretends to be a doctor and is slowly destroys Reverand Dimmesdale, Hester’s lover. Chillingworth poses as a doctor to help the sickly Dimmesdale. However Chillingworth is actually giving him potions and special Indian medicines to make him feel even more ill. By doing this Chillingworth is slowly destroying Hester’s life as well. Soon she devises a plan to run away with Dimmesdale and her daughter Pearl. When Chillingworth discovers this he makes arrangements to come along. This crushes Hester’s dreams of happiness with her family, but she still manages not to give up. Even after Dimmesdale finally confesses to adultery and dies and Chillingworth dies she still makes her life in the town the best it can be. Now people in the town ask her for advice, which is ironic, because in the beginning of the novel she was looked down upon. She is now seen as a wise womean. In the novel Hester Pryne endured many obstacles but still maintained her dignity and never gave up. These two works demonstrate that a courageous person can be defeated but does not have to give up and still manages to keep their dignity. This task is difficult but still able to be achieved. John Proctor and Hester Pryne are strong people who were defeated by major problems during their life but were still able to keep their dignity. This theme is found throughout literature and is difficult to achieve but not immposible.	795	ENGLISH	1
Remembering the 54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. In the honor roll of Civil War sesquicentennials now unfolding — Antietam was the last major observance, Gettysburg and Vicksburg loom ahead in July — time should be taken this Memorial Day to recall that it falls on the eve of the day 150 years ago when the first African-American regiment headed off to fight for the Union. The 54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry was but the first wave of African-Americans to serve in the U.S. Army as a combat formation. Eventually, nearly 200,000 joined the ranks, about 10 percent of the total forces that were mobilized by the Union during the war. One in five of them died in service, a slightly higher percentage than their white brothers-in-arms. By this point in the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln had made it clear that the cause was broader than simply seeking to restore the Union — it was now about winning the freedom and recognizing the equality of African-Americans under the law. Ironically, though, their service to the Union during the war was at a lower rate of pay, almost all their officers were white, and they faced much derision and racism from all ranks in the early days of their participation. These hard attitudes began to mellow in July 1863 when the 54th led the assault on Confederate Fort Wagner, near Charleston, South Carolina, and suffered nearly 50 percent casualties. They failed — as did the white regiments that followed them in attacking the fort — but won great respect for their courage, a point so nicely made in the film Glory. And African-Americans needed an extra measure of courage to go into the fight, given that Confederate President Jefferson Davis had issued a proclamation in December 1862 — two days before Christmas — in which he called for their execution when captured. Knowledge of this gave African-American soldiers even more incentive to fight hard in the field. Some of their bitter struggles ended in massacre, as at Fort Pillow in 1864, when it seems that large numbers of African-Americans who had been holding this fort on the Mississippi River were killed when trying to surrender. The Confederate commander that day was Nathan Bedford Forrest — one of the South’s finest generals — whose conduct in this matter continues to be debated. Some eyewitnesses said that he tried to stop the slaughter, but the incident put a terrible blot on an otherwise sterling military record. As we remember the 54th and the movement it started, it is also important to note that the U.S. Navy had brought African-Americans into its ranks earlier than the Army. They served in all sorts of capacities, including as gunners on different types of vessels, and were often in the thick of the fighting in riverine and coastal operations. Seven African-American sailors received Medals of Honor — as did 18 African-American soldiers. Beyond those African-Americans who served in uniform during the Civil War were the many thousands of freed and escaped slaves who went to work as laborers for the Union forces — every one of them "freeing up a rifleman for the fighting," as a saying of the time put it. Perhaps even more effective were the hundreds of thousands of slaves who escaped from plantation masters and factories in the South — this usually occurring when Union forces came near — causing a chronic labor shortage that gravely impacted Confederate industrial output. And even slaves who remained under "control" often engaged in acts of sabotage, or quietly played out work slowdowns. These actions, too, had important, beneficial effects on the overall war effort. Despite all these remarkable contributions on and off the battlefield, once the war ended there was a concerted effort to denigrate African-American contributions. As Civil War historian Joseph Glatthaar once put it, quite simply, "whites closed ranks." Their contention was that African-American contributions were minimal until after the Battle of Gettysburg — the turning point of the war. But the weight of historical opinion today is that the war was only truly won in the hard fighting of 1864, when African-American soldiers were truly coming into their own. Indeed, it was only the capture of Atlanta in September, after a summer of desultory results, that finally made it clear that the Union would win — and that Lincoln would be reelected. As James McPherson has summed it up, "If the election had been in August 1864 instead of November, Lincoln would have lost." Sadly, the post-bellum efforts to diminish African-American accomplishments in the war, along with the general racist ethos that still plagued American society, delayed full integration of U.S. Army units for 85 years after Robert E. Lee surrendered at Appomattox. Only in Korea was the spell of segregation finally broken. And ever since, African-Americans have continued to rise within and from the ranks. The U.S. military should be lauded for the overall manner in which it has handled the matter of race over the past half-century. In many ways the military was well ahead of the rest of the country in improving race relations. Given the military’s ultimate success in skillfully integrating African-Americans, one can only hope that a similarly adroit approach will be taken in the coming years to the matter of weaving gays into the fabric of the armed forces. The same goes for women who, if their great potential is ever to be fully actualized, must be allowed and encouraged to take on as many combat roles whose physical rigors they are able to undertake. So as we take time to remember all who have died in service to our country, let us recall too the pioneering achievements of the 54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. I hope their ghosts smile when they look out upon today’s military.	<urn:uuid:61017105-b44f-48da-9b63-fba9d25bc9fe>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/05/27/glory-day/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251728207.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127205148-20200127235148-00104.warc.gz	en	0.982057	1,177	3.828125	4	[ -0.19548600912094116, 0.3927827775478363, 0.3178417682647705, 0.11696916818618774, -0.1614343523979187, 0.05889245122671127, 0.04784465953707695, 0.06596635282039642, -0.14196491241455078, 0.0917685255408287, 0.3572070598602295, 0.22620025277137756, -0.008984193205833435, 0.561380684375762...	1	Remembering the 54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. In the honor roll of Civil War sesquicentennials now unfolding — Antietam was the last major observance, Gettysburg and Vicksburg loom ahead in July — time should be taken this Memorial Day to recall that it falls on the eve of the day 150 years ago when the first African-American regiment headed off to fight for the Union. The 54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry was but the first wave of African-Americans to serve in the U.S. Army as a combat formation. Eventually, nearly 200,000 joined the ranks, about 10 percent of the total forces that were mobilized by the Union during the war. One in five of them died in service, a slightly higher percentage than their white brothers-in-arms. By this point in the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln had made it clear that the cause was broader than simply seeking to restore the Union — it was now about winning the freedom and recognizing the equality of African-Americans under the law. Ironically, though, their service to the Union during the war was at a lower rate of pay, almost all their officers were white, and they faced much derision and racism from all ranks in the early days of their participation. These hard attitudes began to mellow in July 1863 when the 54th led the assault on Confederate Fort Wagner, near Charleston, South Carolina, and suffered nearly 50 percent casualties. They failed — as did the white regiments that followed them in attacking the fort — but won great respect for their courage, a point so nicely made in the film Glory. And African-Americans needed an extra measure of courage to go into the fight, given that Confederate President Jefferson Davis had issued a proclamation in December 1862 — two days before Christmas — in which he called for their execution when captured. Knowledge of this gave African-American soldiers even more incentive to fight hard in the field. Some of their bitter struggles ended in massacre, as at Fort Pillow in 1864, when it seems that large numbers of African-Americans who had been holding this fort on the Mississippi River were killed when trying to surrender. The Confederate commander that day was Nathan Bedford Forrest — one of the South’s finest generals — whose conduct in this matter continues to be debated. Some eyewitnesses said that he tried to stop the slaughter, but the incident put a terrible blot on an otherwise sterling military record. As we remember the 54th and the movement it started, it is also important to note that the U.S. Navy had brought African-Americans into its ranks earlier than the Army. They served in all sorts of capacities, including as gunners on different types of vessels, and were often in the thick of the fighting in riverine and coastal operations. Seven African-American sailors received Medals of Honor — as did 18 African-American soldiers. Beyond those African-Americans who served in uniform during the Civil War were the many thousands of freed and escaped slaves who went to work as laborers for the Union forces — every one of them "freeing up a rifleman for the fighting," as a saying of the time put it. Perhaps even more effective were the hundreds of thousands of slaves who escaped from plantation masters and factories in the South — this usually occurring when Union forces came near — causing a chronic labor shortage that gravely impacted Confederate industrial output. And even slaves who remained under "control" often engaged in acts of sabotage, or quietly played out work slowdowns. These actions, too, had important, beneficial effects on the overall war effort. Despite all these remarkable contributions on and off the battlefield, once the war ended there was a concerted effort to denigrate African-American contributions. As Civil War historian Joseph Glatthaar once put it, quite simply, "whites closed ranks." Their contention was that African-American contributions were minimal until after the Battle of Gettysburg — the turning point of the war. But the weight of historical opinion today is that the war was only truly won in the hard fighting of 1864, when African-American soldiers were truly coming into their own. Indeed, it was only the capture of Atlanta in September, after a summer of desultory results, that finally made it clear that the Union would win — and that Lincoln would be reelected. As James McPherson has summed it up, "If the election had been in August 1864 instead of November, Lincoln would have lost." Sadly, the post-bellum efforts to diminish African-American accomplishments in the war, along with the general racist ethos that still plagued American society, delayed full integration of U.S. Army units for 85 years after Robert E. Lee surrendered at Appomattox. Only in Korea was the spell of segregation finally broken. And ever since, African-Americans have continued to rise within and from the ranks. The U.S. military should be lauded for the overall manner in which it has handled the matter of race over the past half-century. In many ways the military was well ahead of the rest of the country in improving race relations. Given the military’s ultimate success in skillfully integrating African-Americans, one can only hope that a similarly adroit approach will be taken in the coming years to the matter of weaving gays into the fabric of the armed forces. The same goes for women who, if their great potential is ever to be fully actualized, must be allowed and encouraged to take on as many combat roles whose physical rigors they are able to undertake. So as we take time to remember all who have died in service to our country, let us recall too the pioneering achievements of the 54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. I hope their ghosts smile when they look out upon today’s military.	1,190	ENGLISH	1
Vincent Van Gogh is a unique and outstanding artist who had a dramatic life that affected his paintings. At the age of twenty-seven, Vincent decided to devote his life for art because Vincent believed in the power of art. To him, a work of art, whether drawing or painting, had as striking an “effect” as a live sermon or a letter”( Euchre 17) . Van Gogh started his work of art with drawing. Vincent sent Thee, is brother, some of his drawings such as Au Carbonate (At the Coalmines), Miner Shouldering a Spade or Men and Women Going to the Mines. He drew everything he saw in everyday life. The miners and weavers usually appeared in his drawings. In the letter to his brother, Thee, he told him about his sympathy for these people :” I should be very happy if someday I could draw them, so that those unknown or little- known types would be brought before the eyes of the people”(20). In summer of 1882, he started paintings in oils.Order now Vincent often paints ” the simplest, most miserable, cost scorned objects” such as old shoes or ” loamy’ potatoes. (Huge 61). Vincent painted with dark and sorrowful colors. At the end of 1882, he experiments with lithography. He created a series often graphic works: nine lithographs and one etching. In the letter to his brother Thee, Vincent told him about drawing: Sorrow is one of Van Sago’s lithographs. The special thing about this lithograph is that it was originally a painting about a naked prostitute ” sitting with flabby breasts, heavy stomach, thin and stiff hair and weeping with her head on her knees” (Huge 6). Vincent also decided to do a lithograph based on the painting The Potato Eaters. The Potato Eaters is his first major work. It depicted five miserable family members, who were peasants, gathered around the table, eating their potatoes in the end of a day. Vincent wanted to attain the moral value in this painting: ” I have tried to emphasize that those people , eating their potatoes in the lamplight, have dug the earth with those very hands they put in the dish, and so it speaks of manual labor, and how they have honestly earned their food” (Euchre 88). Van Sago’s only etching, L ‘Home ¤ la Pipe: Portrait du Doctor Cache,depicted Dry. Paul Cachet, a doctor and friend of Van Sago’s who took care of him in the final weeks of his life. In 1886, Vincent moved to Paris, where he met his brother Thee, and he also made friends with Gauguin, Pissarro and Serrate. He discovered the French Impressionist. However, through Monticello, he “discovered both flowers and color” (Huge 63). And through his new friends, he brightened his palette. The Million De la Galatea is yellowed in tone but still muted in spite off pale sky. The hill of Montmartre was treated more conventionally; the painting was dominated by green and yellow ( Euchre 114). During 1887, Vincent created more than twenty- two self- portraits. The reason for this large amounts of his self-portraits was as though he wanted to rediscovered himself physically after he changed his style in art . Another reason is that Vincent Van Gogh was short of money, therefore, he became his own subject: “l purposely bought a good enough mirror to work from myself, for want of a model”. Self -portrait with a Straw Hat painted in the summer of 887 ” show the artist’s awareness of Neo-elementariness technique and color theory” ( The Metropolitan Museum of Art), ” the background is sketched in by meaner of very widely spaced, comma- like strokes” ( Euchre 1 15). In 1888, he moved to Arles. Vincent was affected by the strong sunlight and he became ” the prey of the sun” , ” he burst out with spring, reached his highest point during summer and discovered July and the flame’s plenitude”(Euchre 165). At this point of time, his style changed immensely , and it was greatly impacted by the work of the Impressionists and Neo- Impressionists. He started to abandon somber palette and experiment with lighter colors such as red, yellow, orange, green, blue. We can easily see this change in his paintings such as The Pear Tree in Blossom, The Angle’s Bridge, Boats at Anchor, Market Gardens, The Suave, A Walk in Arles, The Cafe at Night… Etc. Besides, Vincent also developed his own unique style of painting. Vincent also experimented with the broken brush strokes of the Impressionists and hugely influenced by the Japanese prints. In 1887, he usually went to the shop of Samuel Being, a dealer of oriental art. He purchased many Japanese prints from Being. After that, he organized an exhibition of Japanese prints at the cafe Lee Tambourine. The Japanese prints were used in the background of the painting Portrait of Peer Tangy by Vincent. In the painting Still Life with Plaster Statuette,” the plane in which the plaster statuette is placed crosses the picture surface vertically from one edge to the other, for shaking all the rules of illusionist perspective for the” plunging” approach of the Japanese”( Euchre 130). In the Woman at Lee Tambourine painted from the beginning of 1887, “the technique is Impressionist, but the background is treated in Japanese fashion, that is divided into parallel down in vertical stripes” (132). Between the years 1886 and 1889, Vincent painted more than over 30 self- portraits, reflecting his current pursuit of integrative color contrasts and a bolder composition. His collections of self-portraits place him among the most productive self- portraitists of all time. These portraits not only marked changes in his painting technique but also a reflection of his psychological world. The painting “Self Portrait with Pipe” was painted in 1886, before Vincent moved to Paris. This is the typical kind of Vincent earlier painting style, using melancholy colors, which are characteristic of traditional Dutch painting. In 1887, Vincent was trying to use Pointillism for his “Self Portrait”. Pointillism is a painting technique which was created by the artist Georges Serrate. However, Vincent failed at imitating ” Caesura’s patient and analytical approach to the technique” ( The History in Self Portraits). Another self portrait of Vincent Van Gogh is ” Self Portrait with a Gray Felt Hat”. This portrait showed that he reached the peak of his new painting technique. He also applied brush strokes of different contrast colors such as blues, oranges, yellow, white, lilac, sky blue, and green. In June 1888, Vincent was interested in the night of Saints- Maries in Arles that he decided to paint the beautiful view of the night. It was the ” Night Cafe” which Vincent stated in the letter to Thee :” equivalent, though different, of the ” Potato Eaters” and ” In my picture of the ” Night Cafe” I have tried to express the idea that the cafe is a place where one can ruin oneself, go mad or commit a crime”( Euchre 164). Then, Vincent had his second night study : “Cafe Terrace by Night”. In the letter that Vincent sent to Wilhelmina, he expressed his pleasure to his paintings: Here you have a night picture without any black in it, done with nothing but beautiful blue and violet and green, and in these surroundings the lighted square acquires a pale sulfur and greenish citron-yellow color. It amuses me enormously to paint the night on the spot. They used to draw and paint the picture in the daytime after the rough sketch. But I find satisfaction in painting things immediately. Of course it’s true that in the dark I may mistake a blue for a green, a blue- lilac for a pink-lilac, for you cannot rightly extinguish the quality of a hue. (Euchre 164) In October 1888, Gauguin came to Arles and lived with Vincent. Gauguin was Vincent friend. He was famous for creating painting in many different styles, including Impressionism and Primitivism. When being together, they painted paintings and discussed with each other about different technique. Next month, under Gauguin urging, Vincent experimented with painting from memory. Vincent started to imitate Gauguin technique of painting from memory during this time that resulted in his painting becoming less realistic and more attractive. Vincent deliberately used colors to capture moods, rather than using colors realistically. Their first encounter in painting took place at the Alleyways. In December 1888, Van Gogh did two chair paintings: Vincent Chair and Gauguin Armchair. In Vincent Van Gogh- Art, Life and Letters, Euchre said Vincent chair ” is a creature of light. The intensity of the yellow note, emphasized by the vibrant blue of the contour , marks the paintings of the future painted “in such a way that everybody , at least if they have eyes, would see it”. Whereas the elegant armchair is bathed in full chiaroscuro'(202). However, their enthusiasm for each other and art faded away, and soon replaced by quarrels. Vincent had less and less confidence in Gauguin. He wrote Thee: On various occasions I have seen him do things which you and I would not let ourselves do, because we have consciences that feel differently about things. I have heard one or two things said of him, but having seen him at very, very close quarters, I think that he is carried away by his imagination, perhaps by pride, but… Practically irresponsible” ( CTD. In Euchre 202). About Vincent, he did not eat every day because he was short of money. Despite an empty stomach, he stayed for hours working under the sun. (Huge 80) . One time, when Vincent saw the portrait of Vincent Painting Sunflowers which was hidden by Gauguin , he could not recognized himself and reacted violently to Gauguin. When they went to a cafe, Vincent suddenly threw his glass of absinthe at Gauguin head. When Gauguin decided to leave Arles, Vincent tried many ways to make him stay. He had been through a difficult time to face with Gauguin threatened departure. He got up during the night to make sure Gauguin was still there, he used absinthe and bacon, since ” the only thing to bring ease and distraction, in my case and other people’s too, is to stun oneself with a lot of drinking or heavy smoking”(Euchre 211). One day, when Gauguin was walking in the street, Vincent threw himself at him with an opening razor in his hand. However, he did not attack Gauguin, he ran away. Back in his room, he cut off the lobe of his ear with the razor. He cleaned his ear and put it in an envelope and gave the doorkeeper his ear. He was discovered by the police and hospitalized at the H¶tell-Died hospital in Arles. Gauguin left immediately for Paris, choosing not to visit Van Gogh in the hospital. Then they never met each other in person again. Two weeks after it happened, he painted his self- portrait: Self -Portrait with Bandaged Ear. This portrait is considered as “the calm after the storm. He takes a quiet and detached look at himself and expresses a feeling of renewed hope through his bright colors and simplified drawing. A clue to the origin of this bold style is found in the Japanese woodblock print on the wall behind him”( The History in Self Portraits Para. 13). Van Gogh then started to alternate between fits of madness and lucidity and was sent to the asylum in Saint- Remy for treatment. Van Gogh left Arles on 8 May. In mid-June, Van Gogh produced his best known work: Starry Night. In 1890, he shot himself in the chest by a revolver. During his career, he only sold one painting. Van Gogh became famous only after his death because of his innovative art that had a strong influence on the artists of the next generation. Even though Vincent Van Gogh had a very dramatic life, he devoted almost most of his entire life for art. A very unique feature about Vincent ark of art is his outstanding bold brush strokes which he adopted in his later paintings..	<urn:uuid:29b4f290-3482-4f02-824b-deb2d8000937>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://artscolumbia.org/artists/vincent-van-gogh/vincent-van-goghs-work-art-ann-5669/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251737572.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127235617-20200128025617-00056.warc.gz	en	0.980941	2,714	3.34375	3	[ -0.05339603126049042, 0.1657707691192627, -0.16113600134849548, 0.13436388969421387, 0.011835231445729733, -0.011211826466023922, 0.21869029104709625, 0.22591336071491241, -0.11544843763113022, 0.2557695508003235, 0.2790704369544983, -0.03552043065428734, 0.1321377456188202, 0.262534260749...	4	Vincent Van Gogh is a unique and outstanding artist who had a dramatic life that affected his paintings. At the age of twenty-seven, Vincent decided to devote his life for art because Vincent believed in the power of art. To him, a work of art, whether drawing or painting, had as striking an “effect” as a live sermon or a letter”( Euchre 17) . Van Gogh started his work of art with drawing. Vincent sent Thee, is brother, some of his drawings such as Au Carbonate (At the Coalmines), Miner Shouldering a Spade or Men and Women Going to the Mines. He drew everything he saw in everyday life. The miners and weavers usually appeared in his drawings. In the letter to his brother, Thee, he told him about his sympathy for these people :” I should be very happy if someday I could draw them, so that those unknown or little- known types would be brought before the eyes of the people”(20). In summer of 1882, he started paintings in oils.Order now Vincent often paints ” the simplest, most miserable, cost scorned objects” such as old shoes or ” loamy’ potatoes. (Huge 61). Vincent painted with dark and sorrowful colors. At the end of 1882, he experiments with lithography. He created a series often graphic works: nine lithographs and one etching. In the letter to his brother Thee, Vincent told him about drawing: Sorrow is one of Van Sago’s lithographs. The special thing about this lithograph is that it was originally a painting about a naked prostitute ” sitting with flabby breasts, heavy stomach, thin and stiff hair and weeping with her head on her knees” (Huge 6). Vincent also decided to do a lithograph based on the painting The Potato Eaters. The Potato Eaters is his first major work. It depicted five miserable family members, who were peasants, gathered around the table, eating their potatoes in the end of a day. Vincent wanted to attain the moral value in this painting: ” I have tried to emphasize that those people , eating their potatoes in the lamplight, have dug the earth with those very hands they put in the dish, and so it speaks of manual labor, and how they have honestly earned their food” (Euchre 88). Van Sago’s only etching, L ‘Home ¤ la Pipe: Portrait du Doctor Cache,depicted Dry. Paul Cachet, a doctor and friend of Van Sago’s who took care of him in the final weeks of his life. In 1886, Vincent moved to Paris, where he met his brother Thee, and he also made friends with Gauguin, Pissarro and Serrate. He discovered the French Impressionist. However, through Monticello, he “discovered both flowers and color” (Huge 63). And through his new friends, he brightened his palette. The Million De la Galatea is yellowed in tone but still muted in spite off pale sky. The hill of Montmartre was treated more conventionally; the painting was dominated by green and yellow ( Euchre 114). During 1887, Vincent created more than twenty- two self- portraits. The reason for this large amounts of his self-portraits was as though he wanted to rediscovered himself physically after he changed his style in art . Another reason is that Vincent Van Gogh was short of money, therefore, he became his own subject: “l purposely bought a good enough mirror to work from myself, for want of a model”. Self -portrait with a Straw Hat painted in the summer of 887 ” show the artist’s awareness of Neo-elementariness technique and color theory” ( The Metropolitan Museum of Art), ” the background is sketched in by meaner of very widely spaced, comma- like strokes” ( Euchre 1 15). In 1888, he moved to Arles. Vincent was affected by the strong sunlight and he became ” the prey of the sun” , ” he burst out with spring, reached his highest point during summer and discovered July and the flame’s plenitude”(Euchre 165). At this point of time, his style changed immensely , and it was greatly impacted by the work of the Impressionists and Neo- Impressionists. He started to abandon somber palette and experiment with lighter colors such as red, yellow, orange, green, blue. We can easily see this change in his paintings such as The Pear Tree in Blossom, The Angle’s Bridge, Boats at Anchor, Market Gardens, The Suave, A Walk in Arles, The Cafe at Night… Etc. Besides, Vincent also developed his own unique style of painting. Vincent also experimented with the broken brush strokes of the Impressionists and hugely influenced by the Japanese prints. In 1887, he usually went to the shop of Samuel Being, a dealer of oriental art. He purchased many Japanese prints from Being. After that, he organized an exhibition of Japanese prints at the cafe Lee Tambourine. The Japanese prints were used in the background of the painting Portrait of Peer Tangy by Vincent. In the painting Still Life with Plaster Statuette,” the plane in which the plaster statuette is placed crosses the picture surface vertically from one edge to the other, for shaking all the rules of illusionist perspective for the” plunging” approach of the Japanese”( Euchre 130). In the Woman at Lee Tambourine painted from the beginning of 1887, “the technique is Impressionist, but the background is treated in Japanese fashion, that is divided into parallel down in vertical stripes” (132). Between the years 1886 and 1889, Vincent painted more than over 30 self- portraits, reflecting his current pursuit of integrative color contrasts and a bolder composition. His collections of self-portraits place him among the most productive self- portraitists of all time. These portraits not only marked changes in his painting technique but also a reflection of his psychological world. The painting “Self Portrait with Pipe” was painted in 1886, before Vincent moved to Paris. This is the typical kind of Vincent earlier painting style, using melancholy colors, which are characteristic of traditional Dutch painting. In 1887, Vincent was trying to use Pointillism for his “Self Portrait”. Pointillism is a painting technique which was created by the artist Georges Serrate. However, Vincent failed at imitating ” Caesura’s patient and analytical approach to the technique” ( The History in Self Portraits). Another self portrait of Vincent Van Gogh is ” Self Portrait with a Gray Felt Hat”. This portrait showed that he reached the peak of his new painting technique. He also applied brush strokes of different contrast colors such as blues, oranges, yellow, white, lilac, sky blue, and green. In June 1888, Vincent was interested in the night of Saints- Maries in Arles that he decided to paint the beautiful view of the night. It was the ” Night Cafe” which Vincent stated in the letter to Thee :” equivalent, though different, of the ” Potato Eaters” and ” In my picture of the ” Night Cafe” I have tried to express the idea that the cafe is a place where one can ruin oneself, go mad or commit a crime”( Euchre 164). Then, Vincent had his second night study : “Cafe Terrace by Night”. In the letter that Vincent sent to Wilhelmina, he expressed his pleasure to his paintings: Here you have a night picture without any black in it, done with nothing but beautiful blue and violet and green, and in these surroundings the lighted square acquires a pale sulfur and greenish citron-yellow color. It amuses me enormously to paint the night on the spot. They used to draw and paint the picture in the daytime after the rough sketch. But I find satisfaction in painting things immediately. Of course it’s true that in the dark I may mistake a blue for a green, a blue- lilac for a pink-lilac, for you cannot rightly extinguish the quality of a hue. (Euchre 164) In October 1888, Gauguin came to Arles and lived with Vincent. Gauguin was Vincent friend. He was famous for creating painting in many different styles, including Impressionism and Primitivism. When being together, they painted paintings and discussed with each other about different technique. Next month, under Gauguin urging, Vincent experimented with painting from memory. Vincent started to imitate Gauguin technique of painting from memory during this time that resulted in his painting becoming less realistic and more attractive. Vincent deliberately used colors to capture moods, rather than using colors realistically. Their first encounter in painting took place at the Alleyways. In December 1888, Van Gogh did two chair paintings: Vincent Chair and Gauguin Armchair. In Vincent Van Gogh- Art, Life and Letters, Euchre said Vincent chair ” is a creature of light. The intensity of the yellow note, emphasized by the vibrant blue of the contour , marks the paintings of the future painted “in such a way that everybody , at least if they have eyes, would see it”. Whereas the elegant armchair is bathed in full chiaroscuro'(202). However, their enthusiasm for each other and art faded away, and soon replaced by quarrels. Vincent had less and less confidence in Gauguin. He wrote Thee: On various occasions I have seen him do things which you and I would not let ourselves do, because we have consciences that feel differently about things. I have heard one or two things said of him, but having seen him at very, very close quarters, I think that he is carried away by his imagination, perhaps by pride, but… Practically irresponsible” ( CTD. In Euchre 202). About Vincent, he did not eat every day because he was short of money. Despite an empty stomach, he stayed for hours working under the sun. (Huge 80) . One time, when Vincent saw the portrait of Vincent Painting Sunflowers which was hidden by Gauguin , he could not recognized himself and reacted violently to Gauguin. When they went to a cafe, Vincent suddenly threw his glass of absinthe at Gauguin head. When Gauguin decided to leave Arles, Vincent tried many ways to make him stay. He had been through a difficult time to face with Gauguin threatened departure. He got up during the night to make sure Gauguin was still there, he used absinthe and bacon, since ” the only thing to bring ease and distraction, in my case and other people’s too, is to stun oneself with a lot of drinking or heavy smoking”(Euchre 211). One day, when Gauguin was walking in the street, Vincent threw himself at him with an opening razor in his hand. However, he did not attack Gauguin, he ran away. Back in his room, he cut off the lobe of his ear with the razor. He cleaned his ear and put it in an envelope and gave the doorkeeper his ear. He was discovered by the police and hospitalized at the H¶tell-Died hospital in Arles. Gauguin left immediately for Paris, choosing not to visit Van Gogh in the hospital. Then they never met each other in person again. Two weeks after it happened, he painted his self- portrait: Self -Portrait with Bandaged Ear. This portrait is considered as “the calm after the storm. He takes a quiet and detached look at himself and expresses a feeling of renewed hope through his bright colors and simplified drawing. A clue to the origin of this bold style is found in the Japanese woodblock print on the wall behind him”( The History in Self Portraits Para. 13). Van Gogh then started to alternate between fits of madness and lucidity and was sent to the asylum in Saint- Remy for treatment. Van Gogh left Arles on 8 May. In mid-June, Van Gogh produced his best known work: Starry Night. In 1890, he shot himself in the chest by a revolver. During his career, he only sold one painting. Van Gogh became famous only after his death because of his innovative art that had a strong influence on the artists of the next generation. Even though Vincent Van Gogh had a very dramatic life, he devoted almost most of his entire life for art. A very unique feature about Vincent ark of art is his outstanding bold brush strokes which he adopted in his later paintings..	2,696	ENGLISH	1
In the aftermath of the Council of Nicea, Emperor Constantine and his successors sought to stamp out all non-conforming brands of Christianity. Groups that refused to conform to the teachings and practices of the "established" church, which now called itself the Catholic (universal) Church of God, were viewed not merely as heretics, but as subversive enemies of the Roman state. The true Church, symbolized by a woman in Revelation 12, was forced to flee into the wilderness for 1,260 "days." In Bible prophecy, a "day" often represents a year (Numbers 14:34; Ezekiel 4:6). Thus, the true Church would have to remain in hiding for 1,260 years following the Nicene Council. Historically, that is what happened. Though these were truly dark ages, there was a light that continued to burn. Its flame sometimes flickered, but it was never extinguished. Several problems confront any church scholar or historian who wishes to trace the wanderings of the true Church during this 1,260-year period. This is because the true Church's history is not about one continuous human organization. The preserved history of the Sabbath-keeping Church of God has been almost entirely written by its enemies who viewed it as heretical. We read of groups labeled by hostile outsiders with such names as Paulicians, Bogomils and Waldenses—of whom smaller or larger segments, at different times, appear to have been true Christians in the mold of the first century Jerusalem Church. Another difficulty is that the teachings of each of these groups changed over a period of time, generally becoming more like those of their Catholic and Protestant neighbors. Also we find that writers often lumped together various groups of "heretics," including the true Church, under the same name, not truly distinguishing the differences in their teachings. Thus the great challenge in Church history is not simply to identify who taught what, but to recognize when a church ceased to be part of the true Church, and when God removed that true Church to another place. Was this article helpful?	<urn:uuid:aaae0300-1a67-4cf7-8b92-7b9d65886bc3>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.wilmingtonfavs.com/true-church/the-church-in-the-wilderness.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614880.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124011048-20200124040048-00431.warc.gz	en	0.980978	419	3.375	3	[ -0.15497134625911713, 0.10331357270479202, -0.05771409347653389, 0.30482444167137146, -0.05067756399512291, 0.1633971482515335, -0.5068624019622803, -0.1312185674905777, 0.034503720700740814, -0.057817619293928146, 0.0012696979101747274, 0.23048453032970428, 0.28582853078842163, 0.04676656...	1	In the aftermath of the Council of Nicea, Emperor Constantine and his successors sought to stamp out all non-conforming brands of Christianity. Groups that refused to conform to the teachings and practices of the "established" church, which now called itself the Catholic (universal) Church of God, were viewed not merely as heretics, but as subversive enemies of the Roman state. The true Church, symbolized by a woman in Revelation 12, was forced to flee into the wilderness for 1,260 "days." In Bible prophecy, a "day" often represents a year (Numbers 14:34; Ezekiel 4:6). Thus, the true Church would have to remain in hiding for 1,260 years following the Nicene Council. Historically, that is what happened. Though these were truly dark ages, there was a light that continued to burn. Its flame sometimes flickered, but it was never extinguished. Several problems confront any church scholar or historian who wishes to trace the wanderings of the true Church during this 1,260-year period. This is because the true Church's history is not about one continuous human organization. The preserved history of the Sabbath-keeping Church of God has been almost entirely written by its enemies who viewed it as heretical. We read of groups labeled by hostile outsiders with such names as Paulicians, Bogomils and Waldenses—of whom smaller or larger segments, at different times, appear to have been true Christians in the mold of the first century Jerusalem Church. Another difficulty is that the teachings of each of these groups changed over a period of time, generally becoming more like those of their Catholic and Protestant neighbors. Also we find that writers often lumped together various groups of "heretics," including the true Church, under the same name, not truly distinguishing the differences in their teachings. Thus the great challenge in Church history is not simply to identify who taught what, but to recognize when a church ceased to be part of the true Church, and when God removed that true Church to another place. Was this article helpful?	433	ENGLISH	1
The people had built the city called Jerusalem again. Then they returned to the smaller towns and villages where they lived. Not many people lived in the city called Jerusalem. It was important for people to live in the city. Then it would become a great city again and the people could protect the temple in the city. v1 The leaders of the people lived in Jerusalem. The rest of the people threw lots to decide who else would live in Jerusalem. One person in every 10 people went to live in Jerusalem, the holy city. The other 9 stayed in the other towns. v2 The people thanked all the men who chose to live in Jerusalem. The leaders of the people lived in the city. They would help Hanani and Hananiah to rule the people (Nehemiah 7:2). But a city can only be a great city if many people live there. The people who lived in the other towns and villages already had houses and land. If they moved to live in Jerusalem, they would have to build new houses and to find new work. The people used lots to decide who would live in the city. They used lots in order to find out what God wanted them to do (Proverbs 16:33). So they chose one tenth (1/10th) of the people to live in Jerusalem. All the people were grateful for those people who were willing to live in Jerusalem. v3-4 In the other towns in Judah, the people lived on their own land. This included the Israelites, the priests, the Levites and the people who served in the temple. And the people who were descendants of King Solomon’s servants also lived on their own land. Other people from the descendants of Judah and Benjamin lived in Jerusalem. The leaders of the district lived in Jerusalem. This is a list of their names. Among the descendants of Judah were: · Athaiah who was the son of Uzziah and was the grandson of Zechariah. (Zechariah was the son of Amariah and was the grandson of Shephatiah. Shephatiah was the son of Mahalalel and he was a descendant of Perez.) · v5 Maaseiah who was the son of Baruch and was the grandson of Col-Hozeh. (Col-Hozeh was the son of Hazaiah and was the grandson of Adaiah. Adaiah was the son of Joiarib and was the grandson of Zechariah. And he was a descendant of Shelah.) · v6 There were 486 descendants of Perez who lived in Jerusalem. They were all strong men. v7 Among the descendants of Benjamin were: · Sallu who was the son of Meshullam and was the grandson of Joed. (Joed was the son of Pedaiah and was the grandson of Kolaiah. Kolaiah was the son of Maaseiah and was the grandson of Ithiel. And he was a descendant of Jeshaiah.) · v8 And after Sallu there were Gabbai and Sallai. · The total number of men was 928. v9 Joel, the son of Zicri, was their chief officer. And Judah, the son of Hassenuah, was the second officer of the city. Many of the people lived on their own land in the other towns and villages. Some of the rulers of the districts lived in Jerusalem. Nehemiah recorded their names. Some of them were descendants of Judah. Judah’s sons were Perez and Shelah. Perez was born after Judah sinned with Tamar. Tamar was the widow of Judah’s other son called Er (Genesis 38:11-30). Jesus was also one of the descendants of Perez. Judah’s wrong action could not prevent God’s good plan. v10 Among the priests who lived in Jerusalem were: · Jedaiah who was the son of Joiarib, Jakin, · v11 Seraiah, who was the ruler of the house of God. He was the son of Hilkiah and was the grandson of Meshullam. (Meshullam was the son of Zadok and was the grandson of Meraioth. Meraioth was the son of Ahitub.) · v12 Their companions who did the work in the temple also lived in Jerusalem. The total number of them was 822. · There was also Adaiah. He was the son of Jeroham and was the grandson of Pelaliah. (Pelaliah was the son of Amzi and was the grandson of Zechariah. Zechariah was the son of Pashhur and was the grandson of Malkijah.) · v13 Their companions who were heads of families also lived in Jerusalem. The total number of them was 242. · There was also Amashsai. He was the son of Azarel and was the grandson of Ahzai. (Ahzai was the son of Meshillemoth and was the grandson of Immer.) · v14 There were also his companions, who were strong and brave men. The total number of them was 128. Their chief officer was Zabdiel who was the son of Haggedolim. v15 Among the Levites were: · Shemaiah who was the son of Hashub and was the grandson of Azrikam. (Azrikam was the son of Hashabiah and was the grandson of Bunni.) · v16 Shabbethai and Jozabad were two leaders of the Levites. They were responsible for the outside work of the house of God. · v17 Mattaniah led the people in prayer and when they gave thanks to God. He was the son of Mica and was the grandson of Zabdi. (Zabdi was the son of Asaph.) · There was also Bakbukiah, who was his assistant. And there was Abda. He was the son of Shammua and was the grandson of Galal. (Galal was the son of Jeduthun.) · v18 The total number of Levites in the holy city called Jerusalem was 284. v19 Among the men who guarded the gates were: · Akkub, Talmon, and their companions. The total number of men who guarded the gates was 172. Nehemiah recorded the names of the priests and the Levites who lived in Jerusalem. The priests led the people when they worshipped God. The Levites helped the priests and they looked after the sacrifices. Some of these men looked after the work of the temple. Other men led the people in prayer and when they gave thanks to God. Nehemiah also recorded the names of the men of Jerusalem who guarded the gates. They also guarded the temple and the rooms for the tithes and temple equipment (1 Chronicles 9:17-27). v20 The other people of Israel and the other priests and Levites lived in the other towns and cities in Judah. They all lived on the land which belonged to their families and their ancestors. v21 The temple servants lived in Ophel. Ziha and Gishpa were their managers. God had given the country called Judah to his special people the Jews. He gave each family a share in the land. So when the people returned from the exile, they returned to the country of their ancestors. v22 The leader of the Levites in Jerusalem was Uzzi. (He was the son of Bani and was the grandson of Hashabiah. Hashabiah was the son of Mattaniah and was the grandson of Mica.) Uzzi was one of the descendants of Asaph. Asaph’s descendants were the singers who were responsible for the work of the house of God. v23 The singers carried out their daily work by royal authority. v24 Pethahiah was the king’s agent in all the affairs of the people. He was the son of Meshezabel and he was a descendant of Zerah and Judah. Asaph was a leader of the singers at the time of King David (1 Chronicles 6:39). He also wrote some of the Psalms in the Bible. His descendants were the singers in the temple. Although the king lived far away in Persia, he wanted to know about the people in Judah. He had a special interest in the work of the temple. The king had given royal authority to Ezra about the worship in the temple (Ezra 7:11-26). v25 Some of the descendants of Judah lived on their land in the villages. Some lived in Kiriath Arba and the villages near it. Some lived in Dibon and the villages near it and some lived in Jekabzeel and the villages near it. v26 Some lived in Jeshua and some lived in Moladah. Some lived in Bethpelet. v27 Some lived in Hazarshual and some lived in Beersheba and the villages near it. v28 Some lived in Ziklag and some lived in Meconah and the villages near it. v29 Some lived in Enrimmon and some lived in Zorah. Some lived in Jarmuth. v30 Some lived in Zanoah and some lived in Adullam and the villages near these towns. Some lived in Lachish and the land there. Some lived in Azekah and the villages near it. So all these people lived in the area between Beersheba and the valley called Hinnom. v31 The descendants of Benjamin from Geba lived in Michmash, Aija, Bethel and the villages near Bethel. v32 Some lived in Anathoth, Nob, Ananiah, v33 Hazor, Ramah, Gittaim, v34 Hadid, Zeboim, Neballat, v35 Lod and Ono. They also lived in the valley called ‘The valley of skilled men’. v36 Some groups of the Levites from Judah lived among the descendants of Benjamin. Nehemiah also recorded the names of the towns and villages of Judah. We do not know much about the people in this chapter. They lived many years ago, but they did an important job for Nehemiah and for God. God cares about all sorts of people. And he is pleased when they serve him well. Often Nehemiah also recorded the names of the families and the ancestors of the people. The people in Judah were part of God’s plan to save the world by Jesus Christ. (Jesus was a Jew.) So it was important for Jews to know about their ancestors. Then they would know that they really were Jews. The priests and Levites could only do their special work if they were genuine descendants of Levi (Nehemiah 7:63-65). (The priests were descendants of Aaron, the brother of Moses. Aaron was a *descendant of Levi.)	<urn:uuid:d6beb3c2-e767-4add-8231-899650f5466e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://urdubible.net/the-people-had-built-the-city-called-jerusalem-again/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589861.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117152059-20200117180059-00439.warc.gz	en	0.989151	2,418	3.421875	3	[ -0.2400626242160797, 0.2942999601364136, 0.044340625405311584, -0.1207386702299118, -0.17799727618694305, 0.22692836821079254, 0.404488205909729, 0.11816488206386566, -0.2943391799926758, 0.3093888759613037, -0.11193744838237762, 0.07930795848369598, 0.13434460759162903, -0.094555199146270...	2	The people had built the city called Jerusalem again. Then they returned to the smaller towns and villages where they lived. Not many people lived in the city called Jerusalem. It was important for people to live in the city. Then it would become a great city again and the people could protect the temple in the city. v1 The leaders of the people lived in Jerusalem. The rest of the people threw lots to decide who else would live in Jerusalem. One person in every 10 people went to live in Jerusalem, the holy city. The other 9 stayed in the other towns. v2 The people thanked all the men who chose to live in Jerusalem. The leaders of the people lived in the city. They would help Hanani and Hananiah to rule the people (Nehemiah 7:2). But a city can only be a great city if many people live there. The people who lived in the other towns and villages already had houses and land. If they moved to live in Jerusalem, they would have to build new houses and to find new work. The people used lots to decide who would live in the city. They used lots in order to find out what God wanted them to do (Proverbs 16:33). So they chose one tenth (1/10th) of the people to live in Jerusalem. All the people were grateful for those people who were willing to live in Jerusalem. v3-4 In the other towns in Judah, the people lived on their own land. This included the Israelites, the priests, the Levites and the people who served in the temple. And the people who were descendants of King Solomon’s servants also lived on their own land. Other people from the descendants of Judah and Benjamin lived in Jerusalem. The leaders of the district lived in Jerusalem. This is a list of their names. Among the descendants of Judah were: · Athaiah who was the son of Uzziah and was the grandson of Zechariah. (Zechariah was the son of Amariah and was the grandson of Shephatiah. Shephatiah was the son of Mahalalel and he was a descendant of Perez.) · v5 Maaseiah who was the son of Baruch and was the grandson of Col-Hozeh. (Col-Hozeh was the son of Hazaiah and was the grandson of Adaiah. Adaiah was the son of Joiarib and was the grandson of Zechariah. And he was a descendant of Shelah.) · v6 There were 486 descendants of Perez who lived in Jerusalem. They were all strong men. v7 Among the descendants of Benjamin were: · Sallu who was the son of Meshullam and was the grandson of Joed. (Joed was the son of Pedaiah and was the grandson of Kolaiah. Kolaiah was the son of Maaseiah and was the grandson of Ithiel. And he was a descendant of Jeshaiah.) · v8 And after Sallu there were Gabbai and Sallai. · The total number of men was 928. v9 Joel, the son of Zicri, was their chief officer. And Judah, the son of Hassenuah, was the second officer of the city. Many of the people lived on their own land in the other towns and villages. Some of the rulers of the districts lived in Jerusalem. Nehemiah recorded their names. Some of them were descendants of Judah. Judah’s sons were Perez and Shelah. Perez was born after Judah sinned with Tamar. Tamar was the widow of Judah’s other son called Er (Genesis 38:11-30). Jesus was also one of the descendants of Perez. Judah’s wrong action could not prevent God’s good plan. v10 Among the priests who lived in Jerusalem were: · Jedaiah who was the son of Joiarib, Jakin, · v11 Seraiah, who was the ruler of the house of God. He was the son of Hilkiah and was the grandson of Meshullam. (Meshullam was the son of Zadok and was the grandson of Meraioth. Meraioth was the son of Ahitub.) · v12 Their companions who did the work in the temple also lived in Jerusalem. The total number of them was 822. · There was also Adaiah. He was the son of Jeroham and was the grandson of Pelaliah. (Pelaliah was the son of Amzi and was the grandson of Zechariah. Zechariah was the son of Pashhur and was the grandson of Malkijah.) · v13 Their companions who were heads of families also lived in Jerusalem. The total number of them was 242. · There was also Amashsai. He was the son of Azarel and was the grandson of Ahzai. (Ahzai was the son of Meshillemoth and was the grandson of Immer.) · v14 There were also his companions, who were strong and brave men. The total number of them was 128. Their chief officer was Zabdiel who was the son of Haggedolim. v15 Among the Levites were: · Shemaiah who was the son of Hashub and was the grandson of Azrikam. (Azrikam was the son of Hashabiah and was the grandson of Bunni.) · v16 Shabbethai and Jozabad were two leaders of the Levites. They were responsible for the outside work of the house of God. · v17 Mattaniah led the people in prayer and when they gave thanks to God. He was the son of Mica and was the grandson of Zabdi. (Zabdi was the son of Asaph.) · There was also Bakbukiah, who was his assistant. And there was Abda. He was the son of Shammua and was the grandson of Galal. (Galal was the son of Jeduthun.) · v18 The total number of Levites in the holy city called Jerusalem was 284. v19 Among the men who guarded the gates were: · Akkub, Talmon, and their companions. The total number of men who guarded the gates was 172. Nehemiah recorded the names of the priests and the Levites who lived in Jerusalem. The priests led the people when they worshipped God. The Levites helped the priests and they looked after the sacrifices. Some of these men looked after the work of the temple. Other men led the people in prayer and when they gave thanks to God. Nehemiah also recorded the names of the men of Jerusalem who guarded the gates. They also guarded the temple and the rooms for the tithes and temple equipment (1 Chronicles 9:17-27). v20 The other people of Israel and the other priests and Levites lived in the other towns and cities in Judah. They all lived on the land which belonged to their families and their ancestors. v21 The temple servants lived in Ophel. Ziha and Gishpa were their managers. God had given the country called Judah to his special people the Jews. He gave each family a share in the land. So when the people returned from the exile, they returned to the country of their ancestors. v22 The leader of the Levites in Jerusalem was Uzzi. (He was the son of Bani and was the grandson of Hashabiah. Hashabiah was the son of Mattaniah and was the grandson of Mica.) Uzzi was one of the descendants of Asaph. Asaph’s descendants were the singers who were responsible for the work of the house of God. v23 The singers carried out their daily work by royal authority. v24 Pethahiah was the king’s agent in all the affairs of the people. He was the son of Meshezabel and he was a descendant of Zerah and Judah. Asaph was a leader of the singers at the time of King David (1 Chronicles 6:39). He also wrote some of the Psalms in the Bible. His descendants were the singers in the temple. Although the king lived far away in Persia, he wanted to know about the people in Judah. He had a special interest in the work of the temple. The king had given royal authority to Ezra about the worship in the temple (Ezra 7:11-26). v25 Some of the descendants of Judah lived on their land in the villages. Some lived in Kiriath Arba and the villages near it. Some lived in Dibon and the villages near it and some lived in Jekabzeel and the villages near it. v26 Some lived in Jeshua and some lived in Moladah. Some lived in Bethpelet. v27 Some lived in Hazarshual and some lived in Beersheba and the villages near it. v28 Some lived in Ziklag and some lived in Meconah and the villages near it. v29 Some lived in Enrimmon and some lived in Zorah. Some lived in Jarmuth. v30 Some lived in Zanoah and some lived in Adullam and the villages near these towns. Some lived in Lachish and the land there. Some lived in Azekah and the villages near it. So all these people lived in the area between Beersheba and the valley called Hinnom. v31 The descendants of Benjamin from Geba lived in Michmash, Aija, Bethel and the villages near Bethel. v32 Some lived in Anathoth, Nob, Ananiah, v33 Hazor, Ramah, Gittaim, v34 Hadid, Zeboim, Neballat, v35 Lod and Ono. They also lived in the valley called ‘The valley of skilled men’. v36 Some groups of the Levites from Judah lived among the descendants of Benjamin. Nehemiah also recorded the names of the towns and villages of Judah. We do not know much about the people in this chapter. They lived many years ago, but they did an important job for Nehemiah and for God. God cares about all sorts of people. And he is pleased when they serve him well. Often Nehemiah also recorded the names of the families and the ancestors of the people. The people in Judah were part of God’s plan to save the world by Jesus Christ. (Jesus was a Jew.) So it was important for Jews to know about their ancestors. Then they would know that they really were Jews. The priests and Levites could only do their special work if they were genuine descendants of Levi (Nehemiah 7:63-65). (The priests were descendants of Aaron, the brother of Moses. Aaron was a *descendant of Levi.)	2,439	ENGLISH	1
