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11665635	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ztuzu%20Beach	İztuzu Beach	İztuzu Beach is a 4.5 km long beach near Dalyan, in the Ortaca district of the Province of Muğla in southwestern Turkey. The beach is a narrow spit of land, which forms a natural barrier between the fresh water delta of the Dalyan river and the Mediterranean. It is one of the main breeding grounds for loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) in the Mediterranean and is therefore often referred to as Turtle Beach. The loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) is on the IUCN Red list of endangered animals. For this reason the beach has had a protected status since 1988 and is part of the Köyceğiz-Dalyan Special Environmental Protection Area. The greatest threat to the survival of the loggerhead sea turtle is on these sandy beaches where its life begins. This has triggered an international conservation effort that began in the 1990s. The effort to protect loggerhead sea turtle eggs and to assure a safe breeding ground for this endangered species has made international headlines. This issue is one of the most critical items on Turkey's environmental agenda. History From 1984 onwards there had been rumours about developing the beach for mass tourism. Plans were discussed for building a hotel and a marina at the delta side and bungalows at Küçük Dalyan at the banks of Sülüngür lake. In 1986 the owners of the beach huts were summoned to clear and dismantle their huts by October that year. In April 1987 the rumours about a hotel complex came true, when building started on the Kaunos Beach Hotel, an 1800-bed holiday resort to be financed with German development aid funds.	2.484375
11665636	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim%20Women%20%28Protection%20of%20Rights%20on%20Divorce%29%20Act%201986	Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986	The Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act was an act passed by the Parliament of India in 1986 to protect the rights of Muslim women who have been divorced from their husband and to provide for related matters. The Act was passed by the Rajiv Gandhi government, with its absolute majority, to nullify the decision in the Shah Bano case, and diluted the secular judgement of the Supreme Court. It is administered by any magistrate of the first class exercising jurisdiction under the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. As per the Act, a divorced Muslim woman is entitled to reasonable and fair provision and maintenance from her former husband, and this should be paid within the period of iddat. According to the Statement of Objects and Reasons of this Act, when a Muslim divorced woman is unable to support herself after the iddat period that she must observe after the death of her spouse or after a divorce, during which she may not marry another man, the magistrate is empowered to make an order for the payment of maintenance by her relatives who would be entitled to inherit her property on her death according to Muslim Law. But when a divorced woman has no such relatives, and does not have the means to pay the maintenance, the magistrate would order the State Waqf Board to pay the maintenance. The liability of the husband to pay the maintenance was thus restricted to the period of the iddah only. Personal laws High Courts have interpreted "just and fair provision" that a woman is entitled to during her iddat period very broadly to include amounts worth hundreds of thousands of rupees. More recently, the Supreme Court in Danial Latifi v. Union of India read the Act with Articles 14 and 15 of the Constitution of India, which prevent discrimination on the basis of sex, and held that the intention of the framers could not have been to deprive Muslim women of their rights. Further, the Supreme Court construed the statutory provision in such a manner that it does not fall foul of Articles 14 and 15.	2.4375
11665639	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnaud%20Berquin	Arnaud Berquin	Arnaud Berquin (September 1747 in Bordeaux – 21 December 1791) was a French children's author. His most famous work was L'Ami des Enfants (1782-1783) which was first translated into English, albeit bowdlerised, by Mary Stockdale and published in London The Looking-glass for the Mind, Or, Intellectual Mirror: Being an Elegant Collection of the Most Delightful Little Stories and Interesting Tales in 1783-1784 by Mary's father John Stockdale. The work remained popular until the middle of the nineteenth century. Berquin's stories consisted of events that might happen to children in their everyday lives—they did not contain fairy tales or other imaginative literature. His books envision childhood reading as a familial exercise; for example, some of his "stories" are actually plays with parts for every member of the family. Berquin's books helped solidify the creation of the nuclear family, for "if Berquin's work has a theme, it is that parents and children live in a perfect symbiosis, the parents looking after their children's interests and the children, if behaving properly, filling their parents with joy."	2.84375
