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78801811	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrakarddava	Amrakarddava	Amrakarddava was a general from Sukuli-desa (present day Madhya Pradesh) in the service of Emperor Chandragupta II of the Gupta Empire. He was known for his military skill and fought and won many of the major battles, including campaigns over the Saka war. Etymology Etymological significance of the Name "Amrakarddava" The first part possibly referring to mango tree, "Amra" is his name of becoming personal. The second part, "Karddava," comes from "Kadru," the mythological Indian mother of serpents. By way of metathesis, "Kadrava" becomes "Karddava," "born of Kadru." This indicates a relationship with the Nagas, serpent-demons who inhabit the netherworld. Another obvious indicator of this interpretation is matriarchal names, which are often utilized in aboriginal communities and lower castes in southern India. Hence, "Amrakarddava" is an intertext that is best grasped. Military achievements Amrakarddava's military career is emphasized in inscriptions that speak of him as having won "banners of victory and fame in many battles." This warrior, who became one of his important & notable achievements where he participated in the Gupta–Saka Wars along with Emperor Chandragupta II. An inscription from one of the caves at Udayagiri Hill, about two miles northwest of Bhilsa, notes the dedication of a cave to Sambhu by a minister named Virasena who was in the service of Chandragupta II. This undecorated inscription is believed to refer to the Saka war. A second inscription, dated to Gupta Year 93 (the date gives the Gregorian equivalent of 412–413 CE), records donations made by Amrakarddava to a major Buddhist Vihara on the site. Historians have connected this note to the Saka war, and they have argued that this conflict lasted for a long time.	2.609375
78802005	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975%20B%C3%A5stad%20protests	1975 Båstad protests	The 1975 Båstad protests were protests against a Sweden–Chile tennis match played in Båstad as part of the 1975 Davis Cup, organised due to opposition to the Chilean military dictatorship which had taken power two years prior. Learning from the 1968 Båstad riots, police presence was heavy, with little to no violence during the protests and the game being played as planned. The protests were part of the international campaign against the Pinochet dictatorship, with protests organised by both leftist groups under the Chile Committee and by the Social Democratic Youth League (SSU). Participants included the former prime minister Tage Erlander and future deputy prime minister Lars Engqvist, who both spoke at the SSU protest. Background In 1968 anti-apartheid activists protesting against a Sweden–Rhodesia match during the 1968 Davis Cup escalated into riots, preventing the game from being played and forcing a change of venue. After the 1973 coup, opposition to the Chilean Junta became a major international issue within the Swedish left, and when it became known that Chile would be playing tennis on a Swedish court various groups wanted to show their opposition. The games were to be played 18-20 September 1975. Events Fearing a repeat of the riots, the Swedish police presence numbered 1200-1300 officers, of which 43 were mounted. One day before the game, the SSU organised a protest numbering 3000 participants, including speeches by Tage Erlander and Lars Engqvist. The Social Democrats were formally not opposed to the match being played, but wanted to show their opposition to the Chilean dictatorship. This may have had a calming effect ahead of the match.	2.1875
78802212	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie%20Livshis	Annie Livshis	Annie Mindlin Livshis (March 25, 1864 – April 1, 1953) was an American anarchist. Born into a Belarusian Jewish family, she left the Russian Empire and emigrated to the United States, where she joined the American anarchist movement. After some time in a Jewish colony in Kansas, she moved to Chicago, where she engaged in trade union organising and hosted anarchists at her house. Biography Early life Chana Mindlin was born on March 25, 1864, in an inn in the Vitebsk Governorate of the Russian Empire. She was the third of eight children and raised in an Orthodox Jewish family. As only her brothers were allowed to be educated, she was informally taught how to read by one of her brothers, but was not taught how to write. After the death of her mother and eldest brother, by the 1880s, the rest of the family sought to emigrate, as pogroms in the Russian Empire increasingly threatened their safety. Settlement in America Chana Mindlin, known by the anglicised name "Annie", arrived in New York City in April 1886. There she was introduced to anarchism by her brother Harris and his friend Israel Kopeloff, a follower of Johann Most, and she joined the Pioneers of Liberty, a Jewish anarchist organization. In New York, Mindlin went to work in a sweatshop, earning less than $6 () for up to 80 hours of work per week. Unable to handle the stress of the job, she quit two months later and set off to the Midwestern United States.	2.375
78802319	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern%20elite%20accent	Northeastern elite accent	Notable speakers Wealthy or highly educated Americans known for being life-long speakers of a Northeastern elite accent include William F. Buckley Jr., Gore Vidal, H. P. Lovecraft, Franklin D. and Eleanor Roosevelt, Alice Roosevelt Longworth, Averell Harriman, Dean Acheson, George Plimpton, John F. Kennedy, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (who began affecting it permanently while at Miss Porter's School), Louis Auchincloss, Norman Mailer, Diana Vreeland (though her accent is somewhat unique), C. Z. Guest, Joseph Alsop, Robert Silvers, Julia Child (though, as the lone non-Northeasterner in this list, her accent was consistently rhotic), Cornelius Vanderbilt IV, and Gloria Vanderbilt. Except for Child, all of these example speakers were raised, educated, or both in the Northeastern United States. This includes just over half who were raised specifically in New York (most of them in New York City) and five who were educated specifically at the independent boarding school Groton in Massachusetts: Franklin Roosevelt, Harriman, Acheson, Alsop, and Auchincloss. Examples of individuals described as having a cultivated New England accent or "Boston Brahmin accent" include Henry Cabot Lodge, Charles Eliot Norton, Samuel Eliot Morison, Harry Crosby, John Brooks Wheelwright, George C. Homans, Elliot Richardson, George Plimpton (though he was actually a life-long member of the New York City elite), and John Kerry, the last of whom has noticeably reduced this accent since his early adulthood toward a more General American one.	2.390625
78802429	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilse%20Stephan	Ilse Stephan	Career in East Germany In October 1955, Stephan moved to the German Democratic Republic (GDR), where she initially worked as a Russian interpreter. A year later, her membership application for the ruling Socialist Unity Party (SED) was accepted by the Secretariat of the Central Committee. Shortly afterward, the SED's Central Party Control Commission posthumously rehabilitated her stepfather. Later, she became an employee of the General Department of the Central Committee of the SED, among other things translating CPSU publications. From 1971 to 1972, she attended a one-year course at the CPSU Higher Party School "W. I. Lenin" in Moscow. Stephan, who was as fluent in Russian as in German, eventually rose to become Erich Honecker's chief interpreter. When fellow Soviet emigrant Werner Albrecht retired in 1981, Stephan succeeded him after the X. Party Congress in April. She only held the rank of a deputy department head as the General Department was simultaneously demoted to the "General Department Working Group". Downfall and death In June 1984, during a visit by Honecker to CPSU General Secretary Chernenko, she, as Honecker's chief interpreter, was caught "between the fronts" of the increasing tensions between the CPSU and the SED, allegedly translating wrongly. In the weeks prior, Stephan had already voiced her frustrations about these tensions privately to Manfred Uschner, personal assistant to Hermann Axen, the Central Committee Secretary responsible for her working group, saying she would tell the Soviets if things went on as they were. Uschner has since alleged that these conversations were secretly recorded by the Stasi. Uschner has also called her "a great admirer of Mikhail Gorbachev". Honecker immediately ordered Axen to dismiss her. She was dismissed as working group head on 19 June 1984 following a decision by the Central Committee. A week later, on 25 June 1984, she committed suicide by hanging. In her suicide note, immediately confiscated by the Stasi, she attacked both Honecker and Axen.	2.171875
78802759	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province%20of%20Oviedo	Province of Oviedo	The province of Asturias is a Spanish province, which since 1982 has formed the single-province autonomous community of the Principality of Asturias. Between 1833 and 1983 it was called the province of Oviedo. History It was created in November 1833, with the name of its capital, the city of Oviedo, within the territorial division of 1833, which divided Spain into provinces. In its constitution it included the territories of the historical comarca of Asturias de Oviedo, to which was added the territory of the current of Ribadedeva, Peñamellera Alta and Peñamellera Baja. These municipalities previously belonged to Asturias de Santillana and, since 1778, to the . Its creation meant the end of the as the governing body of the province, which was left in the hands of the . On 31 October 1835, the last minutes of the sessions of the General Assemblies and Provincial Councils of the Principality of Asturias were signed to give way to the Provincial Council. With Law 1/1983, of 5 April 1983, on the change of name of the current province of Oviedo to the province of Asturias, the eighth transitory provision of the Statute of Autonomy of Asturias was complied with, changing its name to the current one. The number plates remained with the code O, although there were some moves to change it to AS. Coat of arms The province of Oviedo already had as its coat of arms the current coat of arms of Asturias, with the Victoria Cross, but with a princely crown. This coat of arms was maintained, with minor variations, until its officialisation in 1984 as the coat of arms of the autonomous community, with a royal crown at the , according to Jovellanos' description, due to “the very condition of the territory of Asturias, always a land of royalty”.	2.75
78803043	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndungutse%27s%20rebellion	Ndungutse's rebellion	As the German support allowed Yuhi V to cement his control over the court, the opposition to his reign largely moved to northern Rwanda. This part of the kingdom had been conquered by the Rwandan kings just a few decades before, and it remained largely autonomous. One of those who moved to the north was Basebya, a warrior who had previously served Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa and led a contingent of Twa warriors. Disgusted over the Rucunshu Coup, he and his followers relocated to the Rugezi Marsh where they became bandits, raiding the surrounding lands. Basebya proved to be a skillful tactican who evaded royal punitivement expeditions and gradually grew his forces. Other opposition members were sheltered by the traditional Hutu rulers of the northern territories, hoping to use the anti-Yuhi forces as allies to further increase their freedom from the court. Meanwhile, Kanjogera and her allies continued their attempts to cement their position by purging potential rivals. One of these was Rukara, head of the powerful Hutu-Barashi clan and royal provincial governor in the northeastern kingdom. Though a loyal follower of Kigeli IV, he fell from favor after the Rucunshu Coup, clashing with other notables and insulting Kanjogera at one point. Furthermore, the new German authorities distrusted him after he swore a blood feud after Europeans killed his father in 1901. Eventually, Rukara was imprisoned at the royal court, but set free after he agreed to assist a scientific expedition of Jan Czekanowski in 1908.	2.328125
78803043	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndungutse%27s%20rebellion	Ndungutse's rebellion	The German colonial administration could not tolerate the murder of a White Father in their territory, and thus Rukara was deemed a rebel. The Schutztruppe colonial military immediately sent a punitive expedition, though it failed to catch the Hutu chief. Seeing no other option, Rukara subsequently joined the militant resistance in northern Rwanda. At this point, an uprising was developing in the border region. In 1911, a spiritual leader named Muhumusa was organizing an anti-colonial movement at Mpororo in British Uganda. She claimed to be have been a widow of Kigeli IV or Mibambwe IV, and was aided by two lieutenants, namely Ndungutse and Basebya. At this point, Basebya had established his own fiefdom in the Rugezi Marsh and led two regiments of warriors dubbed Basengo (consisting of his clients) and Ibijabura (composed of Twa raiders). Ndungutse was a figure of a much more dubious background who would later claim to be of royal descent; his ethnicity was variously reported as Tutsi, Hima or Hutu, and his birthplace located either in Rwanda or at Mpororo. Muhumusa's forces were defeated by a joint German-British operation in September 1911 and she was imprisoned. With news of her downfall spreading slowly, many northern Rwandans continued to believe that her rebellion was gaining traction and would soon spread to their land to expel the Europeans. Meanwhile, Ndungutse and Basebya had survived the defeat of their superior and relocated to the Rugezi Marsh, where they continued their operations and reignited the armed opposition.	2.625
78803043	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndungutse%27s%20rebellion	Ndungutse's rebellion	According to researcher Helmut Strizek, Ndungutse's claim to be a Rwandan prince is generally regarded as doubtful by modern historians, whereas researcher Mahmood Mamdani described him as "accepted by most authorities as a son of Muhumusa and Rwabugiri". Either way, the rebel's royal descent was widely believed by 1911/12. Ndungutse set up a court and used traditional royal regalia. His alleged descent garned him the greatest support in former royalist strongholds like Buberuka, Bumbogo, Busigi, and Buriza. When Rukara eventually met the claimant, he reportedly outright told him that he knew the past Rwandan kings and knew about Ndungutse being a false pretender. Regardless, the Hutu chief opted to join Ndungutse's forces, as he was still hunted by the Germans and had few other options left. With his anti-tax populist rhetoric and Rukara's assistance, Ndungutse also gained a following in Mulera, Bukonya, Buhoma, and Bushiru where the Rwandan monarchy was viewed more negatively. Despite his alliance with anti-colonial figures and connections to Muhumusa's anti-colonial movement, Ndungutse even attempted to present himself as a valid ally to the Europeans, offering the White Fathers and Germans gifts to gain their acceptance, albeit unsuccessfully. In this way, he did not just try to placate the Europeans, but also Christian Rwandans of whom there were over 3,800 in the north.	2.1875
78803043	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndungutse%27s%20rebellion	Ndungutse's rebellion	By late February, a royal drummaker had reportedly sent Ndungutse a drum, an important piece of royal regalia in the region. At the peak of his power he held the lands between the lakes Ruhondo and Bulera as well as the Rugezi Marsh. To the south, his forces had expanded to the road between Kigali and Ruhengeri, and his followers had organized raids near Kigali itself. The Yoka clan and the Tutsi diviners of Bushiru as well as Buhoma had pleged loyalty to him, while the umuhinza (petty king) of Kibali had exploited the chaos to organize an independent rebellion. On 27 February, a group of Hutu killed two German askari, two house servants and three Christian oarsmen on Lake Bulera. Though the attackers were not followers of Ndungutse, this event may have contributed to Gudowius' eventual decision to intervene in the conflict after all. Counter-insurgency and rebel defeat In early April, Gudowius changed his attitude toward Ndungutse for unclear reasons. He informed the Rwandan court that they would finally move against the rebels. The lieutnant mustered the Schutztruppe'''s 11th Company, while the court organized an army of 3,000 warriors led by Bega noble Rwubusisi. Even as the pro-government forces mobilized, Ndungutse surprised them by imprisoning Rukara and handing him over to a German post on 6 or 7 April. The reason for this betrayal remains unclear. Des Forges and researcher Helmut Strizek speculated that Ndungutse may have seen the Hutu chief as a possible contender for power or tried to prevent the upcoming counter-insurgency operation by handing over Rukara. Linden and Linden instead regarded this as Ndungutse's final attempt to convince the White Fathers to side with his movement, only for them to shun him due to their general distrust of revolutionaries as well as his connections to "paganism". Regardless of Ndungutse's motives, Gudowius continued with the plan to attack the northern rebels.	2.203125
78803436	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germain%20Bapst	Germain Bapst	Germain Bapst (20 December 18539 December 1921) was a French jeweler, art collector, and art historian based in France who partnered with Lucien Falize to form Bapst & Falize. Early life and education Germain Bapst was born on 20 December 1853 in Paris, France. Germain was a descendant of the prestigious Maison Bapst, a family revered for their contributions as jewelers to the French court in Paris. Originally from the Swabia region of Southern Germany, the Bapst family migrated to France, where they became well-known. Paul-Alfred Bapst, the father of Germain, served as the last crown jeweler during the Second French Empire. Germain's brother, Étienne André Bapst, pursued a career that led him to become a French military general. In 1878, both men were elected as members of the Board of Directors of the "Society of the History of France" (). He joined the Society for the History of Paris and the Ile de France () in 1879 and was later elected to the board of directors, where he served up to 1895. Career Following his father's death, in 1880, Bapst partnered with the Parisian jeweler Lucien Falize, a son of a goldsmith, to form Bapst & Falize The firm was known for creating jewelry, timepieces, enamelwork, and various other jeweled items, operating from their shops and workshops on rue d'Antin in Paris. Germain Bapst became an avid writer, art collector, art critic, and an expert in gemstone history. In 1883, he published an inventory of Maria Josepha of Saxony, Dauphine of France titled "Inventaire de Marie-Josèphe de Saxe, dauphine de France". Bapst wrote "Studies on Tin in Antiquity and in the Middle Ages: Goldsmithing and Various Industries" () in 1884. By 1885, Bapst became a member of the Société des Antiquaires de France. During that year, he was accepted into the Society of French Bibliophiles as well as the Society for the History of French Art.	2.515625
78803567	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhon%20Kalong	Nakhon Kalong	Nakhon Kalong () was an ancient moated settlement located in Khon Sawan subdistrict, Khon Sawan, Chaiyaphum, northeastern Thailand. It existed from the 5th to the 12th century. After a half millennium of being abandoned, it was resettled by Siamese from Nakhon Ratchasima around the 17th century. The site has yet to be officially excavated. Previously, it was one of the tributary states of Dvaravati. Layout and location Nakhon Kalong was a rounded circle and double-moated ancient settlement in the present-day Ban Khon Sawan () in Khon Sawan, Chaiyaphum, Thailand. The inner city, now known as Ban Khon Sawan, was a circle of 1 kilometer in diameter, protected by a moat and an earthen embankment, while the 1.5-kilometers-wide outer city has been transformed into rice fields. The outer moat has been filled up and dismantled, but the furrows remain visible from overhead views. Several streams flow around the site, eventually leading to the Chi River in the southeast, about 2.5 kilometers away. Because Nakhon Kalong is located near the in the north and is linked to other settlements in the Pa Sak Basin in the central region and Chi-Mun Plain to the east through the Chi River, it has evolved into a trading hub between these regions. History Archaeological evidence shows that the site has been inhabited since prehistory. It turned into a complex society around the 5th century during the Dvaravati period, and continued to the Angkorian era, then was abandoned around the 12th century. It was repopulated in the 17th century by a cousin of the governor of Nakhon Ratchasima, Phraya Khun Han (). Stone inscriptions dating from the Dvaravati period has been found throughout the area.	2.5625
