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77368096	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic%20Greek%20culture	Pontic Greek culture	The region and its history are important to Pontian identity. Scholar Patricia Fann Bouteneff writes, "[Pontians] define themselves by their ancestors' place of birth and see themselves and their history as originating within the physical bounds of the Pontos." Pontian songs and literature tend to focus on the region, depicting it with nostalgia. Language Name and status Pontians traditionally speak Romeika, known in English as Pontic Greek. Pontians in Greece might call their dialect Pontiaka to highlight their Pontic identity. Due to extended contact with the Laz language, some speakers even refer to their dialect as Lazika. In Turkey, Romeika is often called Rumca. Although Romeika is, linguistically, a variety of modern Greek, it is not mutually intelligible with other Greek varieties, such as Demotic Greek. For this reason, some scholars view Romeika as its own Hellenic language. Other researchers recognize it as a dialect, but one that is incredibly far removed from other Greek varieties. British archaeologist Richard MacGillivray Dawkins said, "The position of Pontic is at the end of a long chain of [Greek] dialects, though it is the last link which has very nearly entirely detached itself." Romeika, like all other modern Greek varieties except for Tsakonian, is descended from ancient Attic-Ionic Greek. Beginning in the 11th century, dialects of medieval Greek began to diverge from one another. Romeika is also very distinct from other varieties because the Pontos has historically been isolated from other parts of the Greek-speaking world. Other languages, such as Laz, Turkish, Armenian, Kurdish, and Russian, have influenced Romeika. Many loanwords feature in Romeika vocabulary.	2.953125
77368096	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic%20Greek%20culture	Pontic Greek culture	Crypto-Christianity in the Pontos is complex. In Romeika, Muslims who followed Christian practices were called , meaning "turned". The dominant narrative in Greece is that the Crypto-Christians superficially converted to Islam, continued to practice Christianity in private, and declared themselves Christians once they felt safe to do so. One notable group of Pontian crypto-Christians were the Kromlides, named for their origins in Kromni. They often bore both a Muslim and a Christian name. Many were linked to mining communities and as such enjoyed special privileges, such as exemption from military service and certain taxes. As the mines began to fail in the mid-19th century, some may have declared themselves Christians so they could continue to evade military service. Declarations of religion were often political rather than being solely based in faith. The Kromlides declared themselves Christians in 1857, while the Stavriotes, another crypto-Christian mining group, declared their faith in 1876 after the Constitution of the Ottoman Empire was signed. The Kromlides and Stavriotes were eventually accepted as Orthodox Christians and deported with the rest of Turkey's Greek Orthodox community in 1923.	2.34375
77368096	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic%20Greek%20culture	Pontic Greek culture	In addition to Greek Orthodox and Sunni Muslim Pontians, there exists a small Protestant minority. This minority owes its existence to the evangelism of Western missionaries in the 19th and 20th centuries. Beginning in 1818, the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions decided to send missions to West Asia, primarily Palestine and Ottoman Anatolia. They hoped to revive "oriental" churches, which they viewed as ignorant and backwards. In doing so, they hoped that the Christians' Muslim neighbors might also convert to Protestantism. The Board described the Greek Orthodox church as "primitive" and in need of revival. American missionaries first arrived in Smyrna in 1820. They were met with hostility by the local Christians and indifference by the local Muslims. They found more success in establishing schools for the local community. The missionaries also distributed Bibles in Greek. The Board opened a mission site in Trapezounta to preach to Pontians, with some success. Theatre Modern Pontian theatre describes the theatrical tradition of Pontians in Greece after the population exchange. Plays are typically in Romeika and focus on Pontian themes. Theatre is a means through which Pontians in Greece maintain a sense of cohesive cultural identity and remember their origins, specifically to resist the threat of complete assimilation into wider Greek culture. This theatre tends to present a cohesive "pan-Pontic" identity and an idyllic view of village life. Theatre is a way of preserving Pontian culture, folklore, and traditions.	3
77368096	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic%20Greek%20culture	Pontic Greek culture	Pontian marriages were typically arranged. Matchmakers played an important role in arranging marriage between young people. Age at marriage differed from region to region. In crypo-Christian communities in Kromni, near Gümüşhane, girls married between the ages of 12 and 14, the same as Muslim girls did in the region. Boys also married young, but were typically slightly older than their brides. In others, such as the village of Iondone (Agios Antonios) near Fatsa, neither sex married until age 21, according to a woman who grew up there. The family of the bride gave a large dowry to the family of the groom. Pontic Greek society is patrilineal: the bride traditionally took the name of the groom, and her children would take the father's name. Pontian names traditionally end in or , suffixes which mean "daughter of" and "son of" respectively. So, for example, a married couple might be Mr. Nikolaidis and Mrs. Nikolaidou. The surname is the same, but the gendered suffix is different. Additionally, Pontians traditionally practiced patrilocal marriage. The sons stayed home with their parents, while the daughters married and went to live with their husbands' families. The opposite occasionally occurred if a family had no sons. The daughters stayed at home; the daughter's husbands moved into the home and took the family name. In either case, households were multigenerational, with a couple, their sons, their daughters-in-law, and their grandchildren living in the same home. The grandparents, especially the grandmothers, traditionally play an important role in raising children and running the household. The grandmother traditionally held authority over other women in the household. She assigned housework, mediated conflict, and intervened when male householders abused their authority over the women.	3
77368096	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic%20Greek%20culture	Pontic Greek culture	Funeral and memorial While a person was dying, they gave relatives their blessing. They also received communion. The person was supposed to die surrounded by family; if they were apart from family, their soul would be at risk. After death, the neighbors would gather in the house to pay their respects. Relatives washed the dead person and dressed them in a shroud. The deceased was then placed in bed until the local carpenter could make a casket. The family dressed in black and sat around the bed with the dead person. The family stayed with the dead person until the casket was complete and the priest arrived, usually within a day. Upon the arrival of the priest, the women of the household wailed. One common lament was "" ("What has happened to us? What are we going to do?") The deceased () was placed in the casket with wildflowers and a pillow for their head. During the funeral procession, the women wailed. Someone carried , a wheat dish made specifically for funerals. The kollyva contained raisins, sugar, pomegranate seeds, and nuts. The other villagers joined the funeral procession. The people sang laments. The funeral procession went to the church for a funeral service. Then, they went outside to the graveyard. Volunteers dug the grave, and the pillow beneath the deceased's head was replaced with a pillow of dirt. The priest threw dirt on the grave first, followed by the other mourners. A candle was placed on the grave; the candle stayed lit for forty days. On the fortieth day, the person's soul was believed to ascend to Heaven. During this time, women wore black, and men did not shave or cut their hair. In small crypo-Christian communities, families buried their dead in secret with Orthodox rites on their own property. In larger communities, they immediately sewed the dead person into a shroud and delivered them to the local mosque.	2.90625
77368097	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaana%20B%C3%A4ck	Jaana Bäck	Jaana Kaarina Bäck (b. 1961) is a Finnish plant ecologist who works as a professor of forest-atmosphere interactions at the University of Helsinki. She has been a member of the Finnish nature panel (2020–2023). Life and work Bäck graduated from the University of Kuopio with a M.Sc. in Environmental Science in 1985. She continued to study for a doctor of philosophy from the University of Oulu in 1994 in the field of plant ecology. Bäck's 1994 English dissertation looked at the effect of acid precipitation on the needles of pine and spruce and on the cold resistance of trees. The dissertation was titled Effects of acidic Precipitation on Scots pine and Norway spruce needles and their low temperature Tolerance. Bäck has been a docent of plant ecophysiology at the University of Oulu since 1998 and a docent of forest-atmosphere interaction at the University of Helsinki since 2010. Bäck worked as a researcher at the University of Oulu and the Academy of Finland (1985–1996). After completing her thesis, she was an assistant in plant ecology at the University of Oulu (1995–1998). She was a postdoc researcher at the Academy of Finland (1998–2004). She spent 15 months as a postdoctoral researcher in the United States at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California and Cornell University's Boyce Thompson Institute for Research in New York. She was a researcher at the Department of Forestry at the University of Helsinki (2004–2006) and a research coordinator at the Department of Physics (2007–2012). She has served as a professor of forest-atmosphere interaction since August 2013. In 2017, Bäck received the Pro Scientia award when it was given by the Finnish Academy of Sciences for the first time. The Prize is awarded for work that "significantly promoted the status of science in society." It is given out every other year and is valued at 10,000 euros. In 2021 she was named a Knight, First Class, of the Order of the White Rose of Finland.	2.046875
77368101	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugaring%20Off%20%28Grandma%20Moses%2C%20442%29	Sugaring Off (Grandma Moses, 442)	Sugaring Off is a 1943 oil painting by the American outsider painter Grandma Moses, produced at age 83 and signed "Moses". It is in the collection of the Galerie St. Etienne. It shows the artist's impression of maple sugaring traditions, with a cauldron of sap boiling on an open fire in the middle. On the left a woman pours the maple wax into fresh snow for children who are watching. On the right buckets of sap are poured into a large barrel for the next load to boil, while behind that a man with an ox-sled pulls logs presumably to feed the fire. The painting is notable for being the first full color lithograph of a Grandma Moses painting that could be ordered for framing. It was on loan to the Bennington Museum during the 2020 pandemic where a video was published online to museum members at home unable to come in person. In 1946, this painting was the first of forty selected for her to tell her story in her own words in the book Grandma Moses American Primitive: "In the maple orchards long ago, after the maple sap had been evaporated till it would spin a hair, then a call was sent out to all the young people to come to the waxin', they would pour the thick syrup on dishes of snow for each to eat, they would eat their fill and go home to dream sweet dreams,..." The next year in 1947, this painting was also selected to become a Christmas card that later became a bestseller for Hallmark Cards. The card was a folded rectangle with the painting on the front, and on the back in small lettering, the text "This reproduction of "Sugaring Off" is from an original painting by Grandma Moses, New England farm wife, who began painting at the age of 76 and is recognized as one of the country's outstanding contemporary artists."	2.109375
77368290	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovic%20McLellan%20Mann	Ludovic McLellan Mann	Life Ludovic Mann was born in Langside, Glasgow. His father was the Glasgow accountant John Mann (1827–1910), who lost a fortune after the spectacular collapse in October 1878 of the City of Glasgow Bank but narrowly avoided bankruptcy. His mother was the novelist Mary Newton Harrington (1834–1917) who wrote the novels, "Sandy and other Folk" and "Marion Emery and her friends : a tale of southern Scotland" and "The Wooin' o' Mysie". The couple had a family of four sons and two daughters. The eldest son was John Mann (1863–1955), a prominent accountant and businessman who became Director of Contracts in the Ministry of Munitions. Mann used cost accounting to save large amounts of money during munitions production leading up to World War I. The second son was Harrington Mann (1864–1937), a noted portrait painter who was member of the Glasgow Boys movement in the 1880's. The third son was Arthur Mann (1866-?) who emigrated to Argentina to build a fortune and became the owner of a Estancia. Ludovic was the youngest son. His oldest sister was Katherine Mann, a poet and youngest sister was Hilda Harrington Mann (1873–1964). Education In 1882, when Mann left school, he began training as a chartered accountant and by 1898 had become an associate member of the Institute of Accountants and Actuaries in Glasgow. In a 1938 paper written by Mann, "Measures: their prehistoric origin and meaning", he describes how he was "educated at the University of Glasgow as well as on the continent in his teens". Career Death Mann died in his bedroom at his house in 4 Lynedoch Crescent in Glasgow. In his will, he wished his collection of prehistoric finds to remain in the public domain so they were bequeathed upon his death to the Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum then known as Glasgow Art Gallery and Museum. Publications	2.8125
77368508	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion%20in%20Madagascar	Abortion in Madagascar	Societal factors Abortion is a taboo subject in Madagascar. It is considered to violate the concept of life force, or . Pregnancies, including unwanted ones, are considered positive signs of a woman's fertility. Contraception is rare. One-fifth of women do not have access to it in Madagascar. Most cannot afford it. Other reasons include rumors about negative health effects and pressure from abusive husbands. Although Malagasy families historically preferred having many children, many are now having fewer children to focus on finances and completing school. Mobile contraceptive clinics from MSI have been popular in many villages. Many students have premarital sex, but contraceptive use is low. Many believe the side effects of contraception are more problematic than abortion. Some are discouraged from using birth control by their families. Women who are more likely to have had abortions are those who are young, have more education, or have ever had transactional sex. Abortion is more common in urban than rural areas.	2.59375
77369177	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diakit%C3%A9%20Fatoumata%20N%27Diaye	Diakité Fatoumata N'Diaye	Diakité Fatoumata N'Diaye is a Malian politician and diplomat who has served as Minister of Public Health in 1991, Minister of Health in 1997, and Minister of Social Development between 2000 and 2002. In 2017, N'Diaye became the Malian ambassador to Tunisia. Biography N'Diaye was born in Bamako, French Sudan (now Mali) in April 1954. She first went to a regional school in Segou, and continued her studies at the Catholic Mission in Segou where she graduated in 1968. She then studied modern literature at the Lycée de Jeunes Filles de Bamako and transferred to Toulouse Capitole University where she obtained a master's degree in civil law in 1976. N'Diaye obtained a PhD in civil law from the University of Paris I in 1978. Between 1983 and 1991 N'Diaye was a professor at the National School of Administration. During this time, she also rose up the ranks in the Malian government, becoming an advisor to the general secretariat, head of publications for that department, and then director of the cabinet for the Ministry of Youth and Sports. In 1991, she was appointed as the Minister of Public Health, Social Action, and the Promotion of Women in the transitional government after the 1991 Malian coup d'état. The next year, she was appointed as Minister of Tourism and deputy secretary general of the government. Between 1993 and 1997, N'Diaye was the Minister for the Promotion of Women, and in 1997 became Minister of Health of Mali. As minister of health, N'Diaye focused on efforts to curb tobacco addiction in Mali. Between 2000 and 2002, N'Diaye served as the Minister of Social Development, Solidarity, and the Elderly. N'Diaye served as mediator and ombudsman for various organizations in the Malian government between 2002 and 2009. She served as secretary-general of Mali between 2009 and 2017, when she was appointed as the Malian ambassador to Tunisia. In April 2023, she was succeeded as ambassador by Moussa Soro Sy.	2.015625
77369403	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union%20of%20Lublin%20Square	Union of Lublin Square	Union of Lublin Square (Polish: Plac Unii Lubelskiej) is an urban square and a roundabout in Warsaw, Poland, within the Downtown district. It forms an intersection of Polna, Marszałkowska, Bagatela, Puławska, Klonowa, and Boya-Żeleńskiego Streets, and Szucha Avenue. The square was constructed in 1770. It is surrounded by tenements. Name The name of the square refers to the Union of Lublin, an agreement signed in 1569, which led to the creation of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The name was given on 1 July 1919, on the 350th anniversary of the signing of the document. Originally, it was known as the Mokotów Roundabout (Polish: Rondo Mokotowskie) due to its location near the village of Mokotów (now part of Warsaw). Around 1875, it began to be known as Kexholm Square (Polish: Plac Keksholmski; Russian: Кексгольмский площадь, transcription: Keksgol'mskiy ploshchad'''), named after the nearby barracks of the Kexholm Life Guard Regiment of the Imperial Russian Army. The unit itself was named after the town of Priozersk in Russia, then known as Kexholm. History The square was developed in 1770 as the southernmost part of the Stanisław Axis, an urban layout made of five circular squares and roads, connecting Warsaw with Ujazdów Castle, developed from the initiative of King Stanisław August Poniatowski. The same year, it was surrounded to the south and west by the Lubomirski Ramparts, a line of fortifications erected around the city. In 1818, the Mokotów Tollhouses, two entrance buildings to the city, were opened there. They were designed by Jakub Kubicki in the Neoclassical style. In 1881, at the square, a turning loop of a horsecar line, connecting it with Muranów, was constructed.Stanisław Konarski: "Generał Sokrates Starynkiewicz, prezydent Warszawy", Rocznik Warszawski, issue 31. Warsaw, 2002, p. 227. (in Polish) In 1908, it was replaced with an electric tram line.	2.265625
77369419	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Stuart%20Cochrane	Charles Stuart Cochrane	Just a few years earlier, in January 1818, Charles's cousin Thomas Cochrane, in disgrace and effectively sacked from the Royal Navy, had taken up the post of commander-in-chief of the Chilean navy, where he conducted successful battles against the Spanish navy. In 1823, Thomas was appointed to command the navy of Brazil, again with a view to liberating all of Brazil from Spanish rule. Charles's travels through the region were probably smoothed by his family connection. It is likely that Charles had persuaded his cousin John Dundas Cochrane of the attractions of South America. John made two visits to Colombia – firstly in June 1824, and then, after returning briefly to London, in the following summer; in August 1825, he died of fever at Valencia in Colombia shortly after his arrival. Travels in Britain The pearl-fishery enterprise did not prove a personal financial success for Charles. He notes, in subsequent writing, that in July 1828, he had experienced a 'disappointment' in South America. This disappointment was probably in addition to an earlier one: 'in Columbia in 1824, where I was unfortunately engaged in one of those fashionable bubbles, by which I lost my health, and was swindled out of a thousand pounds.' Partly for this reason, he now embarked on a new adventure.	2.3125