11665647	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955%20Louisiana%20Highway%20renumbering	1955 Louisiana Highway renumbering	The pre-1955 system eventually reached the 22xx numeric range (or so) at its zenith. There were also "C-xxxx" roads, the purpose of which is unclear. All roads were seemingly numbered in the order that they were taken into the system, which led to anarchy, inconsistency, and disorder prevailing among the system of numbered routes. Major through routes were often divided up into several different route designations, and the routing of several primary marked routes (such as the old LA 1 and LA 30) came to make little sense from a traffic flow perspective. Route designations were somewhat sacrosanct; apparently they could only be rerouted to take advantage of minor alignment shifts along the same general route. Former route segments retained the same number with a letter suffix added, starting with "D" and increasing with other bypassed segments in the same area. For example, bypassed LA 7 west of Hammond (current LA 1040) became LA 7D (or 7-D) while a bypassed segment east of Hammond (current LA 1067) became LA 7E (or 7-E). However, the major routes by and large retained consistent numbers despite the lack of major reroutings. Suffixes were also used in a way similar to the "spur" routes in the present system. Unlike today's system, clustering of the higher numbers seems to have occurred only when multiple routes in an area were added at the same time. For example, LA 1225 to 1251 all existed within Jefferson Parish and were designated by the same act of legislature in 1930. Otherwise, routes appear to have been numbered sequentially as they were added to the system.	2.5625
11665647	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955%20Louisiana%20Highway%20renumbering	1955 Louisiana Highway renumbering	Not all numbers were assigned to existing roads; some roads were merely "projected", which is to say they were only lines on paper. State roads were often improved only "if funds were available." This resulted in routes being nonexistent in the field, in whole or in part, or signed along routes that sometimes differed from their legal description. LA 33 was always discontinuous as ten miles of the New Orleans–Hammond Highway was never completed as planned through St. John the Baptist and St. Charles Parishes. LA 1 did not match its legal description until 1928 when the Jefferson Highway was completed between Shrewsbury and New Orleans. Renumbering Post-war efforts to make improvements to Louisiana's unorganized highway-numbering system reached fruition at the 1955 legislative session, where a comprehensive highway bill was passed that year and enacted into law. The new law effected a comprehensive revision of state highway classification and numbering, in order to designate roads by importance to travel patterns and to rectify the confusing numbering system by marking primary travel routes under unified designations. One element of the highway reform lobby's efforts that was left out of the 1955 highway law was a proposal to reduce the amount of state-maintained mileage, mainly by shedding the many miles of minor and local service roads the state had accumulated over the years for political and other reasons. According to one proposal by the Louisiana Legislative Council, the or so which existed in the state system at the time would have been ultimately reduced to around through the turnback of all but the most important farm-to-market roads. Thus to this day, Louisiana retains an inordinately large state highway system which continues to contain many miles of roads that would be otherwise locally maintained in other states. Louisiana's state highway system ranks 10th nationally as a proportion of all road miles in the state.	2.625