78803860	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January%209%E2%80%9311%2C%202025%20United%20States%20winter%20storm	January 9–11, 2025 United States winter storm	Southeast In the city of Atlanta, Georgia, at least 1,200 flights were canceled and a full ground stop was issued, both as a result of snow and icy conditions on the morning of January 10. Georgia Department of Transportation Commissioner Russell McMurry also stated that there were "significant amount[s]" of spinouts reported on major roadways. Crashes were also reported on Interstates 75 and 285. Approximately 600 snowplows were activated to be used across the city. The state carried the majority of the power outages responsible from the winter storm, with at least 100,000 alone. Statewide, the Georgia Department of Public Safety reported about 225 crashes. Four people were injured in the storm within the city when a flight bound for Minneapolis aborted takeoff due to the storm. In all, of snow fell in Atlanta, the largest snowstorm in years for the city. The Atlanta Hawks home game against the Houston Rockets, scheduled for January 11, was postponed due to roads covered in ice and snow. Charlotte, North Carolina also reported of snow, breaking the longest snowless streak on record for the city. Ohio Valley While the majority of impacts from the storm were in the South, light snowfall was reported up north in the Ohio Valley, such as Ohio, Indiana and Kentucky, with accumulations of up to or less. Impacts were generally minor.	1.945313
78804342	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie%20Areshian	Sophie Areshian	The ARF decided to assassinate Abdul Hamid II in retaliation for the Hamidian massacres, a series of mass killings targeting Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, orchestrated under the sultan, which caused the deaths of between 100,000 and 300,000 Armenians. Alongside Areshian, Mikaelian Margarian and Seitz, the group included Belgian anarchist Edward Joris and his wife, Anna Nellens, who joined the operation out of ideological alignment. Areshian, one of the few members fluent in German, acted as a liaison between the anarchists and the Armenian militants. The attempt was itself influenced by numerous anarchist ideas, in addition to having a direct connection with several anarchists who joined the project and being organized by Mikaelian. The use of direct action and propaganda by the deed to assassinate a political leader was quite common in anarchist circles during that period. The group frequently faced disagreements and internal conflicts. After Areshian and Mikaelian initially scouted the location, the group first proposed throwing bombs directly at the sultan to ensure his death by targeting him personally. However, this plan was strongly opposed by Martiros Margarian, who favored using a bomb-laden cart instead, leading to heated disputes among the conspirators. Areshian accused Margarian of cowardice during these debates. Despite her objections, Margarian’s plan gradually gained traction and was ultimately adopted. The group spent months meticulously preparing for the attack. Areshian and other members visited the mosque dozens of times, calculating every potential location for the explosives and even timing the sultan’s movements to the second as he walked from one point to another.	2.03125
78804534	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Pisgah%2C%20Polk%20County%2C%20Oregon%20AVA	Mount Pisgah, Polk County, Oregon AVA	Topography The distinguishing features of Mount Pisgah, Polk County, Oregon AVA are its topography, climate, geology, and soils. Its location, only from the Willamette River, takes advantage of the warmth near the Willamette Valley, the mild influence of the Van Duzer winds and the rain shadow of Laurel Mountain to the west. The AVA is located on a small mountain, Mount Pisgah, formed 65 million years ago as a sea floor volcano, covered by marine sediment and pushed up out of the ocean, among the hills of the Willamette Valley rising from the foothills to its peak. The foot of the mountain marks the boundary of the AVA and the peak is within the range of elevation for typical wine grape production in the region. All wine grape production in the AVA occurs between elevations, which allows for adequate heat accumulation and cold air drainage. The area also contains several creeks, including Fern Creek, Cooper Creek, and multiple forks of Ash Creek. The elevations and topography of the Mount Pisgah AVA help protect the vineyards from frost damage in the spring and fall, as cool air drains down the hillsides and creeks to the lower-elevation areas that occur in all directions outside of the AVA.	2.734375
78804534	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Pisgah%2C%20Polk%20County%2C%20Oregon%20AVA	Mount Pisgah, Polk County, Oregon AVA	Viticulture The pioneering work of the Freedom Hill Vineyard on the Mount Pisgah slopes began in 1981. As the Valley's second smallest AVA, Mount Pisgah is also its most densely planted as up to 10 vineyards have emerged in the past 40 years taking advantage of the warmth near the Willamette, the mild influence of the Van Duzer winds, and the rain shadow of Laurel Mountain to the west becoming an idyllic alternative from the established paths of Oregon's wine country. The elevated vineyards at allows cold air to drain to the valley yet benefit from heat rising from the valley floor. The soils are from 97% colluvial and residual geological parent material over a paleocene rock formation, leaving 92% marine silty clay loams which drain well and retains water in the summer. Nowhere else within the Williamette Valley AVA does this specific combination of geology and soils exist. Its topography including creek beds and hill formations distinguishes it from surrounding lower areas and the hills to the south. Chardonnay, Pinot blanc, Pinot gris, Pinot noir, Tempranillo are the most common grape varieties cultivated resulting in quality vintages.	2.25
78804539	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacomb%20of%20the%20Two%20Felixes	Catacomb of the Two Felixes	The Catacomb of the Two Felixes () is a catacomb on the ancient via Aurelia in Rome, run by the Pontifical Commission for Sacred Archaeology. Its ancient name is unknown but the Notitia ecclesiarum urbis Romae states of a catacomb near those of San Pancrazio and Santi Processo e Martiniano (but further from central Rome than them, which neighbour each other) "and you ascend above and you will reach the church; there Saint[s] Martianus and Processus rest under the earth, and saint Lucina, virgin and martyr, in the upper part; then you will reach by the same via [Aurelia] the two martyred holy pontiffs both named Felix". Description Silvagni defines this catacomb and its difficult identification as "a historical-archaeological enigma". The problem is particularly a hagiographic one, since there are three not two major Felixes in early Christianity - pope Felix I (known to be buried in the catacomb of Callixtus), Antipope Felix II and Pope Felix III (who died in 492, an era when Christians were not usually buried in catacombs). Archaeologist Agostino Amore argues that there is no historical basis for the Notitia's assertion that two popes named Felix were buried on the via Aurelia, whilst Kirsch's theory is that this catacomb initially only housed the tomb of the antipope but that a later legend united him with the Felix actually buried in the catacomb of Callixtus, giving rise to the name of this catacomb.	2.09375
78804565	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.%20S.%20Viswanatha%20Das	S. S. Viswanatha Das	Viswanatha Das (16 June 1886 – 31 December 1940) was an Indian playwright, actor, and participant in the Indian independence movement. He is noted for incorporating nationalist themes into his theatrical productions and promoting Indian independence through art. Life Das was born on 16 June 1886 in Sivakasi, to Subramaniam and Jnanambal as their eldest son. He was named as Dasari by his parents. Raised in Thirumangalam, he developed an early interest in devotional music and acting. His first performance came at the age of eight. In 1911, after meeting Mahatma Gandhi in Thoothukudi, Das incorporated khadi into his performances, with characters in his productions wearing khadi garments as a symbol of the Swadeshi movement. Das used his theater work as a medium to advocate for Indian independence. One such song sung by Das was "Kokku Parakuthadi Paapa", which referred to the British as cranes that flew all the way from the banks of the Thames to loot India. His plays, which included depictions of figures like Lord Muruga and Harischandra, were infused with messages opposing British rule. For instance, Valli (in Valli Thirumanam) would drive away the flocks of birds that came to feed off the corn, singing: ‘From somewhere, you have come here to exploit India’. The 1919 Jallianwala Bagh massacre profoundly influenced Das. He wrote and performed the song “Punjab Massacre is the Most Horrible Act on the Earth” (பஞ்சாப் படுகொலை பாரில் கொடியது), which gained prominence in protests and rallies. His activities attracted the attention of British authorities, leading to frequent arrests and legal challenges. Despite these obstacles, Das continued his theatrical and political activism, founding the Shanmuganandam Art Group, which performed in various regions, including Southeast Asia.	2.890625
78804638	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester%20City%20Police%20Headquarters	Manchester City Police Headquarters	The Manchester City Police Headquarters historic building is located in Manchester, England. It was built during 1933–37 as the headquarters of the Manchester City Police. Description The building is flanked on three sides by Bootle Street (south), Southmill Street (east), and Jackson's Row (north). The main vehicular entrance was in Bootle Street, with the formal entrance door in Southmill Street. Opposite to the east is the Friend's Meeting House, used as a conference centre. The building was designed by G. Noel Hill, the Manchester City Architect, and erected during 1933–37 by the contractor J. Gerrard and Sons of Swinton. The main facade on Southmill Street is faced with Portland stone and the other walls are of golden honey brick. There was a partially covered 150×50 feet courtyard in the centre of the building. There were six floors in total, a basement, lower ground floor (including cells and a garage), ground floor (including a museum), first floor, second floor to the front and sides, and to the front only a third floor. The foundation stone for the building was laid by Councillor Reginald Ashley Larmuth, the chairman of the Watch Committee, on 6 September 1934. The building was opened by The Rt Hon. Alderman Joseph Toole JP, then the Lord Mayor of Manchester, on 16 July 1937. Later developments Manchester City Police merged with the Salford City Police to create the Manchester and Salford Police in 1968, which itself was amalgamated into the Greater Manchester Police in 1974. In 2011, Greater Manchester Police moved to a new headquarters in north Manchester. The building closed as a police station in 2014. The site was redeveloped from 2022 including a new 41-storey high-rise building. The building was largely demolished but the side with the Portland stone facade has been retained.	2.171875
78804859	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trees%20in%20the%20Book%20of%20Mormon	Trees in the Book of Mormon	The peoples described in the Book of Mormon viewed themselves as a severed branch of the House of Israel, as mentioned in 1 Nephi 19:24 and Alma 26:36. Their prophets, including Joseph, the son of Jacob, taught that in the last days, the Gentiles would help them return to the covenant and become a rightful branch, as seen in various verses in 1 Nephi. In the Book of Mormon, trees, which bear both good and bad fruit from the human perspective, are used as a metaphor for people and individuals acting both for evil and for good. Those who bear evil fruit are warned that they will eventually be cut down and cast into the fire, as outlined in Alma 5:52. Other metaphorical and allegorical references to trees in the Book of Mormon can be found in the writings of Isaiah. These were preserved on the brass plates, which were later copied onto Nephi's smaller plates. Isaiah frequently used botanical metaphors to teach about the Messiah and his dealings with the covenant people. He prophesied that Christ would be a branch from the root of Jesse, as preserved in 2 Nephi 21:1. He also compared the pride and stubbornness of the people to the oaks of Bashan and the cedars of Lebanon. He warned that in the Lord's day, such arrogance and pride would be humbled, as seen in 2 Nephi 12:12–13. In another botanical allusion, he compared the restoration of the people to the oak and terebinth, which, though destroyed and consumed by disease, were still capable of regeneration and renewal, as found in 2 Nephi 16:13. He indicated that the restored branch would be both beautiful and fruitful, as stated in 2 Nephi 14:2. Moreover, he compared those who rejoice in Satan's bondage to the fir tree and cedar, which no longer fear being cut down, in 2 Nephi 24:8. He equated the wealth and the treacherous Assyrian people to a forest, where after the Lord's vengeance, so few trees will remain that even a child will be able to count them, as found in 2 Nephi 20:18–19.	2.578125
78804989	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correction%20of%20the%20Rh%C3%B4ne%20upstream%20of%20Lake%20Geneva	Correction of the Rhône upstream of Lake Geneva	Correction work began in 1863 on the initiative of the canton of Valais, then by federal decision. The work focused on the section downstream of the confluence with the Massa. The project concerns a 120-kilometer stretch of river cut by two natural obstacles: the Illgraben alluvial fan (between La Souste and Sierre) and the Saint-Barthélemy alluvial fan (upstream of Lavey). These two alluvial fans are not part of the correction works. The work consists of systematically building two parallel embankment dykes to create a new river bed and, in some cases, a new course for the river, the limits of which are fixed. Opposite groins, perpendicular to the river's axis, concentrate the flow towards the center of the bed and protect the banks. Upstream of Leuk, the work was combined with the construction of the railroad line, which was built on top of the dike. Between the confluence with the Massa and Sion, a new bed was dug for the Rhône. The bed is narrowed and the route is taut, with long straights and sweeping bends. The banks are protected by dikes. In the section between Sion and Lavey, the same type of correction is used. Between Saint-Maurice and Lake Geneva, the same type of correction was also adopted, but in consultation with the canton of Vaud, as the Rhône marks the border between the two cantons for some 30 kilometers.	2.578125
78805208	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barracouta-class%20cruiser	Barracouta-class cruiser	Thanks to the various elements incorporated from other types of ships, the Barracouta-class were the first British cruisers to be fitted with various new technologies. Her main battery of six 4.7-inch and four 3-pound guns were the first quick firing (QF) guns on a British cruiser, and their armament further consisted of two machine guns and two 14-inch underwater torpedo tubes. The ships also had the first protected deck on British cruisers, which was 2 inches (5.1 cm) thick on the sides and 1 inch (2.5 cm) thick on the ends and flat segments, joined by 2 inch gun shilds to form the ships' armor. To reach a top speed of 16.5 knots, the ships were fitted with 4 double ended boilers fed by 160 tons of coal that supplied two 3-cylinder vertical triple expansion engines that turned two propellers and produced a maximum of 3,000 ihp. Each ship displaced 1,580 metric tons and was long between perpendiculars, long overall, had a beam of , a draught of , and had a crew of 160. Ships Every ship of the class, HMS Barracouta, Barrosa, Blanche, and Blondie, was laid down in 1888, launched in 1889, completed in 1890, and were all sold for scrap in 1905. The only difference was where each ship was built. While Blanche and Blondie were built at the Royal Pembroke Dockyard, Barrosa was built at the Portsmouth yard and Barracouta in Sheerness. They performed poorly at sea and were mainly confined to operations around the British Isles and Mediterranean. The design was later lengthened and fitted with more powerful boilers to achieve a top speed of 19.5 knots. Later designated as the Barham-class cruiser, two ships, HMS Barham and Bellona, were launched in 1889 and 1990, respectfully.	2.515625
78805307	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnocalycium%20chiquitanum	Gymnocalycium chiquitanum	Gymnocalycium chiquitanum is a species of cactus in the genus Gymnocalycium, endemic to Bolivia. Description Gymnocalycium chiquitanum typically grows as a solitary cactus, featuring flattened, spherical shoots that can be gray-green to light green in color, and sometimes have a reddish tint. These shoots typically range in height from 2 to 4 centimeters, with diameters of 6 to 9 centimeters. The cactus has six to seven ribs adorned with prominent chin-like projections. When present, the central spine measures 1.5 to 2 centimeters in length. Additionally, there are five to nine bent-back radial spines that vary in color from yellowish brown to gray, each with a darker tip, and measuring between 1 and 2.5 centimeters long. The flowers of Gymnocalycium chiquitanum are purple-pink, although they can also be found in white or salmon colors. They are 5 to 7 centimeters long and have the same diameter. The fruits are dark bluish-purple, spindle-shaped, and can grow up to 2 centimeters in length. Distribution This species is commonly found in the Santa Cruz department of Bolivia, growing in rock crevices at altitudes between 800 and 1200 meters. The plants are found growing along with Echinopsis calochlora, Gymnocalycium anisitsii subsp. damsii, Frailea cataphracta and Frailea amerhauseri. Taxonomy It was first described in 1963 by botanist Martín Cárdenas. The name "chiquitanum" refers to its origin in the Bolivian province of Chiquitos.	2.578125
78805800	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julidini	Julidini	The julidine wrasses are saltwater fish of the tribe Julidini, a subgroup of the wrasse family (Labridae). It contains the highest number of genera and species out of all the wrasse tribes, with 20 genera and over 200 species, comprising almost a third of all wrasse species. Taxonomy A 2005 molecular phylogenetic analysis strongly supports the monophyly of Julidini. It also found that the cleaner wrasse genera that traditionally comprised the tribe Labrichthyini (Labrichthys, Labropsis, Diproctacanthus, Larabicus, and Labroides), although forming a monophyletic group, were all nested within Julidini. Labrichthys is the sister group to the other cleaner wrasse genera, and does not act as a cleaner; it is an obligate corallivore for its entire life. Larabicus, Diproctacanthus, and Labropsis are cleaners only as juveniles and feed on corals as adults, while Labroides is a cleaner for its entire life. The tribe Pseudolabrini is likely the sister group of Julidini, if not nested within Julidini; the former is additionally supported by Hughes et al 2023. Several genera in this tribe are problematic. Most notably, Halichoeres and Coris are paraphyletic or polyphyletic. Gomphosus has also been repeatedly found nested within Thalassoma. The difficulty in resolving relationships within Julidini is a result of the rapid speciation of julidine wrasses. Evolution The tribe Julidini likely originated in the Eocene. It is hypothesized that the relatively warm and stable climate that followed the Early Eocene Climactic Optimum may have played a part in the diversification of julidine wrasses. Fossil julidine wrasses such as †Coris sigismundi have been found in rocks dating to the Miocene. Genera	2.53125
78807841	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikalpa	Vikalpa	Vikalpa is a Sanskrit philosophical term used in Hinduism and Buddhism, meaning erroneous conceptualizations ("concepts, judgements, views, and opinions") which are coloured by emotions and desires. In Yogacara, it is the split between a perceiver and objects perceived, which constructs an erroneous reification of both. Nirvikalpa is the absence, or 'seeing-through', of these erroneous mental constructions, as aimed for in yoga and meditation, in which both the calming of the mind (samatha, samadhi) and insight into the workings of the mind (prajna, bodhi, vipassana) are sought after. Different senses of Vikalpa In the Abhidharma-Yogacara tradition, the term vikalpa is used in three different senses: sensory awareness: like the eye seeing a color, which is a simple, non-conceptual perception that does not distinguish between details like blue versus yellow. mental activity: involves organizing and focusing sensory input. conceptulization: involves applying names and concepts to what is perceived and using memory to label objects. Vikalpa in Yoga Sutras In Yoga Sutra I.9, vikalpa is defined as the use of words or expressions that do not correspond to an actual object or reality (vastu-sunya). Commentators take vikalpa to be metaphorical or figurative language that conveys meaning but lacks a basis in physical reality. For example, phrases like "consciousness is the essence of purusa" imply a distinction that does not exist in reality, purusa and consciousness are not separate entities. Similarly, expressions like "the sun rises and sets" or "time flies" are vikalpas; they do not describe literal truths but are universally understood. Unlike pramana (accurate knowledge) and viparyaya (error), vikalpa is neither an error of judgment nor objectively real, but it is meaningful and intelligible to others. This sets it apart as a distinct vritti (mental modification) in the Yoga Sutras. Nyaya, for example, view it as a form of error.	2.4375
