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11669284
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime%20in%20Chicago
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Crime in Chicago
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During the Progressive Era, the first juvenile system was created by Chicago officials and, to make the court system more organized and specific, specialized courts, like those for domestic disputes, were created. Not only did the court and corrections systems change, there was also a change in policing. Divisions and squads became specialized on particular types of crime. The courts began to incorporate specialists, like scientists and psychologists, to make the trial and evidence more reliable and trustworthy.
Chicago was among the first U.S. cities to create an integrated emergency-response center to coordinate the response to natural disasters, gang violence, and terrorist attacks. Built in 1995, the center is integrated with more than 2,000 cameras, communications with all levels of city government, and a direct link to the National Counterterrorism Center. Police credited surveillance cameras with contributing to decreased crime in 2004.
In 2003, the Chicago Police Department began installing POD's (Police Observation Devices) in high-crime areas. The cameras are able to rotate 360 degrees and zoom to a fine level of detail. The devices are also bulletproof, operable in any weather condition, record continuously and switch into night-vision mode after dark. POD's are used to monitor street crime and direct police deployment. Data from the cameras is wirelessly transmitted to the Chicago Crime Prevention and Information Center (CPIC) which can individually control any camera. Over 20,000 cameras currently operate in Chicago. In addition to PODs, colloquially referred to as "blue-light cameras", the city has added general surveillance cameras to CTA stations, buses, Chicago Housing Authority buildings, public buildings and schools. This has prompted harsh criticism from privacy advocates and the ACLU who called the program "A pervasive and poorly regulated threat to our privacy".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime%20in%20Chicago
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Crime in Chicago
|
The Chicago Police Department has also been criticized for its liberal use of the controversial "stop-and-frisk" policy. For decades, the policy gave officers much more autonomy to conduct stops and pat-downs if there exists a reasonable suspicion that a suspect might be armed and dangerous. The ACLU has claimed that the policy unfairly targets African Americans, who accounted for nearly 75% of those stopped in 2014, even though they account for a third of the city's population. The Chicago Police Department confiscated almost 7,000 firearms in 2014, about 583 per month. The stop-and-frisk policy was largely abandoned by CPD in early 2016.
Because the Chicago Police Department tallies data differently than police in other cities, the FBI often does not accept its crime statistics . Chicago police officers record all criminal sexual assaults, as opposed to only rape . They count aggravated battery together with the standard category of aggravated assault . As a result, Chicago is often omitted from studies such as Morgan Quitno's annual "Safest/Most Dangerous City" survey, which relies on FBI-collected data.
The Chicago Police Department's CLEAR (Citizen Law Enforcement Analysis and Reporting) system is a web application enabling the public to search the Chicago Police Department's database of reported crime. Individuals are able to see maps, graphs, and tables of reported crime. The database contains 90 days of information, which can be accessed in blocks of up to 14 days. Data is refreshed daily. However, the most recent information is always six days old.
The police use "guardian-like" intervention, a method relying on information from an individual's criminal history in order to predict the likelihood of becoming a victim or perpetrator of violence, to "build public trust and legitimacy."
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11669284
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime%20in%20Chicago
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Crime in Chicago
|
CPD tallied 22 police-involved shootings in 2015, eight of which resulted in fatalities. Fatality cases involving an African American perpetrator often gave rise to a media sensation, both in Chicago and elsewhere. In December 2015, the US Department of Justice opened a civil rights investigation of the Chicago Police Department in the aftermath of the Laquan McDonald case. The "pattern and practice" probe evaluated the use of force, deadly force, accountability and tracking procedures of the department. A 190-page report issued in April 2016 deemed the Chicago Police Department a racist organization. Chairman of the Chicago Fraternal Order of Police, Dean Angelo called the report "totally biased" and "utterly ridiculous".
2016's surge in murders and shootings, coupled with a decline in gun seizures, led former Police Superintendent John Escalante to express concerns in March 2016 that officers might be hesitant to engage in proactive policing due to fear of retribution. Officers anonymously reported to the Chicago Sun-Times that they have been afraid to make investigatory stops because the Justice Department and American Civil Liberties Union of Illinois have been scrutinizing police practices. Data of the supposed pullback was reflected with an 80 percent decrease in the number of street stops that officers made since the beginning of 2016. Dean Angelo has claimed that part of the problem is politicians and groups like the ACLU who don't know much about policing, and yet are "dictating what police officers do".
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11669284
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime%20in%20Chicago
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Crime in Chicago
|
Professors Paul Cassell and Richard Fowles at the University of Utah later analyzed the 2016 Chicago homicide "spike" and concluded that the most likely cause was a consent decree entered into by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) with the Chicago Police Department restricting stop and frisks. Cassell and Fowles concluded that 239 additional victims were killed and 1129 additional shootings occurred in 2016 because of the reduction in stop and frisks. This study, however, failed to identify such spikes in the large number of other cities subject to similar consent decrees, leading to questions about whether they had really identified a causal relationship.
Crime reporting accuracy
In 2014 and 2015, Chicago Magazine and The Economist conducted investigations into the CompStat data reporting of crime statistics for the city and reported irregularities. In addition, an audit conducted by Chicago's Office of the Inspector General found significant problems in the accuracy of CPD's crime data.
According to Chicago Magazine, superiors often pressure officers to under-report crime. An unnamed police source quoted in the magazine says there are "a million tiny ways to do it", such as misclassifying and downgrading offenses, counting multiple incidents as single events, and discouraging residents from reporting crime. The police department has responded that their statistics are generally accurate and that the discrepancies can be explained by differences in the Uniform Crime Reporting used by the FBI and CompStat.
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11669284
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime%20in%20Chicago
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Crime in Chicago
|
Gun laws and dealers
The city of Chicago has one of the highest murder rates among large cities. Despite generally strict gun laws compared to neighboring areas, there are still many illegal guns in Chicago. It is estimated that 80% of homicides in Chicago are committed with firearms. Chicago recorded 780 murders in 2020. This figure represents an increase of more than 55% over 2019. On the Fourth of July weekend 2021, at least 100 people, mostly African-American, were shot, 18 of them fatally. Murders for 2021, are trending higher than 2020.
Chicago has a ban on guns designated as "assault weapons" and laser sights. Additionally, under Illinois law, to own a firearm one must possess a firearms owners’ identification (FOID) card, undergo a background check, and wait 72 hours before taking possession of a purchased firearm. Lost or stolen guns must also be reported to law enforcement within 72 hours. There are currently no gun stores in the Chicago city limits and Federal firearms laws already make it illegal to buy firearms out of state without an FFL transfer and background check from that state. Access to guns is likely occurring via neighboring Indiana, a state with lax gun laws, and the many other areas through already illegal straw purchases.
About 7000 guns are recovered by Chicago police each year at crime scenes. An estimated 45% of these guns are bought by straw buyers in states with lax gun laws, namely Indiana. In April 2021, the City of Chicago filed a lawsuit against Westforth Sports of Gary, Indiana, alleging that it consistently ranks as one of the highest suppliers of guns used in crimes. The city claims that during the period from 2009 to 2016, 850 recovered guns were originally purchased from Westforth Sports.
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11669291
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezs%C5%91%20B%C3%A1lint%20%28painter%29
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Rezső Bálint (painter)
|
Rezső Bálint (14 October 1885 – 18 November 1945, in Budapest) was a Hungarian painter known for his landscape paintings.
He had two younger brothers. Albert Berger (originally Béla) (1898–1938) and Jenő Bálint (Berger) (1889(?)–1945). Both of them chose careers close to painting, dealing with art sales, supporting new talents, and painting criticism. 1898-1902, so between the ages of 13 and 17, he studied as a printer at the Franklin company.
At first he was not admitted to the Pattern Drawing School. He and his father visited the famous painters of the time one after the other, Fülöp László almost did not accept them, Bertalan Székely's answer is quoted verbatim by Rezső Bálint: "I do not recommend that he enter the field of painting. I prefer the industrial track. Stick to your craft. For a cobbler rather than a painter!" But he didn't give up, even though he didn't dare to go home after the many failures. He lived with a friend and painted postcards for a living.
He used to be an avid card player. So much so that once he even gambled away his wife' family fortune.
He studied painting under the guidance of Manó Vesztróczy and Ferenc Szablya-Frischauf. In 1906 he continued his studies of painting in Nagybánya (Baia Mare, Romania) and later in Paris.
Between 1906 and 1908, he was taught by Béla Iványi-Grünwald and Károly Ferenczy in Nagybánya.
In 1909, he changed his name from Rudolf Berger to Rezső Bálint and the same year he had his first exhibition in Budapest in 1909. In 1910 and 1911 he rented a studio jointly with A. Modigliani on Montparnasse in Paris. In 1911 and 1912 he worked with an extensive number of artists at Kecskemét. In the spring of 1915, he opened a painting school in Izbég, with great interest.
In 1919 he published a portfolio entitled Shapes, Patches and Lines presenting ten stone-drawings preceded by an introduction by the Hungarian poet, Dezső Kosztolányi.
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11669291
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezs%C5%91%20B%C3%A1lint%20%28painter%29
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Rezső Bálint (painter)
|
After 1920 he lived in Izbég a municipality of Szentendre where he mostly painted landscapes. The Hungarian National Gallery today contains three of his pictures: "Mother with Her Child", "Interieur", "A Hospital Scene".
Once, a Catholic community asked him to paint and decorate the church, but he said no. He stated that he does not paint frescoes, he is not a room painter.
He came back to Hungary in 1940, they survived the war and the ghetto. Then in 1945, bad luck ended his life: the gas tap in the Király Street apartment was left open and he died of gas poisoning.
His art
The extremely rich oeuvre prompted many writers, poets, and the most famous art critics to deal in depth with Bálint's qualities. Dezső Kosztolányipraised the work of Rezső Bálint several times in his writings, in some cases at the request of the artist. In 1916, Bálint's war pictures were exhibited. A review of this was published in Múlt és Jövő (Past and Future) magazine. Kosztolányi begins his article by recalling an earlier criticism: "About Rezső Bálint - a long time ago, still in peace - when he exhibited his pictures, among other things I wrote the following: In his pictures, harmony flows. Someone could call him a painter of silence". Later he continues:
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11669307
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka%20Legislative%20Assembly
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Karnataka Legislative Assembly
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On Wednesday, 18 June 1952, at 11:00 am, the first session of the newly-formed Mysore Legislative Assembly was held at a conference hall in the old Public Offices building (the Attara Kacheri, the current seat of the Karnataka High Court) in Bangalore. The first assembly in Mysore formed under the Constitution of India, it had 99 elected members and one nominated member. In the first sitting of the assembly, V. Venkatappa, the honorary speaker, administered the oath of office to the members (including the then Chief Minister Kengal Hanumanthaiah), and then conducted an election to the post of speaker, which was contested by socialist leader Shantaveri Gopalagowda and H. Siddaiah. With 74 votes, the latter won, and Hanumanthaiah delivered a speech.
With the formation of Andhra state in 1953, parts of Bellary district from Madras State were added to Mysore state and the strength of the Assembly increased by five members. After the re-organization of the state of Mysore came into being on 1 November 1956 with four districts from the former Bombay state, three districts of Hyderabad state, a district, and taluk of the old Madras state of Coorg, and the princely state of Mysore. The state was renamed Karnataka in 1973.
The first sitting of the new assembly was held on 19 December 1956 in the newly built Vidhana Soudha. The strength of the assembly, which was 208 in 1957 increased to 216 in 1967 and to 224 plus a nominated member in 1978.
The only woman to have held the post of Speaker was K. S. Nagarathanamma, who served from 24 March 1972 to 3 March 1978.
The Budget Session and The Monsoon Session of the Legislature are held in Vidhana Soudha, Bengaluru. The Winter Session of the Legislature is held in Suvarna Vidhana Soudha in Belagavi.
Members of Legislative Assembly
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11669402
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusarium%20solani
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Fusarium solani
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Fusarium solani is a species complex of at least 26 closely related filamentous fungi in the division Ascomycota, family Nectriaceae. It is the anamorph of Nectria haematococca. It is a common soil inhabiting mold. Fusarium solani is implicated in plant diseases as well as in serious human diseases such as fungal keratitis.
History and taxonomy
The genus Fusarium was described in 1809 by Link. In the 1930s, Wollenweber and Reinking organized the genus Fusarium into sections, including Martiella and Ventricosum, which were collapsed together by Snyder and Hansen in the 1940s to form a single species, Fusarium solani; one of nine Fusarium species they recognized based on morphological features. The current concept of F. solani is as a species complex consisting of multiple, closely related and morphologically poorly distinguishable, "cryptic" species with characteristic genetic differences. There is a proposed concept for the entire genus - widely subscribed by specialists - that would include this complex. However, there is a smaller counterproposal that radically refiles the genus including making this complex into a genus Neocosmospora. The fungus is allied with the sexual species, Nectria haematococca, in the family Nectriaceae (phylum Ascomycota).
Growth and morphology
Like other species in its genus, Fusarium solani produces colonies that are white and cottony. However, instead of developing a pink or violet centre like most Fusarium species, F. solani becomes blue-green or bluish brown. On the underside, they may be pale, tea-with-milk-brown, or red-brown. However, some clinical isolates have been blue-green or ink-blue on the underside. F. solani colonies are low-floccose, loose, slimy, and sporadic. When grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA), this fungus grows rapidly, but not as rapidly as Fusarium oxysporum. In PDA, F. solani colonies reach a diameter of 64–70 mm in 7 days.
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11669402
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusarium%20solani
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Fusarium solani
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F. solani has aerial hyphae that give rise to conidiophores laterally. The conidiophores branch into thin, elongated monophialides that produce conidia. Phialides that produce macroconidia are shorter than those that produce microconidia. The macroconidia produced by F. solani are slightly curved, hyaline, and broad, often aggregating in fascicles. Typically the macroconidia of this species have 3 septa but may have as many as 4–5. Microconidia have thickened basal cells and tapered, rounded apical cells. However, some F. solani isolates have pointed, rather than rounded, macroconidia. Microconidia are oval or cylindrical, hyaline, and smooth. Some microconidia may be curved. Microconidia typically lack septa, but occasionally they may have up to two. Fusarium solani also forms chlamydospores most commonly under suboptimal growth conditions. These may be produced in pairs or individually. They are abundant, have rough walls, and are 6-11 μm. F. solani chlamydospores are also brown and round.
Ecology
F. solani is found in soil worldwide. However, a given species within the complex may not be as widespread and may not have the same ecology as others in the complex. In general, as a soil fungus, F. solani is associated with the roots of plants and may be found as deep in the ground as 80 cm. It is frequently isolated in tropic, subtropic, and temperate locations, and less frequently isolated from alpine habitats. The pH of soil does not have a significant effect on F. solani, however, soil fumigation causes an increase in occurrence. F. solani is typically sensitive to soil fungicides. F. solani has been found in ponds, rivers, sewage facilities, and water pipes. It has also been found in larvae and adults of the picnic beetle, is a symbiote of the ambrosia beetle.
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11669402
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusarium%20solani
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Fusarium solani
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Life cycle
F. solani can be found in soils worldwide, where its chlamydospores overwinter on plant tissue/seed or as mycelium in the soil. The pathogen enters hosts through developing roots, where it can infect the host. After infection, F. solani produces asexual macro and microconidia which are dispersed through wind and rain. The pathogen can persist in the soil for a decade, and if left unchecked can cause complete crop loss.
Physiology and biochemistry
F. solani have 5-13 chromosomes, with a genome size of about 40 Mb. The GC-content of its DNA is 50%. Mycelium of F. solani is rich in the amino acid alanine, as well as a range of fatty acids including δ-aminobutyric-, palmitic-, oleic-, and linolenic acids. Fusarium solani requires potassium for growth, and develops a feathery pattern when potassium levels are below 3 mM. In culture the following disaccharides are utilized (from most- to least preferential): mannose, rhamnose and sorbose. This species can decompose cellulose at an optimal pH of 6.5 and temperature of 30 °C. It can also metabolise steroids and lignin, and reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+. Fusarium solani produces mycotoxins like Fusaric acid and naphthoquinones. Other toxins have also been isolated from F. solani, including:
Fusarubin
Javanicin
Marticin
Isomarticin - causes chlorosis in citrus
Solaniol
Neosolaniol
T-2 toxin
HT-2 toxin
Diacetoxyscirpenol
Pathology
Humans
F. solani is largely resistant to typical antifungal agents. The most effective antifungals in treating F. solani infections are amphotericin B and natamycin; however, these agents have only modest success in the treatment of serious systemic infection.
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11669402
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusarium%20solani
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Fusarium solani
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As of 2006, there has been increasing evidence that F. solani can act as a causal agent of mycoses in humans.
F. solani has been implicated in the following diseases: disseminated disease, osteomyelitis, skin infection, fungemia, and endophthalmitis. Half of human disease involving Fusarium is caused by F. solani and it is involved in most cases of systemic fusariosis and corneal infections. In immunocompromised patients, F. solani is one of the most common agents in disseminated and cutaneous infections.
In the southern USA, fungal keratitis has been most commonly caused by F. solani, as well as F. oxysporum. Cases occur most frequently during harvest season as a result of corneal trauma from dust or plant material. Fungal spores come into contact with the damaged cornea and grow. Without treatment, the hyphae can grow into the cornea and into the anterior chamber of the eye. F. solani is also a major cause of fungal keratitis in HIV positive patients in Africa.
As of 2011, F. solani was implicated in cases of fungal keratitis involving the Bausch and Lomb ReNu contact lens solution. Some strains of F. solani can produce a biofilm on soft contact lenses. However, when lenses are cleaned correctly with solution, these biofilms are prevented. Prevention also includes leaving lenses in polyhexanide biguanide solution overnight to inhibit F. solani. Other risk factors of contact lens-related Fusarium keratitis include use of daily-wear lenses beyond the recommended timeline and overnight wear.
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11669413
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea%20Frontier
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Sea Frontier
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Sea Frontiers were several, now disestablished, commands of the United States Navy as areas of defense against enemy vessels, especially submarines, along the U.S. coasts. They existed from 1 July 1941 until in some cases the 1970s. Sea Frontiers generally started at the shore of the United States and extended outwards into the sea for a nominal distance of two hundred miles.
