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74239851	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu%20subduction%20zone	Vanuatu subduction zone	The Vanuatu subduction zone (previously called New Hebrides subduction zone) is currently one of the most active subduction zones on Earth, producing great earthquakes (magnitude 8.0 or greater), with potential for tsunami hazard to all coastlines of the Pacific Ocean. There are active volcanoes associated with arc volcanism. Geography The zone includes most of the islands of Vanuatu, the Santa Cruz islands of the southern Solomon Islands, and the Loyalty Islands. A number of ocean floor features are related to the zone, in particular the New Hebrides Trench (South New Hebridies Trench) and the North New Hebrides Trench (Torres Trench) which is separated from the southern trench by the d'Entrecasteaux Ridge and the island of Espiritu Santo. The d'Entrecasteaux Ridge is at this point of intersection two parallel, east–west trending ridges that are above the surrounding abyssal plain. Geology Shore based observations had characterised the islands of the volcanic arc as having typical lavas and being of early Miocene or younger in age. More recently marine surveys have supplemented this limited sampling. Reef terraces mantle on Espiritu Santo and Malekula show rapid late Quaternary terrace uplift of between . It is known that the Torres Islands to the north west have had less uplift recently. Off shore in the north it is known that the subducting plate has up to of sediments. The basalts of the d'Entrecasteaux Ridge, that are being subducted, are known to be between 56 and 21 million years old. This material is lighter than the other subducted zone material except for West Torres Plateau material and this property is believed to be a factor in distortions of the island arc chain at these subduction points. The rest of the oceanic basalt crust of the Australian plate that is being subducted otherwise is Eocene in age. Beyond the Vanuata arc itself the bedrock of the North Fiji Basin is related to arc spreading centres, and some of the oceanic basalt is of recent origin.	2.625
74239851	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu%20subduction%20zone	Vanuatu subduction zone	Tsunami hazard The tsunami resulting from the 2013 Solomon Islands earthquake was high at the town of Lata on Nendö in the Santa Cruz Islands and resulted in ten deaths. It was modelled as a megathrust event having produced over of seafloor displacement but its position allowed attenuation by the Gilbert Islands of the wave that reached Hawaii. However modelling of the smaller tsunami that resulted from the 2021 Loyalty Islands earthquake showed that other sea floor features could channel the tsunami from a larger earthquake at the same location north south, resulting in potential waves high at Norfolk Island and high on the West Coast of New Zealand. Volcanism There is current active arc volcanism. For example Mount Yasur a stratovolcano has been erupting almost continuously since at least 1774 and erupted in the first 6 months of 2023. So did Epi and Ambae, which is Vanuatu's most voluminous active volcano. In 2022 Ambrym and the Gaua volcanoes erupted. The active volcanism of Matthew Island and Hunter Island to the south is not quite classic arc volcanism due to the complex tectonics in this south eastern portion of the zone.	2.484375
74239987	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenomelania%20plicaria	Stenomelania plicaria	Stenomelania plicaria, commonly known as the chopstick snail or the yellow chopstick snail, is a species of trumpet snail, first described by I. von Born under the synonymized name Helix pilcaria (Index rerum naturalium Musei Cæsarei Vindobonensis (pg. 403)). Description S. plicaria maximum growth size has not been well studied. The Encyclopedia of Life states a maximum size of , though this number is known to vary among different sources. S. plicaria contains both a gill and an operculum, as well as a long, pointed dextrally coiled turreted shell, fading from brown to light grey. Distribution Range of S. plicaria has not been described, though multiple sightings have been reported in the Southeast Asian and South Pacific regions. Life cycle S. plicaria is a gonochoric, broadcast spawner, beginning life as embryos, developing into planktonic trocophore larvae, later juvenile veligers, and finally adults. Embryos, larvae, and veligers are unable to survive under freshwater conditions. Synonymized names This species has several synonyms: Helix "plicata" (misspelled for plicaria) Helix plicaria Melania (Stenomelania) plicaria Melania (Stenomelania) plicaria var. cincta Melania acuta Melania anthracinca Melania arroensis Melania blossevilliana Melania cacuminata Melania corrugata Melania flammulata Melania fumosa Melania funiculus Melania hastula Melania offachiensis Melania scutulata Melania subulata Melanoides (Stenomelania) funiculus Melanoides (Stenomelania) plicaria Melanoides funiculus Melanoides hastula Melanoides plicaria Melanoides plicarius Stenomelania funiculus	2.046875
74241166	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20storks	List of storks	Classification The International Ornithologists' Union (IOU) recognises 20 species of storks in six genera. This list does not include hybrid species, extinct prehistoric species, or putative species not yet accepted by the IOU. Ciconiidae has traditionally been divided into three tribes: Mycteriini, containing Mycteria and Anastomus, Ciconiini, containing Ciconia, and Leptoptilini, containing Leptoptilos, Ephippiorhynchus, and Jabiru. However, the exact division of these genera among these tribes is contentious and different authors recognise from two to four tribes. Recent genetic studies incorporated by the IOU have suggested that Mycteriini and Leptoptilini are paraphyletic (not including all of a common ancestor's descendants), and that Ephippiorhynchus and Jabiru should be moved into their own tribe, Ephippiorhynchini. Genus Anastomus: two species Genus Leptoptilos: three species Genus Mycteria: four species Genus Jabiru: one species Genus Ephippiorhynchus: two species Genus Ciconia: eight species Ciconiids	3.03125
74241626	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idyll%20XXV	Idyll XXV	Idyll XXV, later titled Ηρακλής Λεοντοφόνος ('Heracles the Lion-slayer') by Callierges, is a poem doubtfully attributed to the 3rd-century BC Greek poet Theocritus. This is an idyll of the epic sort, and is sometimes categorised as an epyllion. In the course of the narrative, Heracles visits the herds of King Augeas (to clean their stalls was one of his twelve labours), and, after an encounter with a bull, describes to the king's son his battle with the lion of Nemea. Summary This poem comprises three distinct parts, one of which still bears its separate title. The first part, which bears the traditional stage-direction Heracles to the Husbandman, is concerned first with a description of the great farm of Augeias or Augeas, king of the Epeians of Elis—the same whose stables Heracles at another time cleaned out—put into the mouth of a garrulous old ploughman of whom Heracles has asked where he can find the king; then the old man undertakes to show the mysterious stranger the way, and as they draw near the homestead they have a Homeric meeting with the barking dogs. The second part bears the title The Visitation. It tells how the enormous herd of cattle given by the Sun to his child Augeas returned in the evening from pasture, how the king and his son Phyleus took Heracles to see the busy scene in the farmyard, and how Heracles encountered the finest bull in the whole herd. In the third part, which has no traditional title, Heracles, accompanied by the king's son, is on his way to the town, and their conversation leads to Heracles' telling how he slew the Nemean lion. Attribution	2.34375
74241651	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous%20Benthic%20Explorer	Autonomous Benthic Explorer	Autonomous Benthic Explorer (ABE) was a pioneering autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) owned and operated by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. ABE was designed to perform wide-area seabed surveys at depths of up to 4500 m (14,674 ft) and completed 222 missions from 1996 until it was lost at sea in 2010. ABE pioneered the use of a relatively simple AUV to perform wide area surveys, identify points of interest, and "scout" for a more sophisticated manned vehicle or ROV. Design After hydrothermal vents were discovered using DSV Alvin in 1977, there was significant scientific interest in returning to previously surveyed vent sites. Since DSV Alvin was highly sought after, WHOI developed several unmanned platforms that could perform similar missions without the need for a human operator. ABE consisted of three torpedo-shaped hulls arranged in a shape similar to the fictional Starship Enterprise. The upper two hulls each contained three glass spheres to provide buoyancy, while the lower platform contained the batteries, navigation equipment, and mission sensors. The vehicle could operated at depths of 4500 m (14,674 ft) for up to 20 hrs. Five independent thrusters allowed for three dimensional maneuverability at speeds up to 1.4 kts. ABE used long baseline acoustic positioning system to navigate a pre-programmed route along the seafloor. Autonomous vehicles such as ABE quickly became popular for survey and mapping missions as they could remain near the seafloor for up to 5 times as long as manned platforms such as DSV Alvin.	2.609375
74242502	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boe%20drum	Boe drum	The boe drum (Pteroscion peli) is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Sciaenidae, the drums and croakers. It is the only species in the monospecific genus Pteroscion. The boe drum is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean off western coast of Africa. Taxonomy The boe drum was first formally described in 1863 as Larimus peli by the Dutch physician, herpetologist and ichthyologist Pieter Bleeker with its type locality give as Ebriakwa in Guinea. In 1925 Henry Weed Fowler classified L. peli in the new monospecific genus Pteroscion. Ethelwynn Trewavas placed the eastern Atlantic Afrotropical sciaenids, Pseudotolithus and Pteroscion, in the tribe Pseudotolithini. Other workers have placed this tribe in the subfamily Pseudotolithinae alongside the tribe Miracorvini, Miracorvina and Pentheroscion. However, the 5th edition of Fishes of the World does not recognise tribes or subfamilies within the Sciaenidae which it places in the order Acanthuriformes. Etymology The boe drum's generic name, Pteroscion, is a combination of ptero, meaning "fin" and scion, a modern Greek name for the shi drum (Umbrina cirrosa). This form was preferred to sciaena by Fowler and Theodore Gill as in Cynoscion. The specific name honours Hendrik Severinus Pel, who was governor of the Dutch Gold Coast who deposited many specimens in the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie in Leiden, including the type of the Boe drum. Distribution and habitat The boe drum is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean between Senegal and Namibia. It is found in marine and brackish waters where it is a benthopelagic fish living in coastal waters over sand and mud bottoms at depths between , although it is typically not found deeper than . Biology The boe drum spawns in estuaries and possibly offshore too. It feeds on worms, cephalopods, crustaceans and smaller fishes.	2.9375
74242529	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2088231	HD 88231	HD 88231, also known as HR 3993, is a solitary orange-hued star located in the northern constellation Leo Minor. It has an apparent magnitude of 5.84, making it faintly visible to the naked eye under ideal conditions. Gaia DR3 parallax measurements imply a distance of about 569 light-years, and the object is currently receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of . At its current distance, HD 88231's brightness is diminished by 0.17 magnitudes due to interstellar extinction and it has an absolute magnitude of −0.59. The object has a stellar classification of K3 III, indicating that it is an evolved red giant star. It has a comparable mass to the Sun but it has expanded to 24.9 times the radius of the Sun. It radiates 228 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of . HD 88231 is slightly metal enriched with an iron abundance 112% that of the Sun ([Fe/H] = +0.05). HD 88231 was suspected to be variable in the K-band based on Two-Micron Sky Survey observations in 1969. A 1994 paper found that it ranges from 5.79 to 5.88 in the visual band. As of 2004 however, the variability has not been confirmed.	2
74242636	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian%20National%205288	Canadian National 5288	Canadian National 5288 is a J-7-b class 4-6-2 "Pacific" type steam locomotive built in June 1919 by the Montreal Locomotive Works, originally for the Canadian Government Railways (CGR) as No. 516 and later No. 5288 on the Canadian National Railway (CN). It was on display at the Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum (TVRM) in Chattanooga, Tennessee. However, in April 2023, it was acquired by the Colebrookdale Railroad in Boyertown, Pennsylvania to be restored to operating condition for use in tourist excursion service. History Built by the Montreal Locomotive Works for the Canadian National Railway (CN), No. 5288 ran not only in Canada but frequently could be spotted on the Central Vermont and Grand Trunk New England. Retired from the CN in 1960, it was stored serviceable in the CN's Turcot roundhouse until being sold the following year to F. Nelson Blount for his Steamtown USA collection. It eventually wound up with most of the collection in Scranton, PA. During its move to Steamtown it was attacked by brass thieves who stole much of its piping and parts. Missing several key parts, it was listed as a 'surplus' locomotive. Meanwhile, the Tennessee Valley Railroad Museum (TVRM) in Chattanooga, TN had been looking for ages for a 4-6-2 type locomotive and quickly sought to acquire one. It was chosen as a good candidate since it had been shopped shortly before retirement. In 2001, it was moved to TVRM where it resides on static display until 2023. In April 2023, it was acquired by the Colebrookdale Railroad in Boyertown, PA where they plan to eventually restore it to operating condition for use in tourist excursion service. It is the third steamer acquired by the Colebrookdale Railroad, the others being Grand Trunk Western No. 5030 and Lake Superior and Ishpeming No. 18. On May 5, 2023, it was towed by diesels from the TVRM and later arrived at the Colebrookdale Railroad on June 29, 2023.	1.921875
74243075	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansaldo%20Ceb%C3%A0	Ansaldo Cebà	Ansaldo Cebà (1565 – April 1623) was an Italian Baroque poet and literary critic. Biography Born to an ancient Genoese family connected with the Grimaldi, Cebà attended the University of Padua, where he studied under Sperone Speroni, and Giason Denores. He specialized in Greek language and literature. On his return to Genoa in 1591 he became a member of the prestigious Accademia degli Addormentati (Academy of the Sleepers), and soon distinguished himself by his academic lectures. He lived most of his life in Genoa. He was ordained a cleric in 1605, after his beloved Geronima Di Negro had become a nun. Cebà was a member of the Accademia degli Incogniti. He died in Genoa in April 1623. Cebà had an extremely close relationship, by correspondence only, with the jewish poet and writer Sara Copia Sullam, whom he admired but whom he never actually met. He appears to have fallen in love with Sara, and constantly urged her to convert to Christianity, but she resisted. Ansaldo and Sara corresponded from spring 1618 until spring 1622. The correspondence is known through Cebà's Lettere di Ansaldo Cebà scritte a Sarra Copia (Genoa: Giuseppe Pavoni, 1623). Sara's letters to Cebà were never published, and are lost. Works	1.921875
74243075	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansaldo%20Ceb%C3%A0	Ansaldo Cebà	Cebà's conservative intellectual outlook was typical of Genoese lesser nobility, but conflicted with an inclination to Baroque novelty. His first book of verse, Rime, appeared in 1596 at Padua and Antwerp. The love-poetry of a Petrarchan stamp which it contained - celebrating a Genoese lady, Aurelia Spinola - gave way in a second volume of Rime (Rome, 1611) to religious and moral themes. In 1615 he published an epic poem entitled La reina Esther, which narrates Esther's story in twenty-one cantos. The poem was a huge success and established him as an author of note. Sara Copia Sullam addressed an enthusiastic letter full of praise to the Genoese poet. In the letter she admitted that she carried the book with her all the time, and even slept with it. Cebà responded to Sara's letter, and this was the start of four years of letters, gifts and poems, exchanged between the two. The Genoese Doge of the time, Giacomo Lomellini, had his palace frescoed by Domenico Fiasella with a cycle of paintings inspired by Cebà's poem. In 1617 Cebà published the political treatise Il Cittadino di Repubblica, translated into English by Charles Edwards Lester and published in New York City in 1845. In 1620 he published an Italian version of Theophrastus' Characters, accompanied by a detailed commentary. In 1621 appeared the Esercitii Accademici, and the dialogue Il Gonzaga over del Poema Heroico, in which he tried to prove that Ludovico Ariosto and Torquato Tasso had adhered to the classical unities in their epics. The same year he published also a tragedy, La Principessa Silandra, and the historical treatise Il Principio dell'Historia Romana. A second epic poem, Il Furio Camillo, a second tragedy, Alcippo Spartano, and two volumes of Lettere, came out in 1623, the year of Cebà's death. A third tragedy, Le Gemelle Capovane, was printed for the first time in Scipione Maffei's Teatro Italiano (vol. 2), Verona, 1723.	2.4375
74243480	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor%20Addison%20Phillips	Eleanor Addison Phillips	Eleanor Addison Phillips (2 December 1874 – 25 June 1952) was an English educationist and founder of the first UK Soroptimist movement, the Venture Club. She was also headmistress of Clifton High School in Bristol. Early life and career Eleanor Addison Phillips was born on 2 December 1874, in Paddington, London, to Francis Phillips (1838–1925) and Mary Addison (1843–1906). She was the third child to a family of nine. She was born into a rich family; according to the 1881 census, the family had five servants. She attended Maida Vale High School and then went to St Mary's College, Paddington (today Imperial College School of Medicine) to qualify as a teacher, later becoming a lecturer and head of the training department. In 1905, aged 30, she went to St Hugh's College, Oxford to study modern history; her teachers included Ernest Barker, A.L. Smith, and H.W.C. Davis. Headmistress at Clifton High School In 1908, while Phillips was at Oxford, on suggestion by Eleanor Jourdain, Phillips applied for the headmistress position at Clifton High School, which she received, holding the position until 1933. She took over as headmistress in September 1908. She initially resided at 1 Clifton Park Road until the beginning of the 1920s, when it was sold to fund construction of a new school wing. She also purchased the houses on the school green and rented 1 Cecil Road as a boarding house. In 1929, after renovations to the main hall, the play Henry VIII was performed on the inaugurating night. During her time as headmistress, Clifton High School was expanded, student numbers doubled, and over 60% of students got accepted at universities. In 1910, she organised the school's first Christmas concert, with Hubert Hunt, a tradition continued today. In 1925, she helped found an 'old girls' (Clifton High School alumni) branch in London. She left in 1933. Her impact on the school led to the creation of the Eleanor Addison Phillips prize. Upon leaving, she appointed Ms Dorothea Nonita Glenday as her successor.	2.5