78807950	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagesh%20Kapoor	Nagesh Kapoor	Nagesh Kapoor is a senior air officer of the Indian Air Force, currently serving as the Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the Training Command since May 1, 2024. Early life and education Kapoor is an alumnus of the National Defence Academy, the Defence Services Staff College, and the National Defence College. His comprehensive military education has been instrumental in his professional development within the IAF. Military career Commissioned into the Fighter stream of the Indian Air Force on 6 December 1986, Kapoor has accumulated over 3,400 hours of flying experience. He is a Qualified Flying Instructor and a Fighter Combat Leader, reflecting his expertise in aerial combat and training. Throughout his career, he has held numerous significant positions, including: Operational roles - Commanding Officer of a fighter squadron in the Central Sector - Station Commander of a flying base in the Western Sector - Air Officer Commanding of a premier air base Instructional roles - Chief Instructor (Flying) at the Air Force Academy - Directing Staff at the Defence Services Staff College, Wellington During his tenure at the Air Force Academy, he played a pivotal role in the induction and operationalization of the PC-7 MK II aircraft into the IAF's training curriculum. Additionally, he has served as the Defence Attaché in Pakistan, contributing to India's military diplomacy. Staff appointments - Assistant Chief of Air Staff Operations (Strategy) at Air Headquarters - Air Defence Commander at South Western Air Command - Senior Air Staff Officer at Headquarters Central Air Command - Air Officer-in-Charge Personnel at Air Headquarters Awards and recognitions In recognition of his meritorious service, Kapoor has been honored with several awards: - Vayu Sena Medal in 2008 - Ati Vishisht Seva Medal in 2022 Notable visits and events Kapoor has participated in several significant events, including visiting Sainik School, Vijayapura, to inspire cadets and review military training.	2.03125
78808041	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruko%20Hasegawa	Haruko Hasegawa	Haruko Hasegawa (; 1895 – 1967) was a Japanese painter, illustrator, and writer. She was known for Yōga (Western-style Japanese painting) war painting, and was a member of the Kokugakai arts organization. Hasegawa visited war zones in the 1930s and 1940s, to highlight Japanese armed forces and patriotism in both her illustrations and writings. Early life and education Haruko Hasegawa was born on February 28, 1895, in Tokyo. Her mother came from a hatamoto family, while her father practiced law, and he was one of the first in Japan to do so in a modern manner. Her older sister was Shigure Hasegawa. She graduated from the . Hasegawa was student of Kiyokata Kaburagi (1878–1972), a master of the ukiyo-e school. Career Her artwork was first exhibited in 1928 in Tokyo. She worked as an illustrator for Nyonin Geijutsu (1928–1932), the Japanese women's literary journal founded by her older sister. Hasegawa travelled to France in 1929, and held solo exhibitions at Zac Gallery in Paris that year and the following year. When she returned to Japan in 1931, she exhibited her artwork at the Kokugakai exhibition at the Tokyo Metropolitan Art Museum, and became a member of the arts organization in 1932. During the Manchurian Incident and the Second Sino-Japanese War, she served on the front lines as a correspondent. In 1939, Hasegawa was the only female founding member of the "Army Art Association" (). In February 1943, Hasegawa was among the founding members of the "Women Artists Service Corp." (), a paramilitary organization sponsored by the Imperial Japanese Army to engage women in patriotic activities. When World War II ended, Hasegawa was ostracized in Japanese painting circles as a result of her work during the war. A few years before her death, she illustrated The Tale of Genji. She died on May 7, 1967, in Ota Ward, Tokyo. Exhibitions	2.34375
78808094	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali-Hajji%20of%20Akusha	Ali-Hajji of Akusha	Ali-Hajji of Akusha (1847 – 8 April 1930) was a North Caucasian religious, military and political leader during the Russian Civil War. He was a shaykh al-Islām and chairman of the Security Council of the Northern Caucasus and Dagestan, a resistance group against the Armed Forces of South Russia during the . Amidst the 1921–1928 Soviet anti-religious campaign he organised a group of religious leaders, forming a de facto parallel government in the Dargin District during the mid-1920s. Born into the family of a muezzin, Ali-Hajji studied under several leading theologians in mid-19th century Dagestan, becoming a member of the ulama in his native village. Following the Russian Revolution he became a supporter of the Bolsheviks, believing that they would allow sharia in the North Caucasus. After the Soviet government adopted a policy of state atheism following the Civil War, Ali-Hajji went from a supporter to an opponent of Soviet rule, leading protests and organising a non-government system of Islamic education in the Dargin District. His family was arrested in 1928 on charges of organising an anti-government group, and he died in 1930. He was rehabilitated in 1989. Early life and career Ali was born in 1847 in the village of Akusha, then under the Akusha-Dargo Union. His father was a muezzin at Akusha's congregational mosque, and Ali was first educated by his father before later studying at a local madrasa. After completing his madrasa studies, Ali was the student of some of the most well-known theologists in Dagestan at the time, including tariqa sheikh , and .	2.09375
78808120	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangkubhumi	Mangkubhumi	Mangkubhumi is a term for prime minister which was historically used in kingdoms in Java, Sumatra and Kalimantan during Hindu–Buddhist civilizations in Nusantara. Elsewhere, Mangkubhumi is also referred to as Rijksbestierder, Bendahara, Pepatih Dalem, Perdipati, Pabbicara Butta, Tuan Bicara, Rajabicara, and Tomarilaleng. At first, the position of Mangkubhumi was given to lower-class people who were not nobles. However, over time the position of Mangkubumi was also held by the Majesty the King and Prince Dipati Anom (the Sultan's brother or the second son of the reigning Sultan), with the title "Prince of Mangkubhumi" and became the highest position under king. Etymology The term mangkubhumi is a term found in Indonesian languages, for example in the manuscript Sanghyang Siksa Kandang Karesian which is in Old Sundanese, there is the following sentence fragment: In the concept of state administration in the Kingdom of Sunda, apart from the level of prime minister, Mangkubumi can also mean harbor master. In carrying out his duties, Mangkubumi assisted the duties of the Prebu or King of the Sunda Kingdom, Mangkubumi was assisted by the Nu nangganan, Nu nangganan was assisted by the Mantri and the Mantri was assisted by the Wado who were in direct contact with the people. Mangkubhumi is also found in Javanese, and is referred to as Mahapatih Hamengkubumi often shortened to Mahapatih or simply Mangkubumi. In Banjarese, Mangkubhumi is referred to as Maharaja Mangkubumi.	2.390625
78808332	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warri%20Refining%20and%20Petrochemicals%20Company	Warri Refining and Petrochemicals Company	Supporting utilities The refinery is equipped with all necessary utilities for its operations, featuring the following installed capacities: A total electric power generation capacity of 125 MW - the power plant is capable of producing high-pressure steam at a rate of 545 T/Hr, utilizing three boilers, two heat recovery units, and a CO boiler within the FCC unit; A nitrogen plant with a capacity of 1,600 NM³/Hr is available, along with a compressed air system. A potable water treatment facility. A wastewater treatment plant. A crude oil storage capacity of 273,600 M³, which is adequate for approximately 14 days of operation. A jetty, equipped for the import and export of fuel oil, diesel, and PMS, as well as for ethylene import and storage. A modern railroad system is in place for efficient product evacuation. Operational capacity and performance The refinery is designed with a processing capacity of 125,000 barrels per day (B/D). Despite this significant capacity, the facility has historically struggled to achieve full capacity. Production levels have experienced a consistent decline over the years, with the exception of a brief period in the early 1990s, during which production saw a temporary increase. Several key factors contribute to the refinery's inefficient operations. Among the proposed solutions is the refurbishment of the existing utilities within the plant. Recently, a turnaround maintenance initiative was completed, which is anticipated to significantly improve the refinery's overall performance. This maintenance is expected to enhance both throughput volume and product yield, positioning the refinery for better operational efficiency in the future. Host communities The Warri refinery is hosted by four Itsekiri communities: Aja-Etan, Ubeji, Ifie-Kporo, and Ijalla-Ikenren, all located in the Warri South Local Government Area (LGA). Additionally, it is also hosted by one Urhobo community, the Ekpan community, which is part of the Uvwie LGA.	2.140625
78808872	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9lie-Marie%20Goichon	Amélie-Marie Goichon	Amélie-Marie Goichon (8 January 1894 – 8 August 1977) was a French orientalist. She studied Islamic philosophy and ethnography. Born in Poitiers, France, Goichon analyzed the works of Avicenna and conducted fieldwork in the M'zab region of Algeria during the 1920s. Her resulting book La vie féminine au Mzab: étude de sociologie musulmane () examined the lives of M'zab women, discussing their roles in family and society, marriage customs, and childbirth practices; and also exploring the religious life of women and the role of magic in their daily lives, among various other topics. Académie Française awarded her the Broquette-Gonin Prize in Literature in 1974 for her work Jordanie réelle (Real Jordan). In her article on Avicenna's tendency to rely on parables, Sarah Stroumsa contrasted Goichon's view that there is no particular significance in the parable as the chosen form relative to the substance of his philosophical teachings (according to Goichon, Avicenna adopted this style to keep his mind occupied while he was imprisoned in the fortress of Fardajan) to her approximate contemporary Henry Corbin, who "granted the style of the stories profound philosophical significance".	2.515625
78809357	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1812%20Mendoza%20and%20Mojarra%20conspiracy	1812 Mendoza and Mojarra conspiracy	The 1812 Mendoza and Mojarra conspiracy was a slave movement that transpired in Santo Domingo, (now Dominican Republic) in the heat of the proclamation of the Cadiz Constitution, in 1812. This movement, led by free blacks, sought to overthrow the colonial government in Santo Domingo, with the intention of merging Santo Domingo with neighboring Haiti. When the authorities refused to free the slaves and failed to enforce several provisions of the new liberal Spanish constitution of 1812 that granted Spanish nationality, (but not citizenship), to the children of freedmen and allowed slaves to purchase their freedom, there was a conspiracy of freedmen and slaves to eradicate slavery and join Haiti. When discovered, its leaders were sentenced to death and their heads were displayed at various points around the capital. The other culprits were sentenced to prison and flogging. Pedro Seda, José Leocadio, Pedro Henríquez, and someone known only as Marcos were the ringleaders of this revolt. The conspirators claimed to be fighting for the freedom that the General and Extraordinary Courts had recognized for slaves. This was the only movement with explicit links to the Constitution of Cadiz. Context In 1809, the Criollo leader, Juan Sánchez Ramírez, had successfully defeated the occupying French forces in Santo Domingo after his victory in the Spanish reconquest of Santo Domingo. With the capitulation of French governor, Joseph-David de Barquier, Sánchez Ramírez was sworn in as governor of the colony. However, from the very beginning, his popularity began to wane due to his belief that Santo Domingo's preservation was tied to Spain, who immediately reestablish control over the colony that same year. Ultimately, his rule was characterized by royalist by critics.	2.453125
78809498	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladies%20Charity%20School	Ladies Charity School	The Ladies Charity School in London, England, was originally founded in Highgate c1680 as a charity school for forty orphans by the merchant William Blake (d.1696). After his death, it was revived and extended in 1702, and after relocating across London, was taken over by the Church Army as a training school in 1919. Early history The school was founded by the London merchant draper William Blake, who, after the death in 1650 of his wife Mary, was inspired by the writing of Bishop Lewis Bayly to provide for orphans. Blake's brother Francis was a wealthy landowner in Highgate and William had leased part of Arundul House from him. William spent £5000, his entire wealth, on setting up the Ladies Charity School House (or Hospital). His vision was to house and educate forty orphans, boys and girls: ‘The boys to be taught the art of painting, gardening, casting accounts, and navigation, or put forth to some good handicraft trade, and to wear an uniform of blue lined with yellow. The girls to be taught to read, write, sew, starch, raise paste, and dress, that they might be fit for any good service’. He acquired Dorchester House, The Grove, Highgate, former home of the Marquess of Dorchester, to house the girls. To try to maintain the school, Blake sold his Highgate home to Sir William Ashhurst, and houses at 1-6 South Grove (mortgaged from his brother), to Sir Francis Pemberton. He published a pious book ‘’Silver Drops’’ to appeal to noble ladies, but ultimately failed to secure lasting funding. Blake was imprisoned for debt 1685–1687, and died in 1696. Revival and expansion The school was revived in 1702 by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, expanding from the Ladies Hospital, to provide a Protestant education for orphans aged 9–11 years old. Supporters included Dr Johnson and Hester Thrale. By 1827, the school had moved to 37 King Street, Smithfield (present day Snow Hill) and by 1853 was operating at 30 John Street, Bloomsbury, near Bedford Row, with attendance of 51 Protestant girls aged 8–14.	2.640625
78809664	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir%20Kabo	Vladimir Kabo	Vladimir Rafailovich Kabo (; 1925, in Moscow – 2009, in Canberra) was a Soviet and Australian ethnographer with a special interest in the religion and culture of the Australian Aborigines and other prehistorical societies. He was a Doctor nauk in Historical Sciences (1970), and the author of seven books. From 1957 to 1990 he worked at the Institute of Anthropology and Ethnography, Leningrad & (from 1977) Moscow. Early life His friend was Yuri Bregel, and their fathers were professors and co-authors. Kabo was a participant in the World War II on Eastern Front from 1944 and awarded the Order of the Red Star. He suffered from Stalin's repression, but in 1956 he was rehabilitated. He was influenced by the Orthodox priest John Krestiankin. Education Kabo graduated with honors from the MSU Faculty of History in 1956, and earned his Candidat degree in 1962. He was a student of Sergei Tokarev. He was also taught by Professors Nikolai Rubinshtein and Sergei Bakhrushin. In 1970, he defended his doctoral thesis (based on his first book), at Institute of Anthropology and Ethnography. Work In 1969 Kabo published his first book, «Происхождение и ранняя история аборигенов Австралии». From 1960 to 1990 he taught at the Saint Petersburg State University. He published in Etnograficheskoe Obozrenie. Lev Gumilev argued with him. Personal life He was a distant relative of Joel Engel. Kabo was married twice, first to Valentina in 1958. They had a daughter. His second wife was Artyom Vesyoly granddaughter, whom he married in 1983. They had one son. Kabo was friends with Deborah Bird Rose and Kate Rigby. Migration In the summer of 1989 he and his wife emigrated to Australia.	2.21875
78809927	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose%20Eberwein	Rose Eberwein	Early life and education Eberwein, who is of Filippino and Spanish descent, was born in Singapore in 1928 or 1929. The daughter of Paul Domingo, she had two siblings. She was initially raised in Bangkok, where she was taught ballet as part of her regular school curriculum. While there, she watched a several hour long dance performance at a temple, an experience which led to her gaining a "fascination for regional dances." At the age of 10, she was brought to Singapore. During the Japanese occupation of Singapore, which lasted from 1942 to 1945, she was taught Japanese traditional dances, as well as local dances. She attended secret lessons held at the Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus to prepare for the Senior Cambridge examinations. Although the nuns were "more concerned with turning out students who could behave like well-bred young women rather than with producing women athletes", Eberwein enjoyed playing netball and hockey and was made the team leader for the school sports. After the occupation, she initially wished to become a professional dancer, but her father persuaded her to become a teacher instead. As such, she studied at the Teacher's Training College at Cairnhill.	2.765625
78809927	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose%20Eberwein	Rose Eberwein	Eberwein left Singapore on a six-month tour of the United States and the United Kingdom in May 1964. She first went to London and attended a refresher course at the Royal Academy of Dance. She also gave a lecture-demonstration course at the academy on Southeast Asian dances. She opened the academy's Summer Course with a recital of Southeast Asian dances. Eberwein then visited major cities in Europe, including Paris, Rome and Madrid, before she arrived in New York City in September, after which she spent the next three months touring different states and working with other choreographers. The United States leg of the tour was arranged through a cultural exchange programme of the USIS. This allowed her to work with Balanchine's Company, Martha Graham, José Limón, Luigi and Matt Mattox. Eberwein also lectured and demonstrated at 15 colleges across the country. She was offered the opportunity to teach at the Washington School of Ballet for a year, although she declined as her husband and her school in Singapore "tipped the balance." The tour ended up lasting seven months, during which she learnt the "latest teaching methods of ballet, modern jazz, Spanish dances and modern dances. She was also able to observe the backstage work of Broadway shows, television programmes and live productions. After returning to Singapore, she staged a performance in November featuring electronic music, which she had come across on her tour. The performance was reportedly the "first of its kind" in Singapore. It was held at the Cultural Centre in aid of five charity organisations. In a review of the performance, Margaret Burrows of The Straits Times wrote: "Mrs. Eberstein and all the dancers who took part are to be congratulated upon an altogether refreshing performance. In 1967, Eberwein went on a trip to Mexico, where she worked with the Folklorico Mexicana Dance Company and learnt Spanish-influence Latin-American dances.	2.765625