11665647	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955%20Louisiana%20Highway%20renumbering	1955 Louisiana Highway renumbering	The 1955 renumbering renumbered all routes based on an A-B-C system of route classification: A was primary, B secondary, and C farm-to-market. The A routes mainly comprised one and two digit highways. The B routes primarily comprised three digit routes below 300. All routes 300 through 1241, along with parts or all of a very few lower-numbered routes, were classified C routes. Numerical clustering was and is still apparent in the ranks of routes 300 and up (excluding 3xxx routes), especially with routes 700 and above. The A and B "primary" route range was 1 to 185. No 2xx numbers were used; this range may have been intended as an expansion area for future primary route designations (this was never done). LA 191 was added around 1980 as the Toledo Bend Scenic Drive and is the only primary route designation to be added after 1955. Odd numbers in 1955 and thereafter were assigned to cardinal north-south routes and even numbers to east–west routes as in the federal U.S. and Interstate highway systems; this practice is consistently adhered to in primary routes (lower numbers), but anomalies have occurred in the four-digit numbers. Prior to 1955 the numbering pattern was essentially the obverse, meaning that almost all the numbers changed in 1955. The 1955 route redesignations took effect on June 30 of 1955. Post-1955 numbering practices	2.296875
11665647	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955%20Louisiana%20Highway%20renumbering	1955 Louisiana Highway renumbering	"Hyphenated" routes The Louisiana state highway system's most ubiquitous and unique anachronism is the infamous "hyphenated" routes. These routes were created with the 1955 renumbering, and are a legacy of the assumption by the state through the years of many otherwise local streets in cities and towns throughout the state. The state-maintained city streets were/are often short sections of road, usually interconnected with other state-maintained local streets in the vicinity. Because of the interconnectedness of these state-maintained streets, as well as their close proximity and extremely short length, it was decided for practical purposes not to separately number each and every street in a town as a separate state route. Instead, each street was deemed a 'section' of a larger whole, with the aggregate comprising a single state highway; this becomes obvious when reading the 1955 statute that defines the newly redesignated state highways. The separate sections are denoted by numbers in the statute, which correspond in signage to the last digit in a hyphenated route number. For example, LA 560-3 is section 3 of LA 560. Similar as it may sound, this method is different from state route legislative definitions in states such as California, where state routes are often defined as existing in disjoint sections; but in these cases, there is often a linear continuity of a route through cosigning or implied connections made via other routes. In Louisiana's case, the base "route" usually resembles a web-like or disconnected pattern; thus the distinction between sections in signage—or else there would be multiple, often intersecting routes with the same number, and real confusion would ensue.	2.546875
11665648	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28th%20Illinois%20Infantry%20Regiment	28th Illinois Infantry Regiment	The 28th Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry was an infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War, commanded by Colonel Amory K. Johnson and later by Lieutenant Colonel Richard Ritter. Service The 28th Illinois Infantry was organized at Camp Butler, Illinois (dubbed "Camp Misery" because of overcrowding and poor conditions) seven miles (11 km) northeast of Springfield, Illinois, which had just been opened as a training camp for Illinois soldiers, and was mustered into Federal service on August 15, 1861. Between that date and March 15, 1866, when the regiment was mustered out and then discharged at Camp Butler on May 13, 1866, 290 fatalities were recorded, 184 of them from disease and 106 killed and mortally wounded. Campaigns The 28th Illinois Infantry saw action at the Battle of Fort Henry, the momentous, bloody Battle of Shiloh, and the Siege of Corinth, Mississippi. Grant's Central Mississippi campaign ( November 2, 1862—January 10, 1863) culminated in the Siege of Vicksburg (June 11—July 4, 1863), one of the most important Union victories of the war. It opened the Mississippi River for the Union and cut the Confederacy in half. The Vicksburg victory effectively finished the Confederacy in the West, severing Texas, Arkansas and large parts of Louisiana from the remainder of the insurgent states. Vicksburg's surrender was followed by the campaign against the Confederacy's 4th largest city, Mobile, Alabama, which fell after the siege and capture of Spanish Fort and the Battle of Fort Blakeley (February 17—April 12, 1865). The 28th Illinois Infantry completed later assignments with the occupation of Brazos Santiago, Clarksville, and Brownsville, Texas (July, 1865—March, 1866).	2.234375