74243515	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri%20Gillard	Henri Gillard	Henri Gillard (30 November 1901 – 15 July 1979), also known as Father Gillard, the abbé Gillard or as le recteur de Tréhorenteuc (his pen-name), was a Breton priest attached to the Église Saint-Onenne in Tréhorenteuc from 1942 to 1962. As soon as he arrived, he had this small communal church in the department of Morbihan restored, decorating it with paintings that mixed the wonders of Celtic legend with the Christian faith, through the symbolism of the Holy Grail. He popularized the Arthurian legend through his numerous works and the guided tours of the nearby Val sans retour which he organised. During his years of ministry he guided visitors and lodged them in the church. His efforts energized the commune of Tréhorenteuc, at that time suffering a major rural exodus, to make it a popular tourist destination. Disavowed and ejected from his post by the Catholic hierarchy in 1962, Father Gillard was finally rehabilitated after his death in 1979, and buried in the church of Tréhorenteuc. A statue of him has been erected and an association has been formed to defend his works and his heritage. Life Henri Gillard was born in Guégon, Morbihan, on 30 November 1901 at the manor of Trénaleuc. His ancestors had been farmers for several generations. He studied at Ploërmel and then at the major seminary of Vannes, before being ordained a priest on 20 December 1924 at the age of 23. First a college professor, he became a curate at Plumelec, then was appointed to Crédin where his superiors already did not appreciate his originality. He was mobilized for the Second World War in 1940 and returned to Crédin after the Fall of France. During the German occupation, he took refuge in his reading.	2.203125
74245553	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Milner%20%28politician%29	Thomas Milner (politician)	Thomas Milner (died April 27, 1694), emigrated from England to the Virginia colony where he became a merchant, planter, military officer and politician who twice served as Speaker of the Virginia House of Burgesses. Early life Although his parentage and date of birth are unknown or disputed, he is assumed to have emigrated to the Virginia colony from Yorkshire or Lincolnshire, in part because he used the same coat of arms as that Milner family. Career Milner's name appears as a headright in a land patent in 1650, and within two decades he had become a prominent surveyor in the colony. In 1672, British merchant John Seward of Bristol named Milner as one of his attorneys in Virginia. By that time, Milner had begun his career as a planter by patenting 350 acres across from Dumpling Island in Nansemond County (based on people for whose emigration he had paid). Between 1672 and 1674, Milner acquired 3,362 acres in Nansemond and Lower Norfolk Counties, mostly in a partnership with Thomas Butt. In 1688, together with Mr. Heslete, Milner marked a boundary between Virginia and North Carolina. Shortly before Bacon's Rebellion in 1676, Milner was a major in the Nansemond County militia and was one of three men who raised troops in that county to march against Native Americans, although many county records of that era have been lost. During the rebellion, he, like Thomas Swann of Surry County and about five dozen other burgesses, signed Bacon's oath. By 1680, Milner was Lt.Col. of the Nansemond militia. After the rebellion, probably around 1682 when clerk Robert Beverley was imprisoned, Milner was elected as clerk by the House of Burgesses and confirmed by the Governor and Council, although in early 1682 Governor Culpeper had claimed that only he had authority to appoint the clerk for the House of Burgesses. His signature, along with that of William Sherwood, appear on several grievances sent by burgesses to the King and Council of State in England in 1684.	2.28125
74245713	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Chouf%20region	History of the Chouf region	Chehab dynasty In 17th-century Mount Lebanon, the Druze were the major demographic group of the region. The Druze had been divided into political factions based on the old Arab tribal divisions of the Qays and Yaman. The Ma'ans, whose emirs (princes) consistently held the tax farms of Mount Lebanon's districts (Chouf, Matn, Keserwan, Gharb and Jurd), represented the Qaysi faction, along with their allies, the Druze clans of Jumblatt, Imad, Talhuq and Abu'l Lama, the Maronite Khazen clan of Keserwan, and the Sunni Muslim Shihab clan of Wadi al-Taym. Leading the Yamani faction was the Druze Alam al-Din clan, whose members occasionally gained the tax farms of Mount Lebanon during times of conflict between the Ma'ans and the Ottoman authorities. Other families belonging to the Yamani faction were the Druze clans of Arslan and Sawaf. In 1697, Emir Ahmad Ma'an died without a male heir, and as a result, the Druze sheikhs of the Qaysi faction decided to appoint a strong and unifying family to head the faction to prevent a potential Yamani rise to power. The Qaysi sheikhs ultimately chose Bashir Shihab I to succeed Emir Ahmad due to the military strength of the Shihab clan, their distance from the intra-Qaysi disputes, and their marital kinship with Emir Ahmad (Bashir was Ahmad's maternal nephew). The Ottoman authorities confirmed the Ma'an-Shihab transition, but decided to invest Emir Ahmad's tax farms to Emir Haydar Shihab (Emir Ahmad's grandson). Due to Emir Haydar's youth, Emir Bashir served as regent. Emir Bashir strengthened Qaysi dominance in Mount Lebanon and installed the Qaysi sheikh Umar al-Zaydani of the Sunni Muslim Zaydani clan as the tax farmer of Safad and its region, while securing the allegiance of the Shia Muslim Sa'b and Munkir clans of Jabal Amil (the Wa'il clan of Jabal Amil was pro-Yamani).	2.625
74245713	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Chouf%20region	History of the Chouf region	While the Ottoman authorities pursued a divide-and-rule strategy, various European powers established alliances with the various religious groups in the region. The French established an alliance with the Lebanese Christians, while the Druze formalized an alliance with the British, allowing them to send Protestant missionaries into the region. The increasing tensions led to an outbreak of conflict between Christians and Druzes as early as May 1845. Consequently, the European great powers requested for the Ottoman sultan to establish order in Lebanon, and he attempted to do so by establishing a new council in each of the districts. Composed of members of the various religious communities, the councils were intended to assist the deputy governor. The system failed to keep order when the peasants of Keserwan, overburdened by heavy taxes, rebelled against the feudal practices that prevailed in Mount Lebanon. In 1858, Tanyus Shahin, a Maronite Christian peasant leader, demanded for the feudal class to abolish its privileges. The demand was refused, and the peasants began to prepare for a revolt. In January 1859, an armed uprising, led by Shahin, was launched against the Maronite Khazen muqata'jis (feudal lords) of Keserwan. Khazen lands were pillaged and homes burned. After driving the Maronite feudal lords out of Keserwan and seizing their land and property, the insurgent peasants set up their own rule. The Keserwan uprising had a revolutionary effect on other regions in Lebanon. The disturbances spread to Latakia and to central Mount Lebanon. Maronite peasants, actively supported by their clergy, began to prepare for an armed uprising against their Druze lords. In turn, the Druze lords, who had been hesitant to confront the growing assertiveness of the Maronite peasantry due to the numerical imbalance in the Maronites' favour, began to arm Druze irregulars.	2.90625
74245713	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Chouf%20region	History of the Chouf region	In August 1859, a brawl occurred between Druze and Maronites in the Metn area in the Christian sector of the Qaimaqamate. The dispute enabled Maronite bishop Tobia Aoun to mobilise his Beirut-based central committee to intervene in the matter. Soon, a Druze muqata'ji of the Yazbaki faction, Yusuf Abd al-Malik, and his fighters intervened in a brawl between young Maronite and Druze men in the vicinity of the Metn village of Beit Mery, which resulted in 20 fatalities. The Druze lords began making war preparations, allegedly in co-ordination with the local Ottoman authorities, while Bishop Aoun oversaw the distribution of weapons to Maronite peasants. According to the historian William Harris, the Christians of Mount Lebanon felt "buoyed by their local numerical superiority, yet despondent because of the hostile Muslim mood in Syria" in the aftermath of the Ottoman Empire's reforms. In March, April and May 1860, numerous acts of murder, looting and skirmishing took place across the mixed Christian-Druze districts of southern Mount Lebanon in the Druze-run sector of the Double Qaimaqamate. According to the historian Leila Terazi Fawaz, the initial acts were "random and unpredictable enough to seem more the acts of lawless men than a calculated war against other sects, especially since banditry was always part of the objective". Deir el-qamar massacre	2.25
74246383	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise%20Franklin	Louise Franklin	Louise Franklin, nicknamed Beau and Bo, was an American dancer and actress active during the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s. From childhood, she was interested in various forms of dance and also practiced as an actress before starring in vaudeville roles with Bryon Ellis as the duo "Bryon and Beau". Her film roles afterwards primarily saw her dance in various productions both in media and on stage and occasionally starred as a well dressed and well spoken love interest to the male lead, such as when cast alongside Eddie "Rochester" Anderson. Career Born in Kansas City, Missouri, to mother Viola Franklin, Franklin was involved in multiple areas of dance as a child, including ballet and tap dancing, along with taking acting classes. Her vaudeville career saw her partner with Bryon Ellis under the name "Bryon and Beau" after having been a member of the Cotton Club Cuties chorus group. Her 1935 theatre role in School Days alongside Dickie Walker had the California Eagle refer to the pair's performance as akin to Aurora Greely and Leroy Broomfield. That same year she signed onto Maceo Burch's Kansas City theatre company and was said to "possibly be called the leader of the group" by the California Eagle due to her talents as an entertainer. After the company toured in California, she stayed and played in a number of film and stage roles in the following years. Harry Levette in the California Eagle said she was "Hollywood's prettiest, cleverest, most personable dancer". In 1943 during World War II, she reportedly joined the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps, though this was denied by her husband.	2
74248994	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracie%20Graves%20and%20the%20Kids%20from%20Room%20402	Gracie Graves and the Kids from Room 402	Gracie Graves and the Kids from Room 402 is a 1995 children's book written by Betty Paraskevas and illustrated by Michael Paraskevas. The book describes the students in Gracie Graves's classroom using rhyming poems which are accompanied by drawings. Gracie Graves and the Kids from Room 402 received mixed reviews from critics. It was adapted into an animated series, The Kids from Room 402, which ran from 1999 to 2001. Content The book details the 28 students in Gracie Graves's classroom. Gracie and each student are described using poems which are accompanied by drawings. In the last poem, the reader is asked to choose the student with which they identify the best. Its illustration is a group picture of the students and the poem states: "Which one is me and which is you?" According to Publishers Weekly, the children described in rhymes include "familiar targets for jokes – a kid who vomits after eating 16 Twinkies at the Halloween party; a boy who brings odiferous lunches; the girl who is a 'chubby-plus'; the math whiz whose clothes don't fit." Other examples highlighted by School Library Journal include "Anna May Johnson who...'didn't need a reason to give a kid a whack'...Ruthie Drew, who stuffs the valentine box with cards for herself...Molly and Polly McShane, twins of unequal intellect", and Ray Tupper who "tells everyone that his dad was in the CIA". Style Gracie Graves and the Kids from Room 402 describes in rhyming verses each student in Gracie Graves's classroom as well as Gracie herself. Every character has an individual portrait to complement the poem; an illustration in black line drawings and watercolor. Through the classroom decorations or reading lists in the drawings, Betty and Michael Paraskevas make reference to their books Junior Kroll (1993) and Monster Beach (1995). R. Howard Blount Jr. of The Tampa Tribune regarded the illustrations as "cute, colorful and slightly off-the-wall".	2.6875
74248994	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracie%20Graves%20and%20the%20Kids%20from%20Room%20402	Gracie Graves and the Kids from Room 402	Background Betty and Michael Paraskevas began collaborating after Michael asked Betty to write a story for him to draw an illustration based on it for Dan's Papers. Michael suggested afterwards to work on a book together. Their first book, On the Edge of the Sea, was released in 1992. Gracie Graves and the Kids from Room 402 was the ninth book they collaborated on. Harcourt Brace published it on September 1, 1995. Reception Gracie Graves and the Kids from Room 402 received mixed reviews from critics. Booklist reviewer April Judge considered the poems to be "silly, rhyming" and amusing. She praised the drawings and classified the book as a "whimsical look into classroom life" which entices "young readers and listeners". Writing for the Telegraph Herald, Lynn Hoffmann labeled the verses "humorous" and deemed the illustrations neatly elaborate. She added that the children are "endearing, amusing or obnoxious". Scholars Miriam Martinez and Marcia F. Nash wrote in Language Arts that Betty used a "minimum of choice details" which made the classroom "as real as can be" and that "it is hard" for the reader to not respond to Betty's invitation to choose the student with which they identify the best. Book Links critics Stanley and Joy Steiner suggested that students could be inspired by Gracie Graves and the Kids from Room 402 to "write about their own experiences in school and with books". In The Horn Book Guide, Patricia Riley praised the poems for being comical, but found the children uninteresting.	2.734375
74253727	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban%20retrofitting	Urban retrofitting	Urban retrofitting is a combination of policies and phenomena done with the goal of undoing or remedying the effects of urban sprawl. The phenomena of adaptive reuse and infill development to combat sprawl are key to this. It often follows the new urbanist school of thought, which aims to undo the sprawl and flight from urbanized areas that occurred in the US and Canada after WWII. History and issues to solve Ellen Dunham-Jones and June Williamson, professors of urban planning and architecture at Georgia Tech and CUNY, respectively, wrote the book on this phenomenon. Much of their work is captured in their book, "Retrofitting Suburbia: Urban Design Solutions for Redesigning Suburbs which discusses the phenomena of urban sprawl, economic development, climate change mitigation, and environmental justice. In short, there are several issues that modern society faces that are either caused by or exacerbated by car dependency. These challenges include, but are not limited to: disrupting automobile dependence to promote public transit, "improve public health, support an aging population, leverage social capital for equity, compete for jobs, and add water and energy resilience" per the Congress for New Urbanism. Solutions to sprawl and effects This phenomenon uses underutilized lots, parking lots, greyfield lots, densification of land use especially in regard to residential density, and rezoning to encourage walkability. In a case study of the Belmar neighborhood of Lakewood, Colorado of the former Villa Italia Mall, the retrofit of the property resulted in the following: 22 city blocks on 103 acres 777,000 square feet of retail space 868,000 square feet of office space 190,000 square feet of hotel space 1,048 housing units 9 acres of public parks/plazas 5,000 parking spaces (garage, surface and street) There are several other cases of successful retrofits, including downtown Silver Spring, Maryland; North Hills in Raleigh, North Carolina; and CityCentre in Houston, Texas.	2.640625
74253849	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Shakopee	Battle of Shakopee	Prelude On the night of Wednesday, May 26, between 150 and 200 Ojibwe warriors laid in wait in the woods on the north bank of the Minnesota River, outside of a Dakota encampment on the south side of the river at Murphy's Landing. The Dakota camp was occupied by 60 to 70 men. The Ojibwe planned to ambush the camp early in the morning. Battle Sometime between 4:30 and 5:00 am, ten men from the Ojibwe party opened fire, fatally wounding a young Dakota man fishing from a canoe along the south side of the river. The Ojibwe proceeded to scalp him. The camp immediately awoke, and 30 to 50 Dakota warriors armed themselves and charged for the riverbank. Both sides exchanged gunfire from their respective sides of the Minnesota River; the Dakota were out of range and boarded Murphy's Ferry to cross and meet their attackers on the north of "Big Creek". As the Dakota disembarked on the north riverbank, the rest of the Ojibwe party ambushed them, to limited success. The Ojibwe made several attempts to dislodge their foes by strong detachments, but without success. The Dakota, although inferior in numbers, fought with characteristic vigor and desperation. In the midst of the skirmish, a Dakota warrior fell, and the tribe attempted to carry his body back to their camp. The Ojibwe gave chase, successfully attempting to steal the body, but three brothers of the fallen warrior stayed behind in the midst of the Dakota retreat to retrieve the body. The Dakota brothers called to their fellow men to assist them, before they too were killed. Enraged, the Dakota rescinded their retreat and fully engaged the Ojibwe with ferocity. The sounds of gunfire attracted the attention of Shakopee residents, who observed the skirmish from the safety of the bluffs above.	2.5
74254138	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy%20in%20New%20York%20City	Astronomy in New York City	Merchants Benjamin and Samuel Demilt opened their Pearl Street watch and jewelry store topped by Demilt's Longitude Observatory in 1818, and apparently made some observations from there. The family had also since 1811 owned Summit Rock in the vicinity of the future Seneca Village landscape of what became Central Park, and they may have intended it for an observatory. James Renwick made a determination of New York City's longitude from the cupola of Columbia College during the solar eclipse of August 1821, crediting the Demilt brothers with assistance. John William Draper of New York University took the first detailed astrophotography of the Moon in 1840, his sons Henry Draper and Daniel Draper also later working in this vein. Leading telescope maker Henry Fitz first exhibited his instruments at the 1845 American Institute Fair, and showed fairgoers Comet Donati in 1858. One of Fitz's most important clients was Lewis Morris Rutherfurd, who built a private observatory at his Manhattan home in 1856 and further developed the technique, later donating his photographs to Columbia University. A Meteorological and Astronomical Observatory was formerly part of the Arsenal in Central Park, established with the support of Andrew Haswell Green, and with Daniel Draper as its founding director from 1868. The astronomical function never actualized, the New York Meteorological Observatory is still in operation at the park's Belvedere Castle. Columbia University's Rutherfurd Observatory has since 1927 been located on the roof of Pupin Hall. The College of Staten Island also hosts an Astrophysical Observatory. The Amateur Astronomers Association of New York is supporting a plan to relocate a facility from Nassau Community College on Long Island to Jerome Park Reservoir in the Bronx, to establish the New York Public Observatory.	2.65625
74254377	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign%20Relations%20Law%20of%20the%20People%27s%20Republic%20of%20China	Foreign Relations Law of the People's Republic of China	International system The law codifies three of Xi's global initiatives: the Global Development Initiative, the Global Security Initiative, and the Global Civilization Initiative. It also states that China "upholds the international system with the United Nations at its core" and that it "observes the purposes and principles" of the Charter of the United Nations. Countermeasures The Article 33 of the Law states that China the right to "counter and restrictive measures", though this does not create new sanction mechanisms and largely overlaps with preexisting and more specific laws such as the Anti–Foreign Sanctions Law of 2021. Reactions Central Foreign Affairs Commission Office Director Wang Yi, writing an op-ed to the People's Daily, wrote that the formulation of the law is to "thoroughly implement" Xi Jinping Thought, especially Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy and Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law. He also wrote that the law was "an important measure to strengthen the Communist Party Central Committee’s centralized and unified leadership over foreign affairs". The state-run Global Times called it a "key step to enrich the legal toolbox against Western hegemony".	2.0625
