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71464185
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Hentschel
|
Carl Hentschel
|
Although Harris is shown as frequently drinking alcohol, in real life Hentschel was the only one of the three friends who didn't drink.
Personal life and interests
Hentschel's Times obituary reports that "He married, in 1889, Bertha, a daughter of Mr. David Posener, and he used to say that this was the cleverest thing he ever did, for her help and sympathy alone enabled him to come through his early struggles." Their children included Irene Hentschel (1891–1979), theatre director and the first woman to direct Shakespeare at the Stratford-upon-Avon Shakespeare Festival, and Christopher Carl Hentschel (born 1899), a university lecturer in zoology.
The newspaper editor GB Burgin described him as "the indefatigable Carl Hentschel ... possessed of more persuasive and pervasive dynamic force than any man I have ever met".
Hentschel was a theatre-goer, and said that he had attended almost every London first night. He was one of the founders of the Playgoers' Club in 1883. He broke away from the club in 1900 and formed the Old Playgoers' or O.P. Club. He and Mandell also started a periodical, the Playgoer, but the Times says that "it did not live long". He also edited a periodical called Newspaper illustration.
Hentschel was active in public life, particularly in the City of London. He was on the Court of Common Council between 1901 and 1921; the ward he represented was Farringdon Without. He campaigned for issues including ceasing the practice that aldermen were elected for life, and limiting speeches. His public roles included Chair of the Guildhall School of Music and President of the City of London's Tradesmens' Club. During the First World War he was secretary of the Optimists Corps.
| 2.203125
| 0
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71464350
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon%20%28blockchain%29
|
Polygon (blockchain)
|
Polygon (formerly Matic Network) is a blockchain platform which aims to create a multi-chain blockchain system compatible with Ethereum. As with Ethereum, it uses a proof of stake consensus mechanism for processing transactions on-chain. Polygon's native token is POL, an ERC-20 token which allows for compatibility with other Ethereum cryptocurrencies. It is operated by Polygon Labs.
Polygon is a natively Layer-2 network that uses Ethereum as a base network. In particular, transactions are first validated inside Polygon and then periodically committed in a "checkpoint": a Merkle root of transaction hashes is committed to Ethereum's mainnet by using "Core contracts".
Polygon runs various decentralized applications (dApps) such as Defi, DAOs, and NFTs.
History
The blockchain company Polygon was originally known as Matic Network. The Matic Network was launched in 2017 by four software engineers: Jaynti Kanani, Sandeep Nailwal, Anurag Arjun, and Mihailo Bjelic. In February 2021, the project was rebranded as Polygon Technology.
In August 2021, Polygon acquired Hermez Network for $250 million. In December 2021, Polygon acquired the Mir blockchain network for 250 million MATIC tokens, with the tokens having a value of around $400 million at the time of the deal.
In December 2021, Polygon disclosed a security vulnerability that resulted in the theft of 801,601 MATIC tokens.
In February 2022, Polygon raised $450 million by selling MATIC tokens in a round led by Sequoia Capital India including Tiger Global and Softbank Vision Fund.
In November 2022, JPMorgan Chase executed its first live trade on a public blockchain, using Polygon and modified Aave.
On December 15, 2022, Donald Trump launched a series of digital art NFTs minted on the Polygon network for sale to the public for $99 USD each.
| 2.390625
| 0
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71464592
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty%20in%20ancient%20Rome
|
Poverty in ancient Rome
|
Roman writers such as Seneca and Cicero describe the poorer parts of the population as unvirtuous and immoral masses who were threats to the nation and unconcerned with the values of the Roman world. Sallust, a 1st-century BCE Roman politician and historian, argued that the plebeians envied wealthier individuals and were motivated by jealousy to destabilize Roman society; he cites the Catilinarian conspiracy, an attempted coup which Sallust believed was promoted by the plebs. Other Roman writers like the 1st-century Roman philosopher Seneca condemned wealth, decrying it as corruptive and leading to discontentment in life. The Romans also valued simple agrarian lifestyles, honoring heroes such as Cincinnatus who—according to legend—lived on a farm prior to his military campaigns. Ancient Roman Christian depictions tend to depict the poor as more sympathetic and often call for the wealthy to help them. John Chrysostom, a 4th-century Christian theologian, argued that if the rich redistributed their wealth amongst the populace "you would have difficulty in finding one poor person for every fifty or even every hundred of the others." However, other Christian writers adopted less critical viewpoints on wealth; the 3rd-century theologian Clement of Alexandria portrayed wealth as morally neutral, arguing that the piety of the rich is not necessarily stifled by their wealth.
| 2.953125
| 0
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71464592
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty%20in%20ancient%20Rome
|
Poverty in ancient Rome
|
British classicist Alan Bowman analyzed a register documenting Hermopolis in Roman Egypt; he found an extremely high Gini coefficient of 0.815. This suggests that most of the property was concentrated within a small segment of the population. Bowman found similar statistics, a Gini coefficient of 0.737, in a separate land register documenting the settlement of Philadelphia in Faiyum. The calculations of Bowman have been criticized by the classicist Roger Bagnall, who computed the Gini coefficient for the Philadelphia register and found a much lower number of 0.518. However, this data is not representative of the general Roman population as it concerns city-dwellers, who likely did not depend upon landownership as their source of income. If landless residents are included, the measurements of wealth inequality would increase substantially. Bagnall attempted to estimate landownership rates through tax collection records from Karanis. The taxes were collected in wheat and barley in proportion to the private or public land of the taxpayer. Although calculating landownership rates using this method is simplistic, its value is reduced by the lack of distinction between public and private land found in these records as well as the potential for the collected tax not equaling the assessed tax. When the non-villagers of Karanis who merely owned country estates were included, Bagnall identified a Gini coefficient of 0.638. For the villagers of the town, Bagnall computed a Gini coefficient of 0.431 using only the best-preserved data. When only private land is considered, the Gini coefficient for the non-residents lowers to 0.626 and rises to 0.478 for the villagers. At this time, Karanis was a declining settlement; contemporary documents contain complaints about the failing irrigation system and notes about the unproductivity of the land. These factors would impact the results, preventing Karanis from reflecting the Roman world at large
| 2
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71464592
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty%20in%20ancient%20Rome
|
Poverty in ancient Rome
|
The Canons of church councils throughout 5th and 6th-century Gaul often discuss the issue of church expenditure, they aim to avoid the misallocation of funds intended to be directed towards the poor. Embezzlement is mentioned in a letter of Pope Simplicius () dated to 475; Simplicius describes the scheme of Bishop Gaudentius to siphon church funds for himself. St Jerome mentions church corruption in a letter to Nepotianus: "To rob a friend is theft, but to defraud the church is sacrilege." He calls such acts the "most manifest villainy." St Ambrose, a 4th-century Christian theologian complains that church funds intended for the poor and vulnerable were instead given to "people who are in perfectly good health." St. Ambrose argues that these individuals "come along with no good reason other than the fact that they spend their lives wandering from place to place, and their intention is to use up the supplies intended for the poor."
Pelagius, a 4th-century theologian, argues that the poor can resist the temptation to sin easier than the rich can: "it is easier for the poor man to divest himself of such feelings than it is for the rich man, since poverty not only does not provide the raw materials for sin but in most cases renders it impossible." However, the 2nd-century theologian Origen warns that the impious poor may still face divine punishment, asking "how many, because they bore poverty ignobly, with behavior more servile and base than was seemly in Saints, have fallen away from their heavenly hope?"
| 2.484375
| 0
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71464595
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20the%20SAT
|
History of the SAT
|
2005: Scoring problems of October SATs
In March 2006, it was announced that a small percentage of the SATs taken in October 2005 had been scored incorrectly due to the test papers being moist and not scanning properly and that some students had received erroneous scores. The College Board announced they would change the scores for the students who were given a lower score than they earned, but at this point many of those students had already applied to colleges using their original scores. The College Board decided not to change the scores for the students who were given a higher score than they earned. A lawsuit was filed in 2006 on behalf of the 4,411 students who received an incorrect score on the SAT. The class-action suit was settled in August 2007, when the College Board and Pearson Educational Measurement, the company that scored the SATs, announced they would pay $2.85 million into a settlement fund. Under the agreement, students could either elect to receive $275 or submit a claim for more money if the damage was greater.
| 2.28125
| 0
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71465227
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea%20Niako
|
Lea Niako
|
Niako was spared from punishment through the intervention of Walter Schellenberg of the SS, who transferred her to his office for unspecified activities, with the threat that the prosecution against her could be resumed at any time she chose not to co-operate with him. Niako had a strained relationship with the Nazi authorities. Her career suffered owing to the Sosnowski affair and she was rarely allowed to perform. In early 1938 she was arrested for treason but shortly thereafter pardoned. She made some further film appearances; her last known acting role was a dancer in the German propaganda film Carl Peters (1941). Niako survived the end of World War II and held dance performances in Berlin as late as 1950. The eventual date of her death is unknown.
Personal life
Maria Kruse was born in Hamburg in 1908. There exists contradictory accounts on her family background. According to an article on Niako published in the Austrian magazine Die schöne Frau in 1936, her mother was a German woman from the island Fehmarn and her father was Persian. Contradictory later sources have described her father as German and her mother as Persian or her mother as being an actress from Hamburg and her father as being a merchant from Odesa. Niako sometimes presented herself as being Indochinese. She might have had some Japanese ancestry.
Niako characterized her dancing style as a form of Spanish character dancing and she claimed to have spent several years in Spain, studying and practicing local folk dances. Her favorite composers included the Spanish composers Isaac Albéniz and Joaquín Turina.
Career
Early career
| 2.421875
| 0
|
71465358
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War%20of%20Te%20Kupenga
|
War of Te Kupenga
|
The younger brother of Kikitara was present at Waimarino and heard this. He agreed to go on to Te Heuheu’s village at Te Rapa and seek his support in avenging both the murder of Taupō and the death of Kikitara.
Invasion of the Ahimanawa Range
As a result of Kahu’s appeal, Te Heuheu II gathered a force from the whole of Ngāti Tūwharetoa and set out, reaching the homeland of Ngāti Te Whatuiapiti in the Ahimanawa Range in six days. They attacked and destroyed the villages of Te Toropapa and Tahau the day after their arrival. The day after that they surrounded Te Kupenga, capturing it after five days’ siege. The important Ngāti Te Whatuiapiti rangatira Te Wharetoetoe was killed.
Aftermath
As a result of the war, Ngāti Te Whatuiapiti were driven across the Mohaka River, which became the new border between Ngāti Tūwaretoa and Ngāti Kahungunu. Te Hueheu set up border posts on the Titiokura saddle, to mark the boundary, and hung Te Wharetoetoe's head on the path from the saddle to Taupō, naming the location Te Whakairinga-o-te-upoko o Wharetoetoe.
| 2.71875
| 0
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71465383
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous%20science
|
Indigenous science
|
Place based Indigenous science also is common outside of the academic sphere. Climatology scientists in Alaska and the Artic commonly work with traditional knowledge (Qaujimajatuqangit) among the Inuit when studying long-term changes in sea ice, along with studying other aspects of biology. In the Canadian Arctic, large data organizations like the Inuvialuit Settlement Region Online Platform, Marxan, and Nunaliit Atlas Framework inform marine and coastal management practices by using Inuit knowledge. Many times, this information is passed down in Inuit communities by generation using oral tradition and informs the communities on harvesting, hunting, traveling, and living on the land. This information may apply to decisions on conservation of harvesting sties and mating sites of various animals in the Artic. Inuit knowledge of these areas includes seasonal variations, ecological dynamics, wind direction, and ice dynamics. This knowledge has been gained through historical memories, family and community relations, place names, and open water or sea ice routes.
Place names are common in many different Indigenous groups cultures, and are relevant for ecological knowledge. In Inuit communities, place names indicate group knowledge, memories, experiences and observations of the area. One example is Salliq, an island east of Igloolik. Salliq means "the furthest island from the mainland", and contextualizes the island in reference to its surroundings. Place names are also common in Kānaka Maoli culture, or Native Hawaiian culture. One example is the naming of mountains and craters. Halemaʻumaʻu is a crater on Hawai’i and means "House [surrounded by] ʻamaʻu ferns." This name is tied both to ecology, and to oral histories of the Kānaka Maoli, as it tells of a battle between two supernatural beings - Pele and Kamapuaʻa, but also describes that this crater is home to the largest tree ferns on the island.
| 3.21875
| 0
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71465550
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Council%20for%20Voluntary%20Agencies
|
International Council for Voluntary Agencies
|
International Council for Voluntary Agencies is a Switzerland-based global network of humanitarian organisations working on migration and refugee issues. It won the Nansen Refugee Award in 1963.
Organisation
The International Council for Voluntary Agencies is based in Geneva and often known by its French name Conseil international des Agences bénévoles.
History
The International Council for Voluntary Agencies a global network of not for profit organisations that work on refugee and forcible displacement issues. It was founded in 1962 to succeed the Conference on Non-Governmental Organizations interested in Migration, the International Committee for World Refugee Year, and the Standing Conference for Voluntary Agencies Working for Refugees. The work of the organisation, as of 1966, was directed by The Commission on Refugees and The Commission on Migration and The Commission on Social and Economic Development.
The organisation was awarded the Nansen Refugee Award in 1963; the award was accepted by Mr. C. Ritchie. Thomas Getman was the Executive Director in 2006, Nan Buzard was the Executive Director in 2016, Ignacio Packer was the Executive Director in 2022.
| 2.109375
| 0
|
71465792
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pycnonuclear%20fusion
|
Pycnonuclear fusion
|
White dwarfs
In white dwarfs, the core of the star is cold, under which conditions, so, if treated classically, the nuclei that arrange themselves into a crystal lattice are in their ground state. The zero-point oscillations of nuclei in the crystal lattice with energy at the energy at Gamow's peak equal to can overcome the Coulomb barrier, actuating pycnonuclear reactions. A semi-analytical model indicates that in white dwarfs, a thermonuclear runaway can occur at much earlier ages than that of the universe, as the pycnonuclear reactions in the cores of white dwarfs exceed the luminosity of the white dwarfs, allowing C-burning to occur, which catalyzes the formation of type Ia supernovas in accreting white dwarfs, whose mass is equal to the Chandrasekhar mass.
Some studies indicate that the contribution of pycnonuclear reactions towards instability of white dwarfs is only significant in carbon white dwarfs, while in oxygen white dwarfs, such instability is caused mostly due to electron capture. Although other authors disagree that the pycnonuclear reactions can act as major long-term heating sources for massive (1.25 ) white dwarfs, as their density would not suffice for a high rate of pycnonuclear reactions.
While most studies indicate that at the end of their lifecycle, white dwarfs slowly decay into black dwarfs, where pycnonuclear reactions slowly turn their cores into ^56Fe, according to some versions, a collapse of black dwarfs is possible: M.E. Caplan (2020) theorizes that in the most massive black dwarfs (1.25 ), due to their declining electron fraction resulting from ^56Fe production, they will exceed the Chandrasekhar limit in the very far future, speculating that their lifetime and delay time can stretch to up to years.
Neutron stars
| 2.203125
| 0
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71465792
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pycnonuclear%20fusion
|
Pycnonuclear fusion
|
As the neutron stars undergo accretion, the density in the crust increases, passing the electron capture threshold. As the electron capture threshold ( g cm−3) is exceeded, it allows for the formation of light nuclei from the process of double electron capture (^40Mg + 2e -> ^34Ne + 6n + ), forming the light neon nuclei and free neutrons, which further increases the density of the crust. As the density increases, the crystal lattices of neutron-rich nuclei are forced closer together due to gravitational collapse of accreting material, and at a point where the nuclei are pushed so close together that their zero-point oscillations allow them to break through the Coulomb barrier, fusion occurs. While the main site of pycnonuclear fusion within neutron stars is the inner crust, pycnonuclear reactions between light nuclei can occur even in the plasma ocean. Since the core of neutron stars was approximated to be g cm−3, at such extreme densities, pycnonuclear reactions play a large role as demonstrated by Haensel & Zdunik, who showed that at densities of g cm−3, they serve as a major heat source. In the fusion processes of the inner crust, the burning of neutron-rich nuclei (^{34}Ne + ^{34}Ne -> ^68Ca) releases a lot of heat, allowing pycnonuclear fusion to perform as a major energy source, possibly even acting as an energy basin for gamma-ray bursts.
Further studies have established that most magnetars are found at densities of g cm−3, indicating that pycnonuclear reactions along with subsequent electron capture reactions could serve as major heat sources.
Triple-alpha reaction
In Wolf–Rayet stars, the triple-alpha reaction is accommodated by the low-energy of ^8Be resonance. However, in neutron stars the temperature in the core is so low that the triple-alpha reactions can occur via the pycnonuclear pathway.
Mathematical model
| 2.203125
| 0
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75746796
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage%20Goat
|
Garbage Goat
|
Protests by goat farmers
The Garbage Goat generated controversy and public debate before it was even installed at the fair. Dairy goat farmers were upset that the sculpture perpetuated the stereotype that goats are reputed to eat anything. Kent Leach, the editor of The Dairy Goat Journal, wrote that the sculpture was "degrading, debasing, and grossly misleading". Expo organizers and local newspapers such as the Spokane Chronicle were inundated with letters against the sculpture. While some letters decried the public's habit of feeding trash to goats at fairs, others extolled the positive role of the Garbage Goat in keeping the fairgrounds free of litter. One family wrote that they were planning to boycott the fair and another wrote that they were "repulsed and disgusted by such idiocy". Another letter described the goat as a "fastidious, clean and selective eater". Goat breeders stressed that the public be educated that goats needed to be fed properly like any other animal. A goat breeders association even contacted Congressman Tom Foley about the sculpture, emphasizing the goat industry's efforts to improve the image of the dairy goat.