As early as 1927 the Navy's plans for the coastal defense of the United States and its Territories and possessions provided for the establishment of Naval Coastal Frontiers that would be larger operational commands than the individual Naval Districts. On 1 July 1941, the Chief of Naval Operations formally established several Naval Coastal Frontiers; on 6 February 1942, these were renamed Sea Frontiers. Each Frontier was a geographic area, usually comprising a number of Naval Districts but including in addition the outer shipping lanes in its sea area. The land areas of the Frontiers corresponded roughly to the Army's Defense Commands, but the boundaries were not identical. The Frontier Commander was usually also the commandant of a Naval District within the Frontier. The chief responsibilities of the Sea Frontiers during World War II were operational; Frontier forces engaged actively in scouting for enemy forces, particularly submarines, and in attack on any enemy units within their boundaries. Toward the end of the war the Frontiers were assigned administrative and logistic functions in addition to their operational responsibilities.
Navy General Order No. 143, issued on 3 February 1941, stated that Commandants of United States naval districts and Commanders of Naval Coastal Frontiers have administrative responsibility direct to the Navy Department for local and coastal forces; but Commanders of Naval Coastal Frontiers have task responsibility to the Chief of Naval Operations for Naval Coastal Frontier Forces.
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11669413
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea%20Frontier
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Sea Frontier
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The Hawaiian Sea Frontier (HawSeaFron) was a formation of the United States Navy established during World War II. It was organized to defend the island of Oahu. Vice Admiral David W. Bagley served as COMHAWSEAFRON from 4 April 1942 until July 1943. The Hawaiian Sea Frontier did not actually come into a settled form until September 1942. The Assistant Chief of Staff (HawSeaFron) attempted to mold the organization to a degree similar to the Western Sea Frontier. The difficulty of selecting a site for the joint Operating Center delayed his plans. Originally, it was planned to have a district headquarters in Honolulu, with a part of the building devoted to the Frontier headquarters. When the plan did not prove feasible, it was decided to take two and a half tunnels at the Aliamanu Crater. Because of the limitations of space and the distance from the Commandant's headquarters, the location did not become more than an operational center. Since the Crater was on U.S. Army property, the construction of a Joint Operating Center with a major plot was never accomplished because of the fluctuations of the war and difficulties over appropriations. One service did not desire to build and pay more than its share of expenses from its limited appropriations for the benefit of another service. The Frontier suffered because of its unique location to the Pacific Fleet's sprawling auxiliary, ComServPac. These two echelons determined the number of vessels under its control as well as the complements of manpower. In cases of emergency, units of the Fleet took over convoy and antisubmarine patrols. Just as its surface units were controlled by higher echelons, so also were its air units by Air Forces, Pacific Fleet. The major functions of the Hawaiian Sea Frontier were the maintenance of picket ships outside Pearl Harbor and the Port of Honolulu, the escorting of inter-island shipping, and the establishment of air-sea rescue facilities. Following admirals held command of the frontier during the World War II:
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11669427
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinirampus
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Pinirampus
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Pinirampus pirinampu is a species of catfish (order Siluriformes) of the family Pimelodidae. P. pirinampu is also known as the flatwhiskered catfish.
Taxonomy
This species was first described as Pimelodus barbancho; however, this is considered a nomen oblitum. It was then described as Pimelodus pirinampu in 1829. In 1858, the genus Pinirampus was described for this species, in which it is usually classified as the only species. However, Megalonema argentinum has sometimes been considered a part of this genus.
Distribution
This species is found in the Amazon, Essequibo, Orinoco, and Paraná basins.
Description
P. pirinampu may reach a length of and an average weight of . This species has a maximum published weight of . These fish reach sexual maturity at just under in length.
Ecology
P. pirinampu occurs in schools. These catfish feed on benthic animals; they are nonspecialist feeders preying upon fish such as Iheringichthys labrosus and piranha Serrasalmus sp.. In the Amazon basin, these fish are preyed upon by Zungaro zungaro. These fish are known from temperatures ranging from 24 to 29 °C (75 to 84 °F), pH range of 6 to 8, and an alkalinity range of 42 to 142 mEq/L.
P. pirinampu is a species of migratory catfish. These fish gather in schools in the dry season to swim upstream to the headwaters, where they spawn at the onset of the rainy season in February. After spawning, the adults and juveniles drift downstream, reaching flooded areas or reservoirs used as foraging, growth sites and shelter against predation.
Relationship to humans
P. pirinampu is important for the fishery yield in Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná, and Roraima states. This species is included in the fishery statistics on the Paraguay River basin. Brazil's Mato Grosso do Sul state government has adopted the criterion of TL minimum capture size for P. pirinampu. P. pirinampu is an attractive fish for both leisure and professional sport fishers due to its tasteful meat and its fighting behavior.
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11669469
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mall%20Wood%20Green
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The Mall Wood Green
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The Mall Wood Green is a large shopping centre and residential complex in Wood Green, north London. It was originally known as Wood Green Shopping City.
The Mall had over 100 retail shops, seven of them anchor stores, 45 market stalls, and an average of 221,000 customers per week. The centre and the adjoining shops on Wood Green High Road constitute the commercial hub of the borough of Haringey and its surrounding areas.
History
The centre was built in the 1970s as "Wood Green Shopping City", on the site of the former Noel Park and Wood Green railway station. Initially it included a number of unusual features, most notably a giant wooden climbing frame in the shape of a frog.
The centre was opened on 13 May 1981 by HM Queen Elizabeth II.
Unusually for a shopping centre, the A105 road runs directly through the complex, allowing many of the stores to have entrances directly onto the street. The two halves of the mall are linked by bridges at first and second floor level. The centre is six storeys high, but only the lower two floors are occupied by shops; the upper floors make up a housing complex known as "Sky City", where in 2006, the badly decomposed body of a woman was found. Her name was Joyce Vincent and she had died over two years earlier; her body lay undiscovered. Vincent's life is the subject of the film Dreams of a Life (2011).
In the early 1990s recession, many of the centre's established shops closed and were replaced by pound shops and charity shops. The centre was targeted in a bomb attack in 1992 that injured civilians and police officers.
Redevelopment
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11669469
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Mall%20Wood%20Green
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The Mall Wood Green
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The centre was bought by current owners The Mall Fund in 2002 and renamed "The Mall Wood Green", although the "Shopping City" signage remained as late as 2012. The new owners carried out a £30 million rebuilding programme, altering the layout of the shops and adding a 12-screen cinema. The market hall was expanded, with a number of specialist retailers catering for the unusually diverse ethnic groups in the area. In 2007 the owners applied for consent to expand the centre further with a 3-storey extension on the site of an adjacent petrol station, which when complete will increase the mall size to 617,000 sq ft (57,300m2) and the total number of retail units to 123, overtaking rival Brent Cross's 110 shops for the first time. Approval was given in May 2007, despite concerns raised about the possibility of flooding on the new site from the River Moselle; in June 2007 it was announced that the bulk of the extension would be occupied by a new Debenhams store. The proposal involved demolishing the existing Pearson's department store and extending the mall into space within and beyond this site. However, the Debenhams plan ultimately did not go ahead, and instead the bulk of the development site was taken up by a large Primark store.
The Mall is also the venue for a craft fair, held four times a year.
Crime
Unusually for a shopping centre, The Mall has its own dedicated team of police, part of Haringey BOCU police. The scheme, initially called "Operation Partnership" but later renamed the "Retail Protection Unit", was introduced in 1998.
The areas surrounding the Mall have traditionally been affected by high rates of street-drinking and its accompanying alcohol-related problems. In 2005 anti-drinking legislation was introduced, and the police were given powers to confiscate alcoholic drinks and to disperse crowds in the area around the centre.
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11669470
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artists%20in%20biographies%20by%20Filippo%20Baldinucci
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Artists in biographies by Filippo Baldinucci
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Filippo Baldinucci's Notizie de' Professori del Disegno, Da Cimabue in qua, Secolo V. dal 1610. al 1670. Distinto in Decennali (or Notice of the Professors of Design, from Cimabue to now, from 1610–1670) was a major art biography of Baroque painters. The work covered 6 volumes, published between 1681 and 1728.
Contents
Written by the erudite Florentine professor of the Accademia della Crusca, the work is often verbose and rife with factual errors; however, it is a broad compendium of stories about generally contemporaneous Baroque painters.
Dozens of Flemish and Dutch painters, including Rembrandt, were judged to merit inclusion. Though Baldinucci may have met some of these Northern painters on their travels to Italy, the majority of the Dutch and Flemish names he included had biographical notes under portraits engraved by Jan Meyssens, whose work was popular, and whose engravings were reused by Cornelis de Bie for his 1682 book
Het Gulden Cabinet. Baldinucci included both De Bie (in his father "Adriano de Bie"'s entry) and Meyssens in his book. The posthumous edition (1681) includes (in order of appearance in the text) and expanding list of artists:
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11669484
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nea%20River
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Nea River
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, , or is an long river in Norway and Sweden. The long river runs through Berg Municipality and Åre Municipality in Jämtland county (in Sweden) and then Tydal Municipality and Selbu Municipality in Trøndelag county (in Norway). The river Nea is a part of the Nea-Nidelvvassdraget watershed. Some of the main villages along the river include: Østby, Ås, Aunet, and Gressli (in Tydal Municipality) and Flora, Hyttbakken, and Mebonden (in Selbu Municipality).
The river is first named Nean at the eastern end of the artificial lake Sylsjön, which lies in Åre Municipality and Berg Municipality in Sweden. Below the dam, the river flows for , crossing the Swedish-Norwegian border where the name becomes Nea, before entering the lake Nesjøen. On the downstream side of the lake, the river continues through the smaller lake Vessingsjøen before continuing on its westward course. At the municipal center of Ås the river Tya joins it. After that, it follows the Neadalen valley and meets the river Rotla about east of the village of Mebonden where it ends when it flows into the lake Selbusjøen.
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11669519
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooby-Doo%27s%20Haunted%20Mansion
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Scooby-Doo's Haunted Mansion
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Scooby-Doo's Haunted Mansion is a Scooby-Doo-themed interactive dark ride series created by Sally Corporation based on Hanna-Barbera's long-running animated television series. The ride transports guests in a vehicle equipped with light guns that are used to shoot at various targets to collect points throughout the ride. At its peak, the ride model was located at seven amusement parks around the world including Canada's Wonderland, the location of the first installation that debuted in 2000. Initially known under a variety of names, the ride's Scooby-Doo theme has been replaced by Boo Blasters on Boo Hill at several locations and removed from others. The last remaining installation is La Aventura de Scooby-Doo at Parque Warner Madrid in Madrid, Spain.
History
In the late 1990s, Paramount Parks-owned Canada's Wonderland collaborated with Sally Corporation to develop Scooby-Doo's Haunted Mansion. The ride opened to the public on May 7, 2000. In November that year, the ride was recognized as the Best New Children's Ride. Similar versions of ride were added to three other Paramount Park locations over the next few years.
In 2002, Six Flags bought into the ride concept installing it at two locations, Six Flags Fiesta Texas and Six Flags St. Louis, with the latter using an existing water ride system. On June 16, 2005, Parque Warner Madrid (while it was operated by Six Flags) also added an installation as well featuring a trackless ride system manufactured by ETF Ride Systems. The ride was opened by José Corbacho and El Terrat.
Following Cedar Fair's acquisition of Paramount Parks, the Scooby-Doo dark rides at its properties were re-themed prior to the 2010 season. The move was part of the company's objective to remove the Hanna-Barbera brand from all of its parks. Sally Corporation assisted with creating a new theme that became known as Boo Blasters on Boo Hill. The makeover left the interactive shooting aspect intact, while the Hanna-Barbera characters were replaced in favor of ghost-like creatures.
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11669527
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%20Ice%20Art%20Championships
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World Ice Art Championships
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The World Ice Art Championships is an ice sculpting contest in Fairbanks, Alaska produced on by Ice Alaska, a non-profit corporation started in 1989. The contest is the largest of its kind in the world and attended by more than 100 sculptors from 30 countries every year. The contest also draws tens of thousands of spectators; in 2004, 48,000 people from more than 28 countries passed through the park's gates.
History
Ice Alaska put on its first ice art championship in 1991; it featured 16 sculpting teams and lasted a week. Today the event begins mid February and, weather permitting, lasts until the end of March, featuring the art and skill of as many as 75 teams from around the world.
Locations: Through 2011, the ice festival took place on a site across the Chena River from Pioneer Park, which the organizers leased from the Alaska Railroad. In 2012 the event moved to a new location, the George Horner Ice Art Park. In 2017, after a fire destroyed their main lodge, the Ice Alaska organization restructured to protect the future of the event. Then, in 2018 they reached an agreement with the Tanana Valley State Fair Association and moved the World Ice Art Championships, along with the associated Ice Alaska Ice Park, to the Tanana Valley State Fairgrounds.
Ice Alaska has negotiated with a new property owner to harvest ice blocks and transport them to the new venue; the ice is so clear it is referred to as "arctic diamond". In addition to sculptures on view, the event features a Kids Park sculpted out of ice, including ice slides, an ice maze, an ice rink, and spinning cups.
Events
The championship is divided into three professional competitions, a youth event, and an amateur exhibition. abstract and realistic categories.
Single Block Classic
The Single Block Classic is open to 30 contestants. (One Artist and One Block of Ice)
Each Artist is provided one block of Ice 6’x4’x3’ (roughly 1,720 lbs) and 48 hours to create a sculpture.
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11669530
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nose
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Nose
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A nose is a sensory organ and respiratory structure in vertebrates. It consists of a nasal cavity inside the head, and an external nose on the face. The external nose houses the nostrils, or nares, a pair of tubes providing airflow through the nose for respiration. Where the nostrils pass through the nasal cavity they widen, are known as nasal fossae, and contain turbinates and olfactory mucosa. The nasal cavity also connects to the paranasal sinuses (dead-end air cavities for pressure buffering and humidification). From the nasal cavity, the nostrils continue into the pharynx, a switch track valve connecting the respiratory and digestive systems.
In humans, the nose is located centrally on the face and serves as an alternative respiratory passage especially during suckling for infants.
The protruding nose that is completely separate from the mouth part is a characteristic found only in therian mammals. It has been theorized that this unique mammalian nose evolved from the anterior part of the upper jaw of the reptilian-like ancestors (synapsids).
Air treatment
Acting as the first interface between the external environment and an animal's delicate internal lungs, a nose conditions incoming air, both as a function of thermal regulation and filtration during respiration, as well as enabling the sensory perception of smell.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nose
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Nose
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Hair inside nostrils filter incoming air, as a first line of defense against dust particles, smoke, and other potential obstructions that would otherwise inhibit respiration, and as a kind of filter against airborne illness. In addition to acting as a filter, mucus produced within the nose supplements the body's effort to maintain temperature, as well as contributes moisture to integral components of the respiratory system. Capillary structures of the nose warm and humidify air entering the body; later, this role in retaining moisture enables conditions for alveoli to properly exchange O2 for CO2 (i.e., respiration) within the lungs. During exhalation, the capillaries then aid recovery of some moisture, mostly as a function of thermal regulation, again.
Sense of direction
The wet nose of dogs is useful for the perception of direction. The sensitive cold receptors in the skin detect the place where the nose is cooled the most and this is the direction a particular smell that the animal just picked up comes from.
Structure in air-breathing forms
In amphibians and lungfish, the nostrils open into small sacs that, in turn, open into the forward roof of the mouth through the choanae. These sacs contain a small amount of olfactory epithelium, which, in the case of caecilians, also lines a number of neighbouring tentacles. Despite the general similarity in structure to those of amphibians, the nostrils of lungfish are not used in respiration, since these animals breathe through their mouths. Amphibians also have a vomeronasal organ, lined by olfactory epithelium, but, unlike those of amniotes, this is generally a simple sac that, except in salamanders, has little connection with the rest of the nasal system.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nose
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Nose
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In reptiles, the nasal chamber is generally larger, with the choanae located much further back in the roof of the mouth. In crocodilians, the chamber is exceptionally long, helping the animal to breathe while partially submerged. The reptilian nasal chamber is divided into three parts: an anterior vestibule, the main olfactory chamber, and a posterior nasopharynx. The olfactory chamber is lined by olfactory epithelium on its upper surface and possesses a number of turbinates to increase the sensory area. The vomeronasal organ is well-developed in lizards and snakes, in which it no longer connects with the nasal cavity, opening directly into the roof of the mouth. It is smaller in turtles, in which it retains its original nasal connection, and is absent in adult crocodilians.
Birds have a similar nose to reptiles, with the nostrils located at the upper rear part of the beak. Since they generally have a poor sense of smell, the olfactory chamber is small, although it does contain three turbinates, which sometimes have a complex structure similar to that of mammals. In many birds, including doves and fowls, the nostrils are covered by a horny protective shield. The vomeronasal organ of birds is either under-developed or altogether absent, depending on the species.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nose
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Nose
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The nasal cavities in mammals are both fused into one. Among most species, they are exceptionally large, typically occupying up to half the length of the skull. In some groups, however, including primates, bats, and cetaceans, the nose has been secondarily reduced, and these animals consequently have a relatively poor sense of smell. The nasal cavity of mammals has been enlarged, in part, by the development of a palate cutting off the entire upper surface of the original oral cavity, which consequently becomes part of the nose, leaving the palate as the new roof of the mouth. The enlarged nasal cavity contains complex turbinates forming coiled scroll-like shapes that help to warm the air before it reaches the lungs. The cavity also extends into neighbouring skull bones, forming additional air cavities known as paranasal sinuses.
In cetaceans, the nose has been reduced to one or two blowholes, which are the nostrils that have migrated to the top of the head. This adaptation gave cetaceans a more streamlined body shape and the ability to breathe while mostly submerged. Conversely, the elephant's nose has elaborated into a long, muscular, manipulative organ called the trunk.
The vomeronasal organ of mammals is generally similar to that of reptiles. In most species, it is located in the floor of the nasal cavity, and opens into the mouth via two nasopalatine ducts running through the palate, but it opens directly into the nose in many rodents. It is, however, lost in bats, and in many primates, including humans.