78810171	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination%20of%20Henri%20Lambert	Assassination of Henri Lambert	Dispute over Zeila's lease In 1857, the customs lease in Zeila was contested between Abubakr, the current holder, and Sharmake, who sought to reclaim the position. Their rivalry intensified with the arrival of a new governor in al-Hudayda, Ahmad Salam Wudada, known for his cruelty and corruption. Despite Sharmake offering 1,000 thalers for the lease, Abubakr outbid him with an additional 500 piastres, winning the contract. Frustrated, Sharmake escalated the dispute by accusing Abubakr of misappropriating 4,000 thalers worth of copper from the wreck of the Caïman, a French warship that had run aground near Zeila in 1854. Exploiting their rivalry, Ahmad Pasha imprisoned Abubakr without trial and released him only after extracting a 5,000-thaler ransom, which he and Sharmake shared. Disillusioned, Abubakr retired to Ambabbo, leaving behind the volatile politics of Zeila. In May 1858, Captain Charles Méquet of the French brig Génie visited Zeila during a mission to explore the Red Sea and recruit free labor for plantations in Réunion. Méquet inspected the Caïman wreck and found its salvage value negligible, a result of prior scavenging by both Sharmake and Abubakr. Partnering with Henri Lambert, the French consul, Méquet traveled to al-Hudayda, where they convinced Ahmad Pasha to refund the ransom extracted from Abubakr. Lambert later ensured the funds were returned to the French government, citing the Caïman's French ownership. Prelude	2.328125
78810171	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination%20of%20Henri%20Lambert	Assassination of Henri Lambert	Lambert's relations with Sharmake Ali Salih Aboubakr's return to Tadjoura, after being imprisoned by Ahmed Pasha, did not change the fact that he had to deal with Sharmake, the new holder of the lease over Zeila. In September 1858, upon the renewal of this position, no one contested it, and he was reappointed by the Pasha for another year. Lambert, needing forage for his trade animals awaiting shipment from Tadjoura, faced challenges as it was scarce in the area and could only be obtained in Zeila, now controlled by Sharmarke, his adversary following a ransom dispute. Tensions culminated when Lambert chartered a boat to Zeila to fetch Dakmi, a plant used for forage and hut coverings. The ship's captain, Ali Daoud, who had fled Zeila due to conflicts with Sharmarke, attempted to load goods in Sharmarke's absence. However, Sharmarke's brother, Burrie, who shared his hostility toward Lambert, seized the half-loaded boat and imprisoned the crew, despite their lack of wrongdoing. Sharmake ordered troops to Tadjoura to seize a mule-laden boat, but Aboubakr's brother alerted Lambert, who secured it. On returning, Sharmake endorsed his brother's actions, detained the sailors for over two months, and kept the boat. After his release, Captain Ali Daoud filed a complaint against Lambert with the Pasha of Al-Hodeydah, while Lambert lodged a similar complaint against Sharmake. Dini Ahmed Abou Baker, Aboubakr's cousin, carried a letter to Sharmake on Lambert's behalf. This letter, written in French, could not be read by Sharmarke's secretaries, who replied in Arabic:"To our dear friend, Mr. Lambert, Consul, may God prolong the days of your life! What we can tell you is that your letter has reached us. It is written in French. We do not know its contents. No one in the country here reads French or English.	1.992188
78810171	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination%20of%20Henri%20Lambert	Assassination of Henri Lambert	As for the fate of the conspirators, Sharmarke was the first to meet his end. He died of an aneurysm aboard the Somme while in Jeddah. Before his death, feeling immense guilt, he expressed his desire to wear European clothes, a gesture symbolising his renouncement of the Turkish and Arab ways in acknowledgment of his wrongdoing. The others met tragic ends: Feredj, Sharmarke's secretary, died of phthisis on Reunion Island; Aly Bar Omar Tour succumbed to illness at sea; El Téré, the sailor who had revealed the full truth, also died of galloping phthisis in Brest. In Constantinople, the remaining conspirators faced justice under the Ottoman authorities. Awadh Bel Fakil, Mohamed Hassan Robly, and others were sentenced for their roles in the crime, their fates sealed by the weight of their actions. Ughaz Robleh's dethronement The Somalis were a turbulent people as they had adopted universal suffrage, and pushed it to its ultimate consequences. The Issa Somalis had a chief, the Ughaz Robleh, who had exchanged letters from Rear-Admiral De Langle. Although, these letters later became useless, Robleh was no longer an Ughaz. Due to the fact, it had not rained for a long time; people began to say that it was he who had brought this punishment from Heaven by delivering the murderers of Henri Lambert to France, and one day, in the middle of an assembly, his hair was shaven clean: it is by ceremonies like this, the Issa Somali depose their chiefs. Robleh, whose lofty character the Rear-Admiral had noticed, took the matter philosophically, he let his hair grow, and here he is, as Bedouin as before. According to the laws of the Issa, the Ughaz's position is jeopardised if he is perceived as powerless to bring rain during severe droughts.	2.0625
78810636	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapila%20Venu	Kapila Venu	Kapila Venu is a Koodiyattam and Nangiar Koothu artist from Kerala, India. She received many awards including the Kumar Gandharva Samman by the government of Madhya Pradesh and Ustad Bismillah Khan Yuva Puraskar from the Sangeet Natak Akademi. Biography Kapila Venu was born on February 3, 1982, at Kothamangalam in Kerala. She is the only daughter of Venu G, a Koodiyattam artist and director of the Irinjalakuda Natana Kairali, and Nirmala Panicker, an artist and researcher of Mohiniyattam. Kapila spent her childhood at two places: the Lawrence School, Lovedale, where her mother taught, and the 'Natana Kairali', founded by her father in Irinjalakuda, Thrissur district, for the promotion of ancient Kerala arts. At Irinjalakuda, at the age of seven, Kapila started learning basics of Koodiyattam under Usha Nangiar, and then detailed training under Ammannur Madhava Chakyar, for nearly 10 years in the gurukula tradition. Later, her father Venu G and mother Nirmala Panicker became her gurus. It was her father's advice, supervision and discipline that helped her refine the skills she had learned under Ammannur and make her a performer. At the art school founded by her father, Natana Kairali, she trained under gurus like Kavungal Chathunni Panicker, Keezhpadam Kumaran Nair, and Kalamandalam Ramankutty Nair. She studied Mohiniyattam under her mother Nirmala Panicker. Kalaripayattu was taught by Balan Gurukkal. She also studied under Japanese dancer Min Tanaka for six years. Later, she has performed in two of his choreographies, Rite of the Forest (2005) and Thottangal (2007). Career	2.078125
78811207	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam%20M.%20Elcott	Noam M. Elcott	Noam M. Elcott is an American scholar, art historian, and educator whose work focuses on modern and contemporary art, media theory, photography, and film history. He is currently an associate professor of Art History and Archaeology at Columbia University. Early life and education Elcott was born to Shira Milgrom, a rabbi, and David M. Elcott, a professor at Wagner Graduate School of Public Service at New York University. Elcott completed his undergraduate degree at Columbia University, graduating summa cum laude in 2000. He was a Fulbright scholar at Freie Universität Berlin, where he studied art history and philosophy, in 2000 and 2001. He earned his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 2009. He was a fellow at the Internationales Kolleg für Kulturtechnikforschung und Medienphilosophie (IKKM) at the Bauhaus-Universität Weimar. Research interests Elcott's research and teaching focus on the history of modern art and media in Europe and North America, particularly emphasizing interwar art, contemporary art, and critical theory. He employs close visual analysis and media archaeology in his work. His recent courses include graduate seminars on the Bauhaus, Dada, Surrealism, Futurism, media architecture, and the avant-garde cinematic imaginary, as well as undergraduate lectures on "Art, Media, and the Avant-Garde," "Histories of Photography," and "Art Humanities." Publications and editorial work Elcott is the author of Artificial Darkness: An Obscure History of Modern Art and Media, published by the University of Chicago Press in 2016. The book examines various figures, including Étienne-Jules Marey, Richard Wagner, Georges Méliès, and Oskar Schlemmer, and is the first to conceive, historicize, and theorize the concept of artificial darkness in relation to modern art and media. It received the 2017 Society for Cinema and Media Studies (SCMS) Anne Friedberg Innovative Scholarship Award and was a finalist for the 2017 First Book Prize from the Modernist Studies Association.	2.375
78811216	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizocarpon%20sunchonense	Rhizocarpon sunchonense	Rhizocarpon sunchonense is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Rhizocarpaceae. Discovered in South Korea, this species is notable for its greenish thallus and distinctive ecological preferences. Taxonomy The species was formally described as new to science in 2016 by the lichenologists Sergey Kondratyuk and Jae-Seoun Hur. Rhizocarpon sunchonense resembles Rhizocarpon norvegicum in form but is distinguished by its larger thallus size, smaller and flatter , and the colour and chemical reactions of its apothecial elements. The species also lacks the -like areoles and uplifted seen in R. effiguratum. The species epithet refers to Sunchon city, the type locality. Description The thallus of Rhizocarpon sunchonense typically spans 4–5 cm across, presenting a dull green to dark greenish hue, intensified by numerous small black apothecia (fruiting bodies) which give it a darker overall appearance. The areoles of the thallus are very small, ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 mm in diameter, and are either slightly distant or densely aggregated, separated by very thin cracks. Unlike some other species, it lacks a hypothallus. Apothecia (fruiting bodies) are quite small, ranging from 0.15 to 0.4 mm in diameter, and contribute to the darker visual aspect of the thallus. They are mostly flat and regularly rounded, with a distinct, often black margin that can sometimes appear greenish black or citrine-black. The and do not react to potassium hydroxide solution (K–), which is a key differentiator from similar species. Habitat and distribution At the time of its original publication, Rhizocarpon sunchonense was only known to occur at its type locality in Suncheon-si, Jeollanam-do, South Korea. It grows on siliceous rocks within pine forests or open areas at an elevation of above sea level. The lichen coexists with other species such as Xanthoparmelia coreana and various species of Aspicilia and Diploschistes.	2.484375
78811310	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak%20Chinhong	Pak Chinhong	Pak Chinhong (; 1914 - ?) was a leader of the Korean labour and independence movement in the 1930s under Japanese colonial rule. She spent ten years of her life in prison in the 1930s. After liberation, she was a delegate to the Supreme People's Assembly of North Korea. Life Pak Chinhong was born in Myongchon County, Korea, Empire of Japan. She went with her parents when they gave up their poor rural and moved to Keijō (Seoul) in 1928. She was fifteen years old and she attended , established by the Cheondoist religion, She paid for her tuition by working as a live-in tutor. Dongduk Girls’ High School was a “national school” that was involved in the March First Movement. Its founder Son Byeong-hee had been arrested and replaced in 1919 for being involved in the independance movement. Pak was a literary student who dreamed of becoming a writer. Pak was ranked first in the entire school and one source says she was considered the cleverest student since the school was founded. Activism Pak Chinhong and Lee Hyo-jeong, a friend of hers at Dongduk Girls’ High School were anti-Japanese socialists. Lee Hyo-jeong was a keen activist who was also a good student.	2.421875
78811807	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta%20Lenska	Augusta Lenska	Augusta Lenska (probably born 1880s) was a Russian-born American concert and opera singer in the 1910s and 1920s, based in Chicago. Early life In publicity and interviews, Lenska described herself as being born in Russia, raised in the Cape Colony, and educated in England and Belgium. Another version of her background described her as being born to Russian parents in England, or to Russian-British parents in South Africa, with training in Germany and Italy. Career Lenska was singer, associated with La Monnaie opera house in Brussels, and with the Chicago Civic Opera Company. Her range was variously described as mezzo-soprano, alto, and contralto. "The singer has a voice of good quality, especially in its middle and lower registers," explained The New York Times in 1927, "and is also gifted with dramatic temperament, knowledge of style and ability to convey he mood and significance of a song to her audience." Lenska's musical career flourished in middle America in the 1910s and 1920s. In 1916, she was a guest artist at a concert in Missouri and hosted a "soiree musicale" in Iowa. She gave recitals in Mississippi and Minnesota in 1918, and toured the Chautauqua circuit with the Culp String Quartet in 1919. In 1921 she gave a recital at the University of Oklahoma. She sang in Italy in 1923. She was a soloist in a 1925 production of La Gioconda and a 1926 production of Lohengrin, both with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. She toured in the United States in 1926. In 1927, she sang the Azucena role in Il Trovatore in Chattanooga, Tennessee, and gave "a program of rare musical value" in Muncie, Indiana. She sang in Berlin in 1929.	1.96875
78812164	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Longva	Roman Longva	From September 1919 to August 1920, he was the commander of the 2nd Tula Rifle Division, which fought as part of the 7th, 15th and 16th Armies on the Western Front. He led the division in battles during the Defense of Petrograd (it distinguished itself in the capture of Yamburg) and in battles against the Estonian Army on the Plyussa and Narova Rivers (December 1919). In January–April 1920, the division was transferred to the Labor Army, harvesting peat and timber for Petrograd in the Petrograd Guberniya. From April the division fought against the Latvian Army, and in June 1920 it was urgently replenished and transferred to the Polish Front. There Longva particularly distinguished himself in the offensive from the Berezina to the Visla during the July Operation, where, having fought for hundreds of kilometers, the division took Svisloch, Osipovichi, Bobruysk, Slutsk, Brest–Litovsk, Pruzhany and other cities. During the capture of the fortified Bobruysk Region, the 14th Great Polsha Division suffered a heavy defeat. During the capture of the city of Brest–Litovsk on August 1, 1920, together with units of the 10th Rifle Division, numerous Polish military warehouses and 1 armoured train were captured intact. For these battles he was nominated for the Order of the Red Banner (awarded at the end of 1921). From August 4, 1920, he formed the 1st Polish Red Army, and on August 15, 1920, he was appointed its commander. However, due to the end of the Soviet–Polish War, the formation of the army was stopped in September 1920.	2.53125
78812424	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawley%20Bank	Dawley Bank	Dawley Bank is a former mining village and suburb of Telford and Dawley in the borough of Telford and Wrekin in Shropshire, England. It is part of the civil parish of Lawley and Overdale. History Dawley Bank was built on the Shropshire Coalfield alongside the neighbouring village of Lawley Bank during the Industrial Revolution. There were multiple types of industry including concrete plants, brickworks and factories opening in and around the village. The village later became part of the Dawley New Town in 1963, which later became Telford. Dawley Bank is mentioned in John Betjeman poem "A Shropshire Lad", about swimmer Matthew Webb, born in Dawley: it refers to his ghost "swimming along the old canal / That carried the bricks to Lawley ... And paying a call at Dawley Bank while swimming along to Heaven". Amenities Most of the villages amenities are located on Milners Lane. There are public houses, a shop and a Baptist church. Transport There are regular buses through the village between Telford, Dawley, Much Wenlock, Bridgnorth and Wellington.	2.078125
78812721	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS%20Helgoland%20%281867%29	SMS Helgoland (1867)	SMS Helgoland was a screw corvette of the Austro-Hungarian Navy built in the late 1860s. She was the only member of her class. Design Helgoland was a screw corvette, sometimes referred to as a sloop, of the Austro-Hungarian Navy. She was long overall, with a beam of and a draft of . The ship had a displacement of . Her wooden hull was given copper sheathing to protect the wood from biofouling and damage from marine parasites like shipworm. Her crew numbered 235 officers and enlisted sailors. The ship was powered by a single 2-cylinder, horizontal marine steam engine that drove a screw propeller. The number and type of boilers is not known, but smoke from the boilers was vented through a single funnel located amidships, between the fore- and main mast. The propulsion system was capable of generating , for a top speed of . The ship was fitted with a three-masted sailing rig to supplement the steam engine on long voyages. Helgoland was armed with a main battery of two muzzle-loading guns manufactured by Armstrong. She also carried four 8-pounder guns and a single 3-pounder gun.	2.078125
78813078	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad%20Mozammel%20Haq	Mohammad Mozammel Haq	Mohammad Mozammel Haq (; 6 September 1883 – 1 August 1976) was a Bengali politician, lawyer, poet, philanthropist and litterateur. He served as a chief whip of the Bengal Legislative Assembly. Early life and education Haq was born on 6 September 1883 to a Bengali family of Muslim Munshis in the village of Bapta on Bhola Island off the coast of Backergunge District, Bengal Presidency. He was the son of Munshi Abdul Karim. He passed his matriculation from the Mitra Institution in Calcutta in 1901. Haq completed his Intermediate of Arts from the Presidency College Calcutta. Having graduated with a degree in 1912 and Bachelor of Laws later, he was the third Bholan Islander to graduate ever. Career Haq initially trained as a lawyer, but freed himself from what was considered the shirki nature of the legal system. In 1909, he published his first poetry book Jatiya Mangal. He then became influenced by Maulana Maniruzzaman Islamabadi and started writing Islamic poetry. Some of his other works include Samaj Mangal (50 poems), Manav Mangal, Utthan Sangeet and a poetic translation of 10 paras of the Qur'an. He wrote poems for Islamabadi's weekly Soltan and Muhammad Reazuddin Ahmad's monthly Islam Pracharak and weekly Mohammadi magazines.	2.40625
78813102	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacomb%20of%20Sant%27Ippolito	Catacomb of Sant'Ippolito	The Catacomb of Sant'Ippolito is a catacomb on the via Tiburtina in Rome, now entered from via dei Canneti in the modern Nomentano quartiere. History It is named after the best-known saint buried in it, Hippolytus of Rome, from early in the 3rd century, recorded as a priest, bishop, soldier, anti-heretical writer and martyr in the ancient literary sources. He was exiled to Sardinia with Pope Pontianus, both dying in the mines. The Depositio martyrum entry for 13 August records that Hippolytus was buried on the via Tiburtina and Pontianus in the catacomb of Callixtus on via Appia, both on 13 August. Hippolytus is remembered in the poem that Pope Damasus I had engraved by Furius Dionysius Filocalus, several fragments of which have been discovered in the pavement of the Basilica of St. John Lateran. The Christian writer and poet Prudentius, who visited the cemetery at the beginning of the 5th century, speaks of it in the eleventh poem of his Peristephanon: he describes the underground crypt where the martyr was buried, the fresco portraying him and the ornaments enriching his tomb, along with a three-aisled basilica above ground, of which today no definite remains have been found. The 5th century Martyrologium Hieronymianum mentions the martyrs Concordia (22 February) and Genesius (24 August) as both also being buried in the catacomb. The 7th century Notitia ecclesiarum urbis Romae adds two more martyrs, Tryphonia and Cyrilla, but no traces remain of their monuments in the catacomb.	2.25
78813272	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthman%20Ibn%20Farooq	Uthman Ibn Farooq	Early life and education Uthman was born in Ramadhan 1396 of the Hijri Calendar in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, of the Afghan-Pashtun Yusufzai Tribe. He moved to Manchester in the UK with his parents as a child (around the age of 6 or 7) before moving to the United States at the age of 8. His parents divorced during his childhood and Uthman was bought up by his mother, who was a law graduate that nonetheless had to work two jobs to survive. He grew up in San Diego, California, where he was exposed to the gang life. He became an associate of a Mexican gang (East Side San Diego; with links to the Cartel in Tijuana and a component of the Sureños) in San Diego at the age of 12 after he and his friend were implicated in a fight with 18th Street gang members. He would become a high-ranking member (despite his youth and non-Mexican origins) due to his intelligence and strategy. Born in a non-religious and nominally Muslim family, he began to be heavily influenced by religion in his late teens, reading about Christianity, Islam and other religions. He regularly attended Church, even being a Muslim, given his friends were also sent to Church by their families and despite being gang members were religious Christians. He also left gang life around the age of 18/19 altogether given that he realised the futility of gang life after his close friend was killed in his place in a set up by a rival gang. As he grew older and became religious and active in dawah, he travelled to countries such as Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Pakistan, and the United Arab Emirates to study under traditional Islamic scholars.	2.21875