77369419	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Stuart%20Cochrane	Charles Stuart Cochrane	In order to raise money for anti-monarchist refugees arriving in Britain from Spain, he proposed to tour Britain. He furnished himself with a guitar and a song-book, dressed as a troubadour, and pretended to be a Spaniard by the name of Señor Juan de Vega. He was ten months on this journey, leaving London in late August 1828 and reaching Edinburgh in June 1829. His journey took in towns in Kent, along the south coast of England, Bath and Bristol, Wales, Dublin and Belfast, and Glasgow. While at Spithead, he noticed that the Russian fleet was in, so he visited one of the ships, and made the interesting statement in his journal that 'As to the vessel, I am a poor judge of ships; I have, besides, a particular dislike to the sea.' This might explain his abrupt resignation from the Royal Navy in 1822. In the course of the journey, despite being robbed at least once, he managed to raise the sum of £58 which, as he explained in a letter to the London Times, 31 October 1829, he donated to the 'Committee of Spanish Gentlemen, for the Benefit of the recent Emigrants from Portugal'. He then set about publishing his account of these travels. This was printed in two volumes in London in 1830, as A Journal Made by Señor Juan de Vega, the Spanish Minstrel, of 1828-9 through Great Britain and Ireland. This book was satirised by Henry Mayhew in his one act play The Wandering Minstrel. Cashmere manufacture In 1830, the 'Scottish Board of Trustees for the Encouragement of Arts and Manufactures' offered a 300 pound sterling reward to the first person who could spin cashmere in Scotland based on the French system. Charles Stuart Cochrane, now in France, managed to acquire sufficient technical information on this aspect of spinning, and in 1831 took out a patent for the process. He then sold the patent to Henry Houldsworth and Sons of Glasgow, and in 1832 Houldsworth started the manufacture of cashmere yarn, and received the Scottish Board's award in 1833.	2.046875
77369858	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgardo%20Huertas	Edgardo Huertas	Edgardo Luis Huertas Feliciano (September 24, 1959 – July 6, 2024) was a Puerto Rican singer, show host and actor. He was known for his participation in various television shows, both in his native country Puerto Rico and in South America. Early life Huertas was born in Santurce, Puerto Rico. His first work as an entertainer came at age 11, on a show, "Los Payasos de la Tele", hosted by famous Spanish clowns "Gaby, Fofó and Miliki". A multifaceted artist, Huertas appeared in "La Tribuna del Arte", a television show akin to the United States "America's Got Talent", and he earned a certificate as a singer, at the age of 15 in 1974. By this era also, young Huertas had demonstrated interest in song writing, and took photography and guitar playing as a hobby, in addition to taking radio show hosting classes. His first big break came when he was invited by Ruth Fernandez to participate in her weekly television show "Del Brazo con Ruth" ("By Ruth's Arm"), which gave him celebrity in Puerto Rico. Soon, Huertas was co-hosting other shows with the likes of Carmita Jimenez and of Myrta Silva, among others. In 1978, Huertas acted in a theatrical play named "Desconcierto" alongside legendary Puerto Rican comedienne Awilda Carbia. A year later, Huertas joined "Nuestro Teatro", acting in such plays as "Puerto Rico Fua!", which was a Carlos Ferrari production, and in which he acted alongside Luis Oliva and Junior Alvarez, among others.	1.992188
77370366	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1875%20Serbian%20parliamentary%20election	1875 Serbian parliamentary election	Snap parliamentary elections were held in Serbia on 3 August 1875 following the early dissolution of the National Assembly elected the previous year. Background Triannual parliamentary elections had taken place as scheduled on 24 October 1874, resulting in a majority for liberals. The newly elected Assembly convened for the first time on 8 November, and was officially opened with a speech from Prince Milan on 10 November. However, the debate that followed the speech led to the resignation of Prime Minister Jovan Marinović after it became apparent his conservative government did not have enough support in parliament. This was the first time that a government had been brought down by the National Assembly. Three days later Milan appointed Aćim Čumić as Prime Minister, but on 26 November the Assembly was adjourned until 14 January 1875. In January another government was formed, this time led by Danilo Stefanović, but it was also received poorly by parliament. As a result, the National Assembly was dissolved on 13 March and fresh elections called. A decree by Milan on 20 July 1875 set the election date as 3 August. Results The elections resulted in a large majority for the liberals. As a result, Stefanović resigned the day after the elections. Aftermath Ljubomir Kaljević became president of the National Assembly while Ilija Stojanović, Uroš Knežević and Pantelia Srećković were elected as its vice-presidents. A new government was formed on 27 August, led by Stevča Mihailović.	2.421875
77371322	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pile%20%28monument%29	Pile (monument)	The origin of Gaul's stacks may lie in massive funerary monuments in the Italian peninsula, of the type found at Pompeii, such as the Tomb of the Garlands dating from the 1st century BC. Their principle and architecture (several storeys, statue niche, cladding-covered block core) would have spread to other Roman provinces, including Gaul and Germania, adapted to the materials, requirements, and know-how of local architects. This dissemination may have been carried out by veterans of the Roman army who had obtained estates in the provinces, or by notables from these same provinces on a trip to the Italian peninsula. Excavations have revealed archaeological material associated with the piles within their attached burial enclosures. This evidence confirms that these monuments were constructed in the second half of the 1st century AD and fell out of use by the end of the 4th century. After Christianization, as they could not be converted into chapels or churches due to their massive nature, the piles were used as stone quarries; if the core was left intact, the facing, composed of regularly cut stones, was carefully salvaged, but the precise date of this operation is not known. Some, like the Vielle-Adour pile (Hautes-Pyrénées), had to make way for a railroad line, road or other development at a later date.	2.90625
77371322	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pile%20%28monument%29	Pile (monument)	Similar types of funerary monument elsewhere in the Roman world Funerary monuments whose function and principle can be compared to those of the piles found in France can also be found in other parts of the Roman Empire. "Treviary pillars" such as the one at Igel, although decorated differently, are also solid monuments dedicated to the memory of the deceased. They do not include a burial chamber, but are frequently associated with an enclosure and close to a villa. In Italy, at Albenga and Pompeii for example, stacks are very similar to those found in Gaul, although the facing is generally in opus incertum, enhanced with brick or in large units. The Scipio Tower in Tarragona is based on the same principle; the facing is also in large-scale brickwork. In Tunisia, a homogeneous group was built in the low steppe region (Kasserine, Haouch Taacha necropolis) and, although no in-depth excavation seems to have taken place, the morphology and function of these piles dating from the first or second centuries are very similar to those of French buildings. The same type of funerary monument can also be found in Libya (Ghirza, Tripolitania province).	2.46875
77371426	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried%20Haase	Siegfried Haase	Second World War During the Second World War, Haase worked as a radio operator and war artist. Close to the end of the war, many of his paintings were destroyed. Following the post-war period, Haase, his wife Hedwig M. Haase, and younger daughter Barbara M Haase, immigrated to Halifax, Nova Scotia, in October 1952, choosing to settle in the community of Herring Cove. Haase's older daughter, Ingrid M. Haase, had stayed in school in Germany until arriving at Herring Cove, on September 19, 1953 aboard ship Italia, docking at Pier 21. Following his arrival to Canada, Haase worked at both the Eastern Photo Engravers company and Maritime Photo Engravers Limited until 1957. Academic career In 1964, Haase became an associate professor at the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design. His course teachings included printmaking, illustration and graphic techniques. In 1982, he partially retired due to health reasons. Haase continued to teach at NSCAD University in a limited capacity until 1984. After his career in education, Haase relocated to Cambridge, Ontario, in 1984. He opened a studio in Kitchener, Ontario, in 1985 and later moved to Ottawa, where he lived until his death in 1996. Personal life Haase was born on 1 September 1916, to Minna Albertine Emma, b. Retzke (mother), and Reinhold Hermann Franz Haase (father). He had four sisters: Traute, Anna, Christel, and Eleonore Haase. Born a Lutherian, he converted to Catholicism later in his life. Prior to his immigration to Canada, Haase married his wife, Hedwig M. Haase, in Germany. The couple had two daughters: Ingrid M. Haase, born in 1940, and a younger daughter, Barbara M Haase. Ingrid, choosing to stay in school in Germany until 1953, arrived in Canada nearly a year after Haase, his wife and younger daughter had immigrated to Herring Cove.	2.265625
77372377	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002%20Arizona%20House%20of%20Representatives%20election	2002 Arizona House of Representatives election	The 2002 Arizona House of Representatives election took place on Tuesday, November 5, 2002, with the primary election held on Tuesday, September 10, 2002. Arizona voters elected all 60 members of the Arizona House of Representatives in multi-member districts to serve two-year terms. The election coincided with United States national elections and Arizona state elections, including U.S. House, Governor, and Arizona Senate. Following the previous election in 2000, Republicans held a 36-to-24-seat majority over Democrats. Republicans expanded their majority in 2002, winning 39 seats. At 21 members, Democrats experienced a net loss of three seats. The newly elected members served in the 46th Arizona State Legislature, during which Republican Jake Flake was elected as Speaker of the Arizona House. These were the first elections in Arizona following the 2000 United States redistricting cycle, which resulted in redrawn legislative district boundaries. Retiring Incumbents Democrats District 11: Carmine Cardamone District 11: Noemi Norris District 13: Richard Miranda District 13: Kathi Foster District 14: Marion L. Pickens District 14: Bill Brotherton District 15: Ken Cheuvront District 25: Christine Weason District 28: Gabrielle "Gabby" Giffords Republicans District 3: Linda Binder District 7: Wes Marsh District 8: Carolyn S. Allen District 11: Barbara Leff District 12: Robert Blendu District 15: Mike Gleason District 16: Jim Weiers District 17: Laura Knaperek District 18: Mark Anderson District 19: Roberta Voss District 21: Dean Cooley District 26: Jeff Hatch-Miller Incumbents Defeated in Primary Elections Democrats District 2: James "Jim" Sedillo District 2: Albert Tom District 16: Carlos Avelar District 23: Mark Clark District 25: Mark Maiorana Republicans District 5: Debra Brimhall District 10: James Kraft District 11: Steve May District 26: Carol Somers Incumbents Defeated in General Elections Democrats District 1: Henry J. Camarot District 25: Bobby Lugo Republican District 28: Edward Poelstra	2.078125
77373554	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qui%20suis-je%3F	Qui suis-je?	Qui suis-je? (in English: Who am I?) is the debut studio album by French rapper Sefyu, produced by the label Because Music and the beatmaker Therapy. Released in May 2006 in relative anonymity, it catapulted Sefyu to the forefront of the French rap scene and, more broadly, among French singers, allowing him to win the Victoires de la Musique in 2009. This success was made possible by the highly innovative style of the rapper, which includes numerous onomatopoeias, rhythm breaks, mouth sounds, and combines this technical form with impactful, unsettling, or profound messages about human nature. The album is considered a classic of French rap. However, despite its innovations, which sometimes place it in the realms of "pre-trap" or "pre-drill", it failed to have a lasting influence on French rap, which later embraced trap music through other avenues, notably Kaaris. History Context French rap entered a period known as the "crisis of the record industry", with the development of the Internet and illegal music downloads. This crisis affected the entire music production sector in France and was not limited to rap. It drastically reduced the desire of labels to support a rapper like Sefyu, who was very dark, violent, and relatively unknown. Before releasing Qui suis-je?, Sefyu had a career with the group NCC, but he remained relatively obscure. In 2004, he participated in Code 187 with Rohff, Kamelancien, and Alibi Montana, and then in Patate de Forain with Seth Gueko, who was also a "rising star" at that time. Release of the album The album was released in May 2006 after a publicity campaign that played on mystery. Thus, at the time of the album's release, Sefyu concealed his face and did not show it to the public. The title is a reference to Nina Simone's interpretation of "Who am I?".	1.90625
77373892	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient%20history%20of%20the%20Negev	Ancient history of the Negev	For historical purposes, the Negev can roughly be divided into four subregions: The biblical Negev (yellow), referring to the small, semi-arid northeastern Arad-Beersheba Valley. Only this area is referred to as the "Negev" in the Bible, as according to biblical historiography, the holdings of the Judeans in the Negev were confined to this region. The northern Negev (green). In biblical times, it was inhabited by the Philistines and from the 6th century B.C. by Idumeans and the so-called "Post-Philistines," whose ethnic identity remains a matter of debate. This region is also predominantly semi-desert, but it was already intensively used for agriculture during biblical times and developed, especially in the post-biblical period, into one of the most important agricultural regions of Palestine. The northern boundary is indistinct and defined differently by various scholars across disciplines. The border shown on the map corresponds to the Ottoman Beersheba District, which is both one of the northernmost and one of the most commonly used boundaries in historical accounts. The central Negev (orange) is even drier; in the Bible, this area was therefore called the "Desert of Zin". In the northwest, it mainly consists of sand dunes; the rest is predominantly composed of the Negev Highlands, which, as recent research suggests, were probably called "Mount Seir" in the Bible, previously thought to be located east of the Jordan River. Finally, the southern Negev (red) has no special name in the Bible. It is the driest region of Palestine, with consistently less than 100 mm of rainfall per year. Originally, it was important mainly for its mineral resources, but starting from the time of the Nabateans, it was also used for agriculture.	3.015625
77373892	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient%20history%20of%20the%20Negev	Ancient history of the Negev	Conversely, research teams led by Israel Finkelstein investigated ancient dung heaps in the Negev mountains and at the Timna mines and discovered that in the central Negev, small livestock primarily grazed on wild-growing winter and spring plants, while in the Timna area, they were mainly fed hay and grape pomace. Accordingly, they suggest that the practice of crop cultivation in the Negev mountains during the rainy season might have started later. If this is accurate, the Iron Age Negevites likely lived in the Negev mountains during the rainy season, practicing only livestock farming there. During the summer, they moved south to mine copper and imported grain and grape pomace from the Philistines and Judeans in the north. If one accepts the early dating of the agricultural terraces instead, it appears that Negevite society was structured such that they lived in the Negev mountains during the rainy season, engaging in crop and vine cultivation to stockpile supplies. During the summer, they moved down to the copper mines, mined copper, and fed their animals with the stored hay and grape pomace. Later Iron Age: Regional and economic history The political situation of the Negevites and their neighboring peoples as well as territorial fluctuations at this time largely depended on the surrounding political superpowers:	2.75
77373892	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient%20history%20of%20the%20Negev	Ancient history of the Negev	According to the Books of the Maccabees and Josephus, the Maccabees did not advance into the central and southern Negev. Hence, archaeological excavations in these areas reveal that the Nabataean religion was practiced there without interruption until the beginning of the Islamic period in the 7th century. Nabatean political control of the Negev only ended when the Roman empire annexed their lands in 106 CE. Byzantine and early Islamic Period Byzantine period: Regional history In the 4th century, Byzantine rule introduced Christianity to the region. Combined with a stable political climate, this led to a significant population growth throughout the entire region. Immigrating Christians predominantly settled in the area of today's West Bank down to the Beersheba Valley, which had been most thoroughly extensively cleared of Judeans by the Romans. In the Beersheba Valley alone, the number of settlements surged from 47 in the Roman period (up to the 4th century) to 321 during the Byzantine era (4th - early 7th centuries); Beersheba expanded to an area of 90–140 ha, making it even larger than nearby Gaza and Anthedon, each covering about 90 ha. Byzantine period: Agricultural history One of the three additional clusters of Christian settlements were the Nabatean desert towns. Most of these evolved into large agricultural villages with many smaller farms and villages around them. Ultimately, the whole central Negev, extending down roughly to the Ramon Crater, was dotted with hundreds of small agricultural villages and farms. These were likely operated by Nabataeans assimilated to the Byzantine Empire, after Nabatean trade had declined starting from late Roman times. On the character of Byzantine (and early Islamic) agriculture in the Negev, see below. Early Islamic period: Regional History	3.015625
77373974	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merredin%20to%20Narrogin%20railway%20line	Merredin to Narrogin railway line	The Merredin to Narrogin railway line was a railway line in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia, between Merredin and Narrogin. The line was also known as the West Merredin to Narrogin via Corrigin railway. History The Narrogin-Wickepin Railway Act 1907, an act by the Parliament of Western Australia assented to on 20 December 1907, authorised the construction of the railway line from Narrogin to Wickepin. A second act, the Wickepin-Merredin Railway Act 1911, assented to in 16 February 1911, authorised the construction of the railway line extension from Wickepin to Merredin. The line was built in separate sections over five years: Narrogin to Wickepin - 16 February 1909 Bruce Rock to Merredin - 22 December 1913 Wickepin to Corrigin - 8 June 1914 Corrigin to Bruce Rock - 14 September 1914 It was constructed by the Western Australian Public Works Department. It connected the Great Southern Railway route with the Eastern Railway. The link via Corrigin was long. Arc Infrastructure deems the railway line to be part of its Grain Freight Rail Network, which, in 2017, accounted for 50 percent of its network but only 10 percent of its freight. The entire Merredin to Narrogin line was classified as Tier 3. In 2021, it was estimated that it would cost A$317.3 million to upgrade the Narrogin to Merredin railway line to reopen it. Alternate route via Kondinin A second railway route between Merredin and Narrogin existed further east, via Kondinin. The official name of this line was the West Merredin to Yilliminning via Kondinin railway. It joined the West Merredin to Narrogin via Corrigin railway at Yilliminning, east of Narrogin.	2.375
77373974	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merredin%20to%20Narrogin%20railway%20line	Merredin to Narrogin railway line	Legacy The two railway lines running in parallel between Merredin to Narrogin still exist, but are designated as "Not in use" on the Arc Infrastructure map in 2024. The status as Tier 3 lines has been discussed irregularly in the 2000s. At the southern terminus of the line, the Narrogin Railway Station, built in 1907, is on the Western Australian State Register of Heritage Places. The heritage listed installations at Narrogin also include a goods shed, a signal cabin, a foot bridge and a number of associated houses. The heritage listed Wickepin Railway Precinct dates back to 1909, when the railway from Narrogin to Wickepin was completed. Apart from the railway station it also includes a goods sheet, a water tank and loading yards and a ramp. Also heritage listed within the Shire of Wickepin are the Yealering Railway siding and the site of the former Toolibin Railway siding. The Railway Water Tank at Corrigin is listed on the State Register of Heritage Places and part of the larger and also heritage listed Corrigin Railway Precinct. Also within the Shire of Corrigin are the heritage listed Bilbarin Railway Reserve group, which consist of sheep yards, a bagged wheat depot and a goods sheet. In the Shire of Bruce Rock, a number of sites of the former railway line are on the shire's heritage list: the Bruce Rock Railway Station precinct, the Ardath Railway precinct, Babakin and Kwolyin railway sidings, and the site of the Belka Railway Reserve. Bruce Rock itself was an important railway junction as the Narrogin to Merredin line intersected the York–Bruce Rock railway line there. At the northern terminus, at Merredin, four entries related to the railways are on the State Register of Heritage Places: the Merredin Railway Station, the Railway Water Tank, the Railway Dam and the Railway Housing Precinct.	2.09375