74256175	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Johnson%20Forby	Elizabeth Johnson Forby	Lucy Elizabeth Johnson Forby (March ~1846October 3, 1905) was an "estimable colored woman" of the United States. Lizzie Forby was a mixed-race Tennessean who was enslaved from birth until approximately age 17 by Andrew Johnson, later the 17th president of the United States. Her mother was Dolly Johnson; the identity of her father remains officially unknown. Since the late 20th century several scholars and popular historians have speculated or insinuated that Andrew Johnson may have been Lizzie's biological father, although there is no evidence that either affirmatively confirms the relationship or eliminates Johnson as a candidate for paternity. She married a freedman named George W. Forby shortly after the American Civil War. He worked as a laborer and a coachman, and together they raised nine children in East Tennessee. Elizabeth Johnson Forby died at the age of approximately 60 in Knoxville, Tennessee. She is the only known member of her family to have a headstone marking their grave at Knoxville's historic Freedmen's Mission Historic Cemetery; the stone reads "Our Mother Elizabeth Johnson Forby died October 3, 1905".	2.078125
74256175	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Johnson%20Forby	Elizabeth Johnson Forby	Biography Lucy Elizabeth, often called Liz or Lizzie, was born in March 1846, in Tennessee, United States. She was the first-born child of Dolly Johnson, and her father was likely white. She reported that her father and mother had been natives of Tennessee. She was never taught reading or writing skills and was illiterate. The only record of her childhood is mention in a letter that Andrew Johnson had bought her and her sister Florence a "little chair" in 1854. The authors of the Andrew Johnson Biographical Companion (2001) argued that there were "no rumors of involvement of members of the Johnson family" in fathering Liz and Florence. However, echoing David Warren Bowen in Andrew Johnson and the Negro, they also stated that Liz and Florence "were treated somewhat as pets by the Johnson family." Elizabeth, like the rest of Andrew Johnson's personal slaves, is said to have been emancipated by him on August 8, 1863, when she would have been in her late teens. In 1864 and 1865, when Andrew Johnson was military governor of Tennessee, he "claimed pay toward wages, rations, and clothing for three servants: Henry, Florence, and Elizabeth (Liz)."	2.453125
74256882	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen%20Niedfield	Eileen Niedfield	In 1938, she began university study at Manhattanville College, run by the Society of the Sacred Heart/RSCJ. She played field hockey, and co-wrote a play that was presented in November. During her first semester of college, she attended a speech by Mother Anna Maria Dengel, an MD who had founded the Medical Mission Sisters of Philadelphia (MMS) in 1925. Niedfield was so impressed she left college after her first semester to enter the MMS as a postulant on February 11, 1939. She took vows and became Sister Mary Frederic, making her first public vows on August 15, 1941. She then transferred to Trinity College in Washington, DC (now Trinity Washington University), graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry, magna cum laude, in 1945. Niedfield took her perpetual vows on August 15, 1945, and her final vows a year later on August 15, 1946. In the two years between college and medical school she studied X-ray techniques for a year, and spent six months at a Catholic clinic in Atlanta that served Black patients (all medical facilities were segregated in those years). It was then known as the Catholic Colored Clinic in Atlanta, and later as Southwest Atlanta Hospital, now closed. She then continued to Georgetown University Medical School, enrolling in 1947. She graduated from the Georgetown University School of Medicine on June 11, 1951, as class valedictorian alongside four other women who together were the first to graduate in the program's 101-year history. She graduated summa cum laude, and received a gold medal for highest achievement in bacteriology. She then qualified as a surgeon with her residency at Georgetown University Hospital (now part of MedStar).	2.484375
74257200	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milagros%20Maldonado	Milagros Maldonado	The Sense of the Modern - Leo Matiz (2007) In addition to comprehensively covering the Mexican muralist movement with its protagonists, including Frida Kahlo, Leo Matiz's photography encompasses almost all of Latin America's scenarios and characters. This exhibition, curated by José Antonio Navarrete, focused on the beginning of modernity in architecture in our hemisphere, with a unique look at the Universidad Central de Venezuela, a world cultural heritage site. Walter Arp… Rara Avis (2008) This exhibition reviewed the body of work on Venezuelan birds developed by the painter and ecologist Walter Arp for over fifty years. Milagros Maldonado was the leading promoter of this event due to her deep admiration and respect for the artist's ornithological research and its scarce diffusion until then. This exhibition included more than sixty paintings that were exhibited along with photographs, interactive applications, and videos that reflected, through "Warp's" art, the vast number of Venezuelan birds, with their respective behaviors and details of their physiognomy. The exhibition was accompanied by a publication about the life and work of Walter Arp by his curator Sergio Antillano Armas, with a prologue by the renowned Venezuelan poet Eugenio Montejo.	2.28125
74257779	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%20Melbourne%20Football%20Club%20%281918%29	West Melbourne Football Club (1918)	The West Melbourne Football Club (also known as West Melbourne Juniors) was an Australian rules football club that competed in junior competitions in Victoria from the late 1900s until the 1940s. The club was founded in 1918, indirectly succeeding the original West Melbourne Football Club that disbanded in 1908. History West Melbourne was an inaugural club in the Victorian Junior Football League in 1919, operating as an affiliate to Victorian Football League seniors club . In the 1920 season, West Melbourne faced multiple heavy losses, including a 197-point loss against Carlton District and a 229-point loss against St Kilda District. The club left the VJFL at the end of the season. After leaving the VJFL, West Melbourne moved to the Victorian Football Association Sub-Districts, competing at different points in both the A Grade and B Grade. The club had far more success, winning at least eight premierships, including seven by the end of 1933. Records show the club also competed in the Catholic Young Men's Society Football Association (CYMSFA) in 1930. Former and player Jack McDonagh joined West Melbourne as captain-coach in 1941. The club won the VFL Sub-Districts grand final the same year, defeating South Melbourne Districts by 13 points. The club stopped competing after the 1942 season during World War II, and did not re-emerge after the end of the war.	2.40625
74257821	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MetroHero	MetroHero	MetroHero is a semi-defunct real-time transit tracking and performance analysis application for the Washington Metro rapid transit system. Originally available on iOS, Android, and the web, it allows users to view live maps of all trains on a specific line, summary statistics relating to real-time system performance, and user feedback on current Metro conditions. The app launched in 2015, followed by ARIES for Transit, a related project from the same developers, and continued functioning until its original developers shut it down in 2023. Afterwards, forks of the application went live to allow for its continued public use, and the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA), Metro's operator, announced that it would launch a similar app. The app has been described by local news media as popular and well-liked among Washington, D.C.-area residents. History and main development MetroHero was initially developed by James and Jennifer Pizzurro, who both attended George Washington University and studied computer science. They said that they were inspired to create the app after experiencing train delays and searching for an app to track a train after boarding; such an app did not exist for the Washington Metro. The development of the app was not endorsed by WMATA, but it did use publicly available data from the agency. MetroHero launched as an Android application in September 2015, followed by the release of an iOS-compatible web app in December of that year. A standalone iOS app launched in April 2018, but the web app remained supported. By April 2018, MetroHero had approximately 13,000 monthly active users. James Pizzurro has stated that the app's intended audience was regular Metro commuters who wanted to communicate with each other about active problems, as opposed to tourists and riders who only wanted train time data.	2.03125
72765366	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchwaldoboletus%20xylophilus	Buchwaldoboletus xylophilus	Buchwaldoboletus xylophilus is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae native to Asia, found on wood. It has a convex brown cap, and a red-brown stipe. Its edibility is unknown. Taxonomy and naming Originally described by Thomas Petch in 1922 as Boletus xylophilus, it was given its current name by Ernst Both and Beatriz Ortiz-Santana in A preliminary survey of the genus Buchwaldoboletus, published in "Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences" in 2011. Description The cap is convex, and its surface is dry to subviscid, and "minutely velvety". Its color is ferrugineous brown. Easily peeled off the mushroom, the soft brown skin is separated from the flesh by a thin gelatinous layer. The pores are small and angular, and the pore surface stains blue with injury. The stipe is red-brown, and there is a yellow mycelium at the stipe base. Spores are ellipsoid, smooth, and measure 4.5–5.5 by 3.2–4 μm. Distribution Buchwaldoboletus xylophilus has been recorded across Asia throughout Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Hong Kong, and Philippines	2.109375
72765484	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Pembroke%20Militia	Royal Pembroke Militia	Colours When the regiment was inspected in 1684 the colour of the Horse Troop's cornet was unrecorded, but it bore a scroll inscribed 'FOR GOD AND THE KING'. In 1759 the regiment carried two Regimental Colours in addition to the King's Colour, a most unusual arrangement. Both of these colours were blue, one carrying the Coat of arms of Pembrokeshire, the other those of Haverfordwest. By 1808 the (single) regimental colour was Garter blue appropriate to a Royal regiment: it bore the Union Flag in the canton canton and in the centre was a Union Wreath of roses, thistles and shamrocks encircling the title 'ROYAL PEMBROKE FUZILIERS' with the Prince of Wales's feathers, coronet and 'ICH DIEN' motto above.The regiment ceased to carry colours when converted to a rifle corps in 1811, and the last pair carried were laid up in St Mary's Church, Haverfordwest, in 1909. Uniforms and insignia From about 1759 the regiment wore a red uniform with blue facings. When converted to a rifle corps it adopted a Rifle green uniform with black facings similar to the Rifle Brigade. On conversion to artillery in 1852 the regiment adopted the blue uniform with red facings of the RA.	2.1875
72765995	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urosalpinx%20verrilli	Urosalpinx verrilli	Urosalpinx verrilli is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails. Description The length of the shell attains 9 mm; of the aperture, 4.5 mm; maximum diameter, 4.5 mm. (Original description) The small, white, fusiform shell has a smooth white protoconch of about one smooth small whorl followed by a second minutely reticulate whorl, on which the spiral threads are stronger, increasing in strength to the end of the protoconch. It is followedby three subsequent well rounded whorls. The suture is distinct and deep, not appressed. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about 15) narrow rounded ribs crossing the whorls, with wider interspaces. The incremental lines are fine even, closely adjacent, and of a silky texture. The ribs are obsolete on the base of the body whorl. The spiral sculpture consistsof (on the penultimate whorl 6; on the body whorl 11) equal and equally spaced rounded cords with subequal interspaces (in which occasionally some fine spiral striae occur) and 10 or more close-set simple cords on the base. The former are slightly swollen at their intersections with the ribs. The aperture is semilunate. The outer lip is thin, smooth internally, the body erased. The columella is short and twisted. The siphonal canal is short and recurved. The axis is impervious. Distribution This marine species occurs off Georgia, USA.	2.21875
72765997	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928%20Nobel%20Prize%20in%20Literature	1928 Nobel Prize in Literature	The 1928 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the Danish-born Norwegian novelist Sigrid Undset (1882–1949) "principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages." She is the third female recipient of the literature prize. Laureate Sigrid Undset's writing career started by focusing on strong, contemporary women struggling for emancipation. Inspired by her archeologist father, she later turned to writing about the Middle Ages as seen in Fortællingen om Viga-Ljot og Vigdis ("Gunnar's Daughter", 1909) and tetralogy Olav Audunssøn i Hestviken og Olav Audunssøn og Hans Børn ("The Master of Hestviken", 1925–27). Her best known work is Kristin Lavransdatter (1920–1922), which deals with themes of honor, religious faith, and the common life shared by women and men in 15th-century Norway. According to the Swedish Academy, Undset brings to life the medieval times with solid historical knowledge, deep psychological insight, a vivid imagination, and a vigorous language. Being a convert to Catholicism, she expressed her religiosity by writing a biographical novel on St. Catherine of Siena and a hagiographical collection Sagaen om de Hellige ("Saga of Saints", 1934). Deliberations Nominations Sigrid Undset was only nominated in four occasions (1922, 1925, 1926, and 1928). Her last nomination which led to her being awarded the Nobel prize came from the proposal of the Norwegian psychologist Helga Eng (1875–1966).	2.671875
72766009	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemiya%20Helmet	Nemiya Helmet	After its existence became more widely known, a scholarly debate has emerged about its origin and background. Kirpichnikov said that having made with extreme artistry, it represented a new phase in the development of conical helmets. He also emphasized the pan-European character of the type, and suggested that the Nemiya Helmet was most plausibly of Central European origin. David Nicolle argued that its typically European form meant that a Byzantine or even Hungarian origin was likely although he supposed that it was found in a Pecheneg site and received a later Pecheneg/Turkish decoration. Michael Gorelik considered it a 10th-century work combining two different styles of ornamentation: Hungarian (on the front) and Scandinavian (on the border). Raffaele D'Amato proposed that the helmet itself was a Byzantine work of the highest quality, decorated by a Varangian craftsman on the plate with typical Scandinavian ornamentation and a stylised mask on the front, the latter having parallels on the helmet of Yasenovo. Mykoła Kozak proposed that, "given the lack of finds of helmets of this type from the territory of Ukraine, as well as from the former Rus' lands in general, Western analogies should be considered", like the helmets shown on the Bayeux Tapestry (conventionally called Norman type helmets).	2.203125
72766070	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Education%20of%20Yuri	The Education of Yuri	The Education of Yuri is a book by Jerry Pinto. It was published in 2022 by Speaking Tiger Books. Plot The book is about an orphan child Yuri Fonseca. Critical reception and review Keshava Guha of Scroll.in wrote "With the crucial caveat of the prose, the novel The Education of Yuri most reminded me of was written by the patron saint of literary realism: Gustave Flaubert." Uday Bhatia of Live Mint wrote "Like Em And The Big Hoom, The Education of Yuri ends with a drink, a remark, and a single unadorned sentence. A film adaptation might have ended with a scene from a few pages earlier, with Yuri buried in a group hug." and GJV Prasad of The Tribune India wrote "this new novel by Jerry Pinto will be celebrated as a Bombay novel, an old Mumbai marvel. It is clearly rooted in Bombay's topography, in its social geography, in its cultural history. But it is also a novel that speaks to all of us, whoever we are, wherever we are. I don't know if we lose anything by not knowing Bombay or Mumbai but I know that the novel works, in any case, like any good literary work so clearly placed in its time." The book has been reviewed by Janice Pariat of The Hindu, Abhijeet Tamhane of Loksatta, Shashi Warrier of The Asian Age, Suhit Bombaywala of Hindustan Times, Anish Gawande of The Indian Express and Aditya Mani Jha of India Today.	2.078125
72766145	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%20Eritrean%20offensive%20into%20Ethiopia	1998 Eritrean offensive into Ethiopia	On 6 May 1998, Eritrea launched an offensive into neighbouring Ethiopia, marking the beginning of the Eritrean–Ethiopian War. The attack was declared illegal by an international commission in The Hague. Invasion After a series of armed incidents in which several Eritrean officials were killed near Badme, on 6 May 1998, a large Eritrean mechanized force entered the Badme region along the border of Eritrea and Ethiopia's northern Tigray Region, resulting in a firefight between the Eritrean soldiers and a Tigrayan militia and the Ethiopian police they encountered. The fighting quickly escalated to exchanges of artillery and tank fire, leading to four weeks of intense fighting. Ground troops fought on three fronts. On 5 June 1998, the Eritrean airforce attacked an elementary school in Mekelle that killed 49 of the students and their parents and the neighbors that came to help immediately. Four more people died after reaching hospital. The victims ranged from a three-month-old baby to a 65-year-old man. On 5 June the Ethiopian Air Force launched air attacks on the airport in Asmara as a retaliation. After that on the same date Eritreans also attacked the airport of Mekele. These raids caused civilian casualties and deaths on both sides of the border. There was then a lull as both sides mobilized huge forces along their common border and dug extensive trenches. Both countries spent several hundred million dollars on new military equipment. Reaction The Council of Ministers of Ethiopia demanded the immediate withdrawal of the Eritrean army from the occupied territory. The Cabinet of Ministers of Eritrea, in turn, accused the Ethiopians of violating the border. President Isaias Afwerki said that the withdrawal of troops from the occupied territories "seems morally unacceptable and physically impossible". Rwanda, the United States and Djibouti have made attempts to bring the parties to the negotiating table.	2.171875