78813351	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie%20Ling	Richie Ling	During late July 1919, Richie Ling was in rehearsals for the revival of Chu Chin Chow at the Century Theatre. The producers, F. Ray Comstock and Morris Gest, had failed to issue any contracts to the performers after ten days of rehearsals. The presiding council for Actors' Equity Association (Equity) decided to select this production for a demonstration strike starting July 29, 1919. However, they failed to plan in advance; instead, they relied on personally visiting the theater on the day in question. Ling had been tipped off by Frank Gilmore and so didn't come to the rehearsal that day. Three other principals, including Marjorie Wood who was opposed to Equity affiliating with the American Federation of Labor, were persuaded by Morris Gest to ignore the callout, while the remaining cast never received word of the action until the next day. Ling stayed out on July 30, 1919, but was joined by only three other performers: Lucy Beaumont, Ida Mulle, and Clara Verdara. These four became Equity's first Gold Star members. The general strike, which began in early August, was successfully concluded in thirty days, but Ling was out of a job and didn't appear on Broadway again until April 1920. Ed Wynn, one of the few actor-managers who had sided with Equity, brought Ling into his "carnival", a large-scale vaudeville show mounted at the New Amsterdam Theatre starting April 5, 1920. The New York Herald said: "Richie Ling received a hand as much for his acting as for his historic position as the first striking actor in history". Ling served on Equity's Council for several years following the strike.	2.078125
78813364	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20World%20War%20Memorial%20Beacon	First World War Memorial Beacon	The memorial beacon was designed as a living memorial, and more information including the honour roll and other plaques were added during and after the war. In 1969, foreshore reclamation and the creation of the downtown shopping centre as well as the marginalisation of war memorials and commemorations saw the memorial beacon put into storage. The memorial would not be found again for thirty years, in 1999, while the original ironwork and orb were never recovered. An anonymous Jewish immigrant, who had been a refugee from Nazi Germany, paid for the restoration of the memorial. A plaque was added to the memorial stating "Restored and re-erected in the year 2000 by a grateful refugee from Nazi Germany". The partially restored memorial, without the spire and orb, was placed outside the New Zealand Maritime New Zealand in 2000. In 2022, the memorial was fully restored, including replacing the glass orb that had once sat at the top of the memorial. A new orb was hand-blown in Taupō by local craftspeople as a replica of the original. DPA Architects, working with steel artisans from Devonport, recreated the original spire using modern 3D modelling technology. On 29 November 2022, the glass orb and ironwork spire were returned to the memorial beacon, and the memorial was reinstated close to its original placement, opposite Commercial Bay on Quay Street. Composition The memorial beacon comprises an obelisk made of Coromandel granite, with decorative ironwork and electric lamp, which was uncommon for the time when much of the country still lacked electricity. The bronze shields and brass plates include information about the memorial as well as the honour roll for soldiers who served or died in World War I. Inscription The Latin motto Palmam qui meruit ferat is inscribed around the top of the pedestal on the four sides of the memorial, and can be translated as "Let him bear away the palm who has deserved it". Reception Attitudes towards the memorial have shifted over the years since the memorial's inception.	2.125
78813366	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catacombs%20of%20Santa%20Felicita	Catacombs of Santa Felicita	The Catacombs of Santa Felicita or Catacomb of Maximus is a three-level complex of catacombs on the modern via Salaria in the modern Salario quarter of Rome. In the 17th century it was also known as the Catacomb of Sant'Antonio after the patron saint of the Vienne monastery which owned the land in which it fell. History It was originally named after Maximus, the owner of the land in which it was dug, but was renamed after its main burial, that of Felicitas of Rome, after the edict of Milan of 313 made Christianity legal - it appears under her name for the first time in the Liber Pontificalis. The Depositio martyrum for 10 July records her martyrdom and that of another seven martyrs, all under Marcus Aurelius, stated in a legendary 5th century 'passio' to be her seven sons and daughters (of whom Martial, Vitale and Alexander were buried in the catacomb of the Iordani, Felix and Philip in that of Priscilla, Januarius in that of Praetextaus and Silanus with his mother). Pope Boniface I (418-422) built a small underground basilica on the site dedicated to Silanus (with his remains in an altar in its foundations) and an above-ground oratory dedicated to Felicitas. He himself was buried in a semi-underground tomb joined to the oratory. These form the first and earliest level on the site. All three buildings were still visible in the 16th century and appear in Bufalini's 1551 map of Rome. When pope Leo III (early 9th century) translated Felicitas' remains to Santa Susanna within the city walls, the catacomb was little by little abandoned and forgotten.	2.125
78813385	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabryka%20Obrabiarek%20do%20Drewna	Fabryka Obrabiarek do Drewna	In 1896, Wilhelm Blumwe built a modern iron foundry and converted the factory into a joint-stock company, becoming its director in 1897. The company established representatives in Berlin, Magdeburg, and Cologne and exported products to Brazil, China, France, Greece, the Netherlands, Japan, the Americas, Turkey, Italy, and Africa. Wilhelm managed the expanded factory until his death in 1903. Afterward, the factory was run by former manager Gustav Zschalig and businessman Bernhard Naumann. By 1912, the supervisory board included notable figures such as Lewin Louis Aronsohn, Martin Friedländer, and Julius Strelow from Bydgoszcz, along with Richard Dyhrenfurth from Berlin. Interwar period After Poland regained independence, the factory was incorporated into the Polish economy as part of the process of transitioning German enterprises to Polish ownership. It became a branch of the Pomorska Fabryka Maszyn S.A. in Grudziądz, later renamed Unia Joint-Stock Company, United Machine Factories in 1922. On 1 July 1928, the Bydgoszcz branch gained independence under the name Saw Mill and Woodworking Machinery Factory, formerly C. Blumwe & Son, Joint-Stock Company in Bydgoszcz. The factory fully met domestic demand and exported its products to numerous countries, including Bulgaria, Turkey, Romania, Brazil, Peru, and Argentina. By the late 1920s, it employed 500 workers who produced approximately 150 sawmills and 1,000 woodworking machines annually. The factory's products received medals at international exhibitions in Rome (1926) and Vilnius (1928). Around 1930, the factory faced significant challenges due to the collapse of the market and the decline of Bydgoszcz as a center for the wood industry and trade. This downturn resulted from the Great Depression, the German–Polish customs war, and monopolistic policies implemented by the State Forests administration. By 1931, the workforce had decreased to 100 employees, and by 1932 it had dropped further to 50.	2.1875
78813471	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid%20coinage	Fatimid coinage	The Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171), an Isma'ili Shi'a empire that ruled large parts of North Africa, western Arabia, and the Levant, first from Tunisia (Ifriqiya) and then from Egypt, issued coins after the typical pattern of Islamic coinage. The Fatimids were particularly known for the consistently high quality of their gold dinars, which proved a potent political tool in their conquest of Egypt and led to them being widely imitated by the Crusader states in the 12th century. Fatimid silver coinage (dirhams) on the other hand, although widely issued, declined in quality with the weakening of the Fatimid state, and has been mostly ignored in modern times. The Fatimids minted almost no copper coinage. Starting from designs imitating Abbasid coinage, adapted merely with slogans befitting the new regime and the names of the Fatimid caliphs, from the reign of Caliph al-Mu'izz on, Fatimid coinage included overtly Shi'a formulas and achieved a distinctive look, with concentric inscribed bands, that was maintained until the end of the dynasty.	2.8125
78813471	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid%20coinage	Fatimid coinage	The Fatimids followed the usual Islamic pattern of gold dinars and silver dirhams, along with fractions and multiples thereof. Copper or bronze coins survive, but they were likely not issued as the standard fals, but rather as fractions of the dirham. From the coins surviving to the present, the most frequent ones are full dinars and half-dirhams, although there are regional variations. For example, in Sicily, the quarter-dinar—introduced by the Aghlabids, it remained the island's standard gold coin even after the Fatimid period as the tarì—is by far the most common issue, while the half-dirham is almost non-existent. Given the lack of copper coinage and the neglect of silver coinage by modern collectors, modern studies on Fatimid coinage primarily focus on the Fatimid gold dinars. Early Fatimid coins The first Fatimid coins were minted soon after the conquest of the Aghlabid emirate in Ifriqiya by the army of the Isma'ili missionary Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i, who became regent on behalf of the absent Fatimid imam. That imam, Abdallah al-Mahdi, was still in hiding at Sijilmasa, and his name unknown even to Abu Abdallah, who had never seen him. As a result, the new coins bore generic phrases heralding a new age, without naming a ruler: "The Proof of God [i.e. the Mahdi] has arrived" on the one side and "The enemies of God are scattered" on the other. The Ifriqiyans called these nameless coins as , from the honorific appellation , 'lord', applied to Abu Abdallah. Another slogan that appeared then on the coinage, "Praise be to God, Lord of the Universe", became "the motto and signature for all of the Fatimid caliphs".	2.8125
78813471	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid%20coinage	Fatimid coinage	Al-Mansur's son, al-Mu'izz (), further changed the design of the coins: the horizontal field was removed altogether, and the coins featured thee concentric circles around a central point. The historian Irene Bierman interprets this design as an Isma'ili motif symbolizing the centrality of the Fatimid imam–caliph, drawing on the frequent use of circles as metaphors in Isma'ili doctrine, and the circular city of Mansuriya that al-Mansur had erected, where the caliphal palace was located in its centre. Others, like Jonathan Bloom, warn on the other hand that "no sources provide the slightest hint about what significance, if any, these changes were meant to have". While their number varied, and the dot was sometimes removed in favour of a central, horizontally inscribed field, the three concentric circles on obverse and reverse remained as the standard pattern for subsequent Fatimid dinars until the end of the dynasty. Unlike his predecessors, al-Mu'izz introduced explicitly Shi'a formulas proclaiming Isma'ili doctrine: the obverse side included a praise to Ali as "heir () of the Prophet and the most excellent deputy and husband of the Radiant Pure One (i.e. Fatima)", while the reverse declared al-Mu'izz's and his ancestors' claims to the imamate as the "Revifier of the Sunna of Muhammad, the lord of those sent [by God], and the inheritor of the glory of the Rightly Guiding Imams". The deliberately polemic formula about Ali was dropped in AH 343 (954/5 CE), for reasons that are as unclear as to why it was introduced in the first place—possibly the highly inflammatory formula caused problems with the Sunni majority of the Fatimid subjects—and replaced with the more moderate "Ali is the most excellent of the heirs and is the deputy () of the best of those sent [by God]". Later developments	2.296875
78813471	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatimid%20coinage	Fatimid coinage	Under al-Aziz (), the formula "The Servant of God and His Companion [i.e., Ali]" was added before the name of the reigning caliph. Unlike Abbasid practice, where coins often included the names of designated heirs or viziers, or other potentates, the Fatimid coins never did so, with the exception of al-Hakim () who added the name of his designated successor () as caliph, Abd al-Rahim ibn Ilyas, to the coins. Al-Hakim also departed from the Mu'izzi dinar's design by replacing the central dot with a legend bearing the name of God, Allah. In 1130, the title of was put on the coins by Abd al-Majid during his regency after the murder of his cousin, al-Amir (), before he assumed the caliphate himself as al-Hafiz in 1132. Before that, however, his regency was interrupted by the brief regime of Kutayfat, who abolished the Fatimid dynasty altogether and instead put on his coins a mysterious "Abu'l-Qasim, the Expected One on God's command (), Commander of the Faithful" or "the Rightly-Guided Imam, who executes God's will, Proof of God". This "Expected Imam" remained unnamed, and may have been the infant al-Tayyib or an anticipated posthumous son of al-Amir's, but is commonly held to have been the final Twelver Shi'a imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi. This is far from certain, as the ambiguity suited Kutayfat's purposes: in the absence of the nebulous Imam, he was free to rule as a divinely authorized vice-gerent.	2.296875
71439450	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf%20Kalmar%20junior	Rudolf Kalmar junior	Back at Dachau, an unusual open-air stage premier was presented on 13 June 1943 on the “small roll-call square”. By this time the slaughter of war had left Germany desperately short of men to fight in the army, and while camp security remained in the hands of German guards, much of the day to day camp administration was, by this stage, undertaken by selected inmates whom the camp director and his team placed a certain level of trust. This was the context in which a group of Austrian, German and Czech inmates gave a performance to fellow inmates of “Die Blutnacht auf dem Schreckenstein”. The stage play parodied the traditional-comedic format of the old Austrian ”Pradler Ritterspiele”, and followed that tradition by featuring a large number of theatrical deaths. On another level it was transparently a “Hitler satire”. The star role was taken by the shoe-maker’s son, Erwin Geschonneck, who also directed all six performances. The playwright was Rudolf Kalmar. As the military situation became increasingly hopeless for Germany, in September 1944 Kalmar was one of those conscripted from the concentration camp into an army punishment battalion. They were sent to the Russian front. Very soon his unit encountered the Soviet army and was overwhelmed. On 5 September 1945 he returned home from the Soviet POW came to Vienna which by this point had already been under military occupation for several months. Kalmar was briefly employed with the National Theatre Administration office in the arts and culture section of the Education Ministry. By the end of 1945 he had returned to his former career as a newspaper journalist, however.	2.421875
71439779	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Prudde	John Prudde	John Prudde (died 1460 or 1461) was the leading English glass painter of the mid 15th century. He held the office of King's Glazier from 1440 until his death. He worked on a variety of high-profile projects, both public and private, but the only work of his now known to survive is in the Beauchamp Chapel of St Mary's Church, Warwick. This has been described as having "a glittering effect unmatched within the British Isles", the result of his mastery of the technically demanding art of inserting brightly-coloured "jewels" of painted glass into the middle of panes of glass. Life Prudde first appears in the historical record in 1426/7; at that point he was employed at Westminster Abbey, and Westminster was to remain his home for the rest of his life. In September 1440 he was named as King's Glazier, a post which gave him the use of the "glasiers logge" or "shedde" in Westminster Palace, a gown at Christmas, and wages of 12 pence a day. It also raised his profile, attracting prestigious and well-paying commissions he could fulfil in a private capacity. It is known that he worked at Eton parish church, Eton College, Greenwich Palace, Shene Palace, and the Beauchamp Chapel at St Mary's Church, Warwick, while payments to his servants by All Souls College, Oxford and Winchester College suggest that Prudde himself was involved there. He died in 1460 or 1461. His widow, Elizabeth, took the veil as an Augustinian nun at Holywell Priory, Shoreditch, and in 1472 became prioress there. The Beauchamp Chapel	2.296875
71440257	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smokefree%20Environments%20and%20Regulated%20Products%20%28Smoked%20Tobacco%29%20Amendment%20Act%202022	Smokefree Environments and Regulated Products (Smoked Tobacco) Amendment Act 2022	The Smokefree Environments and Regulated Products (Smoked Tobacco) Amendment Act 2022 now repealed, was an act of the New Zealand Parliament that sought to combat smoking by limiting the number of retailers allowed to sell smoked tobacco products; banning the sale of smoked tobacco products to anyone born on or after 1 January 2009; and discouraging the consumption of smoked tobacco products. The bill passed its third reading on 13 December 2022 and received royal assent on 16 December 2022. The new National-led coalition government announced in late November 2023 that they intended to repeal the legislation. The Smokefree legislation was repealed under urgency on 28 February 2024. Key provisions The Smokefree Environments and Regulated Products (Smoked Tobacco) Amendment Act amends the Smokefree Environments and Regulated Products Act 1990 by making three changes: Reducing the number of retail outlets allowed to sell smoked tobacco products. Reducing the amount of nicotine allowed in smoked tobacco products. Prohibiting the sale of tobacco products to anyone born on or after 1 January 2009.	2.03125
71440327	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee%20hotel	Bee hotel	Bee hotels are a type of insect hotel for solitary pollinator bees, or wasps, providing them rest and shelter. Typically, these bees would nest in hollow plant stems, holes in dead wood, or other natural cavities; a bee hotel attempts to mimic this structure by using a bunch of hollow reeds or holes drilled in wood, among other methods. Bee hotels can possibly support native bee and wasp populations by adding nesting resources to a habitat. However, some activists have criticized bee hotels for being ineffective at rehabilitating native bee populations and possibly harming them by providing homes to invasive species and creating grounds where bees can transmit diseases to one another. Beehive and bee hotel difference A beehive is where bee colonies or communities live and raise; a bee hotel's purpose is to solely attract bees that do not make their homes in colonies, but instead build individual nesting sites of their own, referred to as "solitary bees." Construction and care Bee hotels are constructed in a manner to mimic the real life structures that solitary bees nest in. They incorporate reeds, bamboo or other materials to create a bundle of horizontal tubes, open at one end, closed at the other. These horizontal tubes range 12-20 cm in length, and 2-12 mm in diameter. These nested tubes require maintenance and cleanliness as bees in hotel are more susceptible to disease, such as the spread of chalkbrood. However, bee hotels could also provide homes to invasive species and species of wasps that predate on bees, making predation from parasitic wasps and kleptoparasites more likely than in naturally built nests. Dead, walled-up cells from previous years should be removed. Bee cells taken over by the parasitic Cacoxenus indagator fly should also be removed to prevent spreading. Be careful when selecting the wood to construct your bee hotel, as certain woods may not provide sufficient weather protection, especially in wet weather. Certain woods are also more prone to splintering inside the tunnel.	2.71875