77373990	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawaj%20Mountain	Sawaj Mountain	The mountain is situated on the southwestern periphery of Ar Rass Governorate, adjacent to the city of Al-Shabikiyah, which was previously designated as "Al-Tana'a." It is encircled by hills and mountains of Al-Qassim, and the mountain reaches an elevation of 1,254 meters above sea level. It is documented that Sawaj Mountain was the location of tribal settlements during both the Jahiliyya and Islamic eras. Among these tribes were the Banu Amira bin Khafafaf bin Amrou al-Qais, who resided there, as well as the Ghani tribe of Bahla. Some of these tribes still maintain a presence in neighboring villages, such as Nafi and Al-Athila. The region is currently inhabited by the Dhuba tribe, who are regarded as the sheikhs of the Banu Amr tribes from Harb. It has been documented that on the route to the mountain, there are ancient stone structures and appendages, which often conclude in circular piles of rocks that are believed to be graves. Geographical location The site is situated in the city of Al-Shabikiyah, approximately 180 kilometers from Buraidah. Sawaj Mountain reaches an elevation of 1,254 meters above sea level. It is situated between the latitudes of 42.85°N and the longitudes of 16.43°E, with the northern border formed by the mountains of Al-Nai'ah, Al-Nu'ayy, and Al-Madari. To the south are the mountains of Laibiya, Jadala, Bir, and Rik, and to the east are the town of Shabikiya, the village of Rawdatayn, and Jabal al-Masouka. From the west, Fayadah Sawaj, Nafud al-Fanida, and Abraq al-Amala are in a state of abandonment. Additionally, valleies and reefs traverse the mountainous terrain, including, from the north, Shuaibi Fayadeh and Jabal al-Nuwayeh. To the south is Shuaib Mabhal, to the east are Shuaib Mubari, Mdisis, and Abu Nakhleh, and to the west are Shuaib Fayadah and Mabhal. The Basra pilgrimage route to Mecca traverses the southeastern slope of Sawaj Mountain.	2.296875
78813697	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration%20policy%20of%20Switzerland	Immigration policy of Switzerland	Post-World War II Era After World War II, Switzerland experienced an economic boom that fuelled a demand for labour. Agreement-based recruitment programs with southern European countries, particularly Italy, Spain, and Portugal, facilitated the arrival of thousands of “guest workers.” During this period, Switzerland’s immigration laws centred on seasonal or temporary labour, limiting foreign workers’ long-term settlement options. Late 20th Century to Early 21st Century From the 1970s onward, concerns about overpopulation, job competition, and cultural integration prompted political initiatives to limit immigration. Several referendums were held, some aiming to set strict caps on foreign residents. Although many of these initiatives were rejected by voters, they generated heightened public discourse on controlling immigration. By the late 1990s and early 2000s, the Swiss government pursued bilateral agreements with the EU, culminating in accords that introduced the free movement of persons for EU and European Free Trade Association (EFTA) nationals. This policy allows EU/EFTA citizens to live and work in Switzerland more freely, substantially shaping modern Swiss immigration trends. Legal Framework Federal Constitution and Legislation Switzerland’s Federal Constitution provides the foundation for federal laws regulating immigration. Swiss citizenship, residence permits, and work authorizations are governed by federal acts such as the Foreign Nationals and Integration Act (FNIA) (German: Ausländer- und Integrationsgesetz), which details the conditions for entry, residence, and family reunification.	3.0625
78813885	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town%20Hill%2C%20Wrexham	Town Hill, Wrexham	Other buildings Located to the northern side of the Town Hall, was a small street called Back Chamber Street. Originally called Black Chamber Street, likely connected to a 16th-century lord's prison called , which was possibly part of the Shirehall/Town Hall. With the use of "Back" over "Black" merely being a newer name for the same lane. It was a raised pathway connecting Abbot Street with Hope Street, specifically between the north side of the old Hand Inn and the Town Hall. Following the town hall's demolition in 1940, it became part of Town Hill. Also located on the former town hall site, at its western Abbot Street end, was The Hand Inn. There had been a building on this site since the 17th century, and, like the town hall, was likely built on lands belonging to the Crown. Carved beams had been found at the site, bearing symbols of both the Crown and the Church, suggesting the likely ownership of the land the building lay upon. One of the royal symbols carved in was the badge of Henry VII, likely from an earlier building as part of a re-building. Following the re-building it was renamed "The Black Lion", and known that until at least 1771. By 1788 it was known as "The Bull's Head", but by 1801 it was known as "The Hand". It was demolished in 1939 as part of road improvements. One of Wrexham's early commercial breweries, possibly the earliest, was the Albion Brewery and it was located at the bottom of Town Hill at its junction with Bridge Street. Near the bottom also lies College Street, with the Cambrian Vaults Public House (The Parish) on the junction.	2.3125
78813910	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaluation%20of%20the%20Cultural%20Revolution	Evaluation of the Cultural Revolution	The debate continues because the movement contains many contradictions: led by an all-powerful omnipresent leader, it was mainly driven by a series of grassroots popular uprisings. Many English-language books published since the 1980s paint a negative picture of the movement. Historian Anne F. Thurston wrote that it "led to loss of culture, and of spiritual values; loss of hope and ideals; loss of time, truth and of life". Barnouin and Yu summarized the Cultural Revolution as "a political movement that produced unprecedented social divisions, mass mobilization, hysteria, upheavals, arbitrary cruelty, torture, killings, and even civil war", calling Mao "one of the most tyrannical despots of the twentieth century". According to historian Chun Lin, despite these human tragedies, individual freedoms and political self-organization expanded rapidly. Some scholars challenge the mainstream portrayals and conceive it in a more positive light. Gao Mobo, writing in The Battle for China's Past: Mao and the Cultural Revolution, argues that the movement benefited millions of Chinese citizens, particularly agricultural and industrial workers, and sees it as egalitarian and genuinely populist, citing continued Maoist nostalgia today as remnants of its positive legacy. Some draw a distinction between intention and performance. While Mao's leadership was pivotal at the beginning of the movement, Jin Qiu contends that as events progressed, it deviated significantly from Mao's utopian vision. In this sense, the Cultural Revolution was actually a decentralized and varied movement that gradually lost cohesion, spawning many 'local revolutions' that differed in their nature and goals.	2.265625
78813910	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaluation%20of%20the%20Cultural%20Revolution	Evaluation of the Cultural Revolution	To make sense of the chaos caused by Mao's leadership without undermining the CCP's authority and legitimacy, Mao's successors needed to provide a "proper" historical judgment. On 27 June 1981, the Central Committee adopted the Resolution on Certain Questions in the History of Our Party Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China, an official assessment of major historical events since 1949. This document became the key official interpretation of the Cultural Revolution. The Resolution frankly noted Mao's leadership role in the movement, stating that "chief responsibility for the grave 'Left' error of the 'Cultural Revolution,' an error comprehensive in magnitude and protracted in duration, does indeed lie with Comrade Mao Zedong". It diluted blame by asserting that the movement was "manipulated by the counterrevolutionary groups of Lin Biao and Jiang Qing", who caused its worst excesses. The Resolution affirmed that the Cultural Revolution "brought serious disaster and turmoil to the Communist Party and the Chinese people." These themes of "turmoil" and "disaster" underlie historical and popular understanding of the Cultural Revolution. The 1981 Resolution was followed by a three-year campaign to "totally negate" the Cultural Revolution. The communist party called on individuals and cooperatives to study the Resolution and engage in criticism and self-criticism. People were urged to root out followers of Lin Biao and the Gang of Four, those seriously impacted by factional ideas, and the "smashers and grabbers" of the Cultural Revolution.	1.96875
78813910	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaluation%20of%20the%20Cultural%20Revolution	Evaluation of the Cultural Revolution	The Liberalism school argued that China should continue its reform and opening, further developing market economy while pushing forward political reforms for human rights, freedom, democracy, rule of law and constitutionalism. On the other hand, the New Left argued that capitalism had become prevalent in mainland China, and therefore they criticize market mechanism and call for social justice and equality, defending some of Mao's policies during the Cultural Revolution. Maoist view Meanwhile, Maoist scholars held another view. Gao Mobo argued that, although the Chinese Communist Party officially condemns the Cultural Revolution, many Chinese people hold more positive views, particularly amongst the working class, who benefited most from its policies. People in rural areas tend to view the Cultural Revolution more positively given the expansion of rural infrastructure and agricultural development that occurred. During Deng's ascendancy, the government arrested and imprisoned figures who took a strongly pro-Cultural Revolution stance. For instance, in 1985, a young shoe-factory worker put up a poster at a factory in Xianyang, Shaanxi, which declared that "The Cultural Revolution was Good" and led to achievements such as "the building of the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge, the creation of hybrid rice crops and the rise of people's consciousness." The worker was eventually sentenced to ten years in prison, where he died soon after "without any apparent cause".	2.40625
78813910	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaluation%20of%20the%20Cultural%20Revolution	Evaluation of the Cultural Revolution	In October 1966, Chiang Kai-Shek criticized the Cultural Revolution as a synonym for Mao Zedong's method in the name of proletarian revolution after failures of Proletarian Revolution General Route, Great Leap Forward, People's commune and the Three Red Flags. He claimed that Maoism lost its origins in Marxism–Leninism. And Mao himself dropped his Marxist–Leninist mask, revealing its roots in Huang Chao, Li Zicheng, roving gang, and the Boxer Rebellion, destroying Chinese Culture, purging intellectuals, destroying modern civilization, and used his "people's war" to attempt to rule Asia and the world following Adolf Hitler's actions. In the 1970s, Nikita Khrushchev criticized the Cultural Revolution in his memoir. He saw Chinese people repeatedly recite Mao's quotations and felt sick after he saw human dignity trampled. He argued that Mao is not supernatural, but upended his country, and that the Cultural Revolution was actually counter-revolutionary. In 2007 Hong Kong Chief Executive Donald Tsang remarked that the Cultural Revolution represented the 'dangers of democracy', remarking "People can go to the extreme like what we saw during the Cultural Revolution [...], when people take everything into their own hands, then you cannot govern the place." The remarks caused controversy in Hong Kong and were later retracted.	2.046875
78813965	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratska%20Sloga	Bratska Sloga	Decline Bulat financially struggled with the newspaper from the beginning, relying on a small subscriber base. The National Library of New Zealand refers to the newspaper's 'fatal blow' as a libel suit brought by Ivan Šegetin, an editor of the rival newspaper Danica. The libel suit concerned statements published in Bratska Sloga referring to Šegetin as a donkey and to his "wild life and his loafing about the streets of Auckland." The case was dismissed without costs. The newspaper published its last issue on 28 June 1899. Publications In the newspaper's four editions, the Bratska Sloga published predominantly on the kauri gum market, promotion of the newspaper and short texts in English aimed to explain Croatian nationality as Croatians were often incorrectly identified as 'Austrian' in Colonial New Zealand. Bratska Sloga was an important source of information for Croatian immigrants, many of whom did not speak English. The newspaper would regularly publish the current prices for kauri gum in the Croatian language to help other Croatians be fairly paid for their work.	2
78813994	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheilinini	Cheilinini	The cheiline wrasses are saltwater fish of the tribe Cheilinini, a subgroup of the wrasse family (Labridae). Taxonomy Based on the Westneat & Alfaro (2005) molecular phylogenetic study, the wrasses of the tribe Cheilinini are most closely related to parrotfish (tribe Scarini); cheilines and scarines are sister groups. Although the 4 genera in Cheilinini do form a monophyletic clade with each other, their relationship with each other is somewhat problematic as the genus Cheilinus appears to be paraphyletic. The relationship of the genus Doratonotus with Cheilinini is uncertain. Initially, based on morphological analyses by Westneat (1993), Cheilinini was considered to be composed of two subgroups, i.e., the "cheiline" wrasses and the "pseudocheiline" wrasses. At the time, the adjective "cheilinin" was used to describe fish in the tribe Cheilinini. Doratonotus was considered to be the basalmost "cheiline" genus. However, Westneat & Alfaro (2005) showed that "pseudocheilines" and "cheilines" were not each other's closest relatives. As Doratonotus was not included in study, it's placement relative to Cheilinini is uncertain. The pseudocheiline wrasses eventually formed the tribe Cirrhilabrini, originally proposed in 1999, but are still sometimes informally referred to as pseudocheilines despite this. Biology Cheiline wrasses largely exhibit monandric protogyny. In such cases, this means all individuals are born functionally female, but mature females can change sex and become functionally male. However, some species also exhibit diandric protogyny and functional gonochorism. In diandric protogyny, individuals can be born either female or male, and individuals that are born female can become male. In functional gonochorism, individuals are born functionally either male or female, and remain so for their entire life; there is no sex change. Genera	2.390625
78814037	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavoplaca%20citrina	Flavoplaca citrina	Paraphyses (sterile filamentous structures in the apothecia) often have narrow tips or are club-shaped () up to 3 µm wide. The asci (spore-producing cells) are typically long and narrow, containing broadly ellipsoid ascospores that measure 10.5–14.8 μm in length and 5–7.5 μm in width, with a central septum (dividing partition) 3–5 μm wide, making up about one-third of the spore's length. Conidia (asexual spores) are mostly (rod-shaped). All parts of the lichen react with potassium hydroxide solution (K) solution to turn purple. Habitat and distribution Flavoplaca citrina is commonly found on calcareous (chalky) or nutrient-rich substrates, such as limestone, concrete, mortar, bone, and asbestos cement. It especially thrives on walls in sunny locations, but is rarely found on wood or bark (corticolous). It is less common on naturally calcareous and occasionally nutrient-enriched siliceous rocks and metalwork. This lichen is cosmopolitan in distribution. Flavoplaca citrina is nitrophilic (adapted to nitrogen-rich environments) and is commonly found on cliffs below birds' nests, where it benefits from nitrogen enrichment from bird excrement. Research has identified F. citrina as an indicator species for such bird-influenced habitats, particularly on cliff faces where peregrine falcons and ravens nest. This adaptation allows the lichen to thrive in these localised nutrient-rich zones within otherwise nutrient-poor cliff ecosystems.	2.890625
78814328	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary%20End%20Archaeology%20Research%20Center	Boundary End Archaeology Research Center	The Boundary End Archaeology Research Center (BEARC) is a research library, educational center, and academic press located in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. BEARC is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization dedicated to the archaeology, epigraphy, art history, ethnohistory, and historiography of Mesoamerica, the Southeastern United States, and the Andes. The center is located approximately 15 miles northeast of Asheville, North Carolina. History The Boundary End Archaeology Research Center was founded in 1997 by archaeologist George E. Stuart. It is situated on land that served as the residence of George and Melinda Stuart beginning in 1994. The name "Boundary End" derives from its proximity to the "Coleman Boundary" section of the Pisgah National Forest. Mission BEARC has a three-part mission: Providing a peaceful and resourceful work-and-living space for scholars and students pursuing research and writing projects. Organizing educational workshops, mini-conferences, symposia, and tours. Publishing academic papers, monographs, and research findings resulting from its activities. Programs and Activities BEARC fulfills its mission through various programs, including: Maintaining the George Stuart Residential Library, a collection focused on the archaeology and history of the Americas. Offering long-term residential scholarships via the George Stuart Residential Scholarship and short-term guest scholarships. Publishing two academic journals: Ancient America, focusing on the art and iconography of the Americas, and Research Reports on Ancient Maya Writing. In addition to its residential scholarships, BEARC funds the Society for American Archaeology's Gene S. Stuart Award, an annual award honoring "outstanding efforts to enhance public understanding of archaeology."	2.46875
78814328	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary%20End%20Archaeology%20Research%20Center	Boundary End Archaeology Research Center	Library Collection The Boundary End Archaeology Research Center houses an extensive library of approximately 12,000 volumes specializing in the archaeology of the Americas, with a particular focus on Mesoamerica and Southeastern North America. The collection also includes key works on the archaeology of Africa, Asia, and Europe. Approximately half of the library consists of the personal working library of George E. Stuart, featuring books on Maya research, site excavation reports, and hieroglyphic decipherment, as well as 19th-century histories of Yucatán and early Southeastern U.S. archaeology. Notable additions to the library include: A near-complete set of limited editions by William E. Gates, gifted by Col. William Friedman. A unique set of Edward King, Viscount Kingsborough's Antiquities of Mexico (Volumes 1 and 2, dated 1829). A copy of Thomas Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia (1787), the first work to report archaeological excavation in the Americas. Henry Rowe Schoolcraft's six-volume work on the Indigenous peoples of North America (1854–1857). A comprehensive collection of institutional publications, including complete runs of journals like American Anthropologist and American Antiquity.	2.09375
78814788	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porina%20heterospora	Porina heterospora	Porina heterospora is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Porinaceae. It occurs in the southeastern United States. Taxonomy The species was first described in 1933 as a variety of Porina nucula, when Joyce Hedrick published Bruce Fink's description based on a type specimen collected in Florida by William Wirt Calkins. The description was among the unpublished materials left by Fink upon his death in 1927, which Hedrick, his former student, later brought to publication. The specimen, housed in the Fink herbarium, was among the materials Fink had studied while preparing his manuscript "The Lichen Flora of the United States". Richard Harris promoted the taxon to species status in 1980. Patrick McCarthy considered it to be a synonym of the saxicolous (rock-dwelling) species Porina guaranitica in a 1993 work, but the differences in spore structure and size between the two are significant. Habitat and distribution Porina heterospora is common throughout the Southern Coastal Plain, having first been reported from Florida and later discovered in Louisiana and Alabama.	2.28125