Family and religion played a great role in slavery. Religion was used to strengthen slavery as some of the slaves were told to obey their masters. Religion reinforced the slaves and propagated it through various justifications from the Bible like required the servant, in this case, the slave to obey the master (Dunaway, 2003). The slaves were taught in this manner thought it was the wrong interpretation. Religions thus required them to be submissive and do all that they were asked. Religion was as a cover in taking missionary work to Africa while propagating slavery, which was one of the profitable trades at that time. The Bible has various references to slavery, which the whites used to justify slavery (Andersen & Taylor, 2008). Religion was used to enslave people especially Africans with reason that they would easily be reachable through Christianity. Some of the verses were drawn from Apostle Paul where were to obey their masters regardless. The family was a refuge for the slaves as the outside world dealt harshly with them. The slaves found solace in the various gatherings of the family and would encourage one another. The family unit ensured that more children resulted which were then sold as slaves. The slave family could not oppose the sale of a family member, as it was powerless. As such, the family was a tool used by slavery to propagate and enhance the slave trade due to the children born from those families. Family and religion thus strengthened slavery in one way or another and ensured that it was here to stay. Order Unique Answer Now	<urn:uuid:98c44924-1b7b-4b24-9de0-1240065607fb>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://uniquewritersbay.com/blog/role-family-religion-played-slave-community/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606226.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121222429-20200122011429-00312.warc.gz	en	0.990465	308	3.71875	4	[ -0.08572933077812195, 0.8175716996192932, -0.1491955667734146, -0.4526110291481018, -0.0390002578496933, -0.04399796575307846, 0.02559638023376465, -0.31298911571502686, -0.19828537106513977, 0.047286778688430786, 0.07104466110467911, -0.012342461384832859, 0.022846730425953865, 0.01396988...	1	Family and religion played a great role in slavery. Religion was used to strengthen slavery as some of the slaves were told to obey their masters. Religion reinforced the slaves and propagated it through various justifications from the Bible like required the servant, in this case, the slave to obey the master (Dunaway, 2003). The slaves were taught in this manner thought it was the wrong interpretation. Religions thus required them to be submissive and do all that they were asked. Religion was as a cover in taking missionary work to Africa while propagating slavery, which was one of the profitable trades at that time. The Bible has various references to slavery, which the whites used to justify slavery (Andersen & Taylor, 2008). Religion was used to enslave people especially Africans with reason that they would easily be reachable through Christianity. Some of the verses were drawn from Apostle Paul where were to obey their masters regardless. The family was a refuge for the slaves as the outside world dealt harshly with them. The slaves found solace in the various gatherings of the family and would encourage one another. The family unit ensured that more children resulted which were then sold as slaves. The slave family could not oppose the sale of a family member, as it was powerless. As such, the family was a tool used by slavery to propagate and enhance the slave trade due to the children born from those families. Family and religion thus strengthened slavery in one way or another and ensured that it was here to stay. Order Unique Answer Now	311	ENGLISH	1
(Last Updated on : 01/03/2012) In April 1936, the congress and the league were in meeting separately. They considered the new act. Both bodies decided to contest the provincial elections, which were to be held in January and February of the following year. Many congressmen, including the current president, Jawaharlal Nehru, at first wanted to boycott the elections completely. But a meeting in February 1936 showed that many members were in favour of taking office. Eventually even Jawaharlal had to admit that there was no choice but to contest the election. At the least, by contesting congress could carry its message to the millions of voters and to the scores of millions of the disenfranchised. They are the five-sixths of the Indian people who had not been given the vote. The question of whether congress would accept office could be decided later. Campaigning began towards the close of 1936. By March 1937 the results were in. The Congress had swept the polls. It won absolute majorities in five provinces and was the largest single party in four others. This result was a surprise even to most congressmen. It gave a new turn to the office acceptance question. Congress could hardly ignore the authorization the voters had given it. But some were still hesitant. President Nehru said he did not wish congress to become 'responsible for many things that we utterly dislike'. This might have happened if governors used their special powers to overrule legislation, through by the ministries. Accordingly, the working committee demanded assurances from the government that the special powers would not be used. Lord Linlithgow was too clever to give a clear assurance, but a 'gentleman's agreement' of June 1937 opened the way for congress to form ministries in the united provinces, the central provinces, Bihar, Orissa, Madras, and Bombay. Later, Assam and the North-West Frontier Province also came under congress rule. The rise of the Muslim and the new ministries, the rise of the Congress ministry and ultimately the rise of the congress left wing delineated the characteristic of the provincial election in India.	<urn:uuid:648ec00e-a1a1-4ac3-a752-b17d0c411742>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.indianetzone.com/26/provincial_elections_indian_history.htm	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251671078.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125071430-20200125100430-00476.warc.gz	en	0.985054	426	3.578125	4	[ -0.38820701837539673, 0.23666054010391235, 0.1734357327222824, 0.07645703852176666, -0.37487101554870605, 0.3448801338672638, 0.16357147693634033, 0.027880854904651642, 0.16764499247074127, 0.10515417903661728, 0.43475884199142456, 0.20181937515735626, 0.30897819995880127, 0.14977376163005...	3	(Last Updated on : 01/03/2012) In April 1936, the congress and the league were in meeting separately. They considered the new act. Both bodies decided to contest the provincial elections, which were to be held in January and February of the following year. Many congressmen, including the current president, Jawaharlal Nehru, at first wanted to boycott the elections completely. But a meeting in February 1936 showed that many members were in favour of taking office. Eventually even Jawaharlal had to admit that there was no choice but to contest the election. At the least, by contesting congress could carry its message to the millions of voters and to the scores of millions of the disenfranchised. They are the five-sixths of the Indian people who had not been given the vote. The question of whether congress would accept office could be decided later. Campaigning began towards the close of 1936. By March 1937 the results were in. The Congress had swept the polls. It won absolute majorities in five provinces and was the largest single party in four others. This result was a surprise even to most congressmen. It gave a new turn to the office acceptance question. Congress could hardly ignore the authorization the voters had given it. But some were still hesitant. President Nehru said he did not wish congress to become 'responsible for many things that we utterly dislike'. This might have happened if governors used their special powers to overrule legislation, through by the ministries. Accordingly, the working committee demanded assurances from the government that the special powers would not be used. Lord Linlithgow was too clever to give a clear assurance, but a 'gentleman's agreement' of June 1937 opened the way for congress to form ministries in the united provinces, the central provinces, Bihar, Orissa, Madras, and Bombay. Later, Assam and the North-West Frontier Province also came under congress rule. The rise of the Muslim and the new ministries, the rise of the Congress ministry and ultimately the rise of the congress left wing delineated the characteristic of the provincial election in India.	452	ENGLISH	1
After the Christians had held Jerusalem for eighty-eight years, it was recaptured by the Moslems under the lead of the famous Saladin (Sal'-a-din), in the year 1187. There was much excitement in Christendom, and the Pope proclaimed another Crusade. Frederick immediately raised an army of Crusaders in the German Empire and with one hundred and fifty thousand men started for Palestine . He marched into Asia Minor , attacked the Moslem forces, and defeated them in two great battles. But before the brave old warrior reached the Holy Land his career was suddenly brought to an end. One day his army was crossing a small bridge over a river in Asia Minor . At a moment when the bridge was crowded with troops Frederick rode up rapidly. He was impatient to join his son, who was leading the advance guard; and when he found that he could not cross immediately by the bridge, he plunged into the river to swim his horse across. Both horse and rider were swept away by the current. Barbarossa's heavy armor made him helpless and he was drowned. His body was recovered and buried at Antioch . Barbarossa was so much loved by his people that it was said, " Germany and Frederick Barbarossa are one in the hearts of the Germans." His death caused the greatest grief among the German Crusaders. They had now little heart to fight the infidels and most of them at once returned to Germany . In the Empire the dead hero was long mourned and for many years the peasants believed that Frederick was not really dead, but was asleep in a cave in the mountains of Germany , with his gallant knights around him. He was supposed to be sitting in his chair of state, with the crown upon his head, his eyes half-closed in slumber, his beard as white as snow and so long that it reached the ground. "When the ravens cease to fly round the mountain, " said the legend, "Barbarossa shall awake and restore Germany to its ancient greatness."	<urn:uuid:e47e37e2-f30d-4b50-b3fc-3d3de37257e6>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://e-reading.mobi/chapter.php/70959/75/Haaren_-_Famous_Men_of_The_Middle_Ages.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251690095.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126165718-20200126195718-00463.warc.gz	en	0.992759	417	3.296875	3	[ -0.42547324299812317, 0.8064100742340088, 0.10079063475131989, 0.1809825599193573, -0.32757166028022766, -0.030948542058467865, 0.043886758387088776, 0.3450931906700134, 0.14358076453208923, -0.19580388069152832, -0.14567258954048157, -0.4173106551170349, 0.002381471451371908, -0.086615271...	1	After the Christians had held Jerusalem for eighty-eight years, it was recaptured by the Moslems under the lead of the famous Saladin (Sal'-a-din), in the year 1187. There was much excitement in Christendom, and the Pope proclaimed another Crusade. Frederick immediately raised an army of Crusaders in the German Empire and with one hundred and fifty thousand men started for Palestine . He marched into Asia Minor , attacked the Moslem forces, and defeated them in two great battles. But before the brave old warrior reached the Holy Land his career was suddenly brought to an end. One day his army was crossing a small bridge over a river in Asia Minor . At a moment when the bridge was crowded with troops Frederick rode up rapidly. He was impatient to join his son, who was leading the advance guard; and when he found that he could not cross immediately by the bridge, he plunged into the river to swim his horse across. Both horse and rider were swept away by the current. Barbarossa's heavy armor made him helpless and he was drowned. His body was recovered and buried at Antioch . Barbarossa was so much loved by his people that it was said, " Germany and Frederick Barbarossa are one in the hearts of the Germans." His death caused the greatest grief among the German Crusaders. They had now little heart to fight the infidels and most of them at once returned to Germany . In the Empire the dead hero was long mourned and for many years the peasants believed that Frederick was not really dead, but was asleep in a cave in the mountains of Germany , with his gallant knights around him. He was supposed to be sitting in his chair of state, with the crown upon his head, his eyes half-closed in slumber, his beard as white as snow and so long that it reached the ground. "When the ravens cease to fly round the mountain, " said the legend, "Barbarossa shall awake and restore Germany to its ancient greatness."	411	ENGLISH	1
A 50-year study finds that cigarettes reduce a smoker’s life by an average of 10 years. However, the research also concludes that quitting at any age reduced the risk of dying from smoking-related diseases, the BBC reported June 22. The study by Cancer Research UK began in 1951 and involved 34,439 doctors who were born between 1900 and 1930. The participants were asked about their smoking behavior at the start of the study, and were contacted periodically by researchers to follow up. The researchers found that men who smoked were twice as likely to die before age 70 than non-smokers. In addition, non-smokers lived an average of 10 years longer than those who smoked for most of their lives. But the research also showed that participants who stopped smoking before age 30 lived just as long as those who never smoked. Those who quit at age 40, 50, and 60 also added years to their lives. “Fifty years ago, the findings of this unique study had a major impact on our understanding of the links between smoking and disease,” said Professor Colin Blakemore, chief executive of the Medical Research Council. “These new findings complete the picture on smoking-related deaths.” The study’s findings are published in the British Medical Journal.	<urn:uuid:4a6af4b9-dd70-41a6-9dcb-c8c5875a748f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.drug-rehabs.com/education/smoking-costs-10-years-life/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251700988.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127143516-20200127173516-00054.warc.gz	en	0.988529	264	3.46875	3	[ -0.15866650640964508, 0.581977903842926, 0.2277919352054596, -0.2907460033893585, 0.025156809017062187, 0.23520994186401367, 0.05082684010267258, 0.1884959489107132, 0.09150642156600952, 0.03973384201526642, -0.09050318598747253, -0.01273161731660366, -0.0005047054728493094, 0.229447394609...	3	A 50-year study finds that cigarettes reduce a smoker’s life by an average of 10 years. However, the research also concludes that quitting at any age reduced the risk of dying from smoking-related diseases, the BBC reported June 22. The study by Cancer Research UK began in 1951 and involved 34,439 doctors who were born between 1900 and 1930. The participants were asked about their smoking behavior at the start of the study, and were contacted periodically by researchers to follow up. The researchers found that men who smoked were twice as likely to die before age 70 than non-smokers. In addition, non-smokers lived an average of 10 years longer than those who smoked for most of their lives. But the research also showed that participants who stopped smoking before age 30 lived just as long as those who never smoked. Those who quit at age 40, 50, and 60 also added years to their lives. “Fifty years ago, the findings of this unique study had a major impact on our understanding of the links between smoking and disease,” said Professor Colin Blakemore, chief executive of the Medical Research Council. “These new findings complete the picture on smoking-related deaths.” The study’s findings are published in the British Medical Journal.	280	ENGLISH	1
Sleep apnoea is a widespread disease that has major consequences for the patients’ daily functionality and health. A Swedish study has examined all the patients who were diagnosed with sleep apnoea in the country between 2000 and 2009, including both years. This is possible because Sweden has a register in the same way that other Scandinavian countries have where all patients are registered on a regular basis. During those nine years, 75,000 cases of sleep apnoea were recorded. In 60,000 of the cases, the patients received outpatient treatment and in the remaining 15,000 cases, the patients were hospitalized. 13% of the men and 21% of the women who were recorded with having sleep apnoea in the study ended up on retiring early for one reason or another. For the patients who received outpatient treatment, the figures are 6.5% for men and 13% for women. In comparison, only 3.5% of the rest of the Swedish population end up retiring early. What is sleep apnoea? The condition is characterised by the patient having unmotivated pauses in breathing during sleep. This causes poorer blood circulation and interrupted sleep. According to researchers, sleep apnoea is very underdiagnosed and the disease is never treated in many cases. It is estimated that 10-17% of middle-aged men suffer from moderate or severe sleep apnoea while the percentage is 3-9% for women. The number of people suffering from the condition is increasing. Moderate or severe sleep apnoea is characterised by the patient’s breathing pausing more than 15 times per hour. The breathing pauses are called “apnoeas” and their duration is usually between 10 and 60 seconds. In some cases, patients have up to 400 apnoeas per night. The repercussion of the condition is that the patient is often very tired during the day. This can cause sleep attacks and severe mental disorders. In addition, sleep apnoea is associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. People suffering from sleep apnoea are also more frequently involved in traffic accidents. Children who are affected by sleep apnoea are at risk of suffering from reduced growth. Greater risk of premature death among hospitalised sleep apnoea patients In the study, a noticeable greater risk of dying prematurely was seen among the sleep apnoea patients who were hospitalised. Among the patients who were not hospitalised, but simply received outpatient treatment, there was less of a difference. Among the women who had been hospitalised due to sleep apnoea, more than twice as many of them died prematurely compared to the healthy control group. Among the hospitalised men, 70 percent more of them died prematurely compared to the healthy control group. The suicide rate was also higher for both the men and women suffering from sleep apnoea. The researchers were not able to adjust the study for health-related conditions such as obesity which increases the risk of developing sleep apnoea. According to the researchers, the results of the study suggest that severe cases of sleep apnoea can be an important risk factor for premature death. Likewise, sleep apnoea can have socio-economic consequences, e.g. resulting from the patients being unable to attend to their job.	<urn:uuid:0c189dd2-9036-4727-b85c-5e821fc6c8cb>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.health-panel.co.uk/health-news/patients-severe-sleep-apnoea-are-greater-risk-retiring-early-and-dying-prematurely/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251789055.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129071944-20200129101944-00549.warc.gz	en	0.980751	693	3.34375	3	[ 0.2538706958293915, 0.2153351902961731, 0.17390090227127075, 0.14715607464313507, -0.1731351613998413, 0.23912093043327332, 0.33149081468582153, 0.03387162834405899, 0.41359567642211914, 0.08638079464435577, -0.03339984267950058, -0.0031301071867346764, -0.06688277423381805, 0.244541227817...	13	Sleep apnoea is a widespread disease that has major consequences for the patients’ daily functionality and health. A Swedish study has examined all the patients who were diagnosed with sleep apnoea in the country between 2000 and 2009, including both years. This is possible because Sweden has a register in the same way that other Scandinavian countries have where all patients are registered on a regular basis. During those nine years, 75,000 cases of sleep apnoea were recorded. In 60,000 of the cases, the patients received outpatient treatment and in the remaining 15,000 cases, the patients were hospitalized. 13% of the men and 21% of the women who were recorded with having sleep apnoea in the study ended up on retiring early for one reason or another. For the patients who received outpatient treatment, the figures are 6.5% for men and 13% for women. In comparison, only 3.5% of the rest of the Swedish population end up retiring early. What is sleep apnoea? The condition is characterised by the patient having unmotivated pauses in breathing during sleep. This causes poorer blood circulation and interrupted sleep. According to researchers, sleep apnoea is very underdiagnosed and the disease is never treated in many cases. It is estimated that 10-17% of middle-aged men suffer from moderate or severe sleep apnoea while the percentage is 3-9% for women. The number of people suffering from the condition is increasing. Moderate or severe sleep apnoea is characterised by the patient’s breathing pausing more than 15 times per hour. The breathing pauses are called “apnoeas” and their duration is usually between 10 and 60 seconds. In some cases, patients have up to 400 apnoeas per night. The repercussion of the condition is that the patient is often very tired during the day. This can cause sleep attacks and severe mental disorders. In addition, sleep apnoea is associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. People suffering from sleep apnoea are also more frequently involved in traffic accidents. Children who are affected by sleep apnoea are at risk of suffering from reduced growth. Greater risk of premature death among hospitalised sleep apnoea patients In the study, a noticeable greater risk of dying prematurely was seen among the sleep apnoea patients who were hospitalised. Among the patients who were not hospitalised, but simply received outpatient treatment, there was less of a difference. Among the women who had been hospitalised due to sleep apnoea, more than twice as many of them died prematurely compared to the healthy control group. Among the hospitalised men, 70 percent more of them died prematurely compared to the healthy control group. The suicide rate was also higher for both the men and women suffering from sleep apnoea. The researchers were not able to adjust the study for health-related conditions such as obesity which increases the risk of developing sleep apnoea. According to the researchers, the results of the study suggest that severe cases of sleep apnoea can be an important risk factor for premature death. Likewise, sleep apnoea can have socio-economic consequences, e.g. resulting from the patients being unable to attend to their job.	696	ENGLISH	1
Paper type: Essay Pages: 3 (652 words) There are times when religion and innocence are questioned. Some people may argue that heritage can be a deciding factor in how religion can play a major role in how we view one another. The story Young Goodman Brown was the outcome of Hawthorne’s experience through his young adulthood, which was heavily impacted by the historical background of his family. Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts, to a family of Puritan colonists. Hawthorne’s paternal distant grandfather, John Hathorne, whom was a judge in the Salem Witch Trials, troubled Nathaniel so much, that he added the W to his last name to separate himself from the family. 1 Some readers could argue after reading this story, knowing the history of the Salem Witch Trials, and knowing things about Nathaniel Hawthorne, he showed the hypocrisy of the Puritan faith through the events that happened throughout the story. One example of how Hawthorne’s heritage, specifically the background of the “judge,” played a role in the story through events that occurred, was at the beginning of the story when Brown, the main character, met with the traveler, also known as the “devil,” and discovered that the devil had possibly been affiliated with his family. 2 Brown stated in the story that he was “surprised that his family had never spoken of this, because if rumor had made its way to the town that the family was affiliated with the devil, they would have cast them from New England,” just as the individuals in the Salem Witch Trials were hanged, because they were believed to be affiliated with the devil, and using the Devil’s Magic. Hawthorne used his experience with the Puritan background in the story, with the description of the woods as being a dark place, portraying that the “woods” is where the devil resided, and that the “woods” is where evil deeds took place.3 Hawthorne also used the sounds of the creaking of trees, the howling of wild beasts, and the yell of Indians that Brown heard, as another way to show that evil resided in the woods. The Puritans’ belief was that the devil was responsible for every evil deed that took place, whether it was through witchcraft, or through rituals thought to be satanic.5 An example of this was the ritual that the devil performed towards the end of the story to try and convert Brown and his wife from the Puritan belief.6 Another example of how Hawthorne’s heritage and the Puritan belief were portrayed in the story, was shown when Brown was describing his opinion of Goody Cloyse, and of his father. He stated in the story that he was surprised that Goody was in the woods, especially at night. Brown made the statement, “A marvel, truly that Goody Cloyse should be so far in the wilderness at nightfall.” Brown had also made a comment earlier in the story about his father being honest and a good Christian by stating, “My father never went into the woods on such an errand, nor his father before him. We have been a race of honest men and good Christians since the days of the martyrs.” Brown thought highly of both of his father and fellow acquaintance, Goody, and believed they were both strong in their faith. Whether or not all the events that took place throughout the story were a dream or reality for Brown, Hawthorne used the devil’s ritual to reveal that even the good Puritan townspeople that Brown thought were superior than he, are apt to commit sin. Hawthorne also showed that religion can play a role in how we view one another. (1) Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Young Goodman Brown. New England: New England Magazine, 1835. Pgs. 1131-1141 in Making Literature Matter (2) Blumberg, Jess. “A Brief History of The Salem Witch Trials.” Smithsonian.com: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/brief-salem.html, 2007. (3) White, Ellen Brooks. “Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Salem.” Miscellany: Life and Literature: http://allthingsliterary.wordpress.com/2009/10/31/nathaniel-hawthornes-salem/, 2012-2013. Cite this page Religion & Historical Background of Young Goodman Brown. (2016, May 13). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/religion-historical-background-of-young-goodman-brown-essay	<urn:uuid:4346afcb-60b1-4778-bddf-21a9b60007c3>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://studymoose.com/religion-historical-background-of-young-goodman-brown-essay	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251688806.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126104828-20200126134828-00141.warc.gz	en	0.9805	983	3.671875	4	[ -0.06073708087205887, 0.2591472864151001, -0.14457334578037262, -0.446267306804657, -0.07000678032636642, 0.20413903892040253, 0.2288046032190323, -0.4153554439544678, -0.2715873718261719, 0.03149588033556938, -0.2776828110218048, 0.18328306078910828, -0.22373169660568237, 0.11847059428691...	1	Paper type: Essay Pages: 3 (652 words) There are times when religion and innocence are questioned. Some people may argue that heritage can be a deciding factor in how religion can play a major role in how we view one another. The story Young Goodman Brown was the outcome of Hawthorne’s experience through his young adulthood, which was heavily impacted by the historical background of his family. Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts, to a family of Puritan colonists. Hawthorne’s paternal distant grandfather, John Hathorne, whom was a judge in the Salem Witch Trials, troubled Nathaniel so much, that he added the W to his last name to separate himself from the family. 1 Some readers could argue after reading this story, knowing the history of the Salem Witch Trials, and knowing things about Nathaniel Hawthorne, he showed the hypocrisy of the Puritan faith through the events that happened throughout the story. One example of how Hawthorne’s heritage, specifically the background of the “judge,” played a role in the story through events that occurred, was at the beginning of the story when Brown, the main character, met with the traveler, also known as the “devil,” and discovered that the devil had possibly been affiliated with his family. 2 Brown stated in the story that he was “surprised that his family had never spoken of this, because if rumor had made its way to the town that the family was affiliated with the devil, they would have cast them from New England,” just as the individuals in the Salem Witch Trials were hanged, because they were believed to be affiliated with the devil, and using the Devil’s Magic. Hawthorne used his experience with the Puritan background in the story, with the description of the woods as being a dark place, portraying that the “woods” is where the devil resided, and that the “woods” is where evil deeds took place.3 Hawthorne also used the sounds of the creaking of trees, the howling of wild beasts, and the yell of Indians that Brown heard, as another way to show that evil resided in the woods. The Puritans’ belief was that the devil was responsible for every evil deed that took place, whether it was through witchcraft, or through rituals thought to be satanic.5 An example of this was the ritual that the devil performed towards the end of the story to try and convert Brown and his wife from the Puritan belief.6 Another example of how Hawthorne’s heritage and the Puritan belief were portrayed in the story, was shown when Brown was describing his opinion of Goody Cloyse, and of his father. He stated in the story that he was surprised that Goody was in the woods, especially at night. Brown made the statement, “A marvel, truly that Goody Cloyse should be so far in the wilderness at nightfall.” Brown had also made a comment earlier in the story about his father being honest and a good Christian by stating, “My father never went into the woods on such an errand, nor his father before him. We have been a race of honest men and good Christians since the days of the martyrs.” Brown thought highly of both of his father and fellow acquaintance, Goody, and believed they were both strong in their faith. Whether or not all the events that took place throughout the story were a dream or reality for Brown, Hawthorne used the devil’s ritual to reveal that even the good Puritan townspeople that Brown thought were superior than he, are apt to commit sin. Hawthorne also showed that religion can play a role in how we view one another. (1) Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Young Goodman Brown. New England: New England Magazine, 1835. Pgs. 1131-1141 in Making Literature Matter (2) Blumberg, Jess. “A Brief History of The Salem Witch Trials.” Smithsonian.com: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/brief-salem.html, 2007. (3) White, Ellen Brooks. “Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Salem.” Miscellany: Life and Literature: http://allthingsliterary.wordpress.com/2009/10/31/nathaniel-hawthornes-salem/, 2012-2013. Cite this page Religion & Historical Background of Young Goodman Brown. (2016, May 13). Retrieved from https://studymoose.com/religion-historical-background-of-young-goodman-brown-essay	957	ENGLISH	1
Acclaimed throughout the world as one of the twentieth century's greatest writers, William Faulkner was born into an old Southern upper-class family as William Falkner on September 25, 1897, in New Albany, Mississippi. He was the first of the four sons born to Murry and Maud Butler Falkner. The family moved while he was still a child to Oxford, in central Mississippi. Here he played football for Oxford High School. Since he was turned down to serve in the United States Army because he was too short-he was 5'6"-Faulkner was forced to join the Royal Canadian Air Force and the RAF (Royal Air Force) during World War I. Scholars speculate that the change in his name from Falkner to the more British Faulkner occurred at this point. After the war, despite the fact that he never graduated from high school, Faulkner attended the University of Mississippi in Oxford, Mississippi. Faulkner takes racial prejudice and the decay of the South, which is very apparent in As I Lay Dying, as the primary themes in most of his work. He wrote his first novel, Soldier's Pay, while living in New Orleans, followed by the enormously popular The Sound and the Fury in 1929. During the 1930's, a decade in which he was very prolific, he produced the literary works, As I Lay Dying (1930), Light in August (1932), Absalom, Absalom! (1936) and The Unvanquished (1938) in addition to his 1932 short story collection that includes the well-known "A Rose for Emily," and "Barn Burning." Mississippi, a highly complex multicultural geographical region, greatly influenced Faulkner's life and work, and with the exception of temporary jobs in New York and New Orleans in his youth, a short stint in Hollywood as a script writer, and a trip or two to Europe and Asia in later life, Faulkner remained close to his familial Mississippi roots. The fictional Yoknapatawpha County, which is based on Lafayette County, Mississippi, is the geographical region, his "postage stamp," as he called it, in which Faulkner placed most of his fiction. And some of his fictional characters move from one novel to another. For instance, in As I Lay Dying, Jewel is forced to sell his horse to a member of the despicable Snopes family who appear in other Faulkner novels, including The Hamlet (1940). Faulkner also published two poetry collections titled The Marble Faun (1924) and A Green Bough (1933) but as a poet, Faulkner didn't fare nearly as well. In June of 1929, Faulkner finally married his first sweetheart, the recently divorced Estelle Oldham Franklin. Faulkner worked nights at the Oxford Power Plant and it is here that he wrote As I Lay Dying, he claims, in six weeks without ever making a change. Shortly after, he purchased Rowan Oak in Oxford, Mississippi, where he was to make his home for the rest of his life. He and Estelle had one surviving daughter named Jill. Numbered among Faulkner's awards are the Pulitzer Prize in 1949 for A Fable, two National Book Awards for his Collected Stories (1951) and A Fable and the 1950 Noble Prize for literature, the prize money of which Faulkner donated to a fund for new fiction writers. This ultimately became the PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction. Each year, Faulkner lived for a few weeks as Writer-in-Residence at the University of Virginia until his death in 1962. Faulkner's style remains highly regarded for its use of long involved sentences, multiple points of view, clear-cut, well-defined diction, out of time sequences, and especially for his use of the Modernist stream of consciousness technique. As I Lay Dying: Biography: William Faulkner	<urn:uuid:ebe702e4-c6d8-4d58-aa2f-b0d599432a0f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.novelguide.com/as-i-lay-dying/biography	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601628.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121074002-20200121103002-00525.warc.gz	en	0.983798	824	3.265625	3	[ -0.03980207443237305, 0.2675330638885498, 0.4091984033584595, 0.05457720905542374, 0.07013742625713348, 0.07107918709516525, -0.4365987777709961, -0.05215127021074295, -0.08559189736843109, -0.41121041774749756, 0.29684850573539734, 0.17768603563308716, -0.03345461189746857, 0.253238677978...	4	Acclaimed throughout the world as one of the twentieth century's greatest writers, William Faulkner was born into an old Southern upper-class family as William Falkner on September 25, 1897, in New Albany, Mississippi. He was the first of the four sons born to Murry and Maud Butler Falkner. The family moved while he was still a child to Oxford, in central Mississippi. Here he played football for Oxford High School. Since he was turned down to serve in the United States Army because he was too short-he was 5'6"-Faulkner was forced to join the Royal Canadian Air Force and the RAF (Royal Air Force) during World War I. Scholars speculate that the change in his name from Falkner to the more British Faulkner occurred at this point. After the war, despite the fact that he never graduated from high school, Faulkner attended the University of Mississippi in Oxford, Mississippi. Faulkner takes racial prejudice and the decay of the South, which is very apparent in As I Lay Dying, as the primary themes in most of his work. He wrote his first novel, Soldier's Pay, while living in New Orleans, followed by the enormously popular The Sound and the Fury in 1929. During the 1930's, a decade in which he was very prolific, he produced the literary works, As I Lay Dying (1930), Light in August (1932), Absalom, Absalom! (1936) and The Unvanquished (1938) in addition to his 1932 short story collection that includes the well-known "A Rose for Emily," and "Barn Burning." Mississippi, a highly complex multicultural geographical region, greatly influenced Faulkner's life and work, and with the exception of temporary jobs in New York and New Orleans in his youth, a short stint in Hollywood as a script writer, and a trip or two to Europe and Asia in later life, Faulkner remained close to his familial Mississippi roots. The fictional Yoknapatawpha County, which is based on Lafayette County, Mississippi, is the geographical region, his "postage stamp," as he called it, in which Faulkner placed most of his fiction. And some of his fictional characters move from one novel to another. For instance, in As I Lay Dying, Jewel is forced to sell his horse to a member of the despicable Snopes family who appear in other Faulkner novels, including The Hamlet (1940). Faulkner also published two poetry collections titled The Marble Faun (1924) and A Green Bough (1933) but as a poet, Faulkner didn't fare nearly as well. In June of 1929, Faulkner finally married his first sweetheart, the recently divorced Estelle Oldham Franklin. Faulkner worked nights at the Oxford Power Plant and it is here that he wrote As I Lay Dying, he claims, in six weeks without ever making a change. Shortly after, he purchased Rowan Oak in Oxford, Mississippi, where he was to make his home for the rest of his life. He and Estelle had one surviving daughter named Jill. Numbered among Faulkner's awards are the Pulitzer Prize in 1949 for A Fable, two National Book Awards for his Collected Stories (1951) and A Fable and the 1950 Noble Prize for literature, the prize money of which Faulkner donated to a fund for new fiction writers. This ultimately became the PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction. Each year, Faulkner lived for a few weeks as Writer-in-Residence at the University of Virginia until his death in 1962. Faulkner's style remains highly regarded for its use of long involved sentences, multiple points of view, clear-cut, well-defined diction, out of time sequences, and especially for his use of the Modernist stream of consciousness technique. As I Lay Dying: Biography: William Faulkner	859	ENGLISH	1
The state of ancient Egyptian economy was a work of perfection that led to the rise of one of the greatest civilizations in the ancient world, it was built on utilizing all the natural elements of their environment on the concept of planned bureaucracy that monitored and controlled every single detail to absolute perfection. Ancient Egyptian Economy Facts The bureaucrats were the ones in charge of public works like reassigning the land after every flooding, assessing the expected crops, collecting part of the produce as taxes, storing and redistributing, all these duties were religious in character and involved tens of thousands of workers and administrators. Many elements contributed in the economy of ancient Egypt like the population, the management of the different sources of wealth and the taxation system as the nation relied on the revenues in the form of paid taxes and labor. Grain was the main focus hoarded by the authorities as it could be stored with relative ease and was crucial in times of bad harvests. Also when the ancient Egyptian became more familiar with their terrain they were able to discover trade routes between them with Arabia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Fertile Crescent, and India. Elements of Ancient Egyptian Economy Egypt was mostly self-sufficient, as householders would hold many goods for the future or exchange by barter on the market which played a key role in keeping the economy alive. The population was of a vast majority, more than nine-tenths during the first two millennia of ancient Egypt history. Religion played a great role in shaping the minds as all the lands belonged to the gods and like Osiris and his son Horus the sky God after his demise and to his earthly incarnation the pharaoh but near the beginning of the Ptolemaic period, the land was freely bought and sold. Most of the population were farm laborers on the estates of noble families and temples. The farmers were under a labor tax and were required to work on irrigation or certain construction projects in a form of unpaid labor. The practice of slavery was omnipresent but was much less harsh and was the cornerstone of the mining industry. During Egypt new kingdom (1570-1070 BC) third of all the lands of Egypt were in the hands of the priesthood of amen with a larger number of workers, and the number of foreign slaves increased with the economy. All the administrators, priests, traders, and craftsmen lived in cities along the bank of the Nile. Ancient Egyptian Agriculture Agriculture was the main reason behind Egypt's wealth, many grains, vegetables, fruits, cattle, and fish were harvested and gathered and after the deduction of various taxes, the goods were sold in the market. The Egyptian soil was very fertile due to the Nile River but most of the agriculture techniques weren’t efficient as the implementations were primitive and improvements were rare plus the breeding of livestock was haphazard. Pisciculture appeared to have existed in ancient Egypt on a highly small scale, all the fish were caught in the Nile, and gathering was very common among the poorest while hunting was a leisure activity to the rich. Manufacturers in Ancient Egypt The manufacturing business was a huge part of the economic nature of ancient Egypt. Families would produce different manufactured goods from raw materials and the process was left to women. One of the goods was flax which was grown by men then the women would spin it into a thread to wove linen, the grain was used to produce beer. The fish was caught by men, cleaned and dried by women then sold in the market. In the towns, small factories appeared often financed by rich noblemen such as bakeries, breweries, carpentry workshops and many more with a few dozen employees. Mining in Ancient Egypt The ancient Egyptians rich community invested a great deal of time and effort into mining, precious metals and gems were only found in the hands of the few. The metals of copper, bronze, and iron were very expensive and any form them was only found in the hands of the wealthy while the poor class continued to use stone and wooden tools. The stone quarried for tombs and temples served the same all the social classes of ancient Egypt. They also mined for Netron for thousands of years as a cleaning product for the home, the body and for the mummification as a drying agent. Ancient Egyptian Commerce The production of farming, fishing, crafting, and mining was consumed by the producers and after the landlords and tax-collectors took their cut, the rest was sold by barter on the market for consumers and the other professional traders who were considered to be the great estates and agents of the crown. Around 526 BC, written withdrawal orders by owners of lots of grain were used as a kind of currency and with time the introduction of coined money took place but grain banks continued to serve growers and traders. In the Ptolemaic era, the central bank of Alexandria recorded all accounts of the granary banks, and payments were transferred from one account to another, they also had credit entries were recorded with the owner's name in a book within a passive or possessive form while debit entries in a dative form. Materials like gold, copper, and silver were used mostly in dealing with foreign merchants and mercenaries. The Energy in Ancient Egypt The primary source of energy in ancient Egypt was manpower with domestic animals playing a vital role especially in transporting and agriculture like donkeys and cows. Horses existed in ancient Egypt and never held an important economic as they were only employed by the aristocracy and the military for riding and pulling of chariots. The usage of vehicles with light wheels came into use in the new kingdom (15570-1070 BC). Thermal energy was also quite efficient as the heat of the sun was very good in the production of mud bricks, the fire was used in cooking and baking food, smelting, casting metal, glassmaking, and pottery, the fire was produced using charcoal as coal and wood weren’t plentiful. The wind energy was used to power the ships. Ancient Egyptian Warfare The spoils of wars were also a great source of income as long as Egypt came victorious. Bravery in battles like the Battle of Kadesh or the Battle of Megiddo were rewarded with riches in the form of golden necklaces, bracelets, and lands as tributes were imposed on defeated nations and a sign of peace an exchange of gifts would take place between the pharaohs and the foreign kings which would always land in Egypt's favor. The ancient Egyptian civilization is one of the wealthiest cultures in history in every meaning of the world. Don't miss the chance to explore the true definition of wonder within the gates of Cairo, Luxor, and Aswan with the most charming views ever boarding a Nile Cruise through our Egypt tour packages.	<urn:uuid:c536bda7-f018-4099-9879-1890690bf9d6>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.egypttoursportal.com/egypt-deals-in-2019/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250624328.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124161014-20200124190014-00194.warc.gz	en	0.985027	1,397	3.75	4	[ -0.30064985156059265, 0.9135627150535583, 0.23716029524803162, 0.10652235895395279, -0.1996614933013916, -0.20226293802261353, 0.2927032709121704, -0.22305265069007874, -0.3198884427547455, 0.2344980239868164, -0.27493518590927124, -0.468647837638855, 0.10392271727323532, 0.106089457869529...	1	The state of ancient Egyptian economy was a work of perfection that led to the rise of one of the greatest civilizations in the ancient world, it was built on utilizing all the natural elements of their environment on the concept of planned bureaucracy that monitored and controlled every single detail to absolute perfection. Ancient Egyptian Economy Facts The bureaucrats were the ones in charge of public works like reassigning the land after every flooding, assessing the expected crops, collecting part of the produce as taxes, storing and redistributing, all these duties were religious in character and involved tens of thousands of workers and administrators. Many elements contributed in the economy of ancient Egypt like the population, the management of the different sources of wealth and the taxation system as the nation relied on the revenues in the form of paid taxes and labor. Grain was the main focus hoarded by the authorities as it could be stored with relative ease and was crucial in times of bad harvests. Also when the ancient Egyptian became more familiar with their terrain they were able to discover trade routes between them with Arabia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Fertile Crescent, and India. Elements of Ancient Egyptian Economy Egypt was mostly self-sufficient, as householders would hold many goods for the future or exchange by barter on the market which played a key role in keeping the economy alive. The population was of a vast majority, more than nine-tenths during the first two millennia of ancient Egypt history. Religion played a great role in shaping the minds as all the lands belonged to the gods and like Osiris and his son Horus the sky God after his demise and to his earthly incarnation the pharaoh but near the beginning of the Ptolemaic period, the land was freely bought and sold. Most of the population were farm laborers on the estates of noble families and temples. The farmers were under a labor tax and were required to work on irrigation or certain construction projects in a form of unpaid labor. The practice of slavery was omnipresent but was much less harsh and was the cornerstone of the mining industry. During Egypt new kingdom (1570-1070 BC) third of all the lands of Egypt were in the hands of the priesthood of amen with a larger number of workers, and the number of foreign slaves increased with the economy. All the administrators, priests, traders, and craftsmen lived in cities along the bank of the Nile. Ancient Egyptian Agriculture Agriculture was the main reason behind Egypt's wealth, many grains, vegetables, fruits, cattle, and fish were harvested and gathered and after the deduction of various taxes, the goods were sold in the market. The Egyptian soil was very fertile due to the Nile River but most of the agriculture techniques weren’t efficient as the implementations were primitive and improvements were rare plus the breeding of livestock was haphazard. Pisciculture appeared to have existed in ancient Egypt on a highly small scale, all the fish were caught in the Nile, and gathering was very common among the poorest while hunting was a leisure activity to the rich. Manufacturers in Ancient Egypt The manufacturing business was a huge part of the economic nature of ancient Egypt. Families would produce different manufactured goods from raw materials and the process was left to women. One of the goods was flax which was grown by men then the women would spin it into a thread to wove linen, the grain was used to produce beer. The fish was caught by men, cleaned and dried by women then sold in the market. In the towns, small factories appeared often financed by rich noblemen such as bakeries, breweries, carpentry workshops and many more with a few dozen employees. Mining in Ancient Egypt The ancient Egyptians rich community invested a great deal of time and effort into mining, precious metals and gems were only found in the hands of the few. The metals of copper, bronze, and iron were very expensive and any form them was only found in the hands of the wealthy while the poor class continued to use stone and wooden tools. The stone quarried for tombs and temples served the same all the social classes of ancient Egypt. They also mined for Netron for thousands of years as a cleaning product for the home, the body and for the mummification as a drying agent. Ancient Egyptian Commerce The production of farming, fishing, crafting, and mining was consumed by the producers and after the landlords and tax-collectors took their cut, the rest was sold by barter on the market for consumers and the other professional traders who were considered to be the great estates and agents of the crown. Around 526 BC, written withdrawal orders by owners of lots of grain were used as a kind of currency and with time the introduction of coined money took place but grain banks continued to serve growers and traders. In the Ptolemaic era, the central bank of Alexandria recorded all accounts of the granary banks, and payments were transferred from one account to another, they also had credit entries were recorded with the owner's name in a book within a passive or possessive form while debit entries in a dative form. Materials like gold, copper, and silver were used mostly in dealing with foreign merchants and mercenaries. The Energy in Ancient Egypt The primary source of energy in ancient Egypt was manpower with domestic animals playing a vital role especially in transporting and agriculture like donkeys and cows. Horses existed in ancient Egypt and never held an important economic as they were only employed by the aristocracy and the military for riding and pulling of chariots. The usage of vehicles with light wheels came into use in the new kingdom (15570-1070 BC). Thermal energy was also quite efficient as the heat of the sun was very good in the production of mud bricks, the fire was used in cooking and baking food, smelting, casting metal, glassmaking, and pottery, the fire was produced using charcoal as coal and wood weren’t plentiful. The wind energy was used to power the ships. Ancient Egyptian Warfare The spoils of wars were also a great source of income as long as Egypt came victorious. Bravery in battles like the Battle of Kadesh or the Battle of Megiddo were rewarded with riches in the form of golden necklaces, bracelets, and lands as tributes were imposed on defeated nations and a sign of peace an exchange of gifts would take place between the pharaohs and the foreign kings which would always land in Egypt's favor. The ancient Egyptian civilization is one of the wealthiest cultures in history in every meaning of the world. Don't miss the chance to explore the true definition of wonder within the gates of Cairo, Luxor, and Aswan with the most charming views ever boarding a Nile Cruise through our Egypt tour packages.	1,369	ENGLISH	1