71440376	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu%20Huizi	Xu Huizi	Xu Huizi (; 9 December 1932 – 5 January 2005) was a general in the People's Liberation Army of China who served as president of the PLA Military Sciences Academy from 1995 to 1997. He was a member of the 12th, 13th and 14th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. He was a member of the Standing Committee of the 9th National People's Congress. Biography Xu was born in Penglai County (now Penglai District of Yantai), Shandong, on 9 December 1932. He was a soldier of the Republic of China Armed Forces before being captured by the Fourth Field Army during the Liaoshen campaign. He was conscripted into the People's Liberation Army (PLA) in 1948, and joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1950. During the late Chinese Civil War, he was present at the Pingjin campaign, the , and the Guangxi campaign. After founding of the Communist State, in 1950, he participated in the Korean War. In 1985, he was promoted to deputy chief of the People's Liberation Army General Staff Department, he remained in that position until July 1995, when he was appointed president of the PLA Military Sciences Academy. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general (zhongjiang) in 1988 and general (shangjiang) in 1994. On 5 January 2005, he died from an illness in Beijing, at the age of 72.	1.90625
71440530	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiwegi%20Formation	Hiwegi Formation	Geology and Stratigraphy The Hiwegi Formation is part of the larger Rusinga Group. During the Miocene the sediments now forming Rusinga Island were deposited on the flanks of the Kisingiri Volcano, which had formed in the early Miocene. Two hypotheses seek to explain the volcano's influence on the sediments. Drake et al. hypothesize that the Hiwegi Formation, alongside the Kiahera and Rusinga Agglomerate were deposited during early eruptions of the Kisingiri Volcano, prior to a period of silence during which the Kulu Formation was deposited and a second period of eruptions later. Bestland et al. (1995) meanwhile suggest that the Kisingiri Volcano experienced up to three periods of activity, with the strata of the Hiwegi Formation being deposited in the second and third period of volcanic activity. The formation generally underlies the younger Kulu Formation and overlies the Rusinga Agglomerate. However at Waregi Hills, in the east of the island, the formation overlies the Ombonya Beds which are found nowhere else on Rusinga. The sediments in this region are overlain by the Kiangata Agglomerate and the Lunene Lavas.	2.328125
71440565	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaisalmer%20Formation	Jaisalmer Formation	The Jaisalmer Formation is a Middle to Late Jurassic-aged geologic formation located in India near the city of Jaisalmer that consists mainly of marine deposits. The formation was first identified and defined by geologist Richard Dixon Oldham in 1886. Dinosaur remains are among the known fossils recovered from this formation. Strophodus jaisalmerensis, a hybodont, was named after this formation and the Jaisalmer District where its holotype was found. Sub-units The Badabag, Fort, Joyan and Hamira members represent the Middle Jurassic Bajocian and Bathonian stages, while the Jajiya and Kuldhar members represent the Middle Jurassic Callovian and the Late Jurassic Oxfordian stages. The Fort Member is the most extensively studied and consists of fine to medium grain sandstones and oolitic limestones. The Badabag Member consists of intraformational conglomerate and is fossil bearing. Paleoenvironment The Jaisalmer district of India is a landlocked district in the state of Rajasthan. However, during the Middle Jurassic, the Jaisalmer Formation was located on the Tethyan coast of Gondwanan India. A marine paleoenvironment is supported by the presence of Hybodont sharks. The Kuldhar Member Limestone contained carbonate microfacies that also indicate a depositional environment composed mainly of lagoons, shoals and open marine environments. Paleofauna Dinosaurs Sauropods Theropods Other Reptiles Fish Crustaceans Ichnofossils (?)Bichordites sp. – "Ichnofossils" Planolites .sp – "Ichnofossils" Rhizocorallium irregulare – "Ichnofossils" Rhizocorallium jenense – "Ichnofossils" Taenidium serpentinum – "Ichnofossils" Thalassinoides .sp – "Ichnofossils"	3.03125
71440673	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossian%20D%27Ambrosio	Ossian D'Ambrosio	Ossian D'Ambrosio (born 18 September 1970 as Luigi D'Ambrosio), also known simply as Ossian, is an Italian heavy metal musician, organiser within modern Druidry, artisan jeweler and writer. He is the founder and leader of the Cerchio Druidico Italiano () and creator of an annual Beltane festival in Biella. He plays guitar in the symphonic black metal band Opera IX, which he founded in 1988. Early life Luigi D'Ambrosio was born on 18 September 1970 in Nordhorn, Germany. In 1980, his family moved to Biella, Italy, where he grew up and continues to live. During his adolescence he listened to heavy metal music, where the lyrics of various bands provided his earliest approach to modern paganism. Druidry Publicly known as Ossian D'Ambrosio, he first approached organised forms of modern paganism through Italian groups focused on witchcraft, but was unable to connect to their forms of spirituality. He got into modern Druidry through Emanuele Pauletti who was involved in the Druidic revivalism in Brittany. Another major influence has been the neoshamanism of Michael Harner and his Foundation for Shamanic Studies. In 1994, D'Ambrosio founded the Branco dell'Antica Quercia (), an association for research and for raising the profile of Celtic cultural heritage in northern Italy. Through this organisation, D'Ambrosio held a Beltane festival at the Zumaglia Castle in 1996. The festival turned into an annual event held in the Arcobaleno Park in Masserano, Biella.	1.914063
71441043	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myristica%20beddomei	Myristica beddomei	Myristica beddomei is a species of tree in the family Myristicaceae. It is endemic to the Western Ghats, India, where it is frequent in the mid-elevation wet evergreen forests and an important food tree of hornbills. The species has been earlier misidentified in regional floras and herbarium specimens as Myristica dactyloides Gaertn., the latter occurring only in Sri Lanka. Description Canopy and sub-canopy trees in tropical wet evergreen forests, growing up to 25 m high. The trees have a smooth blackish green bark that peels off. Inner bark is deep red and when exposed or blazed produces a red exudate. The cylindrical branches are arranged in whorls around the trunk and are held horizontally almost perpendicular to the main trunk. The leaves are simple, alternate, and arranged in rows on opposite sides of the twigs (distichous) with a hairless petiole about 1.5 cm to 4 cm long that has a groove along the top (canaliculate). The leaf blade is thick and leathery, shining dark green above and whitish glaucous below. Leaves are variable in shape (oblong or elliptic to lanceolate), and about 12-25 cm long by 4-12 cm wide. The leaf apex is usually acute with a blunt tip or obtuse, while the base is acute to rounded.The leaf has an entire margin and a raised midrib. Venation includes 10 to 18 pairs of secondary nerves and tertiary nerves that are obscure or broadly reticulo-percurrent when visible.	2.0625
71441043	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myristica%20beddomei	Myristica beddomei	Common names The species has a number of common names in English and Indian languages. Common English names include wild nutmeg and bitter nutmeg. The species is known as kattu jathikkai or kakaimunji jathikai in Tamil; jayaphal in Marathi; ran-jayaphal in Konkani; jayaphal, jajikai, or kaadu jajikai in Kannada; and patthapanu, adakkapayin, panthapayin, panu, chorapali, chithirapoovu, pasupathi, or pathiripoovu in Malayalam. Distribution and habitat The species is found along the Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Goa, and Maharashtra, in subtropical and tropical wet evergreen forests, in sholas and occasionally in Myristica swamps. The species occurs as sub-canopy trees in tropical wet evergreen forests from the foothills to an elevation of 1500 m. In the Anaimalai Hills, the species is reported to range between 500 m and 1400 m in elevation, evenly and sparsely distributed through mature rainforests but also occurring in transitional forest zones. The distributional range of different sub-species is not clearly demarcated, with M. b. beddomei reported to occur in Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu, M. b. sphaerocarpa in Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu, and M. b. ustulata in Kerala and Tamil Nadu.	2.9375
71441223	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah%20bin%20Khamis	Abdullah bin Khamis	Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Khamis (), a Saudi researcher, writer and poet, was one of the most prominent writers interested in literature, history, geography, thought and culture in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Life and academic study He was born in 1339 AH / 1919 AD in the village of Al-Mulqi, one of the villages of Al-Diriyah in the Riyadh region. In his childhood, his family moved to Al-Diriyah, where he learned the principles of reading and writing in a book that teaches children called Abdul Rahman bin Muhammad Al-Hussan, who was an imam and memorizer of the Qur’an. Abdullah bin Khamis faced difficulties during his wanderings in the desert, which made him excel in his writings about mountains and valleys, and in his early days his scientific output was no more than reading, writing and arithmetic in public schools of Al-Diriyah and what he learned from his father in reading books such as Ibn Taymiyyah’s books, Ibn al-Qayyim, Sahih al-Bukhari and a collection of hadiths, and memorizing some poems, stories and novels. He joined Dar al-Tawhid School in Taif when it was opened in 1364 AH - 1944 AD, where he joined it in the preliminary section to take the primary certificate there and continued to work in same school. And he was assigned by Professor Hamad Al-Jasser to supervise the printing of Al-Yamamah magazine in Makkah Al-Mukarramah, and after he graduated from the college, he set out to start working life. Career Abdullah Al-Khamis was a member of many scientific, cultural and social organizations inside and outside the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, including: Academy of the Arabic language in Damascus. Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo. Iraqi Scientific Academy. High Media Council. Board of Directors of King Abdul Aziz House. Board of Directors of the Arab Journal. Board of Directors of Al Jazeera Foundation for Press, Printing and Publishing. Al-Ber Society in Riyadh.	2.484375
71441239	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelp%20gunnel	Kelp gunnel	The kelp gunnel (Ulvicola sanctaerosae) is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Pholidae, the gunnels. It is the only species in the monospecific genus Ulvicola. It is found in the eastern North Pacific Ocean. Taxonomy The kelp gunnel was first formally described in 1897 by the American ichthyologists Charles Henry Gilbert & Edwin Chapin Starks with its type locality given as Santa Rosa Island in California. Gilbert and Starks placed their new species in the new monospecific genus Ulvicola. The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies this taxon within the subfamily Apodichthyinae, one of two subfamilies in the family Pholidae with the other being the monogeneric Pholinae. However, some authorities, place this species within the genus Apodichthys. Etymology The kelp gunnel's generic name, Ulvicola, means an inhabitant of Ulva, the genus of sea lettuce, possible a reference to its rockpool habitat and its specific name refers to the type locality. Description The kelp gunnel has a maximum total length of . Distribution, habitat and biology The kelp gunnel is found in the eastern Pacific Ocean along the western coast of North America between Pacific Grove, California to northern Baja California in Mexico, as well as Guadalupe Island. This is a demersal species that typically species sits on the fronds of kelp, normally high up in the canopy of the kelp forest in waters with a depth of around . These fishes feed on small crustaceans. They use their tails to attach themselves to the stipes of kelp, wrapping it around them.	2.4375
71441274	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%20in%20Wonderland%20%28film%20score%29	Alice in Wonderland (film score)	Composition The scoring began in December 2009, where recording happened in two sessions: the first session was held at the Sony Scoring Stage, in Sony Pictures Studios, Culver City, California and Eastwood Scoring Stage, Warner Bros. Studios, Los Angeles, California. The second recording session held in London at the Abbey Road Studios and Air Studios. A 95-piece orchestra was utilised in the score. For scoring each sequences of the film, Elfman visited the film's set design built at the Sony Pictures Studios to spot inspiration for the musical cues, similar to what he did for Batman (1989). Like his previous films, he developed a scoring technique, which he said:"I look at the film, I get an idea, I start to play it and I start to lay more parts on and lay more parts on until I've gotten maybe several minutes or more of a scene composed. And I do all the orchestration everything until it sounds complete [...] and come back in and start from scratch without listening to what I've just done. And the idea is to try to take any scene that has any importance, I'm going to approach it 3, 4, maybe half a dozen times. And then I'll go back and listen to everything I just did."He continued the process, until multiple variations of the themes had been created, and nearly had 23 pieces of music. During the scoring sessions, he had nearly 3–4 pieces for each sequence and asked Tim on which piece to be used, with some pieces being rejected and some were elaborated into different variations, in order to have to "follow this particular character or feeling". In an interview with Hugh Hart of Wired, Elfman said that writing the music for Alice's trajectory was a hard part as "he needed the music to tie it all together as she goes from this kind of confused child to a bewildered young lady to becoming Alice as a hero who finds herself in the center of this big story where she has a huge part to play".	2.015625
71441409	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20Jews%20in%20Milwaukee	History of the Jews in Milwaukee	The history of Jews in Milwaukee began in the early 1840s with the arrival of Jewish immigrants from German-speaking states and the Austro-Hungarian empire. Throughout the 19th century, Milwaukee was the hub of Wisconsin's Jewish population with 80% of the state's Jews living there. As of 2011, it is home to 25,800 Jewish people, or 78% of Jews in Wisconsin, and is the 42nd largest Jewish community in the United States. 19th Century Congregation Emanu-El B'ne Jeshurun, the first synagogue in Wisconsin, was founded as Congregation Imanu-Al in Milwaukee in 1850. Two other congregations, Ahavath Emunah (1854) and Anshe Emeth (1855) would later merge into it. During the 1860s, the majority of services were conducted in German with a few rare ones held in English. Plenty of the Jewish immigrants were atheists or secular: in 1859, only 50% of the families in Milwaukee belonged to the congregation. Most of the German Jews in Milwaukee practiced Reform Judaism, while the Jews from Eastern Europe practiced Orthodox Judaism. Due to an influx of immigrants from Central Europe fleeing discrimination, poverty and pogroms, the Jewish community increased from 70 families in 1850 to 2,074 in 1875. Russian Jews were an estimated 39% of the city's Jewish population. Most German-speaking Jews settled in the downtown and East Side regions of Milwaukee.	2.890625
71441564	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian%20revolt	Iberian revolt	The new provinces needed rulers, so the Republic sent the praetors Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus to Hispania Citerior and Marcus Helvius Blasion to Hispania Ulterior with a total of 8000 infants and 800 horsemen to discharge veterans, and the order to delimit the borders of the provinces. When Marcus Helvius arrived in his corresponding province he encountered a large revolt, whereupon he informed the senate. Numerous local chiefs had revolted in Hispania Ulterior, among them the regula Culcas at the head of the armies of 17 cities, and the Regulus Luxinio, commanding the forces of the cities of Carmo and Bardo. The cities of Malaca, Sexi and all of Baeturia had also joined the revolt. Shortly thereafter, the war, which had begun in the Ulterior province, spread also to Citerior, in which its praetor, Gaius Sempronius Tuditanus, had died of wounds suffered in battle, along with many soldiers, at the end of 197 BC; and the province was left without a praetor until the following year. It is likely that Marcus Helvius himself, praetor of the Ulterior, also assumed control of the Citerior until the arrival of Sempronius' successor. Quintus Minucius Thermus and Quintus Fabius Buteo were the praetores elected in 196 BC to take charge of Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior respectively. They were given reinforcements consisting of two legions, 4000 infantry and 300 horsemen, and ordered to leave in haste for the provinces to continue the war. Quintus Minucius Thermus defeated the insurgent Budar and Besadines at an undetermined place called Turda, caused 12 000 casualties in the Hispanic ranks, and trapped general Besadines. Quintus Minucius consequently received the honor of triumphus upon his return to Rome in 195 BC Roman victory at Iliturgi	2.609375
71441564	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian%20revolt	Iberian revolt	The biography of Cato the Elder written by Plutarch (Parallel Lives, Cato Maior) is the most detailed and the most influential in terms of knowledge of the character of those ever written. Its source is Cato himself, as Plutarch himself indicates on several occasions. He also relies on Polybius, a source likewise of Cornelius Nepos, from whom Plutarch himself obtained information. Plutarch's work, moreover, gathers information from various authors and thus makes it possible to obtain an overall view of the character. Appian Appian deals with the narrative of the campaign in his work Iberia, specifically between chapters 39 and 41. In this sense it seems that in the case at hand Appian employed the most reliable ones. In large part he relies directly on Cato himself to narrate the events, while in others he relies on Livius. In chapter 41, news about the destruction of the walls, it seems that Appian retouches Livius' version or picks up that manipulation from a later author. Titus Livius Titus Livius' treatment of the campaign is the most extensive and exhaustive of those preserved, and is the one that serves as the main reference for setting up the story; it should be noted in this regard that several episodes of the contest are contained only in his work, such as the description of Emporion. Livius treats the character of Cato the Elder differently from the rest of the work and with a great profusion of detail. The account of the events is found in books XXXIII and XXXIV of his work Ab Urbe condita libri. Livius' main source for the narrative of the feud is Cato himself, while for matters of a more general nature he relied on the official chronicle of the actions of the senate. Livius is, in turn, the main source for other later authors, such as Frontinus.	2.328125
71441576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Rothenberg	Daniel Rothenberg	Rothenberg was a visiting professor in the Criminology, Law and Society Program at the University of California, Irvine in 1998-1999, and a professor in Anthropology at the University of Michigan from 1999-2002. He was a Senior Fellow at the Orville H. Schell, Jr. Center for International Human Rights at Yale Law School from 2002-2003. Rothenberg held multiple positions including Director of the Jeanne and Joseph Sullivan Program for Human Rights in the Americas and Managing Director of International Projects at the International Human Rights Law Institute (IHRLI) at DePaul University College of Law between 2003 and 2010. While at DePaul, Rothenberg has been involved in projects focusing on human rights and the rule of law in areas such as Latin America, Afghanistan and Iraq. He directed the Current Violations in Iraq Project, in which Iraqi interviewers and analysts collected testimony relating to human rights violations in Iraq. These became the basis of the book Testimonies (2007). In 2010 Rothenberg became the founding executive director of the Center for Law and Global Affairs in the Sandra Day O’Connor College of Law at Arizona State University. Research Rothenberg has designed and managed rule of law and human rights projects in Afghanistan, Iraq, Central Africa and throughout Latin America. In Iraq, this involved training local interviewers and human rights workers. Rothenberg's work addresses issues of gender, including the use of rape as a weapon of war and human trafficking. From his own experiences as an interviewer, dealing with extremely graphic and distressing testimony including murder, torture and rape, Rothenberg has developed personal guidelines for interviewing:	2.234375