In fish
Fish have a relatively good sense of smell. Unlike that of tetrapods, the nose has no connection with the mouth, nor any role in respiration. Instead, it generally consists of a pair of small pouches located behind the nostrils at the front or sides of the head. In many cases, each of the nostrils is divided into two by a fold of skin, allowing water to flow into the nose through one side and out through the other.
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11669549
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holmstr%C3%B6m%27s%20theorem
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Holmström's theorem
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In economics, Holmström's theorem is an impossibility theorem or trilemma attributed to Bengt R. Holmström proving that no incentive system for a team of agents can make all of the following true:
Income equals outflow (the budget balances),
The system has a Nash equilibrium, and
The system is Pareto efficient.
Thus a Pareto-efficient system with a balanced budget does not have any point at which an agent can not do better by changing their effort level, even if everyone else's effort level stays the same, meaning that the agents can never settle down to a stable strategy; a Pareto-efficient system with a Nash equilibrium does not distribute all revenue, or spends more than it has; and a system with a Nash equilibrium and balanced budget does not maximise the total profit of everybody.
The Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem in social choice theory is a related impossibility theorem dealing with voting systems.
Statement of the theorem
Suppose there is a team of n > 1 risk neutral agents whose preference functions are strictly concave and increasing, and also additively separable in money and effort. Then, under an incentive system that distributes exactly the output among the team members, any Nash equilibrium is Pareto inefficient.
Rasmusen studies the relaxation of this problem obtained by removing the assumption that the agents are risk neutral (Holmström: "linear in money").
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11669668
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20shibboleths
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List of shibboleths
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Culture, religion and language-specific shibboleths
English-speaking Allied personnel in Europe, during the Second World War, frequently made use of passwords in which labio-velar approximants (w-sounds) or voiceless dental fricatives (th-sounds) were prominent, as these are unusual in spoken German, and the letter w is normally pronounced "v" by native speakers of German. For instance, following D-Day (1944) US forces used the challenge-response "Flash" – "Thunder" – "Welcome".
American soldiers could ferret out German infiltrators during their time in the Western Front. German spies were taught British English, which was different from American English. For example, Britons used the word lorry rather than the American term truck. American soldiers used such words as a shibboleth to distinguish Nazi spies.
Israeli forces during the 1948 Palestine war used passwords chosen to contain voiceless bilabial stops (p-sounds), which are not found in Arabic, and which native speakers of Arabic often replace with a voiced bilabial stop (b-sounds).
In the Lebanese Civil War of 1975, Christian Lebanese soldiers targeted suspected Palestinians at checkpoints by asking how they pronounced the Arabic word for "tomato", which is pronounced "banadoura" in Lebanese Arabic and "bandoura" in Palestinian Arabic. If they said the former, they were let through; if they said the latter, they were shot on the spot.
At the Battle of Mount Tumbledown in the 1982 Falklands War, the Scots Guards replaced the established passwords for their night attack with the phrase "Hey Jimmie", because the Spanish-speaking Argentinians would have difficulty pronouncing the English consonant "J".
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11669668
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20shibboleths
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List of shibboleths
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Place-name terms
In Southern California, locals generally use the article "the" preceding the number of a freeway. Northern California locals generally do not use "the" before a numerical freeway name. For example, Southern Californians usually refer to Highway 101 as "The 101," whereas Northern Californians will refer to it as simply "101." By comparison, people in the rest of the United States more often precede a freeway's route number with its highway classification, as in "U.S. 101" for a Federal highway or "Interstate 5" or "I-5" for an interstate highway.
Long-time and/or Democratic residents of Washington, D.C., often refer to Reagan National Airport by its older nickname, "National," out of habit or political pique, while Republicans and visitors are more likely to call it “Reagan National”.
Additionally, some residents of the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area will refer to it as "The DMV" (the District, Maryland, and Virginia, specifically referencing the Fairfax, Alexandria, and Arlington Counties of Virginia; the city itself; and the Montgomery and Prince George's Counties of Maryland). This frequently leads to outsiders confusing it with the local Department of Motor Vehicles or "Delmarva", the portmanteau of Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia (referring to the combined areas of the Eastern Shore of Maryland, Eastern Shore of Virginia, and Delaware), both of which can also be abbreviated to "DMV".
In the San Francisco Bay Area, San Francisco is generally referred to by its full name, "SF" or as “the City”. In contrast, new residents and people from other parts of the US will often say "San Fran", clearly distinguishing transplants from locals.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan%20Institute%20of%20Performing%20Arts
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Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts
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The Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts (TIPA) was founded by Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama on reaching McLeod Ganj, Himachal Pradesh, India in exile from Tibet in August 1959. It was then called Tibetan Music, Dance and Drama Society, which was one of the first institutes set up by the Dalai Lama, and was established to preserve Tibetan artistic heritage, especially opera, dance, and music.
Tibetan Institute of Performing Arts (TIPA) has been registered as a Society under The Societies Registration Act, 1860 of the Government of India. The institute is a part of the Department of Religion and Culture of Central Tibetan Administration (CTA) and functions as a semi-autonomous body.
Tibet has been celebrated as the Ocean of Songs and Dances (Glu gar gyi rgya mtsho) for hundreds of years. Dance and music have always been integral to the Tibetan culture and are considered to be one of the key components of the traditional “five minor sciences” (Rik ne Chungwa Nga).
By keeping the Tibetan artistic traditions alive and sharing them with the world, TIPA aims to preserve the cultural identity of Tibetans. Students who are interested in the performing arts are trained in the fundamentals of Tibetan music and dance, including an undiluted and comprehensive transmission of traditional folk dance from the three Tibetan provinces of U-Tsang (Central Tibet), Dotoe (Kham), and Domed (Amdo).
Members of this creative and vibrant institute, which is based on the foothills of the Himalayas in McLeod Ganj, Dharamsala of Himachal Pradesh, include instructors, artists, administrative staff, craftsmen, and students who live on the premises of the institute. More than 450 professionals graduated from TIPA and have scattered across the world and many of them work as dance & music teachers in various Tibetan schools and settlements in India, Nepal, Bhutan, and across the world including Europe and North America.
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11669727
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San%20Francisco%20Bay%20Times
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San Francisco Bay Times
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The San Francisco Bay Times, the first LGBTQ newspaper founded jointly by gay men and women, launched in 1978 and remains one of the largest and oldest LGBTQ newspapers in Northern California. The business includes the 24/7 live-streaming Castro Street Cam that streams Harvey Milk Plaza and the Castro live to the world, serving as an emotional lifeline to LGBTQ people elsewhere, including internationally, who seek connection due to isolation in their regions. It also includes the LGBTQ news and events service "Betty's List," as well as "Harvey's List" and the "Bay Times List."
History
In 1978, a collective of seven women and men joined to plan and produce the first issue of the San Francisco Bay Times. Meetings were held at founding co-publisher Bill Hartman's home located on Central Avenue in San Francisco. The collective included Hartman, co-publisher Roland Schembari, founding editor Randy Alfred, circulation manager Susan Calico, women's section editor Priscilla Alexander, and two others.
Contributors included many pioneering LGBTQ community leaders, such as Cleve Jones, Del Martin & Phyllis Lyon, Howard Wallace, and numerous others.
The first issue, which featured politician and LGBTQ activist Tom Ammiano on the cover, included this statement from the Bay Times staff that foreshadowed what many years later would be termed intersectionality: "The Bay Times will be a forum for dialogue. News coverage will report on inter-group relations, and editorial comment will forge links between our movements and those of racial minorities, feminists, rank-and-file labor, environmentalists, the disabled, the old, the young, and the poor."
Timeline
The following is a timeline of key dates in the San Francisco Bay Times’ history:
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11669751
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barkley-Grow%20T8P-1
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Barkley-Grow T8P-1
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The Barkley-Grow T8P-1 was an airliner developed in the United States shortly before the Second World War. Although it saw limited production, the type was well-received as a bush plane in Canada.
Design and development
Typical for the era, the Barkley-Grow T8P-1 was a low-wing monoplane of all-metal construction with a twin tail (an additional third tail was installed, à la Lockheed Constellation, when fitted with floats). The T8P (standing for Transport, 8 Passenger) was designed to be simple and rugged, thus the main units of the tailwheel undercarriage were not retractable, and this may have negatively impacted the type's reception in the marketplace. A novel design feature, however, was the wing structure. Barkley used what might be called a "horizontal cell" technique that has no ribs or spars. Long tapered strips of aluminium were bent to form V shapes which were then riveted tip to tip to form an "X". These "X"s are riveted inside the wing side by side to produce the long "cells". This wing structure was unique to the Barkley-Grow and according to mechanics who worked on the aircraft it was very light, very stiff, very expensive to build, and difficult to repair if damaged, but it gave no problems in service.
Like its two main competitors, the Lockheed Model 12 Electra Junior and the Beech 18, the T8P-1 was originally designed to a 1935 Bureau of Air Commerce specification (eventually won by the Lockheed entry).
Operational history
Sales in the US were disappointing, only 11 being built, and most machines (seven) were sold to Canada, where the fixed undercarriage was no obstacle to the fitting of skis or pontoons. One was selected for a record flight from Washington D.C. to Peru, and another was used in the Antarctic by the US Navy.
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11669805
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bona%20of%20Pisa
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Bona of Pisa
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Bona of Pisa (c. 1156–1207) was a member of the Third order of the Augustinian nuns who helped lead travellers on pilgrimages. In 1962, she was canonized a saint in the Catholic Church by Pope John XXIII. She is considered the patron saint of travellers, and specifically couriers, guides, pilgrims, flight attendants, and the city of Pisa.
Biography
A native of Pisa, she was born in the parish of San Martino in Guazzolongo. Her mother, Berta, was Corsican; her father, named Bernardo, was a Pisan merchant. When she was three years old, her father left and never returned, leaving his family in difficult straits.
By the age of ten, she had dedicated herself as an Augustinian tertiary. Four years later, she made the first of her many journeys, going to see her father who was a Crusader near Jerusalem. On her trip home with some of her traveling companions, she was captured by Muslim pirates on the Mediterranean Sea, wounded, and subsequently imprisoned.
She was later ransomed by some of her countrymen, and completed her trip home. Shortly thereafter, she set out on another pilgrimage, this time with a large number of pilgrims on the long and dangerous journey to Santiago de Compostela, where James the Greater is honored. Along the way, she helped with the difficulties, encouraged those sometimes discouraged, provided medical aid and invited all to prayer and penance. After this, she was made one of the official guides along this pilgrimage route by the Knights of Saint James. She successfully completed the trip nine times. She also made pilgrimages to Rome and to the shrine of the Monte Sant'Angelo sul Gargano.
Despite being ill at the time, she attempted a tenth trip, but returned home to Pisa, dying shortly thereafter in the room she kept near the Church of San Martino, where her body has been preserved to the present day.
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11669818
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamar%20Geller
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Tamar Geller
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Tamar Geller is a dog trainer who developed "TheLoved Dog" method of dog training. After serving as an intelligence officer working with the Israeli Special Forces, she spent time observing wolves in the wild and studying how parent canines trained their young. By using similar techniques as the wolves, she created a method for training puppies that does not involve aggression, dominance, or choke chains. She is the founder of the first cage-free doggy boarding and day care center in southern California, called The Loved Dog. Her book of the same name teaches dog-owners methods to train their dogs in a nonaggressive way.
Geller works with various animal rights organizations such as, The Humane Society of the United States, ASPCA, Best Friends Animal Society, PETA, Helen Woodward Animal Center, and rescue organizations. She conducts speeches and programs for rescue organizations, and has given lectures about animal behavior at Pepperdine University. She regularly contributes to a blog for the Rescue Proud magazine.
Geller trains the dogs of several celebrities including Oprah Winfrey, Ellen DeGeneres, Larry King, Jon Stewart, Ben Affleck, Charlize Theron, Natalie Portman, Owen Wilson, Kelly Ripa, Brad Paisley, Julianne Hough, Ryan Seacrest and Colbie Caillat.
She has appeared on various television programs and media outlets, including The Today Show, Oprah, Ellen, Animal Planet, CNN, USA Today, LA Weekly, Travel + Leisure, Entertainment Tonight, Access Hollywood, Extra, HLN, and Fox News.
Published works
Celebrate Your Dog! The Loved Dog Way of Training (DVD), 2007
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11669951
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichmann%20the%20Younger
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Wichmann the Younger
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Wichmann II the Younger (also spelled Wigmann or Wichman) (about 930 – 22 September 967) was a member of the Saxon House of Billung. He was a son of Count Wichmann the Elder and his wife Frederuna, a niece of Queen Matilda. The cousin of Emperor Otto I became known as a fierce enemy of the ruling Ottonian dynasty.
Wichmann was born at present-day Wichmannsburg, part of Bienenbüttel, at the residence of his father. Wichmann I the Elder, though the first-born of three Billung brothers and by his marriage related to King Otto I, was ignored at the enfeoffment with the Saxon Billung March, which in 936 fell to his younger brother Hermann. Wichmann the Elder at first rebelled against the king, joining the uprising of Duke Eberhard of Franconia, but gave up soon afterwards. Upon his father's death in 944, Wichmann the Younger remained under the tutelage of his uncle Hermann. When he came of age, he was only able to succeed to the rank of a count in Angria, though his county is unknown.
Raised at the court of King Otto I upon the early death of their mother, Wichmann made friends with the king's son Liudolf, duke of Swabia since 950. In 953, he participated in Liudolf's rebellion against King Otto, fighting the Saxon troops during the king's siege of Mainz, whereby he re-opened his father's feud with Hermann, his uncle, who meanwhile had been appointed princeps of Saxony. Wichmann was captured; Otto prevented him from being punished more severely, contrary to Hermann's wishes. He was released in 954, though he was not included in the general settlement that followed the revolt.
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11669951
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichmann%20the%20Younger
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Wichmann the Younger
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Wichmann and his brother Egbert the One-Eyed, still feeling deprived of their heritage, marauded through Saxony and in 955 arrived in the lands of the Slavic Obotrites at Liubice (Lübeck), where they instigated a revolt under Prince Nako that was suppressed by King Otto at the Battle of Recknitz. The young Billungs fled to the court of Duke Hugh the Great of France. When Hugh died the next year, Wichmann had to return to Germany; he was pardoned after he had sworn loyalty to King Otto. He remained an implacable opponent, attacking the lands of his uncle Hermann several times, until he had to retreat to the Slavic Lutici territories, where he was tolerated by Margrave Gero.
In 963, Wichmann was an outlaw leading a band of West Slavs (likely Pomeranians) in battle against Duke Mieszko I of Poland, defeating him twice and even exacting tribute. For a brief interlude, he was allowed to return to Germany and his wife's estates, but he was exiled once more by his uncle Hermann during Otto's second Italian campaign. In 967, he and the western Pomeranians were defeated at Wolin by an alliance of Mieszko and Duke Boleslaus I of Bohemia and Wichmann was killed in action. Wichmann's lands were confiscated by Otto and divided in two, half going to the monastery of Saint Michael founded by Hermann Billung at Lüneburg, and half going to found the convent of Keminada (near Bodenwerder) on the Weser.
Marriage and issue
According to the Res gestae saxonicae, Wichmann was married. Certain scholars have interpreted a clause in the foundation charter of the Corvey Abbey as referring to Wichmann, his wife Hathwig, and his son Amelung, Count of Bikethop. Wichmann's daughters Imma and Frederuna were allowed to use their inheritance, on which Keminada was founded, throughout their lifetime.
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11670022
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Institute%20of%20Higher%20Tibetan%20Studies
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Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies
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The Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies (CIHTS; ), formerly called Central University for Tibetan Studies (CUTS), is a Deemed University founded in Sarnath, Varanasi, India, in 1967, as an autonomous organisation under Union Ministry of Culture.
The CIHTS was founded by Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru in consultation with Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, with the aim of educating Tibetan youths in exile and Himalayan border students as well as with the aim of retranslating lost Indo-Buddhist Sanskrit texts that now existed only in Tibetan, into Sanskrit, to Hindi, and other modern Indian languages.
Background
Invasion of Tibet
Once Kuomintang forces were defeated or expelled to Taiwan, the People's Liberation Army (PLA) turned its attention to Chinese territories in the hinterlands, particularly Tibet. Prior to the PRC's establishment, the historical borderland between culturally Chinese and Tibetans, known as Kham, fell partly under the jurisdiction of Sikang Province under the Republic of China, but its western half, known as Chamdo, was occupied and controlled by Tibetan authorities from Lhasa. After months of failed negotiations, the PLA invaded the de facto Tibetan state in Chamdo, and the region fell to Chinese occupation in just a few weeks. Subsequent negotiations resulted in the official annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China. Tibet agreed to the new Seventeen Point Agreement because it allowed for the continuation of an autonomous administration led by Tibet's spiritual and then-political leader, the 14th Dalai Lama. The PLA campaign was a tremendous success in capturing the Tibetan army occupying Chamdo, demoralizing the government in Lhasa, and exerting pressure to force Tibetan representatives to agree to negotiations in Beijing which would ultimately lead to terms recognizing China's sovereignty over Tibet.
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11670022
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Institute%20of%20Higher%20Tibetan%20Studies
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Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies
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Sino-Indian Border Conflict
Relations between India and Communist China quickly deteriorated in the 1950s as the PRC rushed to secure a southern border which would provide adequate security in the Himalayan frontier. The border dispute between the two countries was further fueled by the situation in Tibet. In 1959, an uprising broke out in Lhasa because Tibetan protestors feared China might arrest the Dalai Lama. The initially peaceful protest was brutally ended by the PLA, and the Dalai Lama fled to India, established the Central Tibetan Administration, and rescinded its acceptance of the Seventeen Point Agreement. India granting the Dalai Lama asylum led to border skirmishes with China, and all diplomatic settlements proposed by the PRC were rejected by India until in 1962, abandoning attempts for peaceful resolution, China invaded disputed territory. The Sino-Indian War ended 1 month later when China declared a ceasefire and withdrew to its “Line of Actual Control.” Clashes between Indian and PLA forces erupt again in 1967, suggesting Sino-Indian relations had not improved in the immediate years following the war.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Institute%20of%20Higher%20Tibetan%20Studies
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Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies
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Tibetology
The uprising in 1959 sparked a wave of mass emigration to India by tens-of-thousands of Tibetans who feared persecution by the People's Liberation Army. This significant Tibetan diaspora, under the shared governance of the Dalai Lama's Central Tibetan Administration and the Indian government, sought to maintain its native culture and heritage. A foremost concern of the displaced population was the migration of the younger generations from their historic homeland. Many feared exile implied marginalization, potentially endangering nationalism and, subsequently, future prospects of reestablishing a Tibetan government in Tibet. To combat this growing concern, a conference was organized wherein spiritual leaders from the four schools of Tibetan Buddhism, overseen by the Dalai Lama, discussed the preservation of the culture and spiritual heritage of Tibet, as well as reviving Buddhist teachings within the exiled community in India. The field of Tibetology was established and refers to the study of all things related to Tibet through an interdisciplinary approach utilizing facets of history, religion, language, culture, and politics.