It was, by all means, just another early December day in 1952 London. There was a heavy smog cast over the city that lasted four days, till 9th December, but the citizens were used to that kind of weather. Nobody thought very much of it at all, until the following weeks where government reports calculated […] It was, by all means, just another early December day in 1952 London. There was a heavy smog cast over the city that lasted four days, till 9th December, but the citizens were used to that kind of weather. Nobody thought very much of it at all, until the following weeks where government reports calculated that between 5th and 8th December, there had been at least 4000 premature deaths, while around 100,000 people fell ill due to what is now referred to as the ‘Great Smog of 1952’. On the 4th of December, an anticyclone hung over London, due to which the smoke coming out of chimneys, instead of dispersing into the atmosphere as it usually did, got pushed down, warming the air as it descended. As a result, an inversion was created, which is when the air closer to ground is cooler than the air above it, contrary to regular conditions. Back in the ‘50s, central heating (using gas, electricity, oil, or permitted solid fuel) was not very common. Most households burned coal to keep warm, and the temperature drop on the first day of the Great Smog only caused an increase in the quantity of coal being combusted. Aside from smoke from houses, the gases released by power stations and factories also got trapped by the inversion, as did vehicular exhausts. Even pollution that winds had carried to London from the east got combined with this deadly mixture, which fused with the existing fog to form thick and lethal smog. Smog is characteristically pungent and has a dirty-yellow or brown colour, unlike fog, which is clean and white. Reports claim that thick smog had blanketed London earlier too, in the years 1813, 1873, 1880, 1882, 1891, 1892 and 1948, and marked increases in death rates followed. The East End of London usually suffered the worst effects; it had a high density of houses and factories, in addition to which it was low-lying, which made it difficult for the fog to disperse. On each day that the Great Smog of 1952 lasted, the pollutants released included 1,000 tonnes of smoke particles, 2,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide, 140 tonnes of hydrochloric acid, 14 tonnes of fluorine compounds, and, most dangerously, 370 tonnes of sulphur dioxide that were converted into 800 tonnes of sulphuric acid. The better quality ‘hard’ coals were exported from London for economic purposes, so the coal used in houses was of a low-grade sulphurous variety that released large amounts of sulphur dioxide into the air. This pollutant along with some other harmful constituents in the air triggered asphyxiation in a large number of people. In particular the diesel-fuelled buses that had replaced the recently abandoned electric tram system released numerous polluting substances. No panic was prevalent during the foggy period, but the city was practically shut down because the smog greatly affected visibility in the city. Fog even invaded indoor areas. On the first night, visibility dropped to a few metres, and in the following days, the fog further thickened. In some regions, people couldn’t see their feet, or even their hands in front of them. Pedestrians could not find their way at night even in familiar neighbourhoods. Outdoor sports events, theatres and concerts were abandoned or cancelled. Public transport was brought to a halt, although the London Underground continued to function. Ambulance services ceased too, forcing people to secure their own means of transport to hospitals. Reports declared that a large percentage of the people who were affected or killed by the smog were very young or elderly, or had existing respiratory problems. In many people, the smog caused respiratory problems. The smog either caused lung infections which resulted in the formation of pus that blocked the air passages, or respiratory infections from hypoxia. The lung infections caused were mainly bronchopneumonia or acute purulent bronchitis superimposed upon chronic bronchitis. It was not just humans but also cattle that were asphyxiated by the smog. Although earlier the reports had estimated the death toll to be 4,000, recent studies indicate a considerably higher death toll of around 12,000. Hence the Great Smog of 1952, also known as the Great Smoke is considered to be the worst air-pollution event in the history of the United Kingdom, and the most significant in terms of its effect on public awareness and government regulation of air quality. This high death count shocked people of London and of the world to take action and start the environmental movement. The life-threatening potential of the smog had been revealed. Changes in practice and regulation followed the Great Smoke. Many laws were introduced to prevent a repeat of the situation. Clean Air Acts were passed by the Parliament in 1956 and 1968 which banned the emission of black smoke by households or by factories. Financial incentives were extended to people who replaced open coal fires with coke, which produces negligible amounts of smoke, or other alternatives such as gas fires. Despite the improvement that these actions brought about, another smog event occurred in 1962, although fortunately that was of a much smaller scale, resulting in only 750 deaths. Modern developments such as the spread of central heating and changes in pollution legislation have ensured that such incidents do not occur again.	<urn:uuid:5e0f86dc-7733-46e4-93d1-a5ba64240f62>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://followgreenliving.com/great-smoke-wake-call-1952-rtr/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694176.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127020458-20200127050458-00018.warc.gz	en	0.981462	1,166	3.4375	3	[ -0.06090954691171646, 0.30366334319114685, 0.500119149684906, -0.3630419373512268, 0.3230012357234955, -0.04547011852264404, 0.18792316317558289, -0.24123579263687134, -0.3344849646091461, 0.3972706198692322, -0.05817120149731636, 0.053269483149051666, -0.08907727152109146, 0.0622525736689...	7	It was, by all means, just another early December day in 1952 London. There was a heavy smog cast over the city that lasted four days, till 9th December, but the citizens were used to that kind of weather. Nobody thought very much of it at all, until the following weeks where government reports calculated […] It was, by all means, just another early December day in 1952 London. There was a heavy smog cast over the city that lasted four days, till 9th December, but the citizens were used to that kind of weather. Nobody thought very much of it at all, until the following weeks where government reports calculated that between 5th and 8th December, there had been at least 4000 premature deaths, while around 100,000 people fell ill due to what is now referred to as the ‘Great Smog of 1952’. On the 4th of December, an anticyclone hung over London, due to which the smoke coming out of chimneys, instead of dispersing into the atmosphere as it usually did, got pushed down, warming the air as it descended. As a result, an inversion was created, which is when the air closer to ground is cooler than the air above it, contrary to regular conditions. Back in the ‘50s, central heating (using gas, electricity, oil, or permitted solid fuel) was not very common. Most households burned coal to keep warm, and the temperature drop on the first day of the Great Smog only caused an increase in the quantity of coal being combusted. Aside from smoke from houses, the gases released by power stations and factories also got trapped by the inversion, as did vehicular exhausts. Even pollution that winds had carried to London from the east got combined with this deadly mixture, which fused with the existing fog to form thick and lethal smog. Smog is characteristically pungent and has a dirty-yellow or brown colour, unlike fog, which is clean and white. Reports claim that thick smog had blanketed London earlier too, in the years 1813, 1873, 1880, 1882, 1891, 1892 and 1948, and marked increases in death rates followed. The East End of London usually suffered the worst effects; it had a high density of houses and factories, in addition to which it was low-lying, which made it difficult for the fog to disperse. On each day that the Great Smog of 1952 lasted, the pollutants released included 1,000 tonnes of smoke particles, 2,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide, 140 tonnes of hydrochloric acid, 14 tonnes of fluorine compounds, and, most dangerously, 370 tonnes of sulphur dioxide that were converted into 800 tonnes of sulphuric acid. The better quality ‘hard’ coals were exported from London for economic purposes, so the coal used in houses was of a low-grade sulphurous variety that released large amounts of sulphur dioxide into the air. This pollutant along with some other harmful constituents in the air triggered asphyxiation in a large number of people. In particular the diesel-fuelled buses that had replaced the recently abandoned electric tram system released numerous polluting substances. No panic was prevalent during the foggy period, but the city was practically shut down because the smog greatly affected visibility in the city. Fog even invaded indoor areas. On the first night, visibility dropped to a few metres, and in the following days, the fog further thickened. In some regions, people couldn’t see their feet, or even their hands in front of them. Pedestrians could not find their way at night even in familiar neighbourhoods. Outdoor sports events, theatres and concerts were abandoned or cancelled. Public transport was brought to a halt, although the London Underground continued to function. Ambulance services ceased too, forcing people to secure their own means of transport to hospitals. Reports declared that a large percentage of the people who were affected or killed by the smog were very young or elderly, or had existing respiratory problems. In many people, the smog caused respiratory problems. The smog either caused lung infections which resulted in the formation of pus that blocked the air passages, or respiratory infections from hypoxia. The lung infections caused were mainly bronchopneumonia or acute purulent bronchitis superimposed upon chronic bronchitis. It was not just humans but also cattle that were asphyxiated by the smog. Although earlier the reports had estimated the death toll to be 4,000, recent studies indicate a considerably higher death toll of around 12,000. Hence the Great Smog of 1952, also known as the Great Smoke is considered to be the worst air-pollution event in the history of the United Kingdom, and the most significant in terms of its effect on public awareness and government regulation of air quality. This high death count shocked people of London and of the world to take action and start the environmental movement. The life-threatening potential of the smog had been revealed. Changes in practice and regulation followed the Great Smoke. Many laws were introduced to prevent a repeat of the situation. Clean Air Acts were passed by the Parliament in 1956 and 1968 which banned the emission of black smoke by households or by factories. Financial incentives were extended to people who replaced open coal fires with coke, which produces negligible amounts of smoke, or other alternatives such as gas fires. Despite the improvement that these actions brought about, another smog event occurred in 1962, although fortunately that was of a much smaller scale, resulting in only 750 deaths. Modern developments such as the spread of central heating and changes in pollution legislation have ensured that such incidents do not occur again.	1,244	ENGLISH	1
Free online reading Berlin: focal point of international relations in 1948,1961 and1989 After the second world war in 1945 the Allies took over Berlin and divided the city into four sectors France, the United Kingdom and the United States as Capitalists and the Soviet Union as Communists. They were thinking that Berlin as the former Capital of Germany was to be of special interest, but they also divided Germany in four sectors: firstly to weaken it, but also to share the power equally. It was meant to be a temporarily division, but the East- West Separation separated Capitalists and Communists. Although, they had very different ideologies, they built an ally against the Germans to end the war and to defeat Nazigermany. Their ideologies where still very different and after the war it was Communism against Capitalism -they had to decide how to divide Germany up and no one wanted the other one to have any advantages. Good against evil? Everyone thought of himself to be right and of the other one to have the wrong ideology. Germany provides a unique opportunity for the Super Powers to observe each other at close quarters, both opine and secretly. Any deterioration in relations between East and West Germany was usually an indication of increased tension between the Super Powers. Although Berlin lay in the Sovietzone of occupation, the Westernpowers expected the Soviets to permit them free access to the city. However in March 1948 the Russians walked out of a meeting of the Control Council because the Western Allies would not let them know their plans for the future. When the Western Zones introduced a new currency in 1948, the "Deutschemark" the Soviets saw this as western interference in East Germany and they closed all transport links between West Berlin and the West. The Soviets hoped the blockade would drive Western troops out of Berlin. Of course the Americans didn't want to give in and give the triumph to the Soviets and as Berlin was in the Soviet zone, there where too many troops surrounding the city for the Western Allies to risk an invasion, without causing another war, so the Americans organized a gigantic airlift to supply West Berlin with supplies (including coal, food, food, drinks, oil, electricity). The Americans stopped flying to Berlin in May 1949 after 324 days of uninterrupted planes flying to Berlin. The flights continued though until September as stockpiles were built up. Millions of tons in hundreds of / thousands of flights were transported during that time. By 1961 more than 1000 East Germans were fleeing to West Berlin everyday, because of dissatisfaction with the economic and political situation(forced collectivization of agriculture, repression of private trade, supply gaps, simply the influences of communism). They were welcome in West Germany, because it showed them very lively, that the people were dissatisfied with the communist regime. Also the International political situation was tense. On November 27 1958, the soviets delivered their Berlin Ultimatum, demanding that the Western Allies should withdraw their troops from West Berlin and that West Berlin should become a "free-city" within six months. Generally, measures of the government of the GDR, were expected with the aim of preventing people from leaving the GDR; officially, they said though from preventing Wises coming to East Berlin, because the Communists couldn't admit of course, that people liked it better in the West, what brings us back to the old problem East against West. At a press conference on June 15, 1961 Ulbricht (the leader of the East German communist party, SED) said:... No one has the intention of constructing a wall. .." During the night from August 12 to 13, the east German police began under the leadership of Erich Honecker to block off West Berlin, from the Soviet Zone, by means of barbed wire. The subways and local railway services between the two parts Berlin, were cut off. Inhabitants of the Soviet zone were no longer allowed to enter West Berlin, amongst them 60,000 commuters who had worked there so far. In the following days, the replacing of the provisional barriers by a solid wall began. The West had only offered verbal opposition to the building of the wall and it is highly probable that President Kennedy's apparent weakness concerning Berlin encouraged Krouschev to go ahead with his plans of placing nuclear missiles in Cuba. Many people were killed at their attempts to cross the border between East and West Germany, although a few succeeded: some tried flying over the boarder with balloons etc, others with digging tunnels. Westerners were making fun of the eastern part of Germany, who had to build a wall to keep its people in. This was not at all approved by the communist regime and at least 100 people were killed by East German boarder guards at the attempt; some left to bleed to death. Chris Gueffroy was the last one to loose his life at the wall -only a few month before the wall was opened, shot at 2 June 1989! Still around 5000 people crossed the wall in one way or the other in 28 years. There was improvement in conditions and relations between East and West Germany since 1961 and in the 1970s various agreements enabled West Germans to visit families in the other sector. Whereas the process of European integration continued steadily in the West, the transition from the 1970s, the decade of détente, to the 1980s was marked by fresh conflicts in Eastern Europe. The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, the imposition of martial law in Poland and the emplacement of new intermediate-range missiles in the Soviet Union worsened the climate of East-West relations. In 1973 both East and West Germany joined the United Nations. In the 1980s the renewed tension in international affairs brought new movement in the relationship between East and West Germany. In 1989, dramatic events such as massive flights of inhabitants of the GDR via Hungary and demonstrations in Leipzig on Mondays took place. On November 9 1989 Guentler Schabowski announced that the border would be opened for private trips abroad without restrictions; an onrush of East Berliners towards the wall and West Berlin began and there were celebrations all over Berlin and the demolition of the wall began. Soon pieces of the wall were sold as souvenirs. Millions of people from all over Europe came to celebrate this dramatic change in German and European history. People were dancing in the streets until the next morning. While the wall was crumbling the East German government began massive reforms. It promised free elections and a switch to market economy. First free elections took place and the new prime minister Hans Modrow called for more reforms. Communist leaders hoped, that by allowing more freedom, they could prevent people from 'escaping' to the West, but it became clear that this didn't prove to be right and communist power continued to loose power. During that time, shocking discoveries were made: files on millions of citizens suspected of having anti Communist opinions, kept by the secret police were found and until today leaders are convicted of the crimes connected to the wall and the communist regime. On July l 1990, an economic, monetary and social union between East and West Germany was formed and all travel restrictions were dropped. By February 1990 it was accepted, that the GDR could not survive for long on its own, -economy was collapsing even more. West Germany spend huge amounts of money to help East Germany : for example they were able to exchange their money, which was hardly worth anything, into the « Deutschemark » at a rate of one to one, what cost the government of West Germany billions of marks, but it was just fair enough. On the evening of Tuesday , October 2 1990 people gathered in Berlin and all over Germany, toasting to the new Nation and singing German songs. At midnight, bells were ringing all over Germany -finally announcing the new, united nation. After 40 years of division of Germany and Germany, it was one Nation again. The unified Germany would have to define a new role, in a new Europe and a changing world, based on lessons and shaped on experiences of the recent past. In the first all-German elections in December 1990 the CDU rode to victory under the 'unification chancellor' Kohl. Today the 3 October is still celebrated as the German National Day . - The story of the unification of Germany" by Jim Hargrove 1991 - The two Germanys 1945-1990 problems of interpretation by Marry Fulbrook 1992 - Germany-the reunification of a nation" by Catherine and John Bradley 1991 - The wall came tumbling down- the Berlin wall and the fall of communism" by Jerry Bornstein 1990 - Quote paper - Helga Haller (Author), 1999, Berlin: focal point of international relations in 1948, 1961 and1989, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/102392	<urn:uuid:98722481-457d-41b8-93e7-51271c9a4bee>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.grin.com/document/102392	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251801423.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129164403-20200129193403-00216.warc.gz	en	0.9808	1,780	3.5625	4	[ -0.08348493278026581, 0.19097673892974854, 0.10057449340820312, 0.1722019612789154, 0.3354877233505249, 0.255785197019577, -0.03126014396548271, 0.06773269921541214, -0.06868966668844223, -0.38249075412750244, 0.1933487355709076, -0.03609202802181244, 0.5438392758369446, 0.3413206338882446...	2	Free online reading Berlin: focal point of international relations in 1948,1961 and1989 After the second world war in 1945 the Allies took over Berlin and divided the city into four sectors France, the United Kingdom and the United States as Capitalists and the Soviet Union as Communists. They were thinking that Berlin as the former Capital of Germany was to be of special interest, but they also divided Germany in four sectors: firstly to weaken it, but also to share the power equally. It was meant to be a temporarily division, but the East- West Separation separated Capitalists and Communists. Although, they had very different ideologies, they built an ally against the Germans to end the war and to defeat Nazigermany. Their ideologies where still very different and after the war it was Communism against Capitalism -they had to decide how to divide Germany up and no one wanted the other one to have any advantages. Good against evil? Everyone thought of himself to be right and of the other one to have the wrong ideology. Germany provides a unique opportunity for the Super Powers to observe each other at close quarters, both opine and secretly. Any deterioration in relations between East and West Germany was usually an indication of increased tension between the Super Powers. Although Berlin lay in the Sovietzone of occupation, the Westernpowers expected the Soviets to permit them free access to the city. However in March 1948 the Russians walked out of a meeting of the Control Council because the Western Allies would not let them know their plans for the future. When the Western Zones introduced a new currency in 1948, the "Deutschemark" the Soviets saw this as western interference in East Germany and they closed all transport links between West Berlin and the West. The Soviets hoped the blockade would drive Western troops out of Berlin. Of course the Americans didn't want to give in and give the triumph to the Soviets and as Berlin was in the Soviet zone, there where too many troops surrounding the city for the Western Allies to risk an invasion, without causing another war, so the Americans organized a gigantic airlift to supply West Berlin with supplies (including coal, food, food, drinks, oil, electricity). The Americans stopped flying to Berlin in May 1949 after 324 days of uninterrupted planes flying to Berlin. The flights continued though until September as stockpiles were built up. Millions of tons in hundreds of / thousands of flights were transported during that time. By 1961 more than 1000 East Germans were fleeing to West Berlin everyday, because of dissatisfaction with the economic and political situation(forced collectivization of agriculture, repression of private trade, supply gaps, simply the influences of communism). They were welcome in West Germany, because it showed them very lively, that the people were dissatisfied with the communist regime. Also the International political situation was tense. On November 27 1958, the soviets delivered their Berlin Ultimatum, demanding that the Western Allies should withdraw their troops from West Berlin and that West Berlin should become a "free-city" within six months. Generally, measures of the government of the GDR, were expected with the aim of preventing people from leaving the GDR; officially, they said though from preventing Wises coming to East Berlin, because the Communists couldn't admit of course, that people liked it better in the West, what brings us back to the old problem East against West. At a press conference on June 15, 1961 Ulbricht (the leader of the East German communist party, SED) said:... No one has the intention of constructing a wall. .." During the night from August 12 to 13, the east German police began under the leadership of Erich Honecker to block off West Berlin, from the Soviet Zone, by means of barbed wire. The subways and local railway services between the two parts Berlin, were cut off. Inhabitants of the Soviet zone were no longer allowed to enter West Berlin, amongst them 60,000 commuters who had worked there so far. In the following days, the replacing of the provisional barriers by a solid wall began. The West had only offered verbal opposition to the building of the wall and it is highly probable that President Kennedy's apparent weakness concerning Berlin encouraged Krouschev to go ahead with his plans of placing nuclear missiles in Cuba. Many people were killed at their attempts to cross the border between East and West Germany, although a few succeeded: some tried flying over the boarder with balloons etc, others with digging tunnels. Westerners were making fun of the eastern part of Germany, who had to build a wall to keep its people in. This was not at all approved by the communist regime and at least 100 people were killed by East German boarder guards at the attempt; some left to bleed to death. Chris Gueffroy was the last one to loose his life at the wall -only a few month before the wall was opened, shot at 2 June 1989! Still around 5000 people crossed the wall in one way or the other in 28 years. There was improvement in conditions and relations between East and West Germany since 1961 and in the 1970s various agreements enabled West Germans to visit families in the other sector. Whereas the process of European integration continued steadily in the West, the transition from the 1970s, the decade of détente, to the 1980s was marked by fresh conflicts in Eastern Europe. The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, the imposition of martial law in Poland and the emplacement of new intermediate-range missiles in the Soviet Union worsened the climate of East-West relations. In 1973 both East and West Germany joined the United Nations. In the 1980s the renewed tension in international affairs brought new movement in the relationship between East and West Germany. In 1989, dramatic events such as massive flights of inhabitants of the GDR via Hungary and demonstrations in Leipzig on Mondays took place. On November 9 1989 Guentler Schabowski announced that the border would be opened for private trips abroad without restrictions; an onrush of East Berliners towards the wall and West Berlin began and there were celebrations all over Berlin and the demolition of the wall began. Soon pieces of the wall were sold as souvenirs. Millions of people from all over Europe came to celebrate this dramatic change in German and European history. People were dancing in the streets until the next morning. While the wall was crumbling the East German government began massive reforms. It promised free elections and a switch to market economy. First free elections took place and the new prime minister Hans Modrow called for more reforms. Communist leaders hoped, that by allowing more freedom, they could prevent people from 'escaping' to the West, but it became clear that this didn't prove to be right and communist power continued to loose power. During that time, shocking discoveries were made: files on millions of citizens suspected of having anti Communist opinions, kept by the secret police were found and until today leaders are convicted of the crimes connected to the wall and the communist regime. On July l 1990, an economic, monetary and social union between East and West Germany was formed and all travel restrictions were dropped. By February 1990 it was accepted, that the GDR could not survive for long on its own, -economy was collapsing even more. West Germany spend huge amounts of money to help East Germany : for example they were able to exchange their money, which was hardly worth anything, into the « Deutschemark » at a rate of one to one, what cost the government of West Germany billions of marks, but it was just fair enough. On the evening of Tuesday , October 2 1990 people gathered in Berlin and all over Germany, toasting to the new Nation and singing German songs. At midnight, bells were ringing all over Germany -finally announcing the new, united nation. After 40 years of division of Germany and Germany, it was one Nation again. The unified Germany would have to define a new role, in a new Europe and a changing world, based on lessons and shaped on experiences of the recent past. In the first all-German elections in December 1990 the CDU rode to victory under the 'unification chancellor' Kohl. Today the 3 October is still celebrated as the German National Day . - The story of the unification of Germany" by Jim Hargrove 1991 - The two Germanys 1945-1990 problems of interpretation by Marry Fulbrook 1992 - Germany-the reunification of a nation" by Catherine and John Bradley 1991 - The wall came tumbling down- the Berlin wall and the fall of communism" by Jerry Bornstein 1990 - Quote paper - Helga Haller (Author), 1999, Berlin: focal point of international relations in 1948, 1961 and1989, Munich, GRIN Verlag, https://www.grin.com/document/102392	1,936	ENGLISH	1
In the year 743 BCE, King Ahaz of Judah, the southern kingdom, was preparing for an assault by King Pekah of Israel, the northern kingdom. King Pekah and his allies wanted Ahaz to join their coalition to defeat Assyria which was a threat to both Judah and Israel. However, Ahaz resisted their overtures. When he refused to join them, they made preparations to invade the southern kingdom and remove him from his throne. Ahaz feared for his life and that the Davidic dynasty would come to an end with his demise. So he decides to make an alliance with Assyria, the very enemies of Israel. However, such alliances were against God’s express will. When Isaiah comes to him, he warns Ahaz that this alliance is against God’s will. He also tells Ahaz that God will give him a sign that all will be well if he simply asks God for help. However, Ahaz declines the invitation out of his fear for his life. Isaiah persists and utters God’s promise anyway. The maiden will give birth to a child. In other words, Ahaz will have a son and the Davidic dynasty will continue. God will be faithful to the promise made to David. There would always be a king of the House of David on the throne of Judah. Because of his alliance with Assyria, although he keeps his throne, Judah became a vassal state of Assyria, and eventually it too is attacked and devastated by Assyria. All of the inhabitants are sent into slavery, a period that we know as the Babylonian captivity. Matthew introduces his Gospel with a genealogy of Jesus in which both Ahaz and Hezekiah are mentioned. Immediately after the genealogy, Matthew tells the story of the birth of Jesus, part of which we hear today. Using Joseph as his point of reference, Matthew tells us that God’s promise to David, and thus to Ahaz, is fulfilled in Jesus. Joseph was of the tribe of Judah and the house of David. God calls Joseph to assist him in fulfilling the promise made so long ago. Though the story of Ahaz and Joseph are surrounded by different histories and different realities, both stories call Ahaz and Joseph to set aside their own concerns and follow the will of God. Like any call, any vocation, Joseph and Ahaz do not understand it at first. Just as any man or woman has to discern God’s will for them in choosing a vocation, Joseph and Ahaz had to discern God’s will. Ahaz has to make a choice to trust in God’s promise. For Joseph, he is faced with the dilemma that his betrothed is with child. The child is not his. Joseph is a just man and realizes that it would bring shame to his home to take a child which is not his. So he decides to put Mary aside quietly so that the father of the child can claim it as his own. This is when God intervenes. Of the two, Joseph proves to be the just man, and believes God’s revelation and is assured that taking Mary as his wife will not bring him shame. Indeed, he will be highly honored by God because, like Mary, he has chosen to obey God’s will. Just as it takes the cooperation of a man and a woman to bring a child into this world, it took the cooperation of both Mary and Joseph to bring God’s Son into the world. Together they stand as witnesses of faith. Together they show us the path of right relationship with God. They accept God’s call and are willing to do God’s will. As we listen to the Scriptures today, it is important that we realize that all of us are called to do the same thing. Just as Mary and Joseph were called to fulfill God’s promise, we too are called to make Jesus present in our world. This is expressed so beautifully by St. Teresa of Avila who wrote: ““Christ has no body now but yours. No hands, no feet on earth but yours. Yours are the eyes through which he looks compassionately on this world. Yours are the feet with which he walks to do good. Yours are the hands through which he blesses all the world. Yours are the hands, yours are the feet, yours are the eyes, you are his body. Christ has no body now on earth but yours.” Joseph and Mary gave themselves over to the will of God, even allowing God to use their bodies and their whole lives to fulfill God’s promise. Hard as it may be to believe, God asks the same of each of us. Like Joseph, we will be blessed with great honor if we accept God’s will in our lives. The Eucharist gives us the strength to do God’s will in our lives. Let us approach the table of the Lord to receive the sustenance that will see us through any difficulties we may encounter in our life’s journey. Fr. Lawrence Jagdfeld, O.F.M., Administrator	<urn:uuid:042c45db-16d1-4145-8526-25c225e2176d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.cusan.org/CUSA-Blogs/Administrators-Blog/ArtMID/446/ArticleID/1981/Accepting-and-Doing-Gods-Will	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250604849.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121162615-20200121191615-00477.warc.gz	en	0.981022	1,063	3.28125	3	[ -0.15441323816776276, 0.45482775568962097, -0.3025788366794586, 0.07873211055994034, -0.21228627860546112, -0.1410757303237915, 0.11844558268785477, 0.12420062720775604, -0.19713090360164642, 0.06797753274440765, -0.23729170858860016, -0.5097914934158325, 0.3723577857017517, -0.08696976304...	2	In the year 743 BCE, King Ahaz of Judah, the southern kingdom, was preparing for an assault by King Pekah of Israel, the northern kingdom. King Pekah and his allies wanted Ahaz to join their coalition to defeat Assyria which was a threat to both Judah and Israel. However, Ahaz resisted their overtures. When he refused to join them, they made preparations to invade the southern kingdom and remove him from his throne. Ahaz feared for his life and that the Davidic dynasty would come to an end with his demise. So he decides to make an alliance with Assyria, the very enemies of Israel. However, such alliances were against God’s express will. When Isaiah comes to him, he warns Ahaz that this alliance is against God’s will. He also tells Ahaz that God will give him a sign that all will be well if he simply asks God for help. However, Ahaz declines the invitation out of his fear for his life. Isaiah persists and utters God’s promise anyway. The maiden will give birth to a child. In other words, Ahaz will have a son and the Davidic dynasty will continue. God will be faithful to the promise made to David. There would always be a king of the House of David on the throne of Judah. Because of his alliance with Assyria, although he keeps his throne, Judah became a vassal state of Assyria, and eventually it too is attacked and devastated by Assyria. All of the inhabitants are sent into slavery, a period that we know as the Babylonian captivity. Matthew introduces his Gospel with a genealogy of Jesus in which both Ahaz and Hezekiah are mentioned. Immediately after the genealogy, Matthew tells the story of the birth of Jesus, part of which we hear today. Using Joseph as his point of reference, Matthew tells us that God’s promise to David, and thus to Ahaz, is fulfilled in Jesus. Joseph was of the tribe of Judah and the house of David. God calls Joseph to assist him in fulfilling the promise made so long ago. Though the story of Ahaz and Joseph are surrounded by different histories and different realities, both stories call Ahaz and Joseph to set aside their own concerns and follow the will of God. Like any call, any vocation, Joseph and Ahaz do not understand it at first. Just as any man or woman has to discern God’s will for them in choosing a vocation, Joseph and Ahaz had to discern God’s will. Ahaz has to make a choice to trust in God’s promise. For Joseph, he is faced with the dilemma that his betrothed is with child. The child is not his. Joseph is a just man and realizes that it would bring shame to his home to take a child which is not his. So he decides to put Mary aside quietly so that the father of the child can claim it as his own. This is when God intervenes. Of the two, Joseph proves to be the just man, and believes God’s revelation and is assured that taking Mary as his wife will not bring him shame. Indeed, he will be highly honored by God because, like Mary, he has chosen to obey God’s will. Just as it takes the cooperation of a man and a woman to bring a child into this world, it took the cooperation of both Mary and Joseph to bring God’s Son into the world. Together they stand as witnesses of faith. Together they show us the path of right relationship with God. They accept God’s call and are willing to do God’s will. As we listen to the Scriptures today, it is important that we realize that all of us are called to do the same thing. Just as Mary and Joseph were called to fulfill God’s promise, we too are called to make Jesus present in our world. This is expressed so beautifully by St. Teresa of Avila who wrote: ““Christ has no body now but yours. No hands, no feet on earth but yours. Yours are the eyes through which he looks compassionately on this world. Yours are the feet with which he walks to do good. Yours are the hands through which he blesses all the world. Yours are the hands, yours are the feet, yours are the eyes, you are his body. Christ has no body now on earth but yours.” Joseph and Mary gave themselves over to the will of God, even allowing God to use their bodies and their whole lives to fulfill God’s promise. Hard as it may be to believe, God asks the same of each of us. Like Joseph, we will be blessed with great honor if we accept God’s will in our lives. The Eucharist gives us the strength to do God’s will in our lives. Let us approach the table of the Lord to receive the sustenance that will see us through any difficulties we may encounter in our life’s journey. Fr. Lawrence Jagdfeld, O.F.M., Administrator	1,016	ENGLISH	1
Every few days a baby is born with this DNA defect The defect is in the ‘X’ Chromosome and it makes testosterone almost a poison to the body. The disease is Spinal Bulbar Muscular Atrophy; more commonly known as Kennedy's Disease. Since there is currently no treatment or cure for this defect, a boy will grow up not knowing when the disease will begin to attack his motor neurons and muscles. Often it begins with painful cramping and uncontrollable muscle spasms. Over time it will attack most of his muscles often making it difficult to even swallow liquids. As the disease progresses, the motor neurons will begin to die and the muscles will waste away. Eventually, he will have mobility issues and might require a wheelchair. Many will be forced into early retirement and almost every one of them will worry about the financial welfare of his family. Pneumonia will become as feared to him as any disease because of his inability to clear the lungs of phlegm. If he becomes a father, he will live with the knowledge that his daughters are carriers of the defect and could pass it on to future generations of his family. Even though the defective gene has less of a physical impact on females, they might also experience several of the symptoms later in life. Kennedy’s Disease Knows No Boundaries It is passed on from generation to generation in families worldwide. Males generally inherit the disease symptoms and females are the carriers. This neuromuscular disease is frequently misdiagnosed; often as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, (also known as ALS or Lou Gehrig’s Disease.) Every day parents-to-be wonder whether their child will be born with this DNA defect See What is Kennedy's Disease to learn more about this condition	<urn:uuid:41caa4bc-a838-4d76-9cb1-569a18f76559>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://kennedysdisease.org/what-is-kd/what-is-kennedys-disease/about-kennedys-disease	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610919.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123131001-20200123160001-00073.warc.gz	en	0.98149	367	3.296875	3	[ 0.028211092576384544, -0.20727691054344177, 0.4621666371822357, -0.1039789691567421, -0.12051553279161453, 0.448750764131546, 0.4428709149360657, 0.20733924210071564, -0.39355212450027466, -0.20106971263885498, 0.06288754194974899, 0.10429099202156067, 0.09352226555347443, 0.31414252519607...	19	Every few days a baby is born with this DNA defect The defect is in the ‘X’ Chromosome and it makes testosterone almost a poison to the body. The disease is Spinal Bulbar Muscular Atrophy; more commonly known as Kennedy's Disease. Since there is currently no treatment or cure for this defect, a boy will grow up not knowing when the disease will begin to attack his motor neurons and muscles. Often it begins with painful cramping and uncontrollable muscle spasms. Over time it will attack most of his muscles often making it difficult to even swallow liquids. As the disease progresses, the motor neurons will begin to die and the muscles will waste away. Eventually, he will have mobility issues and might require a wheelchair. Many will be forced into early retirement and almost every one of them will worry about the financial welfare of his family. Pneumonia will become as feared to him as any disease because of his inability to clear the lungs of phlegm. If he becomes a father, he will live with the knowledge that his daughters are carriers of the defect and could pass it on to future generations of his family. Even though the defective gene has less of a physical impact on females, they might also experience several of the symptoms later in life. Kennedy’s Disease Knows No Boundaries It is passed on from generation to generation in families worldwide. Males generally inherit the disease symptoms and females are the carriers. This neuromuscular disease is frequently misdiagnosed; often as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, (also known as ALS or Lou Gehrig’s Disease.) Every day parents-to-be wonder whether their child will be born with this DNA defect See What is Kennedy's Disease to learn more about this condition	355	ENGLISH	1
The tale of Pocahontas and Captain John Smith is well known all over the world. The story of the native American woman, who saves the life of an English settler in Jamestown, Viriginia, still intrigues people after over 400 years. Pocahontas was born in around 1595 as a daughter of Wahunseneca, the Chief of the Powhatans. The Powhatan had a population of about 25,000 and included over thirty tribes at that time. Women and men had seperate tasks in the Powhatan society, but both were equally important. Women were responsible for building houses, collecting water, farming, cooking and manufacturing everyting needed in and round the house. Also, they collected edible plants. Men were mainly responsible for hunting. The English landed in Virginia in May, 1607 and called their settlement Jamestown. The new settlers and the native Powhatan didn't encounter before the winter of that year. But when Captain John Smith went on an exploration, he was captured by a hunting party of Powhatans. We don't know for sure what happened there - in Smith's first account of the event, written in 1608, he does not meet Pocahontas there, but in a letter he writes to Queen Anne in 1616, he writes that Pocathontas dramatically and selflessly saved him from being executed in a large feast. Historians suggest that the Powhatan never really wanted to execute Smith, and that he may have misunderstood what was happening to him. It is possible Smith later exaggerated the story towards Queen Anne to impress her. 1. In the 19th century, industry bloomed in the (rich) Northern states. Railroads and factories popped up everywhere. The main industry in the Southern states however still lay in (cotton) farming. Whereas the North had already realized that slaveholding is immoral and had abolished slavery in the late 18th century, the Southern economy was still heavily dependent of slaves. 2. Anti-slavery Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States in 1860 without carrying a single Southern state. The Southern states felt they were losing representation in the Union, and that in turn would mean they would lose power in the slavery question and other policies. Because their economy would fall apart when slavery would be forbidden, the only option left for them seemed to leave the Union. They all laughed at him mockingly, his fellow people from the Cherokee tribe. But Sequoyah, son of a white father and a Cherokee mother, continued on his project rigidly, with success: he ultimately presented the Cherokee syllabary, making it possible for Cherokee to write and read in their language for the first time. Sequoyah was born a son of an unidentified white (or half-white, as sources differ) father and a Cherokee mother around 1770. The young boy was raised by his mother alone, didn’t go to school and never learnt English. He spent time farming and tending cattle before he was injured and lamed, making it impossible for him to be a successful farmer or warrior. When he came in contact with white men, he learned the art of forging jewelry and became to work as a silversmith. Later he took on the profession of a blacksmith as well, repairing iron farm implements in his village. As jewelry was popular among whites, Sequoyah stood in regular contact to them. He was impressed by their ability to transmit information to people in distant places: by letters. Among Cherokees, people tend to believe that writing was sorcery, and weren’t much interested in doing it themselves. Sequoyah, however, set a goal: he wanted to be able to write down his Cherokee language. In 2017, it's been 200 years since the very first bicycle, invented by Karl Drais, was patented in Germany. Time to take a look at some historic cycle designs that are as curious as genius (or utterly stupid). 1. Karl Drais's Dandy Horse The first bicycle-like vehicle was the Laufmaschine ("running machine"), later called velocipede or draisine, invented by Karl Drais in 1817 in Germany. It was nicknamed “dandy horse”. The Laufmaschine was the first vehicle that allowed fast, horseless transportation. But rutted roads were difficult to balance on, and dandy horse riders were forced to take the sidewalks. But because they moved far too quickly (~15 km/h), pedestrians were endangered, complained, and the dandy horse lost its popularity. 2. Frederick Myers's UnicyclE What we know as Rembrandts most famous painting, The Night Watch, is actually just not the whole thing. Only seventy-three years after it was finished, the painting was trimmed in order for it to fit into its new location, the Amsterdam town hall. About 60 centimeters were removed from the left side, and smaller strips from the other three sides. Because of that, the composition is now unbalanced, and some of the figures have been removed – just like that. Also, the popular name is based on a misunderstanding. The Night Watch (whose original title is The Company of Frans Banning Cocq and Willem van Ruytenburch is not set at night at all! The misleading title was given to the painting in the 18th century, since the varnish had grown so dark over the years. The scene was thus misinterpreted as being nocturnal. It isn't the smartest thing to marry a prince that is nicknamed "the Fair" when you have a tendency to jealousy, one would say. But princesses in the 15th century couldn't choose their husbands; their marriages were arranged for political reasons. Joan was one of the luckier girls, since she was betrothed to a man she absolutely adored: Philip of Austria. He lived up to his nickname, and on the night the two first met, it was love - or lust - at first sight. Philip insisted they would marry immediately so the young couple could love each other passionately. Unfortunately, their attraction would turn out to be fairly unequal: Philip's feelings for Joan were mere desire, whereas Joan loved her husband obsessively. But he was young, handsome and on top of that he was a monarch (he ruled the Low Countries from the age of 18), so women lay to his feet and he loved it. He acted as if he was a young bachelor, drinking, feasting and having sex excessively. Joan was extremely jealous; she wanted her husband for her and herself only. She often was moody and depressed, or could also break out in jealous rages. Philip couldn't care much, he would rather make things worse by avoiding her bedroom after they had been fighting over one of his excesses. She would cry of anger and despair and bump to the wall ceaselessly. Instead of starting to hate him, however, her mad love for him remained. He was all that she cared for: she lost all interest in politics and became isolated at court. Elisabeth was born on Christmas Eve, 1837, in Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria. She was the second of two daughters of Duke Max Joseph and his wife Ludovika, a daughter of the Bavarian king Maximilian I. In her youth, Elisabeth had no obligations at the Bavarian court and spent a happy time in their castle at Lake Starnberg, where she enjoyed playing and riding in the country. Elisabeth’s nephew was the young Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph. His mother, Archduchess Sophie of Austria, was his advisor in his political as well as in his personal life, and thus in fact the real ruler of the Empire. When Franz Joseph was 23, Sophie arranged a marriage with her nice Helene, Elisabeth’s older sister. The family was invited to come to Bad Ischl in Austria, so that Franz Joseph could propose to Helene, although the two had never met before. Helene and Franz Joseph didn’t feel comfortable in each other’s presence, but Franz was immediately attracted to the fifteen-year-old Elisabeth. And so this would be the first time that Franz Joseph would disobey his mother: he wanted to marry Elisabeth, otherwise he would not marry at all. His mother was infuriated, but accepted his wish – at least he would marry a niece, and that was what she wanted in the end. But Elisabeth had not been prepared to be an Empress as Helene; she had lived her free, informal life until that moment, and she would never be able to fully adapt the royal way of life with all its rules and etiquette. The brothers Jacob (1785–1863) and Wilhelm Grimm (1786–1859) were German cultural researchers and authors who collected and published German folklore during the 19th century. Other than sometimes falsely assumed, the brothers didn't make up the fairy tales themselves, but penned down popular German folk tales. With the movement of Romanticism that started in the late 18th century, the interest in fairy tales revived. While Germany was still an assembly of kingdoms and (grand) duchies, the brothers strongly believed that national unity relied on the knowledge of the common cultural past that was reflected in folklore. In the introduction to their first book of collected fairy tales, the Grimms explain that they had travelled through Germany to talk with storytellers who supplied them with tales. Since the stories had been handed oraly from generation to generation, they often heard various versions of tales that were in fact the same stories. In these cases, the Grimms picked out the common content and molded it into a single tale. The first edition of Children's and Household Tales ("Kinder- und Hausmärchen") was published in 1812, but was in a constant state of alteration. During their lifetime, the work was published 17 times. Wilhelm was the main editor of the two, making the tales stilistically similar, adding psychological and sometimes religious plots and dialogue. This may just seem to be an ordinary 15th century Dutch house. It is - except for the fact that it were witches that were weighed here. Established in 1482, this weigh house in Oudewater (near Utrecht) was originally meant for weighing (trading) goods. As witch trials became common in the 16th century, weigh house scales were also used for witch processes. Witches were believed to be light enough to float on water, so if a person was a witch or not could be easily proven by putting them on the scale. Unfortunately, most weigh house scales were manipulated, and many a person was condemned based on a rigged test. In 1545, Emperor Charles V proclaimed Oudewater’s weigh house as the only fair weighing site in Europe – consequently, not a single witch was ever convicted here. Mata Hari - the name alone sounds like oriental mystery, seduction and espionage. The girl behind the name was born Margaretha Geertruida Zelle in the Frisian town of Leeuwarden, and has turned into a legend. She was born in 1876 as the first child of a hatter and oil-invester. She grew up in wealth, and being the first daughter she was shamelessly spoiled by her father. She would go around in fancy dresses, and be an outsider because of her flamboyant appearance. However, her father's company went bankrupt when Margaretha was 13, and soon after her parents separated. In 1891, Margaretha's mother died, and the family fell apart. Her father went to Amsterdam to live with his second wife and the children were sent to live with other family members. She started studying to be a kindergarten teacher in Leiden, and it was there that she learned she was sexually attractive to men: the school's headmaster helplessly fell for her. When a scandal broke out, Margaretha was dismissed from the school and went to live with her uncle in The Hague. At the age of 18, she saw an advertisement in the newspaper that was placed by friends of Rudolf MacLeod, a captain stationed in the Dutch East Indies who was - according to his friends - in desperate need of a wife. Margaretha answered the ad and enclosed a photograph, expecting that her beauty would convince him to choose her. He was twenty years her senior, but she understood that the captain would secure her the financial status she had known as a child, but had missed after her father's bankruptcy. The two got married soon after. She now was a member of the upper class, but because she had to live in the tropics, she hardly had any benefit of that. They got two children, Jeanne and Norman. The latter got poisoned at the age of 2,5, supposedly by medicines against syphilis. Because of Rudolf's rude character and Margaretha's troubles to get used to the Indies, the marriage did not work out. In 1902 they moved back to The Hague and got separated soon after; Rudolf took Jeanne with him. Margaretha was left alone without family, money or a proper education.	<urn:uuid:3129b6b8-37c5-45dd-82ef-c9743b1f38fd>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.veranijveld.com/history/category/all/2	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694176.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127020458-20200127050458-00457.warc.gz	en	0.989584	2,735	3.71875	4	[ 0.19287925958633423, 0.823994517326355, 0.6015787720680237, 0.13449954986572266, -0.4164777100086212, -0.21058222651481628, 0.4011486768722534, 0.06620882451534271, -0.3001711368560791, 0.05169288069009781, -0.06634096801280975, -0.16689203679561615, 0.2736240029335022, 0.07219281792640686...	3	The tale of Pocahontas and Captain John Smith is well known all over the world. The story of the native American woman, who saves the life of an English settler in Jamestown, Viriginia, still intrigues people after over 400 years. Pocahontas was born in around 1595 as a daughter of Wahunseneca, the Chief of the Powhatans. The Powhatan had a population of about 25,000 and included over thirty tribes at that time. Women and men had seperate tasks in the Powhatan society, but both were equally important. Women were responsible for building houses, collecting water, farming, cooking and manufacturing everyting needed in and round the house. Also, they collected edible plants. Men were mainly responsible for hunting. The English landed in Virginia in May, 1607 and called their settlement Jamestown. The new settlers and the native Powhatan didn't encounter before the winter of that year. But when Captain John Smith went on an exploration, he was captured by a hunting party of Powhatans. We don't know for sure what happened there - in Smith's first account of the event, written in 1608, he does not meet Pocahontas there, but in a letter he writes to Queen Anne in 1616, he writes that Pocathontas dramatically and selflessly saved him from being executed in a large feast. Historians suggest that the Powhatan never really wanted to execute Smith, and that he may have misunderstood what was happening to him. It is possible Smith later exaggerated the story towards Queen Anne to impress her. 1. In the 19th century, industry bloomed in the (rich) Northern states. Railroads and factories popped up everywhere. The main industry in the Southern states however still lay in (cotton) farming. Whereas the North had already realized that slaveholding is immoral and had abolished slavery in the late 18th century, the Southern economy was still heavily dependent of slaves. 