Columnists reported on the ongoing debate over the sculpture for the duration of the fair. William Stimson, writing in the Spokane Chronicles "EXPOsitor" column, summed up the arguments of the critics thusly:
As a compromise with the dairy farmers, the Expo '74 organizers installed a sign touting goats' milk production capabilities when fed a proper diet of the "finest of hays and grains". The sign said in part:
| 2
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75746855
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica%20Carew%20Kraft
|
Jessica Carew Kraft
|
Jessica Carew Kraft is a journalist, author, and artist. She is the author of Why We Need To Be Wild: One Woman’s Quest for Ancient Human Answers to 21st Century Problems, a first-person account of learning ancestral skills and the anti-civilization rewilding movement.
Early life and education
Jessica Carew Kraft was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota and grew up in the American Midwest. Kraft is the great-grand-niece of H. S. Kraft, a blacklisted screenwriter and playwright.
She earned a bachelor's degree in sociology and anthropology from Swarthmore College, a master's degree in cultural anthropology from Yale University, and a master's from The University of London’s Consortium program. She received a Dorot Foundation in Israel fellowship. Her designs for Jewish wedding documents, known as ketubahs, are featured as top-sellers on Ketubah.com.
Journalism
Kraft has written for publications including The New York Times, The Atlantic, Forbes, Christian Science Monitor, NBC News online, KQED, and other publications. She is a regular contributor to Proto.Life.
Her 2014 article on a racial controversy in American college debate competitions has been widely cited. She has written about unjust genetic testing policy in the Medi-Cal system, Tunisia’s post-revolutionary arts scene, and emerging mindful tech designers at Stanford. She frequently writes about ecological issues and sustainability. Kraft also published graphic memoir essays about motherhood in Motherwell Magazine, Hip Mama, and Mutha Magazine.
| 2.359375
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75746937
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belford%20National%20Park
|
Belford National Park
|
Belford National Park is a national park in New South Wales, Australia, 5 km west of Branxton. The park is in the traditional country of the Wonnarua. The park was created in January 2003 under the Lower North East Regional Forest Agreement 2000. Previously, the park was the Belford State Forest. The park is 294 hectares of isolated forest bounded by the New England Highway to the south.
Description
There are currently no visitor facilities in the park, and the only permitted activity is bushwalking. The only built trail is the Perimeter Fire Trail, accessible off the New England Highway. Kirkton Road bisects the park, but is not within park boundaries. The park is fully fenced.
Flora and fauna
Flora
The predominant vegetation community in the park is Central Hunter Ironbark-Spotted Gum-Grey Box Forest, an endangered ecological community. The vulnerable slaty red gum is found within the park.
Several invasive nonnative plants are found in the park including African olive, prickly pear, tiger pear and mother of millions.
Fauna
19 species of mammals, 49 birds, 4 reptiles and 4 amphibians are found within the park. The park protects 8 species listed as vulnerable: the powerful owl, grey-crowned babbler, speckled warbler, spotted-tailed quoll, eastern bent-wing bat, eastern freetail-bat, large-footed myotis and squirrel glider.
Eight nonnative fauna species are found in the park and pose a threat to the native wildlife: dogs, rabbits, foxes, black rats, cats and Indian mynahs (and occasionally cows and horses).
| 2.640625
| 0
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75746977
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physciella%20chloantha
|
Physciella chloantha
|
Physciella chloantha is a species of foliose lichen in the family Physciaceae. The lichen, which occurs in diverse regions including the Upper Midwest of the US, Europe, Japan, Pakistan, and European Russia, is common in certain areas. Its thallus forms circular patches up to 3 cm in diameter, made up of many small, discrete that can grow together to cover large areas, often intermingling with other lichen species. These lobes, which vary from short and rounded to slightly elongated, have numerous soralia (reproductive structures) on their edges and surfaces, while the undersides are white to pale tan with sparse rhizines. Apothecia (fruiting bodies) are uncommon in this species. Physciella chloantha is known to grow on bark and on rocks.
Taxonomy
It was first formally described as a new species in 1814 by the Swedish lichenologist Erik Acharius, as Parmelia chloantha. The taxon has more than a dozen synonyms that it has acquired in its taxonomic history through being shuffled to various genera, or by authors who thought it should be considered a variety or form of another species. Ted Esslinger transferred it to Physciella in 1986 when he circumscribed the new genus to contain a group of species similar to what was then known as Physcia orbicularis.
Description
| 2.328125
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75746977
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physciella%20chloantha
|
Physciella chloantha
|
Physciella chloantha typically forms rounded units up to about in diameter, comprising numerous, discrete ascending . These lobes, which measure 0.5–1.5 mm across, can coalesce to cover large areas, often blending with other species. They range from short and rounded to somewhat elongate and frequently ascend at the tip, especially when sorediate. The thallus is characterised by numerous marginal and terminal, (lip-shaped) soralia, and sometimes scattered laminal soralia that develop over time. The lower surface of the lichen is white to pale tan, featuring sparse, similarly coloured rhizines. The placement of these rhizines varies considerably across specimens. Apothecia (fruiting bodies) are rare in this species, measuring up to 1 mm in diameter, and may be sessile or very shortly stipitate with an entire or irregularly (scalloped) margin. The spores are typical of the Physcia-type, measuring 17–22.5 by 8–11 μm, with that often become rounded with age. Conidia are ellipsoid, measuring 2.5–3.5 by 1 μm.
Physciella chloantha is often confused with its close relative, Physciella melanchra, which primarily differs in having mainly laminal soralia and being somewhat larger on average. Specimens of Physciella chloantha with well-developed laminal soralia must be carefully distinguished from Physciella melanchra, particularly as they sometimes coexist in the same habitats.
Habitat and distribution
Physciella chloantha, once overlooked in North America, is quite common in some parts of its range. It was previously mapped under the synonym Physcia luganensis in North America. This species has also been reported in southern and south-central Europe, as well as Japan. It predominantly inhabits bark but is also found on rock surfaces. The lichen's distribution includes diverse regions, from the Upper Midwest of the US to parts of Europe and Japan, Pakistan, and European Russia.
| 2.234375
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75747193
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Roper%20%28ship%29
|
George Roper (ship)
|
George Roper was a four-masted iron barque that was built for service between England and Australia, launching from Liverpool on 10 February 1883. On its maiden voyage, it carried 3,842 tons of cargo, including railway track for the Victorian government, liquor, chemicals, drapery, and dynamite. It reached Australia on 4 July 1883, but got caught on the reef at Point Lonsdale while being towed into Port Melbourne. The ship sat there for nearly two months before breaking up and sinking on 26 August. The wreck remains under 4–5 metres of water and is accessible to recreational divers.
Design and construction
The four-masted barque George Roper was built of iron in Liverpool by W. H. Potter and Son for local shipowners W. T. Dickson and Son, specifically for service between England and Australia. Its registered tonnages were 2,104 gross and 2,033 net, and dimensions were length , beam , and depth .
When launched into the River Mersey on 10 February 1883, the ship, running free, was struck by the iron cargo steamer Bentinck, outward from Garston for Belfast, loaded with coal, and narrowly missed the larger steamer Merchant. Considerable repairs to George Roper were required as well as the usual outfitting before delivery to its owners. In subsequent litigation, the shipbuilder was held entirely to blame for failing to take the usual precautions before launching into the fairway; they had not placed a well-flagged tug where it could be clearly seen and could warn oncoming vessels, and had not checked whether the river was clear before commencing the launching.
On completion the ship was registered at Liverpool as George Roper, and allocated Official Number 87813 and signal letters HKLR as identifiers.
| 2.3125
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75747211
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi%20Pride
|
Tbilisi Pride
|
Tbilisi Pride is a non-governmental organization in Georgia. It was founded in 2019 and is led by Mariam Kvaratskhelia.
History
Tbilisi Pride was founded by Georgian LGBT activist Giorgi Tabagari.
In February 2019, organizers announced they planned to hold Tbilisi Pride from 18–23 June 2019, with a "March for Dignity" on 22 June. Other events would include a conference and a play. Conservative Georgians reacted negatively to the announcement of the event, and responded with threats, and the Georgian Orthodox Church released a statement condemning the planned event. In turn, Tbilisi Pride organizers called on authorities to investigate the threats and ensure attendees' safety. This demand was also echoed by Georgian NGOs.
On 14 June, LGBT activists gathered in front of a government building to bring attention to their demands. The group was counter-protested by anti-LGBT individuals, including several Orthodox priests; 28 counter protesters were detained. On 17 June, the Georgian Interior Ministry denied the organizers permission to hold the events, due to "security threats".
In light of these events, and ongoing political protests against Sergei Gavrilov, organizers postponed the March for Dignity to July 2019. After initially telling journalists the event had been cancelled, a small parade of about two dozen marchers was held on 8 July without incident. The parade was held for only half an hour, and dispersed after reports that extremist groups were gathering to confront the marchers.
The event was criticized by some Georgian LGBT individuals, who said that it was not organized by the local LGBT community, and would incite more violence against the community.
| 2.125
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75747715
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlakusa%20pottery
|
Zlakusa pottery
|
Rupeljevo is the location from which calcite, a necessary ingredient for making pots, is brought to Zlakusa, and Roge and Potpeće have a significant role in the development of pottery production in the Zlatibor District, although it did not last there. Calcite, which is added to the clay from Vranjani during the preparation of the mass for modeling pots in Zlakusa, is mined in the quarries, on the hill of Vrstine in the vicinity of the village of Rupeljevo. The old quarry, now abandoned, was located in the hamlet of Drndari, on the estate of the Drndarević family. It is mentioned in the literature that in the 1970s, five quarries were known, two of which were alive, and that between the two world wars, as many as four quarries were exploited.
Clay for making vessels in Zlakusa is obtained from the village of Vranjani at an altitude of about 400 m, which is located about 18 km from Zlakusa, northwest of Požega on the edge of the Požega basin, which, from a geomorphological point of view, is characterized by Triassic limestones on its southern and southwestern sides rim, while the other sides of that rim are composed of younger Paleozoic slates, Triassic and Cretaceous limestones and serpentinite.
| 2.0625
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75747816
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavian%E2%80%93Polish%20War%20%281502%E2%80%931510%29
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Moldavian–Polish War (1502–1510)
|
The Moldavian–Polish War of 1502–1510 was a conflict between the Kingdom of Poland and Moldavia and the Ottoman Empire supporting it. The war ended with a Polish victory under the Treaty of Kamieniec Podolski on January 22, 1510, in which Bogdan III the One-Eyed relinquished his claim to Pokuttia and his marriage plans to Elizabeth Jagiellon, and returned the marriage contract.
War
The war was started by Stephen the Great in September 1502, who took advantage of internal unrest in the Kingdom of Poland, the Tatar invasion and the siege of Smolensk by Muscovite's army, to seize Polish Pokuttia once again, in which he was aided by the Orthodox population and part of the Ruthenian nobility. In 1504, after the hospodar's death, his son Bogdan III the One-Eyed ascended the Moldavian throne. He proposed to marry Elisabeth, the sister of King Alexander Jagiellon, and deceived by false promises from the Polish envoy, Grand Marshal of the Crown Stanislaw Chodecki, withdrew from Pokuttia in September 1505. A year later, having learned of the death of the Polish king and his disagreement with the marriage, Bogdan again occupied Pokuttia and invaded Podolia. This time, Mikolaj Kamieniecki, at the head of 3,000 soldiers, entered Pokuttia, drove out the enemy armies and invaded Moldavia, and after defeating a few thousand Moldavians, returned to Poland. Another Moldavian invasion took place in June 1509 on Red Ruthenia and Podolia, and on the way back Moldavians occupied Pokuttia again. The Poles, having gathered 20,000 troops (Levée en masse, defense troops, enlisted troops) under the command of Hetman Kamieniecki, recaptured Pokuttia and entered Moldavia with the intention of seizing its capital Suceava. After a three-week unsuccessful siege, they began a retreat, bypassing Bukovina from the east. While crossing the Dniester near Khotyn, the Moldavians led by Copaciu decided to engage in a battle.
| 2.65625
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75747923
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephelcomenus
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Ephelcomenus
|
If Ephelcomenus was present in western Europe during the middle Eocene-earliest Oligocene prior to the Grande Coupure extinction/turnover event, that means that it would have likely been present with a wide variety of other artiodactyls, namely those of endemic families (i.e. Choeropotamidae, Cebochoeridae, Mixtotheriidae, Xiphodontidae, Cainotheriidae, and other members of Anoplotheriidae) and more widespread families (Dichobunidae, Tapirulidae, and Anthracotheriidae). It also likely could have coexisted with other mammals such as the Perissodactyla (Palaeotheriidae), Primates (Adapoidea and Omomyoidea), Hyaenodonta (Hyaenodontinae, Hyainailourinae, and Proviverrinae), Carnivoramorpha (Miacidae), Carnivora (small-sized Amphicyonidae), and endemic rodents (Pseudosciuridae, Theridomyidae, and Gliridae).
If the anoplotheriid genus either survived past the Grande Coupure or was exclusive to the Oligocene, it would have coexisted with post-Grande Coupure survivors as well as non-endemic immigrant faunas originating from eastern Eurasia. Examples of immigrant faunas include later anthracotheres, ruminants (Gelocidae, Lophiomerycidae, and Bachitheriidae), rhinocerotoids (Rhinocerotidae, Amynodontidae, and Eggysodontidae), carnivorans (Nimravidae, Ursidae and later Amphicyonidae), eastern Eurasian rodents (Eomyidae, Cricetidae, and Castoridae), and eulipotyphlans (Erinaceidae).
| 2.203125
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75748109
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Abel%20Heurtley
|
Walter Abel Heurtley
|
Early life and education
Walter Abel Heurtley was born on 24 October 1882, in Ashington in Sussex. His mother was Mary Elizabeth Heurtley (). His father was Charles Abel Heurtley, a Church of England vicar at Ashington, a descendant of French Huguenots, and the son of the theologian and Oxford professor Charles Abel Heurtley.
Heurtley was educated at Uppingham School, a public school in Rutland, and won a scholarship from there to read classics at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He matriculated on 1 October 1902, and graduated with a second in 1905. He joined the part-time Volunteer Force of the British Army in 1906, as a second lieutenant in the Royal Engineers. From 1907, Heurtley taught at The Oratory School, a Roman Catholic boarding school then based in Birmingham.
During the First World War, Heurtley joined the East Lancashire Regiment and served in Macedonia. On 21 November 1914, he was made a temporary lieutenant in the regiment's ninth battalion. He rose to the rank of temporary major, was mentioned in despatches three times, and was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1919 for his service, from May 1917, as deputy governor of the British military prison at Salonika in Greece. According to A. W. Lawrence, who later knew Heurtley at the British School at Athens (BSA), he first acquired an interest in archaeology during his time in Salonika. He relinquished the post of deputy governor in February 1919.
Archaeological career
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75748114
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8rgensen%27s%20law
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Jørgensen's law
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Jørgensen's law sometimes requires a break with the usual narrative conventions of Homeric poetry: when an event is narrated twice, it is usual to employ the same wording and epic formulae, but observing Jørgensen's law requires variation when the same events are narrated by mortal characters and the narrator or the gods. The classicist Jenny Strauss Clay has suggested that it serves to emphasise the distinction between the omniscient narratorial voice, which is considered to be inspired by the divine Muses, and the comparative ignorance of the poems' mortal characters. By extension, it highlights that the passages of the Odyssey narrated by Odysseus himself are done so without the benefit of divine knowledge and detachment.
Antecedents
Jørgensen credited the German classicist Karl Ludwig Kayser with observing, in 1835, that Odysseus does not credit Athena with assisting him during the stories he tells to the Phaeacians during Odyssey 9–12, whereas she intervenes frequently on his behalf elsewhere in the poem. Kayser explained this inconsistency as a result of Odysseus's ignorance of which divine power had been acting during his experiences. Other classicists, such as Gregor Wilhelm Nitzsch in 1840 and Heinrich Düntzer in 1861, had used Odysseus's ignorance to explain the absence of Poseidon's anger from the same part of the poem: still others, such as Wilhelm Hartel in 1865 and Carl Rothe in 1882, had explained it as a narrative decision to focus on the anger of Helios, which had been immediately responsible for the shipwreck that led to Odysseus's arrival among the Phaeacians.
Application
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75748170
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess%20Joanna%20of%20Courland
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Princess Joanna of Courland
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Marriage
After being disinherited, the princess found shelter with the Neapolitan Queen Maria Carolina, who on 18 March 1801 in Dresden married her to an Italian from Naples, Francis Pignatelli Belmonte d'Acerenza (13 February 1766 – 20 December 1827). This marriage did not stand the test of time and ended in separation in 1806.
Later life
In 1806, Joanna received the Courland Palace in Dresden, and after her mother's death (1821), she inherited the Löbichau estate in the Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg.
She spent a lot her her later life living with her sister, Princess Pauline, Duchess of Sagan (who was also separated from her husband) lived together in Vienna. Her closest friends were Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz, duke Wallmoden, Fürstin Schwarzenberg and Heinrich Laube. As was usual at that time, the duchess had a "Salon" every other day. After her sister Pauline died, she moved to Löbichau to live in the estate she inherited off her mother.
She died at the age of 92 in Löbichau, and her body was finally laid to rest in the grave chapel of the Church of Grace in Żagań, in the Biron mausoleum where the remaining Protestant members of the Biron family, including her father Peter, were buried.
| 1.992188
| 0
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75748386
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Una%20Noche%20con%20Francis
|
Una Noche con Francis
|
"Una Noche con Francis", originally titled "Un Noche con Francis", is a calypso jazz composition written by Bud Powell in 1964 and dedicated to jazz fan and amateur musician Francis Paudras.
History
Like his earlier composition "Un Poco Loco," Powell's "Una Noche con Francis" is written to an Afro-Cuban rhythm, hence its Spanish-language title. The pianist was in the process of being released from Bouffemont Sanitorium at the time of its writing. First recorded by Powell's trio for the 1964 album Blues for Bouffemont/The Invisible Cage shortly before his return to the United States, the tune was used for the soundtrack of Bertrand Tavernier's film 'Round Midnight.
On the original recording for the album Relaxin' at Home, 61–64, which preserved conservations that took place between the tunes, Powell titled the composition "Un Noche con Francis", but subsequent releases gave the piece its current, grammatically correct title.