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11670022
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central%20Institute%20of%20Higher%20Tibetan%20Studies
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Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies
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The government of India reviewed the institution's progress until deciding to grant it status as an autonomous entity in 1977, while still enjoying continued “100% financial support” from India. In 1988, the Indian government declared it a “deemed university,” officially recognizing its status as an institution for higher education. Today, the Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies is considered to be one of the most premier Tibetan-based institutions of higher education and a “center of research on Tibetology, restoration of historical texts, and imparting knowledge of the four Sampradayas (schools) of Buddhism in Tibet.” Corresponding with the context in which it was founded, the university has always been highly interconnected with Tibetan politics. A clear example is the former head of the institute, Professor Venerable Samdhong Rinpoche, who headed the university until 2000 and later went on to assume the office of Prime Minister of the Tibetan Government in Exile. Another example is in 2020, following renewed and intense border skirmishes between Chinese and Indian troops along the Sino-Indian border and the Indian border with the Tibet Autonomous Region, India decided to expand the teaching of Tibetology, pioneered at the now renamed Central Tibetan University, to military officers.
Formerly headed by Kyabje Zong Rinpoche, Lobsang Tenzin the Samdong Rinpoche (former Prime Minister of the Central Tibetan Administration), and Ngawang Samten, also a former alumni. In 2016, Lobsang Norbu Shastri became the institute's leader.
The university attracts students from many regions of the Himalayas, considered as family coming from Kinnaur, Lahaul, Spiti, Ladakh, Monpas from Arunachal. Students from Nepal include Sherpas, Lamas and many more from the bordering Tibetan regions of Mustang and Dolpo. Students also come from Bhutan and Mongolia.
The university also offers courses in Tibetan medicine (Sowa Rigpa), Tibetan Astrology, and Fine Arts.
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11670037
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yury%20Lomonosov
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Yury Lomonosov
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Yury Vladimirovich Lomonosov (; 24 April 1876 – 19 November 1952) was a Russian railway engineer and a leading figure in the development of Russian Railways in the early 20th century. He was best known for design and construction of the world's first operationally successful mainline diesel locomotive, the E el-2. This was completed in 1924 and went into service in 1925. In the late 1920s, Lomonosov immigrated to Europe and later became a British citizen.
In his homeland, he is best known for being a member of the Bolshevik Party, during the February Revolution, stopping the Tsar's Train heading to Tsarskoe Selo. This predicted the abdication of the throne, the end of the monarchical Russian empire and the victory of the revolution.
Early years
Lomonosov was born in 1876 in Gzhatsk (now Gagarin), a town in Smolensk Oblast of Russia. His father Vladimir Grigorievich Lomonosov was a former cavalry officer who worked as a judge since 1870. His mother Maria Fedorovna Lomonosova (née Pegelau) was a housewife known for establishing a public library.
In 1887 following the family tradition, Lomonosov entered the Moscow 1st Cadet Corps. However, he then decided to abandon his military career in favor of engineering. In 1893 Lomonosov passed the entrance exam and started his studies at the St. Petersburg Institute of Communications. After graduation, he worked at Kharkiv Locomotive Plant and then, in October 1898, became assistant director of the depot of the Kharkiv-Mykolaiv railways. In 1898 he started designing and testing locomotives which became the occupation of his life. In 1899 he was offered a teaching position at the Warsaw Polytechnic Institute where he taught a course on the theory and management of locomotives. In the meantime, the Russian Ministry of Communications approved him for the position of Inspector of the Russian State and Private Railways.
Personal life
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11670037
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yury%20Lomonosov
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Yury Lomonosov
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In April 1905 Lomonosov defended his habilitation on the dynamics of locomotives and became the youngest full professor of the institute. In December 1907 he was appointed head of the locomotive section of St. Catherine's railroads. During this period, he became convinced of the futility of steam engines and concluded that the future belongs to the more fuel-efficient locomotives with internal combustion engines. In 1909 he started to design the engine-oil tankers with a friction-based transmission (from the diesel engine to the driving axle). In July 1914 the Ministry of Railways has approved his design and allocated funds for the production of 2 locomotives, but the project was halted by World War I.
During these years, Lomonosov became a recognized authority in the field of locomotive equipment in Russia and headed a department at the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. He had launched the theory of traction locomotives and developed the scientific basis for the exploitation of railways that was summarized in 2 books published in 1912: "Traction calculation and application of graphic methods to them", and "Scientific problems of railway operation ". Together with his students, in 1908 Lomonosov formed the first research institute devoted to locomotives – "The office of the experimentation over the types of engines", which was converted after the October Revolution to the "Experimental Institute of Communications".
In Soviet Russia
In June 1917 the Provisional Government sent Lomonosov to the U.S. diplomatic mission, as a representative of the Ministry of Railways. There he learned about the October Revolution in Russia. In Autumn 1919, he returned to Russia because the Americans decided to suspend their sales of engines to Soviet Russia. In November 1920, Lomonosov was appointed to the Council of People's Commissars as responsible for rail orders abroad. In this function, he went to Berlin where in 1920–1923 he had organized the purchase of German and Swedish locomotives for Russia.
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11670145
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiloh%2C%20Gregg%20County%2C%20Texas
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Shiloh, Gregg County, Texas
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Shiloh is a small unincorporated farming community on Shiloh Road near White Oak in north central Gregg County, Texas, United States. Located just south of the Upshur County line, Shiloh was established by formerly enslaved African Americans just after the end of the Civil War.
Early history
The area around Shiloh was a part of Mexico after Mexican Independence in 1821. Many Cherokee families passed through the region during the following decade, having been pushed further west out of their original lands. The Cherokees were forced out of the region by 1839 as many Anglo-Americans arrived in the area as well as some African Americans, some of them enslaved. Through the mid-1800s, the region's main economic activity was cotton farming, and the lumber industry grew after the 1860s.
Establishment
Shiloh was one of a number of Black communities to be settled in the county in the Reconstruction era. According to local tradition, a formerly enslaved man, Butcher Christian, his former enslaver, Gideon Christian, and a noted post-Civil War church organizer, the Reverend John Baptist, established the Shiloh Baptist Church in 1871. Services began in a log sanctuary located on donated by Butcher Christian. Gideon Christian, originally from South Carolina, had held thirty-two people enslaved in the area prior to the Civil War. According to the oral histories of local families, the Christian family conveyed land titles to a number of the emancipated people they had formerly held enslaved.
Adjacent to the Baptist Church is an active cemetery with marked graves dating to 1882. The First Presbyterian Church was organized in Shiloh, Gregg County, Texas in 1838, but relocated to Clarksville in 1844.
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11670145
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiloh%2C%20Gregg%20County%2C%20Texas
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Shiloh, Gregg County, Texas
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Shortly after the end of the Civil War, the newly free Black community established a one-room school in Shiloh that operated until the school was destroyed in a major storm in the 1890s. Classes were held in the Shiloh Baptist Church. With funding from the Rosenwald rural school building program, which helped Black communities build schools across the South, the Shiloh community built a new two-room school erected in 1920.
Oil Boom Growth and Decline
Beginning in the 1930s, an oil boom was the major driver of Gregg County's economy and population growth. Revenue from oil discovered on the Shiloh Baptist Church land was used to build a new sanctuary on the site in 1936. In 1933, the community built a new brick school with an auditorium and separate junior high school wing. The school expanded to include high school in 1937.
By the 1960s, oil was the dominant industry of the region, and few farms remained. Shiloh School closed in 1966, when area schools were desegregated and children from Shiloh enrolled in White Oak Independent School District. The school building was later used for chemical storage until it was damaged in a 1993 chemical fire, possibly a result of arson. The building, on Shiloh Road, is marked by a historical plaque. Shiloh Baptist Church still serves the community with a variety of programs.
Shiloh's population declined after World War II. By the 1990s, the church and some of the early settling families remained, but much of the population had moved away.
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11670246
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timur%20Mutsurayev
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Timur Mutsurayev
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Timur Khamzatovich Mutsurayev (; ; born 25 July 1976), also spelled Mucuraev or Mutsuraev, is a Chechen singer-songwriter or bard who sang in Russian and, rarely, in Chechen. A majority of his songs are about the conflict in Chechnya.
Biography
Mutsurayev was born in Grozny on 25 July 1976. In 1991, he became the champion of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR in karate. Mutsurayev's most famous song, titled "Jerusalem", gained airplay during the 1999–2000 Battle of Grozny. It appears in movie War by Aleksei Balabanov. He participated in the Chechen Wars under the command of Ruslan Gelayev. Many of Mutsurayev's songs are intensely supportive of Chechen independence, and he personally believed that peace negotiations would eventually end the Second Chechen War. As a curiosity, western rock music of the 90's, particularly Metallica and Nirvana, were his greatest inspiration. He also has many songs on Islamic themes. After the end of the Second Chechen War in 2000, he left Chechnya and lived in Azerbaijan and Turkey. In the period from 2000 to 2008, he visited Ukraine several times. More than 30 of his songs were banned by the Russian government as they were labeled "extremist". From May to June 2008, Mutsurayev made two audio recordings in the Chechen language, in which he addressed the “people of Khamzat” (meaning Ruslan “Khamzat” Gelayev) He no longer writes or performs music.
Music
Welcome to Hell (1995)
Mutsurayev's debut album, Welcome to Hell, was recorded in 1995, when he was 19 years old. The title of the album, and the song of the same name within it, is a reference to an inscription left by the Chechens for Russian soldiers on the walls in Grozny during the first assault on the city, which began on 31 December 1994.
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11670337
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical%20Panorama%20of%20Alabama%20Agriculture
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Historical Panorama of Alabama Agriculture
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The Historical Panorama of Alabama Agriculture was a series of murals commissioned by the Alabama Extension Service (now Alabama Cooperative Extension System) and partly funded by the Works Progress Administration for the 1939 Alabama State Fair, held October 2–7 in Birmingham.
John Augustus Walker
The commission was assigned to John Augustus Walker, a well-known Mobile artist who had previously completed WPA-related art assignments. A founder of the Mobile Art Guild and an Alabama Gulf Coast native, Walker is known not only for his paintings and murals, which are found in private collections and in public buildings across Alabama and the Gulf Coast, but also for his work designing Mardi Gras floats, costumes and stage exhibits.
Purpose
The murals, which illustrate key periods of Alabama's agricultural development starting with Native Americans, are among the most valued artifacts associated with Alabama Extension's almost century-long association with agriculture. The murals also are considered prime examples of WPA-related art associated with the Great Depression era.
Walker originally was commissioned to paint 29 murals for the exhibition, all of which were supposed to depict farm life from Alabama's agricultural past. However, due to time constraints, he managed to complete only ten. The project was one of several funded during the period by the WPA to support talented young arts such as Walker, aged 37 at the time, and to encourage continued interest in the arts during and immediately following the Depression.
The murals were designed as much for their educational impact as their aesthetic appeal. Laying out the purpose for the paintings, then-Alabama Extension Director P. O. Davis noted that "agriculture in Alabama, and in this nation, is in a period of change — a change toward improvement and progress."
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11670337
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical%20Panorama%20of%20Alabama%20Agriculture
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Historical Panorama of Alabama Agriculture
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Alabama, Davis stressed, was diversifying, moving from a primarily cotton-based economy "into a combination of cotton and other cash crops plus livestock and poultry." He envisioned these murals and the supporting fair exhibits not only as a celebration of the past but also as a means of focusing farmers on a "vision of the future."
"It [the panorama] will reveal also that Alabama agriculture is not only changing and improving but that it is geared to go forward in a big way and in terms of efficiency and economy," Davis wrote.
In this sense, Davis viewed the murals as yet another form of educational communication that had distinguished previous Extension efforts — a means for "guiding farmers as to what to do and how to do it."
The catalyst
In an era when many forms of mass communication were still in their infancy, state fairs were considered a prime venue for this type of educational outreach. Indeed, state fairs were big business in the Depression-era Thirties — a place where thousands of financially hard-pressed Americans temporarily could forget their economic problems and the troubling portents of war in Europe.
Agricultural exhibits were a mainstay of these state fairs. According to Bruce Dupree, an Alabama Cooperative Extension System art specialist and Walker expert,
Fairgoers moved excitedly through poorly lit, unair-conditioned buildings to view prize-winning livestock, colorful quilts, farm exhibits, baking contests, and canning demonstrations. In Alabama, each of the state's 67 counties was given space to showcase local produce and a specific agricultural industry.
Managing the large number of entries often proved to be a daunting task for fair planners, leading many of them to consider different strategies for handling these agricultural exhibits. In fact, the Historical Panorama of Alabama Agriculture was conceived as one such new strategy.
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11670337
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical%20Panorama%20of%20Alabama%20Agriculture
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Historical Panorama of Alabama Agriculture
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The panorama was the brainchild of fair vice president Warren Leech, who wanted to develop a radically different and more effective way to showcase Alabama agriculture by combining all of these separate county exhibits into one agricultural show.
Leech paid a visit to Alabama Extension Service Director P. O. Davis in Auburn to discuss his ideas. Davis quickly grasped this opportunity, seeing it as a way to highlight the role served by the Alabama Extension Service and the Alabama Polytechnic Institute (now Auburn University) in advancing the state's food and fiber sector.
Planning
Davis and other Alabama Extension administrators apparently invested full confidence in Walker's artist abilities. In an "Informal Report on Alabama Pageant of Agriculture Exhibit" submitted to Davis in May 1939, the project was described as being "in good hands" and was predicted to be "unusually successful." Moreover, Extension employees dispatched to Mobile to consult with Walker reported to Davis that they were confident that panorama would "present Alabama agriculture in a most interesting way" and that "the entire series, especially if they are properly interpreted, should make a very strong impression on those who see it."
Alabama Extension project planners also were impressed with the price associated with the commission. The sponsors reasoned that with the WPA underwriting, they were getting a series of murals with a market value of $6,000 for "approximately the cost of materials involved."
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11670337
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical%20Panorama%20of%20Alabama%20Agriculture
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Historical Panorama of Alabama Agriculture
|
Even so, these planners were unwilling to defer solely to Walker's talents and exercised creative oversight throughout the course of the project. Davis and other Alabama Extension employees involved with the project expressed concerns about historical accuracy, however inaccurate some of their historical views may have been. For example, in a letter dated April 18, 1939, Alabama Extension Agricultural Editor Donald Robertson instructed the Walker to replace the male depicted in a proposed sketch about Native American agricultural life with a female, because "according to Indian Legend, the women did most of the field work while the men did the hunting and 'took life easy.'"
Along with other detailed suggestions, Robertson also suggested another picture that would depict "the arrival of women folks on the farm and perhaps one or two children to show the beginning of a well-rounded farm family."
Walker probably never expected the level of intense scrutiny from Auburn that would accompany design and planning of the murals and the supporting exhibits. Not only Walker's Extension Service sponsors but also U.S. Department of Agriculture employees became intimately involved in the planning, offering detailed instructions even for the selection and placement of the objects for display in the foreground of the murals. For example, each mural was to have a drapery border and a table in front of it filled with produce, farm implements, or household items that would complete the artwork.
"The objects should be 100 percent pertinent to the stage of development represented by the mural," according to instructions provided by H.T. Baldwin, an employee with the Extension Exhibits Division of the USDA, one of several communications professionals who traveled throughout the country providing advice to state Extension services and providing quality control for Cooperative Extension-related visuals projects.
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11670337
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical%20Panorama%20of%20Alabama%20Agriculture
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Historical Panorama of Alabama Agriculture
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The fair also garnered front-page news coverage for five consecutive days, apparently filling the role fairs typically served during this era — diverting a weary state from its economic woes and concerns about the looming conflict in Europe . Moreover, the agriculture and industry exhibits appeared to generate more public interest than the rides and games.
Aftermath
Immediately following the Alabama State Fair, the murals were packed and shipped to Shreveport, Louisiana, for display at the Louisiana State Fair, held October 21–30, 1939.
Sometime thereafter, the murals were taken to Auburn University and stored in Duncan Hall, the state headquarters of the Alabama Extension Service, where they remained basically undisturbed for the next 45 years until they were rediscovered in the early 1980s. They were subsequently refurbished and displayed in Foy Student Union on the Auburn University campus. Following their rediscovery, at least one Walker admirer advocated purchasing the murals from Auburn University and returning them to the artist's native Mobile.
However, they remained in Auburn. In fact, as part of Auburn University's sesquicentennial celebration in 2006, the Alabama Cooperative Extension System, through Dupree's efforts, reintroduced the paintings after more than 20 years with a public lecture and display in the Foy Union Student Union Gallery.
The son and grandchildren of the late artist were on hand for the lecture and exhibition to greet attendees and to answer questions.
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11670344
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder%20of%20Paul%20Guihard
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Murder of Paul Guihard
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University of Mississippi assignment and death
On 30 September 1962, AFP assigned Guihard, aged 30, to cover the developing story of James Meredith's enrollment at the University of Mississippi, the first time an African-American enrolled at the school. As an editor, Guihard infrequently went out on assignment, and did not regularly cover the Civil Rights beat; in fact, Guihard had the day off. However, the agency was short-staffed and felt the story needed to be covered, so it called in Guihard and photographer Sammy Schulman to go to Mississippi.
That morning, Guihard and Schulman flew from New York to Jackson, Mississippi via Atlanta. They found a tense atmosphere in which the federal government was prepared to use force to ensure Meredith's enrollment despite the attempts of governor Ross Barnett and local segregationists to keep him out. Guihard and Schulman visited the governor's office, where the Citizens' Council had organized a segregationist rally. They then visited the local Citizens' Council headquarters to interview executive director Louis Hollis. The meeting was friendly and Guihard received Hollis' permission to file a story from the office; this 198-word piece, Guihard's last, called the situation "the gravest Constitutional crisis that the United States has known since the War of Secession" and asserted that the "Civil War never came to an end".