72766586	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting%20success	Hunting success	Dragonflies have the highest observed hunting success of any animal, with success rates as high as 97%. They are also opportunistic and pursue a variety of prey. Predatory performance may have consequences in terms of energetics, mortality and potential loss of feeding or mating territories. The reason for their hunting success is due to many unique evolutionary adaptations, which includes aspects of eyesight and flight. In terms of flight, dragonflies can independently control their fore and hind wings, they can also hover and fly in any direction, including backwards. They can fixate on their prey and predict its next move, catching it midair with extreme accuracy. Each of a dragonfly's eyes is made up of thousands of units known as ommatidia that run across its head. This gives them almost 360-degree-vision, which helps them spot prey more efficiently. The black-footed cat has the highest hunting success of any member of family Felidae. In 1993, a female and male were observed for 622 hours, a kill was made every 50 minutes and they had a hunting success of 60%. A total of 550 animals were consumed. About 14 small animals were caught each night. Their hunting success is due to their hunting behaviour and frequency of initiated hunts. They use three different ways of hunting, which includes "fast hunting", "slow hunting" and "sit and wait" hunt. They use these three hunting strategies to ambush or pursue their prey which mostly includes small mammals, insects and small birds.	2.921875
72766984	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice%20Galilee	Beatrice Galilee	In 2021, Phaidon Press published Galilee's Radical Architecture of the Future, which presents contemporary architecture and design projects from across the world as well as photo essays. It was presented and reviewed in various publications, with Jonathan Bell describing it as "a book to challenge preconceptions and expand horizons" in Wallpaper* magazine. Curation Galilee's curatorial career began as a co-curator at the Shenzhen Hong Kong Bi-City Biennale of Architecture and Urbanism in 2009, and at the Gwangju Design Biennale in 2011. She has gone on to curate many more architecture festivals, events, and conferences. The Gopher Hole Between 2010 and 2012 Galilee co-founded and curated the Gopher Hole, an informal exhibition space beneath a bar in Hoxton, London. In an interview with Icon magazine, Galilee said of the gallery's approach that “The concept of architecture as something that begins and ends with the design of a building is something that we basically disagree with." In 2011 the Gopher Hole hosted an exhibition of responses to Domus magazine's "Project Heracles", which crowd-sourced ideas, each outlined on a postcard, about an imagined infrastructure to connect Europe and Africa. 2013 Lisbon Architecture Triennale In 2013 Galilee was the curator of the Lisbon Architecture Triennale, which sought to engender "a real sense of urgency for a... more critical design" and, after a 50% budget cut during a financial crisis in Portugal, received mixed reviews. Oliver Wainwright, the architecture critic for The Guardian, asked if the show was "all a bit too irreverent". Galilee defended her curatorial decisions in an interview with Dezeen after influential Portuguese architect Álvaro Siza reportedly snubbed the event, saying "It's an event for the next generations of architects in Portugal not for established practitioners. We didn't really compromise on that."	1.960938
72767031	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin%20Barney%20Bellows	Franklin Barney Bellows	Lt. Franklin Barney Bellows (July 9, 1896 – September 13, 1918) was an American soldier of World War I. Bellows Air Force Station in the U.S. state of Hawaii is named in his honor. A son of John Austin and Cora Barney Bellows, he grew up in Evanston and Kenilworth, Illinois. Bellows graduated from New Trier High School and Northwestern University, and "enlisted in the first officer's training camp at Fort Sheridan. In November 1917, he was assigned to the 50th Aero Squadron." While flying "early in the morning of the second day of the St. Mihiel offensive in spite of low clouds, high winds, and mist, flying at an altitude of only 300 meters, and without protection of accompanying battle planes" Bellows' plane was hit with machine gun fire and he "died in the line of duty after securing crucial information on a reconnaissance mission in France." Bellows was the observer; the pilot David C. Beebe survived the mission and returned the plane back behind allied lines. According to a government statement released at the time of the renaming: Bellows was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross and the Croix de Guerre. He is buried in the American Military Cemetery in Saint-Mihiel, France. On August 19, 1933, the airfield at Waimanalo Military Reservation, Territory of Hawaii was named in his honor.	2.25
72767154	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest%20of%20Abundance	Conquest of Abundance	Because of the diversity of possible realities, choice plays an important role in what theories we accept. This leads Feyerabend to criticize those who impose their own view of what is real and desirable, regardless of the views and wishes of others. "Entire communities are displaced, their ways of life destroyed [...] they are unhappy, they protest, even revolt-- but this does not count. It is not as 'real' as the fact projected by an 'objective' economic science. [...] I suggest that we argue from the 'subjective', 'irrational', idiosyncratic kind of life we are in sympathy with, to what is to be regarded as real.[...this] is not motivated by a contempt for science but by the wish to subject it-- this product of relatively free agents-- to the judgement of other free agents, instead of being frightened by a petrified version of it." Here Feyerabend defends what he calls ‘Aristotle's principle’, which states that what counts as real depends on what kind of life we want to live, i.e., we can choose to live in a world that makes sense to us.	2.21875
72767154	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest%20of%20Abundance	Conquest of Abundance	The open, changeable and ambiguous nature of Being is an empowering aspect of Conquest of Abundance. "...there is good sense in saying that every culture can in principle be any culture [...] scientific nature, too, is partly comprehensible, partly nonsensical; it can be extended, changed, supplemented with new ideas, habits, pieces of culture thus bringing to light others and perhaps more gentle aspects of Nature and, with that, of ourselves. Here progressive artists can play an important role. Rationalists -- and that includes many scientists and philosophers-- like to nail things down. They are confused by change and cannot tolerate ambiguity. But poets, painters, musicians cherish ambiguous words, puzzling designs, nonsensical movements, all instruments which are needed to dissolve the apparently so rigid and objective nature of scientists, to replace it by useful and changing appearances or artifacts and in this way to give us a feeling for the enormous and largely unfathomable powers that surround us." Scholarly reception Conquest of Abundance was generally well-received and has been influential in contemporary debates about science and values.	2.046875
72767965	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/22%20September%201980%20Iraqi%20airstrike%20on%20Iran	22 September 1980 Iraqi airstrike on Iran	On 22 September 1980, the Iraqi Air Force launched a surprise airstrike on Iran, marking the beginning of the Iran–Iraq War. Background Impressed by the success of the Israeli Operation Focus during the Six-Day War, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein ordered his generals to prepare a pre-emptive strike on the Iranian Air Force, despite the shortcomings of the Iraqi Air Force. Operation At noon, 192 Iraqi aircraft took off from various airbases across Iraq and headed east toward Iran. The first planes to reach their targets were Su-20s from Kirkuk Airbase. Bombing the Hamadan Airbase at 1:45 PM, these raids caused damages to the airbase runway. Within the next few minutes, other Iraqi aircraft reached airbases in Tabriz, Dezful, Bushehr, Kermanshah, Ahwaz, and Sanandaj, but they failed to cause significant damages to the Iranian airbases. At 2:20 PM, five Iraqi Tu-22 heavy bombers flew over the Iranian capital, Tehran, at very low altitude. They bombed the Mehrabad International Airport and the air force command's barracks, although the latter missed its target. At 2:30 PM, four Tu-16 heavy bombers reached the Isfahan airbase, housing half of the Iranian Grumman F-14 Tomcat fleet. The aircraft released their bombs but failed to destroy the runway. At 2:40 PM, the last four Tu-22s reached the Shiraz Airbase, housing the other half of the Iranian F-14s. The bombers targeted the runway and a fuel depot but failed to destroy any aircraft. By the day's end, the results of 250 missions flown were slim, with only four enemy planes destroyed versus five planes lost. The Iranian Air Force emerged from this operation, designed to permanently ground it, unharmed. Most of the craters left by Iraqi bombs were filled during the night. By morning, the principal Iranian air bases were operational again.	2.0625
72768120	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senas%20of%20Makwanpur	Senas of Makwanpur	The Senas of Makwanpur was a kingdom located in the northern parts of the Mithila region of Nepal. For a part of their history, up till 1675, they were subordinate to the Rajas of Darbhanga and paid tribute to them. They were later conquered in 1762 by Prithvi Narayan Shah during his unification of Nepal military campaign in the battle of Makwanpur. In that battle, 60 Gorkhali and 400 soldiers were Makwanpur. The official language of the Sen kings of Makwanpur was Maithili. Origins After the fall of the Sena dynasty in Bengal, it is believed that their descendants proceeded to different parts of the country. It is believed that one family settled in the northern parts of Mithila. The Makwanpur family was founded by a member of the Sena family called Mukundasena who originally settled in Rupanagar in modern-day Saptari district in the first half of the 13th century. He slowly expanded his rule until he reached the Makwanpur region. The kingdom was expanded towards Palpa and afterwards reached the region of Rajapur, Tanahun, Lama, Pyuthan, Madariya, Darchha, Risinga, Vinayakpur, and Gulmi. The King, Hariharsena, who ruled from 1631 to 1672 adorned himself with the title of Hindupati after capturing the territory of Gondavara which was under a Muslim Nawab. Administration Starting during the reign of Mukundasena II, the Makwanpur kingdom fragmented into smaller autonomous principalities ruled by members of the Sen dynasty. These smaller principalities included the regions of Palpa and Vijaypur. The administrative setup of Makwanpur was influenced by the Mughal Empire of India with varying levels of administration ranging from Central Administration to village administration. Inscription of Jagatasena An inscription belonging to the Makwanpur prince, Jagatasena, was discovered in Janakpur at the Janaki Ram monastery and throws light on the economic condition of the state. The inscription reads:	2.5
72768282	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain%20and%20the%20United%20Nations	Spain and the United Nations	Accordingly, on 4 November 1950, the General Assembly adopted Resolution 386, which revoked the recommendation for the withdrawal of ambassadors accredited to the Spanish government and repealed the recommendation that prevented Spain from being a member of the international agencies established by or linked to the United Nations. The resolution was adopted with 38 votes in favour, 10 against, 12 abstentions and no absences. Spain presented its application for membership on 23 September 1955 and joined the UN the following 14 December. It has been an elected member of the Security Council on five occasions: approximately once every ten years, most recently in 2015–2016. Throughout this period, and especially since the return of democracy following Franco's death in November 1975, Spain has been actively involved in the organization, reiterating the need for the international community to be based on the pillars of security, development and respect for human rights. Economic contribution Spain ranks eleventh on the scale of financial contributions to the United Nations Regular Budget and is a member of the Geneva Group, made up of the largest contributors, which carries out exhaustive monitoring of administrative and budgetary issues in the United Nations system, including the specialized agencies and international technical organizations. Organizations based in Spain The UN has several of its own organizations with headquarters in some Spanish cities: Madrid: World Tourism Organization. Barcelona: United Nations University – Institute for Globalization, Culture and Mobility.	2.578125
72768426	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickamauga%3A%20The%20Last%20Victory%2C%2020%20September%201863	Chickamauga: The Last Victory, 20 September 1863	Publication history In 1975, SPI published Blue & Gray, its first quadrigame — four different battles using the same set of rules, packaged into one box. The four games were Antietam; Cemetery Hill; Shiloh; and Chickamauga. The latter was designed by Irad B. Hardy, Redmond A. Simonsen, and John Young. Chickamauga was also released as an individual game packaged in a double LP-sized cardstock folio as part of the Blue & Gray Folio Series, as well as in a "Designer's Collection" boxed set with a mounted map. It proved very popular, and in a poll conducted by SPI to determine the most popular board wargames in North America, Chickamauga placed 15th out of 202 games. Given the popularity of Blue & Gray, SPI immediately produced a sequel containing four more battles, Blue & Gray II, which also proved to be a bestseller. Following TSR's takeover of SPI in 1981, TSR reissued Chickamauga as part of a new edition of Blue & Gray in 1984, with new box art and the TSR logo, but no other changes to the components or rules. In 1995, Decision Games acquired the rights to Chickamauga and the other games of Blue & Gray, and reissued the entire set with a new box and new graphic design, and slightly revised rules. Reception In the 1977 book The Comprehensive Guide to Board Wargaming, Charles Vasey noted that the theme of the game was a "simple tactical surround-and-destroy system." In Issue 23 of Moves, Jay Nelson called Chickamauga "a simple game that portrays a rather complex situation, while at the same time offering interesting challenges to both sides." After a lengthy analysis of strategies, Nelson concluded, "It will come down to exploiting specific weaknesses and strengths that will be unique to each game."	2.15625
72768465	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar%E2%80%93Sri%20Lanka%20relations	Myanmar–Sri Lanka relations	In the late 18th century, King Bodawpaya of the Konbaung dynasty resurged Buddhism in Myanmar and placed regulations on the monkhood. Bodawpaya re-introduced the upasampadā ordination system to Sri Lanka, establishing the Amarapura Nikaya in a mirror to earlier Burmese-Sri Lankan ordinations. The monkhood order in Sri Lanka had become extinct thrice before this introduction where the Vinaya had been abandoned by some monks in the Kingdom of Kandy. The establishment of the Amarapura Nikaya was also significant as a monastic lineage was established through collective action rather than the patronage of a king, as had been the case in Sri Lanka previously. According to Heinz Bechert, this eventually led to Buddhist modernism in postcolonial Sri Lanka, where the role of the sangha was reduced in favour of reinterpreting Buddhism as a scientific religion. Both Sri Lanka and Myanmar came under the rule of the British Empire. While Burma was integrated into the British Raj, Sri Lanka remained a separate crown colony as British Ceylon. Modern relations In 1949, soon after the independence of both countries, resident embassies were quickly established. The two countries continued their history of religious exchange during the Sixth Buddhist Council, hosted by Burma from 1954 to 1956. The Sri Lankan delegation played a leading role in the deliberations of the council of 2500 monks. The first state visit between the two post-colonial countries was in 1966 when Ne Win visited Sri Lanka. Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike paid Sri Lanka's first official visit to Myanmar in 1976. In the 1976 visit, a joint commission for bilateral cooperation was established. In 2004, Myanmar hosted the fourth World Buddhist Summit, a convention of monks first held in 1998 Japan. Due to boycotts over the military junta's human rights record, Japan's Nenbutsushu sect boycotted the meeting. However, the prime minister of Sri Lanka Mahinda Rajapaksa made an appearance at the conference with Myanmar's leader Than Shwe.	2.875
72768544	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill%20Johnston%20%28rugby%20union%2C%20born%201896%29	Bill Johnston (rugby union, born 1896)	Bill Johnston (16 December 1896 – 6 October 1983) was a Scotland international rugby union player. Rugby Union career Amateur career Johnston went to the High School of Glasgow to 1914. He played rugby union for Glasgow HSFP from 1914 onwards. He captained the side from 1920 to 1922. The alumni magazine of the school in describing Johnston in the 1921-22 season stated: Johnston is possessed of the quiet charm which is the peculiar gift of all shy people. The High School has never produced a rugby player with a greater natural genius for the game. In every department he excels. His defence is impeccable, in kicking he combines length with accuracy, and no centre knows better than he just how and when to pass so as to give the wing the best possible chance. Provincial career He played for Glasgow District in the 1920 match, when he captained the side, and the 1921 inter-city match. International career He received one cap for Scotland, in 1922. Although usually played at Centre, Johnston earned his Scotland cap at Full Back. It was said that his gave 'his usual sound performance', though Johnston later regretted that he was not 'playing in his proper place'. Military career He joined the 6th Highland Light Infantry and saw service in Egypt and Sinai. He was then commissioned in the 9th H.L.I. and spent another two years at Ypres and the Somme. He was mentioned in despatches 3 times. Family His father, Robert Johnston (1856-1934), was a missionary in Jamaica for over 55 years. He was responsible for the training of ministers, at the Tutorial College for Black Ministers. One of the ministers Robert Johnston trained was the father of the Olympic athlete Arthur Wint. Bill Johnston's mother was Helen Alexander.	2.359375
72768566	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myacyon	Myacyon	The discoveries at Member D of the Ngorora Formation suggests that it was once covered by open woodland, with fluvial conditions being present. Here Myacyon was found alongside the immense hyaenodont Megistotherium and its smaller relative Dissopsalis, the lioness-sized hyaena Percrocuta as well as a variety of smaller carnivorans. A large variety of herbivores are known from this site, among them the proboscidean Deinotherium, bovids, suids and the early hippopotamus Kenyapotamus. Fossils of crocodylians, freshwater turtles and fish have also been found. As indicated by palaeosol carbon isotope studies and tooth microwear patterns, Fort Ternan, where ?M. peignei has been found, was covered by open woodland and located adjacent to highlands. The locality shares many taxons with the Ngorora Formation, among them Afrochoerodon, Climacoceras, Chilotheridium, Gentrytragus, Kipsigicerus, Dorcatherium and Kenyapotamus. The carnivoran assemblage is also similar, including Percrocuta, Dissopsalis and Tugenictis, with a gigantic hyainailourine as the largest predator. The hominoid Kenyapithecus is among the few genera unique to this site.	2.421875
72768966	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeleine%20Rolland	Madeleine Rolland	Madeleine Rolland (October 17, 1872 – April 1, 1960) was a French translator and peace activist. She was affiliated with the French section of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF). Biography Madeleine Rolland was born in Clamecy, October 17, 1872. She passed the Agrégation in English in 1901, and then taught in Paris at the Guild (future Franco-British Institute). From 1919, she filled the roles of secretary and interpreter for her brother, Romain Rolland. That same year, she joined WILPF. Rolland was a translator, most notably of Tess of the d'Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy, but also by Rabindranath Tagore. Passionate about India and mastering the English language, it was Madeleine who made it possible for her brother, Romain, to come into contact with Rabindranath Tagore and Mahatma Gandhi. In addition, she had a rich epistolary correspondence with Madeleine Slade. She spent the Occupation in Dijon, with Yvonne Paquet. At the Liberation, the two women led a section of the (renamed, Femmes solidaires). Madeleine Rolland died in Créteil, April 1, 1960.	2.25