On the soundtrack album, arranged by pianist Herbie Hancock and released in its own right, tenor saxophonists Wayne Shorter and Dexter Gordon traded solos over the theme.
Notable recordings
Relaxin' at Home with Bud Powell, bassist Michel Gaudry, and Francis Paudras
The Invisible Cage with Powell, Gaudry, and drummer Art Taylor
Round Midnight (soundtrack) with Dexter Gordon, Wayne Shorter, Herbie Hancock, Pierre Michelot, and Billy Higgins
| 1.984375
| 0
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75748597
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean%20Cuisine%20and%20Dining
|
Korean Cuisine and Dining
|
Korean Cuisine and Dining (), sometimes translated as Korean Food Table, is a South Korean television documentary series that airs every Wednesday at 7:40 pm, South Korean time. It focuses on Korean cuisine, and is presented by Choi Bool-am. It aired its first episode on January 6, 2011.
The show has also notably covered Korean history in order to explain the various foods covered. The series has also covered food of the Korean diaspora, including Sakhalin Korean cuisine and Koryo-saram cuisine.
The series celebrated its tenth anniversary on January 7, 2021. By this point, Choi had traveled over to over 1,400 destinations for the show. Choi reported that the food that moved him the most was food of the Korean diaspora. He was reportedly moved by kimchi made from the rind of watermelon in Latin America, as well as kkaetnip leaves grown by a Korean American couple in a New York City apartment. He felt that the stories of the people making the food was more important than the food itself, and was motivated by a sense of duty to share these stories with others.
Planning for an episode reportedly begins around two months in advance. Scouting out locations for filming and the filming itself each take several days.
| 2.1875
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75748926
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florentine%20Renaissance%20art
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Florentine Renaissance art
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In painting, Masaccio, whose activity was concentrated on a short period from 1422 to 1428, was an important figure in the Florentine Renaissance. In 1417, he was in Florence, where he met Brunelleschi and Donatello. On the basis of their contributions concerning the occupation of space and the strength of plastic expression, he revised Giotto's work, as evidenced in his first known work, the San Giovenale Triptych (1422). He set up a studio in collaboration with Masolino da Panicale, and the two artists influenced each other, as shown by their first studio work, the Virgin and Child with Saint Anne in the Uffizi.
Masolino's style moved away from the late Gothic of his earlier works, such as his Madonna of Humility, while Masaccio was already developing a mode of painting that created solid figures with shadow effects reminiscent of sculptures coherently placed in the pictorial space.
This strength in the construction of the figures and their position in space, which emphasises their expressions and postures, was further developed in the Pisa Altarpiece, begun in 1426 and now dispersed, and in the frescoes for the Brancacci Chapel, begun in 1424 in collaboration with Masolino, continued by Massaccio alone from 1426 to 1427, and completed by Filippino Lippi in 1481 and 1482. The work is considered crucial to the renewal of painting, and was studied by generations of painters, including Michelangelo.
Another major work is the Holy Trinity fresco in the church of Santa Maria Novella, with its spectacular coffered vaulted ceiling behind Christ on the Cross. Vasari, in the second edition of his Lives (1568), describes this trompe-l'œil in detail: "It is a barrel vault, drawn in perspective, and divided into coffers decorated with rosettes that diminish, so that it looks as if the vault is sinking into the wall."
| 2.5
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75748926
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florentine%20Renaissance%20art
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Florentine Renaissance art
|
In his early works, such as the Trivulzio Madonna, the figures are dilated with strong contrasts and the use of colour. In the group of wingless angels and in the saints depicted as children, lively expressions appear, reminiscent of the cantorie of Donatello and Luca della Robbia.
Fra Filippo Lippi is renowned for his numerous depictions of the Virgin Mary. These are famous for the elegance of their silhouettes and the delicacy of their facial features.
Home of innovations
The innovators of Florentine art were held in high esteem and influenced artistic production. Clients, on the other hand, favoured less radical changes. The best example is that of the wealthy humanist merchant Palla Strozzi, who commissioned Gentile da Fabriano to paint an altarpiece for the Strozzi Chapel in Santa Trinita. Gentile completed the Adoration of the Magi in 1425, still very much in the International Gothic style. The work comprises several scenes placed side by side, where the eye is lost in a myriad of small details and anecdotal scenes, organised in a manner faithful to the Byzantine literary model of ekphrasis, i.e., the description and interpretation of works of art accessible in Florence since 1415.
"Storytelling" artists such as Lorenzo Monaco, or refined personalities whose style was halfway between Gothic fashion and "old-fashioned" novelty, such as Lorenzo Ghiberti, remained popular.
The framework that emerged was based on the detachment of radical, innovative artistic positions from those of the humanist world, which in the early decades sidelined the group of innovators, who remained misunderstood. The "old-fashioned" model favoured by humanists offered eclectic, sometimes opposing points of view. Artists could draw inspiration from this heritage, choosing what best suited the taste and mentality of the moment.
| 2.34375
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75748926
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florentine%20Renaissance%20art
|
Florentine Renaissance art
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In sculpture, Benedetto da Maiano, an interpreter of measure between idealisation, naturalism and virtuosity, created a series of busts with flexible lines and rich descriptive details. In painting, Domenico Ghirlandaio added a touch of sensitivity and realism.
Around 1472, Benedetto Dei's Cronache ('Chronicles') lists more than forty painters' workshops, forty-four goldsmiths, over fifty (sculptors) and over eighty (cabinetmakers) in Florence. This large number of workshops can be explained by the high demand for work, both in Florence and in other centres of the Italian peninsula. From the 1480s onwards, the greatest Florentine masters were called upon to work abroad on prestigious projects such as the decoration of the Sistine Chapel in Rome and Verrocchio's equestrian monument to Bartolomeo Colleoni in Venice.
For the artists of the "third generation", linear perspective was already a fact, and research now turned to other areas of interest, such as the dynamic problems of figure masses or the tension of contour lines. Isolated, plastic figures, perfectly balanced in a measurable, immobile space, now gave way to a continuous play of moving forms, with greater tension and expressive intensity.
The figurative production and dissemination of the ideas of the Accademia Neoplatonica, thanks in particular to the writings of Marsilio Ficino, Cristoforo Landino and Pico della Mirandola, gave rise, among the various doctrines, to those linked to the pursuit of harmony and beauty as a means of accessing higher forms of human or divine love, and happiness. The attempt to reinstate classical philosophy in the field of Christian religion also led to a re-reading of myths as vectors of truth and witnesses to an inaccessible harmony. As a result, mythological scenes began to be commissioned, entering the field of privileged subjects in the figurative arts.
| 2.34375
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75749008
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozakotsujibaru%20Site
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Ozakotsujibaru Site
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The No.3 Ring Moat House is located a little apart from the No.1 and No.2 ruins. It contained a building measuring three by two bays inside the moat, which is about 20 meters on each side. It is unknown whether these three residence ruins coexisted at the same time or were built at different times, but it is believed that this structure may date from the early Nara period.
The structure of the residences of powerful clans from the Kofun period can be inferred from house-shaped haniwa found in kofun burial mound and house-shaped patterns on bronze mirrors found as grave goods. Around 30 ruins from the 5th to 6th centuries have been excavated, but there are no other ruins from the 3rd to 4th centuries, and thus this is an important site in understanding the state of local power during the process of establishing control by the Yamato State over Kyushu.
The site has been backfilled for preservation, and is now an empty field with an explanatory placard. It is approximately ten minutes by car from Teruoka Station on the JR Kyushu Kyūdai Main Line.
| 2.484375
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75749018
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundali%20%28astrology%29
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Kundali (astrology)
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Kuṇḍali (also called janmapatra) is the Indian term for the astrological chart or diagram representing the positions of the navagraha-s of Indian astrology at a particular moment like the moment of the birth of a child. The navagraha-s are the Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn, and the two nodes of the Moon. The nodes of the Moon are the points on the celestial sphere where the orbit of the Moon intersects the orbit of the Sun. At a particular moment the navagraha-s will be at different points in the sky and they will be located in one of the 12 zodiacal signs (rāśi-s in Indian astrology), namely:
1. Meṣa (Aries), 2. Vṛṣabha (Taurus), 3.Mithuna (Gemini), 4. Karka (Cancer), 5. Siṃha (Leo), 6. Kanyā (Virgo), 7. Tulā (Libra), 8. Vṛścika (Scorpio), 9. Dhanuṣa (Sagittarius), 10. Makara (Caprocornus), 11. Kumbha (Aquarius), 12. Mīna (Pisces)
A kuṇḍali will show diagrammatically which one of the navagraha-s are located in which one of the rāśi-s at a particular moment. A kuṇḍali has twelve cells to represent the 12 zodiacal signs. Practitioners of astrology in different parts of India follow different conventions regarding the exact form in which the kuṇḍali is constructed. Essentially there are three different ways in which these cells are represented in a kuṇḍali, the one followed by people of South India, the one followed by people of North India and the one followed by people of Eastern India (West Bengal and Odisha).
The practice of constructing a kuṇḍali per se is not unscientific or pseudo-science as the kuṇḍali is only a diagram depicting the positions in the zodiac of the nine entities called the navagraha-s at a particular moment of time, and the navagraha-s are associated with true astronomical entities. But, the practice of "reading" a kuṇḍali and interpreting or using it to predict the future events or the personality traits of individuals, has no scientific basis and is a pseudo-science.
The different types of kuṇḍali-s
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75749167
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia17bpp
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Gaia17bpp
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Gaia17bpp is a rare M-type red giant star that exhibited a single large dimming event (G-16-20.5 mag) over 6.5 years. It is located in the Sagitta constellation and is about 27,600 light years away from Earth.
Astronomical characteristics
The variable star is located in the constellation of Sagitta roughly 27,600 ly (8.5 kpc). Current hypothesis and archival data suggest that Gaia17bpp belongs to a rare family of ultra-long period binary stars where the companion is enshrouded in large optically thick disks reminiscent of Epsilon Aurigae, VVV-WIT-07, and AS Leonis Minoris. The proposed secondary star and disk remain unconfirmed due to the copious amount of intervening interstellar dust, and likely due to the remarkable long timescale period of the system.
Discovery and dimming event
Gaia17bpp was initially discovered through the ESA's Gaia Photometric Science Alerts (GPSA) in 2022 by astronomers at the University of Washington. The remarkable Gaia17bpp dimming event occurred in mid 2012, however the GPSA issued an alert back in 2017 when the star began re-brightening. Due to the large duration of the dimming event, the entirety of the Gaia17bpp dimming event was recovered from several public data archives such as Pan-STARRS, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) where the dimming event was also observed in the near-infrared.
Researchers employed archival image searching and conducted spectroscopic follow-up observations on Gaia17bpp using the Apache Point Observatory 3.5m ARC Telescope. Throughout their analysis, they successfully ruled out several suspected variable star classes with similar dimming event such as R Coronae Borealis, Cataclysmic variable star, or Young stellar object.
| 2.09375
| 0
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75749424
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siam%20Niramit
|
Siam Niramit
|
Named Journey to the Enchanted Kingdom of Siam, the cultural show is split into three acts and goes over around 700 years of Thai history. Split into four scenes, the first act is titled "Journey Back to History: The Ancient Kingdom of Lanna". Titled "Faith... The Ancient Kingdom of Lanna", the first scene is set in the Kingdom of Lanna in Northern Thailand. Visiting a temple, the king and queen of Lanna pay their respects to the Buddha's relics. The maids of honor who attend to the queen tote magnificent lanterns. As sentries engage in swordsmanship, the maids of honor dance. The second scene is titled "The South Sea... Traders from Overseas" and is set between the Srivijaya kingdom and the Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom. It depicts the Thai inhabitants having fun by dancing and singing, demonstrating that the Muslim and Buddhist Thai practices fuse together well. Enticed by the fruits of the land, Chinese sailor traders visit for engaging in commerce. A Chinese sailor has a romantic relationship with a woman from a Thai village. The third scene is titled "Isaan... Heritage of the Khmer Civilization". It depicts Isaan inhabitants going outside the Wat Phra That Phanom Buddhist temple to celebrate the Boon Paweht festival and to accrue merit. Unexpectedly, they see the Khmer castle Prasat Hin Phanom Rung made of stone pop up, while chiseled angels made of stone (apsaras) marvelously awaken. Titled "The Mighty Capital... Ayutthaya", the fourth scene is set in the historic capital of Ayutthaya. A man takes a dip in a body of water on a part of the stage that had previously been a firm floor. Women sailing on rafts hawk flowers. The scene depicts peasants who reside in Central Plains canals, taking advantage of the arable terrain to seed and reap rice. The uncomplicated way of how peasants live is diametrically different from the opulent lifestyle of palace residents. In the show, the prosperity is demonstrated through a royal barge parade
| 2.3125
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75749478
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion%20of%20Courland%20%281658%29
|
Invasion of Courland (1658)
|
The Invasion of Courland (1658) (Swedish: Invasionen av Kurland) was a Swedish campaign against the Duchy of Courland in 1658. It was led by Robert Douglas and resulted in the Swedes occupying Courland, capturing Mitau and the Duke of Courland. The initial invasion only lasted a few months, however the Swedes remained in Courland for 2 years.
Background
In the spring of 1658, Swedish attention turned towards Courland. The Swedish king, Charles X Gustav, no longer wanted to use diplomacy and Robert Douglas was ordered to conquer the Duchy. Before the invasion of Courland began, the Swedes retook the Livonian fortresses that were still under Lithuanian occupation. A reason for King Charles wanting Robert Douglas in Livonia was the need to deal with Courland. the Duke of Courland, Jacob Kettler, was an efficient entrepreneur who had managed to establish colonies and tried to stay neutral in the war between Sweden and Poland–Lithuania, assembling an army of 14,000 troops in order to make its neighbors respect its neutrality. The ports of Courland were also a part of Charles' plan to take control of the entire Baltic shore.
Swedish plan
The Swedish plan went as follows: The Swedes would invade Courland, and force the Duke to hand over Mitau and Bauske. If the Duke were to refuse, he was to be arrested and all Courlandish ships were to be captured. When this was done, the entirety of Courland was to be quickly occupied, the Swedish army was also to be supplied by the countryside.
Invasion
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75750248
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio%20Francisco%20Rivera%20Escobar
|
Estadio Francisco Rivera Escobar
|
Estadio Francisco Rivera Escobar is a multi-use stadium in Palmira, Colombia. It is used mostly for football matches. The stadium has a capacity of 15,300 people. Local club Orsomarso plays its home matches at this stadium, with Internacional F.C. de Palmira joining as a second tenant starting from 2024.
History
The stadium was built in the first years of the decade of the 1950s, and was named after Francisco Rivera Escobar, a physician from the town who performed several civic functions in the 1940s and 1950s, being mayor, chairman of the municipal council, and commander of the fire department.
Although the stadium has been primarily used by teams from Palmira that have played in the second-tier competition Categoría Primera B such as Palmira F.C. (1992–1994), Univalle (1998), Expreso Palmira (1999–2001), Deportes Palmira (2009), and Orsomarso (from 2016 onwards), it has also served as an alternate home stadium for the teams from the neighbouring Cali when Estadio Olímpico Pascual Guerrero has been unavailable, with América de Cali using it for the first time in 1954 for their league campaign. América used the stadium again in 2000 and 2011, as Estadio Pascual Guerrero was closed for remodeling works ahead of the 2001 Copa América and the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup, respectively.
| 2.125
| 0
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75750842
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish%E2%80%93Hanseatic%20rivalry
|
Danish–Hanseatic rivalry
|
The Danish–Hanseatic rivalry was a rivalry between the German Hanseatic League and the Kingdom of Denmark, which lasted from the late 14th century up until the dissolution of the Hanseatic League in the 1660s. It consisted of many direct wars and proxy wars. Though both states were generally competitors across the 3 centuries in the Baltic Sea, there were periods of time where the two states coexisted peacefully, such as during the reign of Margaret I.
The rivalry began due to Denmark's attempt to become a major player in Baltic politics under Valdemar IV. Though he failed to seize Scania and Gotland in the Danish–Hanseatic War (1361–1370), his successors continued to put Denmark in a position to challenge the Hansa. During the age of the Kalmar Union, Danish kings successfully expanded their domain into Northern Germany, directly threatening Hanseatic cities like Lubeck.
The Hanseatic League was a major player in Danish politics in the 16th century as well. They supported Swedish independence on numerous occasions, and funded rebels during the Count's Feud in an attempt to further weaken Denmark. By the 1600s however, Denmark had centralized and developed into a regional Dano-Norwegian power, and had surpassed the Hanseatic League in power. They monopolized the Baltic trade through the Øresund tolls, and Danish king Christian IV, was likely the richest man of his time.
The Hanseatic League on the other hand had been in decline throughout the 16th century. During the 30 Years War, the Hanseatic League was commonly found torn between a power struggle between the Holy Roman Emperor and the Northern Protestants. Stralsund in particular suffered from this fate, as they were occupied by Sweden during the war. Much of the population of these Hanseatic cities were also ravaged by the war. Magdeburg for example was infamously sacked in 1631, and lost 80% of its population. Though the Hanseatic League was never formally disbanded, it faded out of relevance following a failed attempt at rekindling the League in 1669.
| 2.625
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75751112
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigilantism%20in%20the%20United%20States
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Vigilantism in the United States
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The San Francisco Committee of Vigilance was a vigilante group formed in 1851 and reorganized in 1856 in response to rampant crime and corruption in San Francisco, California. The need for extralegal intervention was apparent with the explosive population growth following the discovery of gold in 1848. The small town of about 900 individuals grew to a booming city of over 20,000 very rapidly. This growth in population overwhelmed the small law enforcement system. The boss-controlled Democratic Party machine was dominant, and used Irish Catholic men to manipulate the precinct vote totals. The opposition Know Nothing movement represented the Protestant businessmen, and they formed the vigilance movement to counter the Democratic machine. The vigilantes hanged eight people and forced several elected officials to resign. The Committee of Vigilance formally relinquished power after three months, but its retired leaders ran the new Republican Party and controlled local politics for the next decade.