2. Anti-slavery Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the United States in 1860 without carrying a single Southern state. The Southern states felt they were losing representation in the Union, and that in turn would mean they would lose power in the slavery question and other policies. Because their economy would fall apart when slavery would be forbidden, the only option left for them seemed to leave the Union. They all laughed at him mockingly, his fellow people from the Cherokee tribe. But Sequoyah, son of a white father and a Cherokee mother, continued on his project rigidly, with success: he ultimately presented the Cherokee syllabary, making it possible for Cherokee to write and read in their language for the first time. Sequoyah was born a son of an unidentified white (or half-white, as sources differ) father and a Cherokee mother around 1770. The young boy was raised by his mother alone, didn’t go to school and never learnt English. He spent time farming and tending cattle before he was injured and lamed, making it impossible for him to be a successful farmer or warrior. When he came in contact with white men, he learned the art of forging jewelry and became to work as a silversmith. Later he took on the profession of a blacksmith as well, repairing iron farm implements in his village. As jewelry was popular among whites, Sequoyah stood in regular contact to them. He was impressed by their ability to transmit information to people in distant places: by letters. Among Cherokees, people tend to believe that writing was sorcery, and weren’t much interested in doing it themselves. Sequoyah, however, set a goal: he wanted to be able to write down his Cherokee language. In 2017, it's been 200 years since the very first bicycle, invented by Karl Drais, was patented in Germany. Time to take a look at some historic cycle designs that are as curious as genius (or utterly stupid). 1. Karl Drais's Dandy Horse The first bicycle-like vehicle was the Laufmaschine ("running machine"), later called velocipede or draisine, invented by Karl Drais in 1817 in Germany. It was nicknamed “dandy horse”. The Laufmaschine was the first vehicle that allowed fast, horseless transportation. But rutted roads were difficult to balance on, and dandy horse riders were forced to take the sidewalks. But because they moved far too quickly (~15 km/h), pedestrians were endangered, complained, and the dandy horse lost its popularity. 2. Frederick Myers's UnicyclE What we know as Rembrandts most famous painting, The Night Watch, is actually just not the whole thing. Only seventy-three years after it was finished, the painting was trimmed in order for it to fit into its new location, the Amsterdam town hall. About 60 centimeters were removed from the left side, and smaller strips from the other three sides. Because of that, the composition is now unbalanced, and some of the figures have been removed – just like that. Also, the popular name is based on a misunderstanding. The Night Watch (whose original title is The Company of Frans Banning Cocq and Willem van Ruytenburch is not set at night at all! The misleading title was given to the painting in the 18th century, since the varnish had grown so dark over the years. The scene was thus misinterpreted as being nocturnal. It isn't the smartest thing to marry a prince that is nicknamed "the Fair" when you have a tendency to jealousy, one would say. But princesses in the 15th century couldn't choose their husbands; their marriages were arranged for political reasons. Joan was one of the luckier girls, since she was betrothed to a man she absolutely adored: Philip of Austria. He lived up to his nickname, and on the night the two first met, it was love - or lust - at first sight. Philip insisted they would marry immediately so the young couple could love each other passionately. Unfortunately, their attraction would turn out to be fairly unequal: Philip's feelings for Joan were mere desire, whereas Joan loved her husband obsessively. But he was young, handsome and on top of that he was a monarch (he ruled the Low Countries from the age of 18), so women lay to his feet and he loved it. He acted as if he was a young bachelor, drinking, feasting and having sex excessively. Joan was extremely jealous; she wanted her husband for her and herself only. She often was moody and depressed, or could also break out in jealous rages. Philip couldn't care much, he would rather make things worse by avoiding her bedroom after they had been fighting over one of his excesses. She would cry of anger and despair and bump to the wall ceaselessly. Instead of starting to hate him, however, her mad love for him remained. He was all that she cared for: she lost all interest in politics and became isolated at court. Elisabeth was born on Christmas Eve, 1837, in Munich, Kingdom of Bavaria. She was the second of two daughters of Duke Max Joseph and his wife Ludovika, a daughter of the Bavarian king Maximilian I. In her youth, Elisabeth had no obligations at the Bavarian court and spent a happy time in their castle at Lake Starnberg, where she enjoyed playing and riding in the country. Elisabeth’s nephew was the young Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph. His mother, Archduchess Sophie of Austria, was his advisor in his political as well as in his personal life, and thus in fact the real ruler of the Empire. When Franz Joseph was 23, Sophie arranged a marriage with her nice Helene, Elisabeth’s older sister. The family was invited to come to Bad Ischl in Austria, so that Franz Joseph could propose to Helene, although the two had never met before. Helene and Franz Joseph didn’t feel comfortable in each other’s presence, but Franz was immediately attracted to the fifteen-year-old Elisabeth. And so this would be the first time that Franz Joseph would disobey his mother: he wanted to marry Elisabeth, otherwise he would not marry at all. His mother was infuriated, but accepted his wish – at least he would marry a niece, and that was what she wanted in the end. But Elisabeth had not been prepared to be an Empress as Helene; she had lived her free, informal life until that moment, and she would never be able to fully adapt the royal way of life with all its rules and etiquette. The brothers Jacob (1785–1863) and Wilhelm Grimm (1786–1859) were German cultural researchers and authors who collected and published German folklore during the 19th century. Other than sometimes falsely assumed, the brothers didn't make up the fairy tales themselves, but penned down popular German folk tales. With the movement of Romanticism that started in the late 18th century, the interest in fairy tales revived. While Germany was still an assembly of kingdoms and (grand) duchies, the brothers strongly believed that national unity relied on the knowledge of the common cultural past that was reflected in folklore. In the introduction to their first book of collected fairy tales, the Grimms explain that they had travelled through Germany to talk with storytellers who supplied them with tales. Since the stories had been handed oraly from generation to generation, they often heard various versions of tales that were in fact the same stories. In these cases, the Grimms picked out the common content and molded it into a single tale. The first edition of Children's and Household Tales ("Kinder- und Hausmärchen") was published in 1812, but was in a constant state of alteration. During their lifetime, the work was published 17 times. Wilhelm was the main editor of the two, making the tales stilistically similar, adding psychological and sometimes religious plots and dialogue. This may just seem to be an ordinary 15th century Dutch house. It is - except for the fact that it were witches that were weighed here. Established in 1482, this weigh house in Oudewater (near Utrecht) was originally meant for weighing (trading) goods. As witch trials became common in the 16th century, weigh house scales were also used for witch processes. Witches were believed to be light enough to float on water, so if a person was a witch or not could be easily proven by putting them on the scale. Unfortunately, most weigh house scales were manipulated, and many a person was condemned based on a rigged test. In 1545, Emperor Charles V proclaimed Oudewater’s weigh house as the only fair weighing site in Europe – consequently, not a single witch was ever convicted here. Mata Hari - the name alone sounds like oriental mystery, seduction and espionage. The girl behind the name was born Margaretha Geertruida Zelle in the Frisian town of Leeuwarden, and has turned into a legend. She was born in 1876 as the first child of a hatter and oil-invester. She grew up in wealth, and being the first daughter she was shamelessly spoiled by her father. She would go around in fancy dresses, and be an outsider because of her flamboyant appearance. However, her father's company went bankrupt when Margaretha was 13, and soon after her parents separated. In 1891, Margaretha's mother died, and the family fell apart. Her father went to Amsterdam to live with his second wife and the children were sent to live with other family members. She started studying to be a kindergarten teacher in Leiden, and it was there that she learned she was sexually attractive to men: the school's headmaster helplessly fell for her. When a scandal broke out, Margaretha was dismissed from the school and went to live with her uncle in The Hague. At the age of 18, she saw an advertisement in the newspaper that was placed by friends of Rudolf MacLeod, a captain stationed in the Dutch East Indies who was - according to his friends - in desperate need of a wife. Margaretha answered the ad and enclosed a photograph, expecting that her beauty would convince him to choose her. He was twenty years her senior, but she understood that the captain would secure her the financial status she had known as a child, but had missed after her father's bankruptcy. The two got married soon after. She now was a member of the upper class, but because she had to live in the tropics, she hardly had any benefit of that. They got two children, Jeanne and Norman. The latter got poisoned at the age of 2,5, supposedly by medicines against syphilis. Because of Rudolf's rude character and Margaretha's troubles to get used to the Indies, the marriage did not work out. In 1902 they moved back to The Hague and got separated soon after; Rudolf took Jeanne with him. Margaretha was left alone without family, money or a proper education.	2,767	ENGLISH	1
“Many wounded men slipped into those shell holes and would have been drowned or suffocated by the clammy mud.” – George Pearkes The Battle of Passchendaele was fought on a 13km square patch of grass in Belgium in August 1917. It took place in a town called Ypres, or ‘Wipers’ as the Brits called it, as Ypres didn’t flow easy from the colonial tongue. The land at Ypres was reclaimed from the sea centuries earlier through careful and clever draining and irrigation techniques. Napoleon had lost the Battle of Waterloo on the same patch of land 100 years earlier. Ypres wasn’t necessarily a landmark town to capture. It wasn’t going to be the feather in the cap sort of town that would mean the winner would have ‘one up’ on the other. However, it did have strategic importance as an agricultural and commercial centre that dominated Western Flanders. It is set in a low lying shallow basin. Above the basin are hills and from these hills flow streams. They flow directly down from the hills into the town. Meaning it has a constant supply of water. Therefore, the town became of great importance to weary and thirsty soldiers. It would be an ideal base camp from which to rest and recoup, as well as having the aforementioned strategic importance. Both the Allied side and the Germans wanted to take the town. However, it wasn’t just each other they had to worry about. Neither side accounted for the mud. The constant supply of water from the hills, as well as the fact that the land had been reclaimed from the sea, meant that the land at Ypres was already predisposed to being damp. In August of 1917, just as the first shots of the Battle were fired, it rained. And it didn’t stop raining for all but three days during that month. Constant, incessant, nom-stop torrential rain for twenty-eight of thirty-one days in August. The lead-up to the offensive, which would begin on July 31, included the blowing up of the 21 mines created under the Messines ridge through the deployment of one million tons of TNT. The planned explosion on June 7 was so terrific it was heard in London, some 200 miles away. It seemed to silence the Germans who withdrew. It gave the British a short-lived advantage and made their supply lines secure, for a brief period. It would seem that such a spectacular gesture would pay dividends but the next British attack did not take place until July 31. By then the Germans had regrouped and completed about six miles of intensive digging in which to position heavy machine guns, mounted in concrete. These became known as ‘pill-boxes.’ For seven weeks, nothing happened. Between June 7 and July 31, not one shot was fired in anger. Something that is difficult to explain, but exhaustion might be on explanation. However, the German response came in the form of six separate defence positions, a forward battle zone, layered and, in effect, creating a formidable battle zone. The German heavy guns held 64 strong points, which remained intact. The British attack began shortly before 4am on July 31. Initially the infantry made some advancement along the 13km front but not in crucial positions, such as a coveted area, which was a continuation of the Messines ridge. It was strategic, as it gave the German artillery a height advantage with clear views of the advancing British. On August 1, the rain came. It didn’t stop for 28 days; it was so heavy that it made it impossible for aerial bombardment, as planes could not fly. The shelling tore up the earth and the craters filled with rain, which quickly turned to mud. Soldiers drowned in trenches because they were unable to clamber out, as the walls gave way under them. Wounded and dying men being transported on carts, pulled by horses and mules themselves staggering through the quagmires, often rolled off and were lost in the slime, which suffocated them. Even moving the light field artillery was hazardous. To move one gun, it was reported to take six hours, sometimes more, to move it 250 yards, because of the condition of the land. Mud. Mud like wet soap. Nothing could move in the mud. Guns that became stuck needed 26 horses on one gun to drag it free. It was also reported that a Digger fell off duckboards in the dark and sank up to his neck. His mates tried to get him with a chain of rifles but he drowned in the wet earth, begging to be shot. In the trenches rats bred like flies, feeding on corpses that drowned in the mud whilst trying to climb out. The smell of wet and rotting bodies clogged the air. Total casualties at Passchendaele were estimated at some 500,000, about 275,000 British and Commonwealth and maybe more than 200,000 Germans. Nearly 15,700 Canadians and 5300 New Zealanders fell there, killed, wounded or missing. Not only were fathers, sons, husbands and lovers dying but the public became aware that despite small gains made at Passchendaele, the overall result left both sides in deadlocked positions similar to where they had started. The disaster brought condemnation on British army commanders. Military historians now make harsh judgments about Douglas Haig, commander of the British Expeditionary Force on the Western Front. When he died in 1928, his funeral became a day of national mourning but post World War II, Haig’s name has become synonymous with carnage and futility. His troops arrived at that conclusion long before the historians: they called him ‘Butcher Haig.’ In time, commanding officers would weep publicly about the horrors their soldiers endured. Maj CL Fox of the 502 Field Company Royal Engineers wrote: “There was no ground to walk on; the earth had been ploughed up by shells not once only, but over and over again, and so thoroughly that nothing solid remained to step on; there was just loose, disintegrated, far-flung earth, merging into slimy, treacherous mud and water round shell holes so interlaced that the circular form of only the largest and most recently made could be distinguished. The infantry in the outposts moved hourly from shell hole to shell hole, occupying those that had just been made and which had not, in consequence, yet filled with water. All honour to them and the way they ‘stuck’ it. “Covered with mud, wet to the skin, bitterly cold, stiff and benumbed with exposure, cowed and deadened by the monotony of 48 hours in extreme danger and by the constant casualties among their mates, they hung on to existence by a thin thread of discipline rather than by any spark of life.” It reads as an account of torture, not war. Five months later, the Germans took it all back over the course of three days. It was all for nothing.	<urn:uuid:20f22587-6c40-4afe-95dc-750328e0ba9c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.westcorkpeople.ie/the-history-corner/twenty-eight-out-of-thirty-one/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251688806.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126104828-20200126134828-00225.warc.gz	en	0.985581	1,442	3.640625	4	[ -0.058382049202919006, 0.24477335810661316, 0.547289252281189, 0.1258040815591812, 0.03296853229403496, -0.12641145288944244, -0.25724542140960693, 0.23809966444969177, -0.3691706657409668, -0.14808285236358643, -0.23739227652549744, -0.8985986709594727, 0.3509262502193451, 0.0705653727054...	15	“Many wounded men slipped into those shell holes and would have been drowned or suffocated by the clammy mud.” – George Pearkes The Battle of Passchendaele was fought on a 13km square patch of grass in Belgium in August 1917. It took place in a town called Ypres, or ‘Wipers’ as the Brits called it, as Ypres didn’t flow easy from the colonial tongue. The land at Ypres was reclaimed from the sea centuries earlier through careful and clever draining and irrigation techniques. Napoleon had lost the Battle of Waterloo on the same patch of land 100 years earlier. Ypres wasn’t necessarily a landmark town to capture. It wasn’t going to be the feather in the cap sort of town that would mean the winner would have ‘one up’ on the other. However, it did have strategic importance as an agricultural and commercial centre that dominated Western Flanders. It is set in a low lying shallow basin. Above the basin are hills and from these hills flow streams. They flow directly down from the hills into the town. Meaning it has a constant supply of water. Therefore, the town became of great importance to weary and thirsty soldiers. It would be an ideal base camp from which to rest and recoup, as well as having the aforementioned strategic importance. Both the Allied side and the Germans wanted to take the town. However, it wasn’t just each other they had to worry about. Neither side accounted for the mud. The constant supply of water from the hills, as well as the fact that the land had been reclaimed from the sea, meant that the land at Ypres was already predisposed to being damp. In August of 1917, just as the first shots of the Battle were fired, it rained. And it didn’t stop raining for all but three days during that month. Constant, incessant, nom-stop torrential rain for twenty-eight of thirty-one days in August. The lead-up to the offensive, which would begin on July 31, included the blowing up of the 21 mines created under the Messines ridge through the deployment of one million tons of TNT. The planned explosion on June 7 was so terrific it was heard in London, some 200 miles away. It seemed to silence the Germans who withdrew. It gave the British a short-lived advantage and made their supply lines secure, for a brief period. It would seem that such a spectacular gesture would pay dividends but the next British attack did not take place until July 31. By then the Germans had regrouped and completed about six miles of intensive digging in which to position heavy machine guns, mounted in concrete. These became known as ‘pill-boxes.’ For seven weeks, nothing happened. Between June 7 and July 31, not one shot was fired in anger. Something that is difficult to explain, but exhaustion might be on explanation. However, the German response came in the form of six separate defence positions, a forward battle zone, layered and, in effect, creating a formidable battle zone. The German heavy guns held 64 strong points, which remained intact. The British attack began shortly before 4am on July 31. Initially the infantry made some advancement along the 13km front but not in crucial positions, such as a coveted area, which was a continuation of the Messines ridge. It was strategic, as it gave the German artillery a height advantage with clear views of the advancing British. On August 1, the rain came. It didn’t stop for 28 days; it was so heavy that it made it impossible for aerial bombardment, as planes could not fly. The shelling tore up the earth and the craters filled with rain, which quickly turned to mud. Soldiers drowned in trenches because they were unable to clamber out, as the walls gave way under them. Wounded and dying men being transported on carts, pulled by horses and mules themselves staggering through the quagmires, often rolled off and were lost in the slime, which suffocated them. Even moving the light field artillery was hazardous. To move one gun, it was reported to take six hours, sometimes more, to move it 250 yards, because of the condition of the land. Mud. Mud like wet soap. Nothing could move in the mud. Guns that became stuck needed 26 horses on one gun to drag it free. It was also reported that a Digger fell off duckboards in the dark and sank up to his neck. His mates tried to get him with a chain of rifles but he drowned in the wet earth, begging to be shot. In the trenches rats bred like flies, feeding on corpses that drowned in the mud whilst trying to climb out. The smell of wet and rotting bodies clogged the air. Total casualties at Passchendaele were estimated at some 500,000, about 275,000 British and Commonwealth and maybe more than 200,000 Germans. Nearly 15,700 Canadians and 5300 New Zealanders fell there, killed, wounded or missing. Not only were fathers, sons, husbands and lovers dying but the public became aware that despite small gains made at Passchendaele, the overall result left both sides in deadlocked positions similar to where they had started. The disaster brought condemnation on British army commanders. Military historians now make harsh judgments about Douglas Haig, commander of the British Expeditionary Force on the Western Front. When he died in 1928, his funeral became a day of national mourning but post World War II, Haig’s name has become synonymous with carnage and futility. His troops arrived at that conclusion long before the historians: they called him ‘Butcher Haig.’ In time, commanding officers would weep publicly about the horrors their soldiers endured. Maj CL Fox of the 502 Field Company Royal Engineers wrote: “There was no ground to walk on; the earth had been ploughed up by shells not once only, but over and over again, and so thoroughly that nothing solid remained to step on; there was just loose, disintegrated, far-flung earth, merging into slimy, treacherous mud and water round shell holes so interlaced that the circular form of only the largest and most recently made could be distinguished. The infantry in the outposts moved hourly from shell hole to shell hole, occupying those that had just been made and which had not, in consequence, yet filled with water. All honour to them and the way they ‘stuck’ it. “Covered with mud, wet to the skin, bitterly cold, stiff and benumbed with exposure, cowed and deadened by the monotony of 48 hours in extreme danger and by the constant casualties among their mates, they hung on to existence by a thin thread of discipline rather than by any spark of life.” It reads as an account of torture, not war. Five months later, the Germans took it all back over the course of three days. It was all for nothing.	1,475	ENGLISH	1
Researchers found that the Majungasaurus replaces its mouth full of teeth, every two months, which is thirteen times faster than the usual meat-eating carnivore dinosaurs. According to the research published in the journal PLOS ONE, it said that their teeth wear down quickly, and the reason behind it may be because of the gnawing of the bones. Professors of the New York University also says that evidence has been found of scratches and gouges, which match the spacing of their teeth. The species has, however, been detected as the supreme in the food chain and was 21 feet long. The sharp teeth it has worked like knives that could easily slice up the flesh of the prey. From the bones that have been found, it can be said that it also had a snout and a horn at the top of its head. But compared to strengthening other parts, its teeth weren’t much strong to bear the pressure. However, the rate of tooth growth was quite rapid in these dinosaurs; a day seems to span the time of a year.	<urn:uuid:1606073d-1a70-4b83-8a56-a5d7717fcd2e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://vulomedia.com/study-says-the-bone-crunching-dinosaur-replaces-its-teeth-every-two-months/24/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681412.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125191854-20200125221854-00366.warc.gz	en	0.98507	218	3.5	4	[ -0.46828505396842957, 0.07252022624015808, 0.48963844776153564, 0.06717044860124588, -0.2785067558288574, -0.6347324252128601, -0.18460115790367126, 0.13105249404907227, -0.18797793984413147, 0.12820935249328613, 0.01380865927785635, -0.36493921279907227, 0.19899630546569824, 0.45434132218...	7	Researchers found that the Majungasaurus replaces its mouth full of teeth, every two months, which is thirteen times faster than the usual meat-eating carnivore dinosaurs. According to the research published in the journal PLOS ONE, it said that their teeth wear down quickly, and the reason behind it may be because of the gnawing of the bones. Professors of the New York University also says that evidence has been found of scratches and gouges, which match the spacing of their teeth. The species has, however, been detected as the supreme in the food chain and was 21 feet long. The sharp teeth it has worked like knives that could easily slice up the flesh of the prey. From the bones that have been found, it can be said that it also had a snout and a horn at the top of its head. But compared to strengthening other parts, its teeth weren’t much strong to bear the pressure. However, the rate of tooth growth was quite rapid in these dinosaurs; a day seems to span the time of a year.	215	ENGLISH	1
Examine the effect in the French and Indian War and its consequences on the marriage between The united kingdom and the United kingdom colonies. Confine your response to the period coming from 1754 to 1776. (How did it help lead to colonial rebellion. ) The French and Indian Conflict was a clash between France and England for dominance over terrain in America. France organised their ground in the Northwest in the state of Kentkucky as well as present day Canada, although Britain had their place in the groupe along the Atlantic. The war sprouted in the Ohio Valley led by simply George Wa. France pushed the rivals out with the aid of the Ohio Indian people, which resulted, into more wars while using two power trying to get dominance above the latter. Even though this was a fight against France and Great Britain, this kind of took place in the united states among the Uk colonies, the end results and wake of the battles changed the relationship between Great Britain and the British Colonies. One of the most essential effects for Britain was that they were able to declare Canada overall as well as get trading rewards with other countries. Britain was also able to hold their very own stand in America, leaving french greatly reduced inside the small regions of land that they owned. Pertaining to France's allies, the Indians, it was a harsh blow to the people. It led to the Ottawa chief Pontiac to hold a campaign to drive out the British by targeting them, however it had not been successful considering that the British retaliated with their contaminated blankets that contain smallpox. For the People in the usa, who were cost-free and preferred more land, they advancing over the Appalachian Mountains and flooded the lands. Though, the London Government given a proclamation preventing the Americans coming from expanding further since they weren't on very good terms but with the Indian tribes. Americans during war time were at the burden of the war as a result of high taxes increases. Great britain began to try and control People in the usa, but the People in america became tolerant; it...	<urn:uuid:300475d0-9cc4-456e-abd5-a04d977c08f8>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://collegeboundllc.com/effect-of-french-and/48460-effect-of-the-french-and-american.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251672537.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125131641-20200125160641-00378.warc.gz	en	0.984858	419	4	4	[ -0.09922619163990021, 0.40790143609046936, 0.5360899567604065, -0.035066183656454086, 0.006270871497690678, -0.049910325556993484, 0.1331518292427063, 0.3315926492214203, 0.24189168214797974, -0.008330175653100014, 0.052373722195625305, -0.018555302172899246, 0.02307075262069702, 0.3290763...	1	Examine the effect in the French and Indian War and its consequences on the marriage between The united kingdom and the United kingdom colonies. Confine your response to the period coming from 1754 to 1776. (How did it help lead to colonial rebellion. ) The French and Indian Conflict was a clash between France and England for dominance over terrain in America. France organised their ground in the Northwest in the state of Kentkucky as well as present day Canada, although Britain had their place in the groupe along the Atlantic. The war sprouted in the Ohio Valley led by simply George Wa. France pushed the rivals out with the aid of the Ohio Indian people, which resulted, into more wars while using two power trying to get dominance above the latter. Even though this was a fight against France and Great Britain, this kind of took place in the united states among the Uk colonies, the end results and wake of the battles changed the relationship between Great Britain and the British Colonies. One of the most essential effects for Britain was that they were able to declare Canada overall as well as get trading rewards with other countries. Britain was also able to hold their very own stand in America, leaving french greatly reduced inside the small regions of land that they owned. Pertaining to France's allies, the Indians, it was a harsh blow to the people. It led to the Ottawa chief Pontiac to hold a campaign to drive out the British by targeting them, however it had not been successful considering that the British retaliated with their contaminated blankets that contain smallpox. For the People in the usa, who were cost-free and preferred more land, they advancing over the Appalachian Mountains and flooded the lands. Though, the London Government given a proclamation preventing the Americans coming from expanding further since they weren't on very good terms but with the Indian tribes. Americans during war time were at the burden of the war as a result of high taxes increases. Great britain began to try and control People in the usa, but the People in america became tolerant; it...	416	ENGLISH	1
Sex differences in human social behaviors and abilities have long been a question of public and scientific interest. You wouldn't believe how intelligent and empowering this woman is, what she is doing to help educate people through CNN,' " she said. It was not possible to walk in these, which no doubt dictated the timing of the change. This is because hormone levels vary during the menstrual cycle. She then asked the children whether the toddler in the third photograph was still a boy or a girl. The first Club was established in in Hartford, Connecticut. One of the many, and perhaps most striking, paradoxes of gender studies is that, despite decades of concerted efforts, the very existence of sex differences remains debated — . How old are you, young fellow? It took him five years to escape, and he now uses the dances he learned to make a living. What can I do to help my child? Fetal testosterone and sex differences in typical social development and in autism. A meta-analytic review of sex differences in facial expression processing and their development in infants, children, and adolescents. Sean Wescott, another sixth-grader, said he would tell his kids that "some girls are better at some things, and some boys are better than girls at other things.	<urn:uuid:d1990409-3c6a-4d88-83d7-ef5ddcb88108>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://razzvan.info/anal/youngest-boys-and-girls.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687725.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126043644-20200126073644-00496.warc.gz	en	0.980424	258	3.3125	3	[ 0.212148517370224, -0.047983840107917786, 0.34770867228507996, -0.19972655177116394, -0.3288702964782715, 0.7728247046470642, 0.10854502767324448, 0.11286404728889465, -0.01845816895365715, -0.20261691510677338, 0.3994687497615814, 0.09896910935640335, 0.4720953404903412, 0.127502843737602...	1	Sex differences in human social behaviors and abilities have long been a question of public and scientific interest. You wouldn't believe how intelligent and empowering this woman is, what she is doing to help educate people through CNN,' " she said. It was not possible to walk in these, which no doubt dictated the timing of the change. This is because hormone levels vary during the menstrual cycle. She then asked the children whether the toddler in the third photograph was still a boy or a girl. The first Club was established in in Hartford, Connecticut. One of the many, and perhaps most striking, paradoxes of gender studies is that, despite decades of concerted efforts, the very existence of sex differences remains debated — . How old are you, young fellow? It took him five years to escape, and he now uses the dances he learned to make a living. What can I do to help my child? Fetal testosterone and sex differences in typical social development and in autism. A meta-analytic review of sex differences in facial expression processing and their development in infants, children, and adolescents. Sean Wescott, another sixth-grader, said he would tell his kids that "some girls are better at some things, and some boys are better than girls at other things.	255	ENGLISH	1
To begin, you must understand that daguerreotypes have an aproximate ISO speed of 0.05. and are sensitive to a fairly narrow band of the light spectrum (mostly blue range). This means that even in full sunlight an exposure can take more than 4 seconds. This had several effects on early portraiture, first, it could really only be practiced outdoors, or in specialized rooms which had large windows to allow lots of sunlight in. Second, poses had to be selected which would allow the model to hold perfectly still for an exended period of time. Portrait chairs of the time were made with a thin arm extending up from the back which had an adjustable brace to hold the neck and head in place. Any movement would impact the sharpness of the photograph in that area, so fine lace or embroidery was often lost as a detail, however this could also provide softer details in the face. One final note, because these were direct positive processes, any writing which was to appear in the photo had to be mirrored on set, as a result many photographers carried special props on which all the writing was backwards, so it would appear properly in the photo.	<urn:uuid:bd0b6274-a3e7-45c2-823a-f6df5118007e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.wyzant.com/resources/answers/186929/how_the_light_sensitivity_of_the_daguerreotypes_and_calotypes_affected_early_portraiture	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592261.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118052321-20200118080321-00419.warc.gz	en	0.989846	239	3.296875	3	[ -0.49718883633613586, 0.13342680037021637, -0.04955161362886429, 0.06647969037294388, 0.20165345072746277, 0.503597617149353, -0.004556848201900721, -0.04554270952939987, -0.32149386405944824, -0.07822273671627045, 0.26094815135002136, -0.11452333629131317, 0.11111366003751755, 0.508438169...	2	To begin, you must understand that daguerreotypes have an aproximate ISO speed of 0.05. and are sensitive to a fairly narrow band of the light spectrum (mostly blue range). This means that even in full sunlight an exposure can take more than 4 seconds. This had several effects on early portraiture, first, it could really only be practiced outdoors, or in specialized rooms which had large windows to allow lots of sunlight in. Second, poses had to be selected which would allow the model to hold perfectly still for an exended period of time. Portrait chairs of the time were made with a thin arm extending up from the back which had an adjustable brace to hold the neck and head in place. Any movement would impact the sharpness of the photograph in that area, so fine lace or embroidery was often lost as a detail, however this could also provide softer details in the face. One final note, because these were direct positive processes, any writing which was to appear in the photo had to be mirrored on set, as a result many photographers carried special props on which all the writing was backwards, so it would appear properly in the photo.	236	ENGLISH	1
Year 2 have been learning about the Great Fire of London. We have really looked in depth at why and how the fire started, putting ourselves in the shoes of Londoners in 1666. We also looked at how important Samuel Pepys’ diary was and we recreated some of our own. You can also take a look in a classroom to see some! We had a fantastic drama workshop from Freshwater Theatre Company who helped us to understand and see what it was really like in London in 1666. We have also had a fantastic autumn term! We have been learning lots about Hinduism and how Hindus celebrate Diwali. We were lucky enough to visit a local Hindu temple where Nabhi talked us through his daily routine of worship. Did you know they get up at 3.30am to start worshiping their many deities? He then explained the meaning of Diwali to us and some of the children got to act out the story of Rama and Sita, wearing some beautiful costumes.	<urn:uuid:d7204079-99ea-40c3-8cd5-5d9844f26b37>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://tct-academies.org/courtwood-primary-school/year-2-learning/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250597230.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120023523-20200120051523-00218.warc.gz	en	0.988899	203	3.3125	3	[ 0.20739810168743134, 0.19112014770507812, 0.2526421844959259, -0.32605695724487305, -0.07209382206201553, 0.11155407875776291, 0.5899363160133362, 0.31154564023017883, 0.0035422062501311302, -0.3761537969112396, -0.07304399460554123, -0.5182385444641113, -0.2615913152694702, 0.480452090501...	12	Year 2 have been learning about the Great Fire of London. We have really looked in depth at why and how the fire started, putting ourselves in the shoes of Londoners in 1666. We also looked at how important Samuel Pepys’ diary was and we recreated some of our own. You can also take a look in a classroom to see some! We had a fantastic drama workshop from Freshwater Theatre Company who helped us to understand and see what it was really like in London in 1666. We have also had a fantastic autumn term! We have been learning lots about Hinduism and how Hindus celebrate Diwali. We were lucky enough to visit a local Hindu temple where Nabhi talked us through his daily routine of worship. Did you know they get up at 3.30am to start worshiping their many deities? He then explained the meaning of Diwali to us and some of the children got to act out the story of Rama and Sita, wearing some beautiful costumes.	210	ENGLISH	1
Just when we thought we knew everything about the human body, a new organ was discovered. It was found hiding in plain sight inside the human body. This organ is known as “mesentery” that was previously mistaken as a few fragmented structures in the digestive system. Now scientists have concluded that it is one continuous organ! Italian polymath Leanardo da Vinci had described it in 1508, but it was ignored throughout the centuries, until now Even though there are generally considered to be five organs in the human body, there are now 79, including the mesentery. Even though its function is still not clear, the discovery has opened up a whole new area of science. They have established the anatomy and also the structure of that organ. Now only the function of it is unknown. Once the function is known, its abnormalities and the probable disease, as well as the cure, can be searched. This research was published in The Lancet medical journal. This organ is now taught as a distinct organ for medical students. The world’s most famous medical textbook, Gray’s Anatomy, has been updated, which includes the new definition for mesentery. Scientist and Medical students are now researching on what role does mesentery play in case of abdominal diseases. This might lead to lead to a new cure for the diseases. This organ is a double fold of peritoneum (lining of the abdominal cavity), which holds the intestine to the wall of the abdomen. Although the heart, brain, liver, lungs, and kidneys are the vital organs, 74 others play a role in keeping us healthy.	<urn:uuid:4e6784b5-1e40-4f6e-b847-f127b32837d7>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://explorebiotech.com/new-organ-never-knew-existed-human-body-discovered/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614086.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123221108-20200124010108-00320.warc.gz	en	0.980352	337	3.609375	4	[ -0.08563394844532013, -0.2909198999404907, 0.47145989537239075, -0.006434260401874781, -0.29071760177612305, 0.04825892671942711, 0.6083798408508301, 0.4585481286048889, 0.1147189512848854, 0.03871620446443558, 0.3898613154888153, -0.6503626108169556, 0.023102838546037674, 0.09334087371826...	3	Just when we thought we knew everything about the human body, a new organ was discovered. It was found hiding in plain sight inside the human body. This organ is known as “mesentery” that was previously mistaken as a few fragmented structures in the digestive system. Now scientists have concluded that it is one continuous organ! Italian polymath Leanardo da Vinci had described it in 1508, but it was ignored throughout the centuries, until now Even though there are generally considered to be five organs in the human body, there are now 79, including the mesentery. Even though its function is still not clear, the discovery has opened up a whole new area of science. They have established the anatomy and also the structure of that organ. Now only the function of it is unknown. Once the function is known, its abnormalities and the probable disease, as well as the cure, can be searched. This research was published in The Lancet medical journal. This organ is now taught as a distinct organ for medical students. The world’s most famous medical textbook, Gray’s Anatomy, has been updated, which includes the new definition for mesentery. Scientist and Medical students are now researching on what role does mesentery play in case of abdominal diseases. This might lead to lead to a new cure for the diseases. This organ is a double fold of peritoneum (lining of the abdominal cavity), which holds the intestine to the wall of the abdomen. Although the heart, brain, liver, lungs, and kidneys are the vital organs, 74 others play a role in keeping us healthy.	329	ENGLISH	1
One of the greatest Jewish scholars of medieval times, Maimonides, born in 1135 to 1138, was a Sephardic Jew who wrote the 14-volume Mishneh Torah, subtitled, Book of the Strong Hand, a code of Jewish religious law completed in 1180. The book still carries a great deal of canonical weight in contemporary Jewish religious thought, particularly as it relates to the codification of Talmudic law, even though through the ages many scholars criticized it. Maimonides was also an exponent of the Oral Torah, which includes laws not contained in the Five Books of Moses (the Written Torah). Notably, he was not a supporter of mysticism, only a kind of intellectual mysticism, which seems discernible in his various works. A polymath, Maimonides was also known as a philosopher, historian, scientist and physician, in both Jewish and Islamic kingdoms or domains. Nevertheless, when the Muslims conquered Córdoba, located in the southern part of what is now Spain, the Muslim authorities gave all Jews three choices: conversion, death or exile. Born in Córdoba and still residing there, Maimonides chose exile and eventually settled in Egypt, where he became a renowned authority of the Jewish community. Maimonides died 1204 and was buried in Fustat, Egypt. Interestingly, legend has it that Maimonides was a descendant of King David, but he never stated that he was.	<urn:uuid:e8e70d6a-64a4-41fd-b8ee-e7bd39b977ec>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://theologyz.com/figure/unlocation/judaism/maimonides/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251681412.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125191854-20200125221854-00192.warc.gz	en	0.980504	296	3.9375	4	[ -0.2868419289588928, 0.16849751770496368, -0.03719904646277428, -0.12428955733776093, -0.2522527575492859, -0.08336581289768219, -0.07467013597488403, -0.01777530089020729, -0.10164830088615417, -0.033503711223602295, -0.19352085888385773, -0.17836736142635345, 0.3283390998840332, 0.149730...	2	One of the greatest Jewish scholars of medieval times, Maimonides, born in 1135 to 1138, was a Sephardic Jew who wrote the 14-volume Mishneh Torah, subtitled, Book of the Strong Hand, a code of Jewish religious law completed in 1180. The book still carries a great deal of canonical weight in contemporary Jewish religious thought, particularly as it relates to the codification of Talmudic law, even though through the ages many scholars criticized it. Maimonides was also an exponent of the Oral Torah, which includes laws not contained in the Five Books of Moses (the Written Torah). Notably, he was not a supporter of mysticism, only a kind of intellectual mysticism, which seems discernible in his various works. A polymath, Maimonides was also known as a philosopher, historian, scientist and physician, in both Jewish and Islamic kingdoms or domains. Nevertheless, when the Muslims conquered Córdoba, located in the southern part of what is now Spain, the Muslim authorities gave all Jews three choices: conversion, death or exile. Born in Córdoba and still residing there, Maimonides chose exile and eventually settled in Egypt, where he became a renowned authority of the Jewish community. Maimonides died 1204 and was buried in Fustat, Egypt. Interestingly, legend has it that Maimonides was a descendant of King David, but he never stated that he was.	312	ENGLISH	1
Meet Robert Smalls, Boat Captain for Union Navy who Escaped Slavery and Became 1st African-American Elected to U.S. Congress by Lori Lakin Hutcherson (@lakinhutcherson) Robert Smalls was the first black man elected to U.S. Congress during Reconstruction. He was born into slavery in 1839 in Beaufort, S.C., and started his remarkable, implausible journey to national prominence by daring to escape slavery during the Civil War with his family. Smalls, like many other enslaved peoples, was made to work for the Confederate forces during the Civil War. Menial labor such as grave digging, cooking, digging trenches, etc. were the most common jobs, but some enslaved peoples were used in skilled labor positions, such as Smalls, who could navigate the waters in and around Charleston, so was used to guide transport ships for the Confederate Navy. On May 13, 1862, Smalls convinced several other enslaved people to help him commandeer a Confederate transport ship, the CSS Planter, in Charleston harbor. Smalls sailed from Confederate-controlled waters to the U.S. blockade. By doing so, not only did he gain freedom for himself, several enslaved peoples and members of his family, his example of cunning and bravery helped convince President Abraham Lincoln to accept black soldiers into the U.S. Army and Navy. Check out PBS video and read the entire article HERE.	<urn:uuid:d7c8d531-7dc3-4d93-af31-be0314a4194c>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://faithmatterstoday.org/robert-smalls/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593994.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118221909-20200119005909-00496.warc.gz	en	0.983126	295	3.296875	3	[ -0.04807877540588379, 0.21782314777374268, 0.008603535592556, -0.19987531006336212, -0.05058634281158447, -0.1236087828874588, 0.22817014157772064, -0.3608557879924774, -0.09218351542949677, -0.05244016274809837, 0.6047025918960571, 0.0421602837741375, -0.015893366187810898, 0.306106388568...	7	Meet Robert Smalls, Boat Captain for Union Navy who Escaped Slavery and Became 1st African-American Elected to U.S. Congress by Lori Lakin Hutcherson (@lakinhutcherson) Robert Smalls was the first black man elected to U.S. Congress during Reconstruction. He was born into slavery in 1839 in Beaufort, S.C., and started his remarkable, implausible journey to national prominence by daring to escape slavery during the Civil War with his family. Smalls, like many other enslaved peoples, was made to work for the Confederate forces during the Civil War. Menial labor such as grave digging, cooking, digging trenches, etc. were the most common jobs, but some enslaved peoples were used in skilled labor positions, such as Smalls, who could navigate the waters in and around Charleston, so was used to guide transport ships for the Confederate Navy. On May 13, 1862, Smalls convinced several other enslaved people to help him commandeer a Confederate transport ship, the CSS Planter, in Charleston harbor. Smalls sailed from Confederate-controlled waters to the U.S. blockade. By doing so, not only did he gain freedom for himself, several enslaved peoples and members of his family, his example of cunning and bravery helped convince President Abraham Lincoln to accept black soldiers into the U.S. Army and Navy. Check out PBS video and read the entire article HERE.	293	ENGLISH	1
Ceres was discovered on January 1, 1801, by Giuseppe Piazzi, director of the Palermo Observatory in Sicily. Piazzi sought to observe a star called Mayer 87 and instead he observed an object moving over the celestial sphere, which he first took for a comet. 24 successive observations from January 1 to February 11 convinced Piazzi that it was not a comet but a planet. His discovery was followed by many others during the nineteenth century showing a new category of objects, the asteroids. Previously, astronomers had noticed the lack of a planet between Mars and Jupiter as predicted by Bode's law, totally empirical and not based on scientific bases but instituting a logical sequence of distances of the planets to the Sun. The discovery of Ceres answered this question: the missing planet was found! Unfortunately, it was not so: Ceres was too small for a planet, its orbit was not circular and Ceres was not alone but other similar and numerous bodies were found soon after.	<urn:uuid:69afb485-d021-4300-a858-0dea7cbe2b9a>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://promenade.imcce.fr/en/pages6/7.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251773463.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128030221-20200128060221-00154.warc.gz	en	0.987167	201	4.125	4	[ -0.28853607177734375, 0.2500077784061432, 0.01732359640300274, -0.23214668035507202, -0.17195013165473938, -0.14071643352508545, 0.12734954059123993, 0.40699225664138794, -0.021716278046369553, 0.37269115447998047, 0.2723791003227234, -0.2810514569282532, 0.16436798870563507, 0.29442206025...	1	Ceres was discovered on January 1, 1801, by Giuseppe Piazzi, director of the Palermo Observatory in Sicily. Piazzi sought to observe a star called Mayer 87 and instead he observed an object moving over the celestial sphere, which he first took for a comet. 24 successive observations from January 1 to February 11 convinced Piazzi that it was not a comet but a planet. His discovery was followed by many others during the nineteenth century showing a new category of objects, the asteroids. Previously, astronomers had noticed the lack of a planet between Mars and Jupiter as predicted by Bode's law, totally empirical and not based on scientific bases but instituting a logical sequence of distances of the planets to the Sun. The discovery of Ceres answered this question: the missing planet was found! Unfortunately, it was not so: Ceres was too small for a planet, its orbit was not circular and Ceres was not alone but other similar and numerous bodies were found soon after.	212	ENGLISH	1
University of Phoenix CJS/230 – Corrections: A World Apart Professor Lisa K. Nash What were women’s prisons like before the 1800’s? How have they changed? Women’s prison before the 1800’s, were treated unfairly, sexually harassed, majority of them were treated or had the same treatment as the men were. They were also put in the same cell. The system didn’t really recognize what was fair or not back then, women, men and children were treated poorly, and punished violently for their criminal acts. Women also believed they were over worked and underfed in these prisons in the 1800s. Since the 1800’s prisons have changed dramatically. Today, every prison has its set of rules, women and men are in separate facilities, and in a somewhat better environment. What are the three basic arguments established in the 1800’s that supported the separation of juvenile prisoners? What would happen if there were no distinction between prisons for juveniles and adults? The three basic arguments established in the 1800’s that supported the separation of juvenile prisoners were the penitentiary regime being too hard on tender youth. Second, Juveniles would learn bad habits from older criminals and be embittered by the experience of confinement, and thirdly the Adolescents could be reformed if they were diverted early enough into institutions designed specifically for people their age.” (Foster, 2006). If there were no difference between prisons for juveniles and adults we would see two serious problems develop. The influence of older criminals upon first time offenders would no doubt lead to a higher rate of juvenile recidivism. Second, the very real risk of juvenile abuse would be a serious problem. The best possible way to ensure that juveniles are protected and given the opportunity for rehabilitation is to continue a policy of segregation. What was the purpose of prison labor? What caused the decline of prison labor? The purpose of prison labor was used as a punishment for crimes committed. “A visitor to a northern prison of the late 1800s would have found a factory behind prison walls. Virtually all able-bodied inmates, men and women, did hard work six days a week. (Foster, 2006) This hardship provided those still free in society who would consider criminal acts a means for pause. In addition it also provided society with useful labor and products, while keeping the convicted population occupied. “Labor was part of the regimen for two good reasons. First, it focused prisoners’ time and energy productively, keeping them busy in unpleasant, sometimes…	<urn:uuid:23dd3067-882e-4cb7-8710-bfd8fb204c6f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.majortests.com/essay/Anagaspar-Checkpoint-Cjs230-Week2-614456.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251669967.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125041318-20200125070318-00057.warc.gz	en	0.982399	528	3.609375	4	[ -0.26157546043395996, 0.09701953083276749, 0.13950727880001068, 0.1868804693222046, -0.042841456830501556, 0.006793196778744459, 0.03299030289053917, 0.10443621128797531, 0.11806531995534897, 0.02417205274105072, 0.2839271128177643, 0.38886702060699463, -0.12055441737174988, 0.182568848133...	1	University of Phoenix CJS/230 – Corrections: A World Apart Professor Lisa K. Nash What were women’s prisons like before the 1800’s? How have they changed? Women’s prison before the 1800’s, were treated unfairly, sexually harassed, majority of them were treated or had the same treatment as the men were. They were also put in the same cell. The system didn’t really recognize what was fair or not back then, women, men and children were treated poorly, and punished violently for their criminal acts. Women also believed they were over worked and underfed in these prisons in the 1800s. Since the 1800’s prisons have changed dramatically. Today, every prison has its set of rules, women and men are in separate facilities, and in a somewhat better environment. What are the three basic arguments established in the 1800’s that supported the separation of juvenile prisoners? What would happen if there were no distinction between prisons for juveniles and adults? The three basic arguments established in the 1800’s that supported the separation of juvenile prisoners were the penitentiary regime being too hard on tender youth. Second, Juveniles would learn bad habits from older criminals and be embittered by the experience of confinement, and thirdly the Adolescents could be reformed if they were diverted early enough into institutions designed specifically for people their age.” (Foster, 2006). If there were no difference between prisons for juveniles and adults we would see two serious problems develop. The influence of older criminals upon first time offenders would no doubt lead to a higher rate of juvenile recidivism. Second, the very real risk of juvenile abuse would be a serious problem. The best possible way to ensure that juveniles are protected and given the opportunity for rehabilitation is to continue a policy of segregation. What was the purpose of prison labor? What caused the decline of prison labor? The purpose of prison labor was used as a punishment for crimes committed. “A visitor to a northern prison of the late 1800s would have found a factory behind prison walls. Virtually all able-bodied inmates, men and women, did hard work six days a week. (Foster, 2006) This hardship provided those still free in society who would consider criminal acts a means for pause. In addition it also provided society with useful labor and products, while keeping the convicted population occupied. “Labor was part of the regimen for two good reasons. First, it focused prisoners’ time and energy productively, keeping them busy in unpleasant, sometimes…	544	ENGLISH	1