72768996	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced%20Qualification%20Program	Advanced Qualification Program	The Advanced Qualification Program (AQP) is the alternate pilot qualification method by the Federal Aviation Administration. AQP is a voluntary program by pilots to meet up to the ‘traditional’ regulatory requirements. AQP serves as a means of compliance to qualify, train, and certify the competence of pilots flight attendants and competence of pilots, flight attendants and dispatchers. History As human error had emerged as the primary cause of US air carrier accidents in the 1980s, the FAA and carriers agreed more flexible training regulations would reduce the accidents. Methodology Operational data analysis is used to assess the participants competency in the objective requirements for all aspects of training. Pilots are evaluated based on their ability to show proficiency in scenarios that test both technical, cognitive and crew resource management skills together. Due to the data driven nature of the program, air careers under the AQP need to design data collection strategies to measure cognitive and technical skills of the trained pilots.	2.09375
72769272	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Movement%20in%20Scotland	European Movement in Scotland	The European Movement in Scotland (EMiS) is an independent non-party-political pressure group which – drawing on Scotland's deep-rooted European identity – campaigns for the closest alignment with the values and standards of the European Union (EU) with the aim of a return to membership. EMiS is associated with its partner organisation, the European Movement UK. Background EMiS (together with the European Movement UK) is part of the wider European Movement International, present in over 30 countries across the continent, formed in the aftermath of the Second World War with the purpose of securing peace in Europe through co-operation and mutual interdependence. The concept of European unity arose from contacts between wartime resistance groups and was the focus of a speech by Winston Churchill delivered in Switzerland in September 1946. It was developed further in May 1948, when a large international gathering took place in The Hague, in The Netherlands. Although this Congress of Europe, attended by prominent political figures and other representatives from across the continent, failed to reconcile the views of those who favoured a federal union with others who preferred intergovernmental co-operation, it nevertheless provided a significant spur towards political and economic unity in Europe.	1.90625
72769852	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oduvil%20Kunhikrishna%20Menon	Oduvil Kunhikrishna Menon	After completing his studies, he joined the Cochin government service as a clerk in Ernakulam Huzur Cutchery. Later, he served in Chittur, Thalappilli and Trichur taluks as deputy and rose from that position to become Tehsil Magistrate in Kodungallur. Although Menon had already attained fame as a Venmani poet by this time, it was only then he became personally close with the Kodungallur Kovilakam who pioneered the Venmani School. Later Menon served as the magistrate in Irinjalakkuda, Cochin and Ernakulam taluks. Personal life and death Ittyanath Mookambika Amma was his first wife. After her death, he married Alathu Puthan Veettil Chinnammu Amma, and after her death, he married Achatil Kochukutti Amma. He had three daughters and one son from these three marriages. His younger brother Oduvil Sankarankutty Menon (1883–1945), who was born blind, was also a noted poet in Malayalam. He also had a younger sister, Ammukutty amma, who was married to the poet Pandalam Kerala Varma. Writers Alathur Anujan Namboothiripad (1882–1943) and Paliath Cheriya Kunjunni Achan (1880–1943) were his stepbrothers. Film actor Oduvil Unnikrishnan (1943–2006) was his nephew. Menon died of diabetes on 18 May 1916. He was the Magistrate of Ernakulam taluk at the time of his death. Writing Menon wrote poetry, short story, novel, farce and criticism. A gradual growth can be seen in his literature, starting from the traditional poetic style like praise poems, through the stylistic and linguistic innovation started by the Venmani movement, reaching the modern literary movements such as short stories and novels. The Sanskrit influence in his early works can be seen gradually decreasing and the English influence growing.	2.171875
72769891	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Toro%20%28Monterey%20County%2C%20California%29	Mount Toro (Monterey County, California)	Mount Toro is a mountain peak in the Santa Lucia range in Monterey County, California. It is located within the boundaries of Los Padres National Forest. The name comes from the word "Toro," which in Spanish means "Bull". The highest point in the area is the Sierra de Salinas mountain range, above sea level, southeast of Mount Toro and above the surrounding terrain. There are about 16 people per square kilometer around Mount Toro. The land around Mount Toro is mountainous. The nearest town is Salinas, north of Mount Toro. The area around Mount Toro is covered with dirt and mud. Mount Toro is not accessible to the public. In the past, it had been used for winter recreational activities during rare events of snowfall. Magnificent views can be seen of the entire shoreline of Monterey Bay, the Corral de Tierra basin, Monterey, Watsonville, Castroville, Salinas, Santa Rita, Natividad, Chualar, Gonzales, and Soledad with the naked eye. Using a telescope you can see Lick Observatory on Mt. Hamilton, and Mount Diablo and the snow-covered Sierras eastward. The KPRC-FM, KWAV, KLVM (FM), KION-TV, KOTR-LD and other transmitters are on Mount Toro, located to the south of Salinas. The Monterey County Superintendent of Schools began building a network of K31OL-D translators in the early 1960s to rebroadcast public television from KQED in San Francisco, with the first, channel 72 from Mount Toro, going on air in September 1964. Dorrance Ranch, having conservation easements with the Big Sur Land Trust is about south of Salinas and east/southeast of Monterey in the Sierra de Salinas Mountain Range of Monterey County on Mount Toro's northern ridge. The land has oak savannas, ponds, wetlands, and grasslands, habitat for golden eagle, California red-legged frog, California tiger salamander, burrowing owl, and California condor. Mount Toro is one of Monterey County's most familiar vistas. John Steinbeck characterized Corral de Tierra as "Pastures of Heaven.”	2.265625
72769894	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20L.%20Jarrett	Martin L. Jarrett	Martin Luther Jarrett (November 18, 1841 – September 23, 1920) was an American politician and physician from Maryland. He served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, representing Harford County, from 1908 to 1911. Early life Martin Luther Jarrett was born on November 18, 1841, in Jarrettsville, Maryland, to Julia Ann (née Scarff) and Luther M. Jarrett. His brother was James H. Jarrett. He attended Bethel Academy in Cathcart for a time. He studied medicine under Drs. Chew and Butler of Baltimore. He graduated from the University of Maryland in 1864. Career Jarrett served as a private in the 1st Maryland Cavalry in the Confederate States Army. He served until the end of the war. Since graduating, Jarrett practiced medicine in Jarrettsville and retired from the practice around 1900. Jarrett was a Democrat. He served as a member of the Maryland House of Delegates, representing Harford County, from 1908 to 1911. He was a school commissioner in the 1890s. He was director of the Second National Bank of Bel Air. Personal life Jarrett married Sarah Fannie Glenn on January 31, 1867. They had no children. She died in 1898. He was a Methodist. Jarrett died on September 23, 1920, at the home of his niece at 410 East 25th Street in Baltimore. He was buried at Calvary Church.	2.28125
72770099	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Cassey	Joseph Cassey	Joseph Cassey (c. 1789–1848) was a French West Indies-born American businessman, real estate investor, abolitionist, and activist. He prospered as a barber, and as well as a wig maker, perfumer, and money-lender. He lived in the historic Cassey House in Society Hill, and was active in the African American elite community in Philadelphia. Early life Joseph Cassey was born in 1789 in French West Indies (in the present-day Caribbean region). He moved to Philadelphia some time before 1808. He was a member of African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas, then located at 5th and Adelphi Streets. In 1825, Cassey married Amy Matilda Williams from New York City, and they had 8 children. His father in-law was Peter Williams Jr., an African-American Methodist Episcopal priest and abolitionist. Career Cassey owned many Philadelphia rental properties, and by 1840, he had amassed an estimated net worth of US $75,000 (~$ in ), mostly in real estate. Cassey was real estate business partners with Robert Purvis. Cassey and Purvis jointly owned a Bucks County farm, which was visited frequently by suffragists and abolitionists, including stays by Lucretia Mott. Cassey was one of the wealthiest black 19th-century Philadelphians, holding this title alongside Frederick Douglass, James Forten, Robert Purvis, Rev. Richard Allen, Rev. Peter Williams Jr., Absalom Jones, William Whipper, and Stephen Smith.	2.3125
72770213	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timolaus%20of%20Palmyra	Timolaus of Palmyra	Timolaus of Palmyra (Latin: Timolaus) was reportedly a 3rd century Palmyrene nobleman, son of the king of kings Odaenathus (r. 252-267) and augustus Zenobia (r. 267-272). Little is known about him, and all the existing information comes from speculation. Such is the doubt of his existence that some scholars try to associate him with Vaballathus (r. 267-272), another of the sons of Odaenathus and Zenobia. Some authors believe he is an individual made up by the Historia Augusta, the only historical source that cites him, and some speculate that he is in fact a historical figure. He appears only in 267, at the time of his father's assassination. Family Timolaus was the son of Odaenathus and his second wife Zenobia, grandson of Hairan I, great-grandson of Vaballathus, and great-great-grandson of Nasor. He was the half-brother of Hairan I, the fruit of Odaenathus' relationship with a previous wife. He also had two sisters, whose names are not known. It is known, however, that they married respectively the emperor Aurelian (r. 270-275) and a Roman senator. Timolaus was also the brother of Vaballathus, Hairan II, and Septimius Antiochus. The Historia Augusta (HA) cites him as having another brother, Herodian, whose existence is questioned. Some think Herodian was a variant of Hairan II's name. Life There are doubts as to the existence of Timolaus. Some authors suggest that he may be a fabrication, a de facto individual (whose name, recorded here in Latinized form, has the Palmyrene variant Taimallat), or a distortion of the name Vaballathus.	2.390625
72770881	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel%20Ferreyros	Manuel Ferreyros	Manuel José Ferreyros y Senra (September 2, 1833 — January 13, 1876) was a Peruvian Navy officer, diplomat and politician. Ferreyros was a friend and comrade-in-arms of Miguel Grau, Aurelio García and Lizardo Montero, who were known as the "Four Aces of the Peruvian Navy". Unlike his comrades-in-arms, Ferreyros did not participate in the War of the Pacific, as he died prematurely, three years before the conflict broke out. His younger brother, Captain Carlos Ferreyros, fought in the war, commanding the gunboat Pilcomayo. Biography Ferreyros was born in Lima to Manuel Bartolomé Ferreyros, politician and diplomat, and María Josefa Basilia Senra y Echevarría. He entered the navy in 1853 as a midshipman. That same year he embarked on the French frigate La Forte, on board of which he made several trips between the Oceanian archipelagos. Upon his return to Peru in 1854, he took part in the capture of Arica and then went on to serve aboard the brig Almirante Guise, rising to alférez de fragata. During the civil war of 1854 he remained loyal to the government of José Rufino Echenique. In December of the same year, he went to the frigate . After the battle of La Palma on January 5, 1855, which put an end to both the war and Echenique's government, he was discharged from the navy, although shortly after he was readmitted, and re-embarked in the Amazonas.	2.203125
72771817	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace%20Nash	Grace Nash	Grace Elinor Chapman Nash (November 19, 1909—November 9, 2010) was an American music educator, writer, and violinist. Biography Born in Garrettsville, Ohio on November 19, 1909, Grace Chapman was one of five siblings, all of whom received piano lessons from their mother. She was educated at Hiram College and Ohio Wesleyan University, receiving her bachelor's degree in French and music from the latter in 1930 and became an English and music teacher at the junior high school level. In 1936, she completed her master's degree in performance and composition at the Chicago Musical College. That same year, she married Ralph Nash; soon thereafter she took a position as assistant concertmaster with the Manila Symphony Orchestra. In 1942, during the Japanese invasion of the Philippines, she and her family were imprisoned by the Japanese, being released in 1945; she later told the story of their ordeal in That We Might Live, published in 1984. Returning to the United States, Nash taught music theory and violin in the area around Chicago. In 1989, she became the first recipient of the Distinguished Service Award from the American Orff-Schulwerk Association. In 1991, she received a lifetime achievement award from Hiram College. Upon her husband's death in 1992, Nash moved to a retirement community in Tallahassee, Florida. She taught her last workshops at Florida State University. She died in Tallahassee on November 9, 2010, survived by a sister and by her three sons.	2.5
72771841	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro%20440	Micro 440	The Micro 440 was an early microcomputer released by Comp-Sultants, Inc.. Powered by an Intel 4040 microprocessor, it was, by Byte magazine's estimation, the first third-party computer based on that chip. It sold poorly, and the company folded after less than two years, although the Micro 440 found some popularity after its demise among hobbyists as a bare-bones chassis. Background and development Comp-Sultants was formally incorporated in Huntsville, Alabama by Paul and Joanne Bloom and Brian Nelson in 1973. Paul Bloom was the company's president and spent the first few years at Comp-Sultants designing early microprocessor-based real-time programmable logic controllers, including one for a cold-forge machine and another for an injection-molding machine. Although the company was incorporated in 1973, according to a classified ad in a 1969 issue of Software Age, the company had been active for four years, offering translation services for software to run on the GE-200 series of mainframe computers. In early-to-mid 1975, Comp-Sultants previewed the prototype for its Micro 440 at a Huntsville electronics trade show. The Micro 440 was a microcomputer based on Intel's new 4040 microprocessor, the first successor to the 4004 microprocessor, the first commercially produced microprocessor ever made. It was at this trade show that Paul Bloom met Jack W. Crenshaw, a software engineer from Montgomery, Alabama who worked as a professor at the University of Alabama in Huntsville. Eventually Crenshaw was hired as Comp-Sultants' general manager and software developer. The company employed nine people in 1975: Brian Nelson, the Blooms, Crenshaw, one other programmer and four technicians. Crenshaw described the company's laboratory as threadbare: [Paul]'s "development system" consisted of a 4004-based single-board computer, a primitive ROM-based assembler, and a Teletype ASR-33. ... Our test equipment consisted of an equally primitive bus monitor, a multimeter, and an oscilloscope.	2.34375
72772429	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912%E2%80%931913%20Little%20Falls%20textile%20strike	1912–1913 Little Falls textile strike	Shortly after the walkout, Socialist Party members from nearby Schenectady, including that city's Socialist Mayor George R. Lunn, came to Little Falls to help the strikers. Many, including Lunn, were arrested during peaceful rallies at a park near the mills, but after criticism from regional publications and state politicians, the city backed down by late October. Around that same time, the IWW, which had sent organizers to the city near the beginning of the strike, took the lead in organizing the strikers, helping them to form a strike committee, teaching them picketing techniques, and helping to draft a list of demands that included pay wage increases. On October 24, the strikers voted to officially organize a local union of the IWW in Little Falls. Several days later, on October 30, there was a violent confrontation between law enforcement officials and strikers outside the Phoenix Mill, and in the resulting riot, police raided the strikers' headquarters and arrested many. Following this, IWW officials Matilda Rabinowitz and Bill Haywood came to Little Falls to help continue the strike. Around the same time, the IWW faced competition from the United Textile Workers of America (UTW), which organized its own separate local union and signed a labor contract that brought some mill workers back to work on December 2. However, the IWW local, with about 400 members, persisted. On December 24, the New York State Department of Labor initiated an investigation into the strike and helped to negotiate a contract that was approved by both the mills and the union. As a result, the IWW members returned to work on January 6, 1913, bringing the strike to a close.	2.28125
72772429	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912%E2%80%931913%20Little%20Falls%20textile%20strike	1912–1913 Little Falls textile strike	Little Falls is a city in Herkimer County, in the Mohawk Valley region of Upstate New York, near Utica. Situated along the banks of the Mohawk River, the city was one of several in the region to have a developed textile industry with multiple textile mills by the beginning of the 20th century. The city's first mill had been organized in 1872, and by 1912, the city was a sizeable center for the production of knitted fabrics and underwear, home to several mills and other manufacturing facilities, earning it the nickname "the Lowell of the Empire State". These mills employed many immigrants from Europe, including many Austrians, Hungarians, Italians, and Poles. Many were not fluent in English. These immigrants were drawn to Little Falls due to the robust economic growth the city was experiencing during the early 1900s, as the economic output of the city grew by 89 percent between 1904 and 1909, with the total value of goods produced during the latter year equal to about $8.5 million. The laborers at these mills often faced poor working conditions, with the mills employing children as young as 5 years old in sweatshop conditions, while their squalid living conditions led to a high rate of tuberculosis among the immigrants. The millworkers lived in tenements that an article in The New York Times compared to "rabbit warrens". The latter had prompted the Fortnightly Club, a local charity organization, to hire M. Helen Schloss to serve as a visiting nurse to treat tuberculosis and other sicknesses in the city.	2.421875
72773194	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Gallwey%20McNamara	Michael Gallwey McNamara	In June 1882, he competed at the Agricultural Hall Tournament held at the Royal Agricultural Hall, Islington, Middlesex on wood courts indoors, where he reached the semi-finals before losing to Edward Lake Williams 5–7, 6–4, 10–8. He next played at a major event at the Princes Club Championships at Hans Place, but was easily beaten by Herbert Lawford in the first round. In August, he was back in Ireland, where he played and won his second Waterford Annual Lawn Tennis Tournament in the final in two straight sets. In September, he returned to Brighton, England, to defend his title at the Sussex County Lawn Tennis Tournament, but he was defeated in five sets by England's Herbert Wilberforce, 6–1, 6–8, 0–6, 6–2, 6–2. Following a break from tennis, he next played at the Middlesex Championships in 1885, losing in the second round to Herbert Chipp. He then competed in the 1885 Wimbledon Championships, where he defeated Ernest Meers in round two and advanced to the quarter-finals before losing to compatriot Ernest Browne, 6–1, 7–5, 6–2. At the same tournament he also reached the men's doubles quarter final partnering R.M. Wile where they lost to Claude Farrer and Arthur J. Stanley. In 1886, he chose to play Wimbledon again, and came up against Ernest Renshaw in the second round, losing 3 sets to 1. He competed at Wimbledon for another two years but did not proceed beyond the first round. His fourth and final career title came some years later at the 1891 Rushbrooke tournament in County Cork, Ireland, where he defeated compatriot William Perrott 3 sets to 1 in the final. He played his finals singles event at the Cannes Beau Site New Year Meeting in 1920 where he lost to Pierre Albarran.	1.90625