The Night Riders
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75751389
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Donjiyama%20Kofun%20Cluster
|
Hōonjiyama Kofun Cluster
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Hōonjiyama Kofun No3
Although a considerable amount of the mound of Kofun No.3 has been lost, it is estimated that it had a diameter of approximately 20 meters and a height of 4 meters. The stone burial chamber is a horizontal-type stone passage with a multi-chamber structure at the end. The rear chamber is 2.4 meters deep, 2.3 meters wide, and 2.3 meters high, and the front chamber is 1.9 meters deep, 2.5 meters wide, and 1.9 meters high. The walls are made of flat split stones that are stacked flat and gradually push toward the ceiling, and this type of structure is unique in Oita Prefecture. The decoration is a colored mural, and in the back chamber, there is one circular pattern on the back wall, a circular pattern on the right wall, and nine concentric circular patterns. In the front room, a horse and a person are depicted on the left side, and a horseman is depicted on the right side, and concentric circles and birds are drawn on the stone that spans between the side stones. Also, on the inner left side of the sleeve stone leading from the path to the front room, a four-legged beast and a circle are depicted. The geometric pattern on the back chamber contrasts with the human and horse designs on the front chamber. Among the grave goods excavated were amber balls, horse fittings, and Sue ware pottery. From these items it is estimated that the kofun was constructed in the latter half of the 6th century.
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75751835
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conostylis%20phathyrantha
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Conostylis phathyrantha
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Conostylis phathyrantha is a rhizomatous, tufted perennial, grass-like plant or herb in the family Haemodoraceae and is endemic to the south of Western Australia. It has flat, glabrous leaves, and yellow, tubular flowers.
Description
Conostylis phathyrantha is a rhizomatous, tufted, perennial, grass-like plant or herb with short stems. Its leaves are flat, curved, long, wide and glabrous, apart from pimply leaf margins. The flowers are borne in heads on a flowering stem long with a linear bract long and several flowers, each flower on a pedicel about long. The perianth is long and yellow, with lobes about long, the anthers about long. Flowering occurs from August to October.
Taxonomy and naming
Conostylis phathyrantha was first formally described in 1904 by Ludwig Diels in Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie from specimens collected by Sarah Brooks near Israelite Bay. The specific epithet (phathyrantha) means "sun-flowered".
Distribution and habitat
This conostylis grows in sand in heath and mallee heath between Starvation Boat Harbour and Israelite Bay in the Esperance Plains and Mallee bioregions of southern Western Australia.
Conservation status
Conostylis phathyrantha is listed as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
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75752370
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue%20of%20Roberto%20Clemente%20%28Pittsburgh%29
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Statue of Roberto Clemente (Pittsburgh)
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In 1994, the Pittsburgh Pirates unveiled a 12-foot statue of Baseball Hall of Fame outfielder Roberto Clemente, just before the 1994 Major League Baseball All-Star Game which was hosted by the Pirates in Three Rivers Stadium.
Information
The statue was created by Susan Wagner and depicts Clemente dropping his bat and running out of the batter's box. It was funded completely by donations made by Pirates fans.
The base of the statue is made from black granite and stainless steel, with a baseball diamond set in the center and glass blocks which represent first, second and third base. Underneath each glass block is soil from Puerto Rico, Clemente's birthplace, and from Forbes Field and Three Rivers Stadium, former home ballparks for the Pittsburgh Pirates and where Clemente played his entire MLB career.
Around the diamond are fifteen inscriptions set in steel which run counter-clockwise from home plate to third base, listing Clemente's career highlights. According to the Pirates, a space was left intentionally blank for a 16th inscription which remains empty as "a reflection of the incomplete circle of Roberto Clemente's life."
The statue was moved to its current location in PNC Park in 2001, and stands outside the park's centerfield gate.
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75752608
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruxa%20and%20Coralia%20Fandi%C3%B1o%20Ricart
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Maruxa and Coralia Fandiño Ricart
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Early life and family
The Fandiño Ricart family consisted of the seamstress Consuelo Ricart and the shoemaker Arturo Fandiño, who together had thirteen children (eleven of whom survived early childhood). Maruxa was their fourth child and Coralia was their twelfth. The two had another sister called Sarita, as well as Rosaura, who was the youngest sister of the thirteen. The shoemaker's workshop was located at 32 Algalia de Arriba Street. They lived and worked in Espíritu Santo Street, in Santiago de Compostela.
Civil War and repression
In 1925, the anarchist Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) opened its regional headquarters in Santiago de Compostela. At the age of fifteen, their brother - a painter by profession - became its secretary general. His two brothers Alfonso and Antonio also became militants in the anarchist movement. It is not clear whether the two Marías belonged to the anarchist movement, but it was known that their ideology was clearly left-wing. The journalist (Raimundo García Domínguez) maintained that they had been members of the CNT, like their brothers. During the years of the Second Spanish Republic, there was a climate of animation and hope in Santiago. Maruxa, Coralia, and Sarita frequently went on walks together, strolling through the streets of Santiago dressed in home-made clothes of brightly coloured fabrics. The Galician nationalist and republican students called them "Liberty, Equality and Fraternity", while right-wing students of the Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Rights (CEDA) called them "Faith, Hope and Charity".
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75752608
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruxa%20and%20Coralia%20Fandi%C3%B1o%20Ricart
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Maruxa and Coralia Fandiño Ricart
|
Poverty and local fame
Throughout the years of the Francoist dictatorship, the three sisters Maruxa, Coralia, and Sarita lived on the Rúa del Medio, where Sarita died while she was still young. The Fandiño sisters were subjected to constant anti-communist and misogynist attacks. The two sisters fell into poverty after town residents stopped ordering from the sewing shop of the "anarchist family", for fear of linking themselves to the Fandiños. Beyond this fear, the people of Compostela generally felt sympathy for them, and when the war ended, the sisters - who were already living alone in their house - lived off the charity of the neighbours. Those who wanted to help them did not give them alms directly, but bought food, especially in the Carro import shop, located in the Plaza del Toural. The shop's owner, Tito Carro, gave it to them with the excuse that they were company "promotions" and not charity.
Over time, Maruxa and Coralia both succumbed to mental illness. Always emaciated and with no remaining teeth, they dressed up in light and colour, and plastered themselves in thick make-up consisting of rice powder, blush and lipstick. Every day, at two o'clock in the afternoon, marked by the Berenguela bell of the Santiago de Compostela Cathedral, the two went for a walk through the city. In the summer, they went along the street of Espiritu Santo to the promenade in the Toural. In the winter, they walked along the arcades of the rúa del Villar.
This daily walk took place at a time when there was most activity in the streets of the centre of Santiago, and when local students went to lunch. When some students mockingly flirted with them, the two sisters rejected any advances by saying in Spanish: "You already got yours". Their walk became a notable daily event because of the contrast with the atmosphere that prevailed in Spain during the Francoist dictatorship. The Two Marías quickly became the best known and most photographed women in Santiago de Compostela.
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75752969
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colmena
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Colmena
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The Colmena project is a science and engineering experiment to design and deploy tiny autonomous robots to explore the surface of the Moon. It was created at the National Autonomous University of Mexico by the LINX Space Instrumentation Laboratory, at the Institute of Nuclear Sciences of the UNAM, and funded equally by grants from the Mexican Space Agency and the National Council of Humanities, Sciences and Technologies in Mexico. It is the first Latin American scientific instrument designed to explore the surface of the Moon.
The payload consists of five small, autonomous robots, each weighing less than 60 grams and measuring 12 centimeters in diameter, which are designed to be catapulted onto the lunar surface. Once the robots are on the surface, they locate each other and collaborate in a swarm to accomplish their science mission (thus the project name, which is Spanish for Beehive).
It was launched on 8 January 2024 on the maiden flight of the Vulcan Centaur rocket as a co-hosted payload on the Astrobotic Peregrine Mission One to the Moon. However following a propellent issue with the lander, the mission was aborted and the lander along with Colmena burned up in the earth's atmosphere over the South Pacific Ocean, with a last reported contact by the Canberra tracking station at 20:59 GMT.
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75753670
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Mar%C3%ADa%20Cabal
|
José María Cabal
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This plan went into effect when the patriot vanguard made contact with the royalist vanguard towards the end of June. The patriot vanguard fought with the enemy for two hours until the Socorro battalion commander Lieutenant Colonel Pedro Monsalve ordered his forces to withdraw to Quilichao. Encouraged by this small victory, the royalists continued their advance northwards and around noon on July 4, 1815, Colonel Vidauzárraga's forces arrived on the opposite side of the Palo River. Although some of his commanders wanted to attack immediately, the Spanish commander decided to take his time to look for some way to cross the river and attack without having to deal with the patriot fortifications. While the Spanish conducted their reconnaissance of the field, that night of July 4, Cabal gathered all his officers to discuss the last details prior to the beginning of the confrontation.
The Battle of the Palo River began at 5 am on July 5, 1815, when a column of royalist troops crossed the Palo river through a ford below the "Pasó Real" to avoid patriot defenses and attack their right flank. The two patriot units positioned in advance along the river, the Popayán and Cauca battalions, detected this movement and alerted the rest of the troops. The army swiftly assembled and prepared for battle. While the advanced units withdrew in an organized manner, Cabal assumed command of the Cundinamarca battalion on the left. He positioned Montúfar in the center with the Socorro battalion, accompanied by the three artillery pieces. On the right flank, Serviez commanded the Antioquia battalion.
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75753670
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Mar%C3%ADa%20Cabal
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José María Cabal
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With the royalists now on the other side of the river, they immediately engaged the patriots with a cavalry attack on the patriot left flank. Cabal immediately ordered the patriot cavalry to attack from the right, which managed to contain the assault of the royalists and caused panic among their troops. The battle soon concluded with a simultaneous bayonet charge by the three front line battalions Cundinamarca, Socorro and Antioquia supported by artillery which forced the royalist to retreat across the swollen river, where many drowned in the process.
At 8:30 in the morning, the Spanish army was retreating in defeat, pursued closely by the patriots. From the summit of Cascabel Hill, he dispatched a letter to his cousin, Francisco Cabal, the patriot governor of the province, announcing the victory. In the letter, he stated the following:"The arms of the nation have triumphed. Today at five in the morning the enemy presented us with a lot of intrepidity, having passed the river through the steps below. Our officers and soldiers have behaved like Republicans"Riaño, C. (1967) «La batalla del río Palo», Revista de las Fuerzas Armadas, (45), pp. 381. doi: 10.25062/0120-0631.2912. The victory decisively crushed the royalist offensive. Colonel Serviez's relentless pursuit of the fleeing royalists enabled him to recapture Popayán on July 8. This triumph ensured that southern New Granada would remain under patriot control for at least a year.
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75753670
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Mar%C3%ADa%20Cabal
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José María Cabal
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José María Cabal is regarded as one of the heroes of Colombia’s independence. During his lifetime, he was recognized by his contemporaries as a courageous and brilliant man. In his defense before the Senate on May 24, 1824, Antonio Nariño stated that the memory of Cabal “must always be engraved in the hearts of all lovers of freedom, of all the good citizens of Colombia, and his name written among the first heroes of our national transformation.” Nariño further declared that Cabal “was one of the most fearless and brave officers” in his army.
The Venezuelan humanist and politician Andrés Bello mentioned Cabal in his poem Fragments of a poem entitled "America' Lays Cabal, of Popayán cried, cried of the sciences;
The National Army of Colombia honors Cabal by naming the 3rd Mechanized Cavalry Group "General José María Cabal" after him. This unit is stationed on the border with Ecuador, with its base in the city of Ipiales.
In his hometown of Buga, the city's main park is named Parque José María Cabal in his honor since 1908. This park features a bronze statue of General Cabal, created by the Italian sculptor Fernando Rubinni. Funded by local donations, the statue was installed on its pedestal in 1926. In the city of Cali, a public school also bears his name.
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75754315
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20gods%20in%20the%20Investiture%20of%20the%20Gods
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List of gods in the Investiture of the Gods
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Gaoming and Gaojue are originally peach and willow demons from Mount Qipan; they possessed the spiritual energy of the clay statues of the Thousand-Li Eye and the Wind-Hearing Ear, granting them extraordinary vision and hearing. King Zhou recruited them as godly martial generals, and they joined Meishan's Yuan Hong in resisting the Zhou army at Mengjin. Following guidance from Yuding Zhenren, Jiang Ziya ordered Li Jing to destroy their peach and willow roots and Leizhenzi to smash the clay statues. Gaoming and Gaojue were ultimately killed by Jiang Ziya's divine whip, and their souls went to the Register of Deities. Despite the novel's explicit statement of their deification and titles (Shentu and Yulei), their names remain absent from the official lists.
Influence
The Gods List from Fengshen Yanyi holds a significant place in Chinese folklore, influencing Chinese folk beliefs after its publication. Today, references to Emperor Dongyue evoke thoughts of Huang Tianhu, the rebellious Shang-dynasty general. Discussions about success in imperial examinations lead to contemplation of Bi Gan's reincarnation as the Wenquxing, a star influencing those with literary talent. Zhao Gongming, identified as the God of Wealth, and his four lieutenants now oversee the accumulation of wealth and treasure.
Following the publication of Fengshen Yanyi, the Chinese heavenly court underwent substantial transformation, representing a distinctive departure from divine courts in other major civilizations. This reshaping underscores the novel's pivotal role in shaping the celestial hierarchy and its significant influence on Chinese folk beliefs. The gods from Fengshen Yanyi had an influence on Journey to the West, as many names of gods and Buddhas from the novel also appear in Journey to the West. This list also reflects the intensification of god-making (zao shen, 造神) during the Yuan-Ming period.
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75754968
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster%20of%20Sweden
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Disaster of Sweden
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The Disaster of Sweden () is the name given to the early elimination of the Argentina football team from the 1958 FIFA World Cup at the hands of the Czechoslovakia football team. The match was played on June 15, 1958, at the Olympiastadion in the city of Helsingborg, Sweden, the host country of the championship. That day, Czechoslovakia beat Argentina 6–1. The final result means the heaviest defeat for the Albiceleste team in a FIFA World Cup.
Background
Before that meeting, the two teams had only met once, on August 16, 1956, at El Gasómetro in Buenos Aires with a 1–0 victory for the locals.
Argentina arrived at the World Cup with the title of South American champion in tow, after the achievement obtained a year earlier in Peru. Many of the Argentinian football figures of that time, such as Amadeo Carrizo, Ángel Labruna (both members of River's La Maquina), Omar Corbatta, José Ramos Delgado (who later played alongside Pelé in Santos) and José Sanfilippo (historic goalscorer of San Lorenzo de Almagro) took place in the final squad that traveled to Sweden in search of the first world conquest of the Argentinian team and after 24 years of absence from the biggest event. With Guillermo Stábile as coach, the Argentinian team reached qualification after eliminating Bolivia and Chile.
Czechoslovakia, for its part, had qualified in UEFA group 4 beating Wales and East Germany. As at that time there was still no official football championship between all the European teams (the UEFA Euro only began in 1960), the only rivals arose from the friendlies determined by FIFA, and from the Central European International Cup, a tournament which was played between the late '20s and '50s by the strongest teams in said continental region. The Czechoslovakian team entered the World Cup with 7 consecutive matches without defeat, 2 of them friendlies, 3 in the qualifying round and 2 in the Central European Cup.
The World Cup in Sweden
In 1958, both teams met in Group A of the World Cup with West Germany and Northern Ireland.
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75755537
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20von%20Werther
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Karl von Werther
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Baron Karl Anton Philipp von Werther (31 January 1809 – 8 February 1894) was a German diplomat. A royal Prussian Privy Councilor and Envoy, later to the North German Confederation and the German Empire, serving in Switzerland, Greece, Denmark, Russia, Austria, France and the Ottoman Empire.
Early life
Baron von Werther was born on 31 January 1809 at Königsberg in what was then the Kingdom of Prussia (today it is known as Kaliningrad, the largest city and administrative centre of Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave between Lithuania and Poland). He was the son of Josephine von Sandizell and Heinrich Wilhelm von Werther, a diplomat who served as Prussian Foreign Minister between 1837 and 1841 (after having been chamberlain to King Friedrich Wilhelm III).
His grandfather, Philipp August Wilhelm von Werther, was a Prussian lieutenant general and regimental commander.
Career
Werther studied law and passed his first legal examination in June 1830, however, in 1832 he decided on a diplomatic career and, after passing the diplomatic examination, was transferred to Munich as legation secretary in 1834. He transferred to The Hague in 1835 and, in 1836, was appointed legation councilor in London to Heinrich von Bülow, the son-in-law of Wilhelm von Humboldt. In the same year, King Friedrich Wilhelm III appointed him chamberlain. During the lengthy negotiations during the conference in London on the Eastern Question, he often had to represent Bülow, who was often ill, especially in 1839.
| 2.078125
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75756153
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racqy%20Synagogue
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Racqy Synagogue
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The Racqy Synagogue (; ) is a former Jewish congregation and synagogue, located in the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Damascus, in Syria. The synagogue was completed in the second half of the 19th century.
Location
The Racqy Synagogue is located in the Old City of Damascus on the east side of Muhammed Samir Darwish Street () approximately south of Talat al-Hidjara Street and north of the .
History
The synagogue was completed in the second half of the 19th century. During the early 20th century, it was one of many synagogues in operation in the city. Following pogroms in Syria, in the 1940s, such as the 1949 Menarsha synagogue attack, following the establishment of the State of Israel, most of the Jews of Damascus left the country, followed by another wave in 1992 when Hafiz al-Assad's government allowed emigration out of the country. Very few Jews remained, and the synagogue became abandoned.
Architecture
Similar to the other Damascan synagogues, the Racqy Synagogue has a rectangular floor plan and is constructed from basalt stones. As customary in the city, it is decorated with black and white tiles. The soft-pointed arches rest on bright cyllindrical columns. The ceiling is made from traditional poplar wood.