Why does racism exist? Liz Kleinrock told her elementary students that one reason why racism exists is because light skinned people have looked down at people with dark skin. People will even use reasons as excuses to dehumanize them. She explains that reason why they were learning racism was to teach them to understand and know better. What makes a topic taboo? Kleinrock says taboo topics are when feelings of discomfort arise when certain topics are brought up in conversations. What does teaching kids about things such as equity in school mean? It is not teach them what to think, but it's about giving them the tools, strategies, languages, and opportunities to practice how to think. Kleinrock believes this approach to teaching should also be taught as if she were teaching kids how to read or do math. How would teachers be doing a disservice to their students? A disservice to the students would be to act like the students aren’t capable of having these conversations. Although these topics may be intimidating when talking to students, even younger kids can differentiate between things that are fair and what is equal. How do you teach third-graders about consent? The idea of consent is often associated with sex, but it can be very well taught to third-graders without any mention of it. Consent is about boundaries, and the fact that different people have different levels of comfort with their boundaries. Kids get it. You might also like How should we teach social-emotional intelligence to young kids? The social and emotional intelligence it takes to read someone’s words, tone, and body languages are the skills that need to be explicitly taught, just like math or science. What do students think of these taboo topics? All of Kleinrocks’ students think that not only are they capable of having these conversations, but they view this as a right to learn, not a privilege, since these topics will be impacting their lives as well.	<urn:uuid:20a23be9-3b90-44f4-8ca5-eb5a7c12793f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://smashnotes.com/p/ted-talks-daily/e/how-to-teach-kids-to-talk-about-taboo-topics-liz-kleinrock	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250616186.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124070934-20200124095934-00485.warc.gz	en	0.982163	404	3.96875	4	[ 0.03227231279015541, -0.22911229729652405, -0.031117349863052368, 0.16745689511299133, -0.4894610643386841, 0.1039307564496994, 0.10313701629638672, 0.1560743898153305, -0.15864789485931396, 0.14022789895534515, 0.579892635345459, -0.17818085849285126, 0.18755479156970978, 0.11405165493488...	2	Why does racism exist? Liz Kleinrock told her elementary students that one reason why racism exists is because light skinned people have looked down at people with dark skin. People will even use reasons as excuses to dehumanize them. She explains that reason why they were learning racism was to teach them to understand and know better. What makes a topic taboo? Kleinrock says taboo topics are when feelings of discomfort arise when certain topics are brought up in conversations. What does teaching kids about things such as equity in school mean? It is not teach them what to think, but it's about giving them the tools, strategies, languages, and opportunities to practice how to think. Kleinrock believes this approach to teaching should also be taught as if she were teaching kids how to read or do math. How would teachers be doing a disservice to their students? A disservice to the students would be to act like the students aren’t capable of having these conversations. Although these topics may be intimidating when talking to students, even younger kids can differentiate between things that are fair and what is equal. How do you teach third-graders about consent? The idea of consent is often associated with sex, but it can be very well taught to third-graders without any mention of it. Consent is about boundaries, and the fact that different people have different levels of comfort with their boundaries. Kids get it. You might also like How should we teach social-emotional intelligence to young kids? The social and emotional intelligence it takes to read someone’s words, tone, and body languages are the skills that need to be explicitly taught, just like math or science. What do students think of these taboo topics? All of Kleinrocks’ students think that not only are they capable of having these conversations, but they view this as a right to learn, not a privilege, since these topics will be impacting their lives as well.	384	ENGLISH	1
Green spaces are known to play a significant role in both our mental and physical health. We all know this more or less. However, Danish researchers have decided to take things a step further. They’ve discovered that the amount of green space a person is surrounded with during their childhood years can have a major impact on their mental health later on in life. Satellite data was able to collect information between the years 1985 to 2013, in order to see how much green space Danes were surrounded by until they reach the age of 10 years old. The data was compared to the mental health records on Danes, and it was discovered that those who had a sufficient amount of green space around them actually were shown to have as much as 55 percent less mental health disorders, including all kinds of disorders, including OCD and schizophrenia. These impressive numbers are even with all of the risk factors taken into consideration. It is estimated that in the next 40 years, most of the world’s population will move to a more urbanized lifestyle, and will live in cities. In order to ensure that future generations will have as little mental health issues as possible, it seems as though it’s crucial to ensure that everyone has easy access to a green space.	<urn:uuid:6a607679-1fb6-4cc4-b260-b24b88617346>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://theimperfective.com/green-space-on-mental-health/?org=true&utm_source=facebook&utm_campaign=zx-ww-sharetim-orgcsp0sharetim1m	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592261.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118052321-20200118080321-00176.warc.gz	en	0.987796	255	3.578125	4	[ 0.4845954477787018, 0.2991020679473877, 0.4453619122505188, -0.4405151605606079, 0.05507795512676239, 0.6124283671379089, 0.019205881282687187, 0.13666673004627228, 0.29979780316352844, 0.054068759083747864, -0.005160015542060137, -0.5267364382743835, -0.18495844304561615, 0.60162383317947...	16	Green spaces are known to play a significant role in both our mental and physical health. We all know this more or less. However, Danish researchers have decided to take things a step further. They’ve discovered that the amount of green space a person is surrounded with during their childhood years can have a major impact on their mental health later on in life. Satellite data was able to collect information between the years 1985 to 2013, in order to see how much green space Danes were surrounded by until they reach the age of 10 years old. The data was compared to the mental health records on Danes, and it was discovered that those who had a sufficient amount of green space around them actually were shown to have as much as 55 percent less mental health disorders, including all kinds of disorders, including OCD and schizophrenia. These impressive numbers are even with all of the risk factors taken into consideration. It is estimated that in the next 40 years, most of the world’s population will move to a more urbanized lifestyle, and will live in cities. In order to ensure that future generations will have as little mental health issues as possible, it seems as though it’s crucial to ensure that everyone has easy access to a green space.	259	ENGLISH	1
The battles of the continental army essay Continental army advantages Historians have praised Washington for his choice and supervision of the generals, how he encouraged morale, and held together the army. Over the next 6 days, the French and Americans would establish their trenches needed to begin the siege His father then became the governor of Newfoundland. He had an interesting life as Commander in Chief of the Colonial Army, a General in the Colonial Army, a father, and a husband from when he was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia on February 22, , until he died on December 14th, at Mount Vernon where he had lived two years after he left the presidency. Not only could the British extract valuable information from the leaders, they could also crush the spirit of the revolutionists who looked to these leaders for guidance. Facing overwhelming odds with just 16 paratroopers against over 60 German Soldiers, 1LT Winters nevertheless prevails and succeeds in achieving his objective while minimizing casualties to just three Soldiers lost. On June 17, , the Battle of Bunker Hill took place. George Washington had learned about the Continental Armies expiration of their enlistment and decided to attack the British before the army dispersed. Washington proposed a permanent standing army with an organized militia, arsenals, and a military academy, though this was rejected by Congress. This battle made both sides realize that this was not going to be a matter decided on by one quick and decisive battle. New York was abandoned with Washington nearly captured, Fort Washington fell, and most disastrously Fort Lee was so slowly evacuated that the British seized precious cannons, muskets, and supplies. His close coordination with governors and state militias, his cooperative relations with Congress, and his professional attention to supplies, logistics, and training all contributed to the success of the Continental Army. There were two events that led up to this battle. Army desertions continued at a rapid pace and mutinies occurred. Although, because of the hill and how it was curved, the British could not carry out that plan. Even some of the victories were more strategic than measurable in military terms. In response, some called for Washington's removal from command because of this series of blunders. Washington proposed a permanent standing army with an organized militia, arsenals, and a military academy, though this was rejected by Congress. This led him to fighting in closed areas like trails. Because eighteenth century communication was very poor and maddeningly slow, gaining the Continental Congress' required approval for anything took long periods of time. But Washington reacted calmly, while limiting the military damage. This battle made both sides realize that this was not going to be a matter decided on by one quick and decisive battle. The group was also hardly united for too much of the war and led by generals often squabbling, undermining, or fighting with each other. This act, known as the Boston Tea Party, was the result of years of exploitation and mistreatment from the British; it was the breaking point for the Colonists and symbolized a shift in their loyalty. The Battle of the Coral Sea took place a month prior and it gave the Japanese Commanders courage to set a new objective The British had more experience, better equipment and better leaders. This battle marked the first major battle of the American Revolution and the beginning of many more battles to come. based on 97 review	<urn:uuid:789a6704-ba74-460e-908e-53639d9c1a6b>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://hojuwirucypetam.dellrichards.com/the-battles-of-the-continental-army-essay65621976ox.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592565.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118110141-20200118134141-00174.warc.gz	en	0.984107	681	3.453125	3	[ -0.4695196747779846, 0.7248520255088806, 0.5500991344451904, 0.20933443307876587, -0.2814892530441284, 0.22290167212486267, 0.035670384764671326, 0.2665073275566101, -0.1648804396390915, -0.2197594940662384, 0.21321949362754822, 0.19272004067897797, 0.3243780732154846, 0.30985838174819946,...	2	The battles of the continental army essay Continental army advantages Historians have praised Washington for his choice and supervision of the generals, how he encouraged morale, and held together the army. Over the next 6 days, the French and Americans would establish their trenches needed to begin the siege His father then became the governor of Newfoundland. He had an interesting life as Commander in Chief of the Colonial Army, a General in the Colonial Army, a father, and a husband from when he was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia on February 22, , until he died on December 14th, at Mount Vernon where he had lived two years after he left the presidency. Not only could the British extract valuable information from the leaders, they could also crush the spirit of the revolutionists who looked to these leaders for guidance. Facing overwhelming odds with just 16 paratroopers against over 60 German Soldiers, 1LT Winters nevertheless prevails and succeeds in achieving his objective while minimizing casualties to just three Soldiers lost. On June 17, , the Battle of Bunker Hill took place. George Washington had learned about the Continental Armies expiration of their enlistment and decided to attack the British before the army dispersed. Washington proposed a permanent standing army with an organized militia, arsenals, and a military academy, though this was rejected by Congress. This battle made both sides realize that this was not going to be a matter decided on by one quick and decisive battle. New York was abandoned with Washington nearly captured, Fort Washington fell, and most disastrously Fort Lee was so slowly evacuated that the British seized precious cannons, muskets, and supplies. His close coordination with governors and state militias, his cooperative relations with Congress, and his professional attention to supplies, logistics, and training all contributed to the success of the Continental Army. There were two events that led up to this battle. Army desertions continued at a rapid pace and mutinies occurred. Although, because of the hill and how it was curved, the British could not carry out that plan. Even some of the victories were more strategic than measurable in military terms. In response, some called for Washington's removal from command because of this series of blunders. Washington proposed a permanent standing army with an organized militia, arsenals, and a military academy, though this was rejected by Congress. This led him to fighting in closed areas like trails. Because eighteenth century communication was very poor and maddeningly slow, gaining the Continental Congress' required approval for anything took long periods of time. But Washington reacted calmly, while limiting the military damage. This battle made both sides realize that this was not going to be a matter decided on by one quick and decisive battle. The group was also hardly united for too much of the war and led by generals often squabbling, undermining, or fighting with each other. This act, known as the Boston Tea Party, was the result of years of exploitation and mistreatment from the British; it was the breaking point for the Colonists and symbolized a shift in their loyalty. The Battle of the Coral Sea took place a month prior and it gave the Japanese Commanders courage to set a new objective The British had more experience, better equipment and better leaders. This battle marked the first major battle of the American Revolution and the beginning of many more battles to come. based on 97 review	689	ENGLISH	1
Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.Join Britannica's Publishing Partner Program and our community of experts to gain a global audience for your work! - Colonization and early self-government - New shapes of colonial development - The contest with France - American social and cultural development - The bid for independence (1763–83) - New colonial policy - Colonial resistance The Intolerable Acts In London the news that the colonists had again defied Parliament and had also destroyed British property was exasperating. The North ministry undertook to punish Boston, a centre of American recalcitrance, and to buttress British authority in Massachusetts. Finding no way to proceed against the disguised participants in the Tea Party, the king’s advisers hit upon the device of inflicting a penalty upon a city for the behaviour of its citizens. The result was the Boston Port Bill, which closed the harbour of that city after June 1, 1774, until it displayed proper respect for British authority. Toward bringing Massachusetts to heel, the ministry later pushed through the Massachusetts Government Act, which would have made Massachusetts a standard royal province and which violated its charter of 1691. Other acts, in order to provide for troops who were to be sent into the colony to maintain order, contained new arrangements for quartering and made possible a change of venue to another colony or to Britain for a soldier or a British official indicted for crime while executing the major measures. General Gage was appointed governor of the colony, instructed to put the punitive laws into effect, and authorized to station troops in Boston to cow its inhabitants. The other colonies were to take warning from these measures, variously called by Americans the Coercive Acts or Intolerable Acts. The Quebec Act, passed at the same time, was not actually related to the other acts, but it was lumped together with them by the colonists. It alarmed the colonists because it established an authoritarian government for Quebec and confirmed the privileges of the Roman Catholic Church. It also extended Quebec’s boundaries down to the Ohio River. Boston refused to pay for its Tea Party, and Massachusetts rose in revolt. Its lower house, also refusing to pay for the Tea Party, issued a call for a Continental Congress. When Gage tried to organize a new royal council, in the summer of 1774, its members outside Boston were forced to resign. Some were imprisoned. Royal authority collapsed, except in the city and its vicinity, where Gage prepared for armed conflict. By the beginning of September, the men of Massachusetts were obviously ready to fight rather than yield. Gage had already begun to fortify Boston against possible attack, but he was not strong enough to move against the colonists. He continued to bring in soldiers until he had gathered the bulk of his army in Boston. Meanwhile, the Massachusetts lower house also prepared for war. In October 1774 it took control of the province outside Boston. Assuming the guise of a provincial congress, it became in effect a revolutionary government. Writing to his superiors in London, Gage told them that if they chose to use the army to break down resistance, they should send many reinforcements, for all of New England would fight, and fight well. Besides, he said, it was quite possible that the other colonists would help the New Englanders. Alternatively, he proposed that Britain subdue the rebellious spirit in the colonies by imposing a naval blockade. A third solution, which he did not endorse, was to make concessions, as had been done in 1766 and 1770. He made it clear that Britain must make a great decision. The reports that reached London from the other colonies in the fall of 1774 and the following winter were not much more encouraging. As the danger of war approached, many colonists chose to align themselves with Britain, joining the relatively few who had earlier supported the mother country. But these loyalists, as they were called, were in the minority and were quite unable to check the patriots, as those who opposed British policy were called. Following the example of Massachusetts, the patriots everywhere began to turn the lower houses of their legislatures into revolutionary bodies; they organized committees of safety; they dealt harshly with aggressive loyalists; they sent protests to London; and they elected delegates to the First Continental Congress, which met at Philadelphia in the fall of 1774.	<urn:uuid:dc64729f-b6ec-4af3-9bff-aa8a8f1a9cf2>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.britannica.com/topic/American-colonies/The-Intolerable-Acts	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607118.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122131612-20200122160612-00309.warc.gz	en	0.980151	891	4.03125	4	[ -0.1581525206565857, -0.1757233440876007, 0.5190646648406982, -0.19678539037704468, -0.14112348854541779, 0.2148456573486328, 0.0537879541516304, 0.027339257299900055, -0.3229970932006836, 0.5523643493652344, -0.054621487855911255, -0.11820263415575027, -0.24870190024375916, 0.061841048300...	1	Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.Join Britannica's Publishing Partner Program and our community of experts to gain a global audience for your work! - Colonization and early self-government - New shapes of colonial development - The contest with France - American social and cultural development - The bid for independence (1763–83) - New colonial policy - Colonial resistance The Intolerable Acts In London the news that the colonists had again defied Parliament and had also destroyed British property was exasperating. The North ministry undertook to punish Boston, a centre of American recalcitrance, and to buttress British authority in Massachusetts. Finding no way to proceed against the disguised participants in the Tea Party, the king’s advisers hit upon the device of inflicting a penalty upon a city for the behaviour of its citizens. The result was the Boston Port Bill, which closed the harbour of that city after June 1, 1774, until it displayed proper respect for British authority. Toward bringing Massachusetts to heel, the ministry later pushed through the Massachusetts Government Act, which would have made Massachusetts a standard royal province and which violated its charter of 1691. Other acts, in order to provide for troops who were to be sent into the colony to maintain order, contained new arrangements for quartering and made possible a change of venue to another colony or to Britain for a soldier or a British official indicted for crime while executing the major measures. General Gage was appointed governor of the colony, instructed to put the punitive laws into effect, and authorized to station troops in Boston to cow its inhabitants. The other colonies were to take warning from these measures, variously called by Americans the Coercive Acts or Intolerable Acts. The Quebec Act, passed at the same time, was not actually related to the other acts, but it was lumped together with them by the colonists. It alarmed the colonists because it established an authoritarian government for Quebec and confirmed the privileges of the Roman Catholic Church. It also extended Quebec’s boundaries down to the Ohio River. Boston refused to pay for its Tea Party, and Massachusetts rose in revolt. Its lower house, also refusing to pay for the Tea Party, issued a call for a Continental Congress. When Gage tried to organize a new royal council, in the summer of 1774, its members outside Boston were forced to resign. Some were imprisoned. Royal authority collapsed, except in the city and its vicinity, where Gage prepared for armed conflict. By the beginning of September, the men of Massachusetts were obviously ready to fight rather than yield. Gage had already begun to fortify Boston against possible attack, but he was not strong enough to move against the colonists. He continued to bring in soldiers until he had gathered the bulk of his army in Boston. Meanwhile, the Massachusetts lower house also prepared for war. In October 1774 it took control of the province outside Boston. Assuming the guise of a provincial congress, it became in effect a revolutionary government. Writing to his superiors in London, Gage told them that if they chose to use the army to break down resistance, they should send many reinforcements, for all of New England would fight, and fight well. Besides, he said, it was quite possible that the other colonists would help the New Englanders. Alternatively, he proposed that Britain subdue the rebellious spirit in the colonies by imposing a naval blockade. A third solution, which he did not endorse, was to make concessions, as had been done in 1766 and 1770. He made it clear that Britain must make a great decision. The reports that reached London from the other colonies in the fall of 1774 and the following winter were not much more encouraging. As the danger of war approached, many colonists chose to align themselves with Britain, joining the relatively few who had earlier supported the mother country. But these loyalists, as they were called, were in the minority and were quite unable to check the patriots, as those who opposed British policy were called. Following the example of Massachusetts, the patriots everywhere began to turn the lower houses of their legislatures into revolutionary bodies; they organized committees of safety; they dealt harshly with aggressive loyalists; they sent protests to London; and they elected delegates to the First Continental Congress, which met at Philadelphia in the fall of 1774.	919	ENGLISH	1
The History of Water Pumping - Part 2 At about the same time, he pushed a bucket upside-down into water and when he pulled the bucket out, he noticed that it wasn't completely wet inside. Those two events got Ctesibius to thinking about air pressure and water pressure. The bit about air pressure is significant because up until then, people basically viewed air as nothingness. They understood wind but didn't see air itself as a real thing. So considering when it was invented - before much was understood about hydraulics, Ctesibius' force pump was quite complex and represented a major advancement in water delivery. While the apparatus was quite complex for its time, the principle of the force pump is rather simple: Water flows into a one-way cylinder where it is forced out by a piston through another one-way valve. It then flows into a delivery pipe. In order to take full advantage of this type of drive, a second cylinder is added alongside the first, and both of their pistons were moved by means of a connecting rods attached to opposite ends of a single lever. In order to even out the discharge and to optimize efficiency, the cylinders were 180 degrees out of cycle from each other. During the upward movement of the piston, the cylinder functions as a suction pump, bringing water in through a rise pipe. During the downward movement, the piston forces the water that has been sucked from the pump cylinder into a head pipe. Force pumps primarily were composed of bronze. There were, however, cases where wood was used in order to save expenses. Improvements to the original force pump include a swiveling nozzle and piston gaskets to improve efficiency and durability. A number of factors determined the capacity of the force pump. The cylinders' diameter and the length of the piston stroke determined the displacement. The total discharge is dependent upon the number cycles, which are determined to have been between 44 and 60 cycles per minute. Also, the pump's efficiency affected the discharge capabilities. As for the size of the cylinders, bronze could be made to any specification, while a wood cylinder could only be as big as the thickest tree in the area. The force pump was used in many applications, including small-scale extraction from wells for irrigation and as a bilge pump for boats. There also are records of the force pump being incorporated into fire extinguishers and water jet systems for cleaning high vaulted ceilings. ND The Water ClockIn today's world, the importance of time - the exact time - cannot be overstated; the clock pretty much dictates nearly every aspect of our lives. Extremely rare are the circumstances when time is of little or no consideration. For this, we can thank - blame, really - our good friend Ctesibius. Up until about 270 B.C., peoples' concern with time primarily dealt with night and day and season of the year. One exception was when a person had to appear in court. When defending yourself in court, you were given a certain amount of time to present your case. The device used to monitor the elapsed time was called a clepsydra and it basically was a jar with a hole in it. A measured amount of water was placed in the jar and you had until the water ran out. If you were caught driving your chariot in the carpool lane, you'd get a couple ounces; if you were accused of murder, you got maybe half a gallon. Ctesibius wanted to take this device that marked the end of a given time to the next level so that it could mark time continuously (a clock). His breakthrough came when he realized that the water in the clepsydra dripped out faster when it was full than when it became empty. His solution was to keep the jar constantly full. He accomplished this by using a second container that supplied the original jar, that would then drip at a constant rate into a third container. This third container featured a float, which, as it rose with the water level, moved the gears on the clock face. Mechanical clocks featuring weights instead of water were made in the 1300s. But it wasn't until 1657, when Christiaan Huygens demonstrated how a pendulum could regulate a clock, that the guts for the modern clock finally were established. That's when we first had a mechanical clock that was more accurate than Ctesibius' water clock - invented nearly 2,000 years previously.	<urn:uuid:6c8a3d17-5546-4d65-bd2f-b34cc6bd93ba>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.nationaldriller.com/articles/86379-the-history-of-water-pumping-part-2	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250603761.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121103642-20200121132642-00487.warc.gz	en	0.982143	910	3.84375	4	[ -0.19157859683036804, -0.11668557673692703, 0.3982924818992615, 0.041114456951618195, -0.42207300662994385, -0.15626013278961182, 0.20315992832183838, 0.14390289783477783, 0.08106213063001633, -0.038087405264377594, -0.39055556058883667, -0.4225723147392273, -0.1088503748178482, -0.2626833...	2	The History of Water Pumping - Part 2 At about the same time, he pushed a bucket upside-down into water and when he pulled the bucket out, he noticed that it wasn't completely wet inside. Those two events got Ctesibius to thinking about air pressure and water pressure. The bit about air pressure is significant because up until then, people basically viewed air as nothingness. They understood wind but didn't see air itself as a real thing. So considering when it was invented - before much was understood about hydraulics, Ctesibius' force pump was quite complex and represented a major advancement in water delivery. While the apparatus was quite complex for its time, the principle of the force pump is rather simple: Water flows into a one-way cylinder where it is forced out by a piston through another one-way valve. It then flows into a delivery pipe. In order to take full advantage of this type of drive, a second cylinder is added alongside the first, and both of their pistons were moved by means of a connecting rods attached to opposite ends of a single lever. In order to even out the discharge and to optimize efficiency, the cylinders were 180 degrees out of cycle from each other. During the upward movement of the piston, the cylinder functions as a suction pump, bringing water in through a rise pipe. During the downward movement, the piston forces the water that has been sucked from the pump cylinder into a head pipe. Force pumps primarily were composed of bronze. There were, however, cases where wood was used in order to save expenses. Improvements to the original force pump include a swiveling nozzle and piston gaskets to improve efficiency and durability. A number of factors determined the capacity of the force pump. The cylinders' diameter and the length of the piston stroke determined the displacement. The total discharge is dependent upon the number cycles, which are determined to have been between 44 and 60 cycles per minute. Also, the pump's efficiency affected the discharge capabilities. As for the size of the cylinders, bronze could be made to any specification, while a wood cylinder could only be as big as the thickest tree in the area. The force pump was used in many applications, including small-scale extraction from wells for irrigation and as a bilge pump for boats. There also are records of the force pump being incorporated into fire extinguishers and water jet systems for cleaning high vaulted ceilings. ND The Water ClockIn today's world, the importance of time - the exact time - cannot be overstated; the clock pretty much dictates nearly every aspect of our lives. Extremely rare are the circumstances when time is of little or no consideration. For this, we can thank - blame, really - our good friend Ctesibius. Up until about 270 B.C., peoples' concern with time primarily dealt with night and day and season of the year. One exception was when a person had to appear in court. When defending yourself in court, you were given a certain amount of time to present your case. The device used to monitor the elapsed time was called a clepsydra and it basically was a jar with a hole in it. A measured amount of water was placed in the jar and you had until the water ran out. If you were caught driving your chariot in the carpool lane, you'd get a couple ounces; if you were accused of murder, you got maybe half a gallon. Ctesibius wanted to take this device that marked the end of a given time to the next level so that it could mark time continuously (a clock). His breakthrough came when he realized that the water in the clepsydra dripped out faster when it was full than when it became empty. His solution was to keep the jar constantly full. He accomplished this by using a second container that supplied the original jar, that would then drip at a constant rate into a third container. This third container featured a float, which, as it rose with the water level, moved the gears on the clock face. Mechanical clocks featuring weights instead of water were made in the 1300s. But it wasn't until 1657, when Christiaan Huygens demonstrated how a pendulum could regulate a clock, that the guts for the modern clock finally were established. That's when we first had a mechanical clock that was more accurate than Ctesibius' water clock - invented nearly 2,000 years previously.	915	ENGLISH	1
The Danes were neighbors of the Norwegian Vikings, and like them were fond of the sea and piracy. They plundered the English coasts for more than a century; and most of northern and eastern England became for a time a Danish country with Danish kings. What saved the rest of the country to the Saxons was the courage of the great Saxon king, Alfred. Alfred was the son of Ethelwulf, king of the West Saxons . He had a loving mother who brought him up with great care. Up to the age of twelve, it is said, he was not able to read well, in spite of the efforts of his mother and others to teach him. When Alfred was a boy there were no printed books. The wonderful art of printing was not invented until about the year 1440 — nearly six hundred years later than Alfred's time. Moreover, the art of making paper had not yet been invented. Consequently the few books in use in Alfred's time were written by skillful penmen, who wrote generally on leaves of parchment, which was sheepskin carefully prepared so that it might retain ink. One day Alfred's mother showed him and his elder brothers a beautiful volume which contained a number of the best Saxon ballads. Some of the words in this book were written in brightly colored letters, and upon many of the leaves were painted pictures of gaily-dressed knights and ladies. "Oh, what a lovely book!" exclaimed the boys. "Yes, it is lovely, " replied the mother. "I will give it to whichever of you children can read it the best in a week." Alfred began at once to take lessons in reading, and studied hard day after day. His brothers passed their time in amusements and made fun of Alfred's efforts. They thought he could not learn to read as well as they could, no matter how hard he should try. At the end of the week the boys read the book to their mother, one after the other. Much to the surprise of his brothers, Alfred proved to be the best reader and his mother gave him the book. While still very young Alfred was sent by his father to Rome to be anointed by His Holiness, the Pope. It was a long and tiresome journey, made mostly on horseback. With imposing, solemn ceremony he was anointed by the Holy Father. Afterwards he spent a year in Rome receiving religious instruction.	<urn:uuid:0eb37613-9988-47eb-8b99-4d41dd247432>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://e-reading.mobi/chapter.php/70959/55/Haaren_-_Famous_Men_of_The_Middle_Ages.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251669967.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125041318-20200125070318-00529.warc.gz	en	0.992337	503	3.59375	4	[ 0.06080157309770584, 0.6497176885604858, -0.10445612668991089, -0.21913953125476837, -0.22770577669143677, -0.13722188770771027, -0.5266509652137756, 0.04967248812317848, -0.19001153111457825, -0.22158513963222504, 0.011065327562391758, 0.06864728033542633, 0.32438376545906067, 0.321521639...	1	The Danes were neighbors of the Norwegian Vikings, and like them were fond of the sea and piracy. They plundered the English coasts for more than a century; and most of northern and eastern England became for a time a Danish country with Danish kings. What saved the rest of the country to the Saxons was the courage of the great Saxon king, Alfred. Alfred was the son of Ethelwulf, king of the West Saxons . He had a loving mother who brought him up with great care. Up to the age of twelve, it is said, he was not able to read well, in spite of the efforts of his mother and others to teach him. When Alfred was a boy there were no printed books. The wonderful art of printing was not invented until about the year 1440 — nearly six hundred years later than Alfred's time. Moreover, the art of making paper had not yet been invented. Consequently the few books in use in Alfred's time were written by skillful penmen, who wrote generally on leaves of parchment, which was sheepskin carefully prepared so that it might retain ink. One day Alfred's mother showed him and his elder brothers a beautiful volume which contained a number of the best Saxon ballads. Some of the words in this book were written in brightly colored letters, and upon many of the leaves were painted pictures of gaily-dressed knights and ladies. "Oh, what a lovely book!" exclaimed the boys. "Yes, it is lovely, " replied the mother. "I will give it to whichever of you children can read it the best in a week." Alfred began at once to take lessons in reading, and studied hard day after day. His brothers passed their time in amusements and made fun of Alfred's efforts. They thought he could not learn to read as well as they could, no matter how hard he should try. At the end of the week the boys read the book to their mother, one after the other. Much to the surprise of his brothers, Alfred proved to be the best reader and his mother gave him the book. While still very young Alfred was sent by his father to Rome to be anointed by His Holiness, the Pope. It was a long and tiresome journey, made mostly on horseback. With imposing, solemn ceremony he was anointed by the Holy Father. Afterwards he spent a year in Rome receiving religious instruction.	493	ENGLISH	1
new Delhi. The harder it is to travel to space, the harder it is to travel in their lives. Therefore, whenever a person goes to visit the inner space, his health is closely monitored before and after the journey. Can space travel also affect their childbearing ability? Several types of tests have been done to get the answer to this question and this was done on mice. Which found that the rat returned to Earth after being in space for a month is capable of breeding on Earth. It has been found in a research. This is the first evidence of how space travel affects the reproduction of mammals. Scientists had earlier received such indications that those who spend time in space have a bad effect on their sperm. Even when the sperm of the mice were kept there for 9 months in a safe place, they also showed radiation damage. Similarly, the sperm count in the mice spent in class for 13 days was reduced. To carry out new research, 12 mice were kept in the International Space Station for 35 days. Cages of special design were built for them. Some mice also experienced weight loss in microgravity, while the rest remained in cages that contained artificial gravity. After returning to Earth, researchers fertilized the sperm from these mice with an egg of a mouse. Scientists saw that healthy mice were born from mice that had wandered into space. Subsequently, a research team also inspected the reproductive organs of space-traveling mice. So found that there was no sign of harm to their parents among the children. Since then, Scientists have come to the conclusion that Scientific short-stay in space does not affect the physical activity of male reproductive organs, the functioning of sperm and the viability of children. " Medical research has also claimed earlier that those traveling in space have also seen many negative effects on the body, with the loss of muscle and bone mass as well as changes in cells. The biggest reason for this is exposure to radiation. Researches have seen the impact on the reproductive system of some other organisms. Although the impact of space travel has been tested at the molecular level for the first time in the new study, this research is still underway. Therefore, it is not necessary to be able to tell what effect it has on the reproductive system of humans or the reproductive system of chuhia. Researchers say they want to find out how the effect of space travel affects the level of hormones and genes, especially in the reproductive system. Research says that the era is coming when people will be able to go into space easily. In such a situation, we were fully prepared to prevent the undesired effects in the next generation.	<urn:uuid:4ad6ab14-f204-4a37-9035-4821c68db537>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.trytonew.com/will-astronauts-be-able-to-produce-children-research-revealed/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251678287.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125161753-20200125190753-00308.warc.gz	en	0.982208	527	3.578125	4	[ 0.08191463351249695, -0.0252695195376873, 0.3484874665737152, -0.03732014819979668, -0.22389225661754608, 0.2512438893318176, 0.2927227318286896, 0.368500292301178, -0.20914678275585175, -0.21395301818847656, 0.05431489646434784, -0.25017136335372925, 0.05754074826836586, 0.269769489765167...	1	new Delhi. The harder it is to travel to space, the harder it is to travel in their lives. Therefore, whenever a person goes to visit the inner space, his health is closely monitored before and after the journey. Can space travel also affect their childbearing ability? Several types of tests have been done to get the answer to this question and this was done on mice. Which found that the rat returned to Earth after being in space for a month is capable of breeding on Earth. It has been found in a research. This is the first evidence of how space travel affects the reproduction of mammals. Scientists had earlier received such indications that those who spend time in space have a bad effect on their sperm. Even when the sperm of the mice were kept there for 9 months in a safe place, they also showed radiation damage. Similarly, the sperm count in the mice spent in class for 13 days was reduced. To carry out new research, 12 mice were kept in the International Space Station for 35 days. Cages of special design were built for them. Some mice also experienced weight loss in microgravity, while the rest remained in cages that contained artificial gravity. After returning to Earth, researchers fertilized the sperm from these mice with an egg of a mouse. Scientists saw that healthy mice were born from mice that had wandered into space. Subsequently, a research team also inspected the reproductive organs of space-traveling mice. So found that there was no sign of harm to their parents among the children. Since then, Scientists have come to the conclusion that Scientific short-stay in space does not affect the physical activity of male reproductive organs, the functioning of sperm and the viability of children. " Medical research has also claimed earlier that those traveling in space have also seen many negative effects on the body, with the loss of muscle and bone mass as well as changes in cells. The biggest reason for this is exposure to radiation. Researches have seen the impact on the reproductive system of some other organisms. Although the impact of space travel has been tested at the molecular level for the first time in the new study, this research is still underway. Therefore, it is not necessary to be able to tell what effect it has on the reproductive system of humans or the reproductive system of chuhia. Researchers say they want to find out how the effect of space travel affects the level of hormones and genes, especially in the reproductive system. Research says that the era is coming when people will be able to go into space easily. In such a situation, we were fully prepared to prevent the undesired effects in the next generation.	531	ENGLISH	1
Charles’s wife was Isabella of Portugal (1503–1539). Celebrated in 1526, this marriage was a dynastic project and the product of long-term planning, the object of which was to strengthen the links between the rival kingdoms of Spain and Portugal. Isabella was the daughter of the Portuguese king Manuel I and Maria of Castile. Thus she was closely related to Charles on her mother’s side, as the bridal couple’s mothers were sisters. The marriage was a purely political partnership. During Charles’s long absences from Spain Isabella administered the country in his stead. Lasting thirteen years, the marriage produced four children: Their first-born son Philip II (1527–1598) succeeded Charles as king of Spain. Maria (1528–1603) was married to her cousin from the Austrian line of the dynasty, Emperor Maximilian II. This was the first of many unions between the two lines of the dynasty, which were intended to guarantee their cohesion. This intermarriage between such closely related individuals was of political importance but from the biological point of view had dubious genetic consequences which in the long term impaired the vitality of the dynasty. A son, named Ferdinand, who died in infancy, was followed by a daughter, Joan (1535–1573). Joan married back into the family of her mother, but her husband, John, the heir to the Portuguese throne, died before the birth of their first child. The young widow returned to Spain, where she ruled in the stead of her absent father. After Charles handed over the affairs of government to his son Philip in 1556, Joan retired to a convent. The couple’s last child, called John, died shortly after he was born in 1539. Weakened by the birth, his mother followed him to the grave two weeks later. Before and after his marriage Charles had a number of unofficial relationships that resulted in illegitimate offspring. With Jeanne van der Gheynst, a servant girl at his aunt’s court, Charles had a daughter, Margaret (1522–1586). Like his legitimate children, she was used for dynastic marriage projects. In 1536, at the age of fourteen, Margaret was married to Alexander de Medici, who was murdered in the following year. In 1538 she was married to another Italian prince. This was Ottavio Farnese, who owed his sovereignty over the northern Italian principality of Parma to his union with Charles’s daughter. There Margaret found herself in a problematic position when her husband temporarily changed sides to the French camp. Margaret was given an important position when she was appointed governor of the Netherlands by her step-brother Philip II. She assumed her office at a difficult time: opposition by the Estates in the northern provinces to Habsburg rule was forming, reinforced by the religious schism. Although Margaret showed a willingness to compromise, the situation came to a head. In 1567 she was forced to make way for the notorious Duke of Alba, an appointment that led to an escalation of the violence. The result was open rebellion. In 1579 Margaret was again entrusted with the office of governor in the Netherlands, now in competition with her son Alexander Farnese, who had been made commander of the Spanish troops in the turbulent provinces. After long-drawn-out conflicts with her son she retired from the fray in 1583. Charles’s illegitimate son Juan d’Austria (1547–1578) was the result of his relationship with Barbara Blomberg, the daughter of a Regensburg merchant, which he began in 1546, after he had been widowed. At first the boy was not officially acknowledged as Charles’s natural son, and it was not until 1561 after his father’s death that Juan was legitimized by his half-brother Philip II. Juan was initially brought up together with Philip’s son, Don Carlos. Originally intended for a career in the Church, he developed military ambitions. As commander-in-chief of the Mediterranean Spanish fleet he won an important victory over the Turks at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571. Appointed governor of the Netherlands in 1576, Juan died of typhus in camp while fighting rebel Dutch forces in 1578.	<urn:uuid:51429dfc-b6c2-4f01-8dff-49c049abec73>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.habsburger.net/en/chapter/charles-v-marriage-and-offspring	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250606696.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122042145-20200122071145-00177.warc.gz	en	0.985877	890	3.34375	3	[ -0.10644998401403427, 0.6935431957244873, 0.16319870948791504, -0.23344451189041138, -0.2552124857902527, -0.4810745120048523, -0.08969227969646454, -0.10429909825325012, 0.2940511703491211, -0.25597888231277466, 0.11614473909139633, -0.323775053024292, 0.005958168767392635, 0.070400476455...	1	Charles’s wife was Isabella of Portugal (1503–1539). Celebrated in 1526, this marriage was a dynastic project and the product of long-term planning, the object of which was to strengthen the links between the rival kingdoms of Spain and Portugal. Isabella was the daughter of the Portuguese king Manuel I and Maria of Castile. Thus she was closely related to Charles on her mother’s side, as the bridal couple’s mothers were sisters. The marriage was a purely political partnership. During Charles’s long absences from Spain Isabella administered the country in his stead. Lasting thirteen years, the marriage produced four children: Their first-born son Philip II (1527–1598) succeeded Charles as king of Spain. Maria (1528–1603) was married to her cousin from the Austrian line of the dynasty, Emperor Maximilian II. This was the first of many unions between the two lines of the dynasty, which were intended to guarantee their cohesion. This intermarriage between such closely related individuals was of political importance but from the biological point of view had dubious genetic consequences which in the long term impaired the vitality of the dynasty. A son, named Ferdinand, who died in infancy, was followed by a daughter, Joan (1535–1573). Joan married back into the family of her mother, but her husband, John, the heir to the Portuguese throne, died before the birth of their first child. The young widow returned to Spain, where she ruled in the stead of her absent father. After Charles handed over the affairs of government to his son Philip in 1556, Joan retired to a convent. The couple’s last child, called John, died shortly after he was born in 1539. Weakened by the birth, his mother followed him to the grave two weeks later. Before and after his marriage Charles had a number of unofficial relationships that resulted in illegitimate offspring. With Jeanne van der Gheynst, a servant girl at his aunt’s court, Charles had a daughter, Margaret (1522–1586). Like his legitimate children, she was used for dynastic marriage projects. In 1536, at the age of fourteen, Margaret was married to Alexander de Medici, who was murdered in the following year. In 1538 she was married to another Italian prince. This was Ottavio Farnese, who owed his sovereignty over the northern Italian principality of Parma to his union with Charles’s daughter. There Margaret found herself in a problematic position when her husband temporarily changed sides to the French camp. Margaret was given an important position when she was appointed governor of the Netherlands by her step-brother Philip II. She assumed her office at a difficult time: opposition by the Estates in the northern provinces to Habsburg rule was forming, reinforced by the religious schism. Although Margaret showed a willingness to compromise, the situation came to a head. In 1567 she was forced to make way for the notorious Duke of Alba, an appointment that led to an escalation of the violence. The result was open rebellion. In 1579 Margaret was again entrusted with the office of governor in the Netherlands, now in competition with her son Alexander Farnese, who had been made commander of the Spanish troops in the turbulent provinces. After long-drawn-out conflicts with her son she retired from the fray in 1583. Charles’s illegitimate son Juan d’Austria (1547–1578) was the result of his relationship with Barbara Blomberg, the daughter of a Regensburg merchant, which he began in 1546, after he had been widowed. At first the boy was not officially acknowledged as Charles’s natural son, and it was not until 1561 after his father’s death that Juan was legitimized by his half-brother Philip II. Juan was initially brought up together with Philip’s son, Don Carlos. Originally intended for a career in the Church, he developed military ambitions. As commander-in-chief of the Mediterranean Spanish fleet he won an important victory over the Turks at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571. Appointed governor of the Netherlands in 1576, Juan died of typhus in camp while fighting rebel Dutch forces in 1578.	921	ENGLISH	1