78815177	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mischger%C3%A4t%20%28V-2%20guidance%20computer%29	Mischgerät (V-2 guidance computer)	Designed in 1941 by Helmut Hölzer, the Mischgerät (mixer device) was the first fully electronic computing device, used to implement Hölzer’s V-2 rocket stability control equation during powered flight. It differentiated the voltages from the Vertikant (yaw and roll) and Horizont (pitch) gyroscopes to sense the gyro platform's divergence from its original orientation in pitch, yaw and roll, - and more crucially derived the rate of divergence - and output amplified correcting voltages to the steering servos for the exhaust vanes and external rudders. Technical concepts tested with the smaller A5 research rocket included use of the Siemens Vertikant stability control system with rate gyros. This approach didn't scale well for the larger and higher performance V-2. From his previous glider ground speed indicator concept in the mid-1930s, Hölzer realized he could implement an electrical approximation of a stability control equation by processing the signals of lower cost position gyros using a network of resistors, capacitors, and tube amplifiers. The resulting device offered better performance, lower weight, and 1/280 the cost compared to competing approaches. Hölzer expanded upon the Mischgerät design to develop the first general purpose electronic analog computer, which he used to perform 2 DOF flight simulations with examples of the Mischgerät. The name "Mischgerät" suggested a simple signal mixer, a cover for the true capability of the device. The Mischgerät analog electronic computing approach became the base from which American and Soviet engineers built much more sophisticated and accurate rocket flight control systems into the 1960s.	2.546875
78815567	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tralonca%20peace%20campaign	Tralonca peace campaign	On 5 October, the FLNC-Canal Historique, against the words of Santoni, prematurely ended the truce by committing a large bomb attack on the city hall of Bordeaux, Palais Rohan. This building was chosen because Juppé was also mayor of Bordeaux during his time as prime minister. The building is severely damaged. On 7 October, the FLNC-CS claimed the attack. The government responded by issuing a statement claiming it would fight Corsican terrorism “without failure”. The truce ended officially on 12 October. Attempts by outside organizations to destabilize the peace process Throughout the peace process, other organizations attempted many times to put an end to the negotiations. This was largely due to the “years of lead”, an ongoing civil war between various nationalist factions. On 16 February 1996, a high-ranking FLNC-CS member, Jules Massa, was shot dead in Ajaccio by a joint commando of FLNC-Canal Habituel (Canal Abituale, FLNC-CA) and Resistenza members. François Santoni, co-leader of the FLNC-CS, was next to Massa when the attack occurred, and was likely the true target of the attack. Santoni personally denounces these two groups during his 28 February trial after his arrest. On 18 February, the FLNC-CS respond by assassinating Charles “Charly” Andreani, a Resistenza member. On 8 March, a machine-gun attack targeted the home of Guy Benhamou, a journalist for the newspaper Libération, an expert on Corsican affairs, and a pro-peace activist. This attack caused Jean-Louis Debré to personally request police protection for Benhamou and his home. On 13 March, Santoni and fellow FLNC-CS co-leader Charles Pieri issue a condemnation for the attack.	1.90625
78815865	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel%20Hershkovitz	Israel Hershkovitz	Early in his career from 1978-1982, Hershkovitz participated in two research missions to the South Sinai Desert, one focused on excavating and studying the local prehistoric and protohistoric populations and the second, on the biology of the local living Bedouin populations, with emphasis on the children. His paleoanthropological study focused on early pastoralist communities in the Sinai Desert (Nawamis burial sites). From 1982 to 1992, he directed his scientific efforts toward the Levantine Neolithic populations in order to reveal the impact of the agricultural revolution on the local population's health, demography, and physical appearance. He took an active part in excavating and studying the human skeletal remains of sites such as Kefar Hahoresh, Yiftahel, El-Wad, Horvat Galil, Nahal Betzet and Atlit Yam (a submerged site). He then moved his interest to the field of paleopathology, and established evidence-based methods for identifying a variety of diseases in ancient bones (e.g., tuberculosis, multiple myeloma). He later focused on evolutionary explanation for spinal maladies, before moving into the field of human evolution, with emphasis on Middle and Upper Paleolithic Levantine populations. He excavated and studied human fossils from archeological sites like Qesem Cave, Misliya Cave, Geula Cave, Tinshemet Cave, Manot Cave, Taun Cave, Skhul Cave, Nesher Ramla open-air site, and Ohalo submerged site, to mention but few. In Between, Hershkovitz was involved in studying skeletal remains from many historic sites, with a focus on the Byzantine period (Han-el-Ahmar, Beit-Guvrine, Tira, Rehovot in the Negev, Hagoshrim, etc.).	2.40625
78816005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little%20Manfred	Little Manfred	Little Manfred is a British children's novel written by Michael Morpurgo, and illustrated by Michael Foreman. It was originally published in Great Britain by HarperCollins in 2011. The novel is primarily set in two time periods, 1966 and World War II, and was published in partnership with the Imperial War Museum, to accompany the museum's "Once Upon a Wartime" exhibition. The book is inspired by the true stories of the last battle of Bismarck, a little brown wooden dachshund carved by two prisoners of war, and the 1966 World Cup. Plot The story starts out in 1966, following England winning the World Cup against Germany. The narrator of the story is twelve-year-old Charley. She lives nearby on a farm on the south coast of England with her mum and dad, and seven-year-old brother Alex. Since they live just a short distance from the sea, one of Charley's favorite pastimes is going to the beach, mostly to avoid doing chores on the farm. Alex always tags along when she goes to the beach; and their black and white sheepdog named Manfred, nicknamed Mannie, accompanies them as well. Mannie is named after a toy that their mum cherished when she was little, a wooden dachshund painted brown with red wheels, named "Little Manfred".	2.78125
78816433	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnocalycium%20kieslingii	Gymnocalycium kieslingii	Gymnocalycium kieslingii is a species of cactus in the genus Gymnocalycium, endemic to Argentina. Description Gymnocalycium kieslingii is a small, solitary cactus. Its shoots are gray-green, flattened, and slightly depressed spheres, measuring up to 2 centimeters in height and 6 to 9 centimeters in diameter. The cactus has 12 rounded ribs (though it can have between 9 and 13), which are low and separated by distinct furrows. The cactus features five to nine slightly curved spines that are whitish with pink bases. These spines lie flat against the shoots and range from 5 to 8 millimeters in length. The flowers of Gymnocalycium kieslingii are bell- to funnel-shaped, white, and can grow up to 6 centimeters long and 5 to 6 centimeters wide. Its spindle-shaped fruits can reach up to 3.5 centimeters in length and 1 centimeter in diameter. Distribution and habitat This cactus is typically found in the mountain foothills and under shrubs in the La Rioja province of Argentina, usually at elevations between 500 and 1700 meters. Taxonomy Gymnocalycium kieslingii was first described in 1985 by Omar Ferrari, and its specific name honors Argentine botanist and cactus expert Roberto Kiesling.	2.328125
78816454	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislaus%20Csetneki	Ladislaus Csetneki	Following the death of John Kanizsai in 1418, a five-year vacancy occurred in the archiepiscopal see of Esztergom. Replacing conservator Stephen Kanizsai, the late archbishop's brother, Sigismund appointed grand provost Peter Csehi and archdeacon Ladislaus Csetneki as joint governors (gubernator) of the archdiocese in May 1419. They appear in this position in February 1420. They held it until early May 1420, when Pope Martin V appointed Georg von Hohenlohe, the Bishop of Passau as administrator of the Archdiocese of Esztergom. King Sigismund appointed Ladislaus as the governor of the Stephanite and Knights Hospitaller's monasteries in Esztergom and Budafelhévíz, respectively, on 15 June 1424. He also became custodian and pastor of the royal chapel of Buda with this appointment. Hungarian historian Ede Reiszig considered that Ladislaus was perhaps a member of the Knights Hospitaller prior to that, but left the chivalric order due to their involvement in the anti-Sigismund rebellions. As governor of the aforementioned monasteries, Ladislaus played a key role in the settlement of the order's property relations, primarily for the benefit of the royal treasury. Under his guardianship, several landholdings had escheated to the crown. Ladislaus held this position until 1439.	2.046875
78817326	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hualca%20Hualca	Hualca Hualca	550,000 years ago, activity moved from the rebuilt summit into the collapse scar and produced Nevado de Puye, the Mirador Cruz del Condor and Cerro Ahuashune; dating has yielded ages of 416,000±34,000 years ago at Nevado de Puye and of 600,000±300,000 years ago at Ahuashune. A second, much smaller collapse during the last 600,000 years left a debris avalanche deposit inside the old collapse scar, which was originally incorrectly attributed to the first collapse. It dammed the Colca River, forming a now-vanished lake that reached until Chivay and left lake sediments until it overflowed and broke the dam. It is possible that both the first and second collapses formed lakes in the Colca Valley, and other lakes were formed by lava flows. The second collapse did not greatly alter the structure of Hualca Hualca. Lahars formed when volcanic activity impacted snowfields and flowed into the Colca Valley. Ignimbrites on the slopes testify to past explosive eruptions. The younges date obtained on Hualca Hualca is 164,000 years ago. The volcano is considered extinct; gullying, glacial erosion and hydrothermal alteration have taken place. There may be Holocene vents with short lava flows southwest of the summit. Fumarolic activity and interactions with Sabancaya Hualca Hualca features fumarolic activity. A few kilometres north of the summit is a group of originally three geysers; one was buried by an earthquake in 2001 and another became a hot spring. The active geyser is known under the name "Pinchollo". Other geothermal manifestations are a solfatara, gas venting occurs at Paclla, hot springs occur in the amphitheatre, such as Puye Puye where there are mud pools. Some of these geothermal manifestations may reflect local tectonic features rather than being part of Hualca Hualca's volcanic system, however.	2.734375
78817426	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Jews%20in%20Skar%C5%BCysko-Kamienna	History of Jews in Skarżysko-Kamienna	Following the German invasion of Poland, there was no significant increase in the Jewish population in the city. Although in March 1941 a transport of Jews from Zichenau was directed to Skarżysko-Kamienna, the Germans ordered the newcomers to settle elsewhere. Some of these individuals, however, chose to remain in the city. In May 1941, a ghetto was established in Skarżysko-Kamienna, encompassing the streets 3 Maja, Limanowskiego, Podjazdowa, Fabryczna, and Wspólna. By early October 1942, when the ghetto was liquidated, approximately 3,000 people were living there. Some were executed on-site, 500 were transported to the forced labor camp at the HASAG factory, and the remaining residents were deported to the Treblinka extermination camp and murdered. Forced labor camp Establishment and development In the former National Ammunition Factory, taken over by the German company HASAG, the occupiers established a forced labor camp. While sources confirm 38 transports of 17,200 workers to the camp, historians believe this represents only part of the total, estimating that from 25,000 to 30,000 people passed through the camp and that from 18,000 to 23,000 prisoners were murdered there. Jews began working at the Skarżysko factory in mid-1941. They came from the city itself, Suchedniów, and nearby villages. Initially, their labor – expanding the factory, building roads, and unloading railway cars – was forced but did not require them to reside at the site. Jewish workers were housed within the factory only after replacing Polish laborers who had been deported to Leipzig and Altenberg. Initially, about 2,000 people were crowded into the building.	2.8125
78817781	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micropollutant	Micropollutant	The implementation of the framework guidelines is staggered until 2045, depending on the size of the sewage treatment plant and its population equivalents (PE). Sewage treatment plants with over 150,000 PE have priority and should be adapted immediately, as a significant proportion of the pollution comes from them followed by wastewater treatment plants with 10,000 to 150,000 PE that discharge into coastal waters or sensitive waters. The latter concerns waters with a low dilution ratio, waters from which drinking water is obtained and those that are coastal waters, or those used as bathing waters or used for mussel farming. Member States will be given the option not to apply fourth treatment in these areas if a risk assessment shows that there is no potential risk from micropollutants to human health and/or the environment. Removal of micropollutants Due to the large number of substances with very different chemical and physical properties, the removal of these substances is difficult. Three techniques and cominationes of them have been established so far. Two remove the contaminants with the help of activated carbon (PAC (Powdered Activated Carbon), GAC (Granulated Activated Carbon)) and one with ozone. In addition to that a large number of techniques are still in experimental stage. These include for example processes that work with plasma or ultrasound, so-called AOP processes, applications with zeolites and cyclodextrins, membrane processes or photocatalysis.	2.03125
78818076	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early%20Modern%20Czech	Early Modern Czech	. In order to reintroduce the literary language into the areas of communication from which it had been displaced, especially in demanding literature, it was necessary to newly codify the standard of the written language. The possibility of codifying the contemporary language of lower-style literature (books of folk reading, shopkeepers' songs, folk theater) did not seem satisfactory, because it was not suitable for demanding literature. Baroque homilies, the most widespread genre of the previous era, were factually foreign to the Enlightenment intelligentsia. The alternative was a shift to the language of older literature of high style. The starting point for grammatical codification was therefore the literary usage of the late 16th century and the language of Comenius. This is how Pelcl conceived his work Grundsätze der böhmischen Grammatik (1775), certainly under the influence of Dobrovský, who also prepared a section on prosody for his grammar. The division of declension types of nouns is also taken from Dobrovský. In this way, his starting point differs from Toms's Böhmische Sprachlehre (1782) and Thám's (Kurzgefasste böhmische Sprachlehre…, 1785), which take into account the morphological state of contemporary usage. Pelcl codified the phonetics without the diphthong ej in endings (nom.singular dobrý), but allows it in word bases (such as hejbati), and codifies the diphthong ou in the root (oul). It requires the distinction of double l. The morphology fully corresponds to the high style of humanistic Czech, including the congruence of transitive verbs. It introduces the accusative-nominative. form in the plural of inanimate masculine (duby, keře). Syntax is devoted to the simple sentence, paying little attention to complex sentences. It restores the phenomena of higher style, e.g. the genitive of negation, and requires genitive government for a number of verbs. The section on prosody does not accept either the old syllabic principle or the tense principle and formulates the foundations of syllabic prosody	2.140625
78818222	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political%20slogans%20against%20the%20Islamic%20Republic%20of%20Iran	Political slogans against the Islamic Republic of Iran	International impact Iranian protest slogans, especially "Women, Life, Freedom", have transcended Iran’s borders, becoming universal symbols of resistance against oppression. This slogan gained global prominence during the 2022–2023 Mahsa Amini protests, encapsulating calls for gender equality, justice, and human dignity. Its simplicity and universality has inspired demonstrations in cities worldwide, including Berlin, Toronto, and Los Angeles. These words have been adopted by feminist organizations and human rights movements globally, integrating Iran’s struggle into broader campaigns advocating for women’s rights and freedom. Diaspora communities have played a pivotal role in amplifying these slogans on the international stage. Iranian expatriates and activists, such as Masih Alinejad, have used social media and public demonstrations to ensure the global community remains aware of Iran’s human rights crisis. Protests organized by these communities have translated the slogans into local languages, making them accessible to diverse audiences and turning them into rallying cries for justice. This activism has pressured governments and international organizations to impose sanctions, investigate human rights violations, and adopt stronger stances against the Iranian regime despite geopolitical challenges. Beyond protests, these slogans have inspired art, music, and literature, ensuring the movement’s ethos reaches global audiences.	2.34375
78818262	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manjiri%20Asanare%E2%80%93Kelkar	Manjiri Asanare–Kelkar	Manjiri Asanare–Kelkar is an Indian Hindustani classical vocalist from Sangli, Maharashtra. She is a follower of Jaipur-Atrauli gharana tradition in Hindustani khyal. She received many awards including Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar by Sangeet Natak Akademi and Kumar Gandharva Samman by the government of Madhya Pradesh. Biography Manjiri Asanare-Kelkar was born on September 25, 1971, into a family of musicians in Sangli, Maharashtra. Her father Anand Asanare was a Tabla player. She began studying vocal music at the age of six, first under M.T. Mhaiskar and Madhusudan Kanetkar, and later under Padma Talwalkar and the late Kishori Amonkar. Her first music teacher, Mhaiskar, taught her the basic fundamentals of the Khyal. Her later guru Kanetkar initially refused to accept her as his disciple, but after hearing Manjiri sing at the age of 18, he agreed to teach her on a trial basis for six months. This guru-shishya style of study continued and she trained under him for almost 20 years. She graduated with a postgraduate degree in English literature and masters degree in music from the. Career In Hindustani classical music, Manjiri is a follower of Jaipur-Atrauli gharana tradition in khyal. Manjiri has performed at many music festivals across India including the Sawai Gandharva Bhimsen Festival, Tansen Samaroha,and Takshila Utsav and Shankarlal Festival. Other than singing in various stages across India, she also toured to Dubai, United Kingdom, Holland, Belgium, Australia and New Zealand. Manjiri is an approved A-grade vocal artist of the All India Radio. She is also a trained Kathak dancer.	2.4375
78818301	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepexisaurus	Tepexisaurus	Tepexisaurus is a genus of extinct scincomorph lizard from the Early Cretaceous (late Albian) Tlayúa Formation, a Lagerstätte near Tepexi de Rodríguez, Central Mexico. One species, T. tepexii, is known. It was likely related to Scincidae (skinks), Cordylidae (girdled lizards), and Paramacellodus. Taxonomy Discovery and formal description The holotype of Tepexisaurus (IGM 7466), a well-preserved skeleton with a disarticulated head/neck and part of the tail missing, was recovered from the Tlayúa Quarry, near Tepexi de Rodríguez in Central Mexico. The specific locality in which it was discovered, represent the Middle Member of the Tlayúa Formation, a Lagerstätte rich in vertebrate fossils. The depositional environment of the Middle Member was a shallow lagoon fringed by a peneplain. On collection, the specimen was transported to the Geological Institute of the National Autonomous University of Mexico. In 2000, it was formally described by Victor-Hugo Reynoso and George Callison. The generic name derives from Tepexi de Rodríguez and the Latin saurus ("reptile"). Classification In their paper describing Tepexisaurus, Reynoso and Callison performed several phylogenetic analyses. The strict consensus tree they recovered nested Tepexisaurus within Scincomorpha, as the sister taxon of a clade including Cordylidae, Paramacellodus, and Scincidae. Description The skull length of Tepexisaurus holotype, measured from the tip of the premaxilla to the occipital condyle, is . The total length of the holotype, as preserved, is around .	2.625