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75756422
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adil%20Shahi%E2%80%93Portuguese%20conflicts
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Adil Shahi–Portuguese conflicts
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The Portuguese governor of India Dom Pedro de Mascarenhas was contacted by a number of Bijapur nobles who sought his support for an impending revolt against the ruling Adil Shah. Meale received Portuguese support in exchange of a third of all captured loot and the ceding of nearly the entire coastal territories of Bijapur. Meale was crowned at Pondá and crossed the Western Ghats with an army of supporters. Dom Antão de Noronha was dispatched to take possession of the territories, and while collecting tributes at Curale he was attacked by a force of 7000 men by the river Carlim but the forces of Bijapur were routed. Meanwhile, Meale was defeated by Ibrahim Adil Shah, who had called upon the aid of an army of Vijayanagara. The Portuguese withdrew from all newly occupied territories to the Island of Goa, Bardes and Salcete.
Pedro Barreto Rolim later sacked Dabul. The Adil Shah then attempted to punish the Portuguese by having Bardez and Salcete invaded but this backfired as the Portuguese retaliated with vigor. The lands of Bardez were repeatedly raided by forces under the command of Morat-Khan, however they were repulsed by João Peixoto. General Nazer-Melek marched through Salsete and came in sight of the fortress of Rachol, from where captain Dom Pedro de Menezes o Ruivo sallied out with a number of men and skirmished favourably, but the Portuguese were ultimately forced to abandon the field. Aware of this, the new governor of India Francisco Barreto marched out with 200 horsemen, 3000 Portuguese soldiers, 1000 kanarese auxiliaries and routed Nazer-Melek at Pondá. Fighting continued in Salcete and the commander of Rachol Fort Dom Francisco de Mascarenhas fought with the forces of Bijapur. Nazer Melek entrenched himself at Pondá once more, but after a number of ships arrived from Portugal with fresh reinforcements, he sued for peace and a treaty was signed shortly afterwards.
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75756584
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karepiro%20Bay
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Karepiro Bay
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Karepiro Bay is a bay of the Hauraki Gulf / Tīkapa Moana in the Auckland Region, New Zealand. It found between the Whangaparāoa Peninsula and North Shore, and is the mouth of the Weiti River and Ōkura River.
Geography
Karepiro Bay is a bay of the Hauraki Gulf / Tīkapa Moana, found at the confluence of the Weiti River and Ōkura River, south of Whangaparāoa Peninsula and north of Long Bay. Dacre Point is a headland found at Karepiro Bay, which is the north headland of the Ōkura River, and the eastern headland of the Weiti River on the Whangaparāoa Peninsula is known as Toroa Point. Much of the bay is part of the Long Bay-Okura Marine Reserve. The bay features a large amount of sedimentation, which increased since the 1950s. The sands of the bay are home to the endangered New Zealand dotterel.
History
The Tāmaki Māori name for the bay literally means "putrid ripples", and may be a reference to the smell of mudflats. The sandspits located at the bay are a traditionally significant site (wāhi tapu) called . The Toroa Point headland was the location of Rahohara Pa, a defensive pā important to Te Kawerau ā Maki, especially Ngāti Kahu, and Ngāti Pāoa, due to the nearby shark fishing grounds, and Dacre Point is also a known pā site. The Karepiro Bay area is a concentrated area of archaeological sites, including shellfish middens, and terraces. The terraces north of Dacre Point indicate the area had been the site of terraced gardening. The kāinga located here was traditionally known by the name ("The Place of Taimaro"), after Te Kawerau ā Maki ancestor Taimaro, son of Tawhiakiterangi.
Karepiro Bay was the site of a battle during the Te Kawerau ā Maki conquest of the northern Auckland Region. During the Musket Wars, the Dacre Point pā was raided.
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75756649
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janny%20Scott
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Janny Scott
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Janny Scott (born 1954–1955) is an American journalist and biographer. She won a 2001 Pulitzer Prize for national reporting as part of a New York Times team on race in America.
Family, early life and education
Scott was born to a prosperous blue blood family living outside Philadelphia. Her ancestors included a railroad baron, socialites, a congressman, and a financier. Her grandmother, Hope Montgomery Scott, has been said to be the inspiration for Katharine Hepburn's Tracy Lord in the film and play The Philadelphia Story. Her father, Robert Montgomery Scott, was a philanthropist and president of the Philadelphia Museum of Art; a civic leader in Philadelphia, he was called the quintessential Philadelphian. Her maternal grandfather, Colonel Robert L. Montgomery, went into finance to "replenish the family coffers" and founded the investment firm Janney Montgomery Scott. The Montgomery family magazine states that no American family can claim a more distinguished or ancient lineage than theirs, including an ancestor who is claimed to have commanded an advance division of the Norman army at Hastings in 1066. Her great-grandfather, Thomas A. Scott, helped build the Pennsylvania Railroad from a "struggling experiment" into what was then the largest corporation in the world, twice over; another ancestor, Horace Binney, served in Congress and was known for his public speeches as well as the founding of the Hasty Pudding Club at Harvard.
Scott grew up on Ardrossan, an 800-acre estate on the Philadelphia Main Line. She lived there until age 14, when her father transplanted the family to England. Her family eventually returned to Ardrossan to live, but she never did. He had been appointed special assistant to the ambassador to England, Walter Annenberg, a fellow Main Liner. She continued her education at an all-girls boarding school in the countryside.
| 2.5
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75756690
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten%20Pieces%2C%20Op.%2024%20%28Sibelius%29
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Ten Pieces, Op. 24 (Sibelius)
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The Ten Pieces (in Finnish: ; in German: ), Op. 24, is a collection of compositions for piano written by the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius around the turn of the twentieth century, variously from 1895 to 1903. The most famous piece of the set is by far No. 9, the Romance in D-flat major.
Structure and music
No. 1: Impromptu
Sibelius composed the Impromptu in G minor during the summer of 1895 while vacationing with his family in Vaania by Lake Vesijärvi, despite the fact that the cottage they had rented did not contain a piano. Marked Vivace and in time, it has a duration of about four minutes; it was first published in 1895 by Helsinki's Axel E. Lindgren. The Sibelius biographer Andrew Barnett notes that the Impromptu "opens in a tumultuous, scherzo-like mood" before slowing into a "brooding waltz" that in some ways anticipates Sibelius's most famous composition, Valse triste (Op. 44/1), an orchestral work that he arranged in 1904 from the incidental music to Death (, JS 113, 1903).
No. 2: Romance (A major)
Sibelius composed the Romance (in Finnish: ) in A major in 1895, alongside the Impromptu. Marked Andantino and in time, it has a duration of about eight minutes—making it the longest of the Ten Pieces; it was first published in 1895 by Lindgren. According to the Sibelius biographer Barnett, the Romance in A major "has the scale and emotional range of a tone poem": its opening is reminiscent of a "sinister barcarole", while afterwards it "evolves into an intensely dramatic mood painting ... [it] bears the hallmarks of Sibelius's musical Symbolism and of the forthcoming Lemminkäinen Suite" (Op. 22), an orchestral work that dominated his thinking in the mid-1890s.
No. 3: Caprice
Sibelius composed the Caprice (in Finnish: ) in E minor in 1898. Marked Vivace and in time, it has a duration of about three minutes. It was first published in 1898 by Helsinki's .
| 1.960938
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75756830
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron%20Rankin
|
Ron Rankin
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Squadron Leader Ronald Rankin, (3 November 1914 — 7 August 1991) was an Australian fighter ace in World War II and a rugby union international of the 1930s.
Biography
Born in Majors Creek, a Southern Tablelands village outside Braidwood, Rankin was the second of four children and received his education in Sydney at Hurlstone Agricultural High School.
Rankin, a strong tackling fullback, was appointed Drummoyne captain in his second season of first-grade in 1935. He gained seven Test caps for the Wallabies, first selected as 21-year old for the 1936 tour of New Zealand, where he debuted against the All Blacks at Athletic Park, Wellington. Capped for the final time in 1938, he was later part of the 1939–40 tour of Britain and Ireland, which was abandoned two days after the team arrived due to the war.
During the war, Rankin was attached to the No. 236 Squadron RAF in England, flying Blenheims on missions and reconnaissance. He later flew Beaufighters over north Africa while stationed in Egypt with the No. 227 Squadron. By the time he completed his tour in January 1943, Rankin had shot down at least five enemy aircraft and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross. After returning home, he was honoured by Belgium with the Croix de guerre, then joined the No. 30 Squadron RAAF for bombing and strafing missions over the Netherlands East Indies and New Guinea.
Rankin was a farmer in Braidwood and a Canberra teacher in his post war life.
| 2
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75756870
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancelot%20of%20Navarre
|
Lancelot of Navarre
|
Career
The king was determined to make Lancelot bishop of Pamplona, stating this wish to the queen and to his heir in his first testament on 11 June 1403. In November, Charles had two archdeacons nominate Lancelot to become bishop, but the Avignon-based pope, Benedict XIII, declined the request and in 1404 only made Lancelot apostolic notary, archdeacon of Calahorra and sacristan of Vich. Calahorra was in the Kingdom of Castile, however, and the Castilians were only persuaded to agree in 1407.
Benedict refused to make Lancelot bishop even after the see of Pamplona became vacant in 1406, and Charles's embassies to Avignon, led by Lancelot himself, remained unsuccessful. Benedict only relented when he started losing ground in the Western Schism to his Rome-based rival, Gregory XII. Benedict realized that he needed Navarrese support and gave administration of the see to Lancelot in 1408 but forbade Lancelot's episcopal consecration. Lancelot henceforth governed the see as vicar general and apostolic administrator. In 1418 Lancelot received the titular see of Alexandria.
During Lancelot's administration, the chapter chambers were converted into a proper episcopal palace next to the cathedral. He witnessed important royal events such as the proclamation of the second will of his father in 1412 and the coronation of King Ferdinand I of Aragon in 1414. The following year Lancelot marched, along with his brother, Godefroy, to the Viscounty of Béarn to support Count John I of Foix in the Hundred Years' War. In 1418 Lancelot expanded the Aratzuri Castle with his father's help.
Death and posterity
Lancelot led an irregular life for a clergyman, leaving two illegitimate children, Margaret and John, as well as enormous debts. He died in Olite on 8 January 1420 and was buried in the Cathedral of Pamplona.
| 2.421875
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75757233
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaeotremella%20translucens
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Phaeotremella translucens
|
Phaeotremella translucens is a species of fungus in the family Phaeotremellaceae. It produces small, pustular, gelatinous basidiocarps (fruit bodies) and is parasitic on ascocarps of Lophodermium species on decaying pine needles. It was originally described from Scotland.
Taxonomy
Tremella translucens was first published in 1938 by mycologist Hugh Douglas Gordon based on collections from Scotland on decaying pine needles. British mycologist David Minter recollected specimens in Scotland in the 1970s and established that Tremella translucens was associated with ascocarps of Lophodermium species, transferring the species to the genus Pseudostypella based on morphological characters. American mycologist Robert Joseph Bandoni later transferred the species to his new genus Sirotrema. Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has however shown that Tremella translucens belongs in the genus Phaeotremella.
Description
Fruit bodies are gelatinous, hyaline (colourless) to greyish, up to 2 mm across, pustular, emerging from ascocarps of their host. Microscopically, the hyphae are clamped and occur in a gelatinous matrix. Haustorial cells arise on the hyphae, producing filaments that attach to and penetrate the hyphae of the host. The basidia are tremelloid (globose to ellipsoid, with oblique to vertical septa), 10 to 13 by 9 to 10 μm, usually unstalked. The basidiospores are oblong, smooth, 7 to 11 by 3 to 5.5 μm, and germinate by hyphal tube or by yeast cells.
Habitat and distribution
Phaeotremella translucens is a parasite of Lophodermium species growing on decaying pine needles, typically those still attached to brash or branches.
The species was originally described from the United Kingdom, but has also been recorded in Europe from Austria, Bosnia, Ireland, Norway, Poland, Russia, and Spain. Elsewhere it has been recorded from Canada, New Zealand, and Japan.
| 2.5
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75757313
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20E.%20Mack%20%28bishop%29
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John E. Mack (bishop)
|
John Mack (born September 15, 1955 in Detroit, MI) is an American clergyman of Polish descent and a bishop of the Buffalo-Pittsburgh diocese in the Polish National Catholic Church (PNCC).
Biography
Educated as a musician and musicologist, he took piano lessons and earned a degree in the history of music from the University of Michigan in Dearborn, MI. From 1976 to 1983, he served as an organist at his family's parish in Detroit.
In 1983, he married and entered the Girolamo Savonarola Theological Seminary in Scranton. On December 11, 1985, he received priestly ordination from Bishop Francis Carl Rowinski. He served as a pastor in Ware, MA (1985-1989), Carnegie, PA (1989-2000), Washington, PA (2000-2011), and at the cathedral parish in Scranton, PA (2011-2012). Since 2012, he has been the pastor of the cathedral parish in Lancaster, PA.
In 2006, the XXII Synod of the Polish National Catholic Church in Manchester elected him Bishop-elect of the Polish National Catholic Church. He received episcopal consecration on November 30, 2006, in Scranton. He served as an auxiliary bishop in the Buffalo-Pittsburgh diocese of the Polish National Catholic Church. From 2011 to 2012, he was the bishop of the Central Diocese of the Polish National Catholic Church. Since 2012, he has been the bishop of the Buffalo-Pittsburgh diocese of the Polish National Catholic Church.
On behalf of the Union of Scranton, he oversees the Old Catholic mission in Italy (Deanery of the PNCC in Italy).
| 2.125
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75757410
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavian%E2%80%93Polish%20War%20%281530%E2%80%931538%29
|
Moldavian–Polish War (1530–1538)
|
Renewal of the conflict
This policy of the two countries marked the beginning of the end of Rareş's aspirations. Nevertheless, he tried to act further. He unsuccessfully sought support from Emperor Ferdinand I, and renewed his alliance with Moscow. Wanting to cause a Polish-Ottoman war, he harassed the Polish borderlands with minor attacks. The failure to capitalize politically and militarily on the victory at the Battle of Obertyn (August 22, 1531) caused the struggle for Pokuttia with Petru Rareş to continue for almost seven more years. Moldavian invasions in August and winter 1535 and February 1536 caused King Sigismund the Old to decide to end the problems on the Moldavian border. In January 1537, during the Sejm of Kraków, the number of potentate defenses was increased, on February 19 war was declared against Rareş by convening a mass movement for July 2. Trembwola was designated as the rallying point of the noble army. However, major military actions did not take place, this was caused by the nobles' revolt near Lviv (Chicken war), so offensive actions were abandoned. At the Moldavian border operated a 2,000-strong cavalry corps of common defense under the command of Mikolaj Sieniawski and the castellan of Połaniec, Andrzej Tęczyński. In November 1537, Sieniawski entered Moldavia and ravaged and burned the border towns of Chernivtsi, Botosani and nearby villages.
Battle of Seret (1538)
| 2.390625
| 0
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75757410
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavian%E2%80%93Polish%20War%20%281530%E2%80%931538%29
|
Moldavian–Polish War (1530–1538)
|
The course of the battle itself is not precisely known. It is likely that there was a flanking of the Polish troops. After heavy shelling from bows and an attack by Moldavian cavalry, the Polish cavalry was pushed over the steep cliff of the Seret. The Poles found themselves in a swamp, some of the horsemen fell into the ravine, and those who managed to descend crossed the frozen Seret. The defeat was complete, with the deaths of Rittmasters Pilecki and Weglinski, 60 comrades and more than 800 postmen, for a total of about 900 combatants. Many soldiers were taken prisoner, including Rittmaster Maciej Wlodek. Tęczyński with some of the surviving soldiers retreated to the castle in Trembowla. Certainly, a major command mistake was the decision to fight such a numerous opponent, in an inconvenient place, in heavily undulating terrain, steep and icy in places, in which the light Moldavian cavalry outnumbered the Polish cavalry, which had heavier armaments, and which moreover rode unshod horses.
End of the war
Moldavian losses must also have been heavy, as Rares stopped further looting of the Polish borderlands and retreated beyond the Dniester into Moldavia. Petru Rareș defeated a small Polish detachment at Seret, but he was unable to achieve greater success and withdrew to Moldavia which ended the war. Pokuttia remained Polish territory
| 2.375
| 0
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75757475
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsey%20McAlister
|
Lindsey McAlister
|
Lindsey McAlister OBE (b. 30 October 1960) is an English theatre director and writer based in Hong Kong. She founded the Hong Kong Youth Arts Foundation (HKYAF) (formerly Youth Arts Festival) in 1993. She has written several original musicals, including Flesh (2007), Melodia (2017), Cube Culture (2018), If Not Me, Who? (2019) and I'mperfect (2022).
Early life and education
Lindsey Anne McAlister was born in Southport to parents George McAlister, a factory manager, and Sylvia née Cardwell, a civil servant. She has two younger brothers. The family moved to Scotland when she was eight, and then to Cheshire, where she attended Knutsford High School and Meol Cops High School. Watching a school production of Iolanthe at the age of nine and subsequently joining a youth theatre group “ignited [her] passion for theatre and the performing arts”. She attended Southport Art College from 1976 – 1978. The first year of her degree was at I.M. Marsh Campus (formerly part of Liverpool John Moore University), transferring to Crewe and Alsager College of Higher Education (now part of Manchester Metropolitan University) when the course folded. She graduated with a BA(Hons) in Creative Arts.