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11670391
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabala%20Radar%20Station
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Gabala Radar Station
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Strategic Importance of Gabala
During the 33rd G8 summit in Germany on June 7–8, 2007, Russian president Vladimir Putin made an offer to deploy elements of an American anti-ballistic missile system in Azerbaijan, instead of Poland (see US missile defense complex in Poland) and the Czech Republic, using the Gabala Radar Station jointly with Russia. This offer came after the debate about the U.S. plan to deploy anti-ballistic missile system components in Eastern Europe to defend against possible ballistic missile attacks from Iran and North Korea. The plan was met with sharp criticism by Russia which threatened to target Europe with its own ballistic missiles despite US claims that the system was not designed to defend against a large scale Russian attack. The Gabala radar is used as a sensor for the A-135 ABM system which Russia has operated in Europe, near Moscow, since the 1970s.
In the beginning of July 2007 the US announced that the Gabala installation was not an acceptable substitute for the Poland and Czech Republic sites. In July 2007 at a Kennebunkport, Maine summit Russia offered data from its Armavir Radar Station as well. Russia says that Gabala identified 150 launches of scud missiles during the Iran–Iraq War and has been watching Iranian missile launches. Data from Gabala, together with Armavir, were offered to the United States to show they provide good coverage of any potential launches from Iran.
Environmental concerns
There were reports about environmental damage from the activity of Gabala Radar Station which sparked some public debate in Azerbaijan. Similar health concerns were raised about American PAVE PAWS phased array radars, but as of 2005 available data did not support those concerns. Surveys undertaken by the Radiation Problems Institute of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources did not find abnormal values but could not verify whether or not the station was operational at the time that measurements were taken.
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11670391
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabala%20Radar%20Station
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Gabala Radar Station
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Some sources say that the station occupies about ; however, the Russian military says . Opponents of the station say that another 400 hectares of forest were cut down while laying transmission lines to service the station and that the underground water level has fallen sharply after 16 boreholes were drilled to supply water to the station's cooling system. Every hour of cooling requires about 300–400 cubic meters of water, after which the untreated water is discharged into a river. Because of depleted groundwater surrounding forests are dying. Many species of fish in the river have disappeared. The local population continues to use water from the river despite potential contamination.
The newspaper Baku Zerkalo reports that in 1984, when the power was 300 MW, one hectare of land was completely burnt out. In other instances, sources of ignition for trees on the radiation meter range are not described. Such fires do not occur when operating a similar radar station in Pechora with comparable power to the Don-2N radar station in the Moscow suburbs.
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11670413
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual%20autobiography
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Spiritual autobiography
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Spiritual autobiography is a genre of non-fiction prose that dominated Protestant writing during the seventeenth century, particularly in England, particularly that of Dissenters. The narrative generally follows the believer from a state of damnation to a state of grace; the most famous example is perhaps John Bunyan's Grace Abounding (1666). The first known spiritual autobiography is Confessions by Augustine of Hippo, or St. Augustine, which stands to this day as a classic when studying this genre.
Structure
Because so many autobiographies were written, they began to fall into a predictable pattern. The "formula" began with a sinful youth, "followed by a gradual awakening of spiritual feelings and a sense of anxiety about the prospects for one's soul." The person would repent, fall again into sin, repent, and sin again; such cycles could last for years. The Bible was often a source of comfort or fear during this time. Finally, the person had a conversion experience, an "epiphany, often of an emotionally shattering character, by which individuals came to realise that they had been singled out by God for salvation." Life was not necessarily easy after this, but it was a good deal less traumatic. These overarching narratives were seen to be not only relevant to human life, but also to human history. Those who practiced this type of spiritual autobiography believed that "history repeats itself not only in man's outward, group existence, but in the spiritual life of individuals."
Early examples
Confessions by Augustine of Hippo is not only the earliest known example of spiritual autobiography, but is widely seen as the first Western autobiography ever written. It consists of 13 books written in Latin between AD 397 and 400, and deals with Augustine's sinful youth and his conversion to Christianity.
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11670413
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual%20autobiography
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Spiritual autobiography
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Revelations of Divine Love written sometime in the 14th and 15th centuries by Julian of Norwich, which is the earliest surviving example of a book in the English language known to have been written by a woman, is also considered an important spiritual autobiography.
Evolution
The spiritual autobiography's intense focus on the individual has led scholars to see it as a precursor to the novel, with later writers such as Daniel Defoe writing fictionalized accounts of a character's spiritual journey, such as Robinson Crusoe or Moll Flanders. Moreover, because, as G. A. Starr argues, English Protestantism had rejected the "otherworldliness" of Catholicism "and insisted on the compatibility of earthly and spiritual callings," the "utterly mundane activities could be drawn upon to illustrate and enforce religious duties." This also contributed to the growth of what we now know as the novel.
Dating the evolution of this genre to a 17th century Protestant writing practice overlooks the earlier example of Margery Kempe, from the early 1430s (see Wikipedia entry The Book of Margery Kempe: A Facsimile and Documentary Edition, ed. Joel Fredell. Online edition.)
In the late 20th century, the spiritual autobiography has often reflected the struggle to reconcile variant forms of sexuality with Christian belief traditions, with the element of sincere struggle sometimes producing a polemical tone. Notable among these are titles by Jesuit John J. McNeill, Bothe Feet Firmly Planted in Midair: My Spiritual Journey (Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press); Episcopalian priest Malcolm Boyd, Gay Priest, An Inner Journey (New York: St Martin's Press); Evangelical Minister Mel White's Stranger at the Gate: To Be Gay and Christian in America (New York: Plume/Penguin, 1995); Chris Glaser, self-described originally as a "fundamental Baptist and biblical literalist", published Uncommon Calling: A Gay Man's Struggle to Serve the Church (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1988).
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11670530
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%20accelerator
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Windows accelerator
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A Windows accelerator was a type of graphics processing unit for personal computers with additional acceleration features like 2D line-drawing, blitter, clipping, font caching, hardware cursor support, color expansion, linear addressing, and pattern, polygon and area fills. This functionality was marketed for accelerating the Microsoft Windows operating system. Windows accelerators have been superseded by multipurpose GPUs, which include acceleration for 3D graphics.
Most "Windows accelerator" video cards were 2D-capable fixed-function processors that received 2D drawing commands and pixel data sent from the CPU, resulting in faster window drawing. The reduced burden on the CPU, combined with the smaller data stream needed for the required instructions, resulted in improved performance compared to "dumb" frame-buffer only based video cards.
In the high-end professional market, at prices in the thousands of dollars, there were also coprocessor based video chipsets like the Texas Instrument TMS34020 available, which allowed offloading of some of the processing from the CPU to the coprocessor's videocard.
To make use of these accelerator or coprocessor based video cards, driver software for the specific video chipset was necessary.
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11670572
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggregatibacter%20actinomycetemcomitans
|
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
|
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobe, nonmotile bacterium that is often found in association with localized aggressive periodontitis, a severe infection of the periodontium. It is also suspected to be involved in chronic periodontitis. Less frequently, A. actinomycetemcomitans is associated with nonoral infections such as endocarditis. Its role in aggressive periodontitis was first discovered by Danish-born periodontist Jørgen Slots, a professor of dentistry and microbiology at the University of Southern California School of Dentistry.
'Bacterium actinomycetem comitans' was first described by Klinger (1912) as coccobacillary bacteria isolated with Actinomyces from actinomycotic lesions in humans. It was reclassified as Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans by Topley & Wilson (1929) and as Haemophilus actinomycetemcomitans by Potts et al. (1985). The species has attracted attention because of its association with localized aggressive periodontitis.
Nomenclature
Recent studies have shown a phylogenetic similarity of A. actinomycetemcomitans and Haemophilus aphrophilus, H. paraphrophilus, and H. segnis, suggesting the new genus Aggregatibacter for them.
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11670649
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation%20masters
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Separation masters
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Separation masters are a method of long-term preservation for most modern color motion picture film. Since monopack color film - (where materials for registering all the colors of the spectrum are contained on one film - its opposite is bipack colour film where two films face each other and the lower spectrum reds and yellows are on one film and the higher spectrum greens and blues are on another film - see Technicolor three strip) used in such processes as ECN, ECP and their successive revisions - contains photographically active color couplers which remain in the film after development, the emulsion will continue to produce chemical reactions in the image which cumulatively create a color fading, usually heavily biased towards the pink spectrum. In order to protect against this occurrence, the technique of separation masters was created.
Separation mastering is essentially an inversion of the Technicolor three-strip system, which used filtration to create three black and white masters each sensitized for one of the RGB spectrums and then printed the negatives with a CMYK colorspace. In separation mastering, the original camera negative is used to create three black and white copies, each one filtered for one of the RGB spectrums. The black and white process is considered inert after development and thus should be more stable for long-term archival, preservation, and restoration (although the film base may eventually decay regardless).
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11670784
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickasaw%20Shipyard%20Village%20Historic%20District
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Chickasaw Shipyard Village Historic District
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Chickasaw Shipyard Village Historic District is a historic district comprising buildings and areas within Chickasaw, Alabama, which is a northern suburb of Mobile in Mobile County. The site is historically significant due to its role as a company town for the Gulf Shipbuilding Corporation shipyard during the first half of the twentieth century.
In addition, Chickasaw was the subject of a United States Supreme Court case, Marsh v. Alabama (1946) upholding the First Amendment rights of individuals living in privately owned towns, because the towns were operated as public places. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 3, 2004.
History
Chickasaw Shipyard Village
The company town of Chickasaw was built and owned in the early 20th century by Chickasaw Shipbuilding. In addition to well-built and attractive houses, the town included amenities such as a multipurpose community center, school, health clinic, and stores) and utility services (a water purification plant, and sewage treatment plant). One exceptionally well-built building originally served as an ice house. Later it was adapted for use as offices and a hospital. Some of the streets in the town were sidewalks, necessitating use of alleys for vehicular traffic. Tennis courts and a golf course were also available in the town. When Chickasaw Shipbuilding closed its shipyard, many houses were moved or demolished.
Upon the purchase of the shipyard and town by Gulf Shipbuilding in 1940, the existing homes were repaired and modified. Additional city improvements (such as street paving) were made. The business block was a popular shopping area, consisting of numerous buildings connected by a covered concrete sidewalk which ran the length of the block (approximately 250 feet or 75 meters). The establishments included a drugstore, a grocery store, a restaurant, and post office. By 1943, Gulf Shipbuilding had leased the remaining space to other businesses.
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11670784
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickasaw%20Shipyard%20Village%20Historic%20District
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Chickasaw Shipyard Village Historic District
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Many of the original homes still remain in Chickasaw and form the heart of a historic district. Primarily through the efforts of Gene Ford, an architectural historian from the University of Alabama, this area was documented and data was collected about its buildings and history. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. The Chickasaw Historic Preservation Society has created a driving tour featuring the highlights of the area.
Incorporation of Chickasaw
Early in 1946, Leedy Investment Company purchased the entire company town for one million dollars. Current occupants were given the option to purchase the homes they had been renting. Many prior residents also purchased homes and moved back to the town. The city of Chickasaw was incorporated on November 12, 1946.
In 1979, Halter Marine reactivated the shipbuilding facility to provide service vessels and tugboats to the booming offshore oil industry. The resurgence was short-lived and the facility was closed again in 1983. The former shipyard now serves as a small general cargo facility.
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11670786
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart%20of%20New%20England%20Council
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Heart of New England Council
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Camp Wanocksett is a Boy Scouts of America camp located in Dublin, New Hampshire, and borders the Monadnock State Park. It is used by the Heart of New England Council, which is based in central Massachusetts. Summer camp and weekend programs take place at the camp, and units can rent campsites and cabins. Camp Wanocksett borders Thorndike Pond and Mount Monadnock, one of the most frequently climbed mountains in the world. The camp was started in 1924 on land that had previously been a farm. Its name is derived from a combination of three mountains in the area; Watatic, Monadnock, and Wachusett.
Order of the Arrow
Catamount Lodge is an Order of the Arrow lodge serving central Massachusetts, in Heart of New England Council. The lodge is run by its executive board, including five elected positions including chief, vice chiefs, secretary, and treasurer. The board is also made of several appointed chairs, including publications, inductions, brotherhood, dance team, and ceremonies among others. The lodge manages and conducts several events throughout the course of a year, including a Spring Fellowship Weekend, Fall Fellowship Weekend, Winter Fellowship Weekend, and a Lodge Banquet. The lodge has over 500 members, 80% of which are active in events.
Catamount Lodge was formed in 2019 by the merger of the Pachachaug Lodge and Grand Monadnock Lodge.
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11670882
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahasia
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Rahasia
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Rahasia is an adventure module, self-published by DayStar West Media in 1980 and published by TSR, Inc. in 1983 and 1984, for the Basic Set rules of the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy role-playing game. Its product designation is TSR 9115. It was designed by Tracy and Laura Hickman, and features artwork by Jeff Easley and Timothy Truman.
Plot summary
In RPGA1 Rahasia, the player characters seek to rescue an elf maiden kidnapped and held in the Temple of the Sacred Black Rock, where they must break a curse, and take the evil Rahib prisoner.
In the revised module B7 Rahasia, the characters must rescue a group of elf women from the dungeons below a good elven temple that an evil cleric has taken over.
An elven village is threatened by a dark Priest known only as the Rahib. He has kidnapped two of the village's fairest maidens and now demands that Rahasia, the most beautiful elf, surrender herself to free the others. The player characters are drawn into this adventure when they find a plea for help from Rahasia. The only way to free the captured maidens is to enter an old temple, built upon the ruins of a wizard's tower buried under a mountain.
Publication history
The original Rahasia was written by Laura Hickman, and was first published in 1979 by DayStar West Media as a 32-page booklet. Daystar West Media was Tracy Hickman's private publishing company, and no more than 200 copies were ever printed. Rahasia was the first adventure published for the Night Ventures line.
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11670919
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven%20Reigns
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Steven Reigns
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Steven Reigns (born 1975) is an American poet, artist and activist known for his poetry publications, his work as West Hollywood's first City Poet, his participatory art projects, his LGBT activism, and his scholarly work on Anaïs Nin.
Biography
Early years
Reigns grew up in the suburbs of St. Louis, Missouri. From an early age, he sought refuge from a troubled home life in local libraries where he discovered the writers who would have a huge impact on his own work: Sapphire, Essex Hemphill, Dorothy Allison, Edmund White, Anaïs Nin, Amy Scholder, John Preston and Audre Lorde.
Career
Reigns graduated from the University of South Florida, where he wrote a bi-monthly column for TLW magazine, with a degree in Creative Writing. He also has a Masters in Clinical Psychology from Antioch University.
Reigns is a fourteen-time recipient of the Los Angeles County Department of Cultural Affairs' Artist in Residency Grant. He was elected as West Hollywood's inaugural City Poet for a two-year term beginning in October 2014. He was selected as "Someone to Watch in 2015" by The Advocate Magazine. Reigns was selected for a City of Los Angeles Individual Artist Fellowship in 2020.
Library activism
Reigns has cited public libraries and librarians as a major influence on his development as an artist and activist. He has campaigned in support of gay, lesbian, bisexual and queer programming in libraries.
In 2004 he organized 'Loving in Fear', an LGBQT literary event in response to Hillsborough County's lack of gay, lesbian, bisexual or queer programming. He recounted the experience in a Watermark Magazine article about National Library Week. He was the first to speak to the commissioners about their discriminatory policy at the library.
He was Literary Director for The Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Center of Tampa for two years.
Reigns has been keynote speaker at Rollins College, Stonewall Library, and at the American Library Associations Annual Breakfast. He facilitates the monthly Lambda Literary Foundation Book Club.
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11671030
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking%20Stewart
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Walking Stewart
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John "Walking" Stewart (19 February 1747 – 20 February 1822) was an English philosopher and traveller. Stewart developed a unique system of materialistic pantheism.
Travels
Known as "Walking" Stewart to his contemporaries for having travelled on foot from Madras, India (where he had worked as a clerk for the East India Company) back to Europe between 1765 and the mid-1790s, Stewart is thought to have walked alone across Persia, Abyssinia, Arabia, and Africa before wandering into every European country as far east as Russia.
Over the next three decades Stewart wrote prolifically, publishing nearly thirty philosophical works, including The Opus Maximum (London, 1803) and the long verse-poem The Revelation of Nature (New York, 1795). In 1796, George Washington's portrait-painter, James Sharples, executed a pastel likeness of Stewart for a series of portraits which included such sitters as William Godwin, Joseph Priestley, and Humphry Davy, suggesting the intellectual esteem in which Stewart was once held.
After his travels in East India, Stewart became a vegetarian. He was also a teetotaler.
Philosophy
During his journeys, he developed a unique system of materialist philosophy which combines elements of Spinozistic pantheism with yogic notions of a single indissoluble consciousness. Stewart began to promote his ideas publicly in 1790 with the publication in two volumes of his works Travels over the most interesting parts of the Globe and The Apocalypse of Nature (London, 1790).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice%20Hastings
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Beatrice Hastings
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Beatrice Hastings was the pen name of Emily Alice Haigh (27 January 1879 – 30 October 1943), an English writer, literary critic, poet and theosophist. Her work was integral to British magazine The New Age which she helped edit along with her lover, A. R. Orage, prior to the outbreak of World War I. Hastings was also friend and lover of Katherine Mansfield, whose work was first published in The New Age. She also had love affairs with Wyndham Lewis and Amedeo Modigliani.
Biography
Beatrice Hastings was born in London but grew up in Port Elizabeth, South Africa. She was educated in Pevensey, Sussex, near Hastings, which may have supplied her chosen name. From 1896 to 1899, she attended the University of Oxford to study literature.