78818301	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepexisaurus	Tepexisaurus	Anatomy Tepexisaurus snout measured about one-third of its total skull length. Due to the manner in which the holotype was preserved, many details of the skull are obscured. It is not known whether the premaxillae are fused. The parietal bones bear two crest-like processes that form part of the braincase wall. Their ends are swollen, similar to the condition seen in cordylids. Tepexisaurus teeth are pleurodont, the typical condition among squamates, and closely resemble those of the European paramacellodid Becklesius. The teeth of the mandible were long and peg-like. The overall morphology of the mandible resembles extant xantusiids. Most of the presacral vertebral column (the cervical and dorsal vertebrae) is preserved, as are two sacral vertebrae, though only six caudal vertebrae are present. Soft tissue traces indicate that the rest of the tail was autotomised. Palaeoenvironment The palaeoenvironment of the Tlayúa Formation, from which all specimens of Tepexisaurus are known, was likely a shallow coastal lagoon. It may have formed part of an island, though a connection to the North American mainland cannot be ruled out. A certain degree of influence from freshwater environments is indicated by the presence of fossils from crocodilians and freshwater turtles.	2.84375
78818420	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS%20Dandolo	SMS Dandolo	SMS Dandolo was the second and final member of the of screw corvettes built for the Austrian Navy in the 1850s. Design Dandolo was long overall, with a beam of and a draft of . The ship had a displacement of . Her crew numbered 294 officers and enlisted sailors. The ship was powered by a single 2-cylinder, horizontal marine steam engine that drove a screw propeller. The number and type of boilers is not known, but smoke from the boilers was vented through a single funnel located amidships, between the fore- and main mast. The propulsion system was capable of generating , for a top speed of . The ship was fitted with a three-masted sailing rig to supplement the steam engine on long voyages. Dandolo was armed with a main battery of seventeen 30-pounder muzzleloading guns, which were supplemented with four shell-firing, 60-pounder Paixhans guns and a single 48-pounder gun. By 1866, one of the 30-pounder guns and the 48-pounder had been removed and a pair of 24-pounder rifled guns were installed. By 1871, the ship's armament had been standardized on fourteen of the 24-pounder guns, with one 3-pounder gun. A final refit by 1877 saw the ship exchange her old muzzleloaders for a battery of twelve breechloading guns, supported by two guns.	2.390625
78818569	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porina%20scabrida	Porina scabrida	The lichen's reproductive structures (ascomata) appear as small, flattened to dome-shaped warts that measure 0.5–0.7 mm in diameter. These warts often grow directly on the thallus surface and frequently bear the same cylindrical isidia found elsewhere on the lichen. Inside these structures, the fungal spores develop within elongated sacs called asci, which measure about 120 μm long by 17 μm wide and contain eight spores each. The spores themselves are spindle-shaped with pointed ends and divided into eight cells. They measure 35–47 μm in length (occasionally reaching 57 μm) and 5.5–8 μm in width. No microconidia (tiny asexual spores) have been observed in this species. Habitat and distribution Porina scabrida is found in eastern North America, ranging from Ontario, Canada south through the southeastern United States, with a distribution spanning from the Southern Coastal Plain through the Piedmont to the Appalachian Mountains. The species has been documented across several states including Florida, Louisiana, South Carolina, and North Carolina. In Florida, it occurs from Leon County in the panhandle south to Putnam County in the peninsula. In North Carolina, it has been found in three distinct ecoregions: the Outer Banks (Tidewater), the Piedmont (Wake County), and the Blue Ridge (Great Smoky Mountains). In Canada, it is known from Thunder Bay District, Ontario, where it has been found in Sleeping Giant Provincial Park on the Sibley Peninsula.	2.875
78818725	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coinage%20from%20Maximinus%20Thrax%20to%20Aemilianus	Coinage from Maximinus Thrax to Aemilianus	Gordian III, after mobilizing the army, marched eastward, with the command of the campaign entrusted to his father-in-law Timesitheus, and the other prefect of the praetorium, Gaius Julius Priscus. The Roman armies prevailed throughout 243, repeatedly beating the Persians, taking from them Harran, Nisibis, and Singara, and then defeating them at the Battle of Resaena. The sudden death of Timesitheus left the young emperor lacking the necessary military experience, jeopardizing the safety of his armies and himself. Persian sources report that, early in the year, Persians and Romans clashed again at the Battle of Misiche, which ended in defeat for the Romans and the death of Gordian. Roman sources, however, do not mention the battle and suggest that Gordian died near Circesium, leaving the suspicion that he was killed by the praetorian prefect Philip the Arab, who later succeeded him on the throne. Philip the Arab (244–249) Little is known about Philip the Arab's life and political career before his ascent to the throne. He was born in Shahba in the province of Syria, a small town around 80 kilometers southeast of Damascus. In the 230s Philip married Marcia Otacilia Severa and in 238 had a son named Marcus Julius Severus Philip. In 243, during Gordian III's Sasanian campaign, the prefect of the praetorium, Timesitheus, died under obscure circumstances. At the suggestion of the other prefect, Gaius Julius Priscus, Philip's brother, the latter was appointed Timesitheus's successor, thus allowing the two brothers to control the young emperor and the empire as regents. Following a defeat at the Battle of Meseche, Gordian III ordered the army to retreat but died en route. Philip was, then, proclaimed emperor.	2.390625
78818807	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics%20in%20France	Eugenics in France	According to the historian and sociologist Pierre-André Taguieff, eugenics is an inherently interventionist ideology that is state-based. The ideology of eugenics traditionally draws from the ideology of Thomas Malthus (Malthusianism), who believed that the poor were responsible for their plight because they reproduced despite lacking the material means to support themselves. Additionally, it draws from interpretations of Charles Darwin's theories, known as social Darwinism, which argue that only the strongest and best-adapted individuals survive. Eugenics theorist Francis Galton drew from both of these ideologies to assert that humanity's natural tendency to help the poor and "weak" must be counteracted to reduce the number of unfit individuals and increase those capable of improving the human species. Pierre-André Taguieff identifies three distinct eugenic currents in France: a Darwinian, socialist, and Aryanist current championed by the racial anthropologist Georges Vacher de Lapouge; a natalist, Lamarckian, and patriotic current followed The first current, as identified by Taguieff, is a Darwinian, socialist, and Aryanist current championed by the racial anthropologist Georges Vacher de Lapouge. The second current is a natalist, Lamarckian, and patriotic current followed by hygienists, physicians (including pediatrician Adolphe Pinard), and educators, who opposed birth control. The third current is a neo-Malthusian, pacifist, and libertarian eugenics influenced by feminism and particularly promoted by educator Paul Robin. Ethicist Gwen Terrenoire identifies five ideological currents: a medical current led by Adolphe Pinard, a racist current led by Vacher de Lapouge and later by Charles Richet, a neo-Malthusian current promoted by Paul Robin and continued by Édouard Toulouse, an interventionist current advocating sterilizations and marriage controls promoted by the during the 1930s, and a biocratic current led by Alexis Carrel.	2.296875
78818807	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics%20in%20France	Eugenics in France	In May of 1930, the Christian Marriage Association convened a national congress in Marseille, to deliberate on the relationship between the Church and eugenics. The conclusions of this congress affirmed eugenics, but only under the condition that it served to "ensure the multiplication of humanity" (i.e., "pro-life eugenics"), and firmly condemned birth control. Subsequently, in December of 1930, Pope Pius XI officially condemned eugenics in Casti Connubii. This papal condemnation effectively curtailed the potential support that French Catholics might have previously extended to the eugenics ideology. Subsequently, in the following year, the Holy Office issued a similar condemnation, further solidifying the Church's stance on the matter. Jesuit theologian René Brouillard vehemently opposed eugenic sterilization, denouncing it as "absolutely repugnant" in his 1931 Causerie de morale. From 1934 onward, numerous Catholic doctors also voiced their disapproval, denouncing the application of eugenics in Germany. French Catholics similarly rebuffed the eugenic proposal for a prenuptial examination law. Nevertheless, a handful of marginal figures, including Alexis Carrel, endeavored to harmonize their faith with eugenic convictions. Catholic representatives persisted in their opposition to any manifestation of eugenics and birth selection in France, predicated on the tenet of the sanctity of human life. Main theorists of historical eugenics Pierre-André Taguieff and science historian identify two primary proponents of historical eugenic ideology in France: Charles Richet and Alexis Carrel. Tort also contends that these two figures should not overshadow the sustained advocacy of eugenics after World War II by prominent figures such as Jean Rostand.	2.453125
78818807	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics%20in%20France	Eugenics in France	French society's acceptance of birth selection, a practice aimed at avoiding certain genetic disorders and disabilities, such as Down syndrome, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and cystic fibrosis, has given rise to a series of profound ethical questions. Among these is the potential extension of this practice to other diseases or disabilities in the future. Additionally, it has led to inquiries into the expectations of future parents regarding medical interventions, particularly the demand for embryo selection based on predetermined criteria, such as the prevention of diseases like asthma or diabetes. This ethical question also touches on the association between happiness and health, the hypothesis that an individual without disease or disability would, by nature, be happy, potentially leading to practices such as embryo selection and the euthanasia of elderly individuals. Finally, eugenic birth selection based on the search for normality raises the question of its compatibility with the very notion of natural selection, since the regular birth of "abnormal" individuals constitutes the norm in the absence of medical interventions. Another salient question in the French discourse on eugenics is economic. In January 1994, the High Council of Public Health articulated its position on the matter, stating, "A cost-benefit analysis, when it merely contrasts the collective cost of amniocentesis and karyotyping with the cost of caring for disabled children who would not have been screened — and under the assumption that a positive diagnosis is always followed by medical abortion — shows that prenatal diagnostic (DPN) activity is fully justified for the community." Down syndrome	2.328125
78818865	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyclaenus	Oxyclaenus	Oxyclaenus is a genus of arctocyonid from the Lower Palaeocene of North America. Originally named as a subgenus of Mioclaenus, it is now regarded as a genus of its own. Three species (the type species O. cuspidatus, O. simplex and O. antiquus), are known, though several more have been named over the decades. Taxonomy Early history The genus Oxyclaenus was originally erected by Edward Drinker Cope in 1884, as one of two subgenera of Mioclaenus. It was distinguished from the other subgenus, conventional Mioclaenus, by the lack of an internal tubercle on the third premolar. Three species, O, cuspidatus, O. simplex and the now-invalid O. ferox, were also assigned to Oxyclaenus. The type, O. cuspidatus, was distinguished from Mioclaenus by having molars that were wider transversely (diagonally) than anteroposteriorly (from front-to-back). Oxyclaenus was elevated to genus level by William Berryman Scott in 1892, who created a new diagnosis for the genus, and assigned it to a family of its own, Oxyclaenidae. Scott also synonymised O. simplex with O. cuspidatus. A species formerly assigned to Chriacus, C. antiquus, was reassigned to Oxyclaenus by Leigh Van Valen and Robert E. Sloan in 1965. The family Oxyclaenidae briefly became a wastebasket for basal arctocyonids, including Chriacus. In 2004, it was revised by Peter Kondrashov and Spencer G. Lucas and became a subfamily of Arctocyonidae that includes only Oxyclaenus. Other species Over the decades, several species have been assigned to Oxyclaenus that have since been reassigned or reassessed as invalid. O. pugnax, originally assigned to Chriacus, was reassigned to Oxyclaenus by Van Valen and Sloan in 1965. Kondrashov and Lucas determined that it was instead a subjective junior synonym of Loxolophus. O. pearcei, named Charles Lewis Gazin in 1941, and O. corax, named by Paul A. Johnston and Richard C. Fox, in 1984, are likely synonyms of O. simplex.	2.21875
78819121	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiodectonic%20acid	Chiodectonic acid	Chiodectonic acid is an organic compound in the structural class of chemicals known as anthraquinones. It occurs as a secondary metabolite in some lichens. History The red pigment "pyxiferin" was first isolated from the lichen Pyxine coccifera by K. Chandrasenan and colleagues in 1965, who proposed a biphenylquinone structure for it. Later, during research on chiodectonic acid, Wolfgang Steglich noticed that this pigment shared the same Rf value in thin-layer chromatography (TLC) as chiodectonic acid from Chiodecton sanguineum. Though initial investigation was limited by the small amount of lichen material available, subsequent analysis of a larger quantity of P. coccifera confirmed that "pyxiferin" was actually identical to chiodectonic acid. Since chiodectonic acid had been previously described by Oswald Hesse in 1904, this name takes precedence. Further analysis showed that the compound from both lichens had the molecular formula C15H10O8, contradicting the C13H8O8 formula that Chandrasenan et al. had reported for pyxiferin. Properties Chiodectonic acid is a member of the class of chemical compounds called anthraquinones. Specifically, it is a naphthoquinone derivative. Its IUPAC name is 2-acetyl-3,5,6,8-tetrahydroxy-7-methoxybenzo[f][1]benzofuran-4,9-dione. The ultraviolet absorbance maxima (λmax) has three peaks at 287, 510, and 538 nm. In the infrared spectrum, peaks occur at 736, 800, 816, 828, 854, 944, 970, 1008, 1042, 1076, 1120, 1176, 1290, 1410, 1456, 1534, 1590, 1624, 1658, 3000, and 3340 cm−1. Chiodectonic acid's molecular formula is C15H10O8; it has a molecular mass of 334.23 grams per mole. In its purified form, it exists as dark red rhombic plates with a melting point of .	2.34375
78819438	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOI-2109	TOI-2109	TOI-2109 is a 10.2 magnitude star in the Hercules constellation. It is located at from Earth based on parallax measurements. This star is host to one confirmed exoplanet. Characteristics TOI-2109 is a F-type main-sequence star, a star moderately larger, hotter and more luminous than the Sun that is fusing atoms of hydrogen into helium at its core. It is 1.7 times larger than the Sun, comparable to Sirius A, 1.4 times more massive and nearly five times brighter. The effective temperature of its surface lies at , which is 10% hotter than the Sun, whose temperature measures . Its age is uncertain, between one and 2.5 billion years. The rotation period of this star is about the same as Earth's orbital period, but only about 1/25 that of the Sun. Planetary system TOI-2109 hosts at least one exoplanet, which is named TOI-2109 b and was discovered in 2021 via the transit method. TOI-2109 b is a hot Jupiter, with the shortest orbital period of its class. It completes an orbit in just , being separated by only from its host. This is the shortest period among hot Jupiters, a class of which this planet is part. The extreme proximity also means TOI-2109 b is strongly irradiated. The dayside temperature measures , while the nightside is around 1,000 degrees cooler, at less than . Only 55 Cancri e and KELT-9b have hotter dayside temperatures. This planet is around 30% larger than Jupiter and five times more massive. Its orbit is well-aligned to the star's axis. In 2024, low-amplitude transit-timing variations were detected using the CHEOPS space telescope, which could be attributed to a yet unseen exoplanet. This putative planet should have an orbital period greater than 1.125 days and its other characteristics remain unconstrained.	2.546875
78819832	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carina%20Jahani	Carina Jahani	She made three trips to Pakistan from October 1994 to 2007 and became familiar with the Balochi language. She began researching the Balochi language and conducted research in the field of Baloch studies and poet Gul Khan Nasir from Balochistan, the bilingualism or even trilingualism of Baloch children growing up in Sweden and the role of these languages in their lives, as well as the structure of the Baloch dialects common in Iran, namely the Saravani and Southern dialects (Nikshahr, Chabahar), and the influence of the Persian language on these dialects. Career and research Jahani cites her interest and fascination with the Balochi language to the oral literature, myths, and beautiful and instructive stories hidden in the hearts of the old men and women of this ancient land. She found speaking the Balochi language sweet and attractive. Jahani's work encompasses language documentation, revitalization efforts for endangered languages, and human rights issues related to linguistic minorities. She is particularly noted for her contributions to the study of Balochi and Persian languages. Jahani has authored numerous publications that explore various dimensions of Iranian languages. Some of her notable works include: A Grammar of Modern Standard Balochi The Baloch and Others, The Balochi Language and Languages in Iranian Balochistan (2013) Standardization and orthography in the Balochi language Jahani teaches Balochi at Uppsala University and provides a basic knowledge of Balochi phonetics and syntax. The course also includes a brief overview of the history of the Balochi people.	2.546875
78819853	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20Stephen%20%28midwife%29	Margaret Stephen (midwife)	The book is intended as a brief practical manual; Stephen states that she curtailed the book's length (108 pages) so that it could readily be carried and consulted by midwives while they were working. It was priced cheaply and lacks illustrations. There are eleven chapters, as well as introductory material. Despite the avowed audience encompassing all women, its approach is more medically focused than other books by female midwives, and Stephen refers to her clients as "patients". The book covers relevant anatomy and physiology in detail, particularly the structure of the pelvis and pelvic bones; Stephen considers that the most common cause of problematic births was the baby's head being too large for the mother's pelvis. It details how to perform a vaginal examination and how to locate where the baby's head is positioned. Domestic Midwife classifies labour into five groups, three where it is the baby's head that presents: natural (where the duration is under 24 hours), lingering (longer than 48 hours) and difficult (where intervention is required); as well as preternatural (where the baby's head does not present) and complex (twin births or births where any complication or emergency occurs). It generally advocates a non-interventionist approach to care, suggesting that no intervention was needed until the woman had been in labour for two or even three days, in reaction to a move towards intervening when a first labour exceeded 24 hours. It describes best practices for treating obstetric emergencies including prolapse of the umbilical cord (when the umbilical cord is expelled before the baby), shoulder dystocia (when the baby's shoulder becomes caught on the mother's pubic bone) and postpartum bleeding in the mother, and details how to resuscitate a newborn baby. Although Stephen recommends using forceps as little as possible, she considers that "delivery with instruments has saved some lives", and covers their proper use to minimise damage both to the baby's skull and to the mother's perineum	2.515625