11665651	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parelli%20Natural%20Horsemanship	Parelli Natural Horsemanship	Parelli Natural Horsemanship (also known as Parelli or PNH) is a program of natural horsemanship, founded in 1981 by Pat Parelli. The program is headquartered in Pagosa Springs, Colorado. Program Parelli Natural Horsemanship states its core principle as "Horsemanship can be obtained naturally through communication, understanding and psychology, versus mechanics, fear and intimidation." Parelli's methods were first publicized by Robert M. Miller in a series of articles in Western Horseman magazine in 1983 and 1984. In 1993, Parelli published his first book, Natural Horse-Man-Ship, co-authored by Kathy Kadash Swan and with photography by Parelli's first wife, Karen. The Parelli program is now promoted as co-founded by Parelli and his second wife, Linda. The Parelli program is offered through courses in Colorado and Florida, and includes a four-part training program of horsemanship referred to as "The Four Savvys". The exercises developed by Parelli that emulate these behaviors are referred to as the "Seven Games". The "Parelli Natural Horsemanship University" was approved as a "private occupational school" by the Colorado Department of Higher Education in 2003. It is listed under the state's Division of Private Occupational Schools as a private, for-profit institution.	2.25
11665651	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parelli%20Natural%20Horsemanship	Parelli Natural Horsemanship	Horsenality The program uses a concept the Parellis call “horsenality” to explain the behavior of individual horses. The system is based on a model originally conceived by Linda Parelli but which was subjected to independent research by psychometric personality research specialists and that was overseen by statisticians at the Department of Education at the University of Kansas. Research consisted of assessing how experienced "horse" people in general view the differences in horses. Responses were subjected to the statistical process of factor analysis and two primary factors were derived. These orthogonal (opposite) factors were presented in a quadrant configuration labeled LBI, LBE, RBI, and RBE. There are many variants and overlapping grey zones that allow for more specific descriptions of horses. Again these are based on how humans view horses and therefore tend to approach them. The goal is to provide a positive language for perceiving horses and use this terminology to link to recommended natural training approaches. A parallel model of assessing how people view themselves, also based on independent factor analysis, was created. Called Humanality, it allows people to look at their behavioral tendencies and explore what horse training strategies come natural to them and which ones they need to invest more time and practice in learning, especially if it is a method that works best with a particular horse. The objective is to customize natural horsemanship in ways that best serve the horse.	2.671875
11665651	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parelli%20Natural%20Horsemanship	Parelli Natural Horsemanship	Both Horsenality and Humanality were developed independently from original research and the rigid statistical process of factor analysis. Horsenality and Humanality have no relationship to other assessments such as the MBTI (Myers Briggs Type Indicator), Marston's DiSC, or the Big Five (OCEAN). Any independent studies of correlations with these assessments, research into differences in horses, or examinations of differences in how people view horses is encouraged and will be supported by the Parelli organization. The more PNH can learn about how to help humans make the world a better place for horses, the better. Endorsements and invitations Karen and David O'Connor appeared in a video with Parelli at the 2002 Rolex Kentucky Three Day Event. Craig Johnson has ridden in PNH demonstrations, Walter Zettl has given Linda private dressage lessons for several years and features various Parelli products on his website. Other people who are well known in the equestrian world, such as Julie Krone, have said positive things about the Parelli method. Lauren Barwick, a gold- and silver-winning Paralympian dressage rider, has been coached by Parelli. Robert M. Miller has spoken favorably of Parelli in his books. Pat Parelli appeared on The Dog Whisperer with Cesar Millan in the episode, "Cesar and the Horse Whisperer," and Millan has participated in one Parelli tour stop. In 2003, Pat Parelli was given an audience with Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace to demonstrate PNH and to interact with some of the Queen's horses. In 2009, The Humane Society of the United States named Pat Parelli as its Humane Horseman of the Year for "outstanding commitment to improving the welfare of America's horses".	2.203125