71442122	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t%20Pay%20UK	Don't Pay UK	Don't Pay UK was a grassroots direct action campaign in the United Kingdom that urge collective non-payment of energy bills. They planned to begin non-payment on 1 October 2022, when regulator Ofgem's price cap was set to rise, if one million individuals had signed up. On this date, 200,000 individuals had pledged non-payment, and Prime Minister Liz Truss had set a lower price cap than projected, so the strike did not go ahead. On 1 December 2022, the group encouraged non-payment to begin. The group was founded by 15–20 activists in June 2022. They draw inspiration from the anti-poll tax movement, in which 17million people declined to pay the poll tax introduced by Margaret Thatcher, causing its removal. They aimed for local groups to raise awareness of the pledge through leaflets. The government said that the pledge would lead to faster energy price increases and lower participants' credit scores. The pledge arose in the context of large energy cap rises in the UK by the regulator Ofgem. In April 2022, the cap increased by £693 per year; at that price, 6.5million people were unable to fully heat their homes. The following increase, on 1 October 2022, was set so energy bills would average £2,500 per year. The UK Government's position is that price increases were unavoidable due to global factors like the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine; it asserted eightmillion vulnerable households were to be given £1,200 of support. Background In April 2022, the British energy regulator Ofgem increased the energy cap—the maximum amount that a "typical" household can be charged for gas or electricity—by £693 per year. By this point, 6.5million people were unable to heat their homes sufficiently. Ofgem was set, when Don't Pay UK started, to raise the cap by an additional £1,800 per year on 1 October 2022. Bills would then be expected to average £3,800 per year by 2023. This increase was estimated by the End Fuel Poverty Coalition to leave another 2million people unable to afford adequate heating.	2.03125
71442225	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbi%20Txakur	Erbi Txakur	The is a Spanish breed of scenthound. It originates in the provinces of Álava and Bizkaia in the Basque Autonomous Community in northern Spain. It is one of five Basque breeds of dog, the others being the Basque Shepherd Dog, the Pachón de Vitoria, the Villano de Las Encartaciones and the Villanuco de Las Encartaciones, and is one of fourteen animal breeds native to the Paîs Vasco. It was traditionally used for hunting hare, but since the hare became scarce in the Basque country it is more frequently used to hunt wild boar, roe deer or occasionally foxes. It is critically endangered: in 2009 there were fewer than fifty examples. History The Erbi Txakurra originates in the provinces of Álava and Bizkaia in the Basque Autonomous Community in northern Spain, and is the traditional hare-hunting dog of Basque hunters; the name of the breed means 'hare dog'. It is one of five Basque breeds of dog, the others being the Basque Shepherd Dog, the Pachón de Vitoria, the Villano de Las Encartaciones and the Villanuco de Las Encartaciones. Of these, all but the Pachón de Vitoria are indigenous to the Basque Autonomous Community, and were recognised as traditional Basque breeds by government decree in 2001. It was among the fourteen indigenous animal breeds included in the rural development plan for the País Vasco for 2007–2013. With the Villanuco de Las Encartaciones it is one of the most seriously endangered breeds of the Basque Country: in 2009 there were fewer than fifty examples. Characteristics The Erbi Txakurra is of medium size. It is somewhat smaller than the Sabueso Español but more muscular, and does not have such long ears. The coat is short and of a uniform pale orange-brown with irregular white markings, usually on the face, the chest, the paws and the tip of the tail. The nose and palate are pigmented, the eyes are chestnut-brown. Use	2.46875
71442701	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halson%20V.%20Eagleson	Halson V. Eagleson	Halson Vashon Eagleson Jr. (March 14, 1903 – September 23, 1992) was an American physicist and professor. Eagleson's research focused on acoustics and the behavior of sound. Early life and family Halson V. Eagleson Jr., was born on March 14, 1903, in Bloomington, Indiana. He was one of six children born to Halson Vashon Eagleson, Sr. (1851–1921), who had been born into slavery and moved to Bloomington in the 1880s, and Eliza Ann Loggins, who was Eagleson's second wife and mother to his four youngest children. Eagleson, Sr., operated Eagleson Shaving Parlors in Bloomington and was a well-known barber in the Bloomington area. The Eagleson family was prominent in the Bloomington and Indiana University communities, and five of six of Eagleson, Sr.'s, children attended the university. Halson Eagleson Jr.'s, brother Preston Eagleson (1876–1911) became the first African American intercollegiate athlete at Indiana University Bloomington. Preston's son, Wilson Vashon Marshall, later married Frances Marshall Eagleson, who was the first Black woman graduate from Indiana University. Their son, Wilson V. Eagleson, became a decorated United States Army Air Force officer and combat fighter pilot with the 332nd Fighter Group's 99th Fighter Squadron, best known as the Tuskegee Airmen. In February 2022, the city of Bloomington changed the name of the north–south street that cuts through the Indiana University campus to Eagleson Avenue, honoring the Eagleson family. The street had previously been named Jordan Avenue, after David Starr Jordan, a former president of the university who had been a proponent of eugenics.	2.46875
71442954	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935%20SMU%20vs.%20TCU%20football%20game	1935 SMU vs. TCU football game	TCU was led by head coach Dutch Meyer, who had taken on that position the previous season. Meyer is credited with introducing the spread offense to college football and brought with him to TCU an emphasis on a strong passing game, with his offense running plays that were arguably more complex than what many professional teams were running at the time. In particular, he pioneered the "Meyer spread", a double-wing formation style of offense consisting of four receivers. At quarterback, Meyer had Sammy Baugh, who also doubled as a safety on defense. Baugh, who was in his junior year at TCU, was the cornerstone of Meyer's offense, and his strategy was to utilize Baugh in a short passing game that allowed the Horned Frogs to maintain better control over the ball. Baugh at quarterback was well-regarded as a passer, with a sportswriter at the Fort Worth Star-Telegram commenting that Baugh "was the difference that lifted TCU out of the ordinary". Baugh was joined on offense by halfbacks Jimmy Lawrence and George Kline. Meanwhile, center Darrell Lester served as the team captain.	2.03125
71443106	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy%20Schools	Spy Schools	Spy Schools: How the CIA, FBI and Foreign Intelligence Secretly Exploit America’s Universities is a 2017 book by Daniel Golden, published by Henry Holt and Company. It describes relations between American educational institutions and the U.S. intelligence community. Background Golden stated that he was inspired to write this book after he learned of how the FBI tried to persuade a Chinese–American academic to do espionage against China, and how he learned such situations were more common than Golden realized. Content The book examines particular instances of spying in the initial section and on foreign intelligence agencies intervention in educational institutions and their students from outside of the United States in the second part. Operations by both the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) are documented in this book. The book also includes the Glenn Duffie Shriver case. Reception Ed J. Hagerty of American Public University System criticized the "overall quality of the research" as the book mainly used popular journalism and other sources that the public could access as its primary sources, but praised the interview material that Hagerty stated "elevates the book to a higher level". Kirkus Reviews described the book as "provocative".	2.203125
71443361	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabitum	Dabitum	Miscarriages were likely as emotionally devastating in ancient Mesopotamia as they are today. The language used in the letter indicates that Dabitum was devastated over the loss of her child and not just worried about her own fate; despite the child not having been born, she notably used the word šerrum ("child") rather than the otherwise common medical term kūbu ("fetus"). Dabitum's letter is stylistically highly unusual. The letter ignores the standard ways of addressing the slave master with deference, skipping traditional polite introductory phrases. The phrase "What I have told you now has happened to me" is also startling in that it is a very rare example of a slave making herself into a knower and speaker. The name Dabitum is also attested in two Old Babylonian legal documents from Sippar; though both of these documents concern the same person it is unknown if it is the same person as the Dabitum who experienced a miscarriage. These documents record that a man named Kalkatum married Dabitum, who was the adoptive daughter of a Nadītu woman and almost certainly a former slave, in the fourth year of Hammurabi's reign (c. 1788 BC). Another document, written 24 years later (c. 1764 BC), establishes that the couple, still married, were childless and had adopted a daughter, Ahatani, to support them. Legacy Dabitum's letter has been characterized by researchers as emotionally resonant and tragic. Dabitum's letter served as the basis for the novel Oannes (1980) by the Swedish author Tore Zetterholm, wherein she also appears as a character. Zetterholm was inspired to write the novel after having read the original letter on a visit to Baghdad. Dabitum also appears in the poem A Spring of Dreams at Wadi Jirm (1995) by Anne Fairbairn.	2.578125
71443449	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil%20Fields%20Short%20Line%20Railroad	Oil Fields Short Line Railroad	The Oil Fields Short Line Railroad had both a short route—about 4.4 miles between Clifford and Dilworth in Kay County, Oklahoma—and a short existence, being created in 1916 and abandoned at the end of 1923. History Dilworth was one of the many oil boomtowns created in Kay County, Oklahoma during the early part of the 20th Century. To service the surrounding oil field and a projected cement plant, the Oil Fields Short Line Railroad Company was incorporated May 29, 1916. Late in the same year, it completed its route starting at a point on the line of the St. Louis-San Francisco Railway (Frisco) called Clifford, and using rails leased from the Frisco ran west about 4.4 miles to Dilworth. It also utilized a steam locomotive and a passenger car leased from the Frisco. However, the cement plant never materialized, and the oil field declined. Starting about mid-1922, the railroad quit running by steam and began operating using a motor car. Still losing money, the railroad filed for abandonment of its line on August 21, 1923. By a decision of the Oklahoma Corporation Commission dated December 18, 1923, its last day of operation was December 31, 1923, the abandonment being effective January 1, 1924. The rails were removed in July 1924. There is a postscript. On October 30, 1931, the ICC ordered the railroad to repay certain excess net railway operating income found to have been received by the line for the period September 1, 1920 to December 31, 1920, in the amount of $2,497.64. Luckily for the railroad, the recapture order was vacated as a result of the repeal of the recapture provisions of the 1920 Transportation Act in mid-1933.	2.359375
71444181	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dothan%20%28baseball%29	Dothan (baseball)	Baseball Hall of Fame member Bill Terry played briefly for the 1915 Dothan team at age 16 in his first professional season. Terry was a pitcher in his early career and had a 0-2 record pitching for Dothan, while hitting .200. The left-handed Terry was cut from the team in Mid-May after just three games and reportedly over the protests of manager Jack Reidy. Terry had one performance for Dothan where he walked 10 batters. Terry would evolve into a first baseman, who had a lifetime batting average of .341. and OPS of .899 in his hall of fame career. In 1916, Dothan continued play in a new league and won a second consecutive championship. The team became charter members of the eight–team Class D level Dixie League.The Bainbridge, Eufaula, Moultrie Packers, Quitman and Valdosta Millionaires teams joined Dothan in beginning league play on May 15, 1916. Dothan placed first in the 1916 Dixie League final standings. With a 38–22 record, playing under returning player/manager Jack Reidy, the team finished 3.0 games ahead of the second place Eufaula team. Fred Chambers of Dothan won the Dixie League batting title, hitting .348 and leading the league with 9 home runs, while Jack Reidy scored 56 runs, tops in the league. Pitcher Earl Moseley had 13 wins best in the league, while teammate George Dickerson had a perfect record of 11–0 for Dothan. The 1917 Dixie League folded during the season with Dothan in fourth place in the six-team league. The league folded on July 5, 1917, and Dothan ended their season with a record of 25–30, as the returning Jack Reidy and Frank Manush served as managers. Dothan ended their season finishing 10.5 games behind the first place Moultrie team. Lance Richbourg led the Dixie League with 78 total hits and won the league batting title, hitting .345. The Dixie League did not return to play in the 1918 season. Dothan next hosted minor league baseball when the 1936 Dothan Boll Weevils began play as members of the Alabama–Florida League.	2.21875
71444375	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escopa	Escopa	Escopa is the Brazilian variant of the Italian national card game of Scopa that was brought to Brazil by Italian immigrants. Escopa has elements of Spanish Escoba and of the Portuguese Escova. All these games are related to the variant of Italian Scopa called Scopa di Quindici Escopa is a fishing game where players aim to capture cards from the table in combination with a suitable hand card. It may be played by two, 3 or 4 players; if 4 play, two teams of 2 are formed. Etymology, history and culture The name Escopa is a Portuguese word of Italian origin but has the same etonym as the Portuguese word escova. Like the original Italian word and ancestral game scopa, it means "broom". Escopa was brought to Brazil by the first Italian immigrants and is thus much better known in São Paulo than in the other Brazilian states. It is very much a game of the botequims and bars rather than clubs and is usually played for beer, cigarettes, guaranás – seeds similar to coffee beans. Sometimes it is played such that the loser has to pay for tickets to a film or football match. The game is recorded as early as 1951 in the Brazilian town of Cruz das Almas which is located inland of the local capital of Salvador. A US study reported that, one particular group "gathers regularly at the principal botequim, where drinks are sold and tables are available for card playing... there is considerable drinking and gambling. Most of the men spend the time they are here playing cards; one day they will play Truco, another day Bisca, another day Escopa." Cards A standard pack of 52 French-suited cards is used from which the 8s, 9s, 10s and any Jokers are removed to leave 40 cards for the game. A Spanish or an Italian deck of 40 cards can also be used. The card values during the game are as follows: King: 10; Queen: 9; Jack: 8; Seven to Ace: nominal value. Objective The objective of the game is to score points for various feats by capturing table cards whose values add up to 15 in combination with the hand card played.	2.75
71444870	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm%20Jakob%20Hertling	Wilhelm Jakob Hertling	Wilhelm Jakob Hertling (16 December 1849, Katzenelnbogen - 8 October 1926, Munich) was a German landscape and genre painter. Life and work He was born to Jacob Hertling, a tradesman, and his wife Caroline née Meyer. His interests in music and drawing developed early. After his father's death, he and his mother went to the United States. There, he worked in an establishment that mass-produced copies of popular art works; a sort of painting factory. Although his musical talent was noted, he made no effort to seek professional training. In 1870, he returned to Germany, alone. From 1873 to 1874, he studied at the Städelschule in Frankfurt am Main with Eduard von Steinle. In 1875, he went to live in the artists' colony at Kronberg im Taunus, where he continued his studies with Adolf Schreyer and Anton Burger until 1879. Further studies followed at the Kunstakademie Berlin with Hans Fredrik Gude. In either 1882 or 1884, he settled in Munich and joined the circle of artists associated with Adolf Heinrich Lier. He spent 1886 painting at the Chiemsee. In 1894, he married the wealthy Fanny Hedwig von Hügel, widow of the Württemberg Major, August von Hügel (1841–1894), daughter of the former Minister of Culture, , and sister of the philologist, Wolfgang Golther. In 1896, they moved into a villa in the exclusive neighborhood of Nymphenburg. From 1899, he was regularly represented in exhibitions at the Glaspalast. Due to an eye ailment, he increasingly turned to watercolors after 1900. Together with Carl Strathmann, René Reinicke, Hans Wieland, Max Eduard Giese, Rudolf Köselitz, and several others, he was a co-founder of the Munich Watercolorists' Association. In 1927, a memorial exhibition was held at the Galerie Heinemann. His works may be seen at the Lindenau-Museum, the Staatliche Graphische Sammlung München, the Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus and the Neue Pinakothek.	2.03125
71445110	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie%20Dove%20Denmark	Annie Dove Denmark	Denmark took office as Anderson's fifth president in January 1928; she is commonly cited as the first woman president of a college or university in South Carolina, though this claim is incorrect. Taking on the school's substantial debt, she guided the school through the Great Depression and oversaw Anderson's transition from a four-year college to a two-year junior college, the first of its kind in the state. The remainder of the college's debt was paid off by the South Carolina Baptist Convention in May 1938, and attendance increased as World War II ended and the school enrolled more men than it ever had since becoming co-educational in 1931. She announced her resignation in April 1952 and ultimately left office in May 1953 following that year's commencement, concluding a 25-year presidency that remains the longest in Anderson's history. She was promptly elected president emeritus by the trustees and given an apartment on campus, though she instead retired to her hometown of Goldsboro, North Carolina, where she lived until her death in 1974. She was the recipient of multiple honors during her life and following her death: Furman University awarded her an honorary degree in 1941, Anderson established the Denmark Society and the Annie Dove Denmark award in 1944 and 1976, respectively, she was made the namesake of a dormitory building on campus in 1966, and was inducted into the Anderson County Museum Hall of Fame in 2004. Early life and education	2.203125
71445110	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie%20Dove%20Denmark	Annie Dove Denmark	On June 2, 1941, Furman University conferred upon Denmark the honorary Doctor of Letters degree at their commencement exercises. In 1944, during her presidency, the Denmark Society was established, which honored "outstanding graduates" of the college. Similarly, the Annie Dove Denmark Award bears her name; it is bestowed as Anderson's highest honor to non-alumni and was established in 1976. She received a certificate of service at Anderson’s commencement in May 1961, along with her successor Elmer Francis Haight, as part of the school's fiftieth anniversary celebrations. West Dormitory, a dormitory building on Anderson's campus originally built in 1911 and in which Denmark resided during her tenure, was renamed Denmark Hall in her honor in 1966. She was the subject of an original biographical play produced by Anderson entitled The Denmark Story. It was supported by a grant given by South Carolina Humanities in 2010 and showed in September 2010 at Anderson's Daniel Recital Hall, after which it toured around the state during winter 2011. She was honored as an inductee into the Anderson County Museum's Hall of Fame in 2004, alongside five others. Due to her contributions to the life of the college and the city as a whole, she was sometimes referred to as "the first citizen of Anderson"; many letters written to her were addressed to "Dr. Anderson". , her 25-year presidency remains the longest in the college's history.	2.28125