72773576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death%20of%20Patrick%20Cronin	Death of Patrick Cronin	Pat Cronin Foundation Roughly two years after his death, Cronin's family launched a foundation in his honour to educate, raise awareness and conduct research in relation to the coward punch. The foundation has received hundreds of thousands of dollars in Victorian state government funding directed at the rollout of the Be Wise Education Program across 200 schools. The program promotes good decision-making and the dangers of social violence to students, with the ultimate goal being to end the coward punch. In addition to the presentations that are run throughout the year, the Foundation hosts events such as the Be Wise Ball and the Be Wise Walk to the Valley where people walk from Heidelberg to Lower Plenty in memory of Cronin. The foundation's symbol, an owl, was drawn by Cronin shortly before his passing and has since been used as a symbol for Be Wise. Proposed law reforms Cronin's family has been vocal in their desire for new laws in dealing with coward punch cases and victim's rights. This has included a call for crime compensation law reform. They describe the process for victims of crime to access compensation from an offender as very onerous, consuming a lot of time and money. Cronin's family argue that even after being ordered to pay compensation, the offender may decide to ignore the order, which then requires the victim to pursue the matter in a civil lawsuit. Cronin's father has suggested that an order of compensation be imposed at the time of sentencing as an alternative. Legislation introduced in 2014 that imposed a ten-year mandatory minimum sentence for manslaughter as a result of a coward punch was unable to be applied in Lee's case after Justice Lasry determined that Lee's intention to strike Cronin could not be proven. As a result, Cronin's family has called for the current legislation to be reformed, labelling it "poor and ambiguous" as the mandatory sentence is difficult to apply to manslaughter cases (as proving manslaughter does not require proof of intent).	2.21875
72773687	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pehuensat-1	Pehuensat-1	Pehuensat-1 is a satellite built entirely in Argentina with educational objectives. It was launched on January 10, 2007 aboard a rocket from the Satish Dhawan Space Center on the east coast of India. The assembly took five years and was carried out by teachers and students of the National University of Comahue. It was named Pehuensat-1 in reference to the pehuén, an ancient and native tree of the Andean Patagonian forests identified with the provinces in which the university has its academic headquarters. Details It was built by 17 teachers and 44 students from the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Comahue (Neuquén). In October 2006, the satellite was taken to the launch center in Shriharikota (India), by the Argentine space researcher Pablo de León, who became known months ago when he presented a prototype of a space suit designed for trips to Mars. It was launched at 9:23 a.m. Indian time (1:53 a.m. Argentine time) on the Indian Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle PSLV C7 rocket. After 20 minutes of travel, Pehuensat-1 reached its orbit, where it will remain -according to the technicians- for "several years". The satellite weighs 6 kilograms, travels its orb LM Neuquen at an altitude of about 640 kilometers and orbits the Earth at a speed of (about . It has a space-type aluminum case structure and solar panels on one of the faces. The electronics are made up of a transmitter, a computer and two battery packs that are recharged with solar energy. In addition, an antenna in charge of transmitting the satellite parameters to the ground.	2.6875
72773886	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhirajlal%20Desai	Dhirajlal Desai	Dhirajlal B. Desai (22 June 1908 – 21 March 1951), popularly known as Dhirubhai, was an Indian diplomat and independence activist. He served as India's first ambassador and plenipotentiary minister to Switzerland. He also served as the President of the Bombay Provincial Congress Committee (BPCC) in 1941. He was born in Bombay, British India and was the son of lawyer and leader, Bhulabhai Desai. Life and work He attended Elphinstone College, Bharda New High School and Government Law College in Bombay. Desai was Barrister at the Supreme Court of India and Chairman of the Indian National Congress in the Bombay Presidency. He was a director of Ameer Trading Corporation, the Indian branch of American Cyanamid's Calco Chemical Company. Desai served as India's first Ambassador to Switzerland from 17 December 1948 to 21 March 1951. He was elected as the President of the Bombay Provincial Congress Committee (BPCC) in 1941. He was known for his speeches and oratory skills, particularly during the Quit India movement. He was a strong advocate for freedom and self-reliance and often spoke out against the British Empire's attitude towards the Congress party and its denial of the right to free speech. Desai delivered speeches at various venues in Bombay, including Dana Bunder and Ghodapdev, and often spoke to working-class audiences, encouraging them to spin charkha for at least half an hour a day as a means of earning a small income and becoming self-reliant. From 17 December 1948, he was accredited as an envoy in Bern and also to the Holy See and to the Allied Commission for Austria in Vienna. Dhirajlal Desai died of heart attack on 21 March 1951 in Bern at the age of 42.	2.0625
72773974	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20T.%20Nilsson	Anna T. Nilsson	Anna Alida Theresia Nilsson (1869–1947) was a Swedish drawing teacher, suffragist, and peace activist. Based in Malmö from 1902, she was active in many associations including those dealing with education, women's rights and the women's movement in Sweden. After the end of World War I, in 1919 she was active in the Swedish branch of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF). In 1923, together with Matilda Widegren and others, she established Nordiska Lärares Fredsförbund (Scandinavian Teachers’ Federation for Peace). After retiring from teaching in 1929, she travelled widely across Europe in support of the WILPF, distributing her pamphlet "ABC of the Peace Movement. Dates and Facts" in many different languages. Early life Born in Södra Såm in Västergötland, Anna Alida Theresia Nilsson was the daughter of Hans Petter Nilsson, a textile executive, and his wife Albertina Juliana née Hulander. She was the fourth of the family's five children. In 1886, a year after her father died, she moved to Stockholm, studying at the HKS art college while living with her younger sister Ada who later became a physician and magazine editor. She graduated as a drawing instructor in 1890. Career After teaching in Stockholm for two years, she moved to Malmö where she spent eight years at the technical college. After a year in Strängnäs, she returned to Malmö where she initially taught both at Misses Bunth's Girls School and at the realschool for boys. From 1910 until her retirement in 1929, she taught at the realschool. Nilsson was active in several Malmö associations, serving on the boards of the suffragist federation Skåneförbundet för kvinnas politiska rösträtt, the ladies' Malmö Damsällskap, the liberal party's women's club Malmö Frisinnade Kvinnoklubb and the women's club and reading society Malmö Kvinnliga Klubb- och Läsesällskap.	2.53125
72773976	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Celebration%20Tour	The Celebration Tour	According to James, the show revolves around four main themes: Time, New York City, fragments, and "the story of [Madonna]". Drawing on these elements, as well as the singer's 40-year long career, the stage was conceived as an abstract map of New York, with a network of B-stages and runways inspired by the streets and blocks of Manhattan —Uptown, Downtown, Midtown, East and West. The team also came up with a kinetic, revolving, three-layered circular central stage that refers to both the wedding cake from Madonna's performance of "Like a Virgin" at the 1984 MTV Video Music Awards and a clock's shape. Also present was a floating, illuminated portal frame that lifted Madonna off the ground, and moved at per second. It allowed the singer to fly over the audience and move between the stage. According to Lipson, the portal was meant to act like a "time machine". "Live to Tell" (1986) was one of the numbers that saw Madonna riding the flying portal. For the song "Bedtime Story" (1995), the front of the stage would rise and transform into a giant cube. Projectors covered each side of the cube, and depicted a video created by Brazilian video game developer Gabriel Massan. Inspired by the original "Bedtime Story" music video, Massan's visual depicted "dreamy" landscapes, while Madonna's movements were recorded in real time and linked to an avatar that emulated them. The stage also came equipped with a vast circular lighting rig, 14 spotlights, 600 intelligent lighting, and over 8,800 lighting cues. Props included a massive disco ball for "Holiday" (1983), and a carousel adorned with crosses for "Like a Prayer" (1989). Songs	2.078125
72774516	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian%20monitor%20Javary%20%281874%29	Brazilian monitor Javary (1874)	Days before the signing of the Lei Áurea that abolished slavery in Brazil, there was a popular mobilization headed by journalists to raise funds for the purchase of the gold feather that would be used on the occasion. Members of the Javary crew sent a short text in support of the mobilization since they wanted to put their participation in this event on record. During the Revolta da Armada, Javary was heavily involved in the mutiny. The ship was responsible for defending the main armory from the rebels (Ponta da Armação). She lost her engines, remaining anchored between Ponta do Calabouço and Villegagnon Island, in the Guanabara Bay, when she began an exchange of fire with the fortresses of Barra do Rio de Janeiro. The shots, probably coming from the Fortaleza de São João, hit her at the stern through her hull, causing an opening through which water began to seep in. The tugboat Vulcano tried to move Javary to a safer position where repairs could be made, but this proved impossible to accomplish given the continuous damage the monitor was suffering. She sank slowly, with her main cannons firing until it was no longer possible. Her sinking allowed for the taking of Ponta da Armação. Later reports concluded that the cause of the penetration of the shots, which should not have been possible given its armor, was caused by the poor condition the ship was in at the time of the collision and the shaking generated by the firing of the monitor's own 254-millimeter cannons.	2.5625
72775105	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariam/Usaka	Ariam/Usaka	Ariam/Usaka is one of the four principal clans of Ikwuano Local Government Area, Abia State, Nigeria. Ariam/Usaka belongs to the Isuogu family. Ariam itself is made up of three subgroups namely; Ariam, Ekpiri and Usaka. This clan borders Ibere and Oboro to the north, Oloko to the west, as well as several Ibibio communities in Akwa Ibom State to its eastern and southern borders. Forde and Jones categorized the Isuogu family (Ariam/Usaka and Oloko) in the Ohuhu-Ngwa cluster of the Southern Igbo area. Origin Ariam migrated from Ugwuala in Abam and Usaka from Ora Obara also in Abam. The first settler in Ekpiri was called Onyeike Ukwumbe from Ubaha in Nsulu Ngwa (popularly called Umu Osaji) in the Old Aba Province. They drove away the Annang inhabitants and settled at Ariam Ala-Ala. Later, the scarcity of land made them warriors who drove the Annang group further southwest to Nto Ndang and Ita Ikpo. The new settlement was named Ariam Elu-Elu. Culture The Ariam people celebrate the Ekpe festival; an event marked by the other three groups in Ikwuano. Local wrestling tournaments are also organized. They speak the Igbo language but have their own dialect. Villages Ariam/Usaka is made up of 15 villages namely; • Amaegbu • Ariam Ala-Ala • Ariam Elu-Elu • Azunchai • Ekpiri Ala-Ala • Ekpiri Elu-Elu • Ekwelu • Ndieke • Ndiokoro • Ndiorie • Obugwu • Obeama • Oboni • Upa • Usaka Ukwu Boundary disputes with neighboring Akwa Ibom communities Over the years, the Ariam/Usaka community has continuously been involved in bloody boundary skirmishes with her Akwa Ibom neighbors. For instance, in February 2021, as many as 16 people were reportedly killed, with six others missing in Usaka Ukwu, Azunchai, Ekpiri Ala-Ala and Ariam Elu-Elu and among their Nkari and Obot Akara neighbors in Ini and Obot Akara LGAs of Akwa Ibom State respectively. Other communities affected by the boundary clash were Oboni, Upa, Ndiorie, Obugwu and Ekwelu.	2.1875
72775551	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakkathuruth	Kakkathuruth	Kakkathuruth is a tiny island located at the Alappuzha district in the Indian state of Kerala surrounded by the Vembanatu Lake. Known as the Island of crows, the National Geographic described the sunset seen from Kakkathuruthu as the best in the world. It was included in the National Geographic series of 24 most beautiful pictures of different regions of the planet. Overview Kakathuruth is located in Ezhupunna village at the northern end of Alappuzha. Eramallur is the land closest to Kakkathurth located one kilometer from the island. The island can be accessed using boat from Eramallur. About 300 families live in the island, which is only three kilometers long and one and a half kilometers wide. Situated in the middle of the Vembanatu lake, Kakkathuruth is a haven for crows and many other birds making it a favorite spot for bird watchers. There are no major roads in the island and bicycles are the main vehicle on dirt roads. There is an Anganwadi (school for kids) and Ayurveda hospital in the island. The combination of mangroves, swamps, coconut groves that can be seen everywhere and the vastness of the Vembanatu backwater has made Kakathuruth a major tourist spot in Alappuzha. In 2016, National Geographic selected Kakathuruth as one of the 24 most beautiful places in the world.	2.34375
72775574	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Bundy%20Brown	John Bundy Brown	John Bundy Brown (May 31, 1805 – June 10, 1881) was an American industrialist from Portland, Maine, who owned the Portland Sugar Company, which processed molasses imported from the Caribbean into sugar. Early life Brown was born on May 31, 1805, in Lancaster, New Hampshire, to Titus Olcott Brown and Susannah (Bundy) Brown. His grandfather relocated into New Hampshire from Stonington, Connecticut and became one of the pioneer settlers of Lancaster. Brown attended public schools and the Hebron Academy. He began working at a young age in Portland as a dollar-per-week grocery clerk. By 23, he and a fellow clerk established their start-up grocery business which later started to import large quantities of sugar, molasses, and rum from the West Indies. Business career Brown entered the sugar business in 1845 when he, his brother-in-law Philip Greely Jr., and George F. Guild owned a sugar house in Portland. Greely and Guild were heavily involved in the West Indies trade and imported a large quantity of molasses. This company was involved in the importation of slave-produced sugar from the Caribbean and the processing of it into rum and molasses. After Greely and Guild's firm company failed, Brown took over the entire business. The business was not successful in its early years because it was unable to produce the required granulation using known processes. However, it became lucrative after Brown's agent, Dependence H. Furbush, developed a process that used steam power to extract a sugar from molasses. In 1855, Brown, Furbush, and Brown's son Philip H. Brown chartered the Portland Sugar Company, formerly located at the corner of York Street and Maple Street.	2.59375
72776190	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%20Beauty	To Beauty	To Beauty is an oil-and-collage-on-canvas painting executed in 1922 by German painter Otto Dix. It is signed and dated at the lower right. It is held at the Von der Heydt Museum, in Wuppertal. History and description This painting is part of the work that Dix created inspired by the reality of the Weimar Republic, in the period after World War I. In this case, Dix presents a scene that takes place in a nightclub, with two Ionic columns, where he appears himself at the center foreground, and where are visible several people, presumably customers and those who worked there, including, at the right, an African-American drummer for a jazz band. Dix presents himself dressed as a businessman, in a dapper suit of the latest fashion, while looking directly at the viewer, with an expressionless face, while clutching a modern-style telephone. The artist is most likely presenting himself in the role of a businessman engaged in some kind of business, in the difficult times of inflation of the first years of the Weimar era.	1.90625
72776795	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radu%20Mironovici	Radu Mironovici	Following a nationalist student conference in August 1923, Moța and Codreanu proposed that nationalist students should assassinate several Jewish public figures and Liberal politicians; the conspiracy was uncovered and several students were arrested, including Mironovici. After an initial hearing, Codreanu, Moța, Mironovici, Corneliu Georgescu, Ilie Gârneață, and Tudose Popescu remained in custody. The students were held in pre-trial detention at Văcărești Prison, on the outskirts of Bucharest, and were nicknamed the Văcăreșteni. The Văcăreșteni were eventually acquitted on a technicality, with the group's defence lawyers arguing that, since none of the students were public officials, they could not be charged with treason or "inciting revolution". During their imprisonment, the group — most of whom were involved in the National-Christian Defense League ("LANC") — decided to form a new ultranationalist youth organization, inspired by an icon of the Archangel Michael located in the prison. After their release, Codreanu and several others decided to create a new structure within the LANC called the "Brotherhood of the Cross" ("Frăția de Cruce"); the group's first meeting was violently broken up by the police on the orders of police prefect Constantin Manciu. During a later altercation, Codreanu shot and killed Manciu. Codreanu was arrested and, as collateral, Mironovici, Moța, Gârneață, and Popescu were detained for two months at Galata prison, during which they undertook a hunger strike. They were released 11 days after beginning their strike.	2.015625
72776795	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radu%20Mironovici	Radu Mironovici	In November 1927, Mironovici, alongside Codreanu, Moța, Gârneață, Gheorghe Clime, and Corneliu Georgescu, among others, took an oath as a founding member of the Legion of the Archangel Michael, which would later be known as the Legionary Movement or the Iron Guard. Upon the Legion's foundation, Mironovici was conferred with the rank "Guard of the Icon" ("Gărzii de la Icoană") by Codreanu. Mironovici took part in founding a Legionary cultural centre in Iași, fundraising by chauffeuring passengers from the city to nearby monasteries and other cities. He was also named leader of the new "Brotherhood of the Cross", the name being reused for the Legion's school-aged division. In December 1936, establishing the highest grade in the Legionary hierarchy, Codreanu named Mironovici (as well as Moța, Georgescu, and Gârneață) to the rank of "Commandant of the Annunciation" ("Comandant al Bunei Vestiri"). As the Legionary Movement gained in membership and popularity, the Romanian government imposed a series of crackdowns. In February 1938, King Carol II seized emergency powers, suspending the constitution and creating a royal dictatorship, enforcing a ban on the Legionary Movement. In 1938, leader Codreanu was arrested alongside a number of other leading Legionnaires. In April 1938, Mironovici became part of an interim leadership group that would temporarily take charge of the Legion; however, this group was fraught with tensions, and he and most other interim leaders were eventually arrested, leaving Horia Sima the only interim leader remaining. Until 1940, Mironovici was held in Vaslui Prison.	2.140625