Deriving from the famed novel The Gilded Age written by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner, the Gilded Age was a time from the early 1860s to the early 1900s of political corruption and vast economic prosperity. After the Civil War, America became determined to reconstruct itself into a society not restricted as to what it could and could not have as individuals in terms of goods and services. America wanted to be viewed as something more than just farmers and craftsmen derived from different nations. During this time railroads, telephone lines and other revolutionary industrial contributions helped to cover up the problems of American society with a layer of gold, as wages in America increased dramatically over the years. In addition, political representatives in America at this time were corrupt in the way they administered office, thinking they were above the law and should be allowed to attain all the wealth in the world. Political representatives were also corrupt in the way they campaigned on both municipal and federal levels, offering bribes for votes to secure a chosen party in government. The economic and social changes America faced during this time are what helped shape the nation into the superpower it is today. As a result of greed, political elections in America became exciting. Voter participation was at an all time high and presidents won elections by slim majorities. Most memorable is the election of 1880 when James Garfield won the federal election by only 1898 votes. The political corruption that occurred during this time happened on both a federal and municipal level. This was the time the political machine really started to take shape. Those who were running in the federal elections would gain votes in urban regions by accepting jobs and contracts from powerful organizations in exchange for political loyalty. It was to no ones surprise that the politicians would keep some of the wealth for themselves. The most infamous political machine of the Gilded Age was Tammany Hall, which was run by William M. Tweed after the election of 1869. As an active member of the Democratic Party in America, Tweed was a corrupt politician who would use patronage and bribery in order to secure the votes of individuals during the federal election. In The History of Tammany Hall, author Gustavus Myers tells of the bribery Tweed imposed upon officials: “Tweed stated that he gave to one man $600,000 with which to buy votes, this being merely a part of the fund. Tweed further testified that he bought the votes of five Republican Senators for $40,000 apiece, giving one of them $200,000 in cash to distribute. The vote in the two houses was practically unanimous: in the Senate, 30 to 2, and in the Assembly 116 to 5.” (Myers 227) It is estimated that the expenses Tweed invested into turning voters in his favour reached well into the millions. Tweed later found justice when he was charged for bribery by the Supreme Court, in which they ruled that Tweed...	<urn:uuid:7b03d7e1-2942-4072-93fe-61a2e59293fa>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://brightkite.com/essay-on/corruption-and-prosperity-into-the-gilded-age	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250610004.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123101110-20200123130110-00185.warc.gz	en	0.987167	582	3.8125	4	[ -0.3439287543296814, 0.0499221533536911, 0.29555797576904297, 0.26447153091430664, 0.06029753386974335, -0.023415179923176765, -0.17976811528205872, 0.2216707319021225, -0.309934139251709, 0.27381178736686707, 0.6042211651802063, 0.492483913898468, 0.1408059000968933, 0.038858890533447266,...	1	Deriving from the famed novel The Gilded Age written by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner, the Gilded Age was a time from the early 1860s to the early 1900s of political corruption and vast economic prosperity. After the Civil War, America became determined to reconstruct itself into a society not restricted as to what it could and could not have as individuals in terms of goods and services. America wanted to be viewed as something more than just farmers and craftsmen derived from different nations. During this time railroads, telephone lines and other revolutionary industrial contributions helped to cover up the problems of American society with a layer of gold, as wages in America increased dramatically over the years. In addition, political representatives in America at this time were corrupt in the way they administered office, thinking they were above the law and should be allowed to attain all the wealth in the world. Political representatives were also corrupt in the way they campaigned on both municipal and federal levels, offering bribes for votes to secure a chosen party in government. The economic and social changes America faced during this time are what helped shape the nation into the superpower it is today. As a result of greed, political elections in America became exciting. Voter participation was at an all time high and presidents won elections by slim majorities. Most memorable is the election of 1880 when James Garfield won the federal election by only 1898 votes. The political corruption that occurred during this time happened on both a federal and municipal level. This was the time the political machine really started to take shape. Those who were running in the federal elections would gain votes in urban regions by accepting jobs and contracts from powerful organizations in exchange for political loyalty. It was to no ones surprise that the politicians would keep some of the wealth for themselves. The most infamous political machine of the Gilded Age was Tammany Hall, which was run by William M. Tweed after the election of 1869. As an active member of the Democratic Party in America, Tweed was a corrupt politician who would use patronage and bribery in order to secure the votes of individuals during the federal election. In The History of Tammany Hall, author Gustavus Myers tells of the bribery Tweed imposed upon officials: “Tweed stated that he gave to one man $600,000 with which to buy votes, this being merely a part of the fund. Tweed further testified that he bought the votes of five Republican Senators for $40,000 apiece, giving one of them $200,000 in cash to distribute. The vote in the two houses was practically unanimous: in the Senate, 30 to 2, and in the Assembly 116 to 5.” (Myers 227) It is estimated that the expenses Tweed invested into turning voters in his favour reached well into the millions. Tweed later found justice when he was charged for bribery by the Supreme Court, in which they ruled that Tweed...	624	ENGLISH	1
Even after science has produced evidence to explain what was once considered supernatural, the superstitious traditions have continued. Many people would have sought out the local healer for care, or might have gone to the barber to be bled or even leeched. One example is the Black Death. They had to accept everything Rubin, p However, there were also many cures, even if some of them didn't work very well. Debridement of wounds could also hasten wound healing. By approximately due to trade routes stretching from the far east all the way to Europe, medicines and medical procedures were becoming very centralised due to the growing ease at which knowledge was being spread. Due to the fact that diseases plagued the Middle Ages, physicians and surgeons were in extreme demand. Porter, Roy. People such as John of Arderne did try to develop useful anaesthetics using such things as opium and heroin, but these rarely worked and generally a patient had to be tied down or held down whilst a physician worked on them. The physicians were not able to figure out what caused the illnesses. Show More When we hear the word medicine, doesn't that imply it is a remedy to cure a sickness or disease? Firstly there was the Barber Surgeon, who would arrive in a town each market day. Unlike the medieval period, the Renaissance gave men the chance to learn more about natural science rather than just religion. Or what about the reason people are so afraid of walking under a ladder.	<urn:uuid:4acf7bd5-ea5f-4a61-abd3-bf3bd996ff1f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://loquzunahyzusi.usainteriordesigners.com/medieval-medicine-essay100977869pi.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251783342.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128215526-20200129005526-00347.warc.gz	en	0.98954	302	3.3125	3	[ 0.00885532796382904, 0.3171428143978119, 0.2372051179409027, -0.2654271125793457, 0.22193467617034912, -0.11105070263147354, 0.2678109109401703, 0.5445624589920044, -0.24154023826122284, -0.09251058101654053, 0.24059216678142548, -0.136009082198143, -0.09717948734760284, 0.0687437504529953...	1	Even after science has produced evidence to explain what was once considered supernatural, the superstitious traditions have continued. Many people would have sought out the local healer for care, or might have gone to the barber to be bled or even leeched. One example is the Black Death. They had to accept everything Rubin, p However, there were also many cures, even if some of them didn't work very well. Debridement of wounds could also hasten wound healing. By approximately due to trade routes stretching from the far east all the way to Europe, medicines and medical procedures were becoming very centralised due to the growing ease at which knowledge was being spread. Due to the fact that diseases plagued the Middle Ages, physicians and surgeons were in extreme demand. Porter, Roy. People such as John of Arderne did try to develop useful anaesthetics using such things as opium and heroin, but these rarely worked and generally a patient had to be tied down or held down whilst a physician worked on them. The physicians were not able to figure out what caused the illnesses. Show More When we hear the word medicine, doesn't that imply it is a remedy to cure a sickness or disease? Firstly there was the Barber Surgeon, who would arrive in a town each market day. Unlike the medieval period, the Renaissance gave men the chance to learn more about natural science rather than just religion. Or what about the reason people are so afraid of walking under a ladder.	298	ENGLISH	1
The Struggle for Women's Right to Vote in Blackburn The women's suffrage movement began in earnest from about 1866 when the first women's suffrage societies were formed in London and Manchester. Their aim was to highlight the issues surrounding women's suffrage and persuade Parliament to give women the vote. Probably the most fighter for women's rights was Emmeline Pankhurst who was the leader of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), which she founded in 1903. The WSPU was a suffragette organisation, that is, they were militant. They tried to force Parliament to give women the vote through acts of vandalism and violence. There was another large national organisation for women's suffrage called the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS), which was set up in 1897 by Millicent Fawcett. They were known as the suffragists because, unlike the suffragettes they never resorted to violence to get their way. They campaigned peacefully by making petitions and distributing leaflets to raise awareness of “The Cause". Many of them aimed to prove by logical deduction that women were equally intelligent to men and therefore deserved equal rights in the laws and opportunity to help make those laws. Blackburn was not without its own suffrage campaigns. Evidence from copies of “The Blackburn Times" from 1901 and early 1914 suggest that Blackburn had active suffragists and suffragettes. Famous suffragist Selina Cooper spoke here at least twice and her “Mill Girls" petition to Parliament almost certainly came here, although no representative from Blackburn went to Parliament to present it. Lady Norman, who was a bit of a local celebrity, was seen to support the Suffragist Society, the Liberal Women's Suffrage union which wanted more support for Liberal candidates who supported women's suffrage and was founded by her mother Lady Aberconway. This association was to stop women becoming suffragettes by having them pledge to work with and for the Liberal Party and support those Liberal candidates who promised to support women's suffrage. On Sunday 31st January 1914 at least ten suffragettes got into the Olympia Theatre, (Mecca Bingo Hall), in Blackburn to disrupt a meeting of the Blackburn Independent Labour Party (ILP) where Mr Philip Snowden was speaking. Their arrival had been anticipated and there were guards at the door to stop them getting in. Several suffragettes attempted to get in but many did not. Three suffragettes were removed from the theatre before the speaking started and two more followed them out. One suffragette called out something but it could not be heard on stage. She was forcibly evicted by a steward and another suffragette, who was sitting near her, followed her out. Later Mr Snowden said “I want it clearly understood…." And a suffragette finished his sentence “That women want the vote!" The stewards attempted to evict her by force but, after a brief struggle she walked out followed by another suffragette. Part way through Mr Snowden's speech a young suffragette smartly dressed in black interrupted by shouting “why not give women the vote?". This was followed by a great deal of laughter and no answer. When the steward approached her she got up and walked across the balcony to more laughter. She stopped to survey the audience with scorn and disapproval. She was quickly pushed out of the door. Mr Snowden said nothing about interruptions, just carried on with his speech. His speech did not contain anything on the topic of women's suffrage. In February of the same year, a suffragette called Gertrude Bentley who lived at 204 Revidge Road received 14 days for imprisonment for “chalking the pavement" and refusing to pay the fine of 10 shillings plus damages. She had written in chalk “W.S.P.U. A mass meeting will take place in Market square at 7.30pm tonight" on the surface of Railway Road. Similar messages were found on the footpaths of the Boulevard, King William Street, Richmond Terrace and other streets around the centre of town. However, it could not be proved that Gertrude Bentley made any of the markings. She said that she was not aware that chalking on pavements was illegal but she was told that ignorance of a law was not a good enough excuse to break it! Gertrude Bentley was the other Blackburn organiser of the WSPU. © People's History Museum - terms and conditions By far the most interesting and unusual event involving a suffragette in Blackburn was the firing of the cannon in Corporation Park in mid-February, 1914. At about quarter past seven on February Sunday a loud bang was heard throughout Blackburn and even beyond. The house around the park were reported to have been shaken by the blast and the police and fire departments were overflowing with people wanting to know what was going on. Many people thought there must have been an explosion at the Addison Street Gasworks. There was an official statement to the contrary but it was not until Monday morning the truth was discovered. It was obvious that the cannon had been fired as someone had removed several years' worth of stones and gravel from the barrel. Also, the surrounding area was splashed with a yellow substance that indicated that the cannon had not been cleaned properly before use. Experts at the time reckoned that about 11/2 lb of explosive was used, not enough for a proper charge which would have moved the gun but enough to make a loud noise. People who were in the park at the time of the blast saw a flash of light and reckoned it was a lightning bolt. The cannon firing was blamed on suffragettes because on Monday morning a brown paper parcel was found next to the cannon. Inside the parcel was a large piece of calico cloth on which was written in blue pencil: Wake up, Blackburn! The Labour Party who claim to stand for Justice and Freedom Support a government that Tortures Women Under the Infamous Cat and Mouse Act. The Cat and Mouse Act allowed hunger-striking suffragettes to be sent home to regain their strength then be rearrested; this was to make sure that none of them died in prison and gave the cause a martyr. Also, in the package was a copy of the newspaper “The Suffragette" and a book by Christabel Pankhurst (Emmeline's daughter). The “Blackburn Bomber" was never caught. The women's suffrage movement generally ended with the start of World War 1 but because of the courage an and ingenuity women showed when they took up men's work during the war Parliament finally gave house-holding women over 30 years the vote in 1918, and all women over 21 got the vote in 1928, making them equal with men. By Fiona Smith (Age 16), Head Girl at Beardwood School. This essay was completed during work experience at Blackburn Museum and Library. back to top Louisa Entwistle, Blackburn suffragette, was gaoled for her part in a raid on the House of Commons on Wednesday 15th February, 1907. Here, she recounts her experiences to the Blackburn Weekly Telegraph of 9th March, 1907. Barbara Nightingale has kindly supplied us with this information about her ancestor. It is said that when Miss Louisa Entwistle the young Blackburn Mill girl who went up to London to fight in the “the battle of the suffragettes," took her stand in the docks at the Westminster Police Court the morning after she and fifty others of her sex made the now famous raid on the House of Commons on the opening day of the present session, somebody in court, struck with her youthful appearance, exclaimed, “Votes for children!". Miss Entwistle pleads guilty to the accusation of youthfulness, for she does not attain her majority until near the end of the present month, but despite this talk with her reveals the fact that she has clear and well-formed ideas on many of the social and political questions of the day, and a strong and burning enthusiasm for the cause she has taken up. She looks forward to with a bright hope to the time when women may take their part with men in the endeavour to produce better and happier conditions under which the toilers may work and live. Miss Entwistle returned to Blackburn a week ago, and I seized the opportunity to pay her a visit and learn something first hand of the fierce battle which raged round the portals of the "mother of Parliaments", on the evening of 13th February. It was my first personal encounter with a real, live "suffragette," and I must confess that I faced the ordeal with a certain amount of trepidation in view of all one has read of the “raging, tearing propaganda" the woman suffragists carry on. On this occasion, at any rate, I must confess that all my fearsome conjectures were pleasantly and completely dissipated. Photograph of Louisa from BWT Miss Entwistle Described If Miss Entwistle is to be taken as a typical example of the genus suffragette, then the pictures we have had of her friends have been not merely considerably overdrawn, but rather the work of some particularly gifted imaginations. While yielding the palm to none of her colleagues in enthusiasm for women's suffrage, the young lady who has removed the “disgrace" which Mrs Cobden Sanderson remarked rested upon the fair name of Blackburn has certainly none of that desire to make herself into a mock martyr which has been attributed to the suffragettes generally, and when telling me the story of her adventures in London indulged in no heroics or false modesty. She told me in simple straightforward Lancashire fashion, without embellishment, and expressed her views on the question generally with the same plain simplicity. Above all, she had the saving grace of humour, and I could not resist joining in her merry laugh as she told me how two policemen picked her up bodily and carried her across the street during the scrimmage at Westminster, only for her to run back again and again until her action, in the opinion of the police, at length came under the description of “disorderly conduct" and she was marched forthwith off to the Cannon-row Police Station. TOLD IN HER OWN WORDS. And now to let the story be given in Miss Entwistle's own words. “I left Blackburn on Tuesday" (the day before the incidents at Westminster) she told me. “We had the meeting on Wednesday in the Caxton Hall, and then we decided to go to the House of Commons. We had our battle cry, 'Rise up, women,' but we went quite in an orderly way along the streets in procession, and the traffic was held up as we passed across the roads. When we got to Westminster, however, the police tried to stop us, but we told them we had come there for a fixed purpose. It was through us being so determined that the police stopped us. I got them right angry. I expect they thought because I was so little they would soon dispose of me. I got angry, too, and started talking back to them, and they told us to pass along, but we wouldn't. Then two policemen picked me up and carried me across the road, but I got back through the crowd again. Once I saw six policemen lined across the road in front of me, and I called out to them, 'Just fancy, six “bobbies" to a little one like me.' The crowd laughed at that, and then one of them came up to me and said, 'Come along, we've had enough. I'll take you.' We were taken into Cannon-row Police Station, but we were jolly enough there. We were singing songs, 'England, arise!' and 'The Red Flag,' until we were bailed out." I asked Miss Entwistle if the police were really rough in their treatment of the ladies, and she replied, “Well, the one that took me was a real good sort. He only took me by the arm, but I believe some of the prisoners were taken hold of by the necks." MISS ENTWISTLE'S PRISON LIFE Miss Entwistle gave an interesting description of her prison life in Holloway. "It's not bad to be in prison at all" she said. "I wouldn't mind it a bit if I had to go again - for the same cause of course. We had to get up at in the morning at six o'clock and tidy up our cells. Then we had breakfast - a dry loaf and tea. For dinner we had boiled potatoes - no gravy and soup, and for tea we had dry bread again and cocoa. But though the food is plain, it's good, and everything is very clean. After breakfast we had an hour of exercise. We simply walked round and round a ring, one yard apart. I never saw anything sillier in all my life," she added, with a laugh. "We had time a lot of time to ourselves and we could either sew or read. They gave you very good books, indeed. But of course I was glad to come out again after my seven days. It felt very nice to be free". Miss Entwistle went on to discuss the future of the movement, and said that it would go on in spite of all that was being said about it. They had been laughed at a lot, but if the women did not get what they wanted they would be just as bad to deal with, and worse, than they had been. There were plenty of women ready to come forward and take up the fight. "It is not because we want to make ourselves into martyrs," Miss Entwistle said, earnestly; "it is because the working women suffer so much under the present conditions by which they are oppressed. We don't want to make a name for ourselves, and it is for women who work in the mills, and who have their homes and their children to look after, that single women are trying to get the vote. It is for these helpless women that we are fighting. Our opponents know that if we get the vote we shall alter alot of things, and they are frightened. WHY SUFFRAGISTS ARE INDEPENDENT OF PARTIES I asked her why an independent attitude should be taken up at the bye-elections by the suffragists. Would it not be better, I queried, if support was given to the candidate who was nearest to their views? Miss Entwistle was emphatice upon the point. "Don't you see," was her response, "that it is not a party question at all. We have got to get on our side women of all shades of politics. If we are to support the Liberal candidate we shall estrange the Tory women from our cause, and if we say "Vote for the Tory", we shall have the Liberal women vote against us. We are only attacking the Liberal Government because it is the Government. If they don't give us the vote, and a Tory Government comes into power, then we shall attack them until we do get it." My last question was whether Miss Entwistle intended to return to London to take a further part in the agitation. Her reply was that she “could not be spared from home". I could not help thinking that in some measure it was a reply to those critics of the “suffragettes" who have insinuated that in engaging in the fight for the vote they are neglecting the true duties of womanhood. If, as I say, Miss Entwistle is to be taken as a true type of the suffragettes – and there appears to me no reason why she should not – I cannot help thinking that the criticisms of the “shrieking sisterhood" type have been perhaps a little too harsh. These women feel strongly about the cause they have taken up. Though many consider their authority-defying methods mistaken and short-sighted, one must remember that many of the liberties which the “mere men" of today enjoy had to be fought for in very much the same way. back to top Article by J. Stanley Miller, May 1975 Quarto pamphlet (P13) Although the Blackburn branch of the Women's Movement was formed in 1895 while the Pankhursts were still working in Manchester being made into a Branch of the Women's Political and Social Union in 1903, Blackburn was not regarded as very active in Women's Suffrage matters. Upper class women were more interested in social and welfare work, such as visiting cases on behalf of the Charity Organisation Society (formed February 7th, 1895) and arranging socials to provide funds for the District Nursing Association (formed April 28th, 1896). Another activity in which they were involved was the supply of free meals to necessitous children in 1904. While upper class Blackburn was male dominated, and content to be so, in certain working class areas, women were the dominant sex. A canvasser on behalf of Philip Snowden in the October 1900 Election was surprised to find a Grimshaw Park husband polishing the brass knocker on his front door, and sand-stoning the door step and window sills. Another elector in the same area consulted his wife before announcing that he would take her advice and continue to vote Tory. The explanation probably lies in the fact that women could find more certain work as four-loom weavers than their husbands, since in many mills boys were turned off on reaching 18 or 21 and forced to take outdoor work liable to seasonal unemployment. Since the wife earned more, she took over the male role. There were reckoned to be 1200 working mothers in Blackburn and agitation were started in the early 1900s for day nurseries or creches. Day nurseries had been organised earlier in St. Peter's district during the Vicarate of Rev. G. E. Hignett, and by Eli Heyworth at Audley in the 1890s. The latter had been unsuccessful as it was reserved for employees of Audley Hall Mills, and when work people moved out of the district, it was no longer convenient for them, the number of children attending declined, and the nursery closed. It was felt that a nursery organised on district lines, and not confined to work people from a single mill would have been successful. The numbers of Blackburn women workers was at a peak in 1911, when 18, 372 Blackburn resident women textile workers were in employment. Theresa Billington commented on the lack of interest in Women's Suffrage in Blackburn shortly after her marriage in January 1907:- “20 Lancashire women have gone to jail. Is not Blackburn going to send some representative to show the earnestness of the women in the Town?" Miss Adela Pankhurst and Mrs Snowden addressed a meeting on Women's Suffrage at the Lees Hall, on February 4th, 1907. Louisa Entwistle presided on this occasion, and she was shortly to give Blackburn's answer to Theresa Billington's taunt. Hitherto, Louisa, of 133 Burnley Road, had continued her work at the mill, and addressed meetings at or near the mills. However on February 11, 1907 she was called up on active duty by Emmeline Pankhurst, arriving in London late the same day. On February 12 she was one of the Delegates lobbying the House of Commons, and on being arrested by the Police, charged and convicted, refused to pay the fine, and elected to go to jail instead. During the same year, 1907, the force of the movement in Blackburn was dissipated by the formation of breakaway and rival movements – the Women's Labour League on February 19; the Women's Liberal League; and the Women's Suffrance Society on December 8th. This splintering was reflected nationally by Theresa Billington's Women's Freedom League of September, 1907. The cause was also discredited to some extent by a forged letter signed by “Louisa Entwistle" claiming the support for the women of Sir Harry Hornby, the local Conservative, which was promptly denied by Sir Harry's Agent. Louisa's father proved that the letter was not from his daughter, and the signature “Louise" instead of “Louisa", but the harm was done. There was also considerable anti-suffrage feeling which was voiced by D. J. Shackleton, M.P.:- “The Factory Act provided that women should not go to work before one month after the birth of a child. “Married women should stay at home. Mill life for women means ready-made dinners, and tasty scraps instead of wholesome food". Opposition found a more active form in the Anti-Women's Suffrance League, founded in Blackburn on April 5th, 1907. During the early part of 1907 came a trade depression, with 157 applications for relief to the Blackburn Distress Committee, while later in the year there was agitation for a 5% pay increase for textile workers. Both these events sapped the strength of the movement. 1908 saw a meeting of the Women's Liberal League, and on November 25th there was a Demonstration for the Women's Suffrage at the Town Hall. This annual event each November was becoming the main method for keeping the cause alive. This meeting on November 27, 1911 was addressed by Lady Frances Balfour. Now another weakening effect came from an agitation by trade unions for their members not to work alongside non-unionists in the Cotton Mills. This resulted in a General Lockout, but not in 100% union membership. Militant and other activities ceased on the outbreak of War. Blackburn women found fresh outlets attending the Belgian wounded, and later British, at Ellerslie Hospital, working on the railway, as tram drivers and conductors, and in heavy industry. In 1918 women over 30, who qualified, were given the vote. It was not until 1928 that the vote was extended to all women over 21. back to top	<urn:uuid:ddbb5412-8d44-439b-8a61-9303a647c0ad>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.cottontown.org/Politics/Pages/Women's-Suffrage.aspx	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250593937.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118193018-20200118221018-00497.warc.gz	en	0.987418	4,540	3.59375	4	[ -0.15520541369915009, -0.4032174050807953, -0.013522760942578316, 0.3321085572242737, -0.11268173903226852, 0.6655188798904419, -0.1092907190322876, 0.09884520620107651, -0.2789630889892578, 0.07001179456710815, 0.0747160017490387, -0.4016799330711365, 0.2364150434732437, -0.42688643932342...	11	The Struggle for Women's Right to Vote in Blackburn The women's suffrage movement began in earnest from about 1866 when the first women's suffrage societies were formed in London and Manchester. Their aim was to highlight the issues surrounding women's suffrage and persuade Parliament to give women the vote. Probably the most fighter for women's rights was Emmeline Pankhurst who was the leader of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), which she founded in 1903. The WSPU was a suffragette organisation, that is, they were militant. They tried to force Parliament to give women the vote through acts of vandalism and violence. There was another large national organisation for women's suffrage called the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS), which was set up in 1897 by Millicent Fawcett. They were known as the suffragists because, unlike the suffragettes they never resorted to violence to get their way. They campaigned peacefully by making petitions and distributing leaflets to raise awareness of “The Cause". Many of them aimed to prove by logical deduction that women were equally intelligent to men and therefore deserved equal rights in the laws and opportunity to help make those laws. Blackburn was not without its own suffrage campaigns. Evidence from copies of “The Blackburn Times" from 1901 and early 1914 suggest that Blackburn had active suffragists and suffragettes. Famous suffragist Selina Cooper spoke here at least twice and her “Mill Girls" petition to Parliament almost certainly came here, although no representative from Blackburn went to Parliament to present it. Lady Norman, who was a bit of a local celebrity, was seen to support the Suffragist Society, the Liberal Women's Suffrage union which wanted more support for Liberal candidates who supported women's suffrage and was founded by her mother Lady Aberconway. This association was to stop women becoming suffragettes by having them pledge to work with and for the Liberal Party and support those Liberal candidates who promised to support women's suffrage. On Sunday 31st January 1914 at least ten suffragettes got into the Olympia Theatre, (Mecca Bingo Hall), in Blackburn to disrupt a meeting of the Blackburn Independent Labour Party (ILP) where Mr Philip Snowden was speaking. Their arrival had been anticipated and there were guards at the door to stop them getting in. Several suffragettes attempted to get in but many did not. Three suffragettes were removed from the theatre before the speaking started and two more followed them out. One suffragette called out something but it could not be heard on stage. She was forcibly evicted by a steward and another suffragette, who was sitting near her, followed her out. Later Mr Snowden said “I want it clearly understood…." And a suffragette finished his sentence “That women want the vote!" The stewards attempted to evict her by force but, after a brief struggle she walked out followed by another suffragette. Part way through Mr Snowden's speech a young suffragette smartly dressed in black interrupted by shouting “why not give women the vote?". This was followed by a great deal of laughter and no answer. When the steward approached her she got up and walked across the balcony to more laughter. She stopped to survey the audience with scorn and disapproval. She was quickly pushed out of the door. Mr Snowden said nothing about interruptions, just carried on with his speech. His speech did not contain anything on the topic of women's suffrage. In February of the same year, a suffragette called Gertrude Bentley who lived at 204 Revidge Road received 14 days for imprisonment for “chalking the pavement" and refusing to pay the fine of 10 shillings plus damages. She had written in chalk “W.S.P.U. A mass meeting will take place in Market square at 7.30pm tonight" on the surface of Railway Road. Similar messages were found on the footpaths of the Boulevard, King William Street, Richmond Terrace and other streets around the centre of town. However, it could not be proved that Gertrude Bentley made any of the markings. She said that she was not aware that chalking on pavements was illegal but she was told that ignorance of a law was not a good enough excuse to break it! Gertrude Bentley was the other Blackburn organiser of the WSPU. © People's History Museum - terms and conditions By far the most interesting and unusual event involving a suffragette in Blackburn was the firing of the cannon in Corporation Park in mid-February, 1914. At about quarter past seven on February Sunday a loud bang was heard throughout Blackburn and even beyond. The house around the park were reported to have been shaken by the blast and the police and fire departments were overflowing with people wanting to know what was going on. Many people thought there must have been an explosion at the Addison Street Gasworks. There was an official statement to the contrary but it was not until Monday morning the truth was discovered. It was obvious that the cannon had been fired as someone had removed several years' worth of stones and gravel from the barrel. Also, the surrounding area was splashed with a yellow substance that indicated that the cannon had not been cleaned properly before use. Experts at the time reckoned that about 11/2 lb of explosive was used, not enough for a proper charge which would have moved the gun but enough to make a loud noise. People who were in the park at the time of the blast saw a flash of light and reckoned it was a lightning bolt. The cannon firing was blamed on suffragettes because on Monday morning a brown paper parcel was found next to the cannon. Inside the parcel was a large piece of calico cloth on which was written in blue pencil: Wake up, Blackburn! The Labour Party who claim to stand for Justice and Freedom Support a government that Tortures Women Under the Infamous Cat and Mouse Act. The Cat and Mouse Act allowed hunger-striking suffragettes to be sent home to regain their strength then be rearrested; this was to make sure that none of them died in prison and gave the cause a martyr. Also, in the package was a copy of the newspaper “The Suffragette" and a book by Christabel Pankhurst (Emmeline's daughter). The “Blackburn Bomber" was never caught. The women's suffrage movement generally ended with the start of World War 1 but because of the courage an and ingenuity women showed when they took up men's work during the war Parliament finally gave house-holding women over 30 years the vote in 1918, and all women over 21 got the vote in 1928, making them equal with men. By Fiona Smith (Age 16), Head Girl at Beardwood School. This essay was completed during work experience at Blackburn Museum and Library. back to top Louisa Entwistle, Blackburn suffragette, was gaoled for her part in a raid on the House of Commons on Wednesday 15th February, 1907. Here, she recounts her experiences to the Blackburn Weekly Telegraph of 9th March, 1907. Barbara Nightingale has kindly supplied us with this information about her ancestor. It is said that when Miss Louisa Entwistle the young Blackburn Mill girl who went up to London to fight in the “the battle of the suffragettes," took her stand in the docks at the Westminster Police Court the morning after she and fifty others of her sex made the now famous raid on the House of Commons on the opening day of the present session, somebody in court, struck with her youthful appearance, exclaimed, “Votes for children!". Miss Entwistle pleads guilty to the accusation of youthfulness, for she does not attain her majority until near the end of the present month, but despite this talk with her reveals the fact that she has clear and well-formed ideas on many of the social and political questions of the day, and a strong and burning enthusiasm for the cause she has taken up. She looks forward to with a bright hope to the time when women may take their part with men in the endeavour to produce better and happier conditions under which the toilers may work and live. Miss Entwistle returned to Blackburn a week ago, and I seized the opportunity to pay her a visit and learn something first hand of the fierce battle which raged round the portals of the "mother of Parliaments", on the evening of 13th February. It was my first personal encounter with a real, live "suffragette," and I must confess that I faced the ordeal with a certain amount of trepidation in view of all one has read of the “raging, tearing propaganda" the woman suffragists carry on. On this occasion, at any rate, I must confess that all my fearsome conjectures were pleasantly and completely dissipated. Photograph of Louisa from BWT Miss Entwistle Described If Miss Entwistle is to be taken as a typical example of the genus suffragette, then the pictures we have had of her friends have been not merely considerably overdrawn, but rather the work of some particularly gifted imaginations. While yielding the palm to none of her colleagues in enthusiasm for women's suffrage, the young lady who has removed the “disgrace" which Mrs Cobden Sanderson remarked rested upon the fair name of Blackburn has certainly none of that desire to make herself into a mock martyr which has been attributed to the suffragettes generally, and when telling me the story of her adventures in London indulged in no heroics or false modesty. She told me in simple straightforward Lancashire fashion, without embellishment, and expressed her views on the question generally with the same plain simplicity. Above all, she had the saving grace of humour, and I could not resist joining in her merry laugh as she told me how two policemen picked her up bodily and carried her across the street during the scrimmage at Westminster, only for her to run back again and again until her action, in the opinion of the police, at length came under the description of “disorderly conduct" and she was marched forthwith off to the Cannon-row Police Station. TOLD IN HER OWN WORDS. And now to let the story be given in Miss Entwistle's own words. “I left Blackburn on Tuesday" (the day before the incidents at Westminster) she told me. “We had the meeting on Wednesday in the Caxton Hall, and then we decided to go to the House of Commons. We had our battle cry, 'Rise up, women,' but we went quite in an orderly way along the streets in procession, and the traffic was held up as we passed across the roads. When we got to Westminster, however, the police tried to stop us, but we told them we had come there for a fixed purpose. It was through us being so determined that the police stopped us. I got them right angry. I expect they thought because I was so little they would soon dispose of me. I got angry, too, and started talking back to them, and they told us to pass along, but we wouldn't. Then two policemen picked me up and carried me across the road, but I got back through the crowd again. Once I saw six policemen lined across the road in front of me, and I called out to them, 'Just fancy, six “bobbies" to a little one like me.' The crowd laughed at that, and then one of them came up to me and said, 'Come along, we've had enough. I'll take you.' We were taken into Cannon-row Police Station, but we were jolly enough there. We were singing songs, 'England, arise!' and 'The Red Flag,' until we were bailed out." I asked Miss Entwistle if the police were really rough in their treatment of the ladies, and she replied, “Well, the one that took me was a real good sort. He only took me by the arm, but I believe some of the prisoners were taken hold of by the necks." MISS ENTWISTLE'S PRISON LIFE Miss Entwistle gave an interesting description of her prison life in Holloway. "It's not bad to be in prison at all" she said. "I wouldn't mind it a bit if I had to go again - for the same cause of course. We had to get up at in the morning at six o'clock and tidy up our cells. Then we had breakfast - a dry loaf and tea. For dinner we had boiled potatoes - no gravy and soup, and for tea we had dry bread again and cocoa. But though the food is plain, it's good, and everything is very clean. After breakfast we had an hour of exercise. We simply walked round and round a ring, one yard apart. I never saw anything sillier in all my life," she added, with a laugh. "We had time a lot of time to ourselves and we could either sew or read. They gave you very good books, indeed. But of course I was glad to come out again after my seven days. It felt very nice to be free". Miss Entwistle went on to discuss the future of the movement, and said that it would go on in spite of all that was being said about it. They had been laughed at a lot, but if the women did not get what they wanted they would be just as bad to deal with, and worse, than they had been. There were plenty of women ready to come forward and take up the fight. "It is not because we want to make ourselves into martyrs," Miss Entwistle said, earnestly; "it is because the working women suffer so much under the present conditions by which they are oppressed. We don't want to make a name for ourselves, and it is for women who work in the mills, and who have their homes and their children to look after, that single women are trying to get the vote. It is for these helpless women that we are fighting. Our opponents know that if we get the vote we shall alter alot of things, and they are frightened. WHY SUFFRAGISTS ARE INDEPENDENT OF PARTIES I asked her why an independent attitude should be taken up at the bye-elections by the suffragists. Would it not be better, I queried, if support was given to the candidate who was nearest to their views? Miss Entwistle was emphatice upon the point. "Don't you see," was her response, "that it is not a party question at all. We have got to get on our side women of all shades of politics. If we are to support the Liberal candidate we shall estrange the Tory women from our cause, and if we say "Vote for the Tory", we shall have the Liberal women vote against us. We are only attacking the Liberal Government because it is the Government. If they don't give us the vote, and a Tory Government comes into power, then we shall attack them until we do get it." My last question was whether Miss Entwistle intended to return to London to take a further part in the agitation. Her reply was that she “could not be spared from home". I could not help thinking that in some measure it was a reply to those critics of the “suffragettes" who have insinuated that in engaging in the fight for the vote they are neglecting the true duties of womanhood. If, as I say, Miss Entwistle is to be taken as a true type of the suffragettes – and there appears to me no reason why she should not – I cannot help thinking that the criticisms of the “shrieking sisterhood" type have been perhaps a little too harsh. These women feel strongly about the cause they have taken up. Though many consider their authority-defying methods mistaken and short-sighted, one must remember that many of the liberties which the “mere men" of today enjoy had to be fought for in very much the same way. back to top Article by J. Stanley Miller, May 1975 Quarto pamphlet (P13) Although the Blackburn branch of the Women's Movement was formed in 1895 while the Pankhursts were still working in Manchester being made into a Branch of the Women's Political and Social Union in 1903, Blackburn was not regarded as very active in Women's Suffrage matters. Upper class women were more interested in social and welfare work, such as visiting cases on behalf of the Charity Organisation Society (formed February 7th, 1895) and arranging socials to provide funds for the District Nursing Association (formed April 28th, 1896). Another activity in which they were involved was the supply of free meals to necessitous children in 1904. While upper class Blackburn was male dominated, and content to be so, in certain working class areas, women were the dominant sex. A canvasser on behalf of Philip Snowden in the October 1900 Election was surprised to find a Grimshaw Park husband polishing the brass knocker on his front door, and sand-stoning the door step and window sills. Another elector in the same area consulted his wife before announcing that he would take her advice and continue to vote Tory. The explanation probably lies in the fact that women could find more certain work as four-loom weavers than their husbands, since in many mills boys were turned off on reaching 18 or 21 and forced to take outdoor work liable to seasonal unemployment. Since the wife earned more, she took over the male role. There were reckoned to be 1200 working mothers in Blackburn and agitation were started in the early 1900s for day nurseries or creches. Day nurseries had been organised earlier in St. Peter's district during the Vicarate of Rev. G. E. Hignett, and by Eli Heyworth at Audley in the 1890s. The latter had been unsuccessful as it was reserved for employees of Audley Hall Mills, and when work people moved out of the district, it was no longer convenient for them, the number of children attending declined, and the nursery closed. It was felt that a nursery organised on district lines, and not confined to work people from a single mill would have been successful. The numbers of Blackburn women workers was at a peak in 1911, when 18, 372 Blackburn resident women textile workers were in employment. Theresa Billington commented on the lack of interest in Women's Suffrage in Blackburn shortly after her marriage in January 1907:- “20 Lancashire women have gone to jail. Is not Blackburn going to send some representative to show the earnestness of the women in the Town?" Miss Adela Pankhurst and Mrs Snowden addressed a meeting on Women's Suffrage at the Lees Hall, on February 4th, 1907. Louisa Entwistle presided on this occasion, and she was shortly to give Blackburn's answer to Theresa Billington's taunt. Hitherto, Louisa, of 133 Burnley Road, had continued her work at the mill, and addressed meetings at or near the mills. However on February 11, 1907 she was called up on active duty by Emmeline Pankhurst, arriving in London late the same day. On February 12 she was one of the Delegates lobbying the House of Commons, and on being arrested by the Police, charged and convicted, refused to pay the fine, and elected to go to jail instead. During the same year, 1907, the force of the movement in Blackburn was dissipated by the formation of breakaway and rival movements – the Women's Labour League on February 19; the Women's Liberal League; and the Women's Suffrance Society on December 8th. This splintering was reflected nationally by Theresa Billington's Women's Freedom League of September, 1907. The cause was also discredited to some extent by a forged letter signed by “Louisa Entwistle" claiming the support for the women of Sir Harry Hornby, the local Conservative, which was promptly denied by Sir Harry's Agent. Louisa's father proved that the letter was not from his daughter, and the signature “Louise" instead of “Louisa", but the harm was done. There was also considerable anti-suffrage feeling which was voiced by D. J. Shackleton, M.P.:- “The Factory Act provided that women should not go to work before one month after the birth of a child. “Married women should stay at home. Mill life for women means ready-made dinners, and tasty scraps instead of wholesome food". Opposition found a more active form in the Anti-Women's Suffrance League, founded in Blackburn on April 5th, 1907. During the early part of 1907 came a trade depression, with 157 applications for relief to the Blackburn Distress Committee, while later in the year there was agitation for a 5% pay increase for textile workers. Both these events sapped the strength of the movement. 1908 saw a meeting of the Women's Liberal League, and on November 25th there was a Demonstration for the Women's Suffrage at the Town Hall. This annual event each November was becoming the main method for keeping the cause alive. This meeting on November 27, 1911 was addressed by Lady Frances Balfour. Now another weakening effect came from an agitation by trade unions for their members not to work alongside non-unionists in the Cotton Mills. This resulted in a General Lockout, but not in 100% union membership. Militant and other activities ceased on the outbreak of War. Blackburn women found fresh outlets attending the Belgian wounded, and later British, at Ellerslie Hospital, working on the railway, as tram drivers and conductors, and in heavy industry. In 1918 women over 30, who qualified, were given the vote. It was not until 1928 that the vote was extended to all women over 21. back to top	4,665	ENGLISH	1
Daniel Defoe was born in 1660 into a family of Dissenters, that is to say a Protestant sect which refused the authority of the Church of England. He studied modern languages, economics and geography and all of the traditional subjects. His father wanted for him a religious career but Defoe went into business on his own. He suffered two bankruptcies, which he faced with both legal and illegal means, he started to write in Whig papers as a journalist, he became a famous and well-paid intellectual until the reign of Queen Anne, who didn't like his critical attitude and had him arrested, tried and imprisoned. He made three appearances on the pillory, which turned into a triumph for him, because people threw at him flowers instead of eggs and rocks. After that, he changed party and denied his Whig ideas in order to be freed and became a secret agent for the new government, showing his opportunistic attitude. When he was about 60, and so he had developed and acquired much knowledge, he started to write novels, for example Robinson Crusoe and Moll Flanders, Captain Singleton, Colonel Jack and Roxana. Defoe is considered as the father of the English novel, the representative of a new social class that wanted their ideals to be portrayed in literature. His narrative technique became the basis for the development of the realistic novel: his novels are fictional autobiographies, pretending to be true stories through the detailed descriptions and memories provided by the protagonist. The structure of the novels is characterised by a series of episodes and adventures held together by the unifying presence of a single hero. There is a lack of plot because Defoe wrote only to earn money, so he wrote as many pages as possible in order to involve many people. Defoe used retrospective first person narration, the characters are presented from the inside and through their actions, they usually appear in isolation, either physically or socially, in their struggle for survival. The author's point of view coincides with the main character's because the character epitomizes the middle class puritan.	<urn:uuid:6d14ec09-4cb5-4d2b-b66d-cdb9ceb40415>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.skuola.net/letteratura-inglese-1700/defoe-vita249566x.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601040.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120224950-20200121013950-00422.warc.gz	en	0.989094	416	3.640625	4	[ -0.03449253737926483, 0.3336341977119446, 0.4349960386753082, -0.03594861179590225, 0.13459280133247375, -0.13700029253959656, 0.024268971756100655, 0.25652119517326355, 0.04947936162352562, -0.010934123769402504, 0.1878836750984192, -0.05052787438035011, 0.20119847357273102, 0.14884015917...	1	Daniel Defoe was born in 1660 into a family of Dissenters, that is to say a Protestant sect which refused the authority of the Church of England. He studied modern languages, economics and geography and all of the traditional subjects. His father wanted for him a religious career but Defoe went into business on his own. He suffered two bankruptcies, which he faced with both legal and illegal means, he started to write in Whig papers as a journalist, he became a famous and well-paid intellectual until the reign of Queen Anne, who didn't like his critical attitude and had him arrested, tried and imprisoned. He made three appearances on the pillory, which turned into a triumph for him, because people threw at him flowers instead of eggs and rocks. After that, he changed party and denied his Whig ideas in order to be freed and became a secret agent for the new government, showing his opportunistic attitude. When he was about 60, and so he had developed and acquired much knowledge, he started to write novels, for example Robinson Crusoe and Moll Flanders, Captain Singleton, Colonel Jack and Roxana. Defoe is considered as the father of the English novel, the representative of a new social class that wanted their ideals to be portrayed in literature. His narrative technique became the basis for the development of the realistic novel: his novels are fictional autobiographies, pretending to be true stories through the detailed descriptions and memories provided by the protagonist. The structure of the novels is characterised by a series of episodes and adventures held together by the unifying presence of a single hero. There is a lack of plot because Defoe wrote only to earn money, so he wrote as many pages as possible in order to involve many people. Defoe used retrospective first person narration, the characters are presented from the inside and through their actions, they usually appear in isolation, either physically or socially, in their struggle for survival. The author's point of view coincides with the main character's because the character epitomizes the middle class puritan.	419	ENGLISH	1