In 1907 she met A. R. Orage, the editor of The New Age magazine, with whom she embarked on a romantic relationship. Hastings soon began contributing to the magazine and went on to become one of its most prolific contributors, although most of her work appeared under pseudonyms. These include: Pagan, Alice Morning, A.M.A., E.H., B.L.H., Beatrice Tina, Cynicus, Robert a Field, T.K.L., D. Triformis, Edward Stafford, S. Robert West, V.M., G. Whiz, J. Wilson, Annette Doorly, Hastings Lloyd, Mrs. Malaprop, and T.W.
Hastings' work for The New Age spanned many different forms and genres, including items of correspondence, parody, poetry, polemic, travel writing, prose fiction, and dramatic dialogue. She described herself in one instance as 'a minor poet of the first class.'. One of Hastings' greatest talents was parody, and she composed parodies of many her contemporaries, including Ezra Pound, Filippo Marinetti, and H. G. Wells. Hastings was also outspoken in her feminist views and The New Age correspondence section provided the space in which she developed many of the ideas which would inform her 1909 feminist tract, Woman's Worst Enemy: Woman.
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11671109
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyoto%20Institute%20of%20Technology
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Kyoto Institute of Technology
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is a national university established in 1949 in Kyoto, Japan.
The Institute's history extends back to two schools, Kyoto Craft High School (established in 1902 at Sakyo-ku, Yoshida) and Kyoto Sericulture Training School (established in 1899 at Kita-ku, Daishogun, under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce), which were forerunners of the Faculty of Engineering and Design and the Faculty of Textile Science, respectively. The former was moved to Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki in 1930 and changed its name to Kyoto Industrial High School in 1944. The latter developed into Kyoto Sericulture High School, under supervision of the Ministry of Education in 1914, and changed its name to Kyoto Sericulture Technical High School in 1931 and then to Kyoto Technical High School of Sericulture in 1944. The two forerunners merged in 1949, due to educational system revisions, to establish the present School of Science and Technology. Together with Shinshu University and Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, the Institute is one of Japan's three historical centers of textile research.
Kyoto Institute of Technology has a campus at Matsugasaki in Sakyō-ku. Another campus is at Saga in Ukyō-ku. Its Japanese nickname is Kōsen (工繊). In English it is known as KIT.
Beginning in October 2007, graduate course instruction became available in English through the International Program for Science and Technology for specially selected students from the 50 institutions worldwide with KIT Exchange Agreements.
Statistics
2,968 undergraduates (23% women) and 1110 graduate students (23% women), 170 of whom are international students from 30 countries, comprised the student body as of May 1, 2011. From 2008 to 2009, 330 KIT researchers traveled abroad and 175 researchers came to KIT from abroad.
Programs
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11671110
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Nicolas%20d%27Oultremont
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Charles-Nicolas d'Oultremont
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Charles-Nicolas-Alexandre d'Oultremont (26 June 1716 – 22 October 1771) was Prince-Bishop of Liège from 20 April 1763 to his death in 1771. He was the eighth child of Jean-François-Paul-Emile, Count of Oultremont and of the Holy Roman Empire, and Marie-Isabelle of Bavaria, Countess of Warfusée and Druynen and Baroness of Schagen. He was born, lived and died in the castle of Warfusée (now within the municipality of Saint-Georges-sur-Meuse).
Charles of Oultremont studied at the college of Reims and at Louis-le-Grand in Paris. He was nominated Canon of the Cathedral of Liège by the Pope in 1733. He was ordained Deacon on 22 April 1764, and priest two days later.
Upon the death of Prince-Bishop Jean-Théodore of Bavaria in January 1763, Prince Clemens of Saxony, ninth child of the King of Poland, Frederick Augustus III, applied to become the next prince-bishop. His young age (only 24), however, disqualified him. In addition, he was not yet a priest and did not belong to the chapter of the cathedral. He wrote to Pope Clement XIII, who grant him eligibility. Clemens received the support from France and Austria, but not from canon priests of Liège, who preferred a local, namely Count Charles of Oultremont. The latter was elected on 20 April 1763, with 30 votes to 19.
Prince Clemens protested and appealed to the Pope and the Emperor. Emperor Francis I intervened in favour of his protégé, but the Pope confirmed the election, and Charles took his office as prince-bishop on 8 April 1764. He was consecrated at the Cathedral of Saint Lambert of Liège on 30 May. The new prince vowed to protect the authority and independence of the territory against the government of the Netherlands, the Abbot of Sint-Truiden and the Abbess-Princess of Munsterbilzen.
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11671126
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada%20Kouri%20Barreto
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Ada Kouri Barreto
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Dr. Ada Kouri Barreto (May 26, 1917 in Havana, Cuba – July 11, 2005 in Rome, Italy) was a Cuban cardiologist and revolutionary. She was the wife of the Foreign Minister of Cuba, Raúl Roa García, and mother to the Cuban diplomat, Raúl Roa Kouri.
Kouri was the eldest daughter of seven children of the prominent surgeon and Professor of Medicine at the University of Havana, Dr. Juan Bautista Kouri Esmeja and Dr. Josefina Barreto. Her siblings were Josefina, Marta Alicia, Silvia Margarita, Juan, Julio and Nejhie Kouri-Barreto.
As a young woman, she was a militant of the Student Left Wing (Ala Izquierda Estudiantil) and after the March 1935 strike she joined her husband in exile in New York. After March 10, 1952, she took part in the anti-Batista movement as a physician, caring for clandestine combatants and other tasks of Civic Resistance.
During the first years of the Revolution she was the director of the Hygiene Institute. An eminent cardiologist, she was a founder in the field where she worked tirelessly until the age of 75. A member of the Federation of Cuban Women Federación de Mujeres Cubanas (FMC), the Milicias Nacionales Revolucionarias and Comités de Defensa de la Revolución (CDR).
She died in Rome where she was accompanying her son Raúl Roa Kouri at the Cuban Embassy to the Holy See, victim of a cardiac-respiratory arrest at the age of 88.
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11671201
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sondra%20Radvanovsky
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Sondra Radvanovsky
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Sondra Dee Radvanovsky (born 11 April 1969) is an American and Canadian soprano. Specializing in 19th-century Italian opera, Radvanovsky is widely regarded as a leading interpreter of bel canto, verismo, and works by Giuseppe Verdi. Her repertoire includes the title roles in Médée, Norma, Tosca, and Rusalka, Leonora in Il trovatore, Lady Macbeth in Macbeth, and Donizetti's "Tudor Queens": the title roles in Anna Bolena, Maria Stuarda, and Elizabeth I in Roberto Devereux.
Early life and studies
Radvanovsky was born in Berwyn, Illinois, to a Czech father and Danish mother. At age 11, she moved to Richmond, Indiana. She studied at Pleasant View School and Richmond High School and then Mission Viejo High School. She sang her first full-length opera, Mimi in Puccini's La bohème, in Richmond at age 21. She studied voice at the University of Southern California for two years and drama at the University of California, Los Angeles for two years, after which she studied privately. She also received training at the Tanglewood Music Center and the University of Cincinnati – College-Conservatory of Music.
In 1995 Radvanovsky won the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions and first prize in the Loren L. Zachary Society Competition. In 1997 she won the George London Foundation Competition. Her teachers have included Martial Singher, Ruth Falcon, and Anthony Manoli, who is also her accompanist.
Career
After the National Council Auditions, Radvanovsky enrolled in the Metropolitan Opera's Lindemann Young Artist Development Program. In 1996, she appeared in Rigoletto as Countess Ceprano. After performances in smaller roles there, she came to attention as Antonia in Les contes d'Hoffmann.
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4045403
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster%20Air%20Force%20Base
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Foster Air Force Base
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Foster Air Force Base (1941–1945, 1952–1959) is a former United States Air Force facility in Texas, located in Victoria County, approximately east-northeast of Victoria.
A flying training airfield during World War II, it was part of Tactical Air Command (TAC) during the early years of the Cold War as a tactical fighter and command base.
The airfield honored Lt. Arthur L. Foster (25 November 1888 – 10 February 1925), a Texas native from Georgetown. A U.S. Army Air Corps instructor, he was killed in a crash at Brooks Field, near San Antonio. Foster's son received his training and commission at the namesake base in 1942.
World War II
The airfield was established in the spring of 1941 as an advanced single-engine flying school for fighter pilots. A local funding campaign led by E. J. Dysart the previous spring had raised some $17,000 to locate the base at Victoria on a site as an economic asset. Subsequent government construction cost more than $4 million. Leases were formally approved by the War Department on 4 March, with construction beginning on 14 April by American-Friedman-Bitulithic Associates.
Victoria Army Airfield was activated on 15 May 1941 by the Gulf Coast Air Corps Training Center. The mission of the new airfield was the training of aviation cadets in the advanced phase of flying training. It was assigned to the Air Corps Advanced Flying School (single engine). In the advanced phase, the cadets flew advanced trainers, fighters and fighter-bombers. Pilot wings were awarded upon graduation and were sent on to group combat training. Graduates were usually graded as flight officers (warrant officers); cadets who graduated at the top of their class were graded as second lieutenants.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster%20Air%20Force%20Base
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Foster Air Force Base
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On 1 January 1945, the 2539th Army Air Forces Base Unit took control of the ground station administrative functions. As World War II wound down that summer, Foster Field took control of several smaller facilities as they were being closed. On 1 September, the mission at the airfield changed from pilot training to becoming a separation station. Foster Field itself was inactivated on 31 October, being placed in standby status. On 15 November 1945, the facility was completely closed, and the site returned to its pre-war owners, the Buhler and Braman estates.
United States Air Force
The U.S. Air Force retained a recapture right, which it exercised at Foster and at many other former bases to accommodate the Korean War training surge. In the fall of 1951, the federal government purchased at the site, and Foster Field was reactivated for single-engine jet training. It was designated Foster Air Force Base on 1 September 1952, by Department of the Air Force General Order No. 38, dated 29 August.
Air Training Command
Foster AFB was assigned to the USAF's Air Training Command (ATC), with the 3580th Pilot Training Wing (basic, single-engine) assigned to the base on 1 May 1952 as the primary training organization and host wing. Students were a combination of cadets and commissioned USAF officer, with the first group of students graduating in March 1953 after three months of duty using T-28 propeller and T-33 jet trainers.
After the end of combat in Korea, Air Training Command returned various combat crew training responsibilities in front-line combat aircraft to the Strategic Air Command (SAC) and the Tactical Air Command (TAC) in 1954. The command was able to do this because bases like Greenville AFB, South Carolina, and Laredo AFB, Texas, had acquired sufficient facilities to assume their full share of the pilot training load. Various bases were transferred to the combat commands, among these was the transfer of Foster AFB to TAC on 1 July 1954.
Tactical Air Command
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster%20Air%20Force%20Base
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Foster Air Force Base
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Foster Air Force Base was designated a permanent military installation on 1 July 1954. Col Frank L. Dunn became the new commander, replacing Col C.D. Sonnkalb.
Under Tactical Air Command, the 450th Fighter-Bomber Wing, was activated at Foster, on 1 July 1954, replacing and absorbing the assets of the 3580th PTW. Four operational squadrons (720th, 721st, 722d, and 723d) were assigned to the 450th Fighter-Bomber Group, initially being equipped with the North American F-86F Sabre. Its aircraft wore an approximation of the stars and stripes, with seven red and six white stripes on the trailing edge, and three stars in white on the blue forward portion of the fin. They also were designated with a colored, scalloped nose chevron.
Along with the 450th, a second group, the 322d Fighter-Day Group was assigned to Foster, and attached to the 450th FDW. The 322d consisted of the 450th, 451st, and 452d Fighter-Bomber Squadrons, also flying the F-86F. Its aircraft wore a broad band on the fin with its playing card insignia superimposed. The 450th FBG was an operational unit, while the 322d took over the training mission formerly performed by ATC prior to the transfer of the base to TAC.
With these two fighter groups assigned to the base, assigned personnel increased to about 6,000. The primary mission of the 450th FBW was to maintain tactical proficiency for combat operations and to prepare for overseas deployments as part of Ninth Air Force.
In early 1955, the 450th FBW began receiving new North American F-100C/D Super Sabre aircraft, replacing the obsolescent F-86s. The 450th FBW was the first operational Tactical Air Command wing to be equipped with the F-100. With the change of equipment, the wing was redesignated as the 450th Fighter-Day Wing on 8 March 1955, with all its subordinate groups and squadrons also being redesignated.
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4045432
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parantaka%20I
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Parantaka I
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Parantaka Chola I (Tamil: பராந்தக சோழன் I; 873 CE–955 CE) was a Chola emperor who ruled for forty-eight years, annexing Pandya by defeating Rajasimhan II and in the Deccan won the Battle of Vallala against Rashtrakutas which happened before 916 CE. The best part of his reign was marked by increasing success and prosperity.
Invasion of the Pandya kingdom
Parantaka I continued the expansion started by his father, and invaded the Pandya kingdom in 915. He captured the Pandyan capital Madurai and assumed the title Madurain-konda (Capturer of Madurai). The Pandyan ruler Maravarman Rajasinha II sought the help of Kassapa V of Anuradhapura who sent an army to his aid. Parantaka I defeated the combined army at the battle of Vellore. The Pandya king fled into exile in Sri Lanka and Parantaka I completed his conquest of the entire Pandya country.
Parantaka I spent many years in the newly conquered country reducing it to subjugation, and when he felt he had at last achieved his aim, he wanted to celebrate his victory by a coronation in Madurai in which he was to invest himself with the insignia of Pandyan monarchy. However he was failed in this attempt by the Pandyan king, who had carried them away and left them in the safe custody of the Lankan king. Towards the end of his reign, Parantaka I tried to capture them by invading Lanka. Mahavamsa records that the Lankan king Udaya IV took the Pandya crown and the jewels and hid himself in the Rohana hills. Parantaka I's armies had captured the Anuradhapura kingdom and pillaged the Country, returned with many booties.
After his exploits in the Pandya country and in Lanka, he took the title of Maduraiyum Eelamum Konda Parakesarivarman – Parakesarivarman who conquered Madurai and Sri Lanka.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parantaka%20I
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Parantaka I
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Personal life
From his inscriptions we can gather a few details about Parantaka I's personal life. He had many wives, of whom no fewer than eleven appear in the inscriptions. He was religious but secular and encouraged various faiths. We find various members of his family building temples and regularly making donations to various shrines across the kingdom. Kotanta Rama, incidental with Rajaditya, was the eldest son of Parantaka I. There is an inscription of him from Tiruvorriyur making a donation for some lamps during the 30th year of his father. Besides him he had several other sons; Arikulakesari, Gandaraditya and Uttamasili.
Parankata had the Chera Perumals as his close allies and the relationship was further strengthened by two marriages. The king is assumed to have married two distinct Chera princesses (the mothers of his two sons, Rajaditya and Arinjaya).
A member of the retinue of pillaiyar (prince) Rajadittadeva gave a gift to the Vishnu temple at Tirunavalur/Tirumanallur in the 32nd year of Parantaka I. Tirunavalur was also known as "Rajadittapuram" after Rajaditya. It is assumed that a large number of warriors from the aristocratic families of the Chera kingdom were part of the contingent of this Chera-Chola prince. In the 39th year of Parantaka I, his daughter-in-law, Mahadevadigal, a queen of Rajaditya and the daughter of Lataraja donated a lamp to the temple of Rajadityesvara for the merit of her brother. He had at least two daughters: Viramadevi and Anupama. Uttamasili does not appear to have lived long enough to succeed to the Chola throne.
He bore numerous epithets such as Viranarayana, Virakirti, Vira-Chola, Vikrama-Chola, Irumadi-Sola (Chola with two crowns alluding to the Chola and the Pandya kingdoms), Devendran (lord of the gods), Chakravartin (the emperor), Panditavatsalan (fond of learned men), Kunjaramallan (the wrestler with elephants) and Surachulamani (the crest jewel of the heroes).
Parantaka I died in 955. His second son Gandaraditya succeeded him.
Inscriptions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invisible%20Plane
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Invisible Plane
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The Invisible Plane (commonly known as the Invisible Jet) is a plane appearing in DC Comics, commonly used by Wonder Woman as a mode of transport. It was created by William Moulton Marston and first appeared in Sensation Comics #1 (January 1942).
Fictional history
In pre-Crisis continuity, Wonder Woman used the Invisible Plane to fly due to being unable to do so on her own. After being altered by gremlins, the Plane develops artificial intelligence and the ability to speak.
In post-Crisis continuity, the Invisible Plane is reimagined as a sentient alien crystal named Dome that can transform into several vehicles, including an invisible plane. In Wonder Woman (vol. 2) #201, Dome sacrifices itself to stop a tsunami and is rendered inanimate.
In other media
Television
The Invisible Plane appears in Wonder Woman (1975).
The Invisible Plane appears in Super Friends.
The Invisible Plane appears in Justice League Unlimited.
The Invisible Plane appears in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "Scorn of the Star Sapphire!".
The Invisible Plane appears in the Teen Titans Go! episode "Two Parter".
The Invisible Plane appears in Harley Quinn. This version is a passenger plane that takes visitors to and from Themyscira. In the third season, Harley Quinn and Poison Ivy steal the jet before it is destroyed during a fight with Plastique.
The Invisible Plane appears in the Scooby-Doo and Guess Who? episode "The Scooby of a Thousand Faces!".
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping%20channel
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Shopping channel
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Shopping channels (also referred to in British English as teleshopping) are television programs or specialty channels dedicated to home shopping. These channels typically feature live presentations and product demonstrations, with on-air hosts and spokespeople delivering a sales pitch. Viewers are provided with instructions on how to order the featured products. Shopping channels may focus on mainstream merchandise such as clothing, consumer electronics, and household goods, or on more niche categories like collectibles, high-end fashion, and jewelry. The term may also refer to channels that exclusively broadcast direct-response advertising and infomercial content.
History
The concept of shopping channels was first popularized in the United States during the 1980s, when Lowell "Bud" Paxson and Roy Speer launched a local cable channel called the Home Shopping Club, which later expanded nationally as the Home Shopping Network (HSN). It soon faced competition from QVC, which eventually acquired HSN in 2017. Another competitor, the Shop at Home Network, had its assets sold by Scripps to Jewelry Television (JTV) in 2006, which merged its operations with JTV and aired Shop at Home as a block during prime time and late-night hours.
ShopHQ, another U.S.-based shopping network, was at one point partly owned by NBCUniversal and co-branded as "ShopNBC." However, NBCU sold its stake back to ValueVision, the majority owner, in 2013.