78819962	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian%20mathematics	Hungarian mathematics	Hungarian mathematics refers to the mathematical tradition and achievements associated with Hungary, particularly during its golden age in the early 20th century. Hungary has produced a disproportionately large number of influential mathematicians relative to its population size, leading to what has been called the Hungarian phenomenon in mathematics. History Early history Hungarian mathematics began its rise to prominence in the early 1800s with János Bolyai, one of the creators of non-Euclidean geometry, and his father Farkas Bolyai. Though they were largely ignored during their lifetimes, János Bolyai's groundbreaking work on hyperbolic geometry would later be recognized as foundational to modern mathematics. Farkas Bolyai had studied at Göttingen from 1796 to 1799, where he formed a lasting friendship with Carl Friedrich Gauss. Both were interested in the "problem of parallels"—the independence of Euclid's fifth postulate. When Farkas sent his son's discoveries to Gauss, he wrote back with "I cannot praise this work too highly, for to do so would be to praise myself." Gauss had apparently anticipated the discovery but never published his findings, inadvertently denying János the recognition he deserved during his lifetime. The Hungarian Academy of Sciences later established the Bolyai Prize in János's honor in 1905, though it was only awarded twice—to Henri Poincaré and David Hilbert—before being discontinued due to World War I. The Bolyai Prize was re-established nearly a century later in 2000. The emergence of Hungary as a mathematical powerhouse occurred in the early 20th century through a combination of social, educational and institutional developments. A crucial turning point came with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, which granted Hungary significant autonomy within the Habsburg Empire. This was followed by the emancipation of Hungarian Jews, who made up about 5% of the population. For the first time, Jews were permitted to work for the state and teach in its schools.	2.890625
78820355	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco%20Pacheco%20%28poet%29	Francisco Pacheco (poet)	Francisco Pacheco (baptised 22 November 1535 – 10 October 1599) was a Spanish theologian, humanist, poet, and writer. Contemporary sources often refer to him as El Licenciado Pacheco or El Canónigo Pacheco. Miguel de Cervantes, in his La Galatea, which he finished writing between 1580 and 1584, dedicates his tribute to Pacheco before that of any other Sevillian poet, including Fernando de Herrera, as well as dedicating him two octaves as opposed to the one each he dedicates to the others. Education In 1555, Pacheco obtained his bachelor's degree in Arts and Philosophy from the Colegio-Universidad de Santa María de Jesús and between 1559 and 1563 studied Theology there. Career and writings In 1565, he earned the chaplaincy of the Chapel of St Peter in Seville Cathedral. At around that time, Pacheco entered Fernando de Herrera's circle of "doctos amigos" ["learned friends"], poets and humanists, which included Francisco de Medina, who had studied Theology at the same time as Pacheco, Juan de Mal Lara, Diego Girón Baltasar del Alcázar, and Gonzalo Argote de Molina. He also came to the attention of the Cathedral chapter (Cabildo), which commissioned him to put in order the archives of the Biblioteca Capitular as well as accepting his proposal for the commemorative Latin epigraph for the Giralda. In 1570, he collaborated with Juan de Mal Lara for the iconographical programme to represent the city of Seville on the occasion of King Philip II's visit. In 1571, he was elected chaplain of the Royal Chapel, belonging to the Crown. However, the following year the Cathedral chapter accused him of having stolen books from the Biblioteca Capitular and he was dispossessed of the Cathedral prebend, that is, the chapel of St Peter, and the right to give Mass in the Cathedral. However, as the Royal Chapel belonged to the Crown, that prebend was not affected.	2.34375
78820722	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State%20Emigrant%20Refuge%20and%20Hospital	State Emigrant Refuge and Hospital	The State Emigrant Refuge and Hospital is also notable in American health history. In 1888, a baby incubator was used there for reportedly the first time in the United States. On September 7, 1888 baby Edith Eleanor McLean was born approximately 13 weeks prematurely to mother Agnes McLean of Glasgow, Scotland. The Superintendent of the State Emigrant Hospital, Dr. Allan M. Thomas, had previously read in a medical journal of the invention in France of the baby incubator by Étienne Stéphane Tarnier and had resolved to build a similar apparatus. This consisted of wooden box warmed by hot water and into which an infant could be placed, called by Thomas a "hatching cradle". After McLean's birth, the head of the lying-in ward, Dr. William C. Deming, requested the use of Thomas' device, which was quickly completed and put in to use. McLean was reared in this "hatching cradle" until she was judged strong enough to survive on her own, and she left the hospital on November 28, 1888. This claim as the first incubator in the United States has been widely repeated by popular sources.	2.8125
78821169	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois%20Turinaz	Charles-François Turinaz	Charles-François Turinaz (February 2, 1838 – October 19, 1918) was a French Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Tarentaise (1873–1882) and later as Bishop of Nancy-Toul (1882–1918). A staunch defender of Catholic rights, he opposed secularist policies in France and played a significant role in promoting social Catholicism. Biography Early Life and Education Charles-François Turinaz was born on February 2, 1838, in Chambéry to Théophile Turinaz, an officer who served during the Napoleonic Wars. His family, originally from the Bauges region, later settled in Saint-Genix-sur-Guiers. He completed his early education at a college in Pont-de-Beauvoisin and then attended the seminary in Moûtiers. In 1859, he went to Rome to further his studies, eventually earning doctorates in theology and canon law. Priestly Ministry Turinaz was ordained a priest on September 20, 1862. He served as vicar at Notre-Dame in Chambéry before becoming secretary to Alexis Billiet, Archbishop of Chambéry. In 1863, he was appointed professor of theology and canon law at the seminary in Chambéry. Episcopal Ministry Turinaz was consecrated as Bishop of Tarentaise on January 10, 1873, succeeding François Gros. He was later transferred to the Diocese of Nancy-Toul on March 23, 1882, where he served until his death in 1918. Social Catholicism and Opposition to Modernism As bishop, Turinaz opposed France's anti-clerical policies, including the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State and the modernist movement. In 1902, he published "Les Périls de la foi et de la discipline" and "Encore quelques mots sur ces Périls" in 1903, warning against threats to Catholic doctrine. He supported Pope Leo XIII's social encyclical Rerum Novarum but criticized some interpretations of social Catholicism as too aligned with socialism. During his tenure, he oversaw the construction of several churches, including the Bassilicas of the Sacred Heart and Our Lady of Lourdes, both in Nancy.	2.09375
78821328	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica%20of%20the%20Sacred%20Heart%20of%20Nancy	Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Nancy	Organ The basilica houses an organ built by Charles Didier-Van-Caster (1852–1906), completed in 1907. It was inaugurated on May 30, 1907, by Charles-Marie Widor. The instrument has 48 stops across three manuals and a pedalboard, including two 32-foot ranks (bourdon 32 and contrebombarde 32). A significant overhaul was carried out between 2016 and 2019 by Xavier Szymczak, organ builder and voicer, along with Frédéric Mayeur, the organist. The organ was blessed and inaugurated on June 2, 2019. Bells The bourdon bell of the Basilica of the Sacred Heart, weighing nearly six tonnes, is the largest bell in Nancy and rings only on exceptional occasions, such as the death or election of a pope. The Saint Charles Tower (west, right of the facade) houses the bourdon, while five smaller bells are located in the Saint Maurice Tower (east). These bells are adorned with intricate carvings and Gothic-style niches depicting various figures. Stained Glass The stained glass windows, created by Joseph Janin, were destroyed in 1917 during World War I. However, the original cartoons by Janin were preserved, allowing for their reconstruction after the war, with minor modifications to eliminate anachronistic elements such as the Eiffel Tower and the Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Montmartre from the depiction of "Jesus Weeping Over Jerusalem."	2.328125
78822017	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Einhorn%20%28poet%29	David Einhorn (poet)	Einhorn published his first book of poems, Shtile Gezangen ('Quiet Chants') in 1909, which was followed by Mayne Lider ('My Poems') in 1913. Critics praised the lyrical quality of the poems in these works, often focused on the conflict between the traditional order and modernity, and many were later set to music. He went to Vilna (now Vilnius) in 1910 to help found Boris Kletskin's publishing house. That same year, he worked as a secretary for Yiddish and Hebrew author Mendele Mocher Sforim. Exile In 1912, Einhorn was arrested for his connections to the General Jewish Labour Bund and imprisoned in Vilna for six months. Afterwards, he was exiled from the country; he initially traveled to Paris, before relocating in 1913 to Bern, Switzerland. There, in addition to study at the University of Bern, he wrote for the Yiddish children's periodical Grininke Beymelekh and the Vilna-based journal Di Yudishe Velt. He also made a Yiddish translation of the Book of Psalms during this period. From 1916 to 1917, he edited the Bern and Geneva-based biweekly refugee publication Di Fraye Shtime. In 1917, Einhorn moved to Radom and then to Warsaw. That year, he wrote another book, Tsu a Yidisher Tokhter ('To a Jewish Daughter') as a wedding present to Genia Zissmann, who he married in March 1917. He wrote essays for a 1920 compilation entitled Di Tevye ('The Ark'), which he published alongside poet Alter Kacyzne. While in Warsaw, he contributed to the Bundist periodical Lebns-fragn, published by Bund leader Vladimir Medem. Berlin	2.390625
78822017	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Einhorn%20%28poet%29	David Einhorn (poet)	Put off by antisemitism and what he called the "army atmosphere" of Warsaw, Einhorn moved to Berlin in the autumn of 1920. He frequented the Romanisches Café, which became a central meeting place for Jewish migrant intellecutals in Berlin, although began to strongly oppose the "coffee house culture" of many of the migrants, whom he decried as bourgeois intellectuals who "count the murdered victims of the Ukrainian pogroms like their own possessions, each night they establish new relief committees, film our sorrows, and expose our shame at the movies". He criticized the Jewish intelligentsia for prioritizing Jewish communities in Eastern Europe while largely ignoring Jewish migrant workers in Germany and establishing literary projects which would not reach a wider audience. While in Berlin, Einhorn worked as a translator for a publishing house named Wostok and wrote a miscellany named Der Onheyb ('The Beginning') alongside journalist Shmaryahu Gorelik and linguist Max Weinreich. He edited a column on Yiddish literature in the monthly magazine Der Jude, and frequently contributed to the New York Yiddish newspaper Forward, one of few writers in Berlin to do so. He published a compilation of his poems entitled Gezamlte Lider 1904-1924 ('Collected Poems 1904–1924') in Berlin in 1924.	2.328125
78822525	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025%20Tibet%20earthquake	2025 Tibet earthquake	Modelling of the rupture by the United States Geological Survey revealed motion along a north–northeast striking fault dipping west–northwest or north–northwest striking fault dipping east–northeast. In both solutions, co-seismic slip occurred for about along strike and extended to depth. The maximum slip in these solutions were and , respectively. A rupture area of about x was estimated, extending from Ngamring County to southern Tingri County near the border with Nepal. Seismologists at the China Earthquake Networks Center said the mainshock originated within the Lhasa terrane, a crustal block that forms part of the plateau. Geologic activity causes north–south compression and east−west extension within the plateau which are accommodated by faults. The China Earthquake Administration evaluated that the enture rupture occurred within 24 seconds, releasing a seismic moment estimated at 4.0469 × 1019 Nm. The greatest moment release occurred 14 seconds after the rupture initiated. The rupture propagated bilaterally along a normal fault, but most of it was directed northward. The institution also determined that there was a high likelihood of surface rupture. Surface ruptures were later mapped via satellite imagery; they occurred on the eastern shores of Dengme Co lake discontinuously for . These ruptures exhibited normal faulting characteristics. The Ministry of Natural Resources projected a rupture extending to depth by using seismic inversion of InSAR data. Much of the coseismic slip occurred at depth and a maximum slip of was Inferred at depth. In Changsuo Township vertical scarps of were measured along a zone of ruptures nearly long at elevation.	2.34375
78822525	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025%20Tibet%20earthquake	2025 Tibet earthquake	The largest earthquakes in Tibet, with magnitudes of 8.0 or similar, occur along strike-slip faults. Normal faulting earthquakes are smaller in magnitudes; in 2008, five normal faulting earthquakes with magnitudes of 5.9 to 7.1 occurred in various locations across the plateau. These earthquakes occurred on faults with dip angles of 40 to 50 degrees and extended to a depth of . A 2010 study in Geophysical Journal International observed within the past 43 years that 85 percent of the seismic moment released during normal faulting earthquakes occurred in areas of more than elevation. This may suggest normal faulting earthquakes are dependent on gravitational potential energy to trigger these ruptures. Since 1949, 37 earthquakes of 5.0–5.9, 7 of 6.0–6.9, and 1 of 7.0–7.9 have been recorded within of the epicentre. It was the deadliest earthquake in the immediate area since a event occurred in Yadong County on 20 November 1980. That earthquake had an epicenter away and killed 3 people in the county. The 7 January 2025 earthquake was also the largest in the area since a struck to the south on 26 April 2015. Impact The earthquake killed at least 126 people and wounded 338, including 19 in serious condition. More than 27,200 buildings were damaged and 3,612 homes collapsed. Local officials attributed the casualties to the collapse of poorly constructed traditional buildings. In some villages, 80 to 90 percent of homes were razed.	2.53125
78822525	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025%20Tibet%20earthquake	2025 Tibet earthquake	On 13 January, two aftershocks measuring and caused some houses to collapse in Tingri County. Response Following the earthquake, more than 14,000 rescue personnel, 340 medical workers, 75 vehicles, four search dogs and 7,030 sets of equipment were dispatched to the epicentre. The China Meteorological Administration issued a level-three emergency alert for the area. To prevent further casualties during potential aftershocks, residents were evacuated. Local officials also allocated resources from the transport, water and village administrative departments to aid in rescue efforts. The and the Ministry of Emergency Management, in conjunction with the National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, distributed 22,000 units of centralised relief supplies, including cotton tents, cotton coats, quilts, and folding beds, as well as specialised relief materials for high-cold and high-altitude regions to the affected areas. The national air force also participated in rescue efforts and sent drones to the area. Air cargo, medical services, ground forces, and helicopters of the Western Theater Command Air Force were deployed. Temperatures in the area at the time of the earthquake were estimated to have been , and were expected to fall to by night. The Western Theater Command of the People's Liberation Army was also mobilised to assist in relief efforts. The China Center for Resources Satellite Data and Application deployed eight satellites to monitor the area. The Mount Qomolangma scenic area was temporarily closed and 530 visitors were evacuated. Xi Jinping, the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, "ordered all-out rescue efforts". He urged the relevant bodies to treat the injured, repair damaged infrastructure, and relocate those displaced. The Chinese government said it would allocate 100 million yuan ($13.6 million) for disaster relief. In Nepal, security forces were deployed to areas affected by the earthquake.	2.59375
78822550	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katia%20Kameli	Katia Kameli	Katia Kameli (born 1973) is a French-Algerian visual artist who works mainly in film and video. Her primary artistic focus is the subject of Algeria, and she has used film to explore Algerian history, culture and politics. Kameli's solo exhibitions have included the three-part film Le Roman Algérien and the multi-media project Le Cantique des Oiseaux, and she has participated in group exhibitions in France, Portugal, Belgium, Senegal, Mali, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Her work is contained in collections at the Smith College Museum of Art, the Musée National d'Art Moderne, and the Centre National des Arts Plastiques Early life and education Katia Kameli was born in 1973 in Clermont-Ferrand, France, and grew up dividing her time between her mother's family in France and her father's family in Algeria. She trained as an artist under the guidance of Italian painter Michelangelo Pistoletto, and completed her first filmmaking project as a student in 1998. In 2000 she graduated from the École Nationale des Beaux-Arts in Bourges, going on to complete postgraduate studies in the subject of New Media at the Ecole Supérieure des Beaux-Arts in Marseille. Artistic career Kameli has primarily focused on the subject of Algeria for her art. While she is largely known for working with film and video, she also incorporates mediums such as sculpture, tapestry, drawing, music, and textual art into her projects.	2.53125
78822897	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor%20Cordella	Victor Cordella	Cordella also designed number of Latin churches. In 1904, he designed the Polish Church of St. Casimir in Saint Paul. He also designed the Polish-Baroque Church of St. Joseph in Browerville (1907), St. Peter's and St. Mary of Czestochowa parishes in Delano (1913), the Romanesque-style St. John the Baptist in Vermillion (1914), St. Francis Xavier in Buffalo (1916), the Renaissance Revival-style Sts. Cyril and Methodius in Minneapolis (1917), St. Stanislaus in Perham (1922), combination Spanish Mission and French Renaissance-style St. Luke's in Sherburn (1922), Holy Cross in North Prairie (1922), the Baroque Revival-style Our Lady of Lourdes in Little Falls (1923), and Holy Cross in Northeast Minneapolis (1927). In total, Cordella designed around twenty churches for various immigrant ethnic groups. Personal life and death Cordella married Ruth Maser on September 15, 1902. Cordella married Minnie Beckwith on October 9, 1918. In 1921, he was featured in the Minneapolis Journal for growing a 19-inch cucumber. The Great Depression greatly impacted Cordella and his wife; in 1930, he was unable to pay his dues to the American Institute of Architects. It seems possible that by the mid-1930s, he was resigned to work as a manual laborer. Cordella died in Minneapolis on April 12, 1937. His funeral was on April 15 at the Basilica of Saint Mary and he was buried in St Mary's cemetery.	2.0625
78822998	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeForce%2050%20series	GeForce 50 series	The GeForce 50 series is an upcoming series of consumer graphics processing units (GPUs) being developed by Nvidia as part of its GeForce line of graphics cards, succeeding the GeForce 40 series. Announced at CES 2025, it will debut with the release of the RTX 5080 and RTX 5090 on January 30, 2025. It is based on Nvidia's Blackwell architecture featuring Nvidia RTX's fourth-generation RT cores for hardware-accelerated real-time ray tracing, and fifth-generation deep-learning-focused Tensor Cores. The GPUs are manufactured by TSMC on an improved custom 4NP process node. Background In March 2024, Nvidia announced the Blackwell architecture for its datacenter products. Like Ampere, Blackwell is a shared architecture between both consumer and datacenter products rather than distinct architectures released simultaneously like Ada Lovelace for consumers and Hopper for datacenter. At the Game Awards in December 2024, a cinematic trailer for The Witcher IV was shown which had been pre-rendered on an "unannounced Nvidia GeForce RTX GPU". This was assumed to be an upcoming GeForce 50 series GPU. Following the RTX 50 series announcement, Nvidia confirmed that the trailer was "pre-rendered in Unreal Engine 5 on a GeForce RTX 5090". Later in the same month, it was reported that Nvidia had begun stockpiling GeForce 50 series units in U.S. warehouses due to a looming 10% import tariff and 60% tariff on Chinese imports that Donald Trump promised in his re-election campaign. Announcement On January 6, 2025, the GeForce 50 series was officially announced for both desktop and mobile devices during Nvidia's CES keynote in Las Vegas. The pricing announcement was met with surprise as the RTX 5080 at $999 was the same price that the RTX 4080 Super released at a year earlier despite the anticipated price increases. Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang claimed that the RTX 5070 could reach "RTX 4090 performance at $549" despite a heavy reliance on DLSS 4 upscaling and multi-frame generation rather than raw performance. Features	1.96875