The excerpt read like this: Freiberg, Moravia now Czech Republic Died: September 23, London, England Austrian psychologist, author, and psychoanalyst The work of Sigmund Freud, the Austrian founder of psychoanalysis, marked the beginning of a modern, dynamic psychology by providing the first well-organized explanation of the inner mental forces determining human behavior. Sigmund was the first child of his twice-widowed father's third marriage. His mother, Amalia Nathanson, was nineteen years old when she married Jacob Freud, aged thirty-nine. Sigmund's two stepbrothers from his father's first marriage were approximately the same age as his mother, and his older stepbrother's son, Sigmund's nephew, was his earliest playmate. Thus, the boy grew up in an unusual family structure, his mother halfway in age between himself and his father. Though seven younger children were born, Sigmund always remained his mother's favorite. When he was four, the family moved to Vienna now the Freuds three essays of Austriathe capital city of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy the complete rule of Central Europe by Hungary and Austria from to Freud would live in Vienna until the year before his death. Youth in Vienna Because the Freuds were Jewish, Sigmund's early experience was that of an outsider in an overwhelmingly Catholic community. However, Emperor Francis Joseph — had liberated the Jews of Austria, giving them equal rights and permitting them to settle anywhere in the empire. Many Jewish families came to Vienna, as did the Freuds inwhere the standard of living was higher and educational and professional opportunities were better than in the provinces. They lived in an area that had a high concentration of Jewish people, called the Leopoldstadt slum. The housing was cramped and they had to move often, sometimes living with his father's family. By his tenth year, Sigmund's family had grown and he had five sisters and one brother. Freud went to the local elementary school, then attended the Sperl Gymnasium a secondary school in Europe that students attend to prepare for college in Leopoldstadt, from to He studied Greek and Latin, mathematics, history, and the natural sciences, and was a superior student. He passed his final examination with flying colors, qualifying to enter the University of Vienna at the age of seventeen. His family had recognized his special scholarly gifts from the beginning, and although they had only four bedrooms for eight people, Sigmund had his own room throughout his school days. He lived with his parents until he was twenty-seven, as was the custom at that time. Pre-psychoanalytic work Freud enrolled in medical school in Vienna had become the world capital of medicine, and the young student was initially attracted to the laboratory and the scientific side of medicine rather than clinical practice. He spent seven instead of the usual five years acquiring his doctorate. Freud received his doctor of medicine degree at the age of twenty-four. He fell in love and wanted to marry, but the salaries available to a young scientist could not support a wife and family. He had met Martha Bernays, the daughter of a well-known Hamburg family, when he was twenty-six; they were engaged two months later. They were separated during most of the four years which preceded their marriage, and married in Of their six children, a daughter, Anna, would become one of her father's most famous followers.Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality () by Freud - Free PDF eBook \. Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality [Sigmund Freud, James Strachey] on ashio-midori.com FREE shipping on qualifying offers. Reprint of Edition. Full facsimile of the original edition, not reproduced with Optical Recognition Software. Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality was originally published by Freud in and /5(14). All books are in good condition or better and are hardback unless indicated. Book descriptions are as follows: fine (showing little use), very good +, very good (shows some use), good + . In Freudian psychology, psychosexual development is a central element of the psychoanalytic sexual drive theory, that human beings, from birth, possess an instinctual libido (sexual energy) that develops in five stages. Each stage – the oral, the anal, the phallic, the latent, and the genital – is characterized by the erogenous zone that is the source of the libidinal drive. Sigmund Freud's Representation of Three Tall Women - A Deeper Understanding of Three Tall Women According to Sigmund Freud, psychoanalysis is a “procedure for the investigation of mental processes which are almost inaccessible in any other way” (Fodor and Gaynor ). Free Interpretation papers, essays, and research papers. Interpretation And Interpretation Of Interpretation - Much like the underneath of your childhood bed, dreams are .	<urn:uuid:c4c18726-4733-4bba-a0bb-f2909a9bfbc6>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://zekadaa.ashio-midori.com/freuds-three-essays-28788hs.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594662.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119151736-20200119175736-00069.warc.gz	en	0.98302	1,033	3.6875	4	[ -0.007426165975630283, 0.6402217149734497, -0.07692379504442215, -0.13346877694129944, -0.34943440556526184, 0.4914625287055969, 0.20306158065795898, 0.16583114862442017, 0.47536638379096985, -0.4563201665878296, 0.4119406044483185, -0.4234238862991333, -0.018138669431209564, 0.37835508584...	2	The excerpt read like this: Freiberg, Moravia now Czech Republic Died: September 23, London, England Austrian psychologist, author, and psychoanalyst The work of Sigmund Freud, the Austrian founder of psychoanalysis, marked the beginning of a modern, dynamic psychology by providing the first well-organized explanation of the inner mental forces determining human behavior. Sigmund was the first child of his twice-widowed father's third marriage. His mother, Amalia Nathanson, was nineteen years old when she married Jacob Freud, aged thirty-nine. Sigmund's two stepbrothers from his father's first marriage were approximately the same age as his mother, and his older stepbrother's son, Sigmund's nephew, was his earliest playmate. Thus, the boy grew up in an unusual family structure, his mother halfway in age between himself and his father. Though seven younger children were born, Sigmund always remained his mother's favorite. When he was four, the family moved to Vienna now the Freuds three essays of Austriathe capital city of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy the complete rule of Central Europe by Hungary and Austria from to Freud would live in Vienna until the year before his death. Youth in Vienna Because the Freuds were Jewish, Sigmund's early experience was that of an outsider in an overwhelmingly Catholic community. However, Emperor Francis Joseph — had liberated the Jews of Austria, giving them equal rights and permitting them to settle anywhere in the empire. Many Jewish families came to Vienna, as did the Freuds inwhere the standard of living was higher and educational and professional opportunities were better than in the provinces. They lived in an area that had a high concentration of Jewish people, called the Leopoldstadt slum. The housing was cramped and they had to move often, sometimes living with his father's family. By his tenth year, Sigmund's family had grown and he had five sisters and one brother. Freud went to the local elementary school, then attended the Sperl Gymnasium a secondary school in Europe that students attend to prepare for college in Leopoldstadt, from to He studied Greek and Latin, mathematics, history, and the natural sciences, and was a superior student. He passed his final examination with flying colors, qualifying to enter the University of Vienna at the age of seventeen. His family had recognized his special scholarly gifts from the beginning, and although they had only four bedrooms for eight people, Sigmund had his own room throughout his school days. He lived with his parents until he was twenty-seven, as was the custom at that time. Pre-psychoanalytic work Freud enrolled in medical school in Vienna had become the world capital of medicine, and the young student was initially attracted to the laboratory and the scientific side of medicine rather than clinical practice. He spent seven instead of the usual five years acquiring his doctorate. Freud received his doctor of medicine degree at the age of twenty-four. He fell in love and wanted to marry, but the salaries available to a young scientist could not support a wife and family. He had met Martha Bernays, the daughter of a well-known Hamburg family, when he was twenty-six; they were engaged two months later. They were separated during most of the four years which preceded their marriage, and married in Of their six children, a daughter, Anna, would become one of her father's most famous followers.Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality () by Freud - Free PDF eBook \. Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality [Sigmund Freud, James Strachey] on ashio-midori.com FREE shipping on qualifying offers. Reprint of Edition. Full facsimile of the original edition, not reproduced with Optical Recognition Software. Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality was originally published by Freud in and /5(14). All books are in good condition or better and are hardback unless indicated. Book descriptions are as follows: fine (showing little use), very good +, very good (shows some use), good + . In Freudian psychology, psychosexual development is a central element of the psychoanalytic sexual drive theory, that human beings, from birth, possess an instinctual libido (sexual energy) that develops in five stages. Each stage – the oral, the anal, the phallic, the latent, and the genital – is characterized by the erogenous zone that is the source of the libidinal drive. Sigmund Freud's Representation of Three Tall Women - A Deeper Understanding of Three Tall Women According to Sigmund Freud, psychoanalysis is a “procedure for the investigation of mental processes which are almost inaccessible in any other way” (Fodor and Gaynor ). Free Interpretation papers, essays, and research papers. Interpretation And Interpretation Of Interpretation - Much like the underneath of your childhood bed, dreams are .	1,003	ENGLISH	1
The early Roman province was founded in 509 B. C after the Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Romanss drove out the Etruscan male monarch. Rome was known to be the centre of the universe which lasted for several centuries and the idea of such a world-wide power could worsen was unheard of. Rome started out from a bunch of small towns and into a great imperium. It covered most of Europe. North Africa and parts of Asia. It was so powerful and apparently unstoppable but as the facets that made Rome so dominant started to melt. led Rome to fall. There are many theories in which led up to the autumn of Rome in 476 C. E. Some of which are Christianity. the Eastern Empire. and economic jobs. Most of the jobs that contributed to the autumn of Rome had come from within the metropolis ; political. economic. and spiritual factors to be specific. Although it was slow procedure of decay for the Roman Empire. Christianity played a large factor. It was appealed to the bulk of the people of the Roman Empire. It was something new for the Romans to set their religion in which led Christianity to distribute. finally taking it to be first legalized in 313 and so going the provinces religion in 380. Christianity gave Romans a cause and it stressed the ideal of endeavoring for a end. When Christian religion came into drama it displaced the current faith of Polytheistic. Polytheistic faith gave the emperor an of import position therefore giving him the feeling that Christianity was going a menace. Many Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Romanss had committed their religion to Christianity and it became of import to their day-to-day life. Once the Roman Emperors denied the right of free worship. Romans became enraged. This led to many societal jobs as Romans objected to Roman political relations. The Christian belief was in one God who was non the emperor. in which weakened the power and authorization of the emperor. When the emperors chose to criminalize Christianity this became a major job that contributed to the autumn of Rome. The Roman Empire was a huge metropolis was distributing everyplace. The authorities nevertheless. was designed to command a metropolis province and non a elephantine imperium. Unable to command the huge country. two capitals were created with its ain leader and they were called the Eastern and Western Empire. The division of the Roman Empire made things easier to command and regulate. East and west failed to work together to battle outside menaces therefore weakening the divisions. Over clip the east thrived while the West declined. The Western was much weaker than the eastern and it fell in 400 AD. However. the Eastern Empire and its soldiers lost trust of the emperors therefore go forthing the general to run and command everything. With the generals seeking to happen a manner to subvert the emperor. it led to an Empire that couldn’t be controlled. Romans weren’t pleased with the manner the Eastern Empire was being run. therefore go forthing Rome to be ruled by its people. The economic system was an of import thing in the Roman Empire. Without a strong economic system an imperium can non work at its best. Rome was traveling through a fiscal crisis in which the authorities had many debts to pay. Rome had ne’er developed a system efficient plenty to do money. Many things had to be funded for illustration the roads that were built. building and care of its ground forces. Inflation and revenue enhancement caused money to go worthless. hence dividing the hapless and rich. Some member of the affluent category fled to avoid the revenue enhancement adult male. Paths were no longer up to portion so it became hard and unsafe to transport good to the markets. The flow of trade was being disrupted by buccaneering an onslaughts from foreigners. Trade was worsening as people chose to turn their ain good alternatively of purchasing and merchandising them. Farming was Rome’s chief economic encouragement and because the paths remained unrepaired. finally little husbandmans died out and their chief economic encouragement was lost. A diminution in good led to higher nutrient monetary values. The wealth of the Empire was worsening so the authorities decided to make coins with less Ag content. The ground forces could no longer be afforded as dedicated and loyal soldiers were replaced with cheaper and less dependable soldiers. Rome was non built in a twenty-four hours. therefore couldn’t be destroyed in a twenty-four hours. Every determination that was made all had an consequence on Rome. in which led to it fall in 476 C. E. It was all a combination of Christianity. the Eastern Empire. and the economic battles. Although there are many more factors that contributed to the autumn of the Roman Empire I believe these three are the foundation for the autumn. . Rulers that didn’t cognize how to govern caused many political jobs. Poor direction of the roads due to the deficiency of fund from the authorities created a large consequence on the economic system. I believe that if the right leading accomplishments were to be applied. so the reign of Rome could hold been prolonged. Internal and external factors all contributed to the autumn of the Roman Empire. Who would of idea that such a strong imperium would fall? I believe that the economic system played the halfway function in the autumn. What’s an imperium if the economic system isn’t working right? Money is something that was needed but wasn’t there when needed due to the fact that there was no efficient system that brought and income in. The authorities had no money to fund the roads in which created trade. How could the people trade if they were put on the lining their lives on the roads? I believe that with such a strong imperium. they needed to more so concentrate on a steady beginning on income in order to fund everything in the metropoliss. With no money caused rising prices. Inflation caused merchandises that were already difficult to buy even harder. Farmers could non bring forth and pay their workers because no 1 was purchasing their good due to the high rising prices of monetary values. Therefore ensuing in workers being paid in nutrient and vesture. I believe that without a strong economic system so one can non hold a strong ground forces. or be able to work at its best. This was all due to swayers who had no common sense.	<urn:uuid:3abdad55-52cd-43fa-83d3-147d57869164>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://doosanmoxy.com/the-fall-of-the-roman-empire-essay-2307/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594391.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119093733-20200119121733-00023.warc.gz	en	0.982938	1,294	3.3125	3	[ -0.2149265557527542, 0.466999888420105, 0.2662924528121948, 0.0765690952539444, -0.3263261020183563, -0.1817721724510193, -0.42253124713897705, 0.2681419849395752, 0.303813636302948, -0.0910460352897644, 0.04567398875951767, -0.17165634036064148, 0.17014667391777039, 0.2942328453063965, ...	1	The early Roman province was founded in 509 B. C after the Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Romanss drove out the Etruscan male monarch. Rome was known to be the centre of the universe which lasted for several centuries and the idea of such a world-wide power could worsen was unheard of. Rome started out from a bunch of small towns and into a great imperium. It covered most of Europe. North Africa and parts of Asia. It was so powerful and apparently unstoppable but as the facets that made Rome so dominant started to melt. led Rome to fall. There are many theories in which led up to the autumn of Rome in 476 C. E. Some of which are Christianity. the Eastern Empire. and economic jobs. Most of the jobs that contributed to the autumn of Rome had come from within the metropolis ; political. economic. and spiritual factors to be specific. Although it was slow procedure of decay for the Roman Empire. Christianity played a large factor. It was appealed to the bulk of the people of the Roman Empire. It was something new for the Romans to set their religion in which led Christianity to distribute. finally taking it to be first legalized in 313 and so going the provinces religion in 380. Christianity gave Romans a cause and it stressed the ideal of endeavoring for a end. When Christian religion came into drama it displaced the current faith of Polytheistic. Polytheistic faith gave the emperor an of import position therefore giving him the feeling that Christianity was going a menace. Many Epistle of Paul the Apostle to the Romanss had committed their religion to Christianity and it became of import to their day-to-day life. Once the Roman Emperors denied the right of free worship. Romans became enraged. This led to many societal jobs as Romans objected to Roman political relations. The Christian belief was in one God who was non the emperor. in which weakened the power and authorization of the emperor. When the emperors chose to criminalize Christianity this became a major job that contributed to the autumn of Rome. The Roman Empire was a huge metropolis was distributing everyplace. The authorities nevertheless. was designed to command a metropolis province and non a elephantine imperium. Unable to command the huge country. two capitals were created with its ain leader and they were called the Eastern and Western Empire. The division of the Roman Empire made things easier to command and regulate. East and west failed to work together to battle outside menaces therefore weakening the divisions. Over clip the east thrived while the West declined. The Western was much weaker than the eastern and it fell in 400 AD. However. the Eastern Empire and its soldiers lost trust of the emperors therefore go forthing the general to run and command everything. With the generals seeking to happen a manner to subvert the emperor. it led to an Empire that couldn’t be controlled. Romans weren’t pleased with the manner the Eastern Empire was being run. therefore go forthing Rome to be ruled by its people. The economic system was an of import thing in the Roman Empire. Without a strong economic system an imperium can non work at its best. Rome was traveling through a fiscal crisis in which the authorities had many debts to pay. Rome had ne’er developed a system efficient plenty to do money. Many things had to be funded for illustration the roads that were built. building and care of its ground forces. Inflation and revenue enhancement caused money to go worthless. hence dividing the hapless and rich. Some member of the affluent category fled to avoid the revenue enhancement adult male. Paths were no longer up to portion so it became hard and unsafe to transport good to the markets. The flow of trade was being disrupted by buccaneering an onslaughts from foreigners. Trade was worsening as people chose to turn their ain good alternatively of purchasing and merchandising them. Farming was Rome’s chief economic encouragement and because the paths remained unrepaired. finally little husbandmans died out and their chief economic encouragement was lost. A diminution in good led to higher nutrient monetary values. The wealth of the Empire was worsening so the authorities decided to make coins with less Ag content. The ground forces could no longer be afforded as dedicated and loyal soldiers were replaced with cheaper and less dependable soldiers. Rome was non built in a twenty-four hours. therefore couldn’t be destroyed in a twenty-four hours. Every determination that was made all had an consequence on Rome. in which led to it fall in 476 C. E. It was all a combination of Christianity. the Eastern Empire. and the economic battles. Although there are many more factors that contributed to the autumn of the Roman Empire I believe these three are the foundation for the autumn. . Rulers that didn’t cognize how to govern caused many political jobs. Poor direction of the roads due to the deficiency of fund from the authorities created a large consequence on the economic system. I believe that if the right leading accomplishments were to be applied. so the reign of Rome could hold been prolonged. Internal and external factors all contributed to the autumn of the Roman Empire. Who would of idea that such a strong imperium would fall? I believe that the economic system played the halfway function in the autumn. What’s an imperium if the economic system isn’t working right? Money is something that was needed but wasn’t there when needed due to the fact that there was no efficient system that brought and income in. The authorities had no money to fund the roads in which created trade. How could the people trade if they were put on the lining their lives on the roads? I believe that with such a strong imperium. they needed to more so concentrate on a steady beginning on income in order to fund everything in the metropoliss. With no money caused rising prices. Inflation caused merchandises that were already difficult to buy even harder. Farmers could non bring forth and pay their workers because no 1 was purchasing their good due to the high rising prices of monetary values. Therefore ensuing in workers being paid in nutrient and vesture. I believe that without a strong economic system so one can non hold a strong ground forces. or be able to work at its best. This was all due to swayers who had no common sense.	1,278	ENGLISH	1
September 28, 1915 – The Great Retreat also known as the Retreat from Mons, is the name given to the long, fighting retreat by Allied forces to the River Marne, on the Western Front early in World War I, after their holding action against the Imperial German Armies at the Battle of Mons on 23 August 1914. The Allies were closely pursued by the Germans, acting under the Schlieffen Plan. The Allies retreated from Mons, past Maubeuge (which fell to the Germans on 7 September after a successful siege), and the British troops were supposed to meet at the town of Le Cateau-Cambrésis (usually referred to as just Le Cateau). However, I Corps under Douglas Haig did not reach Le Cateau, getting no nearer than Landrecies. Thus a gap of some miles was opened up between I and II Corps. Several days were to pass before the two corps were reunited. On the evening of 25 August, British II Corps commander General Horace Smith-Dorrien was faced with the prospect that, if his exhausted troops continued to retreat, they would be enveloped in a piecemeal fashion. He therefore ordered his corps to stand and fight to deliver a ‘stopping blow’ to the Germans. The Allies set up defensive positions near the town and prepared for the inevitable attack. As Haig’s I Corps had not arrived, Smith-Dorrien’s right flank was ‘in the air’ (unprotected). On the morning of the 26th, the Germans launched a heavy assault on the British positions, and the Battle of Le Cateau began. The four British divisions were attacked by six German ones. Using similar tactics to those used at Mons the British regulars were able to hold their own; rapid rifle and artillery fire inflicted heavy losses on the advancing Germans. However, when two more German divisions joined the battle, II Corps came close to defeat. By the afternoon, both British flanks began to break and the order to withdraw was given. Envelopment was prevented by the arrival of General Sordet’s French Cavalry Corps on the British left. Smith-Dorrien’s decision to turn and fight the Germans at Le Cateau was vindicated. The Germans suffered heavy casualties and another delay was imposed on their timetable, also Haig’s I Corps was able to break away from the Germans. However, the disagreement between Sir John French (who had opposed the action) and Smith-Dorrien was to have consequences in the coming months. Of the 40,000 Allied troops fighting at Le Cateau, 7,812 were killed, captured or wounded. Many British units had disappeared from the rolls altogether. About 2,600 men became prisoners of war, although in one extravagant German account it is suggested that 12,000 prisoners had been taken. Thirty eight British artillery guns were also lost. Some senior British losses at Le Cateau were Lt-Col Charles Brett, CO 2nd Suffolks, Lt-Col Alfred Dykes, CO 1st King’s Own, and Lt-Col Edward Panter-Downes, CO 2nd Royal Irish Regiment, who were all killed in action. Although none of the men have a known grave, all are commemorated on the La Ferté-sous-Jouarre memorial to the missing. With retreat all long the line, the commander-in-chief of the French forces, Joseph Joffre, held off the German advance through counterattacking. This was only done with the help of the Fifth Army under Charles Lanrezac. The BEF was also involved, although not in a way one might expect. A cavalry officer, Major Tom Bridges, on riding into the town, was horrified to learn of the near disintegration of units in the British 4th Division. Exhausted men were sleeping in the streets of St. Quentin; officers had escaped by train to Paris. With such an air of defeat in the town, Bridges decided that something must be done and came up with the notion of music. Lacking a band, he went to a toyshop and bought a drum and a penny whistle. Giving the whistle to his trumpeter, he proceeded to the town square and beat out the time for ‘The British Grenadiers’, while the trumpeter accompanied him. The watching soldiers, while thinking him mad, formed up and continued the retreat. On 29 August, the French Fifth Army attacked St. Quentin with its full force. Possessing orders captured with a French officer, Bülow was already aware of the counter-offensive and had time to prepare. The attacks against the town by the eighteenth corps met with heavy casualties and little success, but the tenth and third corps on the right flank was rallied by the commander of the first corps, Franchet d’Esperey. Advances on the right were made successfully against the Germans with Guise falling back, in addition to units of the Guard Corps and Bülow’s elite. The next day, the French continued the retreat back to the Marne, with the Germans refraining from following. The Allied retreat finally ended at the River Marne where they prepared to make a stand to defend Paris. This led to the First Battle of the Marne, which was fought from 5 to 12 September 1914. This battle would prove to be a major turning point of the war by denying the Germans an early victory. Field marshal John French commander of the British Expeditionary Force, began to make contingency plans for a full retreat to the ports on the English Channel followed by an immediate British evacuation. The French Military Governor of Paris, General Joseph Gallieni, was tasked with the defence of the city. He wanted to organise the French and British armies to counter the weight of the German advance. So, after consulting with Lord Kitchener, Gallieni managed to secure overall command of the BEF, and ordered Field Marshal French not to withdraw to the channel. Gallieni’s plan was a very simple one: All allied units would counter-attack the Germans along the Marne, hopefully halting their advance. As this was going on, allied reserves would be thrown in to restore the ranks and attack the German flanks. At noon on 5 September, the battle commenced when the French 6th Army, led by General Michel-Joseph Maunoury, accidentally stumbled into the forward guard of the German 1st Army under General Alexander von Kluck. The British avoided joining the battle until von Kluck made a grave tactical error on 9 September 1914. Von Kluck commanded his forces to pursue and annihilate the French 6th Army as the latter retreated back towards the Marne. This command opened a 50 km gap between the German 1st and 2nd Armies on his right flank, a gap discovered by allied observation aircraft. The Allied forces quickly exploited this tactical error by attacking the flanks of both German armies, using the entire BEF as well as the French 5th Army. German Chief of the General Staff Helmuth von Moltke suffered a nervous breakdown upon learning about the gravity of the error. His subordinates assumed command over the two flanked armies, which were withdrawn to regroup at the Aisne River. Von Moltke is said to have reported to the Kaiser: “Your Majesty, we have lost the war.” The total British casualties amounted to 1,701 of all ranks, killed, wounded or missing between 6 September and 10 September. Some notable casualties for the British Army were Brig.-Gen. Neil Findlay, CRA 1st Division, who died as a result of wounds received on 10 September 1914 and is buried at Vailly British Cemetery and Lt-Col Guy Knight, OC 1st Loyal North Lancs. Knight died the next day and was buried at Priez Communal Cemetery. The German retreat between 9 September and 13 September signaled the abandonment of the Schlieffen Plan. In the battle’s aftermath, both sides dug in for trench warfare and four years of grueling stalemate ensued. The defeat of the German Army on the River Marne was decisive. Their war plan, to quickly overcome France before turning attentions to Russia, had come to nothing despite the enormous efforts expended. It has sometimes been argued that Germany could no longer win the war after their defeat on the Marne in 1914. Around six hundred Paris taxicabs, mainly Renault AG, were commandeered by Gallieni and used to transport six thousand French reserve infantry troops from the seventh division to the battle. The tables were now turned with the Allies pursuing the retreating Germans. Their next major clash was to be the First Battle of the Aisne.	<urn:uuid:66e8c420-2bf3-409f-a0dc-d9caaf2a006d>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://mwh52.wordpress.com/2013/09/28/september-28-this-day-during-world-war-l-2/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251799918.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129133601-20200129163601-00457.warc.gz	en	0.983475	1,785	4.0625	4	[ -0.037415921688079834, 0.4829932153224945, -0.29209524393081665, 0.11598242074251175, 0.12059274315834045, -0.3101508915424347, -0.13424184918403625, 0.4089046120643616, -0.22133737802505493, -0.5120890140533447, -0.04574163258075714, -0.7340813875198364, 0.3572532534599304, 0.592476487159...	2	September 28, 1915 – The Great Retreat also known as the Retreat from Mons, is the name given to the long, fighting retreat by Allied forces to the River Marne, on the Western Front early in World War I, after their holding action against the Imperial German Armies at the Battle of Mons on 23 August 1914. The Allies were closely pursued by the Germans, acting under the Schlieffen Plan. The Allies retreated from Mons, past Maubeuge (which fell to the Germans on 7 September after a successful siege), and the British troops were supposed to meet at the town of Le Cateau-Cambrésis (usually referred to as just Le Cateau). However, I Corps under Douglas Haig did not reach Le Cateau, getting no nearer than Landrecies. Thus a gap of some miles was opened up between I and II Corps. Several days were to pass before the two corps were reunited. On the evening of 25 August, British II Corps commander General Horace Smith-Dorrien was faced with the prospect that, if his exhausted troops continued to retreat, they would be enveloped in a piecemeal fashion. He therefore ordered his corps to stand and fight to deliver a ‘stopping blow’ to the Germans. The Allies set up defensive positions near the town and prepared for the inevitable attack. As Haig’s I Corps had not arrived, Smith-Dorrien’s right flank was ‘in the air’ (unprotected). On the morning of the 26th, the Germans launched a heavy assault on the British positions, and the Battle of Le Cateau began. The four British divisions were attacked by six German ones. Using similar tactics to those used at Mons the British regulars were able to hold their own; rapid rifle and artillery fire inflicted heavy losses on the advancing Germans. However, when two more German divisions joined the battle, II Corps came close to defeat. By the afternoon, both British flanks began to break and the order to withdraw was given. Envelopment was prevented by the arrival of General Sordet’s French Cavalry Corps on the British left. Smith-Dorrien’s decision to turn and fight the Germans at Le Cateau was vindicated. The Germans suffered heavy casualties and another delay was imposed on their timetable, also Haig’s I Corps was able to break away from the Germans. However, the disagreement between Sir John French (who had opposed the action) and Smith-Dorrien was to have consequences in the coming months. Of the 40,000 Allied troops fighting at Le Cateau, 7,812 were killed, captured or wounded. Many British units had disappeared from the rolls altogether. About 2,600 men became prisoners of war, although in one extravagant German account it is suggested that 12,000 prisoners had been taken. Thirty eight British artillery guns were also lost. Some senior British losses at Le Cateau were Lt-Col Charles Brett, CO 2nd Suffolks, Lt-Col Alfred Dykes, CO 1st King’s Own, and Lt-Col Edward Panter-Downes, CO 2nd Royal Irish Regiment, who were all killed in action. Although none of the men have a known grave, all are commemorated on the La Ferté-sous-Jouarre memorial to the missing. With retreat all long the line, the commander-in-chief of the French forces, Joseph Joffre, held off the German advance through counterattacking. This was only done with the help of the Fifth Army under Charles Lanrezac. The BEF was also involved, although not in a way one might expect. A cavalry officer, Major Tom Bridges, on riding into the town, was horrified to learn of the near disintegration of units in the British 4th Division. Exhausted men were sleeping in the streets of St. Quentin; officers had escaped by train to Paris. With such an air of defeat in the town, Bridges decided that something must be done and came up with the notion of music. Lacking a band, he went to a toyshop and bought a drum and a penny whistle. Giving the whistle to his trumpeter, he proceeded to the town square and beat out the time for ‘The British Grenadiers’, while the trumpeter accompanied him. The watching soldiers, while thinking him mad, formed up and continued the retreat. On 29 August, the French Fifth Army attacked St. Quentin with its full force. Possessing orders captured with a French officer, Bülow was already aware of the counter-offensive and had time to prepare. The attacks against the town by the eighteenth corps met with heavy casualties and little success, but the tenth and third corps on the right flank was rallied by the commander of the first corps, Franchet d’Esperey. Advances on the right were made successfully against the Germans with Guise falling back, in addition to units of the Guard Corps and Bülow’s elite. The next day, the French continued the retreat back to the Marne, with the Germans refraining from following. The Allied retreat finally ended at the River Marne where they prepared to make a stand to defend Paris. This led to the First Battle of the Marne, which was fought from 5 to 12 September 1914. This battle would prove to be a major turning point of the war by denying the Germans an early victory. Field marshal John French commander of the British Expeditionary Force, began to make contingency plans for a full retreat to the ports on the English Channel followed by an immediate British evacuation. The French Military Governor of Paris, General Joseph Gallieni, was tasked with the defence of the city. He wanted to organise the French and British armies to counter the weight of the German advance. So, after consulting with Lord Kitchener, Gallieni managed to secure overall command of the BEF, and ordered Field Marshal French not to withdraw to the channel. Gallieni’s plan was a very simple one: All allied units would counter-attack the Germans along the Marne, hopefully halting their advance. As this was going on, allied reserves would be thrown in to restore the ranks and attack the German flanks. At noon on 5 September, the battle commenced when the French 6th Army, led by General Michel-Joseph Maunoury, accidentally stumbled into the forward guard of the German 1st Army under General Alexander von Kluck. The British avoided joining the battle until von Kluck made a grave tactical error on 9 September 1914. Von Kluck commanded his forces to pursue and annihilate the French 6th Army as the latter retreated back towards the Marne. This command opened a 50 km gap between the German 1st and 2nd Armies on his right flank, a gap discovered by allied observation aircraft. The Allied forces quickly exploited this tactical error by attacking the flanks of both German armies, using the entire BEF as well as the French 5th Army. German Chief of the General Staff Helmuth von Moltke suffered a nervous breakdown upon learning about the gravity of the error. His subordinates assumed command over the two flanked armies, which were withdrawn to regroup at the Aisne River. Von Moltke is said to have reported to the Kaiser: “Your Majesty, we have lost the war.” The total British casualties amounted to 1,701 of all ranks, killed, wounded or missing between 6 September and 10 September. Some notable casualties for the British Army were Brig.-Gen. Neil Findlay, CRA 1st Division, who died as a result of wounds received on 10 September 1914 and is buried at Vailly British Cemetery and Lt-Col Guy Knight, OC 1st Loyal North Lancs. Knight died the next day and was buried at Priez Communal Cemetery. The German retreat between 9 September and 13 September signaled the abandonment of the Schlieffen Plan. In the battle’s aftermath, both sides dug in for trench warfare and four years of grueling stalemate ensued. The defeat of the German Army on the River Marne was decisive. Their war plan, to quickly overcome France before turning attentions to Russia, had come to nothing despite the enormous efforts expended. It has sometimes been argued that Germany could no longer win the war after their defeat on the Marne in 1914. Around six hundred Paris taxicabs, mainly Renault AG, were commandeered by Gallieni and used to transport six thousand French reserve infantry troops from the seventh division to the battle. The tables were now turned with the Allies pursuing the retreating Germans. Their next major clash was to be the First Battle of the Aisne.	1,822	ENGLISH	1
On this page... These are five toy propellers, each made from four strips of pandanus leaf plaited or knotted and folded together in the centre to form a cross. The propellers range in size from 20 cm to 25 cm in length and they are a light brown colour. Pandanus propellers such as these were used as toys by Aboriginal children from Yirrkala in Arnhem Land. They were used in two different ways. Firstly, they were spun through the air in throwing competitions to judge both the skill of the player and the quality of their propeller's construction. The child whose propeller flew the furthest was the winner. Secondly, a propeller was attached to a spindle and a child would hold it up and run against the wind with it to make it spin. Toys such as these were made from strips of leaf from the screw pine tree ('Pandanus tectorius)' and were used in tropical and subtropical coastal areas and moist tropical inland areas of northern Australia where the screw pine tree grows. Its strong leaves can be used as strips for weaving mats and baskets as well as for making toys. The propellers are symmetrical, light and flat to assist their flight. They were designed to be thrown high and to descend spirally, the speed making them appear as a solid disc. Their light weight meant children could also attempt to make them drift upwards in hot air currents. In some places children knotted pandanus in the shape of the letter 'z' and threw these strips as boomerangs that would return to the thrower. These are examples of toys used for entertainment. Toys had an important role in preparing Aboriginal children for adulthood. Games were invented by adults using small-scale models of tools and weapons made with light materials and blunt edges. The toys were used to teach children survival skills related to hunting for food and defence. Traditionally rattles, dolls, spinning tops, balls and string were also used as toys. These pandanus propellers were made by Aboriginal children from the Yolngu language group. They were collected in 1948 by Fred McCarthy, the Australian Museum's curator of anthropology, during the American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land in that year. The Expedition was funded by the Australian Government and the National Geographic Society of America.	<urn:uuid:9c752d42-2157-4943-95e5-e695648ee6c1>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/cultures/atsi-collection/cultural-objects/indigenous-pandanus-toy-propellers-from-arnhem-land-1948/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592565.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118110141-20200118134141-00247.warc.gz	en	0.985807	474	3.828125	4	[ -0.01100270263850689, 0.05300179496407509, 0.289457768201828, -0.3209531605243683, -0.0002238460147054866, 0.16305015981197357, -0.07958075404167175, 0.41880732774734497, -0.3652655780315399, 0.6049824357032776, 0.33622846007347107, -0.66556715965271, -0.2637396454811096, 0.326130419969558...	9	On this page... These are five toy propellers, each made from four strips of pandanus leaf plaited or knotted and folded together in the centre to form a cross. The propellers range in size from 20 cm to 25 cm in length and they are a light brown colour. Pandanus propellers such as these were used as toys by Aboriginal children from Yirrkala in Arnhem Land. They were used in two different ways. Firstly, they were spun through the air in throwing competitions to judge both the skill of the player and the quality of their propeller's construction. The child whose propeller flew the furthest was the winner. Secondly, a propeller was attached to a spindle and a child would hold it up and run against the wind with it to make it spin. Toys such as these were made from strips of leaf from the screw pine tree ('Pandanus tectorius)' and were used in tropical and subtropical coastal areas and moist tropical inland areas of northern Australia where the screw pine tree grows. Its strong leaves can be used as strips for weaving mats and baskets as well as for making toys. The propellers are symmetrical, light and flat to assist their flight. They were designed to be thrown high and to descend spirally, the speed making them appear as a solid disc. Their light weight meant children could also attempt to make them drift upwards in hot air currents. In some places children knotted pandanus in the shape of the letter 'z' and threw these strips as boomerangs that would return to the thrower. These are examples of toys used for entertainment. Toys had an important role in preparing Aboriginal children for adulthood. Games were invented by adults using small-scale models of tools and weapons made with light materials and blunt edges. The toys were used to teach children survival skills related to hunting for food and defence. Traditionally rattles, dolls, spinning tops, balls and string were also used as toys. These pandanus propellers were made by Aboriginal children from the Yolngu language group. They were collected in 1948 by Fred McCarthy, the Australian Museum's curator of anthropology, during the American-Australian Scientific Expedition to Arnhem Land in that year. The Expedition was funded by the Australian Government and the National Geographic Society of America.	476	ENGLISH	1
Early writers didn’t have the enormous range of pens, pencils and other writing implements we have at our fingertips today. In the Middle East, where writing began, reeds and rushes grew in many areas. So people cut lengths of reeds, sharpened the ends, dipped them into soot or ink and used them to write with. Since then, writing has progressed leaps and bounds. And the need for greater accuracy and speed has led to many improvements in writing instruments. The basic rules behind pens and other tools of the trade, however, have remained much the same. The first quill pens were made in about 500BC and were still in use in the 17th and 18th centuries. Quill pens were made from swan or goose feathers, cut into a point at one end to make a nib. This was then dipped in ink. Quill pens were quick and handy to use. The only problem was that they kept going blunt and having to be resharpened. In Greek and Roman times, metal and bone replaced the reeds of the earliest pens. Writers used styli of bronze, bone or ivory to scratch letters on to was panels. The pointed end of the stylus was used for writing with, the blunt end for erasing mistakes. Nibs of Steel The first metal nibs were so hard and rigid, they scratched paper to pieces. But by the mid-1800s, things had improved and steel-nibbed pens became very popular. The first fountain pens used eye-droppers to contain their ink but the ink kept clotting and clogging up the nib. The first workable fountain pen was produced by Lewis Waterman of the USA in 1884. You can still buy Waterman pens today. One problem remained, however. Every time the pen ran out of ink, it had to be refilled. This could be messy and time-consuming. In the 1950s, an answer was found – the disposable ink cartridge. Once its ink supply was used up, it could be thrown away and a new cartridge inserted. Pencils were first made in about 1795. A pencil is a stick of “lead” (it’s actually a mixture of clay and graphite), held inside a wooden case. Bet you didn’t know that?!? Pencils have different degrees of hardness or softness, indicated by the letters printed on them. Soft pencils (B and 2B) contain more graphite in their lead. Hard pencils (H and 2H) contain more clay. These days, we live in the “disposable age” and most people use a ballpoint pen, which has a tiny ball-bearing in its writing tip, instead of a nib. As you write, the ballbearing gets coated in ink from a tube inside the pen and rolls the ink on to the paper. When the ink runs dry, you can throw the pen away and get a new one. Did you know…? The inventor of the biro was Mr Ladislao Josef Biro, a Hungarian living in Argentina. He registered his invention in 1938. The American, Thomas Edison, is best known for his invention of the electric light bulb and the phonograph. But another of his more unusual inventions was an electric pen. It was designed to make copies of handwritten documents but it never really caught on. In Ancient Roman times, ink was made from soot and water.	<urn:uuid:9e39372c-bea7-433b-9ff9-21035c37c528>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.karenleefield.com/2004/11/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251789055.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129071944-20200129101944-00003.warc.gz	en	0.980844	725	3.40625	3	[ -0.5496624708175659, 0.03517039865255356, 0.2761492133140564, -0.07019035518169403, -0.2557743191719055, 0.23452046513557434, 0.03166550025343895, 0.3038822412490845, 0.04640745371580124, -0.22049838304519653, 0.05328556150197983, 0.4292614459991455, 0.11617393791675568, 0.0959574729204177...	13	Early writers didn’t have the enormous range of pens, pencils and other writing implements we have at our fingertips today. In the Middle East, where writing began, reeds and rushes grew in many areas. So people cut lengths of reeds, sharpened the ends, dipped them into soot or ink and used them to write with. Since then, writing has progressed leaps and bounds. And the need for greater accuracy and speed has led to many improvements in writing instruments. The basic rules behind pens and other tools of the trade, however, have remained much the same. The first quill pens were made in about 500BC and were still in use in the 17th and 18th centuries. Quill pens were made from swan or goose feathers, cut into a point at one end to make a nib. This was then dipped in ink. Quill pens were quick and handy to use. The only problem was that they kept going blunt and having to be resharpened. In Greek and Roman times, metal and bone replaced the reeds of the earliest pens. Writers used styli of bronze, bone or ivory to scratch letters on to was panels. The pointed end of the stylus was used for writing with, the blunt end for erasing mistakes. Nibs of Steel The first metal nibs were so hard and rigid, they scratched paper to pieces. But by the mid-1800s, things had improved and steel-nibbed pens became very popular. The first fountain pens used eye-droppers to contain their ink but the ink kept clotting and clogging up the nib. The first workable fountain pen was produced by Lewis Waterman of the USA in 1884. You can still buy Waterman pens today. One problem remained, however. Every time the pen ran out of ink, it had to be refilled. This could be messy and time-consuming. In the 1950s, an answer was found – the disposable ink cartridge. Once its ink supply was used up, it could be thrown away and a new cartridge inserted. Pencils were first made in about 1795. A pencil is a stick of “lead” (it’s actually a mixture of clay and graphite), held inside a wooden case. Bet you didn’t know that?!? Pencils have different degrees of hardness or softness, indicated by the letters printed on them. Soft pencils (B and 2B) contain more graphite in their lead. Hard pencils (H and 2H) contain more clay. These days, we live in the “disposable age” and most people use a ballpoint pen, which has a tiny ball-bearing in its writing tip, instead of a nib. As you write, the ballbearing gets coated in ink from a tube inside the pen and rolls the ink on to the paper. When the ink runs dry, you can throw the pen away and get a new one. Did you know…? The inventor of the biro was Mr Ladislao Josef Biro, a Hungarian living in Argentina. He registered his invention in 1938. The American, Thomas Edison, is best known for his invention of the electric light bulb and the phonograph. But another of his more unusual inventions was an electric pen. It was designed to make copies of handwritten documents but it never really caught on. In Ancient Roman times, ink was made from soot and water.	714	ENGLISH	1
rally by the Greeks. The Iliadpresents modern day readers with information about the Greek society many years ago in the B.C. time period. This poem portrays the important values of the Greek society during a heroic age. This heroic age is conveyed by one main character, Achilles. Achilles represents the tragic Greek hero in The Iliad, tragic because he chose his own death. Achilles knew (because of his mother Thetis), that he could either lead a long and insignificant life, or die young but glorious. Achilles chose the latter. Throughout The Iliad, Achilles went through some significant changes that affected himself, as well as the Achaeans and Trojans. He began a hero and ended a tragic hero. The Trojan War is vital to Greek mythology and provides a backdrop for discussion. Before the war even started, however, it was known by all Trojans and Achaeans that Achilles was the best fighter. He was the hero of all fighters. In a way this was bad, and in a way this was good. Achilles was overflowing with pride, which built up his confidence. Consequently, it was his confidence that brought on his early death. It all began when Agamemnon stole away Briseis, Achilles woman. To ease the anger Achilles had for Agamemnon, Thetis asked Zeus to provide honor for her son, Achilles. Zeus granted her request by promising that the Achaeans would suffer enough losses to force Agamemnon to come begging for Achilles help. The first major change in Achilles was caused by his rage toward Agamemnon. Achilles, the great warrior, allowed his wrath to infest his desire to help his own comrades in the battle against the Trojans. It was his determination to maintain his pride that led way to his unwavering stubbornness. Because Achilles withheld himself from battle, the Achaeans and Trojans suffered many losses. Of the Achaeans, many of the best men were injured or killed. Odysseus, Diomedes, and Agamemnon were all three vital fighters for the Achaeans that nearly lost their lives in battle. They were not able to participate in battle for a number of days. The Trojans experienced similar casualties. Even though Achilles behavior was not centered around concern for his comrades, the Achaeans never lost respect for him. They continued to honor him, knowing that he was far stronger than any other Achaean and that they needed his help A main message portrayed during the continuous battle that took place during Achilles absence, was that some people are favored and some are not. Regardless of a Greek or Trojans reputation, the stronger fighter was always determined by the gods. For example, when the Trojans reached the Argive gates, Zeus gave Hector the power to lift a huge boulder. With this boulder, Hector was able to break open and gain entrance. He then had access to the Argive ships. The intervention of the gods showed many parallels to human life during the time Achilles was out of battle, this being one of them. The intervention of the gods affected everyone, whether they were mortal or immortal, Trojan or Achaean. Other parallels included jealousy, pride, and anger. All of these human traits that the gods reflected, were precisely why Achilles had withdrawn from battle. Jealousy, pride, and anger were all feelings Achilles possessed as a result of Agamemnon stealing The second major change in Achilles took place when his friend Patroclus was killed by Hector. When Agamemnon sent his men with ransom to call Achilles back to battle, Achilles did not accept. The mere request by Agamemnons messengers was not enough to lure him back. Achilles should have accepted Agamemnons ransom and returned to fight. Instead, he continued to wallow in his own pride and anger. This continued rage killed his best friend Patroclus because Achilles was not there to protect The personal affect that Patroclus death had on Achilles caused even more wrath than before. As a result, Achilles returned to battle for revenge. This late decision would have been classified by the Greeks as the second largest mistake possible. Achilles changed his mind, but he changed it too late. Patroclus was dead. In the end, Achilles received his long sought glory by killing the Trojan responsible for Patrocluss death. The killing of Hector by Achilles was a pivotal point in Achilles life of heroism. He moved from being a hero to that of a tragic hero.	<urn:uuid:36ccd64f-63aa-4532-a39f-4b4f6091070e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://artscolumbia.org/essays/before-it-was-written-the-iliad-was-a-poem-told-o-essay-75136/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250608295.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123041345-20200123070345-00507.warc.gz	en	0.980554	996	4.28125	4	[ -0.3140560984611511, 0.30192831158638, 0.0261855386197567, 0.07373140752315521, -0.5443191528320312, -0.3275458812713623, -0.0643276572227478, 0.8962645530700684, -0.14568960666656494, -0.1067076027393341, -0.2912994623184204, -0.3762420415878296, -0.030237069353461266, 0.4976566731929779,...	4	rally by the Greeks. The Iliadpresents modern day readers with information about the Greek society many years ago in the B.C. time period. This poem portrays the important values of the Greek society during a heroic age. This heroic age is conveyed by one main character, Achilles. Achilles represents the tragic Greek hero in The Iliad, tragic because he chose his own death. Achilles knew (because of his mother Thetis), that he could either lead a long and insignificant life, or die young but glorious. Achilles chose the latter. Throughout The Iliad, Achilles went through some significant changes that affected himself, as well as the Achaeans and Trojans. He began a hero and ended a tragic hero. The Trojan War is vital to Greek mythology and provides a backdrop for discussion. Before the war even started, however, it was known by all Trojans and Achaeans that Achilles was the best fighter. He was the hero of all fighters. In a way this was bad, and in a way this was good. Achilles was overflowing with pride, which built up his confidence. Consequently, it was his confidence that brought on his early death. It all began when Agamemnon stole away Briseis, Achilles woman. To ease the anger Achilles had for Agamemnon, Thetis asked Zeus to provide honor for her son, Achilles. Zeus granted her request by promising that the Achaeans would suffer enough losses to force Agamemnon to come begging for Achilles help. The first major change in Achilles was caused by his rage toward Agamemnon. Achilles, the great warrior, allowed his wrath to infest his desire to help his own comrades in the battle against the Trojans. It was his determination to maintain his pride that led way to his unwavering stubbornness. Because Achilles withheld himself from battle, the Achaeans and Trojans suffered many losses. Of the Achaeans, many of the best men were injured or killed. Odysseus, Diomedes, and Agamemnon were all three vital fighters for the Achaeans that nearly lost their lives in battle. They were not able to participate in battle for a number of days. The Trojans experienced similar casualties. Even though Achilles behavior was not centered around concern for his comrades, the Achaeans never lost respect for him. They continued to honor him, knowing that he was far stronger than any other Achaean and that they needed his help A main message portrayed during the continuous battle that took place during Achilles absence, was that some people are favored and some are not. Regardless of a Greek or Trojans reputation, the stronger fighter was always determined by the gods. For example, when the Trojans reached the Argive gates, Zeus gave Hector the power to lift a huge boulder. With this boulder, Hector was able to break open and gain entrance. He then had access to the Argive ships. The intervention of the gods showed many parallels to human life during the time Achilles was out of battle, this being one of them. The intervention of the gods affected everyone, whether they were mortal or immortal, Trojan or Achaean. Other parallels included jealousy, pride, and anger. All of these human traits that the gods reflected, were precisely why Achilles had withdrawn from battle. Jealousy, pride, and anger were all feelings Achilles possessed as a result of Agamemnon stealing The second major change in Achilles took place when his friend Patroclus was killed by Hector. When Agamemnon sent his men with ransom to call Achilles back to battle, Achilles did not accept. The mere request by Agamemnons messengers was not enough to lure him back. Achilles should have accepted Agamemnons ransom and returned to fight. Instead, he continued to wallow in his own pride and anger. This continued rage killed his best friend Patroclus because Achilles was not there to protect The personal affect that Patroclus death had on Achilles caused even more wrath than before. As a result, Achilles returned to battle for revenge. This late decision would have been classified by the Greeks as the second largest mistake possible. Achilles changed his mind, but he changed it too late. Patroclus was dead. In the end, Achilles received his long sought glory by killing the Trojan responsible for Patrocluss death. The killing of Hector by Achilles was a pivotal point in Achilles life of heroism. He moved from being a hero to that of a tragic hero.	988	ENGLISH	1