Initially reliant on telephone ordering, home shopping channels have increasingly emphasized online shopping to compete with online-only retailers, while distinguishing themselves with on-air sales pitches and exclusive offers. In 2015, QVC acquired the online retailer Zulily to strengthen its digital presence.
Notable shopping channels outside the U.S. include TV Shop and QVC UK in Europe, The Shopping Channel in New Zealand, Momo in Taiwan, Shop TV in the Philippines, and TSC in Canada.
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4045519
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turgay%20%28river%29
|
Turgay (river)
|
The Turgay ([torɣai]) (also known as Torgai, Torghay or Turgai; , Romanised: Torğai; Romanised: Turgay) is a river in Kazakhstan. It has a length of and a drainage basin of .
The Naurzum Nature Reserve is a protected area located in the river basin.
Course
The river originates at the confluence of the Zhaldama and Kara-Turgai rivers, which have their sources in the Kazakh Uplands. It then flows along the Turgay Depression. The Turgay disappears in the endorheic basin of Shalkarteniz.
The Ubagan, a tributary of the Tobol, drains the valley to the north, the Turgay to the south. There are many shallow, often salty lakes in the valley. In the summer it dries up and its water becomes salty in the lower reaches of certain sections. The river is mostly fed by snow. It freezes in November and thaws in April.
Tributaries
The main tributaries of the Turgay are the long Irgiz, the long Karatorgai and the Kobarga on the left, as well as the Zhaldama, Tokanay and Ulkayak on the right. In years of high water the long Saryozen river may flow across lake Sarykopa into the Turgay through a channel near Tauysh village.
| 2.671875
| 0
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4045525
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich%20Johann%20Nepomuk%20von%20Crantz
|
Heinrich Johann Nepomuk von Crantz
|
Heinrich Johann Nepomuk von Crantz (Roodt-sur-Eisch, Luxembourg, 25 November 1722 – 18 January 1799, Judenburg, Austria) was a botanist and a physician.
In 1750 he obtained his doctorate of medicine in Vienna, where he was a pupil of Gerard van Swieten (1700–1772). He studied obstetrics in Paris and London. In Paris he was influenced by André Levret (1703–1780) and Nicolas Puzos (1686–1753).
He was first married to Anna Susanne Petrasch and then to Magda Lena de Tremon. He had two sons and one daughter.
He became a lecturer in obstetrics at St. Mary's Hospital in Vienna in 1754. From 1756 to 1774, he taught physiology and materia medica at the university in that city.
He was the author of:
Einleitung in eine wahre und gegründete Hebammenkunst (1756).
Commentarius de rupto in partus doloribus a foetu utero (1756).
Commentatio de instrumentorum in arte obstetricia historia utilitate et recta ac praepostera applicatione (1757).
De systemate irritabilitatis (1761).
Materia medica et chirurgica (three volumes, 1762) (Vol. 1 - 3 1765 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf)
De aquis medicatis principatus Transsylvaniae (1773).
Die Gesundbrunnen der Österreichischen Monarchie (1777).
He recommended better methods of hygiene for midwives. In addition to his work in medicine, he studied chemistry, botany, and the sources of mineral water.
The plant genus Crantzia (Gesneriaceae) was named for him by Thomas Nuttall.
| 2.21875
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4045532
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KUT
|
KUT
|
A year later, on March 22, 1922, a new AM band broadcasting station license was issued, bearing the randomly assigned call letters WCM. In its first years, the broadcasting station was used for a number of purposes, beginning as a demonstration project in the Physics Department, whose Professor Simpson L. Brown had persuaded the administration to let him build the station in the first place. Beginning in 1923, though, funding concerns prompted a transfer of operational control to the University's Extension Division for extension teaching. One of the stipulations of the transfer agreement was that funds would be provided for operations and maintenance to put the station in a "first-class" condition. The funds, however, did not materialize and broadcasting suffered until a state agriculture official needed a means to broadcast daily crop and weather reports.
A deal between the official and UT's Extension Division allowed agriculture broadcasts for one hour per day in exchange for equipment maintenance. At other times of the day, the University would broadcast items of interest from the campus, including a number of faculty lecture series. But by the end of 1924, the Physics Department decided it wanted the station back, and with the approval of the Board of Regents, the Physics Department regained control in the summer of 1925. They had a new license granted on October 30 and it bore, for the first time, the call letters KUT.
| 2.625
| 0
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4045544
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge%20Cove
|
Dodge Cove
|
Ferry service proposal
In March 2015, a proposal for a commercial ferry service between Prince Rupert and Dodge Cove, Oona River and Hunt's Inlet was presented to Des Nobels, the director of Dodge Cove, and Karl Bergman, director of Oona River. The proposal was based upon a request by the Skeena-Queen Charlotte Regional District for a report to be devised to look into the potential of a ferry service, which was researched and written by researcher Debra Febril. The community directors then proceeded to engage in their communities to determine interest among the people using a Community Needs Assessment Survey.
The proposal delineates year-round ferry service with a minimum of four weekly round-trips to Dodge Cove and three to Oona River and Hunt's Inlet. Vessel size was recommended by the regional district to carry at least 12 passengers along with additional room for freight and cargo. The report summarized that the respective communities and region would directly benefit from such a ferry service, and that the provision of a reliable, affordable and sustainable ferry system would be reliant upon balancing the needs of private and public entities. Annual revenue projections for the proposed ferry service to Dodge Cove are estimated to be $18,720–$22,464 for round-trip service five days a week, and around $86,112 for the round-trip service to Oona River and Hunts Inlet.
| 1.96875
| 0
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4045544
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge%20Cove
|
Dodge Cove
|
Proposed LNG facility
In September 2015, Dodge Cove residents voiced concerns about the proposed construction of a liquefied natural gas (LNG) facility by Aurora LNG on Digby Island. Aurora LNG is a joint venture among Nexen Energy and INPEX Gas British Columbia Ltd. Residents expressed concerns due to the proposed site's close proximity to the community and for the potential of the project to adversely affect the area's water supply and wetlands. Residents were also concerned about the facility separating the community from Lake Wahl. One survey found that 96% of the community's residents were opposed to the proposed project. Residents cited standards developed by the Society of International Gas Tanker and Terminal Operators, which recommend a 2.2 mile minimum hazard-free zone from LNG operations and carriers such as tankers, and demanded that the Government of British Columbia adhere to these standards.
In September 2014, 36 Dodge Cove residents signed a petition that was against the proposed facility and operations, which stated in part that the project would "alter our lives and community irreparably". Community director Des Nobels stated that preliminary activities performed by Nexen Energy, which is working to determine the feasibility of the LNG operation and performing environmental assessments, has disrupted life for community members due to helicopter traffic over the community. In response, Nexen stated that they would meet with community members regarding this matter.
| 1.953125
| 0
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4045554
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government%20House%20%28Nova%20Scotia%29
|
Government House (Nova Scotia)
|
A fire erupted in the mansion's attic in 1854; however, the blaze was kept under control due to the fireproofing precautions taken during the design and construction of the edifice. Government House was not well maintained in the latter half of the 20th century. As one of the oldest official residences in Canada, Government House was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1982. The following year, the provincial government, under the Heritage Property Act, listed the house and its gardens as a Provincially Registered Property, in recognition of its Georgian architecture and its association with the various lieutenant governors since 1805 and the Canadian monarchy. The property was not well maintained, regardless, and it underwent extensive renovation and restoration for three years prior to the end of 2008; the building was rededicated by Queen Elizabeth II on 28 June 2010. At the same time, a new Royal Key was inaugurated; it was presented to the Queen and then returned at the end of her tour of Canada, so as to be granted to future lieutenant governors. Nova Scotia's Government House is presently the oldest viceregal residence in North America.
Use
Government House is owned by the King in Right of Nova Scotia and is open to the public at certain times. It is also where visiting dignitaries are greeted and often stay while in Halifax, as well as the location of numerous vice-regal events, such as the bestowing of provincial awards or inductions into the Order of Nova Scotia, luncheons, dinners, receptions, and speaking engagements. It is at Government House that the lieutenant governor drops the writs of election, swears-in new members of the Executive Council, and holds audiences with the premier. In 2016 the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia John James Grant hosted the annual conference of the Governor General, Lieutenant Governors and Territorial Commissioners at Government House.
| 2.296875
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4045577
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susette%20La%20Flesche
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Susette La Flesche
|
Susette La Flesche, later Susette LaFlesche Tibbles and also called Inshata Theumba, meaning "Bright Eyes" (c. 1854–1903), was a well-known Native American writer, lecturer, interpreter, and artist of the Omaha tribe in Nebraska. La Flesche was a progressive who was a spokesperson for Native American rights. She was of Ponca, Iowa, French, and Anglo-American ancestry. In 1983, she was inducted into the Nebraska Hall of Fame. In 1994, she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.
Early life and education
Susette, also called Inshata Theumba (Bright Eyes), was born in Bellevue, Nebraska in about 1854, the eldest daughter of five children born to Joseph LaFlesche and his wife Mary Gale. Joseph was the son of the French fur trader Joseph La Flesche, a wealthy immigrant from France, and his Ponca wife, Waoowinchtcha, reportedly a relative of the Omaha chief Big Elk. After some years of trading with the Omaha while working with Peter Sarpy, the younger La Flesche was adopted as a son by the chief Big Elk. He named him successor to his position. La Flesche, known as "Iron Eyes" became the last traditional chief of the Omaha.
The La Flesches were a "prominent, affluent and acculturated family" among the Omaha. La Flesche and Mary stressed the importance of education for their children: Louis, Susette, Rosalie, Marguerite and Susan, and "favored assimilation". They thought it offered the best future for their people. The La Flesche family supported the missionary schools and white teachers for their children.
As chief, Joseph had a second wife Ta-in-ne (Elizabeth Esau), an Omaha woman, and they married around 1856. The following year, 1857, their son Francis La Flesche was born, followed by other children.
| 2.703125
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4045577
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susette%20La%20Flesche
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Susette La Flesche
|
From 1862 to 1869, La Flesche attended Presbyterian Mission Boarding Day School on the reservation where she learned to read, write, and speak in English as well as cook and sew. After the Presbyterian mission school on the reservation closed, Susette La Flesche attended Elizabeth Institute for young ladies, a private school in Elizabeth, New Jersey, where she was followed by her younger sisters Marguerite and Susan. Her writing skills were recognized and encouraged during her school years. The New York Tribune published an essay she wrote her senior year.
Susette's siblings also became professionals: Susan LaFlesche Picotte became the first Native American physician and founded the first privately funded hospital on an Indian reservation; and Rosalie La Flesche Farley became a financial manager for the Omaha nation, leasing grazing land that was excess to individual household needs. Marguerite LaFlesche Picotte was a teacher on the Yankton Sioux reservation, having married Charles Picotte. Their half-brother Francis LaFlesche became an ethnologist for the Smithsonian Institution, writing about the Omaha and the Osage, and making original recordings of their traditional songs.
Career
As a young woman, Susette La Flesche became more interested in politics and soon graduated and learned how to speak English. She first worked as a teacher on the Omaha reservation. She had always wanted to become a teacher and after graduating from school at the Elizabeth Institute for Young Ladies in New Jersey. After returning home that's where she began to teach, First in the mission school, later at the government school on the Omaha reservation. She also established a Sunday school with the support of William and Julia Hamilton, who were noted to be the Presbyterian missionaries there since 1855.
| 2.84375
| 0
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4045577
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susette%20La%20Flesche
|
Susette La Flesche
|
La Flesche worked with Thomas Tibbles, an editor with the Omaha World Herald, to publicize the poor conditions they found at the southern reservation: the Ponca had been moved too late in the year to plant crops, the government was late with supplies and promised infrastructure and improvements, and malaria was endemic in the area. Nearly one-third of the tribe died within the first two years as a result of the journey and conditions, among them the oldest son of Chief Standing Bear. The chief left the Indian Territory with some followers to bury his son in the traditional homeland of Nebraska. They were arrested and confined to Fort Omaha, by order of the federal government. Tibbles' coverage of the chief's imprisonment was instrumental in gaining Standing Bear pro bono legal services by two prominent defense attorneys, including the counsel for the Union Pacific Railroad. Standing Bear filed a suit of habeas corpus against the US government, challenging the grounds for his arrest.
In 1879 La Flesche acted as Standing Bear's interpreter during his lawsuit at Fort Omaha, Nebraska. She also testified as to conditions on the reservation in Indian Territory. Standing Bear successfully challenged the lack of grounds of his arrest and imprisonment, arguing before the United States District Court that Indians were persons under the law, and had all the rights of US citizens. Tibbles attended and reported the case, which gained national attention. Standing Bear v. Crook (1879) was a landmark civil rights case, with the judge deciding that Indians had certain rights as "persons" and citizens under the US constitution. She began serving as a witness and interpreter on other cases where Native Americans sued the U.S. government. After this trial, she received the Indian name "Bright Eyes" for her work advocating for her community.
| 2.796875
| 0
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4045577
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susette%20La%20Flesche
|
Susette La Flesche
|
Following the trial, La Flesche and her half-brother Francis accompanied Standing Bear and others on a speaking tour of the eastern United States, organized by Tibbles. In addition to taking turns interpreting for Standing Bear, Susette La Flesche spoke in her own right. During the tour, La Flesche and Tibbles also testified in Washington in 1880 before a Congressional committee about the Ponca removal. La Flesche spoke for the rights of Native Americans. They met prominent American writers, such as the poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and writer Helen Hunt Jackson. In 1881 Jackson published a book about US treatment of Native Americans entitled A Century of Dishonor, and in 1884 the novel Ramona, based on Indian issues in Southern California. Longfellow reportedly said of La Flesche, "This could be Minnehaha", referring to the legendary Indian heroine in his poem The Song of Hiawatha.
In 1887, La Flesche and Tibbles, by then married, accompanied Standing Bear on a 10-month speaking tour of England and Scotland. La Flesche continued to act as the chief's interpreter. They were heard by many who wanted to learn more about the American Indian issues in the United States.
After their return to Nebraska, LaFlesche and Tibbles became interested in the growing Ghost Dance movement and issues among the restive Sioux bands. They went to the Pine Ridge Agency in 1890 and wrote about its conditions, as well as the Wounded Knee massacre. This work was likely the peak of LaFlesche's journalism career. She continued to publish articles and columns in papers in Nebraska, including her husband's populist The Independent.
| 2.5625
| 0
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4045581
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomme%20de%20Terre%20River%20%28Missouri%29
|
Pomme de Terre River (Missouri)
|
The Pomme de Terre River (pronounced pohm de TEHR) is a tributary of the Osage River in southwestern Missouri in the United States. Via the Osage and Missouri rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River.
Pomme de terre is French for potato, a food Indians harvested in the area. Before the French explorers, the Osage people, who were historically indigenous to the region, had called it a name meaning Big Bone River, referring to the fossils of mastodons and other ancient creatures which they found along its eroding banks.
Course
The Pomme de Terre River is formed in Greene County in the Ozarks by the confluence of its short north and south forks, which rise in Webster and Greene counties, respectively. The river flows generally northward through Dallas, Polk, Hickory and Benton counties, past the town of Hermitage. In Polk County it collects the short Little Pomme de Terre River, which rises in Greene County and flows generally northwestwardly. In Hickory County a U.S. Army Corps of Engineers dam causes the river to form Pomme de Terre Lake. It enters the Osage River as an arm of Truman Lake, which is formed by a dam on the Osage.
| 2.515625
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4045584
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethan%20Club
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Elizabethan Club
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The Elizabethan Club is a social club at Yale University named for Queen Elizabeth I and her era. Its profile and members tend toward a literary disposition, and conversation is one of the Club's chief purposes.
The Elizabethan Club's collection of 16th- and 17th-century books and artifacts include Shakespearean folios and quartos, first editions of Milton's Paradise Lost, Spenser's Faerie Queene, and Francis Bacon's Essayes, all locked in the club's vault. The collection is only available for inspection at certain times, or to researchers upon request at Yale's Beinecke Library. Tea is served daily during the semester and members may invite guests on specified days. The Club accepts female and male undergraduates, graduate students, faculty, and staff.
History
The club was founded in 1911 by Alexander Smith Cochran, a member of the Yale Class of 1896 and Wolf's Head Society. As an undergraduate, he regretted the lack of a congenial atmosphere in which to discuss literature and the arts with classmates and faculty. In 1910 he began to assemble a small but exceptional collection of first and early editions of the Elizabethan and Jacobean plays that he had studied with William Lyon Phelps, and in 1911 he offered the collection to Yale as the central point of interest for a club where conversation – and tea – would be available every afternoon.
Cochran also provided a clubhouse, with quarters for a resident steward, and a generous endowment of $100,000. His portrait hangs above the fireplace in the Vault Room, and his birthday (28 February) is marked by an annual Founder’s Dinner. The life portrait of the Virgine Queene in the Tea Room, attributed to Federico Zuccari, came with the founder’s original gift. Began during the literary renaissance at the university between 1909 and 1920, the club attracted such book collectors as Phelps, Chauncey Brewster Tinker, and John Berdan.
| 2.53125
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4045584
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethan%20Club
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Elizabethan Club
|
Cochran’s gift of 141 folios and quartos includes, among other important volumes, the first four Shakespeare Folios, one of the three known copies of the 1604 Hamlet, and the copy of Ben Jonson’s Works (1616) inscribed by the author to his friend Francis Young. Over the years additional volumes of equal importance, such as first or early quartos of all the major dramatists, have been acquired by gift and purchase, and the entire collection now numbers around 300 volumes. A catalog of this collection, The Elizabethan Club of Yale University and Its Library, prepared by Yale's Stephen Parks, was published in 1986 and considerably expanded in a 2011 edition. The club vault also holds a sample of 16th-century documents, manuscripts (for example, a letter of condolence from Queen Elizabeth to her friend Lady Southwell, 15 October 1598) and medals (one celebrating the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588), as well as various artifacts (a lock of Byron’s hair; a snuff box carved from a mulberry tree planted by Shakespeare at New Place, his home at Stratford; and a guest book signed by many of the club's visitors).
Documents relating to the club's organization and activities, including a tradition of formal correspondence written in Latin to the Signet Society at Harvard, are viewable at the online Yale Manuscripts and Archives Collection.