11665768	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokari%20Douglas%20Camp	Sokari Douglas Camp	Sokari Douglas Camp CBE (born 1958 in Nigeria) is a London-based artist who has had exhibitions all over the world and was the recipient of a bursary from the Henry Moore Foundation. She was honoured as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2005 Birthday Honours list. Biography Early years and education Camp was born in Buguma, Nigeria, a Kalabari town in the Niger Delta. She was raised by her brother-in-law, the anthropologist Robin Horton. She studied art at the California College of Arts and Crafts in Oakland, California (1979–80), earned her BA degree at the Central School of Art and Design (1980–83), London, and her MA from the Royal College of Art (1983–86). She participated in the 1989 Pachipamwe II Workshop held at Cyrene Mission outside Bulawayo, Zimbabwe along with Joram Mariga, Bernard Matemera, Bill Ainslie, Voti Thebe, Adam Madebe and David Koloane. Work and career Her work is predominantly sculpted in steel and takes inspiration from her Kalabari heritage, Nigerian cultures and her life in the UK. She has worked with the Smithsonian and the British Museum and her work is in their permanent collections. Her sculptures are held in other museum collections in Europe, Britain and Japan and private collections throughout the world. She has exhibited internationally in galleries, including in Austria, Great Britain, Cuba, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Japan, Sicily, South Africa, Spain, the United States. Among her notable solo shows are Spirits in Steel – The Art of the Kalabari Masquerade at the American Museum of Natural History, New York (1998–99); and Imagined Steel at The Lowry Arts Centre, Manchester, which toured to the Oriel Mostyn Gallery, Llandudno; Brewery Art Centre, Cirencester; and Derby Museum and Art Gallery (2002–03). In 2005, she collaborated with Ground Force to create work for the Africa Garden at the British Museum, as part of the UK-wide Africa 05 Festival.	2
11665768	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokari%20Douglas%20Camp	Sokari Douglas Camp	In 2003, her proposal NO-O-War No-O-War-R was shortlisted for Trafalgar Square's fourth plinth. She was honoured with a CBE in 2005. She has been awarded many commissions for public memorial sculptures, most notably Battle Bus: The Living Memorial to Ken Saro-Wiwa (2006). In 2012, her sculpture memorial to commemorate slavery, All the World is Now Richer, was exhibited in The House of Commons. Her piece Green Leaf Barrel (2014) was inspired by the fact that her home, Niger Delta, was struggling because of insignificant jobs and a significant amount of pollution. The figure of the woman represents a woman god who is creating growth from an oil barrel split in two. While creating this piece, she wanted to focus on the positive as she felt that the negatives are often so big that they take up more of our conversation. Her work was featured in the 2015 exhibition No Colour Bar: Black British Art in Action 1960–1990 at the Guildhall Art Gallery. In 2016, her work Primavera was shown at the October Gallery (7 April – 14 May, 2016). More recent shows include Sokari Douglas Camp CBE: Jonkonnu - Masquerade, shown at the October Gallery 23 June–3 July 2022, a solo exhibition of new work exploring the art of masquerade within Africa and its diaspora. Personal life Camp is married to the architect Alan Camp and has lived in London for many years. Awards 1981: Amy Sadur Friedlander Prize 1982: Saatchi & Saatchi Award 1983: Princess of Wales Scholarship and Henry Moore Foundation bursary 2000: Commonwealth Grant 2005: Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) 2006: Honorary Fellow of the University of the Arts London 2008: Governor, University of the Arts 2017: Honorary Fellowship of SOAS, University of London	2.15625
11665780	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20C.%20C.%20Mayo	John C. C. Mayo	John Caldwell Calhoun Mayo (September 16, 1864 – May 11, 1914) was an American entrepreneur, educator, and politician. He is known for attracting corporate interest in the coal deposits of Eastern Kentucky and Southwestern Virginia, leading to the development of commercial coal mining in the region. The creation of the broad form deed is also attributed to Mayo in the early 1900s. Early life Mayo was born in Gulnare, Kentucky to Thomas Jefferson Mayo and Mary E. Leslie Mayo. His family moved to Johnson County, Kentucky in 1870 from Pike County, Kentucky where they established their home in Paintsville. Mayo attended subscription schools until he enrolled to Kentucky Wesleyan College in Millersburg. He graduated class of 1879 and began teaching school in Paintsville at the age of 22. While attending college, Mayo had realized the potential of coal and other mineral deposits in the Big Sandy Valley. Rise to wealth During his teaching tenure, Mayo began to buy land and mineral rights in using his teaching salary. He would in turn sell the land or the rights to the land to eastern iron and coal companies at a considerable profit, while convincing them to invest in exploration and mining of the region. Mayo formed a real estate company in 1888 that specialized in acquiring land and mineral rights in Eastern Kentucky and Southwestern Virginia. In 1889, the company became known as the Paintsville Coal and Mining Company. Within two years, the Paintsville Coal and Mining Company owned nearly all of the Elkhorn Creek Coalfield.	2.953125