78823409	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhiruci%20%288th%20century%20CE%29	Bodhiruci (8th century CE)	Bodhiruci (also written Bodhiruchi or Bodairushi; ; 562 or 571 – 727 CE) was an Indian translator and Buddhist monk from South India. Originally named Dharmaruci, he is believed to have lived for 156 years. Bodhiruci travelled to China in the late 7th century, where he translated numerous texts, sutras, and commentaries from Sanskrit into Middle Chinese. Biography Bodhiruci was born into a family of Brahmins from the Kashyapa Gotra, in South India. The year of his birth is uncertain, with sources suggesting either 562 or 571 CE. He died in 727 CE, purportedly at the age of 156.. He was educated according to the principles of his caste, but when he reached adulthood, he chose the path of Buddhism. In 663 CE, Emperor Gaozong of Tang invited him to China. However, he delayed for 30 years, finally arriving in 693 CE, during the reign of empress Wu Zetian, who requested that he change his name from Dharmaruci to Bodhiruci. He first settled in the monastery of Foshoujisi, in Chang'an, the ancient Chinese capital, (now Xi'an). He also stayed in Luoyang, the empire's secondary capital named Dongdu (東都), the "Eastern Capital". In 699 CE, under the direction of Śikṣānanda (652–710), he took part in the second translation of the Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra, better known as the Avataṃsaka Sūtra. In 706 CE, he moved to the monastery of Chongfusi where he translated the Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra. It took him seven years to complete the translation of the 49 sutras that make up the whole. By 713 CE, the completed edition contained 120 scrolls. During his life, he also translated other texts, sutras and commentaries. At the age of 90, he renounced worldly life to devote himself entirely to meditation and devotion. He isolated himself completely and stopped writing, reading only his manuscripts written in Sanskrit.	2.5625
78823644	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Toronto%20Maple%20Leafs%20no-hitters	List of Toronto Maple Leafs no-hitters	The Toronto Maple Leafs Minor League Baseball team played from 1896 to 1967 in Toronto, Canada, as members of the International League (IL). In their 71-year history, the team's pitchers threw 17 no-hitters, tying them with the original Buffalo Bisons for the second-most in the IL behind the Rochester Red Wings, who have 20 no-hitters. A no-hit game occurs when a pitcher (or pitchers) allows no hits over the course of a game. A perfect game, a much rarer feat, occurs when no batters reach base by a hit or any other means, such as a walk, hit by pitch, or error. Among the 16 pitchers who accomplished Toronto's 17 no-hitters, Augie Prudhomme stands out as the only Maple Leafs hurler to achieve this feat twice, once in 1927 and again in 1928. Dave Vineyard recorded two no-hitters for International League teams, one with the Maple Leafs in 1967 and one previously with the Red Wings in 1966. The Maple Leafs also surrendered 11 no-hitters throughout their history, including a perfect game pitched by Bill Harris in 1936. Nine of Toronto's no-hitters occurred while the International League competed at the Double-A classification, and eight while at Triple-A, though each level was the highest level of the minors at the time. Three were pitched at the Leafs' first home ballpark, Hanlan's Point Stadium, where the team played from 1897 to 1900 and again from 1908 until 1925. Eleven were pitched at Maple Leaf Stadium, where they played from 1926 until their disbandment in 1967. Three were pitched in road games. No-hitters	2.21875
78823740	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm%20Grillo	Wilhelm Grillo	Wilhelm Theodor Grillo (15 October 1819 – 23 January 1889) was a German entrepreneur and industrialist Biography Born in Essen, Germany, in 1819 as the elder son of merchant Wilhelm Grillo, Wilhelm attended high school and completed a commercial apprenticeship. In 1842, at the age of 23, he founded an ironware trading business in Mülheim an der Ruhr. From there, Grillo engaged in numerous mining projects—sometimes collaborating with his younger brothers Friedrich (1825–1888) and August Grillo (1823–1897) or his brother-in-law Daniel Morian, and other times acting independently. His ventures spanned Essen, Mülheim, Hamborn, Oberhausen, Gelsenkirchen, Herne, and Wanne. Together with his brothers and brother-in-law, he established the Styrum ironworks near Mülheim, which began operations in 1857. Grillo had a particular interest in zinc and the zinc pigment industry. In 1849, he founded a zinc rolling mill in Neumühl, followed by two rolling mills and a zinc white production facility in Oberhausen in 1855. In 1881, he opened a zinc smelting plant in Hamborn and, in 1865, a zinc welding facility in Mülheim an der Ruhr. The Grillo gasworks provided lighting for the factory's own network and Oberhausen's municipal gas grid. Grillo's activities significantly contributed to the industrial development of Oberhausen, Hamborn, and Mülheim an der Ruhr. The company he founded continues today as Grillo-Werke in Duisburg-Marxloh. With 1, 400 employees, it generates annual revenue of approximately €860 million and remains wholly owned by Wilhelm Grillo's descendants. Grillo was married to Catharina Kolkmann (1820–1895) from 1843. The couple had nine children: four daughters and five sons, including Wilhelm (1845–1888), Julius (1849–1911), Friedrich (1858–1919), and August (1861–1895).	2.234375
78824240	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolf%20Reitz	Rolf Reitz	Reitz's use of genetic algorithms for engine design optimization has been highlighted in the media, with features in Business Week, The London Times, CNN, and The New York Times. He has applied computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to study engine emissions and fuel efficiency, focusing on fuel atomization. In his early research, he emphasized the significance of breakup mechanisms and drop size distribution in fuel vaporization and mixing efficiency, while also developing a model to predict core length, drop size, and spray behavior—key factors critical for engine performance. Additionally, he advanced atomization models for diesel and gasoline sprays with the KH-RT hybrid model, enhancing predictions of spray characteristics and the temperature dependence of fuel penetration. Reitz applied turbulence modeling, including the RNG κ-ε model, to analyze combustion parameters and soot emissions in variable-density engine flows. His work on high-efficiency, clean combustion highlighted reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) as a means to improve fuel efficiency in diesel and CI engines. Furthermore, by refining the spray model, he improved combustion and emission predictions in diesel engines, accurately modeling fuel spray characteristics like droplet size and vaporization. His study on multiple injections showed that high-pressure injections reduced soot and NOx emissions, with split injection minimizing soot without increasing NOx. He also found that oxygenated fuels significantly reduce soot emissions at high loads in a Caterpillar SCOTE DI diesel engine, with split injections enhancing this effect, while their impact is minimal at low loads. In related research, he developed a temperature wall function for variable-density turbulent flows, demonstrating the impact of gas compressibility on heat transfer predictions, with strong agreement between predicted and measured heat fluxes.	1.929688
78824867	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconciliation%20studies	Reconciliation studies	Definition Reconciliation is a critical part of the peacebuilding process and is intertwined with achieving justice, reducing violence, and conflict transformation. Discussions are still ongoing whether reconciliation is a process, an outcome, an ideal and perhaps utopian goal, or a specific stage or moment in the process of overcoming violent conflict. However, there is a certain tendency to see reconciliation as an overarching concept for the long-term process to create better relationships after violence. Many scholars and practitioners also stress the importance of reconciliation efforts for the cessation of violence in the middle of conflict. Reconciliation researcher Martin Leiner defines reconciliation studies as the "scholarly description, interpretation and evaluation of processes to develop 'normal' and if possible 'good' relationships between states, groups, organizations, and individuals reacting against past, present or preventing future grave incidents such as Wars, Civil Wars, Genocides, Atrocities, Forced Displacement, Enslavement, Dictatorship, Oppression, Colonialism, Apartheid, and other Human Rights Violations and injustices, and creating a scientific discourse of developing a common future to enable the transformation of conflicts towards the path of peace." Stressing the main goal of reconciliation as improved intergroup relations and the building or rebuilding of trust, Professor Karina V. Korostelina defines reconciliation as "a process of management of social identities and reckoning with the past. Reconciliation processes depend on interrelations among conflict, power, social identity, and collective memory/ narratives about history."	2.75
78825142	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenuapeho	Fenuapeho	Fenuapeho (1773–1831) was the chief of the island of Tahaa. He served as the regent of Tahaa on behalf of the grandson of Chief Tapoa I. Biography He was about 50 years old when missionaries Tyerman and Bennet met him around 1823. Around 1809, according to the testimony of chiefs Mai and Tefaaora collected in 1845, Tapoa I held power over Raiatea and Tahaa, having displaced King Tamatoa III. He had also conquered the island of Bora Bora, compelling chiefs Mai and Tefaaora to propose that he become king of Bora Bora to promote peace. These accounts align with the writings of John Davies (missionary), who reported that Tapoa’s daughter, Maevarua, had been recognized as the chief of Bora Bora and Tahaa. She died on July 14, 1809, in Raiatea from an illness. Some writings report that Fenuapeho was a member Tapoa I's family and had been appointed to ensure the regency of his grandson before he left for Tahiti to support Pomare II. Tapoa I died in Tahiti at the end of November 1812. Tamatoa then regained his power over the island of Raiatea. According to the testimonies of numerous chiefs in 1845, Pomare II drifted to the Leeward Islands aboard the Matilda on September 3, 1814, a brig from India piloted by Captain Fowler. During his stay, he adopted Tapoa I's grandson, Teriinohorai, giving him the name Pomare, betrothed him to his daughter Aimata, and declared him the legitimate sovereign of Tahaa, replacing his grandfather. He also appointed Fenuapeho as regent for the young Pomare. He was about seven years old at that time. After diligently attending catechism classes in 1813-1814, Tamatoa III returned to his island of Raiatea around July 1814 and decided to embrace Christianity. The statues of the god ʻOro were burned on the Marae of Taputapuatea, which angered the supporters of idol worship. They allied with the chief Fenuapeho of Tahaa to oppose Tamatoa. Fenuapeho was defeated, but his life was spared, and he retained his title as regent of the island of Tahaa thanks to Tamatoa's generosity.	2.046875
78825192	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoram%20Peri	Yoram Peri	In 2017, the Institute for National Security Studies in Tel Aviv published Peri's book, Mediatized Wars: The Paradox of Power and Israel's Strategic Dilemma (Hebrew). Peri argues that the process of "mediatization" in contemporary society has led to changes in the nature of war. In modern warfare, including Israel's war against terror and guerilla insurgency organizations, the kinetic, physical dimension has been overlaid by a perceptual dimension. Personal life Yoram Peri is married to Dr. Pnina Peri who introduced the field of gender studies and education at the Levinsky College of Education and taught at the University of Maryland. The couple have two daughters and a son and eight grand children, all living in Israel. Books and monographs Yoram Peri has published more than eighty articles and six academic books in addition to hundreds of op-ed articles in the Israeli and international press. His book, Brothers at War: Rabin's Assassination and the Cultural War in Israel (Hebrew), was published in 2005 and received an award from the Council for Commemoration of Israel's Presidents and Prime Ministers. His book, Generals in the Cabinet Room: How the Military Shapes Israel Policy, published in 2006, received an award for excellence from the Association of American University Presses. Books published in English Between Battles and Ballots: Israeli Military in Politics, Cambridge UK and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009 Generals in the Cabinet Room: How the Military Shapes Israel Policy, Washington DC: US Institute of Peace, 2006[i]. Tele-Populism: Media and Politics in Israel in the 1990's, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004 The Israeli Military and Israel's Palestinians Policy, Washington DC: US Institute of Peace Press , 2002 The Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin, (ed. and contributor of four chapters), Stanford: Stanford University Press, c2000 Between Battles and Ballots: Israeli Military in Politics, Cambridge UK and New York: Cambridge University Press., 1983	1.984375
78825235	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotherapy	Neurotherapy	History While neurotherapy is a relatively young medical treatment in conventional Western biomedicine (that relies on a scientific approach and evidence-based practice), different age-old cultural practices of traditional Indian, Egyptian, and Chinese medicine have been using neuromodulation elements thousands of years ago. Before the basic processes of neurotherapy were scientifically studied, humans used the electrical properties of animals for therapeutic purposes. The Egyptians used the Nile catfish (Synodontis batensoda and Malapterurus electricus) to stimulate tissue electrically, according to an interpretation of frescoes in the tomb of the architect Ti at Saqqara, Egypt. The first documented use of electrical stimulation for pain relief dates back to 46 AD when Scribonius Largus of the ancient Roman Empire used the electric properties of torpedo fish to relieve headaches. Scientific studies of neuromodulation began in 1745, when German physician De Haen published “a number of cases of spasmodic, paralytic and other nervous affections cured by electricity”. The first implementation of electrocutical apparatus in hospital medical treatment recorded in Middlesex Hospital of London in 1767. In 1870, German physicians Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig reported the modulation of brain activity in dogs by electrical stimulation of the motor cortex. In 1924, the German psychiatrist Hans Berger attached electrodes to the scalp and detected small currents in the brain.	2.671875
78825580	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80qil%20ibn%20al-Bukayr	Āqil ibn al-Bukayr	ʿĀqil ibn al-Bukayr ibn ʿAbd Yā Lail ibn Nāshib al-Laythī (Arabic: عاقل بن البكير بن عبد يا ليل بن ناشب الليثي) was an early sahabi (companion) of the Prophet Muhammad, He participated in the Battle of Badr and was martyred. Lineage His lineage is: ʿĀqil ibn Abī al-Bukayr ibn ʿAbd Yā Lail ibn Nāshib ibn Ghayrah ibn Saʿd ibn Layth ibn Bukayr ibn ʿAbd Munāf ibn Kinānah al-Laythī Ibn Sa'd stated his name was Ghāfil; however, the Prophet Muhammad called him ʿĀqil. Brief biography He was from the early converts of Islam where he pledged allegiance in the house of Arqam alongside his brothers Āmir, Iyās, and Khālid. The sons of Abī al-Bukayr emigrated with their families and settled in Medina with Rafāʿah ibn ʿAbd al-Munẓir. It was said that the Prophet Muhammad made ʿĀqil brothers, in a sense of friendship, with Majdhar ibn Ziyād and Mubashshir ibn ʿAbd al-Munẓir. Death ʿĀqil was martyred, at the age of 34, alongide his close companion Mubashshir ibn ʿAbd al-Munẓir at the Battle of Badr. According to historical accounts, ʿĀqil was killed by Mālik ibn Zuhayr al-Jushamī.	2
78825836	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince%20Lal%20Maluk	Prince Lal Maluk	The viziers notice that matters of the state are being neglected, and issue an edict for people to come tell her untold stories in exchange for a gold coin. One time, an old man comes and tells the princess a story, which intrigues the princess so much he returns the following nights: the man himself had tried his luck in the North, and entered a dark forest; with nowhere to go, he climbed up a tree and slept there, when he saw some snakes appear and turn to men, prepare a fire and sweep the ground for the arrival of their master, a large cobra with a smaller golden snake on its head; the large cobras turn into an old king and a young prince; they watch some dancer girls perform, then leave at dawn; the young prince, in human form, utters some words to a princess about the consequences of her question. The princess realizes the golden snake is her husband, Raja Hari Tarang, rewards the old man with rubies and golden coins, and asks to be taken to that exact spot. The old man takes the princess to the location, they climb up a tree and see the events repeat: the snakes come and turn into men to prepare the arrival of their master; the girls perform until dawn, and the young prince, the last to leave, utters the same words to his lost love about the results of her curiosity. Before he turns into a snake again, the princess, his human wife, climbs down the tree and grabs a corner of his robe. The prince warns her of his grandfather, and advises her the only way to rescue him: she is to come to the ceremony the next evening, and serve milk to the snakes; his grandfather will thank her for the hospitality and ask her about a reward; she is to answer twice she is satisfied with what God gave her, and on the third time the snake king, infuriated, will ask her what she wants; she is then to take the opportunity to make him promise not to harm her, and say she wants the prince back	2.078125
78825884	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torstensson%27s%20Jutland%20campaign	Torstensson's Jutland campaign	Torstensson's Jutland campaign () occurred from 1643 to 1644 and began when Lennart Torstensson led 16,000 men into Holstein, later invading Jutland where he and Robert Douglas defeated a 1,400 strong cavalry force under Friedrich von Buchwald. Later, Torstensson had further success, capturing Kolding and later Snoghøj where thousands of Danish soldiers defected into Swedish service, while their commander fled over to the Danish with the rest of the forces. Background In May 1643, Axel Oxenstierna, Sweden's Chancellor, had had enough of Danish disruption of Swedish activities, such as blockading Hamburg. It was also in response to reports of a Danish mobilization of the navy and army, and Danish emissaries had been agitating peasants on the border. Additionally, there were also reports of Danish negotiations with the Holy Roman Empire and planning an anti-Swedish coalition between it, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Tsardom of Russia. Another issue were the Sound Dues, where Christian IV had been taxing Swedish export ships, despite the Swedish exemption as said by the old Treaty of Knäred. Swedish plan In his plan, Oxenstierna wanted to neutralize the Danish threat to Sweden, and he outlined it according to the campaign strategy Gustavus Adolphus made in Stettin in 1630.	2.65625
78825898	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian%20Village%20Leagues	Palestinian Village Leagues	Creation In 1976, the Israeli government allowed city councils across the occupied West Bank to hold elections. The result was an overwhelming victory for nationalist candidates, most of whom were younger, more educated, and less pro-Jordan than the previous Palestinian political establishment, and most of whom were supportive of the PLO. The results shocked the Israeli government, who had a policy of not recognising or negotiating with the PLO and who had hoped that the elections would result in victories for less nationalistic candidates. Following the elections, Menahem Milson, a professor of Arabic literature at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and who had previously served as a paratrooper under Ariel Sharon, was named as the new chief Advisor on Arab Affairs to the Military Governorate. As advisor, Menahem and his assistant, Yigal Carmon, argued for a significant change in the way that the Israeli government administered the occupation. Milson believed that the Governorate needed to take a more active role in internal Palestinian politics, to cultivate pro-Israeli Palestinians as leaders, and to turn the Governorate's focus away from urban areas, which were the strongholds of PLO support, and towards rural areas, which he believed would be less nationalistic and more pro-Jordanian.	2.640625