72777158	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen%20science%20and%20sustainable%20agriculture	Citizen science and sustainable agriculture	The process integrates the public into the problems being addressed in sustainable agriculture and allows for widespread communication across participants who can share new information and techniques for dealing with related problems. Access to researchers can provide supplemental knowledge, support community members to tackle the problems they regularly face, and advises them on how to argue for changes in the political field. Examples of citizen science in sustainable agriculture Citizen science efforts can involve documentation, reporting, and sharing of observations for sustainable agriculture methods. Pest and pathogen monitoring In northern Italy, the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys, is an agricultural pest. A pest monitoring system was developed to engage citizens in the documentation of the brown marmorated stink bug through an app called “BugMap.” Researchers were then able to identify areas most threatened by the pest through the large number of submitted citizen reports. Although the “BugMap” was user-friendly, not all geographic areas had access to mobile apps and internet connectivity, posing a limitation for web-based approaches. In another example, the documentation of invasive plant species relies on photo recognition that can produce inaccurate results when there is a lack of internet connectivity.	3.03125
72777352	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%2025558	HD 25558	HD 25558, also known as V1133 Tauri and by its Flamsteed designation 40 Tauri, is a star located about 700 light years from the Earth, in the constellation Taurus. Its apparent magnitude is about 5.3, making it faintly visible to the naked eye of an observer far from city lights. It is a variable star, ranging in brightness from Hipparcos magnitude 5.28 to 5.32 over a period of 1.53232423 days. In 1998, HD 25558 was discovered to be a variable star by Christoffel Waelkens et al. who analyzed the Hipparcos photometric data for hundreds of stars, and classified HD 25558 as a slowly pulsating B star with a period of 1.53 days. Beginning in 2008, HD 25558 was the subject of an observing campaign by Ádám Sódor et al. who gathered data collected from 17 observatories on the ground and in space. This star was chosen for the project because it is relatively bright, located near the celestial equator (and thus observable from almost anywhere on Earth), and the slow rotation indicated in earlier studies would simplify the interpretation of spectra. The investigators concluded that HD 25558 is a spectroscopic binary with a period of about 8.9 years, but not enough data was available to derive a full description of the orbit. Both components of the binary show detectable stellar pulsations. The primary star rotates with a period of about 6 days, and the secondary rotates in just 1.2 days. The primary has no detectable magnetic field, but the secondary's field strength is at least a few hundred gauss. The dominant 1.53 day pulsation period arises from the primary star and those pulsations were coherent over the 20 year period spanned by the data used in the study.	2.296875
72777414	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poe%20Fire	Poe Fire	By 9:00 a.m. on September 7 the Poe Fire had burned . On its western edge, the fire jumped Highway 70 near Lunt Road, but firefighters were able to contain the slop-over. During the day conditions remained dire—at 3:00 p.m. the Burning Index was 185, roughly correlating to flame lengths of , and the Ignition Component was 100 percent, meaning that a firebrand would be certain to ignite a new fire if it landed in fuel—but the fire grew much less. By 7:00 p.m. on the 7th the Poe Fire was and 20 percent contained, having destroyed more than two dozen homes as firefighters worked to stop flames from jumping Lake Oroville and threatening populated areas near Paradise. On September 8 the fire remained 20 percent contained, and the number of firefighters on the incident increased as crews demobilized from the Darby Fire in Calaveras County. By the next afternoon the Poe Fire had reached and 50 percent containment, with more than 1,500 firefighters working. The fire primarily moved east, working along the bottoms of the river canyons, and firefighters welcomed improved weather conditions that brought lower temperatures and winds with higher humidity. By the night of September 10 the fire was more than and 80 percent contained, with peak firefighter staffing at 2,100. The last remaining section of uncontained fire was moving east, between Big Bend Road and the Feather River.	1.929688
72777422	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcliffe%20Peninsula%20road%20network	Redcliffe Peninsula road network	Redcliffe Peninsula road network is a group of roads that provide access to the Redcliffe Peninsula in Queensland, Australia, and enable travel between the contained communities. The area serviced by the network includes the localities of Clontarf, Kippa-Ring, Margate, Newport, Redcliffe, Rothwell, Scarborough and Woody Point. The area hosts a substantial residential community plus many tourism accommodation venues. The estimated population for the area described as the Former Redcliffe Peninsula District as at 30 June 2021 was 64,366. Roads in the network The network consists of the following state-controlled roads: Brighton–Redcliffe Road (see below for component bridges and roads) Clontarf–Anzac Avenue Road (Elizabeth Avenue, Snook Street) Deception Bay Road Redcliffe Road (Anzac Avenue) A number of local roads that also link the localities are not included in this article. Brighton–Redcliffe Road This road has the following components: Houghton Highway (northbound) Ted Smout Memorial Bridge (southbound) Hornibrook Esplanade Oxley Avenue Brighton–Redcliffe Road is a state-controlled road (number 122), part regional and part district, rated as a local road of regional significance (LRRS). It carries traffic from , via Clontarf, Woody Point and Margate, to Redcliffe, a distance of . All of this road is part of State Route 27. The road starts at the intersection of the Deagon Deviation (State Route 26) and Beaconsfield Terrace (State Route 27) in Brighton. It runs north-east across Bramble Bay, over the Houghton Highway (northbound) and the Ted Smout Memorial Bridge (southbound), to Clontarf. It passes the exit to Clontarf–Anzac Avenue Road (Elizabeth Avenue) and continues north-east and east as Hornibrook Esplanade to Woody Point, where the name changes to Oxley Avenue as it turns north.	2.015625
72777422	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redcliffe%20Peninsula%20road%20network	Redcliffe Peninsula road network	Redcliffe Road is the official name for the road known as Anzac Avenue. It is a state-controlled road (number 120), part regional and part district, rated as a local road of regional significance (LRRS) It runs from , via , Rothwell and Kippa-Ring to Redcliffe, a distance of . The road is signed as State Route 71. Within the Redcliffe Peninsula the road intersects with Deception Bay Road in Rothwell, Clontarf–Anzac Avenue Road in Kippa-Ring, and Brighton–Redcliffe Road in Redcliffe. All of this road is at least a four lane divided carriageway. Anzac Avenue safety works A project to provide safety works at five intersections in Redcliffe, two of which are on Anzac Avenue, was underway at March 2022. History The first road to the Redcliffe Peninsula was an Aboriginal track used to access a prominent bora ring at what is now Kippa-Ring. A road from Bald Hills to Redcliffe was formed by the early 1860s, but it was not maintained. A better road was surveyed and built in the early 1870s. Anzac Memorial Avenue (as it was originally named) was opened in 1925 as a fully sealed road. The Hornibrook Bridge, the first crossing of Bramble Bay, was opened in 1935. This was duplicated by the Houghton Highway in 1979. The Ted Smout Memorial Bridge was opened in 2010. With this opening the Hornibrook Bridge was closed in preparation for demolition.	2.265625
72777599	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadwiga%20Golcz	Jadwiga Golcz	Jadwiga Irena Golcz (1866–1936) was a Polish photographer, one of the pioneering women of the medium in Poland. Golcz owned a studio in Warsaw and took portraits of leading Polish artists. Early life and education Jadwiga Golcz was born on 13 August 1866 in Gradowo, to a wealthy family of Polish landed gentry. She took an interest in photography in Wojciech Gerson's painting studio and went to Vienna, Paris and Berlin to study the medium. Career Golcz took portraits and open-air photographs, as well as pictures documenting works of art. She was the first woman photographer to have her works published in the Polish press; her photographs appearing in Wędrowiec and Tygodnik Illustrowany. In the latter, she started the first photography competition of the weekly. With her press photography, Golcz documented the life of the Warsaw elite. She was among the few Polish women of the time to open her own atelier. From the mid-1890s, she ran her own photography studio in Warsaw, first located at Erywańska Street, then moved to Hotel Bristol. Her atelier was frequented by many well-known artists, such as Ignacy Jan Paderewski or Bolesław Prus. She also took portraits of, among others, Henryk Sienkiewicz, Ferdynand Ruszczyc or Henryk Siemiradzki. In 1899, a company Golcz ran with Szalay played a role in creating the first distribution networks of foreign films in Warsaw and Łódź. Two years later, Golcz ran the first exhibition of film and cinematic equipment in Warsaw. Golcz initiated and published a photography magazine called Światło and was among the founders of an association of photographers in Warsaw (Towarzystwo Fotograficzne w Warszawie). In 1907, together with priest Włodzimierz Kirchner, she cofounded a photography school in Warsaw which was attended mainly by women. Due to the incompetence of Kirchner, Golcz was eventually forced to close the school, after sinking all of her savings into the endeavour. The event led to her gradual withdrawal from public life. Death Golcz died forgotten, in 1936.	2.046875
72777892	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Chilton%20%28attorney%29	Edward Chilton (attorney)	Although Chilton was expected to return to Virginia in 1698 after receiving a post with the admiralty court for Virginia and North Carolina, he instead sailed to Barbados. In the next year, he wrote the Board asking to be appointed attorney general for that colony. In fact, before leaving Virginia, Chilton had given a power of attorney for his Virginia lands to his father in law (who died in 1700), and his wife had not born any children. Chilton took the oath of office as attorney general for Barbados on January 16, 1700. He soon became involved in that colony's tumultuous politics. The following July he was assaulted by two men. Although Chilton survived his injuries, one of his assailants died. In 1705, governor Sir Bevil Granville accused Chilton of high misdemeanors. Chilton was tried, found guilty and imprisoned. However, Chilton managed to flee to England to defend himself against the governor's accusations. While there, he helped merchants block a bill allowing paper money, but did not identify himself as the colony's attorney general. Death and legacy While in Portsmouth, possibly waiting for a ship to return him to Barbadoes, Chilton fell ill and dictated his last will and testament, which he was unable to sign. He died by July 27, 1707, when the Queen issued a commission to another man to become the attorney general of Barbados, which document referred to Chilton as deceased.	2.375
72778036	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata-par%C4%ABk%E1%B9%A3%C4%81-%C5%9Bik%E1%B9%A3%C4%81	Mata-parīkṣā-śikṣā	Mata-parīkṣā-śikṣā ("A Lesson for the [Author of the] Mataparīksā") is an 1839 Sanskrit-language text by Somanātha, apparently a pseudonym for Subaji Bapu of British India. It is a Hindu apologist response to the Christian writer John Muir's Mataparīkṣā. Authorship The author of Mata-parīkṣā-śikṣā identifies himself as Somanātha. According to an anonymous English-language note on the manuscript of the text, the author was Subaji Bapu, a Marathi-speaking astrologer (jyotisha) of Central India, who enjoyed the patronage of the British civil servant and Orientalist Lancelot Wilkinson. James R. Ballantyne, who wrote the entry for the text in India Office Library and Records (IOLR)'s catalogue of Sanskrit manuscripts, disputes this information. However, several later writers such as Richard F. Young and Stephen Neill believe it to be true, based on a comparison of Mata-parīkṣā-śikṣā with Subaji's writings. Somanātha displays fascination with British technology and describes himself as "learned in scientific truths". This aligns well with the early career of Subaji, who gave up his belief in the Puranic cosmography in favour of the Copernican system. Fox notes that Subaji was a progressive and a religious liberal, whose "Westernized scientific perspective and broadminded tolerance" are similar to Somanātha's perspective. Both Somanātha and Subaji were aware of the contradictions between the mythological Puranic cosmography and the more scientific Siddhantic cosmography, but still respected the Puranas. The Mata-pariksha drew attention to Bhaskara II's description of the earth's shape in the Goladhyaya as opposed to the Puranic description of the earth as "lotus-shaped or resting on a turtle's back". In response, like Subaji, Somanātha defended the Puranas by explaining that the purpose of the religious texts is to magnify the glory of the god, sometimes at the expense of scientific accuracy: this does not make them defective.	2.125
72778158	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benton%20Grammar%20School	Benton Grammar School	The Benton Grammar School (later renamed the "D.A. Holmes School") was a K–8 public school in Kansas City, Missouri. Originally opened in 1868 as a whites-only school, the school was converted to an all-black school in 1953. The school is perhaps best known as the alma mater of American animator and producer Walt Disney, who attended the school from 1910 to 1917. History The first Benton Grammar School building was built in 1868 and named in honor of Thomas Hart Benton, who represented Missouri in the United States Senate from 1821 to 1851. The original site of the school was at the corner of Liberty and 14th streets in Kansas City. The school was originally a whites-only school. In 1904, a new three-story school building was constructed with yellow brick and had 12 classrooms and a kindergarten room. The building was Renaissance Revival architecture and was located at Benton Boulevard in Kansas City, and was formally opened on September 12, 1904. The school enrolled students from kindergarten/pre-K (age 5–6) to 8th grade (up to age 14). In 1921, 8 additional classrooms were added to the school due to an increase in enrollment. By that year, there were approximately 1,300 students enrolled in the school. During the period of school segregation in the United States, the Kansas City School District converted the school to a Black school in the early 1950s. The move was strongly opposed by White families in the area, and over 500 white families protested the change. During this period, an arsonist set fire to the school, likely due to the conversion of the school to serve African American students. In 1953, the school was renamed and dedicated as the D.A. Holmes School in honor of the Reverend D.A. Holmes, a local African American Baptist minister and civil rights leader in Kansas City. In 1986, the school was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as part of the Santa Fe Place Historic District.	2.625
72778446	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Croarken	Mary Croarken	Mary G. Croarken is a British independent scholar and author in the history of mathematics and the history of computing. Education and career Croarken earned a degree in computer science from the University of Warwick in 1982 and a doctorate in the history of science there in 1986, supervised by Martin Campbell-Kelly, who describes her as one of his two most successful students. After leaving academia to raise a family in Norwich, she became a health research manager in the National Health Service, while continuing to work in the history of science as an independent scholar. She has been a research fellow at the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich and in the computer science department at the University of Warwick. Books Croarken is the author of the book Early Scientific Computing in Britain (Clarendon Press, 1990). She is a co-editor of The History of Mathematical Tables: from Sumer to Spreadsheets (Oxford University Press, 2003) and of Mathematics at the Meridian: The History of Mathematics at Greenwich (Chapman & Hall / CRC, 2020)	2.171875
72778836	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese%20people%20in%20China	Burmese people in China	The China-Myanmar border is porous as a militarized strict border control was controversial prior to 2020. Burmese migrant workers are included within the economy of Chinese border cities in Yunnan Province through a "compromise-oriented border control." China implemented flexible migration for Burmese workers while implementation surveillance, policing and other enforcement tactics in border cities instead of only at the border. Burmese migrants in Chinese border cities live and work within China but endure economic exploitation, spatial confinement and social discrimination. In 2015, China Daily reported that approximately 50 thousand Burmese people were working in Ruili, Yunnan. They mostly worked in industries of jewellery and rosewood as well as tourism in the service sector. In recent years, several towns along the border, such as Mong La, Ruili and Muse, have become centres of gambling, prostitution and drug smuggling. Before the outbreak of COVID-19, 50,000 Burmese nationals crossed the border every day, including those working in Chinese border cities. During the pandemic, Ruili's population declined by 40,000 with many businesses being forced to close as China's Zero-COVID policy cut off all trade and migration with Myanmar until the partial reopening of the border checkpoint in January 2023. In 2022, around a thousand Myanmar migrant workers were being held in Chinese detention centers. The vast majority of the detainees were undocumented illegal border crossers held in Yunnan after overstaying their six-day tourist visas. A hundred other Myanmar nationals were held in Guangdong province, some arrested during factory raids by Chinese police.	2.4375
72779092	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesostri%20re%20di%20Egitto	Sesostri re di Egitto	Sesostri re di Egitto (IAB 13) (Sesostris, King of Egypt) is a three-act melodramma/opera composed by Italian composer Antonio Maria Bononcini in 1716, composed for seven voices and a seven-instrument orchestra. The Italian language libretto, written by Apostolo Zeno and Pietro Pariati, was published the same year in Milan by publisher Marc'Antonio Pandolfo Malatesta. The work premiered at the Teatro Regio Ducale on February 2, 1716. The opera is dedicated to Prince Eugene of Savoy and Piedmont, and tells the story about the mythical king Sesostris of Egypt. The original manuscript is currently being held at the Saxon State Library in Dresden, Germany. There is currently no contemporary recording or performance of the work. Roles There are seven characters in the work. Instrumentation The opera's orchestra consists of seven instruments: Violins Viola Hautbois (Baroque ancestor to the modern-day oboe) Cellos (violoncello) Bassoons (fagotto) Contrabassoon (in the score it simply reads contrabasso) Harpsichord (cembalo)	2.4375
72780542	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atal%20Progress-Way	Atal Progress-Way	Employment: Due to increase in industrial activities along the expressway's route, various agricultural and industrial initiatives to help the state's economy and growth. The establishment of these numerous centres will result in multiple job possibilities for thousands of people living in both the states. Environmental concerns In July 2022, in a meeting of the Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), the EAC raised concerns on the alignment of the expressway's Sheopur and Morena districts, due to the high presence of the well- known rugged eroded topography, the ravines of the Chambal region, or also known as the 'bad lands'. The construction in these parts will cause the soil to get further eroded, thus exposing the parent rock, which may result in a harm to the surrounding environment and other unaffected areas by drought, and the permanent stoppage of any agricultural activities on the entire region. If these changes occur, it would be irreversible to change back to the land what it was before and the efforts taken to turn ravines into normal, plain land. So the Ministry advised the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) to change the alignment of the expressway. In view of this, the NHAI changed the route by taking a new land survey, as far from the ravines as possible, and to ensure as much as impacts to be created on the socio-economic development of the entire Chambal region after the expressway's completion.	2.3125