Early work
McAlister originally wanted to be a performer but “early on, I realised I was rubbish and found that directing was my forte – to suit my bossy personality”. After graduating, McAlister formed a company, Talking Pictures, which was supported by the Arts Council of Great Britain. She also worked for the Gulbenkian Foundation, implementing the “Arts in Schools” project. She joined Liverpool-based company 489 as a creator and performer, then became arts programmer for the Menai Centre in Anglesey. She also worked with the Cheshire Dance Workshop from 1982 to 1985, where dance lecturer Veronica Lewis gave her opportunities to choreograph and create shows.
| 1.992188
| 0
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75758287
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Cabrero
|
Juan Cabrero
|
Early life and the Granada War
Juan Cabrero was born in the summer of 1442 in Zaragoza, Spain, in a family of low nobility. He was the son of Martin Cabrero and Inglesa Lopez de Quinto, who had three sons and two daughters. When Juan Cabrero was still a child, his older brother Martin was captured while he was combating the Ottoman Empire in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, and apparently was made a slave and set free a few years later through a ransom. During his twenties Juan Cabrero participated as a captain of the Kingdom of Aragon's armies in the Catalan Civil War, and this is where he probably befriended Prince Ferdinand, who in 1477 appointed him as one of his house familiars. Cabrero married Maria Cortes, a widower from Zaragoza, but they never had any children. In 1482 Ferdinand the Catholic was already crowned king and sent Cabrero to recover the villages and castles of Chelva and Domeño which fell under Cabrero's control 4 months later. In 1486 the king appointed him Corregidor (royal delegate)of Alcaraz, one of the villages which was contributing with footmen and horsemen for the Siege of Malaga during the war against the Muslim Kingdom of Granada. In August 1487 Juan Cabrero was one of the captains of the King's household who secured the towers and gates of the city for the king, and that same year the king appointed him Corregidor of Lorca and Murcia. The two cities were used as a center of operations for the conquest of the city of Baza. Cabrero led hundreds of footmen and spear men and dozens of horsemen and crossbowmen to the villages of Cullar and Chercos which had been sieged by King Boabdil. During the second year of 1489 Cabrero participated in the Siege of Baza, both in logistics and commanding his company in battle.
| 2.765625
| 0
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75759719
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You%20Are%20What%20You%20Eat%3A%20A%20Twin%20Experiment
|
You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment
|
You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment is a 2024 American documentary series set for streaming on Netflix. It is based on an 8-week study conducted by Stanford University that put 22 sets of genetically identical twins on opposing (but healthy) diets: omnivore and vegan. It was released on January 1, 2024.
Background
You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment is based on an 8-week study conducted by Stanford University that put 22 sets of genetically identical twins on opposing (but healthy) diets: omnivore and vegan. The subjects were given their meals for the first four weeks and had to prepare their own meals during the second 4 weeks. According to the leader of the study, Christopher D. Gardner, the twins on the vegan diet had "a 10% to 15% drop in LDL cholesterol, a 25% drop in insulin, and a 3% drop in body weight in just eight weeks, all by eating real food without animal products." In addition, 21 (out of 22) of the people asked to follow a vegan diet stayed with it for the entire 8 weeks. Gardner argues that examining genetically identical twins in this manner increases the level of accuracy in the data.
| 2.0625
| 0
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75761058
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phumeza%20Tisile
|
Phumeza Tisile
|
Activism
Tisile has been open about her tuberculosis experience, starting with her MSF blog during treatment, and continuing to the present. Tisile co-wrote, "Test Me, Treat Me: A Drug-resistant TB Manifesto" in 2013. The manifesto called for universal access to diagnosis and treatment for drug-resistant TB, research to find shorter, less toxic, and more effective treatments, and funding to increase care and research. The petition attached to the manifesto received 55,000 signatures. Tisile delivered the petition to Dr. Mario Raviglione, director of the WHO Global TB department, at the World Health Assembly at the United Nations, Geneva on 21 May 2014. Tisile attended many global meetings on TB, including the second United Nations High-Level meeting on TB in 2023 and the Union World Conference on Lung Health in 2023.
Starting in 2015, Tisile's work as a Research Assistant and Advocacy Officer at TB Proof focused on reducing the stigma that people with TB experience. Tisile advocates for better diagnosis, shorter treatments, better vaccines, and drugs with fewer side effects, effectively persuading South Africa to stop using kanamycin. She advocates for better counseling for people living with TB. Tisile only knew about TB from uncles who worked as miners in Johannesburg, and received insufficient counseling from doctors about treatment and side effects of medications. Her research explores the intersection between tuberculosis, mental health, and substance use.
| 2.046875
| 0
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75763261
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pracze%20Odrza%C5%84skie
|
Pracze Odrzańskie
|
Pracze Odrzańskie (, , ) is a district in Wrocław located in the north-western part of the city. It was established in the territory of the former Fabryczna district.
Name
The first mention of the village under the name of Protsch comes from a 1318 document in which Henry VI the Good, Duke of Wrocław, certified that the brothers Konrad, Henry, Tyczko and Jeszlin von Rydeburg sold the village to the brothers Albert and Arnold von Pak. The name was then mentioned as Pratsch (1321), Pratsch (1327), Pracz (1330), Pracz (1351), Protsch prope Lesnam (1353), Procz (1360), Proitsch prope Lesnam (1425), Prache (1425), Protsch bey der Lesse (1451), Protsch an der Oder (1491), Proitsch (1552), Protsch (1666–67), Protsch an der Oder (1743), Herrenprotsch (1794), Protsch an der Oder (1795), Herrnprotsch auch Protsch an der Oder (1830), Herrnprotsch – Pracze Odrzańskie, -y -ich, pracki (1948).
The name probably comes from the Polish word '' ('washerman'), and is related to the nature of the village, whose inhabitants were responsible for washing the clothes of the nearby Leśnica manor in the Middle Ages. The original name Pracze was then Germanized to Pratsch. From the 18th century it appeared as Herrnprotsch. The prefix Herrn- comes from the German word '' ('lord, owner').
In 1945, after the Polish administration took over the city, the name was mistakenly reconstructed and the settlement was first called Bródź. In 1947 the name was changed to Pracze and at the same time the distinguishing term Odrzańskie was added. As a result of this mistake, the main street leading to the district was called Brodzka, which has been kept to this day.
History
It was first mentioned in 1318, when it was part of medieval Piast-ruled Poland.
Initially a village, the settlement was incorporated into Breslau (today's Wrocław) in 1928.
In 1991, after reforms in the administrative division of Wrocław, Pracze Odrzańskie became one of the city's 48 districts.
| 1.914063
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75764135
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%ABki%20War
|
Yūki War
|
The was a 1440–1441 armed conflict in the Kantō region between the Uesugi clan (and by extension, the Ashikaga Shogunate) and powerful local families who had supported former Kamakura Kubō Ashikaga Mochiuji, most prominently the Yūki clan. It can be considered a continuation of the Eikyō Rebellion that had concluded a year earlier.
Background
Following years of discord between Kamakura Kubō Ashikaga Mochiuji and his deputy Kantō Kanrei Uesugi Norizane, Mochiuji attacked Norizane in 1438 in what came to be known as the Eikyō Rebellion. Mochiuji was ultimately defeated the following year and was forced to commit suicide at the order of Shogun Ashikaga Yoshinori. With Mochiuji's death, the Kamakura-fu was destroyed and the Uesugi clan became an unrivaled power in the Kantō region.
While Mochiuji's eldest son Yoshihisa committed suicide during the conflict, his three youngest sons managed to escape. Haruō-maru, Yasuō-maru, and some of Mochiuji's former retainers were able to flee to Nikkō, while Eijuō-maru, his youngest son (and the future Ashikaga Shigeuji), was taken in by Ōi Mochimitsu of Shinano. Norizane had wanted Mochiuji's life spared and retired to a monastery following his death, passing his position to his brother Kiyomasa.
Summary
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75764135
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C5%ABki%20War
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Yūki War
|
There was a failed attempt to break the siege on September 4. Despite its numbers, the Uesugi siege of the castle was incomplete, and the castle's defenders were able to bring some supplies in at night, causing the siege to drag on for nearly nine months. Once the defenders' supplies were finally exhausted, an all-out attack on the castle was carried out on May 15, 1441, and Ujitomo and his son Mochitomo committed suicide. All the castle's defenders were killed by the Uesugi forces. Haruō-maru and Yasuō-maru attempted to escape the castle wearing women's clothing but were captured. They were executed in Mino on orders of the shogun while being transported back to Kyoto.
Aftermath
The Yūki clan was destroyed, although Ujitomo's youngest son Shigetomo would later be allowed to reestablish it. Two months after the end of the war, Shogun Ashikaga Yoshinori would be assassinated by Akamatsu Mitsusuke after being invited to a banquet nominally being held to celebrate the shogunate's victory in the war, sparking the Kakitsu War. Despite the defeat of the Yūki, small-scale attacks by their former supporters would continue to threaten Uesugi control of Kantō in the years following.
While Haruō-maru and Yasuō-maru had been executed, Ashikaga Mochiuji's final son Eijuō-maru survived, finding shelter with Toki Mochimasu, the shugo of Mino. He would ultimately be allowed to re-establish the position of Kamakura Kubō in 1448. Shigeuji would also ultimately come into conflict with the Uesugi clan, however, leading to the Kyōtoku War in 1454.
| 2.09375
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75764715
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Aquileia
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Roman Aquileia
|
The defensive structures, strengthened between the 2nd and 3rd centuries, enabled it to overcome the sieges of the Quadi and the Marcomanni (170), and of the emperor Maximinus Thrax, who, following the election at his expense by the Roman Senate of the emperors Pupienus and Balbinus, who accepted Gordian III as Caesar, descended to Italy from Pannonia with his army (in 238). When Maximinus' army came in sight of Aquileia, located at the crossroads of important communication routes and a storehouse for the food and equipment needed by the soldiers, the city closed its gates to the emperor, led by two senators appointed by the Senate, Rutilius Pudens Crispinus and Tullus Menophilus. Maximinus then made a fateful decision: instead of descending quickly on the capital with a contingent, he marched on Emona, which he occupied, and personally laid siege to the city of Aquileia, allowing his opponents to organize: Pupienus reached Ravenna, from where he directed the defense of the besieged city.
Although the balance of forces was still in Maximinus' advantage, the prolonged siege, food shortages and the strict discipline imposed by the emperor caused him to be met with hostility by his troops. Soldiers of Legio II Parthica tore his images from his military insignia to signal his deposition, then assassinated him in his camp, along with his son Maximus and his ministers (May 10, 238).
Their heads, cut off and placed on poles, were carried to Rome by messengers on horseback, while the bodies of father and son were mutilated and fed to dogs, a poena post mortem. The Senate elected 13-year-old Gordian III emperor and ordered damnatio memoriae for Maximinus.
| 2.75
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75764715
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Aquileia
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Roman Aquileia
|
Beginning in 15 B.C. following the conquest of the eastern Alpine region, construction of the Via Claudia Augusta was begun, linking Venetia to the banks of the Danube in Noricum (roughly present-day Bavaria) via the Brenner or Reschen Pass. It was built by Drusus the Elder, stepson and general of Emperor Augustus; later expanded and completed by his son and emperor Claudius in 47 CE. This road connected the Latin world with the Germanic world, and other important Roman arterial roads converged on it: this was the case with the Via Annia (which joined Adria to Aquileia), the Via Popilia (which connected Altino and Rimini), the Via Aurelia (between Padua and Feltre via Asolo) and the Via Postumia (the consular road from Genoa to Aquileia). In later years (around 14 B.C.) the Via Gemina was also begun, connecting Aquileia with Emona, following the first section of the amber road. This road seems to have been built by the Legio XIII Gemina, which was located near the city of Venetia et Histria during these years.
From the middle of the first century AD the city began to be provided with stone structures along the river port east of the city (previously the structures were wooden), made from an artificial widening of the Natissa, and the associated port facilities, still made of wood; towards the end of the century, the port was rebuilt in stone.
Both the present location and the structure of Aquileia's Roman forum date to the late 2nd-early 3rd century. The measurements appear to have been 115 meters x 57 meters, according to a 1934 study by Giovanni Battista Brusin. The continued expansion of the city led to the construction of new and imposing walls in the southern and western parts, first in the time of Maximinus Thrax, then of Flavius Claudius Julianus and Theodosius I.
| 2.546875
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75764715
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Aquileia
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Roman Aquileia
|
Late imperial period (286-452)
Maximian, once he became Augustus of the West, preferred to use two capitals: Aquileia (which Ausonius calls the ninth city of the Empire), farther east, as a river-sea port on the Adriatic Sea and a military hinterland, given its proximity to the limes of the Claustra Alpium Iuliarum; Mediolanum, on the other hand, farther west, was positioned to guard the passes north of the great Alpine lakes. In these two locations he therefore had large imperial structures and palaces erected, leaving mainly the care of the defense of the Rhine limes to Constantius.
In 312, during the civil war, Constantine I, now suspicious of Maxentius, assembled a large army and moved across the Alps into Italy, and after defeating Maxentius's armies twice in a row, near Turin and Brescia, laid siege to and occupied, first Verona and then Aquileia, subduing the whole of northern Italy. Shortly thereafter he marched on Rome, where he finally defeated Maxentius' army just north of the Eternal City in the decisive Battle of the Milvian Bridge, on October 28, 312. With the death of Maxentius, all of Italy came under Constantine's control, while the Praetorian Guard and the Castra Praetoria were suppressed.
Throughout the continuation of the fourth century, imperial presences in Aquileia intensified, and many bloody clashes resolved fratricidal contentions such as the one between Constantine II and Constans I in 340; or between Constantius II and Magnentius in 351-352; or episodes of usurpation: Theodosius I defeated Magnus Maximus there (in 388); Valentinian III killed Joannes there in the Hippodrome (in 425).
| 2.71875
| 0
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75764715
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Aquileia
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Roman Aquileia
|
In 340 Constantine II waited for his brother Constans I to go to a province that was loyal to Constantine himself and descended to Italy with an army, under the pretext of heading to the eastern front (January-February); Constans, who was in Dacia at the time, learned of his brother's intentions and sent a force against him that could slow him down before the young augustus arrived with the rest of the army. Constans' generals feigned an attack on Aquileia and then retreated and laid a series of ambushes for Constantine who was pursuing them; on the occasion of one of these, near Cervenianum in early April, they surrounded Constantine's men, killing many of them, including Constantine himself, whose body was thrown into the river Alsa. In 345 Constans spent a few months in the city, meeting with Athanasius of Alexandria. A few years later, Constantius II spent the winter of 351/352 in Sirmium, then resumed his campaign by driving Magnentius out of Aquileia and forcing him back to Gaul. In 361 Flavius Claudius Julianus sent the garrison of Sirmium to Gaul, but along the way, stopping at Aquileia, it rebelled, besieged by Jovian forces. Instead, Julian continued on to the East, along with Nevitta's army, to Naissus in Moesia, and thence to Thrace, ready for a clash with Constantius II.
| 2.5625
| 0
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75764715
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Aquileia
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Roman Aquileia
|
The bishops of Aquileia grew in importance in the following centuries, making a vigorous contribution to the development of Western Christianity, both doctrinally (famous and decisive for the struggle against Arianism was the council of 381, which affected all the Western churches) and in terms of the authority exercised (it was a metropolis for some twenty dioceses in Italy and a dozen beyond the Alps). A few years later, in 387, Magnus Maximus, thinking of deposing Valentinian II, crossed the Alps and came to threaten Aquileia; while the following year (in 388), Theodosius I waged war against Magnus Maximus, who was defeated first at Siscia (today Sisak), then at the Battle of the Save at Poetovio (today Ptuj in Slovenia), and finally at Aquileia.
Aquileia was besieged and occupied during Alaric's repeated raids in 401 and 408. It is reported that about fifteen years later, Valentinian III, after being betrothed to Theodosius I's daughter Licinia Eudoxia, was sent to the West with a strong army, under the command of the magister militum Ardabur and his son Aspar, and under the guardianship of his mother Placidia, who acted as regent for her five-year-old son; while en route, in Thessalonica, he was appointed as caesar by Helion, on October 23, 424. After wintering in Aquileia, the Roman army of the East moved toward Ravenna, where John was located; the city fell after a four-month siege, due to the betrayal of the garrison, and John was captured, deposed and killed (June or July 425).
| 2.53125
| 0
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75764765
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege%20of%20Cartagena%20%281815%29
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Siege of Cartagena (1815)
|
Consequences
The loss of Cartagena, the city that had been at the vanguard of independence, was a heavy blow to Republican morale. It was the best defended city, and the most likely place to have been able to stop Morillo's force, as it had done with the British in 1741. Instead, Morillo would go on to reconquer the rest of the Viceroyalty of New Granada in short order, entering Bogotá on 6 May 1816.
He restored the power of the Spanish crown with very tough measures, in a period which the New Granadians called the “Reign of terror”.
In Cartagena, many Republicans who hadn't been able to escape over sea were executed, including Manuel del Castillo y Rada and José María García de Toledo as part of a group later known as the 9 Martyrs. José Francisco Bermúdez had escaped by boat, together with Antonio José de Sucre, Carlos Soublette, Gregor MacGregor, Bartolomé Salom, Mariano Montilla, Henri La Fayette, José Prudencio Padilla and others who would later play an important role in the struggle against Spanish domination.
| 2.296875
| 0
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75765289
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oosterland%20%281684%29
|
Oosterland (1684)
|
The Oosterland was a large 17th-century East Indiaman of the Dutch East India Company (Dutch: Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie; VOC). The VOC was established in 1602. The ship was wrecked along with another ship by the ship the Kallendijk on 24 May 1695. The shipwreck was discovered by amateur divers in 1988 on the South African coast a few hundred metres from the entrance to Milnerton Lagoon at the mouth of the Salt River. Excavation of the wreck started in the early 1990s in combination with the University of Cape Town and was led by Bruno Werz.
Ship
The Oosterland was built in 1685 for the Chamber of Zeeland at the VOC ship yard in Middelburg. She undertook her maiden voyage on 25 November 1685 from Wielingen (Chamber of Zeeland) stopping at Santiago (Cabo Verde) from 12 March 1686 till 23 March 1686 and then at the Cape of Good Hope from 17 May 1686 till 8 June 1686 and arrived at Batavia on 31 July 1686.
The ship was a Dutch "Mirror Return Ship" () built as an East Indiaman for transport between the Dutch Republic and the settlements and strongholds of the Dutch East India Company in the East Indies. Under the captainship of Karel de Marville the ship departed on 29 January 1688 from Wielingen and carried Huguenot refugee families to the Cape of Good Hope where she arrived on 25 April 1688 4 people died on this voyage.
The ship undertook 4 voyages during her service with 3 of those used to carry expensive Asiatic products such as textiles, indigo, tropical woods, nuts, baskets and special porcelain.
These voyages took place:
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75765291
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Herbie%20Nichols%20Project
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The Herbie Nichols Project
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The Herbie Nichols Project was an American jazz ensemble dedicated to performing the music of composer and pianist Herbie Nichols.