78825942	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS%20Adria%20%281856%29	SMS Adria (1856)	After the outbreak of the Austro-Prussian War in June 1866, the Austrian Navy began to mobilize, as the conflict quickly widened to include Prussia's ally Italy on 20 June. The fleet came under command of (Rear Admiral) Wilhelm von Tegetthoff, who worked to prepare his fleet, which was largely crewed by untrained men. As the fleet made its preparations, the ships carried out extensive practice in the Fasana Channel, which was protected from an Italian attack by naval mines. Adria and the other wooden vessels were fitted with iron chains that draped down over the sides of their hulls to give them a degree of protection for the coming fight with Italy's larger fleet of ironclads. At that time, Rudolf Montecuccoli, a future commander of the navy, was serving aboard Adria. On 17 July, the Austrian garrison on the island of Lissa telegraphed that an Italian fleet was in the area and had begun an attack on the island. Tegetthoff initially believed the attack to be a feint to draw his fleet away from Venice and Trieste, but by the 19th, it had become clear that the Italians intended to land on the island. That afternoon, he received permission to sortie and attack the Italian fleet. To offset his fleet's numerical inferiority, particularly in armored warships, Tegetthoff arranged his fleet in three lines abreast, led by the ironclads. Adria and the rest of the larger wooden ships made up the second echelon, about behind. The second line, led by Anton von Petz aboard Kaiser, also included Adrias sister ships, the screw frigates and , and Erzherzog Friedrich. The fleet arrived off Lissa on the morning of 20 July, initiating the Battle of Lissa.	2.78125
78825943	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS%20Donau%20%281856%29	SMS Donau (1856)	Later career In October 1868, Donau and Erzherzog Friedrich sailed from Trieste on a major voyage to Siam, China, and Japan to negotiate trade treaties with those countries. The trip had been planned for 1866, but the war with Italy had forced a delay. The two ships were commanded by Petz, and they sailed south, around Africa, and then crossed the Indian Ocean on their way to East Asia. They stopped in Bangkok, Siam, before continuing on to China. The ships arrived in Yantai by September 1869, and there Petz traveled overland to Beijing to negotiate with the Qing government. While in China, the two ships replenished their coal bunkers and loaded extra coal in every available space to provide enough fuel to cross the Pacific. From China, they sailed to Yokohama, Japan. Erzherzog Friedrich was badly damaged by a typhoon off Japan in late September and was sent home early; Donau was not significantly damaged, but one man was killed in the storm. Donau, meanwhile, continued on across the Pacific, and while at sea in late November, she was struck by another typhoon that damaged her rigging, destroyed her rudder, and left her badly leaking. The crew deployed a sea anchor to prevent Donau from being wrecked, and then attempted to fit a series of temporary rudders, none of which worked, while a replacement rudder was constructed aboard. By the time the new rudder was ready to be installed, the ship had traveled some with little ability to steer. She then sailed for Honolulu, Hawaii, for repairs.	2.375
78825974	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilegia%20grubovii	Aquilegia grubovii	Aquilegia grubovii is a perennial flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to northern Mongolia and Tuva in Russia. Description Aquilegia grubovii is a perennial herbaceous plant with a thick rootstock and 3–9 flowering stems growing to high. The stems are erect, sparsely pubescent in the lower part, and glandular-pubescent towards the top. The base retains dry leaves from previous years' growth. The basal leaves are long, ternate or biternate, and have pubescent stalks of length. The leaflets are egg-shaped or rounded and have three lobes. The flowers are long and wide, with pointed, blue-purple or blue sepals 8–15 mm long, and bicoloured petals, blue or purple at the base and white or yellow at the tip. The nectar spurs are blue or purple, cone-shaped, and measure long, curved or hooked at the tip. The stamens protude beyond the petals by 1–4 mm, and the anthers are pale yellow. Taxonomy Aquilegia grubovii was formally described in 2016 by Andrey S. Erst et al. The type specimen was collected on 26 July 1928 by N.P. and V.A. Ikonnikov-Galitskiy in the eastern Khentii Mountains in northern Mongolia, upstream of the Kherlen and Onon rivers. It is a stable species of hybrid origin, related to Aquilegia oxysepala and Aquilegia ganboldii, with which it has similarities in sepal shape and its mixed types of pubescence (both simple and glandular trichomes). It is also related to Aquilegia sibirica and Aquilegia amurensis, which have similarly bicoloured flowers. Etymology The specific epithet grubovii honours the Russian botanist (1917–2009), a specialist in Mongolian flora. Distribution and habitat Aquilegia grubovii is native to northern Mongolia and Tuva in southern Siberia, growing in mountainous regions in rocky areas and birch forests.	2.3125
78826022	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacodon	Anacodon	Description The holotype of Anacodon, consisting of two mandibular rami, preserves only the molars, with the exception of what may represent the fourth premolar on the more damaged mandible; the other premolars are not preserved. The overall morphology of the teeth resembles modern bears, being flatter and more crenulated than in other arctocyonids. Anacodon may have been trending away from carnivory and towards a more herbivorous diet. Anacodon is unusually robust by arctocyonid standards, to the point where the remains of its postcranial skeleton were initially mistaken for those of a taeniodont. In many respects, it resembles a larger version of the related Chriacus. The forelimbs were extremely robust, more so than the hind limbs, with curved ungual phalanges. A small spur on the tibia interlocked with the astragalus, restricting mediolateral (side-to-side) movement of the foot. The calcaneus of the foot is unusual in that it is strongly arched, a morphology otherwise only seen in certain hominids, ursids, and the giant anteater. Its overall morphology suggests that it may have been analogous to bears, being partly arboreal and fossorial.	2.546875
78826031	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yair%20Wallach	Yair Wallach	His book, A City in Fragments: Urban Text in Modern Jerusalem was published by Stanford University Press in 2020. It won the Association for Jewish Studies’ Jordan Schnitzer Book Prize in 2022. According to the review in the Tel Aviv Review of Books,Far from a plain historical study, Wallach’s is a documented flâneurie through Jerusalem’s streets, literature, art, and photography, reading the cityscape as inherent to social change and not merely as the platform thereof. Wallach supplies an astounding account of how and why stone inscriptions were replaced by street signs and name plates; what caused ritual banners made of cloth to turn into modern national flags or paper placards; how colonial political economy was embedded within the transformation of metal coins into banknotes; why the traditional practice of engraving one’s name in sacred sites came to be seen as iconoclastic graffiti; and the process in which multi-layered identities were reduced to census forms and identification papers. According to a review in the Jerusalem Quarterly, the book is groundbreaking in how it gives agency to items that in general have been considered accessories rather than agents of power, control, and conflict. He notes, however, that reading the texts from different perspectives can lead to disagreements with the author's interpretations. The book is an important addition to a wealth of literature on Jerusalem, but one that stands out among them by offering the possibility to look at Jerusalem from a material perspective. In 2020-22, Wallach was a Leverhulme Trust Research Fellow, working on Ashkenazi Jewish migrants in Egypt, Palestine and Lebanon in the 19th and 20th century. He has written on Zionism for Ethnic and Racial Studies, Jewish Social Studies and other journals.	2.125
78826484	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined%20Saposin%20Deficiency	Combined Saposin Deficiency	Combined Saposin Defiency is a very rare metabolic and genetic disorder that is caused by the mutation in a gene PSAP. This disease belongs to Lysosomal Storage Diseases(LSDs). Because of complete saposin deficiency, it can cause clinical features of 4 diseases(Gaucher’s Disease, Metachromatic Leukodystrophy, Farber’s Disease, Krabbe’s Disease) to be apparent. Cause PSAPD is caused by mutations in a PSAP gene, which is located on the long arm of chromosome 10 (10q22.1). PSAPD is inherited in a Autosomal Recessive fashion. Symptoms Symptoms usually start in infancy or in neonatal age. The signs of this disease are respiratory failure, hepatosplenomegaly, poor feeding, myoclonus, hyperkinetic movements, clonic seizures, leukodystrophy, hypotonia, abnormality of eye movement and a neuronal loss. Optic atrophy was only reported in 1 patient Pathophysiology It’s known that Prosaposin is a precursor of a Saposin A,B,C,D. Saposin A is needed to activate galactocerbroside hydrolysis, Saposin B for sulphatide hydrolysis activation, Saposin C for glucocerebroside hydrolysis, Saposin D might activate hydrolysis of ceramide. According to one study, Prosaposin might be involved in neuron and glial protection by extracellular secretion and activation of some G protein-coupled receptors. In conclusion, PSAPD might not only cause accumulation of some sphingolipids, but also it can cause neuronal survival crisis (by mechanism mentioned above). Prevalence Prevalence is unknown but 10 cases of this diseases had been reported. Diagnosis The study of sphingolipids in urine sediment (It shows combined massive elevation of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), sulphatide and some other sphingolipids) might be useful for a correct orientation towards diagnosis, also bone marrow/liver’s biopsies usually show Gaucher-like macrophages. For the final diagnosis PSAP gene would be tested for mutations. Prognosis Unfortunately, prognosis is poor for this disease. History It was first reported by Harzer et al. in 1989 Reference	2.0625
78826609	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loxolophus	Loxolophus	Loxolophus is a genus of large arctocyonid from the early Palaeocene of North America. Two species are currently recognised: the type species, Loxolophus hyattianus, and L. priscus. Taxonomy Early history The holotype of Loxolophus (AMNH 3121), a fragment of the left maxilla, was formally described by Edward Drinker Cope in 1885. Cope initially assigned it to Chriacus, and gave it the binomial name C. hyattianus. In the same paper, a single page later, he described Loxolophus adapinus. Subsequently, they turned out to represent the same taxon, which at some point thereafter was recombined as Loxolophus hyattianus. A second species, L. priscus, was named three years after the initial paper, also by Cope, who similarly assigned it to Chriacus. Subsequently, it was reassigned to Protochriacus by William Berryman Scott in 1892, then synonymised with Chriacus pugnax by George Gaylord Simpson in 1935, and finally was assigned to Loxolophus by William Diller Matthew in 1937. Classification A phylogenetic analysis by Peter E. Kondrashov and Spencer G. Lucas in 2015 recovered Arctocyonidae as a paraphyletic lineage of archaic ungulates, wherein Loxolophus forms a sister taxon to a clade consisting of Arctocyon, Desmatoclaenus, Protogonodon, Deuterogonodon and Tricentes. Another analysis published that year, published by Thomas J. D. Halliday, Paul Upchurch and Anjali Goswami, recovered Loxolophus as part of a clade also including Anacodon, Oxyclaenus, and several other traditional arctocyonid genera, distantly related to pangolins.	2.09375
78826720	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludo%20van%20Bogaert	Ludo van Bogaert	A spinal injury that happened in September 1918, due to a bullet that penetrated his right lung, which also caused a temporary paralysis of both legs, had sparked his interest in neurology, so after graduation he decided to specialise in neurology and neuropathology and gone to Paris to study under Pierre Marie at the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital and under Marcel Labbé at the Hôpital de la Charité. After training, he returned to his homeland and first became an assistant at St. Elizabeth Hospital, then at Stuyvenberg Hospital Internal Medicine department where he worked as an additional doctor first and later head of the department. In 1933, he was appointed as head of the Department of Internal Medicine and Neurology at the Bunge Research Institute, founded in memory of Edouard Bunge. Bogaert shifted his laboratory in Stuyvenberg Hospital to Bunge Institute even before it's official inauguration, but, when World war II started it returned temporarily to Stuyvenberg Hospital. He died on 4 March 1989 in Antwerp, after suffering a hip fracture. Contributions Ludo van Bogaert is remembered for his 753 scientific publications, with 175 as first author, lectures at Belgian and foreign universities and international congresses, and the more than 300 specialists he trained at the Bunge Institute (opened in 1934) and the Born-Bunge Foundation. Initially, his main interests were clinical neurology and its neuropathological interpretation, but he realized that other disciplines in the field of medicine needed to be connected with it and took the initiative to develop new fields such as neurosurgery, neurophysiology, neuro-radiology, and neurochemistry. The Bunge Institute, which he founded with the support of many others, later expanded to a foundation called Born-Bunge Foundation. The neurology department started by him in the Bunge Institute was closed in 1979 and moved to Antwerp University Hospital at Edegem.	2.203125
78826790	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel%20Machill	Marcel Machill	Marcel Machill (born 22 July 1968) is a German media scientist, journalist and university lecturer. He is the leading candidate of the Sahra Wagenknecht Alliance (BSW) in the state of Saxony for the 2025 German federal election. Life and career Machill was born in Dortmund to a bricklayer father and a pediatric nurse mother. Machill is Professor of Journalism with a focus on International Media Systems at the University of Leipzig and holds the role of Chair of Journalism II. When he was appointed professor in 2002, he was the youngest holder of a chair for journalism in Germany. As a scholarship holder of the German Academic Scholarship Foundation, Machill studied journalism and psychology in Paris and Dortmund and from 1997 to 1999 at Harvard University in Cambridge. In 1993 he received his diploma from the French journalism school Centre de formation des journalistes (CFJ) and in 1994 his diploma from the University of Dortmund. Machill received his doctorate in 1997 from the Chair of Media Policy and Media Economics. As a journalist, he worked for numerous newspapers and television stations, including as a reporter and anchorman. In 1991 and 1992, Machill completed an internship and training as a radio editor at Deutsche Welle in Cologne and Berlin and worked at Radio France Internationale in Paris, where he presented a Europe Journal in 1993. He then worked as a freelance editor at Euronews-TV in Lyon and presented news and magazine programs as well as political reports. He also worked as a freelancer for WDR, ORB, Radio France and the ARD studio in Washington. He wrote a total of six articles for Die Zeit, Frankfurter Rundschau and Die Tageszeitung.	2
78826848	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashid%20Ahmad%20Khan	Rashid Ahmad Khan	Rashid Ahmad Khan () (born February 22, 1985, in Jhanda village, Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan) is a Pashto singer, poet, musicologist, and rights activist. He is the first individual to earn a PhD in Pashto folk music, a milestone he achieved in December 2022 from the University of Peshawar's Pashto Department. Early life and education Rashid Khan hails from the Khan family of Jhanda village in Swabi District. Notable figures from Khan's family include Bushra Gohar and Sitara Ayaz who are politicians of Pakistan. Khan gained his early education at his hometown Swabi. For higher education, he chose University of Peshawar, where he completed his MPhil in Pashto before embarking on his groundbreaking doctoral research. Career Khan is the president of Hunari Tolana Welfare Society, an NGO dedicated to the welfare of artists. Under his leadership, the organization has been instrumental in advocating for the rights and protection of both local and Afghan artists, especially in challenging times. He also works as Director of Angaze Music Production which runs under Bacha Khan Trust. Khan took over this responsibility after getting his PhD in Pashto Music. He announced that he would not accept any remuneration for this job from the trust.	2.15625
78827218	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%20Kilat	Jo Kilat	Jo Kilat (Lightning Jo in English) was a Singaporean animated series produced by UTV International for Singapore Television Twelve. The series aired on Prime 12 in 1998 and was the first such local animation. The series was about a group of multi-ethnic kids, representing the ethnic diversity of Singapore. The series consisted of thirteen episodes, starting with a one-off Ramadan special followed by a regular 12-episode season. Premise The series is about Jo, a 10-year old street-wise Singaporean Malay who is "as fast as lightning", which gave him the nickname . His closest friends are of other key ethnic groups of Singapore: Sam, an Indian who is a heavy eater, Nick, a tall Chinese Singaporean and Rid, who represented the Singaporean teens of the time, who preferred to listen to music on his Walkman instead of worrying about the state of the Singaporean dollar. Older characters include Jo's parents and his grandfather Tok. Production Canadian-Indian company UTV International set up an office in Singapore in 1995 with the aim of producing offshore animation, marketing local characters and situations at an international scale. A pilot episode aired on Prime 12 on 30 January 1998 as a Ramadan special. In this episode, Jo and his friends search for a lost companion in Geylang Serai during Ramadan. The aim of the series was to showcase the popularity of local animation and storylines in a country keen on appreciating Western animated series such as The Simpsons. Producer Marhaini Kamarudin was confident that the characters in the series were set to become a hit among children and adults. Animation was done by a Mumbai team led by Indian animation expert Rem Mohan. Most of the animators at the time of production had never went to Singapore before. The pilot was repeated on 8 February. One such detail was the fact that the policeman wore a white uniform, which in Singapore was blue.	2.125
78827370	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects%20of%20climate%20change%20on%20health%20in%20the%20United%20Kingdom	Effects of climate change on health in the United Kingdom	In the UK in 2020, about 70,000 deaths were linked to insufficient intake of nutritious, plant-based foods, while nearly 42,000 deaths were associated with the overconsumption of dairy, red meat, and processed meats (e.g., meats that have undergone processing to enhance flavour or shelf life). Reduced access to and affordability of nutritious foods may further drive dietary shifts toward cheaper, processed, calorie-dense options. This could exacerbate existing public health issues such as obesity and other diet-related non-communicable diseases, by making it harder for people to afford or access fresh produce. Already, on average, healthy, nutritious foods cost £10 per 1,000 calories, while unhealthy foods that are more likely to cause obesity cost only £4.45 per 1,000 calories. This pattern is widening health inequalities, with individuals from low-income households in deprived socioeconomic areas being twice as likely to be obese and consuming 42% fewer fruits and vegetables than the recommended five daily portions. In this way, 20% of households with children report experiencing food insecurity, rising to 45% of households in receipt of Universal Credit. Impact on mental health Direct effects Experiencing an extreme weather event can have harmful mental health consequences, in general and in the United Kingdom as well. There are long-term mental health impacts from experiencing flooding in the United Kingdom, including anxiety during heavy rain, associated with panic attacks, sleep problems, difficulties with concentrating on daily activities, and use of alcohol and prescription medicine. 30% of UK flood victims developed post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) whereas in the general population 7.8% of people develop the condition in their lifetime.	2.8125

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