Symbols
The club was named for Queen Elizabeth I and her era. Its emblem is a falcon, found on Queen Elizabeth’s badge.
| 2.109375
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4045584
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethan%20Club
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Elizabethan Club
|
Activities
The club is dedicated to conversation, tea, the art of the book, and literature focused on—but not exclusively of—the Elizabethan era. During the academic year, the clubhouse is open daily for the use of its members from 8 in the morning until 10 in the evening. Tea is served every afternoon during term time from four until six. A 1920 observer noted among
certain hopeful signs of the times, current British and American periodicals are neatly lined up on tables, configurations of other little tables, sofas, and chairs provide many nooks for quiet discussion or reading, and upstairs even includes a room dedicated almost entirely to archives of Punch, the former English magazine of humor and satire. Outside, the club has a deep back garden with a pavilion, understated elegant plantings, and featuring a bust of the Bard himself, to facilitate the enjoyments of finger sandwiches, cookies, and croquet.
From time to time, the club sponsors special events such as Club Nights with a speaker and discussion; seasonal parties and teas; and an annual lecture honoring Maynard Mack (1909–2001), former president of the club, longtime faculty member and illustrious Shakespeare scholar. Mack lecturers have included Joanne Akalaitis, John Barton, Tony Church, Lisa Harrow, Michael Kahn, Mark Lamos, Carey Perloff, Michael Billington and Sam Waterston.
The club also has underwritten the production of a small series of books, published by the Yale University Press. Indeed, publishing specialized works relating to the club's mission has been a practice dating back to its early years.
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4045584
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethan%20Club
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Elizabethan Club
|
The Lizzie informally fosters an appreciation for the Art of the Book and of fine printing and typography, befitting a campus with several working old-fashioned undergraduate presses.
Guests sign in upon entering; consequently, Lizzie's collection of these guestbooks includes autographs of prominent literary, arts, and other figures who have visited. Among these are Theodore Roosevelt, Edward Heath, Robert Frost, (a frequent visitor) Bertrand Russell, Joseph Conrad, W. B. Yeats, Eva Le Gallienne, Diana Rigg, Allen Ginsberg, William Carlos Williams, Dr. Ruth Westheimer, and Kenneth Branagh.
On the second floor, the Map Room contains a collection of books about Shakespeare and the Elizabethan period, most of them published in the middle of the twentieth century. In the Study Room, there are bound copies of Punch from 1847 to 1985 and, in the Governors Room numerous bound sets of British and European authors, plus a small collection of books presented to the club by authors who are members.
Notable members
Some of the notable members of the Elizabethan Club include:
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4045659
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir%20William%20Mackinnon%2C%201st%20Baronet
|
Sir William Mackinnon, 1st Baronet
|
Sir William Mackinnon, 1st Baronet, (23 March 1823 – 22 June 1893) was a Scottish ship-owner and businessman who built up substantial commercial interests in India and East Africa. He established the British-India Steam Navigation Company and the Imperial British East Africa Company.
Biography
Early life
He was born in Campbeltown, Argyll, and after starting in the grocery trade there, went to Glasgow and worked for a merchant who had Asian trading interests.
Career
Mackinnon went to India in 1847 and joined an old schoolfriend, Robert Mackenzie, in the coasting trade, carrying merchandise from port to port around the Bay of Bengal. Together they formed the firm of Mackinnon Mackenzie & Co and Mackinnon chose to make Cossipore the base for his own activities.
In 1856, he founded the shipping company Calcutta and Burma Steam Navigation Company, which would become British India Steam Navigation Company in 1862. It grew into a huge business trading round the coasts of the Indian Ocean, extending its operations to Burma, the Persian Gulf and the east coast of Africa, from Aden to Zanzibar.
In 1865 he established Gray, Dawes and Company as a merchant partnership for his nephew Archibald Gray and Edwyn Sandys Dawes (1838–1903), knighted in 1894. The company, founded as a shipping and insurance agency in the City of London, went through several reorganizations and ownership changes, obtaining recognition as a merchant bank in 1915, becoming fully fledged as Gray Dawes Bank in 1973 (sold in 1983), and now known as Gray Dawes Group Ltd.
In 1888, Mackinnon founded the Imperial British East Africa Company and became its Chairman. The company, supported by the United Kingdom government as a means of establishing British influence in the region, was committed to eliminating the slave trade, prohibiting trade monopoly, and equal treatment for all nations. The company would later be taken over by the British government and became the East Africa Protectorate.
| 2.046875
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4045672
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd%20Battalion%2C%202nd%20Marines
|
2nd Battalion, 2nd Marines
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Second Battalion was reactivated on January 14, 1941. On August 9, 1942, the Battle of Guadalcanal began with Marines landing on the Tulagi Island Complex. On October 10, elements of the 2d Battalion conducted a two-day raid on the villages of Koilotamaria and Garabaus. During January 1943, 2d Battalion participated in the final assault to clear Guadalcanal of the remaining Japanese resistance. For its participation in the battle, it was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation.
As part of the 2d Marine Division, 2/2 deployed and was one of three battalions spearheading the attack on Tarawa (along with the 3rd Battalion, 2nd Marines and the 2nd Battalion, 8th Marines). The Japanese resistance was fierce, and the initial losses to the battalion were heavy. The battalion commander, Lt. Col. Herbert R. Amey, Jr., was killed by Japanese machine gun fire before reaching the beach. Throughout the battle, marines of the battalion distinguished themselves: there were two Navy Cross recipients and numerous lesser medals awarded for individual actions. The battalion was again awarded the Presidential Unit Citation for its heroic assault at Tarawa. The 2d Battalion conducted similar operations during Saipan, Tinian and Okinawa campaigns.
In September 1945, the battalion deployed to Nagasaki, Japan as part of the U.S. occupation forces. During June and July 1946, the battalion relocated to Camp Lejeune as part of the post-war reduction of forces. The battalion was deactivated on November 18, 1947.
Post-war years
With the birth of NATO, the Marine Corps was assigned a new mission and 2/2 was reactivated October 20, 1949. Since its reactivation, the battalion has seen extensive service in joint and combined operations and exercises.
| 2.015625
| 0
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4045691
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Agajanian
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Ben Agajanian
|
Benjamin James Agajanian (August 28, 1919 – February 8, 2018), nicknamed "the Toeless Wonder", was an American football player, primarily a placekicker in the National Football League (NFL), the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) and American Football League (AFL).
Early life
Born in Santa Ana, California, he graduated from San Pedro High School in the San Pedro community in Los Angeles. A placekicker, he played college football at Compton Junior College and the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque. He served in the U.S. Army Air Forces during World War II as a physical training instructor. While playing in college, Agajanian had four toes of his kicking foot crushed in a work accident and then amputated in 1939.
Pro football career
Agajanian played professionally in the National Football League from 1945 through 1959, then in the newly formed American Football League for the Los Angeles/San Diego Chargers in 1960 and 1964. He also played for the Dallas Texans in 1961 and the Oakland Raiders in 1962. He is one of two players (the other was Hardy Brown) who played in the All-America Football Conference, the American Football League, and the National Football League.
He was pro football's third kicking specialist (after Jack Manders and Mose Kelsch), booting field goals for 10 different professional teams in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, including two NFL champions: the New York Giants in 1956 and the Green Bay Packers in 1961. In the 1956 title game, he went 5-for-6 on extra points and 2-for-3 on field goals, while in the 1960 title game he was perfect on extra points (one) and field goals (three).
During Agajanian's time with the Packers, he was mistakenly assigned the number 3; the number had been retired for Tony Canadeo nine years earlier. Agajanian remains the last Packer to wear number 3.
He led the league in field goal attempts in 1947 (24) and 1954 (25) and also led in made field goals (15) in the former.
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4045698
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cola%20de%20mono
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Cola de mono
|
Cola de mono or Colemono (literally, "monkey's tail") is a traditional Chilean drink served around Christmas time.
Although there are many versions of this drink, it contains mainly aguardiente, milk, sugar, coffee, and cloves. A virgin version can be made simply without the alcohol.
Etymology
There are several theories surrounding the origin of the name. Since this drink is homemade, it was originally bottled in bottles whose labels were from the company Anís del Mono. Eventually the play on words of cola de mono was created. The more accepted theory, however, is related to President Pedro Montt, nicknamed El Mono Montt, or Monkey Montt. During an evening party, Montt prepared to leave and asked for his revolver, a Colt. He was convinced to stay and continue on with the festivities. After all of the wine was drunk and the guests still thirsty for more, mixed milk, coffee, aguardiente, and sugar. Within time, the drink gained popularity and was dubbed "Colt de Montt", eventually morphing into "Cola de Mono" and later "Colemono", which is the name used in the "RAE" dictionaries and in common speech.
| 2.109375
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4045710
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20fan
|
Computer fan
|
Physical characteristics
Due to the low pressure, high volume air flows they create, most fans used in computers are of the axial flow type; centrifugal and crossflow fans type. Two important functional specifications are the airflow that can be moved, typically stated in cubic feet per minute (CFM), and static pressure. Given in decibels, the sound volume figure can be also very important for home and office computers; larger fans are generally quieter for the same CFM.
Dimensions
The dimensions and mounting holes must suit the equipment that uses the fan. Square-framed fans are usually used, but round frames are also used, often so that a larger fan than the mounting holes would otherwise allow can be used (e.g., a 140 mm fan with holes for the corners of a 120 mm square fan). The width of square fans and the diameter of round ones are usually stated in millimeters. The dimension given is the outside width of the fan, not the distance between mounting holes. Common sizes include 40 mm, 60 mm, 80 mm, 92 mm, 120 mm and 140 mm, although
8 mm, 17 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm, 30 mm, 35 mm, 38 mm, 45 mm, 50 mm, 70 mm, 200 mm, 220 mm, 250 mm and 360 mm sizes are also available. Heights, or thickness, are typically 10 mm, 15 mm, 25 mm or 38 mm.
Typically, square 120 mm and 140 mm fans are used where cooling requirements are demanding, as for computers used to play games, and for quieter operation at lower speeds. Larger fans are usually used for cooling case, CPUs with large heatsink and ATX power supply. Square 80 mm and 92 mm fans are used in less demanding applications, or where larger fans would not be compatible. Smaller fans are usually used for cooling CPUs with small heatsink, SFX power supply, graphics cards, northbridges, etc.
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4045710
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer%20fan
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Computer fan
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Rotational speed
The speed of rotation (specified in revolutions per minute, RPM) together with the static pressure determine the airflow for a given fan. Where noise is an issue, larger, slower-turning fans are quieter than smaller, faster fans that can move the same airflow. Fan noise has been found to be roughly proportional to the fifth power of fan speed; halving the speed reduces the noise by about 15 dB. Axial fans may rotate at speeds of up to around 38,000 rpm for smaller sizes.
Fans may be controlled by sensors and circuits that reduce their speed when temperature is not high, leading to quieter operation, longer life, and lower power consumption than fixed-speed fans. Fan lifetimes are usually quoted under the assumption of running at maximum speed and at a fixed ambient temperature.
Air pressure and flow
A fan with high static pressure is more effective at forcing air through restricted spaces, such as the gaps between a radiator or heatsink; static pressure is more important than airflow in CFM when choosing a fan for use with a heatsink. The relative importance of static pressure depends on the degree to which the airflow is restricted by geometry; static pressure becomes more important as the spacing between heatsink fins decreases. Static pressure is usually stated in either mm Hg or mm H2O.
Bearing types
The type of bearing used in a fan can affect its performance and noise. Most computer fans use one of the following bearing types:
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4045722
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolomoki%20Mounds
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Kolomoki Mounds
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The Kolomoki Mounds is one of the largest and earliest Woodland period earthwork mound complexes in the Southeastern United States and is the largest in Georgia. Constructed from 350 to 600, the mound complex is located in southwest Georgia, in present-day Early County near the Chattahoochee River.
The mounds were designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1964. Seven of the eight mounds are protected as part of Kolomoki Mounds State Historic Park.
Site characteristics
Kolomoki Mounds State Park is an important archaeological site as well as a scenic recreational area. Kolomoki, covering some three hundred acres, is one of the larger preserved mound sites in the USA.
In the early millennium of the Common Era, Kolomoki, with its surrounding villages, Native American burial mounds, and ceremonial plaza, was a center of population and activity in North America. The eight visible mounds of earth in the park were built between 250-950 CE by peoples of the Swift Creek and Weeden Island cultures. These mounds include Georgia's oldest great temple mound, built on a flat platform top; two burial mounds, and four smaller ceremonial mounds.
As with other mound complexes, the people sited and built the earthworks according to a complex cosmology. Researchers have noted that several mounds are aligned according to astronomical events. For example, mounds A, D, and E, which form the central axis of the site, align with the sun at the spring equinox. Mounds F and D form an alignment with the sun at the summer solstice.
Soils at the Park are mostly dark red sandy loams or loamy sands of the Americus, Greenville, and Red Bay series. Some pale brown sands of the Troup series occur on the western shores of Kolomoki Lake, and at the northern end of the lake is brown or dark gray alluvial loam of the Herod-Muckalee soil association.
Archaeological features
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4045722
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolomoki%20Mounds
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Kolomoki Mounds
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Temple Mound
The Temple Mound is high and measures 325 by at the base. Research indicates that it would have taken over two million basket loads carried by individual workers, each holding one cubic foot of earth, to build this mound. The southern half of the mound is three feet higher and was probably the temple platform. From the top of the steps, most of the Kolomoki Archaeological Area can be viewed. Approximately 1,500 - 2,000 residents lived in a village of thatched houses that were built around the large plaza in the center of the complex. It was a place for public ceremonial activities and rituals, including games.
Mound D
Mound D is one of the eight visible mounds at the Kolomoki site. It is a conical mound that is high from the ground. It is centrally located at Kolomoki. Archeologists discovered the remains of 77 burials and ceremonial pottery here. The effigy pottery discovered was shaped in various animal and bird shapes, such as deer, quail and owls.
Mound D was constructed in several stages, each time increasing in size. It began as a square-platform mound that was about tall. This original platform mound was built from yellow clay. Sixty pottery vessels were placed on the east wall including the above effigy pottery.
After many subsequent burials and the addition of more yellow clay in layers, the mound was shaped as a larger circular mound about tall. These burials took place on the eastern side of the mound, and the skulls face eastward, the direction of the rising sun, apparently for religious reasons. Burial objects made from iron and copper and pearl beads were included as ceremonial objects with the burials. Finally, the entire mound was covered with red clay.
Museum
The park's museum was built to incorporate part of an excavated mound; it provides an authentic setting for viewing artifacts. The museum features a film about how this mound was built and excavated.
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4045877
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimolette
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Mimolette
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Mimolette is a cheese traditionally produced around the city of Lille, France. In France it is also known as Boule de Lille after its city of origin, or vieux Hollande because it was originally inspired by the Dutch Edam cheese.
Description
Mimolette has a spherical shape and is similar in appearance to a cantaloupe melon. It normally weighs about 2 kg (approximately 4.5 pounds) and is made from pasteurized cow's milk. Its name comes from the French word (feminine ), meaning "semi-soft", which refers to the oily texture of this otherwise hard cheese. The bright orange color of the cheese comes from the natural seasoning annatto. When used in small amounts, primarily as a food colorant, annatto adds no discernible flavor or aroma. The grey-colored rind of aged Mimolette occurs from cheese mites that are added to the surface of the cheese, which serve to enhance its flavor.
Mimolette can be consumed at different stages of aging. When younger, its taste resembles that of Parmesan. Many appreciate it most when it is "extra-old" (extra-vieille). At that point, it can become rather hard to chew, and the flesh takes on a hazelnut-like flavor.
History
It was originally made by the request of Louis XIV, who – in the context of Jean-Baptiste Colbert's mercantilistic policies – was looking for a native French product to replace the then very popular Edam. To make it distinct from Edam, it was first colored using carrot juice and later seasoned with annatto to give it a distinct orange color.
The cheese was known to be a favorite of French President Charles de Gaulle.
Health concerns in the U.S.
In 2013, the Food and Drug Administration detained about a ton of the cheese, putting further imports to the United States on hold. This was because the cheese mites could cause an allergic reaction if consumed in large quantities. The FDA stated that the cheese was above the standard of six mites per cubic inch. The restriction was lifted in 2014.
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4045883
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%20Kala
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El Kala
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El Kala (, ) is a seaport of Algeria, in El Tarf Province, 56 miles (90 km) by rail east of Annaba and 10 miles (16 km) west of the Tunisian frontier. It is the centre of the Algerian and Tunisian coral fisheries and has an extensive industry in the curing of sardines. The harbor is small and exposed to the northeast and west winds.
El Kala attracts tourists from within and outside the country, especially during the summer. It is home to an exceptional ecosystem and was declared a biosphere reserve by UNESCO in 1990.
History
Thinisa in Numidia was an ancient city in the Roman province of Numidia. It was important enough to become a bishopric. The old fortified town was built on a rocky peninsula about 400 metres long, connected with the mainland by a sand bank.
French and Italian coral fishing companies were interested in the area from as early as 1553. A trade bastion called "Bastion de France" by its Corsican founders was established during that period principally for the exploitation of red coral and also to facilitate trade between southern France and that part of northern Algeria. The bastion was shut down and returned to the rule of the Bey of Constantine in 1816.
After the occupation of La Calle by the French in 1836, a new town was built up along the coast.
Titular see of Thinisa in Numidia
In 1933, the Ancient diocese of Thinisa in Numidia was nominally restored as a Catholic titular see of the lowest (episcopal) rank.
It has had the following incumbents:
Francesco Venanzio Filippini, Friars Minor (O.F.M.) (1933.05.23 – 1973.03.31)
Mario Revollo Bravo (1973.11.13 – 1978.02.28) (later Cardinal)
Javier Lozano Barragán (1979.06.05 – 1984.10.28) (later Cardinal)
Mario Picchi, Salesians (S.D.B.) (1989.06.19 – 1997.03.29)
Vincenzo Pelvi (1999.12.11 – 2006.10.14) (later Archbishop of Foggia–Bovino)
Laurent Chu Văn Minh, Auxiliary Bishop of Hanoi (Vietnam) (2008.10.15 – present)
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