History
The group was co-founded in 1992 by pianist Frank Kimbrough and double bassist Ben Allison, both members of the Jazz Composers Collective. However, the origins of the project dated back to 1985, when Kimbrough began to research and transcribe Nichols' piano trio recordings. In 1991, Allison began assisting him, and the two continued their work until they had produced transcriptions for 38 recorded compositions, later adding 32 additional works transcribed from scores housed at the Library of Congress. Between 1995 and 2001, the group recorded three albums of music written by Nichols, with expanded arrangements that included instruments not featured on Nichols' original recordings.
Legacy
Critic and author Ben Ratliff described the HNP as "a jazz repertory band that's done great work digging up the least-known, most fragmentary compositions of the pianist Herbie Nichols and turned them into music that does him proud." Writer A. B. Spellman commented: "Herbie would have been pleased, for he never heard the harmonic possibilities that he so carefully built into his pieces exploited by a band." The authors of The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings called the group "a vivid, inventive tribute band... which goes way beyond the vague, wannabe gestures of less thoughtful projects."
Discography
Love Is Proximity (Soul Note, 1997)
Dr. Cyclops' Dream (Soul Note, 1999)
Strange City (Palmetto, 2001)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor%20Flondor
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Tudor Flondor
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Tudor Flondor (July 10, 1862–June 23, 1908) was an ethnic Romanian composer and politician in Austria-Hungary, in the Duchy of Bukovina.
Born into an Orthodox Christian family in Storojineț, his parents were Gheorghe Flondor and his wife Isabela (née Dobrovolschi de Buchenthal). He studied piano at home, then music at the Cernăuți philharmonic society (1879-1883), under Vojtěch Hřímalý. He continued his studies at the Vienna Music Academy (1884-1888). Meanwhile, he studied law at Czernowitz University (1882-1884) and at the Life Sciences University in Vienna (1884-1887). From 1885 to 1889, he directed the choir and orchestra of România Jună Society in Vienna. From 1883 to 1906, he was conductor and composer at the Armonia musical society in Cernăuți, serving as its president from 1906 until his death.
Flondor became mayor of Rogojești in 1889. He served in the Diet of Bukovina from 1898 to 1907 and in the Austrian House of Deputies from 1901 to 1907. From 1901 to 1908, following an appointment by Emperor Franz Joseph, he was head of the Bukovina Commission on Agriculture, his second great passion. He wrote a large number of compositions at his estate of Rogojești, where he spent most of his time; he inherited the property after his father's death in 1892. His output had a patriotic, national character, extending beyond the borders of Bukovina, helping to spur Romanian activism there. He died at Schlachtensee.
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74453446
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krassach%20River
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Krassach River
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Flora
The entire length of the Krassach River is flanked mainly by alder and willow trees. The upper reaches have increasingly narrow stream-ash forests, especially near the calcareous spring. During spring, dense stands of the counter-leaved spleenwort also flourish in these areas. The narrow groves of alder, ash, and willow along the riverbanks are remnants of former floodplain forests, which were mostly cleared through human land use during the Middle Ages, leaving only small remnants behind. However, these remaining groves play a crucial role in protecting the stream. They act as buffer strips between the river and adjacent agriculture, offering shade that helps keep the Krassach from warming. The stream bed and the riparian areas are richly structured, except for the straightened sections in Krassach and Weismain, and shallower areas alternate with deeper ones. Also, in its upper reaches, the Krassach has a lively alternation of feeder-rich, faster-flowing and shallower, slower-flowing sections of water.
Fauna
The Krassach River is a habitat for various species, including bullheads, brook lampreys, and brown trout. Additionally, stoneflies, small and large dragonfly larvae, mayfly larvae, caddisfly larvae, gammarus fossarum, and flatworms thrive in its waters. There have been occasional sightings of fire salamanders and damselflies as well.
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74453755
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathalie%20Djurberg%20and%20Hans%20Berg
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Nathalie Djurberg and Hans Berg
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Their collaborations have been globally exhibited. In 2009, their installation "The Experiment" was presented at the 53rd Venice Biennial "Making Worlds," earning them the Silver Lion for Best Emerging Artists.
In 2011, the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis organized and exhibited The Parade: Nathalie Djurberg with Music by Hans Berg, which traveled to the New Museum in New York (2012) and Yerba Buena Center for the Arts in San Francisco (2012–2013).
In 2012, their installation at the New Museum showcased life-sized sculptures of over eighty bird species crafted from wire, foam, silicone, painted fabric, and clay. In 2012 at the new museum Djurberg’s installation included life-size sculptures of over eighty birds: pelicans, flamingos, turkeys, eagles, a dodo, and a snowy owl. These large pieces were made of wire, foam, silicone, painted fabric, and clay. The birds were depicted raising their wings, twisted their necks, and groomed each other. Many of them opened their mouths ferociously.
Their oeuvre is included in collections of institutions such as the Fondazione Prada, Milan; Goetz Collection, Munich; Hammer Museum, Los Angeles; Moderna Museet, Stockholm; Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York; The Museum of Modern Art, New York; and Whitechapel, London. They are represented internationally by Tanya Bonakdar, Giò Marconi, and Lisson Gallery. Exhibitions of their sculptures and animated films accompanied by hypnotic soundtracks have taken place at the Museum Frieder Burda, Salon Berlin.
Their works have been featured in major institutions, including The Walker Arts Center and The New Museum in the U.S., The Schirn Kunsthalle in Germany, Kistefos Museum in Norway, and Moderna Museet in Stockholm, Sweden. Permanent public sculptures are displayed at Borås Konstmuseum and Wanås sculpture park.
In 2020, their work "Crocodile, egg, man" sold for a record 16.3 million SEK, the highest sum for a contemporary Swedish artwork.
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74453755
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathalie%20Djurberg%20and%20Hans%20Berg
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Nathalie Djurberg and Hans Berg
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In 2022, Italian luxury brand Miu Miu invited the duo to present an artistic intervention at the 2022 Autumn Winter collection showcase at Palais d'Iéna. Following this successful collaboration, they launched a jewelry collection with Miu Miu, featuring Ísadóra Bjarkardóttir Barney as the face of their campaigns.
Clay animation and digital videos
Camels Drink Water (2007; 3:47 min.), Edition of 4, music by Hans Berg
We are not two, we are one (2008; 5:33 min.), Edition of 4, music by Hans Berg
Turn into me (2008; 7:10 min.), Edition of 4, music by Hans Berg
Artistic style
In a 2006 interview with Ali Subotnik, Djurberg expresses that she feels the clash between “the desire to do bad things and being terrified of being evil,” which she cites as part of her inspiration for her works. She also mentions that her violent works are a way of moving the brutality of the real world into her studio so she can control it; Djurberg can choose to “punish” the perpetrators in her stories, or not.
Incorporating elements of animation, sculpture, and sound, Nathalie Djurberg and Hans Berg construct scenarios rich in psychological tension, exploring both human and primal desires. Djurberg, since 2001, has cultivated a unique filmmaking style marked by clay animation, through which she articulates fundamental instincts such as jealousy, vengeance, avarice, submission, and lust. Since 2004, Djurberg has been working as an artistic duo with her collaborator, musician and composer Hans Berg, complementing Djurberg's animations and installations with his atmospheric sound effects and entrancing musical scores.
Djurberg and Berg frequently construct mentally disconcerting environments in their films and sculptural installations. Their main characters, often depicted as girls or young women, are described by The New York Times as engaging in a spectrum of malevolent activities. These range from mild deceit and amicable torture, to curiously innocuous bestiality, and at the extreme, murder and chaos.
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74453845
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw%20Tyniecki
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Władysław Tyniecki
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Władysław Tyniecki (5 May 1833 – 16 October 1912) was a Polish forester and botanist who served as a professor at the school of forestry in Lviv. He was the founding editor of the journal Sylwan.
Life and work
Tyniecki was born in Olszanica (Podolia) to Erazm and Salomea née Łazowski. He went to grammar school but political events in 1848-49 stopped study. He was refused entry as a volunteer in General Bem's army for being too young. He then worked on his father's farm. He went to study at the newly created Agricultural Academy in Dublany in 1855. He then studied at the Forest Academy in Tharandt from 1858 to 1860 and returned to become a lecturer at Dublany. He also founded a botanical garden there. In 1874 he moved to teach botany and forestry at the school of forestry in Lviv, succeeding Henryk Strzelecki who resigned, as the head in 1892. He was a founder of the Galician Forest Society and began the journal "Sylwan" which he edited. He also edited the magazine "Rolnik" for the Galician Farming Society. He was a founding member of the Copernicus society of Polish naturalists.
Tyniecki's forestry work included protection measures against cockchafers and moths. He gave lectures on the physiology of trees, discussed the aging and death of trees. In 1867 he was involved in the propagation of willows. In 1898 he wrote a dissertation on cancer diseases in trees. In 1898 he promoted the use of beech wood for railway sleepers. He suggested in 1904 that mixed species forest plantations were preferred to monocultures.
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74454276
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burke%27s%20Company
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Burke's Company
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Burke's Company is a 1966 Australia stage play by Bill Reed about the Burke and Wills expedition.
It was given a reading at the Emerald Theatre under Wal Cherry and was later produced by the Melbourne Theatre Company for a production starting 7 May 1968.
An early production was sponsored by the Elizabethan Theatre Trust. It was adapted for ABC radio in 1969.
The play was published in book form in 1969.
It was revived in 1985 and also performed in London in 1971.
Reception
The Age called it "a haunting fusion of poetry and mime, captured by George Ogilvie's imaginative production."
Historian Peter Fitzpatrick called it "the most achieved of Reed’s plays. It juxtaposes the events of the trek itself with the agonizings of Brahe, the man left in charge of the stockade to wait for the return of Burke, Wills and King. Brahe’s decision to give up the wait and go back, his discovery later with King’s return that Burke might still he out there and later still that he decamped just nine hours too soon, and the proceedings of the court of enquiry, all slip in unchronologically. Reed draws on a number of telling non-naturalistic devices to mime the horrors of Burke’s return, and to counterpoint Brahe’s anguish."
According to Gabrielle Wolf, the play "had a significant impact on the local theatre scene. Members of the La Mama Company learned from and were inspired by it."
Radio adaptation
The play was adapted for radio in 1969 with George Whaley as Burke, Brian James as Wills and Frederick Parslow as King.
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74454300
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Golden%20Key%2C%20or%20The%20Adventures%20of%20Buratino
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The Golden Key, or The Adventures of Buratino
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The Golden Key,(zolotoy kluchic) or The Adventures of Buratino is a children's novel by Soviet writer Alexei Tolstoy, which is a literary treatment of Carlo Collodi's novel The Adventures of Pinocchio. Tolstoy dedicated the book to his future fourth and last wife, Lyudmila Krestinskaya.
History
The creation of the story began when in 1923 Alexei Tolstoy, being in exile, edited the Russian translation of the fairy tale by Italian writer Carlo Collodi "The Adventures of Pinocchio. The Story of the Wooden Doll" (1883), realized by Nina Petrovskaya. A year later this book was published in Berlin, in the publishing house "Nakanune" (when Tolstoy had already returned to the USSR).
This translation under Tolstoy's editorship stands out against the background of others by the presence in the text of a number of attempts to adapt Italian realities for Russian readers in the form of stylistic alterations (the text contains Russian proverbs, sayings, etc.). It is noteworthy that Tolstoy later transferred some of these adaptations to The Golden Key - in particular, in this translation, Geppetto was already renamed Carlo.
In October 1933, Tolstoy signed a contract with the publishing house "Detgiz" to write his own retelling of "Pinocchio" (co-authored with Nina Petrovskaya), but in December 1934 he had a myocardial infarction, because of which Tolstoy was forced to postpone work on the story and returned to it only in the spring of 1935 (for this he had to postpone work on the trilogy "Walking in Pains").
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74454534
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924%E2%80%9325%20Massachusetts%20Agricultural%20Aggies%20men%27s%20ice%20hockey%20season
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1924–25 Massachusetts Agricultural Aggies men's ice hockey season
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The 1924–25 Massachusetts Agricultural Aggies men's ice hockey season was the 17th season of play for the program. The Aggies were coached by Lorin Ball in his first season.
Season
For the third consecutive season, the ice hockey team had a new head coach. With the departure of Doc Gordon, the club needed a stable hand at the till and the freshman baseball coach, Lorin Ball agreed to take over. Essentially not having played the sport before, Ball had a steep learning curve and was forced to rely on the veteran players for guidance. Other than team captain John Crosby, only Sammy Gordon and Buddy Moberg had seen significant ice time previously and were largely responsible for designing the structure for the team. Warm weather forced the team onto a local pond for the opening game but the slow ice helped the Aggies to in the match. Williams was the faster of the two outfits and the poor conditions prevented them from using those strengths. Moberg's pair led MAC to victory and a positive outlook as the club headed into a busy schedule.
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74454839
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mala%20Tokmachka
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Mala Tokmachka
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Mala Tokmachka (; ; both names literally meaning "Little Tokmak") is a village in Polohy Raion, Zaporizhzhia Oblast, Ukraine, and the administrative center of Mala Tokmachka rural hromada. Since the beginning of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the village has dropped significantly in population due to its proximity to the active frontline, with the land outside of the village remaining an active battleground during the 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive.
Geography
Mala Tokmachka is located on the Konka river that flows through Zaporizhzhia Oblast. It is located from Orikhiv.
History
Mala Tokmachka was founded in 1783 under the Russian Empire on the site of a former Nogai settlement by migrants from Chernihiv Governorate, Poltava Governorate, and Kyiv Governorate. In 1802, Mala Tokmachka was assigned to Tavria Governorate, and in 1842, it specifically became part of Berdyansky Uyezd (county) within the governorate. By 1886, Mala Tokmachka had a population of 3,534 people, an Eastern Orthodox church, and a school.
During World War I and the Russian Civil War, the settlement changed hands between warring factions several times. As a result of the Holodomor, a manmade famine across the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic from 1932 to 1933, a documented 281 people in Mala Tokmachka died. During World War II, Mala Tokmachka was occupied by Nazi Germany between October 1941 and September 1943. There was a memorial installed in honor of the Red Army soldiers who died liberating the village and to the people from the village who died elsewhere on the frontline.
In late 2016, Mala Tokmachka became part of Mala Tokmachka rural hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine established in administrative reforms in the 2010s.
Russian invasion of Ukraine
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74455225
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD%20177565%20b
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HD 177565 b
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HD 177565 b is an extrasolar planet orbiting the G-type main-sequence star HD 177565 55.3 light-years away from the Solar System.
Nomenclature
The planet gets its name from its host star's Henry Draper Catalogue designation, HD 177565 and the "b" designation from being the first exoplanet detected in the system.
Discovery
HD 177565 b was discovered by astronomer F. Feng and colleagues at the La Silla Observatory on May 10, 2017 by using doppler spectroscopy measurements from the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher spectrograph. Combining the radial velocity measurements from HD 177565 & HD 41248 and periodograms via the Athaga tool, the team was able to derive orbits for this planet and HD 41248 b and c.
Properties
Since the planet was detected indirectly, its physical properties such as its radius and density cannot be observed. HD 177565 b takes 44.5 days to complete a relatively circular orbit at a separation of 0.246 AU, which is slightly lower compared to the planet Mercury's distance from the Sun. Its inclination and hence its true mass are also currently immeasurable, so only the minimum mass can be determined. HD 177565 b has a minimum mass 15.1 times the mass of Earth, making it a hot Neptune; it has an equilibrium temperature of .
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74455291
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olibama%20Lopez%20Tushar
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Olibama Lopez Tushar
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Olibama Lopez Tushar (1906 – 2004) was an American scholar of Hispanic heritage in Colorado. Her book, The People of El Valle, is influential in the history and genealogy of the San Luis Valley.
Biography
Olibama Lopez was born on January 2, 1906, at Los Rincones near Manassa, Colorado. Her parents were Fernandez B. Lopez and Josefina Manzanares, and she had one brother. She descended from Spanish settlers from New Mexico that migrated to the San Luis Valley in 1849 as part of the Sangre de Cristo Land Grant. When she was 6 years old in 1912, her family moved to Zarephath, New Jersey, before returning to the San Luis Valley within 2 years.
Her family moved to Denver, Colorado, to give her a better education, where they attended private school. The family spent the school year in Denver and returned to Mogote, Colorado, during summers.
Lopez Tushar graduated as valedictorian from Belleview High School in 1924. She attended Belleview Junior College, where she taught Spanish in exchange for tuition. In 1926, she and her brother attended University of Colorado Boulder. She was one of the first Hispanic graduates of University of Colorado Boulder. She received her bachelor's degree in education. Tushar then attended the University of Denver as one of, if not the first, Hispanic woman to earn a master's degree from the institution. She further developed her thesis, "The Spanish Heritage in the San Luis Valley," into her later book The People of El Valle.
In 1940, Lopez Tushar was recruited by the superintendent of Walsenburg Public Schools as a teacher for her cultural knowledge and connection with Hispanic students. During her time at Huerfano High School, she sponsored the Spanish Club and supported a student production of "El Fandango." The school continued to put on this show every spring, and celebrated the 50th anniversary of the production in 1990.
In 1942, Lopez Tushar was drafted into the war effort as a deputy acting censor in El Paso, Texas.
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74455387
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorin%20Ball
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Lorin Ball
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Lorin Earl "Red" Ball was an American baseball, basketball and ice hockey player and coach. He led all three programs at his alma mater University of Massachusetts Amherst at various times during his 40-year tenure at the university.
Career
Born and raised in Amherst, Ball graduated from Amherst High School in 1916 and began attending Massachusetts Agricultural College (later the University of Massachusetts Amherst) the following fall. From the start, Ball was involved with many of the school's sports teams, playing on class teams in baseball, basketball, football and ice hockey. Ball joined the varsity baseball and basketball teams as an upperclassman and was remained with the two until his graduation. Though originally a member of the class of 1920, Ball took a year off after his junior season and returned to finish his degree in 1921. After receiving a bachelor's in Agricultural Education, Ball was hired by the school's athletic department to coach the freshman baseball and basketball teams. While working in that capacity, he filled up his free time by working at various camps and sports academies.