78555041	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladder%20of%20Divine%20Ascent%20%28Tzanes%29	Ladder of Divine Ascent (Tzanes)	Ladder of Divine Ascent is a tempera painting created by painter and priest Emmanuel Tzanes. Tzanes flourished during the 17th century in Crete, Corfu, and Venice, Italy and his catalog of works numbers over 130. He was a member of an artistic family and both his brothers Konstantinos Tzanes and Marinos Tzanes were painters but Konstantinos is better known for his famous poem about Crete entitled The Cretan War (, O Kritikos Polemos). The family eventually settled in Venice where Emmanuel was elected priest of San Giorgio dei Greci where he completed a large number of his works from 1660 to 1690. Three years after his appointment he completed Ladder of Divine Ascent. Tzanes painted in the traditional Greek mannerisms or maniera greca following the lines of the Cretan School but also integrated the predominant painting style of Venice during that period. John Climacus was a 6th–7th century monk affiliated with Saint Catherine's Monastery. Climacus wrote a book entitled The Ladder of Divine Ascent which uses the analogy of Jacob's Ladder as the framework for his spiritual teaching. The book was a philosophical guide for monastic life following the teachings of Jesus Christ written for Abba John, Abbot of Raithu. In his book, there are 30 steps of a ladder. The Ladder describes how to raise one's soul and body to God by acquiring ascetic virtues. Countless painters adopted the theme of the Ladder of Divine Ascent. An unknown painter completed a work of the Ladder of Divine Ascent in the 12th century which is located at Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai.	2.625
78555571	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebouxia%20flava	Trebouxia flava	Trebouxia flava is a species of green alga in the family Trebouxiaceae. First described in 1975 by Patricia Ann Archibald, it features spherical cells containing multiple nuclei and a single chloroplast with a small pyrenoid. The species is characterized by its distinctive dull-shiny, sulphurous yellow cultures, which differ from the typical shiny yellow-green appearance of most other Trebouxia species. It can reproduce both through motile zoospores and non-motile aplanospores, and was originally isolated from the foliose lichen species Physconia pulverulenta. Taxonomy The alga was formally described as a new species in 1975 by the American biologist Patricia Ann Archibald. The type specimen was originally isolated (as Cystococcus humicola) from the foliose lichen now known as Physconia pulverulenta, and it is preserved in the Indiana Culture Collection under the accession number 181. The species epithet, , is Latin for "yellow". Description In active (logarithmic) growth, the vegetative cells of Trebouxia flava are spherical and measure approximately 7–15 micrometers (μm) in diameter, with a typical size of about 10 μm. The cell walls are relatively thin, around 0.5 μm or less in thickness. Unlike some other algae, T. flava cells do not become significantly larger or develop thicker cell walls when entering stationary (non-growing) phases in culture. Unlike most cultures of Trebouxia algae, which are shiny and yellow-green, cultures of T. flava are dull-shiny with a sulphurous yellow color. Each cell contains a single chloroplast equipped with a very small and often difficult-to-distinguish pyrenoid—a structure involved in carbon fixation. The cells are multinucleate, meaning they contain multiple nuclei rather than just one.	2.703125
78555571	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebouxia%20flava	Trebouxia flava	Originally isolated from Physconia pulverulenta, this alga has also been found to associate with the lichens Physconia distorta and P. grisea. Trebouxia flava is one of several Trebouxia species known to form symbiotic relationships with lichens in the genus Parmelia, specifically associating with species in the Parmelia sulcata group. Research has shown that P. sulcata group lichens display high specificity in their symbiotic relationships, associating only with Trebouxia species from clade I, including T. flava, whereas other Parmelia groups associate with different Trebouxia clades. Reproduction Trebouxia flava reproduces both by zoospore s (motile spores) and aplanospores (non-motile spores). The zoospores are relatively small, about 3 μm wide by 7 μm long. They contain a single nucleus positioned toward their anterior (front) end, as well as a minute stigma (eye-spot) also located near the front. This stigma likely helps the zoospore orient itself toward light, a crucial factor for photosynthesis. Aplanospores, on the other hand, lack motility and rely on passive dispersal.	2.5625
78556384	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarapith%20Temple	Tarapith Temple	Tarapith Temple is a 13th century Hindu temple in Tarapith, Birbhum, West Bengal in India, dedicated to the Hindu goddess Tara, one of the 10 Mahavidyas in Hinduism. It is one of the 108 Shakti Pithas in India. As per the Devi Bhagavata Purana, Kalika Purana, Markandeya Purana and Shakti Peetha Stotram, the third eye of Goddess Sati fell here, after Lord Vishnu's Sudarshan Chakra splintered her body into many parts to calm down Mahadev's rage, during his cosmic dance. Vashishta Muni, who first saw it, started worshipping there and the place was later developed into a temple. In addition to the temple, Tarapith is closely associated with the mystic saint Bamakhepa, who is said to have had deep spiritual experiences in this area. The cremation ground accompanying the temple is one of the most revered and popular sites for tantric practices in Shaktism. Geography Tarapith temple is situated near the Dwaraka river in the serene village landscape of Rampurhat-II Tehsil. Emerged in a spiritual and crowded atmosphere, the temple attracts millions of pilgrims every year. The nearest railway station is Rampurhat Railway Station while the nearest bus stop is the Tarapith Bus Stop. The Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport is its nearest airport. Legend and importance There are several legends narrated on the origin and importance of Tarapith and the temple, all related to the goddess Tara deified in the Tarapith temple.	2.171875
78556384	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarapith%20Temple	Tarapith Temple	A saint, held in great reverence in Tarapith and whose shrine is also located in the vicinity of the Tara temple, was Bamakhepa (1837–1911) popularly known as the "mad saint". Bama-khepa, literally means the mad ("khepa") follower of "left handed" ("Bama" or "Vama" in Sanskrit) path – the Tantric way of worship. Bamakhepa, goddess Tara's ardent devotee lived near the temple and meditated in the cremation grounds. He was a contemporary of another famous Bengali saint Ramakrishna. At a young age, he left his house and came under the tutelage of a saint named Kailsahpathi Baba, who lived in Tarapith. He perfected yoga and Tantric sadhana (worship), which resulted in his becoming the spiritual head of Tarapith. He also went to Devi Moulakhsi Temple at Maluti village for worship. People came to him seeking blessings or cures for their illness, in distress or just to meet him. He did not follow the set rules of the temple and, as a result, was once assaulted by temple priests for having taken food meant as an offering for the deity.Tara Ma appeared in the dream of Maharani ("Queen") of Natore- Rani Annadasundari Devi and told her to feed the saint first as he was her son. After this incident, Bamakhepa was fed first in the temple before the deity and nobody obstructed him. It is believed that Tara gave a vision to Bamakhepa in the cremation grounds, in her ferocious form, before taking him to her breast.	2.0625
78556403	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purushottamacharya	Purushottamacharya	Purushottamacharya (; 9th century) also known as Purushottama, was a vedantic philosopher and theologian. He was a disciple of Viśvācārya and the third after Nimbarka. He was 7th acharya of Nimbarka Sampradaya. Purushottamacharya composed Vedāntaratnamañjūṣā, a commentary on Nimbārkācharya's work Vedanta kamadhenu dashashloki Life Puruṣottama, believed to have originated from the same region as Nimbārka, which corresponds to Pratiṣṭhāna in present-day Paithan, Maharashtra. He was born on the sixth day of the bright fortnight of the lunar month Caitra (approximately February-March in the Gregorian calendar). He is also referred to as Vivaraṇakāra, meaning The Expositor, a title that signifies his role in elucidating and deeply analyzing complex theological principles and intricate aspects of philosophy with clarity and precision.He flourished after Śaṅkara, as he criticises many full-fledged Advaita doctrines. Works Vedāntaratnamañjūṣā (Vedanta Ratna Manjusha) – A detailed commentary on Nimbarkacharya's work Vedanta Kamadhenu dashashloki. Siddhānta-kṣirārṇava – A lost work. Polemical Contributions Puruṣottama's works represent the earliest recorded polemical engagements with Advaita philosophy within the tradition. In addition to critiquing Advaita, he also refuted key tenets of other prominent schools of thought, including Pūrvamīmāṁsā, Nyāya, Cārvāka, and Sāṁkhya. Critique of Advaita Puruṣottama systematically challenged various foundational doctrines of Advaita Vedānta. His arguments targeted concepts such as ekajīvavāda (the theory of a single empirical self), vibhuparimāṇavāda (the doctrine of single all pervading self), upādhivāda (the theory of limiting adjuncts), adhyāsavāda (the theory of superimposition), pratibimbavāda (the theory of reflection), nirguṇa-brahmavāda (the doctrine of attributeless Brahman), nirviśeṣa-brahmavāda (the doctrine of qualityless Brahman), jaganmithyāvāda (the doctrine of the world's illusory nature), and vivartavāda (the doctrine of apparent transformation).	2.28125
78556434	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang%20Qi-dong	Yang Qi-dong	Yang Qi-dong (Chinese: 楊啟東) (November 8, 1906 – July 5, 2003) was a watercolor artist, oil painter, educator, and art critic from Fengyuan, Taichung City, Taiwan. Development Yang Qi-dong was born in 1906 in Zhenliao, Fengyuan, Taichung County. During his time at Huludun Public School, he self-studied haiku,waka, short poetry, and modern verse. In 1918, he published works in Youth Magazine. Subsequently, he enrolled in the Fine Arts Department of the Taipei Normal School under the Taiwan Governor-General's Office , studying under Ishikawa Kinichiro to lay the foundation for his painting skills. After graduating in 1925, unlike most of his peers who went to Japan for further studies, Yang Qi-dong was unable to do so due to setbacks in his father Yang Wanshou's grain and timber business. Instead, he purchased Japanese art publications for self-study. In the same year, he took a teaching position in art at Beitun Public School (now ). In October 1927, Yang's watercolor painting The Timber Pond at Dusk was selected for the inaugural Taiwan Fine Arts Exhibition (also referred as Taiten). In 1928, his work Stranded Boat was chosen for the Western Painting Division of the second Taiwan Art Exhibition. Over the years, he was selected for Taiten and Futen ten times and also served as a juror for art exhibitions at Taichung Prefecture schools. After 1928, Yang was transferred to teach at Wufeng Public School (now Wufeng Elementary School in Wufeng District, Taichung City). In 1931, he began teaching at Fengyuan Public School (now Fengyuan Elementary School in Fengyuan District, Taichung City) and married Chen Xiu in the same year.	2.03125
78558426	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentapantopus	Pentapantopus	When Pentapantopus was first described in 2013, it was thought to be a polymerous (extra-legged) species that had 5 pairs of legs (hence the name). However, with the description of another specimen in 2024, this has been refuted in favour of the common arrangement of 4 pairs of legs, as the previous "fifth leg" in the incomplete specimen was likely a misinterpretation of the opposite fourth leg. Each leg begins with a possibly annulated coxa and ends with a long, hook-like terminal claw. Each podomere from the fourth segment is wide and flattened, with most of them bearing tubercles and sparse pairs of long setae along the inner side. Within this section, the first pair of walking legs has one less segment than the other three, resulting in a total count of 7 segments for the first leg, which is unusual for a pycnogonid, in contrast to the usual 8 segments of the remaining 3 pairs. Taxonomy In the original description, Pentapantopus was thought to be a crown-group pycnogonid (Pantopoda), based on the purported polymerous legs, a rare but derived feature only occuring in Pantopoda. This was questioned by the redescription in 2024, as there were considered to be only 4 pairs of legs, and other newly discovered feaures (alternated leg segments and the possibility of bearing clawed palps, annulated coxae and segmented abdomen) suggest it is unlikely to be a pantopod. Both the original paper and redescription agreed on its similarities to Haliestes, the latter also suggest their legs are the same type as Palaeoisopus, but it is uncertain if this type represents a clade or evolutionary grade of stem-group Pycnogonida. Etymology The name Pentapantopus derives from the word "penta" meaning "5” in reference to the belief that it had five pairs of walking legs, alongside "pantopus", a common suffix for sea spiders. The species name vogteli honours Hans Vogtel, a former slate worker who helped find numerous fossils during the process of roof-slate production.	2.59375
78558476	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C/1939%20H1%20%28Jurlof%E2%80%93Achmarof%E2%80%93Hassel%29	C/1939 H1 (Jurlof–Achmarof–Hassel)	Meteor showers The comet has a long period, which is estimated to be 490 years based on 14 observations with a total observation arc of 28 days while an orbit calculated from 399 positions has an orbital period of 6,490 years. The comet has a minimum orbit intersection distance with Earth of and V. Guth noticed in 1939 that the orbit of comet approached the orbit of the Earth both in the ascending and the descending node, on 4 August and 31 January and suggested that the comet could produce meteors. One meteor shower has been associated with comet Jurlof–Achmarof–Hassel, the theta Cetids (IAU shower #535), named from theta Ceti, which lies near its radiant point. The shower was first identified in 2014 and meteors associated with it have been observed in all years from 2010 and 2020, without any outbursts. About a dozen meteors were observed in cameras all over the world in 2019 and in 2020. The shower is active between 3 and 8 August, along with the Perseids. The other shower associated with this comet has been named 47 Ophiuchids, and is active from January 31 to February 13. Three meteors associated with this shower were detected by the Croatian Meteor Network and the SonotaCo Meteor Network between 2007 and 2013.	2.828125
78558673	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Beggar%20Student%20%281940%20novel%29	The Beggar Student (1940 novel)	is a 1940 Japanese novella by Osamu Dazai. Set in Tokyo during WWII, the story stars a fictionalized version of the author who is roused from his depression by a high school dropout named Saeki and convinced to take his place as the live narrator for a silent film. Sharing a title with an 1882 operetta by Carl Millöcker, the book makes frequent reference to classic European literature and touches upon aspects of early twentieth-century cinema. Summary A depressive thirty-something writer named Osamu Dazai, based loosely on the author, is walking on the banks of the Tamagawa Aqueduct in Mitaka when he hears somebody drowning in the water. Running blindly to the rescue, he trips over the swimmer, who has come safely ashore and is sunbathing in the nude. The annoyed boy, Saeki, grills Dazai on his knowledge of great thinkers and concludes that all writers must be dumb. Trying to reclaim his dignity, Dazai treats Saeki to a meal of oyakodon rice in a teahouse by Inokashira Pond. Through reverse psychology, Saeki convinces Dazai to trade places with him that night as the benshi for a silent film about springtime in Hokkaido. Since Saeki has already pawned his uniform, the two head to Shibuya to visit Saeki's former classmate Kumamoto, an uptight boy who has a habit of pretending to have read great works of literature he barely knows. After the writer changes into one of Kumamoto's ill-fitting uniforms, tension grows between the two young friends, who bicker and trade insults in attempts to come across as smart.	1.9375
78558832	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish%20settlement%20in%20the%20Hauran	Jewish settlement in the Hauran	On October 4, 1895, five families traveled to the area, named Tushanbabshun (near modern Daraa in Syria). They began constructing stone houses, planting mulberry trees for silk production, and building basic agricultural infrastructure. Despite initial successes, including a growing population and communal living arrangements, challenges arose, such as Ottoman resistance, local disputes, and thefts. By 1897, approximately 72 Jewish families lived in nine settlements, but increasing conflicts and restrictions, caused most settlers to leave by 1901. Settlement abandonment and nationalization of the lands. In early 1898, a typhus outbreak struck the settlements, leading to one death and patients transfared to Rosh Pina for treatment. At the same time, increasing hostility from local Arab residents and the lack of Ottoman intervention caused settlers to gradually abandon the settlements. By mid-1898, 18 Jewish families remained, but thefts worsened their economic situation. On Baron Rothschild's representative's advice, the settlers relocated temporarily to Rosh Pina and Safed. Some settlers returned later that year, but found that houses were destroyed by Bedouins during a rebellion against the Ottoman authorities. Following Ottoman pressure, including arrests and forced commitments not to return, the settlers permanently left the Hauran region. They resettled in Safed and Metula. These groups, known as the "Jaham Golan" or "Saham Golan" settlers, lived on Baron Rothschild's support and eventually formed the core of the Yavne'el settlement in the Galilee. After World War I, the Hauran region was included in Jewish territorial claims at the Paris Peace Conference for the future Jewish National Home. However, the 1923 Paulet–Newcombe Agreement placed it under the French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon.	3.140625
78558905	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto%20Profesional%20de%20Chill%C3%A1n%20Televisi%C3%B3n	Instituto Profesional de Chillán Televisión	In 1990, Norman Ahumada left the management of Iproch TV, being replaced by engineer Domingo Díaz. On March 11, 1991, a fire completely destroyed the channel's facilities, including its audiovisual archive, so in the following months the Pro-Recovery Committee of Channel 10 was formed, headed by the governor of the province of Ñuble, Carlos Abel Jarpa and who sought to raise funds to rebuild the television station; Through this campaign, 18 million pesos were raised to purchase a one-kilowatt antenna and transmitter manufactured in the United States. At the end of October 1991, transmissions were restarted, this time under the name of Channel 11 RTU Chillán and moving its frequency from channel 10 to 11 due to a rearrangement of frequencies given the arrival of Megavisión to the area through channel 9. At the end of 1993 the signal closed due to the imminent arrival of the Chilevisión channel, successor signal to the University of Chile channel and legal owner of the channel's frequency in Chillán. Chilevisión began its transmissions in Chillán on January 1, 1994 through channel 11. Local programs (news) (weather) (sports) (talk)	2.015625

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