Writing is a means of communication between humans, used since ancient times. Over the years several were invented, depending on the time, place and culture where it was performed, thus the following types of writing were generated: - Alphabetic writing - Linear A - Linear writing B - Would add - Hieratic writing - Hieroglyphic writing Apart from evolving and perfecting the writing, together they did the instruments used for their practice. At first it was written on rock, wood and clay. Then on scrolls and papyrus, until today it is done on paper and machines. Writing is defined as a detailed medium, which expresses a language through ideas. Although there is also talk of a written language, referring to it, as the way to tangibly shape the phonemes. Now, written communication in addition to having types has methods, such as that used by the blind, deaf and mute. They write through graphics, with symbols and characters, but, it differs from the traditional because what they capture is not the exact representation of their dialect. You can say that Braille manages its own language, an abstract language. What are the types of writing? It is a graphic writing used by the Egyptians and Babylonians. It is used only through drawing, typography is not established in its practice. Currently, it is still managed in countries such as Taiwan, China and Vietnam. It is what we commonly use, the purpose is to reproduce phonemes by joining a vowel and a consonant. This writing emerged thanks to Latin, Greek and Hebrew alphabets and alphabeticals. It is divided into two parts. In this type of writing which is from the Neolithic period, the pictographic was written in rocks. It can be said that individually write a short sentence, which was done by symbols or signs. The cuneiform writing was done on a plant, called a reed, or on clay. It was used during the Mesopotamian period and consisted of making representations in the form of triangles. This type generated other scriptures based on symbols. A graphic writing, which combines syllables to generate phonetic groups and is divided into the following: Also called; Eskimo writing. So far there is record that alone, former Canadian communities implemented it. It belongs to the Amerindian language, it was created by an American illiterate using fences and wood. It is about writing with small drawings, that is, each word has a drawing that represents it. It belongs to the Vai language of Liberia. Its creation lies during the 30s of the 19th century with approximately 200 symbols. Ki ka Ku syllabary Like the previous one, it belongs to Liberia, but from the Mend language. It was designed to perfect the vai and manage to translate the Quran. It is an ancient writing, of what today in Africa is known as the Bamun language. During its development, it had seven systems that modified, removed, created and added new characters, until it was an abandoned writing technique at the beginning of the 20th century. It is also an African syllabary alpha, created at the end of the 20th century and still in force. In fact, the schools of this continent include it within the educational pensum. It has vowels and consonants. One of its rules is that a vowel can write itself or form a syllable without using another character. Linear writing A It is a very old writing, which lasted only two centuries; from XV to XVII before Christ and arose in Crete during the Minoan civilization. Linear writing B It is a form of Greek writing based on linear A, which was performed on a wet clay tablet. Its typography is thin curves that were then left to dry under the sun. Logographic or ideographic writing It is the writing used by the Chinese. It manifests with the combination of symbols since, one can mean a phrase something by itself and by combining it gives a very different meaning. It was used to keep the accounting of merchandise sold and was written on clay tablets, which later became a cylinder with numerals. It was developed in parallel with the hieroglyphs. Its difference is that the hieratic writing was cursive with symbols joined by a ligature and the sentences were constructed by separating them in pairs. It should be noted that this type of writing was done on papyrus, and it was written mixedly. The writing was simplified hieroglyphic, on the other hand, it mixed the phonetic method with the ideographic one. Hieroglyphic writing is the best known ancient typography in our time. Its intention is to represent through symbols, words that could not be drawn and its evolution formed hieratic writing.	<urn:uuid:c5c17968-1c93-452e-be77-932ac4c3cfe7>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.extremescholars.com/what-are-the-types-of-writing-read-now/	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250599789.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120195035-20200120224035-00465.warc.gz	en	0.980891	991	3.453125	3	[ -0.30953317880630493, 0.2587139904499054, 0.023201147094368935, 0.037784259766340256, -0.553446352481842, 0.039112553000450134, 0.06182544305920601, 0.06947427242994308, 0.004386522341519594, 0.10129744559526443, 0.002858315361663699, -0.24762307107448578, 0.11215518414974213, -0.001480766...	4	Writing is a means of communication between humans, used since ancient times. Over the years several were invented, depending on the time, place and culture where it was performed, thus the following types of writing were generated: - Alphabetic writing - Linear A - Linear writing B - Would add - Hieratic writing - Hieroglyphic writing Apart from evolving and perfecting the writing, together they did the instruments used for their practice. At first it was written on rock, wood and clay. Then on scrolls and papyrus, until today it is done on paper and machines. Writing is defined as a detailed medium, which expresses a language through ideas. Although there is also talk of a written language, referring to it, as the way to tangibly shape the phonemes. Now, written communication in addition to having types has methods, such as that used by the blind, deaf and mute. They write through graphics, with symbols and characters, but, it differs from the traditional because what they capture is not the exact representation of their dialect. You can say that Braille manages its own language, an abstract language. What are the types of writing? It is a graphic writing used by the Egyptians and Babylonians. It is used only through drawing, typography is not established in its practice. Currently, it is still managed in countries such as Taiwan, China and Vietnam. It is what we commonly use, the purpose is to reproduce phonemes by joining a vowel and a consonant. This writing emerged thanks to Latin, Greek and Hebrew alphabets and alphabeticals. It is divided into two parts. In this type of writing which is from the Neolithic period, the pictographic was written in rocks. It can be said that individually write a short sentence, which was done by symbols or signs. The cuneiform writing was done on a plant, called a reed, or on clay. It was used during the Mesopotamian period and consisted of making representations in the form of triangles. This type generated other scriptures based on symbols. A graphic writing, which combines syllables to generate phonetic groups and is divided into the following: Also called; Eskimo writing. So far there is record that alone, former Canadian communities implemented it. It belongs to the Amerindian language, it was created by an American illiterate using fences and wood. It is about writing with small drawings, that is, each word has a drawing that represents it. It belongs to the Vai language of Liberia. Its creation lies during the 30s of the 19th century with approximately 200 symbols. Ki ka Ku syllabary Like the previous one, it belongs to Liberia, but from the Mend language. It was designed to perfect the vai and manage to translate the Quran. It is an ancient writing, of what today in Africa is known as the Bamun language. During its development, it had seven systems that modified, removed, created and added new characters, until it was an abandoned writing technique at the beginning of the 20th century. It is also an African syllabary alpha, created at the end of the 20th century and still in force. In fact, the schools of this continent include it within the educational pensum. It has vowels and consonants. One of its rules is that a vowel can write itself or form a syllable without using another character. Linear writing A It is a very old writing, which lasted only two centuries; from XV to XVII before Christ and arose in Crete during the Minoan civilization. Linear writing B It is a form of Greek writing based on linear A, which was performed on a wet clay tablet. Its typography is thin curves that were then left to dry under the sun. Logographic or ideographic writing It is the writing used by the Chinese. It manifests with the combination of symbols since, one can mean a phrase something by itself and by combining it gives a very different meaning. It was used to keep the accounting of merchandise sold and was written on clay tablets, which later became a cylinder with numerals. It was developed in parallel with the hieroglyphs. Its difference is that the hieratic writing was cursive with symbols joined by a ligature and the sentences were constructed by separating them in pairs. It should be noted that this type of writing was done on papyrus, and it was written mixedly. The writing was simplified hieroglyphic, on the other hand, it mixed the phonetic method with the ideographic one. Hieroglyphic writing is the best known ancient typography in our time. Its intention is to represent through symbols, words that could not be drawn and its evolution formed hieratic writing.	970	ENGLISH	1
The first part is an introduction that states the purpose of the document, which was to explain why the American people were declaring independence from the government of Great Britain. The second part is a theory of good government and individual rights generally accepted by Americans from the s until today. In this theory, all individuals are equal in their possession of certain immutable rights. These rights are not granted by the government. What were the consequences for the delegates who signed The Declaration of Independence? Best Answer In the World. Five signers were captured by the British as traitors and tortured before they died. Twelve had their homes ransacked and burned. Two lost their …sons in the Revolutionary War, another had two sons captured. Nine of the fifty-six fought and died from wounds or the hardships of the Revolutionary War. What kind of men were they? Twenty-four were lawyers and jurists. Eleven were merchants, nine were farmers and large plantation owners, men of means, well educated. But they signed the Declaration of Independence knowing full well that the penalty would be death if they were captured. Carter Braxton of Virginia, a wealthy planter and trader, saw his ships swept from the seas by the British navy. He sold his home and his properties to pay his debts, and died in rags. Thomas McKean was so hounded by the British that he was forced to move his family almost constantly. He served in Congress without pay, and his family was kept in hiding. His possessions were taken from him and poverty was his reward. At the battle of Yorktown, Thomas Nelson, Jr. The owner quietly urged General George Washington to open fire. The home was destroyed, and Nelson died bankrupt. Francis Lewis had his home and properties destroyed. The enemy jailed his wife, and she died within a few months. Their 13 children fled for their lives. His fields and gristmill were laid to waste. For more than a year he lived in forests and caves, returning home to find his wife dead and his children vanished. A few weeks later he died from exhaustion and a broken heart. Lewis Morris and Philip Livingston suffered similar fates. Such are the stories and sacrifices of the American Revolution. These were not wild-eyed, rabble-rousing ruffians.Besides George Washington, the most militarily effective American officer in the early compaigns if and was General Benedict Arnold The Battle of Saratoga was a key turning poing of the War for Independence because. In A. D. people of the world witnessed a momentous agitation-the Revolt of the American Colonies against England. The Americans rose in revolt against their British Colonialists; against their oppressive system of government and exploitation. D. people of the world witnessed a momentous agitation-the Revolt of the American Colonies against England. The Americans rose in revolt against their British Colonialists; against their oppressive system of government and exploitation. The effects of the Declaration of Independence can still be clearly observed in the world today. Many other countries followed the American's lead and became independent. The French Revolution was partially caused by American ideals. Jonathan Boucher's conception of liberty in his A View of the Causes and Consequences of the American Revolution from is comparable to the definition of liberty put forth by: Massachusetts' first governor, John Winthrop. What were the causes and consequences of the American declaration of independence in ? The cause of the Declaration of Independence was the laws and taxesthat Britain forced on the colonies.	<urn:uuid:0e8cab0b-ad16-43c7-9f25-a33098ab47cc>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://tekunywogojesagud.barnweddingvt.com/what-were-the-causes-and-consequences-of-the-american-declaration-of-independence-in-1776-9371gl.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250590107.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117180950-20200117204950-00504.warc.gz	en	0.990428	721	3.84375	4	[ -0.33579951524734497, 0.25928443670272827, 0.2203500121831894, -0.48992276191711426, -0.18528026342391968, 0.09999048709869385, 0.3942300081253052, 0.2048701047897339, -0.03936336934566498, 0.002202339004725218, 0.03957626223564148, 0.19425824284553528, -0.052854396402835846, 0.18896916508...	1	The first part is an introduction that states the purpose of the document, which was to explain why the American people were declaring independence from the government of Great Britain. The second part is a theory of good government and individual rights generally accepted by Americans from the s until today. In this theory, all individuals are equal in their possession of certain immutable rights. These rights are not granted by the government. What were the consequences for the delegates who signed The Declaration of Independence? Best Answer In the World. Five signers were captured by the British as traitors and tortured before they died. Twelve had their homes ransacked and burned. Two lost their …sons in the Revolutionary War, another had two sons captured. Nine of the fifty-six fought and died from wounds or the hardships of the Revolutionary War. What kind of men were they? Twenty-four were lawyers and jurists. Eleven were merchants, nine were farmers and large plantation owners, men of means, well educated. But they signed the Declaration of Independence knowing full well that the penalty would be death if they were captured. Carter Braxton of Virginia, a wealthy planter and trader, saw his ships swept from the seas by the British navy. He sold his home and his properties to pay his debts, and died in rags. Thomas McKean was so hounded by the British that he was forced to move his family almost constantly. He served in Congress without pay, and his family was kept in hiding. His possessions were taken from him and poverty was his reward. At the battle of Yorktown, Thomas Nelson, Jr. The owner quietly urged General George Washington to open fire. The home was destroyed, and Nelson died bankrupt. Francis Lewis had his home and properties destroyed. The enemy jailed his wife, and she died within a few months. Their 13 children fled for their lives. His fields and gristmill were laid to waste. For more than a year he lived in forests and caves, returning home to find his wife dead and his children vanished. A few weeks later he died from exhaustion and a broken heart. Lewis Morris and Philip Livingston suffered similar fates. Such are the stories and sacrifices of the American Revolution. These were not wild-eyed, rabble-rousing ruffians.Besides George Washington, the most militarily effective American officer in the early compaigns if and was General Benedict Arnold The Battle of Saratoga was a key turning poing of the War for Independence because. In A. D. people of the world witnessed a momentous agitation-the Revolt of the American Colonies against England. The Americans rose in revolt against their British Colonialists; against their oppressive system of government and exploitation. D. people of the world witnessed a momentous agitation-the Revolt of the American Colonies against England. The Americans rose in revolt against their British Colonialists; against their oppressive system of government and exploitation. The effects of the Declaration of Independence can still be clearly observed in the world today. Many other countries followed the American's lead and became independent. The French Revolution was partially caused by American ideals. Jonathan Boucher's conception of liberty in his A View of the Causes and Consequences of the American Revolution from is comparable to the definition of liberty put forth by: Massachusetts' first governor, John Winthrop. What were the causes and consequences of the American declaration of independence in ? The cause of the Declaration of Independence was the laws and taxesthat Britain forced on the colonies.	704	ENGLISH	1
As an example, write 3 sentences on the board about yourself Make two of them true and one false I speak 5 languages I never learned how to ride a bike I have eaten snails I have been to New York two times I don’t like to eat seafood I have never drunk alcohol Ask the students to guess which one is false. Now the students each write 3 sentences about themselves (two true; one false) and they read them to the other students. Everyone tries to guess which one is false and to see how well they know their classmates. You can also have students come up to the board and write their sentences. This way, you can correct their grammar and spelling at the same time. Or you can collect their papers and correct them at home and go over the mistakes in the next class. You can also change the game so that everyone must ask questions to determine which one is false, but the person must answer the questions as if all of them are true.	<urn:uuid:e6198524-02b5-4dae-bb23-d3c788f9042f>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.eslwatch.info/en/articles/teacher-parent-resource/131-esl-lessons/9316-two-truths-and-one-lie-how-well-do-you-know-your-classmates.html	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251689924.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126135207-20200126165207-00340.warc.gz	en	0.981483	208	3.625	4	[ -0.1935436874628067, -0.005067264195531607, -0.009088209830224514, -0.23243969678878784, -0.3870832622051239, -0.2639220356941223, 0.6320773959159851, 0.1226319670677185, -0.023866549134254456, -0.2789490818977356, 0.005664709024131298, -0.33595168590545654, -0.17238758504390717, -0.063513...	2	As an example, write 3 sentences on the board about yourself Make two of them true and one false I speak 5 languages I never learned how to ride a bike I have eaten snails I have been to New York two times I don’t like to eat seafood I have never drunk alcohol Ask the students to guess which one is false. Now the students each write 3 sentences about themselves (two true; one false) and they read them to the other students. Everyone tries to guess which one is false and to see how well they know their classmates. You can also have students come up to the board and write their sentences. This way, you can correct their grammar and spelling at the same time. Or you can collect their papers and correct them at home and go over the mistakes in the next class. You can also change the game so that everyone must ask questions to determine which one is false, but the person must answer the questions as if all of them are true.	206	ENGLISH	1
“The family had closed ranks. At last we were a tribe united against all else.” Bessie Wallis’s account of her younger years in West Melton had a very particular focus on the function of the family within the community. As the only female child born in a destitute household, she has many experiences within the home, playing an important role as a domestic helper especially as she was not working like her older brother Danny who was a pony lad for the coal mine. In the article Breadwinners and Dependants: Working-Class Young People in England, 1918-1955 Selina Todd discusses the importance of young family member’s wages to the family economy and states that “Juveniles themselves recognized that their entry to employment was necessitated by family need” Bessie’s anecdotes about her siblings reinforce this idea of providing for the family at a young age. Bessie makes multiple points to include the dynamic of her parents from the view of her childhood self, such as the contrast in tasks and attitudes in each parent. While “raising the children was the task of the mother”, Bessie remarks that she and her siblings “would go long periods without seeing” her father. However, despite revealing this, she admits that her “tiny mother would put her 3 size foot down firmly and then Dad would be around the house for a bit.” Additionally, she mentions how when her father got home and fell asleep intoxicated “Mother would sneak out of bed, upend his trousers and help herself to exactly half his money.” Which she kept at Bessie’s grandparents’ house. Her mother’s nature of being a good manager of money, even if it means lying to her husband, is repeated in this memoir. I find this interesting as it provides insight into the economic role of the mother in the household. Another point regarding home and family is the pressure of the patriarch in these communities. Bessie recounts a miner “having dust on his lungs and he had not been able to work for months.” His family were suffering as a result and this led him to poaching rabbits off the land of the local Justice of Peace. This act to save his family from starvation led him to being punished in the court and ultimately dying through being sentenced to six month’s hard labour. His wife and children were moved to a workhouse. In order to provide for their family, the miners had to endure such dangerous conditions that Bessie states that they “never knew whether our men would come home at the end of their working day.” This sort of sacrifice and toil, I imagine, would bring a family closer as they would never know when tragedy would strike. My final observation of Bessie’s memoir on the topic of family and home is Bessie being forced to live with her affluent Auntie in the south as an unpaid skivvy, which was a domestic servant. She had contemplated the likelihood of this happening as, according to her, finishing school “usually meant leaving home to live in either Bradford or Leeds as a skivvy.” This was normal for a girl, and yet her brothers could find work in the village mines and not have to leave home, instead continuing to support it since “the boys wages were a godsend to the families.” Bessie even states that she “knew her mother wanted her out” and that “Mother preferred her sons.” Asserting that there was a great deal of favouritism amongst the children regarding gender. I found this section interesting because Bessie moves from her family and home in West Melton to live with different family for two years, in a place which is essentially her new home. This demonstrates that, although the author comes from an impoverished northern area, the lifestyle of her distant family is extremely varied and the entire family lineage is not fixated in one area or economic status. Because she is essentially ripped from her immediate family and home, she realised when she finally managed to return that what was once normal to her “appalled her” for example, “how the mines dirtied everything” and although the accent was homely it was “so thick after the ‘genteel’ accents.” That she had listened to for two years. This experience shows how easy it is to become estranged from your hometown and immediate family at a young age and how important it is to fight to return before you lose that sense of identity you once had, like Bessie Wallis in this case that of the rural Yorkshire village she grew up in. Todd, S. 2007. Breadwinners and Dependants: Working-Class Young People in England, 19181955. International Review of Social History, 52(1), 57-87. Burnett, J. 1982. Destiny Obscure : Autobiographies of Childhood, Education and Family from the 1820s to the 1920s.	<urn:uuid:7e768a4f-2bb3-4f95-967e-e4c4fc0d06cc>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	http://www.writinglives.org/home-and-family/bessie-wallis-b-1904-home-and-family	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250609478.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20200123071220-20200123100220-00298.warc.gz	en	0.984497	1,051	3.5	4	[ -0.010306105017662048, 0.14408789575099945, 0.2141498476266861, -0.2685507535934448, 0.11353166401386261, 0.016439763829112053, 0.026333773508667946, -0.08179042488336563, -0.4620593190193176, -0.23280596733093262, 0.17630496621131897, -0.042438119649887085, 0.2927251160144806, 0.083387255...	10	“The family had closed ranks. At last we were a tribe united against all else.” Bessie Wallis’s account of her younger years in West Melton had a very particular focus on the function of the family within the community. As the only female child born in a destitute household, she has many experiences within the home, playing an important role as a domestic helper especially as she was not working like her older brother Danny who was a pony lad for the coal mine. In the article Breadwinners and Dependants: Working-Class Young People in England, 1918-1955 Selina Todd discusses the importance of young family member’s wages to the family economy and states that “Juveniles themselves recognized that their entry to employment was necessitated by family need” Bessie’s anecdotes about her siblings reinforce this idea of providing for the family at a young age. Bessie makes multiple points to include the dynamic of her parents from the view of her childhood self, such as the contrast in tasks and attitudes in each parent. While “raising the children was the task of the mother”, Bessie remarks that she and her siblings “would go long periods without seeing” her father. However, despite revealing this, she admits that her “tiny mother would put her 3 size foot down firmly and then Dad would be around the house for a bit.” Additionally, she mentions how when her father got home and fell asleep intoxicated “Mother would sneak out of bed, upend his trousers and help herself to exactly half his money.” Which she kept at Bessie’s grandparents’ house. Her mother’s nature of being a good manager of money, even if it means lying to her husband, is repeated in this memoir. I find this interesting as it provides insight into the economic role of the mother in the household. Another point regarding home and family is the pressure of the patriarch in these communities. Bessie recounts a miner “having dust on his lungs and he had not been able to work for months.” His family were suffering as a result and this led him to poaching rabbits off the land of the local Justice of Peace. This act to save his family from starvation led him to being punished in the court and ultimately dying through being sentenced to six month’s hard labour. His wife and children were moved to a workhouse. In order to provide for their family, the miners had to endure such dangerous conditions that Bessie states that they “never knew whether our men would come home at the end of their working day.” This sort of sacrifice and toil, I imagine, would bring a family closer as they would never know when tragedy would strike. My final observation of Bessie’s memoir on the topic of family and home is Bessie being forced to live with her affluent Auntie in the south as an unpaid skivvy, which was a domestic servant. She had contemplated the likelihood of this happening as, according to her, finishing school “usually meant leaving home to live in either Bradford or Leeds as a skivvy.” This was normal for a girl, and yet her brothers could find work in the village mines and not have to leave home, instead continuing to support it since “the boys wages were a godsend to the families.” Bessie even states that she “knew her mother wanted her out” and that “Mother preferred her sons.” Asserting that there was a great deal of favouritism amongst the children regarding gender. I found this section interesting because Bessie moves from her family and home in West Melton to live with different family for two years, in a place which is essentially her new home. This demonstrates that, although the author comes from an impoverished northern area, the lifestyle of her distant family is extremely varied and the entire family lineage is not fixated in one area or economic status. Because she is essentially ripped from her immediate family and home, she realised when she finally managed to return that what was once normal to her “appalled her” for example, “how the mines dirtied everything” and although the accent was homely it was “so thick after the ‘genteel’ accents.” That she had listened to for two years. This experience shows how easy it is to become estranged from your hometown and immediate family at a young age and how important it is to fight to return before you lose that sense of identity you once had, like Bessie Wallis in this case that of the rural Yorkshire village she grew up in. Todd, S. 2007. Breadwinners and Dependants: Working-Class Young People in England, 19181955. International Review of Social History, 52(1), 57-87. Burnett, J. 1982. Destiny Obscure : Autobiographies of Childhood, Education and Family from the 1820s to the 1920s.	1,014	ENGLISH	1
Biography Ralph Waldo Emerson - Time Period1803 - 1882 - CountryUnited States Emerson's father was a Unitarian minister who died leaving his son to be brought up by his mother and aunt. Educated at Harvard, Emerson began writing journals filled with observations and ideas which would form the basis of his later essays and poems. After a period of teaching, Emerson returned to Harvard to join the Divinity School where he was less than a perfect student owing to his poor health and a lack of conviction in religious dogma. He was ordained and was both effective and popular as a preacher, but felt compelled to resign because he did not feel he could conscientiously serve communion. In 1832 Emerson visited Europe, where he met Wordsworth, Coleridge and Carlyle through whom he became interested in transcendental thought. His meeting with Coleridge was to prove particularly influential as Emerson developed his themes of two levels of reality, the physical and the supernatural or Oversoul as he later called it. On his return to Boston Emerson concentrated on lecturing rather than preaching, and lectures such as The Philosophy of History would form the foundation of future writings. He settled in Concord in 1835 where he became friends with other figures in the transcendental movement such as Thoreau and Hawthorne and began writing for and editing The Dial. After his second Essays, Emerson's writing began to show less confidence in the individual. He returned to Europe in 1847 and renewed his friendship with Carlyle, with whom he had kept in touch by letter, and met other European thinkers and writers. During his last years he became increasingly involved in the anti-slavery campaign, but fell a victim to dementia, writing Terminus in the realisation that his intellect was failing.	<urn:uuid:e0c53384-fc97-41d9-abc9-1362615a2190>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://poetandpoem.com/Ralph-Waldo-Emerson	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594705.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119180644-20200119204644-00473.warc.gz	en	0.989568	361	3.40625	3	[ -0.05342019349336624, 0.045563530176877975, 0.09234675765037537, -0.5166796445846558, -0.36087098717689514, 0.15729041397571564, 0.11536570638418198, -0.08845517784357071, -0.09088427573442459, 0.02785244584083557, 0.36420726776123047, -0.28324592113494873, 0.40722817182540894, 0.216388314...	4	Biography Ralph Waldo Emerson - Time Period1803 - 1882 - CountryUnited States Emerson's father was a Unitarian minister who died leaving his son to be brought up by his mother and aunt. Educated at Harvard, Emerson began writing journals filled with observations and ideas which would form the basis of his later essays and poems. After a period of teaching, Emerson returned to Harvard to join the Divinity School where he was less than a perfect student owing to his poor health and a lack of conviction in religious dogma. He was ordained and was both effective and popular as a preacher, but felt compelled to resign because he did not feel he could conscientiously serve communion. In 1832 Emerson visited Europe, where he met Wordsworth, Coleridge and Carlyle through whom he became interested in transcendental thought. His meeting with Coleridge was to prove particularly influential as Emerson developed his themes of two levels of reality, the physical and the supernatural or Oversoul as he later called it. On his return to Boston Emerson concentrated on lecturing rather than preaching, and lectures such as The Philosophy of History would form the foundation of future writings. He settled in Concord in 1835 where he became friends with other figures in the transcendental movement such as Thoreau and Hawthorne and began writing for and editing The Dial. After his second Essays, Emerson's writing began to show less confidence in the individual. He returned to Europe in 1847 and renewed his friendship with Carlyle, with whom he had kept in touch by letter, and met other European thinkers and writers. During his last years he became increasingly involved in the anti-slavery campaign, but fell a victim to dementia, writing Terminus in the realisation that his intellect was failing.	370	ENGLISH	1
Essay PreviewMore ↓ Women had it difficult in the mid-1800s to early 1900s. There was a difference in the treatment of men and women then. Married women had few rights in the eyes of the law. Women were not even allowed to vote until August 1920. They were not allowed to enter professions such as medicine or law. There were no chances of women getting an education then because no college or university would accept a female with only a few exceptions. Women were not allowed to participate in the affairs of the church. They thought they were totally dependent on men. Then the first Women's Rights Convention was held on July nineteenth and twentieth in 1848. The convention was assembled as planned, and over the two days of discussion, the Declaration of Sentiments and twelve resolutions received agreement and endorsement, one by one, with a few amendments. The only resolution that did not pass unanimously was the call for women's authorization. The thought that women should be allowed to vote in elections was impossible to some. At the convention, debate over the woman's vote was the main concern. Women's Rights Conventions were held on a regular basis from 1850 until the start of the Civil War. Some drew such large crowds that people had to be turned away for lack of meeting space. The women's rights movement of the late nineteenth century went on to address the wide range of issues spelled out at the Seneca Falls Convention. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and women like Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone, and Sojourner Truth, who were pioneer theorists, traveled the country lecturing and organizing for the next forty years. Winning the right to vote was the key issue, since the vote would provide the means to accomplish the other amendments. The campaign for woman's right to vote ran across so much continuous opposition that it took 72 years for the women and their male supporters to win. They finally received the right to vote in 1920. There were some very important women involved in the Women's Right Movement. Esther Morris, who was the first woman to hold a judicial position and who led the first successful state campaign for woman's right to vote in 1869. Abigail Scott Duniway was the leader of the successful fight in the early 1900s. How to Cite this Page "Women's Rights." 123HelpMe.com. 20 Jan 2020 Need Writing Help? Get feedback on grammar, clarity, concision and logic instantly.Check your paper » - “Honey, you’re not a person, now get back in the kitchen and make me a sandwich!” If a husband were to say these words to his wife today, he would likely receive a well-deserved smack to the face. It is not until recently that Canadian women have received their status as people and obtained equal rights as men. Women were excluded from an academic education and received a lesser pay than their male counter parts. With the many hardships women had to face, women were considered the “slave of slaves” (Women’s Rights).... [tags: Women's Rights ] 1110 words (3.2 pages) - Bangladesh is a country that puts on a facade of gender equality. While the constitution and several laws make provisions for the equal treatment and protection of females, few of these laws or constitutional rights are ever enforced. The primary factor behind this is that few people view women in any capacity other than that of mothers or potential mothers, and, under the further influence of out-dated “religious” beliefs, may even treat females in a family as possessions. Additionally, the ignorance that many women possess regarding their rights, or a fear of repercussion from a male dominated and highly chauvinistic society, keep them from speaking out for themselves, especially in matter... [tags: Women's Rights ] 1173 words (3.4 pages) - The Iranian Islamic Revolution of 1979 created a lasting affect on the societal role of women through modern day Iran. Women in Iran before the revolution were not entirely treated equal to men, but despite some cultural perceptions of women being inferior to men, they had made progress to become socially equal under the Shah. Several misconceptions and theories have been published and studied to show the inequality of women versus men because of Islam. However, contrasting theories have also been made to show that inequality has little to do with the religion, but instead with the forceful nature upon which it was implemented in the revolution.... [tags: Women's Rights] 1331 words (3.8 pages) - Four Women in History Many women have contributed to supporting women 's rights, leaving their mark on history. Four women will be discussed, describing their work and events that incorporate the campaign that each woman supported or lead. Jeannette Rankin (active 1910-1968) Born June 11, 1880, Jeannette Rankin was the first woman elected into U.S. Congress at the age of 36. After attending college, she tried several jobs, following her mother’s lead as a teacher, then a seamstress, and finally a social worker.... [tags: Women's suffrage, Women's rights, Suffragette] 1358 words (3.9 pages) - The rights of women have expanded tremendously in the United States over the years. Women 's rights are a lot more flexible. They are allowed to be independent. While these new milestones are a big step forward for woman 's rights in the United States there are still things that need to be corrected. While in other countries women 's rights have not changed at all. There are women in some countries who are denied the right to go to school. They are also not considered equal to men. I will be comparing women 's rights within marriage as well as the justice system in the United States to those of women in other countries in the justice system as well as being married in the Middle East.... [tags: Woman, Marriage, Sharia, Women's rights] 2263 words (6.5 pages) - In 1945 women had a minimal standpoint in government, hardly an opinion at all. It was a mans world and thats how it was intended to stay. Thankfully, there were women who wanted equal rights and believed no matter what gender a person was they still had the same rights as a man. There were, and still are, many amazing women in history who have made dramatic changes to womens rights. Without people like Benazir Bhutto, who ended militant dictatorship in Pakistan and gave women rights, and Malala Yousafzai, who was responsible for creating equal rights for education for women, all while defying the Taliban’s wishes and whom is now a global advocate for women’s rights.... [tags: Women's suffrage, Women's rights, Woman] 1279 words (3.7 pages) - “Women’s rights in Islam” is great controversial topic going on nowadays. The world is colored with different cultures and religions. Most people come up with different thoughts for other religion’s people by just having one look on them. Veil is obsession for some people, whereas, being bald is freedom in some people’s point of view. There are lots of misconceptions about women’s rights in Islam among non muslims. If women are covering their body or if they like to stay at home, people think that they don’t have any freedom in this religion and women are obsessed.... [tags: Muslim Women's Rights] 1221 words (3.5 pages) - Another traditional belief that Africa holds onto, despite its taxing nature on the equality of women, is regarding marriage. The belief is that when women are married, they essentially become possessions of their male partners. Traditionally, a girl’s family will give her away to a prospective husband of their choosing in exchange for payment. In addition to this, some villages like that of the Igbo people have a tradition where when a husband dies, the wife is turned over to his brother. In The Joys of Motherhood, Nnaife’s brother dies and he inherits his wife.... [tags: Feminism, Gender, Africa, Women's rights] 1231 words (3.5 pages) - Imagine you are walking down the street, minding your own business and a stranger approaches you, they stop you, talk to you and may even begin to touch you. What would you do. If you were a man you might respond in an act of violence, if you were a child you may be able to scream and run away but for most women this is something we must fear and sometimes endure every single day. Now imagine what you might be feeling, maybe you are scared, vulnerable or helpless, some may find this hard to imagine but because of the lack of support of women’s right those are feelings that women feel all the time.... [tags: Human rights, Law, United Nations, Women's rights] 997 words (2.8 pages) - Women had it difficult in the mid-1800s to early 1900s. There was a difference in the treatment of men and women then. Married women had few rights in the eyes of the law. Women were not even allowed to vote until August 1920. They were not allowed to enter professions such as medicine or law. There were no chances of women getting an education then because no college or university would accept a female with only a few exceptions. Women were not allowed to participate in the affairs of the church.... [tags: Women's Rights Movement] 467 words (1.3 pages)	<urn:uuid:efc7de7f-ba50-41b5-80a9-d5156dfa89d3>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=97204	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250598726.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20200120110422-20200120134422-00184.warc.gz	en	0.982094	1,975	3.8125	4	[ -0.5032925605773926, -0.11484391987323761, -0.1102033331990242, 0.1785273402929306, -0.5135023593902588, 0.550584614276886, -0.198228120803833, 0.4336417019367218, -0.1683540940284729, -0.16236142814159393, -0.12908977270126343, 0.4303608238697052, 0.07653631269931793, -0.08860109746456146...	1	Essay PreviewMore ↓ Women had it difficult in the mid-1800s to early 1900s. There was a difference in the treatment of men and women then. Married women had few rights in the eyes of the law. Women were not even allowed to vote until August 1920. They were not allowed to enter professions such as medicine or law. There were no chances of women getting an education then because no college or university would accept a female with only a few exceptions. Women were not allowed to participate in the affairs of the church. They thought they were totally dependent on men. Then the first Women's Rights Convention was held on July nineteenth and twentieth in 1848. The convention was assembled as planned, and over the two days of discussion, the Declaration of Sentiments and twelve resolutions received agreement and endorsement, one by one, with a few amendments. The only resolution that did not pass unanimously was the call for women's authorization. The thought that women should be allowed to vote in elections was impossible to some. At the convention, debate over the woman's vote was the main concern. Women's Rights Conventions were held on a regular basis from 1850 until the start of the Civil War. Some drew such large crowds that people had to be turned away for lack of meeting space. The women's rights movement of the late nineteenth century went on to address the wide range of issues spelled out at the Seneca Falls Convention. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and women like Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone, and Sojourner Truth, who were pioneer theorists, traveled the country lecturing and organizing for the next forty years. Winning the right to vote was the key issue, since the vote would provide the means to accomplish the other amendments. The campaign for woman's right to vote ran across so much continuous opposition that it took 72 years for the women and their male supporters to win. They finally received the right to vote in 1920. There were some very important women involved in the Women's Right Movement. Esther Morris, who was the first woman to hold a judicial position and who led the first successful state campaign for woman's right to vote in 1869. Abigail Scott Duniway was the leader of the successful fight in the early 1900s. How to Cite this Page "Women's Rights." 123HelpMe.com. 20 Jan 2020 Need Writing Help? Get feedback on grammar, clarity, concision and logic instantly.Check your paper » - “Honey, you’re not a person, now get back in the kitchen and make me a sandwich!” If a husband were to say these words to his wife today, he would likely receive a well-deserved smack to the face. It is not until recently that Canadian women have received their status as people and obtained equal rights as men. Women were excluded from an academic education and received a lesser pay than their male counter parts. With the many hardships women had to face, women were considered the “slave of slaves” (Women’s Rights).... [tags: Women's Rights ] 1110 words (3.2 pages) - Bangladesh is a country that puts on a facade of gender equality. While the constitution and several laws make provisions for the equal treatment and protection of females, few of these laws or constitutional rights are ever enforced. The primary factor behind this is that few people view women in any capacity other than that of mothers or potential mothers, and, under the further influence of out-dated “religious” beliefs, may even treat females in a family as possessions. Additionally, the ignorance that many women possess regarding their rights, or a fear of repercussion from a male dominated and highly chauvinistic society, keep them from speaking out for themselves, especially in matter... [tags: Women's Rights ] 1173 words (3.4 pages) - The Iranian Islamic Revolution of 1979 created a lasting affect on the societal role of women through modern day Iran. Women in Iran before the revolution were not entirely treated equal to men, but despite some cultural perceptions of women being inferior to men, they had made progress to become socially equal under the Shah. Several misconceptions and theories have been published and studied to show the inequality of women versus men because of Islam. However, contrasting theories have also been made to show that inequality has little to do with the religion, but instead with the forceful nature upon which it was implemented in the revolution.... [tags: Women's Rights] 1331 words (3.8 pages) - Four Women in History Many women have contributed to supporting women 's rights, leaving their mark on history. Four women will be discussed, describing their work and events that incorporate the campaign that each woman supported or lead. Jeannette Rankin (active 1910-1968) Born June 11, 1880, Jeannette Rankin was the first woman elected into U.S. Congress at the age of 36. After attending college, she tried several jobs, following her mother’s lead as a teacher, then a seamstress, and finally a social worker.... [tags: Women's suffrage, Women's rights, Suffragette] 1358 words (3.9 pages) - The rights of women have expanded tremendously in the United States over the years. Women 's rights are a lot more flexible. They are allowed to be independent. While these new milestones are a big step forward for woman 's rights in the United States there are still things that need to be corrected. While in other countries women 's rights have not changed at all. There are women in some countries who are denied the right to go to school. They are also not considered equal to men. I will be comparing women 's rights within marriage as well as the justice system in the United States to those of women in other countries in the justice system as well as being married in the Middle East.... [tags: Woman, Marriage, Sharia, Women's rights] 2263 words (6.5 pages) - In 1945 women had a minimal standpoint in government, hardly an opinion at all. It was a mans world and thats how it was intended to stay. Thankfully, there were women who wanted equal rights and believed no matter what gender a person was they still had the same rights as a man. There were, and still are, many amazing women in history who have made dramatic changes to womens rights. Without people like Benazir Bhutto, who ended militant dictatorship in Pakistan and gave women rights, and Malala Yousafzai, who was responsible for creating equal rights for education for women, all while defying the Taliban’s wishes and whom is now a global advocate for women’s rights.... [tags: Women's suffrage, Women's rights, Woman] 1279 words (3.7 pages) - “Women’s rights in Islam” is great controversial topic going on nowadays. The world is colored with different cultures and religions. Most people come up with different thoughts for other religion’s people by just having one look on them. Veil is obsession for some people, whereas, being bald is freedom in some people’s point of view. There are lots of misconceptions about women’s rights in Islam among non muslims. If women are covering their body or if they like to stay at home, people think that they don’t have any freedom in this religion and women are obsessed.... [tags: Muslim Women's Rights] 1221 words (3.5 pages) - Another traditional belief that Africa holds onto, despite its taxing nature on the equality of women, is regarding marriage. The belief is that when women are married, they essentially become possessions of their male partners. Traditionally, a girl’s family will give her away to a prospective husband of their choosing in exchange for payment. In addition to this, some villages like that of the Igbo people have a tradition where when a husband dies, the wife is turned over to his brother. In The Joys of Motherhood, Nnaife’s brother dies and he inherits his wife.... [tags: Feminism, Gender, Africa, Women's rights] 1231 words (3.5 pages) - Imagine you are walking down the street, minding your own business and a stranger approaches you, they stop you, talk to you and may even begin to touch you. What would you do. If you were a man you might respond in an act of violence, if you were a child you may be able to scream and run away but for most women this is something we must fear and sometimes endure every single day. Now imagine what you might be feeling, maybe you are scared, vulnerable or helpless, some may find this hard to imagine but because of the lack of support of women’s right those are feelings that women feel all the time.... [tags: Human rights, Law, United Nations, Women's rights] 997 words (2.8 pages) - Women had it difficult in the mid-1800s to early 1900s. There was a difference in the treatment of men and women then. Married women had few rights in the eyes of the law. Women were not even allowed to vote until August 1920. They were not allowed to enter professions such as medicine or law. There were no chances of women getting an education then because no college or university would accept a female with only a few exceptions. Women were not allowed to participate in the affairs of the church.... [tags: Women's Rights Movement] 467 words (1.3 pages)	2,004	ENGLISH	1
Located on land once owned by the parents of James K. Polk, this North Carolina state historic site commemorates the 11th President and the significant events that occurred while he was in office. The visitors center offers films and galleries about the history of the Mexican-American War, the boundary dispute with England, and the annexation of California. The grounds include nature trails and a replica of the log house owned by the Polk family. Born November 2, 1795 on a 150-acre farm worked by his parents, Jane and Samuel, James Knox Polk spent most of his childhood among the gently rolling hills of Mecklenburg County. A memorial to our nation's 11th president is located on part of these lands. The early 1800s-vintage log buildings and their furnishings are not original to the Polk homestead but are very similar to the structures the president's family lived in when he was a boy. The oldest of ten, Polk was raised on tales of the American Revolution by his father, a prosperous farmer. A pious Presbyterian, Polk's mother was said to be descended from the fiery Scottish religious reformer John Knox. Both parents instilled in their son a fierce patriotism, a keen interest in politics, and a deep religious faith. When James was 11, the family sold the homestead (by then it encompassed over 450 acres) and moved west to join his grandfather in Tennessee. The future president attended academies there, then returned to North Carolina, becoming an honor student at the University of North Carolina. After graduating in 1818, he went back to Tennessee, studied law, and established a practice	<urn:uuid:20d7a3f9-e528-4aaa-9a26-713f8dea543e>	CC-MAIN-2020-05	https://www.theclio.com/entry/15507	s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251778272.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128122813-20200128152813-00520.warc.gz	en	0.980779	328	3.515625	4	[ -0.13792377710342407, 0.7882142066955566, 0.7442269921302795, -0.15774306654930115, -0.22212393581867218, -0.059108275920152664, -0.04444824159145355, -0.022273000329732895, -0.17621946334838867, 0.16066592931747437, 0.15887929499149323, 0.17534883320331573, 0.26037129759788513, 0.43916368...	2	Located on land once owned by the parents of James K. Polk, this North Carolina state historic site commemorates the 11th President and the significant events that occurred while he was in office. The visitors center offers films and galleries about the history of the Mexican-American War, the boundary dispute with England, and the annexation of California. The grounds include nature trails and a replica of the log house owned by the Polk family. Born November 2, 1795 on a 150-acre farm worked by his parents, Jane and Samuel, James Knox Polk spent most of his childhood among the gently rolling hills of Mecklenburg County. A memorial to our nation's 11th president is located on part of these lands. The early 1800s-vintage log buildings and their furnishings are not original to the Polk homestead but are very similar to the structures the president's family lived in when he was a boy. The oldest of ten, Polk was raised on tales of the American Revolution by his father, a prosperous farmer. A pious Presbyterian, Polk's mother was said to be descended from the fiery Scottish religious reformer John Knox. Both parents instilled in their son a fierce patriotism, a keen interest in politics, and a deep religious faith. When James was 11, the family sold the homestead (by then it encompassed over 450 acres) and moved west to join his grandfather in Tennessee. The future president attended academies there, then returned to North Carolina, becoming an honor student at the University of North Carolina. After graduating in 1818, he went back to Tennessee, studied law, and established a practice	352	ENGLISH	1

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