71445279	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline%20O%27Neill	Jacqueline O'Neill	Jacqueline O'Neill is a Canadian diplomat from St. Albert, Alberta. She is Canada's first Ambassador for Women, Peace and Security, and a co-founder of the Roméo Dallaire Child Soldiers Initiative. Early life and education O'Neill is from St. Albert, Alberta. Her mother, Mary O'Neill, was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta and her father, Jack O'Neill, was a deputy minister in Alberta. She attended St. Albert Catholic High School. O'Neill has a bachelor’s degree in commerce from the University of Alberta, and a master’s degree in public policy from the Harvard Kennedy School of Government. Career From 2011, O'Neill worked as a federal government adviser on advancing peace and security for women. She has previously worked for NATO, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, and the United Nations. Along with Roméo Dallaire, she was a co-founder of the Roméo Dallaire Child Soldiers Initiative. O’Neill has been Global Fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, an adjunct professor at Georgetown University, and has served on the board of directors of the Canadian International Council. In June 2019, O'Neill was appointed as Canada's first ambassador for women, peace and security.	2.21875
71445613	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Fielding%20%28artist%29	Robert Fielding (artist)	Robert Fielding (born 1969) is an Australian artist based in Mimili, South Australia. He is known for his recent series of photographs of wrecked cars and other discarded objects upon which he has painted colourful designs. Early life Robert Fielding was born in Port Lincoln, South Australia, in 1969. His mother, Grieve Fielding, is of Afghan/Pakistani (from the early Afghan cameleers in Australia) and Western Arrernte descent. His father, Bruce Fielding was a Yankunytjatjara man from Aputula, who was forcibly removed from his home at Lilla Creek as a child (one of the Stolen Generations) and taken to Colebrook Home in Quorn, South Australia. Robert was one of 12 children. Career Fielding works across several mediums, including installations, photography, painting, film and sculpture. and is based at Mimili Maku Arts. He has also developed skills in writing, curating, and installing exhibitions. He conducted research in the archives of museums across Australia as part of the Australia Council for the Arts' Signature Works Innovation Lab. During the closure of APY Lands during the COVID-19 pandemic, worked on Fielding led a research project with the South Australian Museum focusing on intergenerational learning and cultural maintenance. Fielding has created photographs of abandoned objects of modern life such as wrecked cars, decorated with Aboriginal artistic motifs and references to his community, which have featured in exhibitions, such as the installation entitled Holden On which featured in the 4th National Indigenous Art Triennial. Fielding created a series of photographs called Mayatjara, comprising photographs of traditional owners, respected leaders and elders, advocates and artists from the APY Lands. It went on display at the Ballarat International Foto Biennale at the Art Gallery of Ballarat in 2021, and was being acquired by the National Portrait Gallery in Canberra in August 2022.	2.125
71446212	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordia%20salicifolia	Cordia salicifolia	Cordia salicifolia, also called Cordia ecalyculata and chá de bugre, is a species of evergreen flowering tree in the borage family, Boraginaceae, that occurs mainly in Brazil and is used as a medicinal plant. Its red fruit, which resembles a coffee bean and contains caffeine, is roasted and brewed as a coffee substitute. The leaves and fruit contain compounds such as caffeine, allantoin, allantoic acid, β-sitosterol, and spathulenol, as well as a significant amount of the electrolyte potassium. The plant has been used as a diuretic, as an appetite suppressant, and to promote skin healing. It shows activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in vitro. It has also shown some usefulness as a snakebite antivenom. Features The small tree grows tall with a trunk in diameter. The tree has an elongated crown. Its leaves are simple, completely devoid of pubescence, and 8–14 centimeters long. Small, fragrant white flowers with a campanulate calyx precede fruits that are globose, drupaceous berries, red in color, and similar to the fruit of the coffee tree. Birds that feed on the fruits of Cordia salicifolia include guans, trogons, pigeons, tanagers, and aracaris. Names Dried leaves of the tree are sold widely under the Portuguese name "chá de bugre" ("tea of the savage"; "bugre" derives from "Bulgarian"). In Brazil and many publications, the tree is botanically classified as Cordia salicifolia, while in Paraguay it is classified as Cordia ecalyculata. Brazilians also call it "café do mato" ("coffee of the woods") for its similar red fruit containing caffeine and its popularity as a coffee substitute. Other names in use include Cordia digynia, Cordia coffeoides, claraiba, porangaba (Tupi porã'gaba, "beauty"), bugrinho, café de bugre, chá de frade, bois d'ine, café de la forêt, café des bois, cafezinho, cafezinho do mato, cha de negro mina, coquelicot, grao do porco, laranjeira do mato, louro salgueiro, louro mole, rabugem, and coffee of the woods.	2.359375
71446483	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy%20Hackett	Roy Hackett	Following the bus boycott, Hackett remained a community leader and a mentor to many in Bristol and continued to work with young people in the community. Also in 1962, Roy Hackett along with Owen Henry and Clifford Drummond established the Commonwealth Coordinated Committee (CCC), with the aims of improving quality of life for people in St Pauls and beyond and promoting integration and equal opportunities. From 1968 to 1979 the CCC set up and ran the St. Paul’s Festival, later named the St. Paul's Carnival, now one of the biggest festivals of its kind in Europe. Hackett said "I was born an activist" and said he saw it as his duty to challenge racism whenever he saw it. Personal life Hackett married his childhood sweetheart Ena in 1959. He had three children. His portrait was painted on a mural in St Pauls, Bristol, as part of an exhibition named Seven Saints of St Paul's, commemorating the Bristol Bus Boycott. As well as receiving an MBE, the Jamaican High Commissioner recognized him for his community service and in 1993 he received Royal Maundy Money from the Queen at Bristol Cathedral. Roy Hackett died at the age of 93 on 3 August 2022. His funeral was a major event in Bristol, with hundreds of guests attending.	2.359375
71446631	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment%202050	Environment 2050	Environment 2050 (, A2050) was an environmentalist political party in Italy. Between August and October 2022, it counted five MPs in Italy's lower house, all of whom had been elected as members of the Five Star Movement. History On 30 July 2022, Minister for Parliamentary Relations Federico D'Incà and Member of the Chamber of Deputies Davide Crippa left the Five Star Movement, of which they had been members since 2013, in disagreement with the party's decision to withdraw its support to the Draghi Cabinet. On 1 August, Crippa and D'Incà founded Environment 2050, which Members of the Chamber of Deputies Maurizio Cattoi, Alessandra Carbonaro and Nicola Invidia joined on the same day. Crippa ran in the 2022 Italian general election as Civic Commitment's candidate in the Gugliano in Campania single-member district, but lost and was not re-elected. The party website has been inactive ever since, and its operations are assumed to have been permanently suspended. Ideology The party is referred to by its founders as progressive and environmentalist. Electoral results	1.945313
71447024	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemio%20Abu	Artemio Abu	On his junior years, Abu served officer aboard various ships of the Coast Guard and the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) before being named as the commanding officer aboard three ships: the BFAR MCS 3008, the BRP Ilocos Norte (SARV-3501) and the BRP EDSA II (SARV-002), where after his tour of duty at sea, he earned his Command-at-Sea Badge, and earned the "Ship of the Year" awards on his tour of duty as commanding officer of the ships. Abu also served as the provincial head of Coast Guard forces in Camarines Norte, Masbate and in Palawan, where his command in various stations was awarded as the "Station of the Year". Abu also served as the director for academics, an instructor under the Coast Guard Education and Training Command, where he was assigned as Course Director of three various Coast Guard Officer Courses, and an evaluator for the maritime training council of the Philippines. Abu also represented the Philippines in various conferences worldwide, among them is the Maritime Safety and Risk Analysis conference in Nova Scotia, Canada and the Philippine-Japan-Indonesia Marine Pollution Exercise (MARPOLEX) in Sorong, Indonesia. He also served as the head of the Philippine delegation during the International Maritime Organization Conventions in three different locations, in London, in South Korea and in Thailand, as well as in seminars in Canada, United States, Hawaii, United Kingdom, France, Indonesia, Japan, Singapore, and on Western Australia.	1.976563
71447052	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jahan%20Bagcha%20Teesta%20Rangeet	Jahan Bagcha Teesta Rangeet	Jahan Bagcha Teesta Rangeet (Where Teesta and Rangeet Flow) is a song that serves as the de facto state song for Sikkim, India. History The Kingdom of Sikkim became a British protectorate in 1860 and following Indian independence in 1947, became a protectorate of India in 1950. During this period, Sikkim was an absolute monarchy ruled by a monarch known as the Chogyal. The national anthem of the Kingdom of Sikkim was Denjong Silé Yang Chagpa Chilo (Why is Sikkim Blooming So Fresh and Beautiful?), in the Sikkimese language. The Nepali language song Jahan Bagcha Teesta Rangeet was released 4 April 1970 to mark the birthday of the then Chogyal Palden Thondup Namgyal. The song became very popular and was sometimes erroneously cited as the Sikkimese national anthem. Following a referendum in 1975, Sikkim became a state of India and the monarchy was abolished. The song was initially prohibited by the Indian authorities as it contained a reference to the Sikkemese monarchy. It was later reinstated with slightly altered lyrics which replaced the words "Raja Rani" ("king and queen") with "Janmahbhumi" ("motherland"). Nowadays, the song is used as the de facto state song for Sikkim, played at state government functions and social gatherings. Lyrics	2.421875
71447283	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour%20relations%20in%20women%27s%20association%20football	Labour relations in women's association football	2014–15 artificial turf dispute In October 2014, United States women's team forward Abby Wambach led a lawsuit filed against FIFA alleging discrimination by the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup including venues using artificial turf. The lawsuit, filed with the Human Rights Tribunal of Ontario, included American players Alex Morgan and Heather O'Reilly, Japanese player Homare Sawa, Brazilian players Marta and Fabiana, Spanish player Veronica Boquete, and German player Nadine Angerer as plaintiffs. The suit noted that men's teams always played World Cup matches on grass, including the laying of sod over artificial turf in venues using it. United States men's team goalkeeper Tim Howard supported the women's claim, as did actor Tom Hanks and NBA player Kobe Bryant. FIFA refused to negotiate, the tribunal denied a request by the players for an expedited hearing, and Canada Soccer rejected a proposal from the Tribunal to mediate the dispute. FIFA secretary general claimed in a press conference that the players' discrimination claims were "nonsense". In January 2015, the players withdrew the lawsuit. The United States national team participated in and won the tournament. Wambach described the surface as "kind of a nightmare".	1.960938
71447624	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.%20A.%20Johns	A. A. Johns	1910s - 1920s In 1912, he was chosen as one of five commissioners by newly elected Governor Hunt to oversee Arizona's exhibit at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in San Francisco. Johns had also served as one of Arizona's commissioners during the St. Louis World's Fair in 1904. In 1914 he was one of ten Democrats running for the four seats from Yavapai County to the Arizona House of Representatives. He finished second in the primary. All four Democrats won in November's general election. In 1916, Johns ran for re-election to the House, facing off against six other Democrats in the primary. He was one of the winners of the primary, and then went on to win in November's general election, returning to the House. Shortly after the election, he was considered one of the favorites to become Speaker of the House, along with T. A. Hughes and Loren F. Vaughn. The final showdown came between Johns and Vaughn, with Johns winning by a 16-15 margin. In 1917, Johns was instrumental in passing a bill apportioning funds so that the state could purchase the historic governor's mansion in Prescott.	2.4375
71447699	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitu%20Ghanghas	Nitu Ghanghas	Nitu Ghanghas (born 19 October 2000), also known mononymously as Nitu, is an Indian boxer who is 2023 world champion in minimumweight category and a two-time world youth champion in light flyweight. She won the gold medal at the 2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships and 2022 Commonwealth Games in the minimumweight category. Early life Nitu Ghanghas was born on 19 October 2000, in the Dhanana village of Haryana’s Bhiwani district. Her father, Jai Bhagwan, was an employee at the Haryana Rajya Sabha in Chandigarh. Her mother’s name is Mukesh Devi and Nitu has a younger brother named Akshit Kumar. According to Mukesh Devi, Nitu was a ‘naughty child’ and would often get into fights with her siblings and at school. Her father introduced Nitu to boxing to find a constructive way to channel the energy. Nitu Ghanghas started to formally train by the time she was 12 but she failed to make any inroads in the first couple of years. Frustrated by her lack of progress, Nitu Ghanghas decided to give up on the sport but her father intervened. Her father took a three-year-long unpaid leave from his job to help his daughter realize her dreams of becoming a boxer. He did some farming on a small stretch of land he owned and also took a loan of about six lakh rupees (about US$7500) to take care of the costs. He also oversaw Nitu’s training and diet personally. During this period, Nitu Ghanghas was noticed by renowned coach Jagdish Singh, the founder of the renowned Bhiwani Boxing Club and one of the mentors of Vijender Singh. Nitu, a BA student at the Sri Guru Gobind Singh College, joined the Bhiwani Boxing Club and used to travel 40 km every day on her father’s scooter to train. Career 2022 Commonwealth Games Nitu won the gold medal for India in the Commonwealth Games 2022 in Birmingham after defeating Demie-Jade Resztan of England by 5-0 on 7 August 2022 in the 48 category (minimumweight category). 2023 IBA Women's World Boxing Championships	1.953125
71447729	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port%20of%20Goole	Port of Goole	The Port of Goole (also known as Goole Docks and The Port in Green Fields), is a maritime port at the mouth of the Aire and Calder Navigation where it feeds into the River Ouse, in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. The port opened in 1826, when the Aire and Calder Navigation was completed, connecting to the River Ouse at what is now the town of Goole. The port is one of the Humber Ports, associated with the waterway of the Humber Estuary and its tributaries, and is known to be Britain's largest inland port, being some from the open sea. It has good road and rail transport links, and deals with about £800 million worth of trade each year. Originally the port was in the West Riding of Yorkshire, but was transferred to Humberside in 1974, then it was moved into the East Riding of Yorkshire in 1996. History Whilst the location of Goole as a settlement has been around since Anglo-Saxon times, the land surrounding the area of Goole was marshy, and only drained when King Charles I granted Cornelius Vermuyden the right to drain the land and divert the River Don into the Ouse, rather than the Trent. The River Don had hitherto drained eastwards directly into the Trent at Adlingfleet. Prior to the diversion of the River Don (which became known as the Dutch River), and the opening of the Aire and Calder Navigation, Goole itself was a tiny hamlet, on the south bank of the River Ouse. In 1821, five years before the port was opened, the population of Goole was listed as 450; by 1831, it had increased threefold to 1,671. By 1901, the town had grown to 4,549 residents. The port was completed and opened in July 1826, but Goole itself was not recognised legally as a port town until 1828. However, the effect of the township's creation led to it being a point of reference locally. When land was advertised for sale in local newspapers, hamlets in the area were always advertised as being "near Howden..", this changed to being "near Goole."	2.484375
71448029	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Bakhmut	Battle of Bakhmut	There are few reports of the military units and strengths employed by either Russia or Ukraine during the battle. However, Russian assault forces were primarily spearheaded by Wagner Group private military contractors, ex-convicts, reinforcements from other front lines in Ukraine, and recently mobilized recruits. Then-Wagner Group leader Yevgeny Prigozhin reported that Wagner had employed 35,000 regular mercenary fighters. This had been supplemented by 50,000 mercenaries recruited from Russian prisons. Wagner Group forces enjoyed advantages such as having its flanks covered by regular Russian airborne units, Wagner's own alleged use of Russian convicts as an expendable infantry for attacks, and a 5:1 advantage in artillery firepower. Wagner's forces reportedly consisted of a majority of recruited, under-trained ex-convicts and a minority of well-trained contractors serving as group commanders that operated efficiently and encrypted radio communications. Some observers likened Russian tactics to Soviet-style human wave attacks, with Russian troops repeatedly assaulting Ukrainian positions with waves of infantry. Some Ukrainian soldiers alleged that Wagner used its recruited ex-convicts as first wave "human bait" to reveal Ukrainian positions, with those refusing to advance being threatened with execution by firing squads or barrier troops. In late January 2023, Russia began supplanting some Wagner units with better-trained National Guard of Russia (Rosgvardia) and paratroopers, enabling them to make further advances on the front line. During the battle, Russian forces also targeted Bakhmut with Iranian-made drones after 450 of them were reportedly delivered to Russia in mid-October 2022.	2.015625
71448041	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdueza	Valdueza	The Valdueza or Perro Montero Valdueza is a modern Spanish breed of large pack-hound. It results from selective breeding, principally of large rough-haired Podenco Andaluz dogs with lightweight examples of the Mastín Extremeño; some Griffon Vendéen blood was later added. Breeding began in the 1940s; in 2020 the Valdueza was officially recognised by the Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, the Spanish ministry of agriculture, and was added to the list of indigenous Spanish breeds. It is not recognised by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale. History Breeding of the Valdueza was begun in the 1940s by Alfonso Álvaréz de Toledo y Cabeza de Vaca, the eleventh Marquess of Valdueza, and was continued after his death by his son Alonso Álvarez de Toledo y Urquijo, the twelfth marquess. The aim was always to create a breed of pack-hound suitable for hunting in mountainous terrain, particularly in the Montes de Toledo, the Sierras of Extremadura and the Sierra Morena. To this end large rough-haired dogs of the Podenco Andaluz breed were cross-bred with lightweight examples of the Mastín Extremeño; some Griffon Vendéen blood was later added by Alonso Álvarez de Toledo. In 2014 the Perro Montero Valdueza was listed among the 'Grupos Étnicos' of the Real Sociedad Canina de España, a preliminary step to full recognition as a breed. In 2020 it was officially recognised by the Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, the Spanish ministry of agriculture, and was added to the list of recognised indigenous Spanish breeds. Use	2.359375

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