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74455443
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89v%C3%AAques-de-Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res%20Mausoleum
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Évêques-de-Trois-Rivières Mausoleum
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Jean-Claude Leclerc's career as an architect only lasted from 1960 to 1972, but was nonetheless punctuated by several important works. He is generally regarded as the architect who introduced modernism to Trois-Rivières. With the exception of a few buildings, most of Jean-Claude Leclerc's work is located in the immediate Trois-Rivières area.
The mausoleum has a special place in Leclerc's career. It is one of his most significant works, along with the Notre-Dame-du-Rosaire church in Fatima and the Trois-Rivières city hall. Although less imposing than his other two works, it fits nicely into Leclerc's Corbusian period, which began after he visited some of Le Corbusier's works and took part in André Wogenscky's studio. In the mausoleum, he incorporates a number of formal references from the Notre-Dame-du-Haut chapel and the Sainte-Marie de La Tourette convent, such as the massive walls, concrete sails, gargoyles, and other details.
The monument did not enjoy great critical acclaim. Books on the architecture of the period, Architectures du xxe siècle au Québec by Claude Bergeron and Architecture contemporaine du Québec 1960-1970 by Laurent Lamy, make no mention of it. The review of this work comes from a Docomomo Québec newsletter published in 1994 and written by architect Daniel Durand. Durand discusses Trois-Rivières' major architectural works of the 1960s. He writes of the mausoleum: "the general form is not as finished as one might expect, given that it was designed by Leclerc and Pinheiro". He doesn't seem to have done much research, as he dates the construction to 1970.
Buried personalities
Bishops
The Diocese of Trois-Rivières has had nine bishops since its creation in 1852. Three of these bishops are still living. Out of the six bishops who have died to date, five are buried in the mausoleum; only Cardinal Maurice Roy is not.
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74455570
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism%20in%20Norway
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Racism in Norway
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Racism in Norway often targets immigrants, especially those of non-white and non-Western origin, including but not limited to Black people, Sámi people, Kven people, Romani people, Muslim people, and Asians. Jews in Norway occasionally experience antisemitism. Historically, as citizens of Denmark–Norway, both Norwegians and Danes have participated in the Danish slave trade and overseas colonialism. Despite Norway's reputation for tolerance, Norwegian anti-racist activists believe that Norway has a "collective amnesia" regarding their country's history of racism and colonialism. Norwegianization policies were historically pursued by the Norwegian government to encourage the assimilation of ethnic minorities including the Sámi, Kvens, Forest Finns, and Norwegian Finns.
Anti-Romani racism
During the early 1900s, as late as the 1930s, Romani people in Norway were subjected to sterilization.
Anti-Sámi racism
The Indigenous Sámi people of Northern Norway have inhabited the region of Sápmi for many centuries. Beginning in the 15th and 16th centuries, Norwegian farmers began to colonize Sámi land. The Norwegian government would later encourage the colonization of Sámi land and the assimilation of Sámi people through policies known as "Norwegianization".
For many years, Sámi skeletons were kept in the collections of the Anatomical Institute at the University of Oslo, including the skeletons of Mons Somby and Aslak Hætta. The skeletons were repatriated in 1997. The Sámi attempt to have their ancestors' remains repatriated is the subject of the 1999 documentary Give Us Our Skeletons.
Nazism and Neo-Nazism
During the German occupation of Norway, some Norwegians collaborated with the German Nazis, most notably the Norwegian military officer and Minister President Vidkun Quisling.
Several neo-Nazi, white supremacist, and far right organizations operate in Norway, including the Boot Boys and Vigrid.
Slavery and colonialism
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74456226
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20B.%20McNamara
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James B. McNamara
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Personal life and death
McNamara was an (honorary) member of the National Federation for Constitutional Liberties, founded in 1940, whose other members included: Joseph R. Brodsky, Franz Boas, Max Yergan, Tom Mooney, Marc Blitzstein, John M. Coffee, Bella Dodd, Robert W. Dunn, Dashiell Hammett, Abraham J. Isserman, Carol Weiss King, Robert Morss Lovett, Albert Maltz, Vito Marcantonio, Lewis Merrill, Jerry O'Connell, William L. Patterson, Michael Quill, Reid Robinson, George Seldes, Donald Ogden Stewart, Ella Winter, Richard Wright, and Art Young.
James B. McNamara died in prison on March 8, 1941. He is buried in the Mount Tamalpais Cemetery, San Rafael, California.
Legacy
The guilty plea of the McNamara brothers on December 1, 1911, undercut the campaign of Job Harriman for mayor of Los Angeles, with elections only four days later.
Darrow found himself implicated in jury tampering, an issue never fully resolved.
In 1913, McManigal wrote a 91-page account of the bombings. The cover shows an images of the explosion and McManigal to the side plus a caption "Ortie McManigal's own story of the National Dynamite Plot." Opposite the title page is an image of William J. Burns, captioned "The main who secured the evidence to corroborate my confession."
The McNamara papers at the University of Cincinnati include correspondence with Clarence Darrow and Upton Sinclair and photos.
Robert Cantwell left an unfinished book about McNamara.
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74456619
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20G.%20Pratt
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John G. Pratt
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John Galbraith Pratt (March 31, 1816 – July 10, 1866) was a brigadier general of the Louisiana state militia during the Confederate States of America. Somewhat unusually for a militant Confederate, he was born and died in Connecticut, United States.
Pratt's family moved from Hartford, Connecticut to Saint Landry Parish, Louisiana in 1845, where Pratt owned a sugarcane plantation. At the time of his death his "magnificent plantation" at Bellevue was said to be "eight hundred superficial arpents" with a "splendid dwelling house" and "complete improvements." Pratt was a "delegate to the Democratic convention that nominated Stephen A. Douglas for president in 1860." Five days after Fort Sumter he was given command of the fourth brigade of the first division of the Louisiana state militia. Camp Pratt, a Confederate boot camp at New Iberia, Louisiana, was named for him.
In 1862, a unit he commanded, composed of irregular militia and Partisan Rangers, recruited from the parishes of St. Charles, Terrebonne and Rapides, botched an attempt to hijack a New Orleans, Opelousas, and Great Western Railway train. Pratt was arrested by Union soldiers in Louisiana and held as a prisoner of war for a time in 1863. He was one of three major contributors to an 1865 narrative account published by Confederate Louisiana state governor Henry Watkins Allen called Official report relative to the conduct of federal troops in western Louisiana, during the invasions of 1863 and 1864.
In 1865 Pratt was a declared candidate for a seat in the U.S. Congress from Louisiana's 4th Congressional district. He died in Portland, Connecticut, in 1866 and is buried in Trinity Church Cemetery in Middlesex County.
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74456875
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate%20Hone
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Kate Hone
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Kate Samara Hone is a British psychologist and computer scientist specialising in human–computer interaction and digital user experience, particularly as applied to the performance, evaluation, and acceptance of educational technology and massive open online courses. She has also been noted for her research on gender stereotypes in preferences for computer speech synthesis. She is a professor of computer science at Brunel University London, where she heads the department of computer science.
Education and career
Hone read experimental psychology at the University of Oxford, where she earned a bachelor's degree in 1990. She went on to graduate study at the University of Birmingham, where in 1992 she earned a master's degree in Work Design and Ergonomics, and completed a Ph.D. in human–computer interaction in 1996; her dissertation was Modelling dialogues for interactive speech systems.
She joined the University of Nottingham in 1995 as a lecturer in psychology, shifting later to computer science, and in 2000 moved to Brunel University London, where was director of the graduate school from 2009 to 2018.
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74457067
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teofil%20Sauciuc-S%C4%83veanu
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Teofil Sauciuc-Săveanu
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Teofil Sauciuc-Săveanu (October 21, 1884–July 26, 1971) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian epigrapher, archaeologist and historian.
Born in Bosanci, a village south of Suceava in the Duchy of Bukovina, he came from an old Romanian family of the Storojineț area, originally called Sava. His parents were Teofil, an Orthodox priest, and Maria. He attended primary school in Iordănești near Storojineț from 1890 to 1894, followed by a state high school in Cernăuți from 1894 to 1902. He studied philosophy at Czernowitz and Vienna Universities from 1902 to 1906, specializing in classical philology. He was a high school teacher from 1909 to 1919. He took a doctorate in letters and philosophy from Vienna in 1909, and was named Privatdozent at Czernowitz in 1913. The Austrian Archaeological Institute awarded him a scholarship to study abroad; from 1910 to 1912, he was based at the Austrian Archaeological Institute at Athens, during which time he visited Andros, Crete, Asia Minor, Sicily and the Italian peninsula. Upon the outbreak of World War I, he was mobilized into a hussar regiment in the Austro-Hungarian Army. Due to rising nationalist sentiment, family members decided to change their Ukrainized or Polonized name of Sauciuc to the unmistakably Romanian one of Săveanu. The scholar went along, but because eliminating his original name from military records would have posed problems, opted for a double name. In early 1918, in Cernăuți, he married Vera, the daughter of Teodor Tarnavschi.
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74457371
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesusita%20Arag%C3%B3n
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Jesusita Aragón
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Jesusita Aragón (1908–2005) was an American midwife and from New Mexico. Known as Doña Jesusita, she delivered around 12,000 babies during her career. She was trained in midwifery by her grandmother and traveled by horseback to provide care to women in northeastern New Mexico. She earned her midwifery certification and moved to Las Vegas, New Mexico, where she built a house which she used as a maternity center. She was named a Santa Fe Living Treasure and received the Sage Femme Award of the Midwives Alliance of North America. The 1980 book La Partera: A Story About a Midwife is about her.
Early life and family
Jesusita Aragón was born to a Hispanic New Mexican family in 1908 at a ranch named El Rancho Trujillo in Sapello, San Miguel County. She was one of eight daughters, only three of whom lived past the age of six. She attended Spanish-language school until the 8th grade. Her mother Antonia died when she was 10 years old.
Aragón's grandmother, Dolores "Lola" Gallegos, was a (midwife). She assisted her grandmother with births, delivering her first baby at the age of 14 and earning the title . Her aunt Valentina was a , a traditional healer, and Aragón learned the use of traditional herbs for healing from her. She had two children and was a single mother. Her father refused to talk to her after she became pregnant at the age of 23. He asked her to leave the house after she became pregnant again years later.
Midwifery career
Aragon practiced midwifery in northeastern New Mexico under a teacher until she was 40 years old. She reached her clientele by horseback and was one of the only midwives active in her area. In early 20th-century New Mexico, parteras were the primary caregivers for pregnant women.
| 2.28125
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74457621
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia%20Albers
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Patricia Albers
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Educator
By 1975, Albers was associate professor of anthropology at University of Utah. She received a superior teaching award at the University of Utah in 1989. In 1995, Albers became the director of the American West Center at the university that advocates for Native American rights, documents the histories of native tribes, and conducts research, employing students who gain first-hand experience. Each year, the Center offers one scholarship to an undergraduate and another to a graduate student. The recipients use the $1,000 stipend to complete a project about society in the American West. The Center has also held weekly Twighlight Talks about Native Americans. Albers was the speaker for the first talk, "Symbol, Sight, and Stereotype: A Century Changing Images of Plains Indian Nations on the Picture Postcard".
Albers was the director of American Indian studies at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis by 2002. By 2018, she was professor emeritus of the University of Minnesota.
Anthropologist
In 1975, Albers advocated for an autonomous Indian Bureau that would not be subject to the agendas of political parties. Being independent, they could focus on solving ongoing problems—hunger, unemployment, high rate of tuberculosis and diabetes deaths, and welfare dependency—experienced by Native Americans.
The Hidden Half: Studies or Plains Indian Women (1983), edited by Albers and Medicine, provides insight into the lives of Plains Indian women and dispels stereotypes about who they were. Albers states "that the role of a woman warrior is every bit as fitting" as for men. The portrayal of Plains Indian women is generally as "beasts of burden" and slaves. Scholarly articles were selected about women of Plains tribes over time and the opinions about the women and their roles. The lives of the women were first told by Albers and Medicine in a symposium in 1973.
| 3
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74457639
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concerto%20for%20Two%20Pianos%20and%20Orchestra%20%28Berio%29
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Concerto for Two Pianos and Orchestra (Berio)
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The Concerto for Two Pianos and Orchestra was composer by Luciano Berio between 1972 and 1973 on a commission from the New York Philharmonic. Its world premiere was given by the pianists Bruno Canino and Antonio Ballista and the New York Philharmonic conducted by Pierre Boulez at Philharmonic Hall, New York City, on March 15, 1973. The piece is dedicated to Janice and Norman Rosenthal. The concerto has a duration of roughly 25 minutes and is cast in a single continuous movement.
Instrumentation
The work is scored for two solo pianos and a large orchestra comprising two flutes, piccolo, two oboes, Cor anglais, two clarinets, piccolo clarinet, bass clarinet, alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, three bassoons, contrabassoon, three horns, three trumpets, three trombones, tuba, electric organ, an additional piano, marimba, two percussionists, and strings.
Reception
Reviewing the world premiere, Harold C. Schonberg of The New York Times was critical of the piece, writing, "Mr. Berio's Two‐Piano Concerto has to live or die as music, as something that communicates. On that basis it does not have much chance of survival." He added, "As the concerto continued, it became very dense, very complicated and very reminiscent of Stockhausen, Stravinsky and others. Mr. Berio really does not have much in the way of an original statement to offer."
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74457726
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucocoprinus%20minimus
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Leucocoprinus minimus
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Leucocoprinus minimus is a species of mushroom-producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae.
Taxonomy
It was first described in 1852 by the British mycologist Miles Joseph Berkeley who classified it as Hiatula minima.
In 1916, it was reclassified as Leptomyces minimus by the American mycologist William Murrill.
This was reclassified as Lepiota minima in 1952 by the British mycologist Richard William George Dennis and then as Leucocoprinus minimus in 1981 by the British mycologist David Pegler.
Description
Leucocoprinus minimus is a small dapperling mushroom with very thin white flesh that becomes pink and deliquesces with age.
Cap: 2–3 cm wide. Hemispherical with a flat umbo. The surface is white and dotted with tiny dark purple-brown scales which are denser at the centre disc. It has striations (plicato-striate) running from the cap margins halfway to the centre of the cap. Stem: 2mm thick and equal in width across the length however no length is provided in Dennis' description. It is smooth, hollow and curved with a white surface that becomes purple-brown at the base. Gills: Thin, equal, crowded and remote from the stem. They are about 2mm wide. No colour is provided in the description. Spores: 6–10 × 5–7 μm. Elliptical and hyaline. They have a red amyloid reaction when mounted in Melzer's reagent. Basidia: 4 spored.
Pegler provides more detail on the spores:
Spores: 7–9 × 5.5–6 μm. Ovoid to ellipsoid with a truncated, conspicuous apical germ pore. Dextrinoid.
Pegler also notes that the species is fragile and lacks an annulus on the stem when mature but does not otherwise add to the description.
| 2.375
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74457964
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucocoprinus%20pepinosporus
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Leucocoprinus pepinosporus
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Leucocoprinus pepinosporus is a species of mushroom-producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae.
Taxonomy
It was first described in 1977 by the Belgian mycologist Paul Heinemann who classified it as Leucocoprinus pepinosporus.
Description
Leucocoprinus pepinosporus is a small dapperling mushroom. The description given by Heinemann is scant and does not provide much detail.
Cap: The surface is white with greyish-brown scales in the centre disc. The cap is submembranous with striated edges. No dimensions are provided in the description. Stem: It has a thick base and a fragile ring but no other details are provided. The colour is described as 'white then pink' but it is unclear if this is referring to pink discolouration with age, bruising or different colouration across the stem surface as it also says white stem flesh and pink below the cap. Spores: 11.2–13.5 x 7.4–8.1 μm. Amygdaliform with apical elongation but no germ pore. Cheilocystidia: 45–50 x 14–20 (28) μm. Lanceolate.
Habitat and distribution
L. pepinosporus is scarcely recorded and little known. The specimens studied by Heinemann were found growing in Zaire, now the Democratic Republic of the Congo. They were collected in Panzi, in the region of Lake Edward and Lake Kivu.
| 1.945313
| 0
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74457968
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Peter%20Piech
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Paul Peter Piech
|
Paul Peter Piech was an American artist, printmaker, and publisher. Born in Brooklyn to Ukrainian parents, he spent a large part of his life in Wales, Piech is notable for his linocut and woodcut prints that advocate for social justice.
The Independent claims his "books and posters confront the viewer with the need for global responsibility and co-operation."
The National Library of Wales described Piech as "internationally acclaimed."
His Taurus Press published an edition of De Profundis by Oscar Wilde; Ugly Pieces of Metal by William J. Leahy; and John Gurney's poems Coal, a Sonnet Sequence, the last of which had illustrations by Piech.
Biography
Early life
Piech was born to Ukrainian parents in Brooklyn on February 11, 1920. His parents had immigrated from Ukraine to Brooklyn seven years earlier (circa 1913). Piech was raised speaking Ukrainian; his parents read him a variety of poetry and stories from their home country.
When Piech was 19, he studied at the Cooper Union College of Art in New York City. His professors included German artists Hans Moller and George Salter.
Career
In 1937, Austrian-American artist Herbert Bayer of the Dorlands Advertising Agency hired Piech as a graphic artist. Piech's designs were influenced by Bayer's Bauhaus aesthetic, as well as "Klee, Picasso[,] William Blake and German Expressionism."
During WWII, "he was posted to Cardiff" with United States Eighth Army Air Force. His duties included painting pinup art of blonde women in the front of aircraft to illustrate the "affectionate female nicknames" of the aircraft.
In 1947, he married Welsh nurse and midwife Irene Tomkins in Wales. The couple had 1 daughter.
A GI education grant enabled him to study further at the Chelsea College of Art.
From 1951 to 1968, he worked as an artistic director for W. S. Crawfords Advertising. His campaigns included W. & T. Avery.
| 2.609375
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