11665780	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20C.%20C.%20Mayo	John C. C. Mayo	Mayo's land began to increase in value in 1893. After he displayed coal from his land at the Chicago's World Fair, a wealthy businessman named Peter L. Kimberley purchased $10,000 in the company's holdings. This money was used to further expand the land and mineral rights owned by the Paintsville Coal and Mining Company. In 1901, Mayo founded the Northern Coal and Coke Company and transferred his landholdings in Johnson, Floyd, and Lawrence counties in Kentucky into the company. This greatly increased Mayo's wealth as he received $250,000 and 25% in company stocks. The Northern Coal and Coke Company controlled in the Elkhorn Coal Field when it sold the company sold its land holdings and mineral rights to Consolidation Coal Company in 1909. Mayo Mansion By 1905, Mayo had amassed enough wealth to build a larger home in Paintsville. He had married Alice Jane Meek and they now had two children, John C.C. 2nd and Mary Margaret. Mayo had originally planned a modest twenty room house, but following trips to the Bluegrass region of Kentucky, and having in 1904 acquired Varina Farms, the Powhatan Plantation in Mayo's ancestral Virginia, he decided to build a mansion which would rival those he had seen. His plans were expanded for a classic revival mansion with forty rooms. Construction broke ground in a swampy area. The construction crews filled in the swampy area and then went to work on building the foundation for the estate. Sandstone used in the foundation was mined from his father's farm on the other side of Paint Creek. The stones were then transported from the farm across a distance of three-quarters of a mile by an overhead tram. The stone columns surrounding the exterior of the mansion were each transported through the creek during dry periods on sleds pulled by twenty-oxen teams. The masonry for the mansion was performed by Italian stonemasons from Cincinnati.	2.859375
11665780	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20C.%20C.%20Mayo	John C. C. Mayo	Originally, light was to be provided in the mansion by using carbide gas, but near the end of construction, Paintsville received electrical service. The plans for the mansion were changed to include electrical wiring. The mansion was also designed to include running water, by pumping water from a well to a cistern and then to the house as required. Rain water from the gutters went into the cistern and in turn to the house also. Construction of the mansion was completed in December 1912 with costs in excess of $250,000 ($ in dollars). Mayo Mansion was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 3, 1974. Politics Mayo was a millionaire by 1910, and he was already exerting political influence. He used portions of his wealth to help elect governors and congressmen. He also contributed heavily to the presidential campaign of Woodrow Wilson. He is the only eastern Kentuckian to ever be a member of the Democratic National Committee. Final years In 1913, Mayo went on a three-month tour of Europe, including London and other foreign capitals. This tour was a trip of both business and pleasure. On August 20, he returned to Paintsville. An elaborate reception was given by John E. Buckingham, a close friend of Mayo. Citizens from all over the area went to welcome back "Johnson County's most prominent resident". Unknown to the guests at the reception, Mayo was already suffering from Bright's Disease. It was soon released to the public that Mayo was ill. Originally, the newspapers reported that Mayo had pneumonia and was resting at his mansion. Mayo didn't stay resting for long. A week later, Mayo conducted business as usual, but citizens of Paintsville could tell he was seriously ill.	2.234375
11665780	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20C.%20C.%20Mayo	John C. C. Mayo	Specialists were soon called in from Cincinnati. Mayo had been experiencing periods of unconsciousness according to reports. Bright's Disease had attacked the function of the liver, but news reports were still hopeful for a quick recovery. On March 1, 1914, Mayo was taken by special train to the Jewish Hospital in Cincinnati, where an entire floor was occupied. Bulletins were issued almost daily on Mayo's condition, often conflicting. In late April, Mayo was finally moved to the Waldorf Astoria in New York City where another group of specialists were in wait to care for him. On May 9, it was announced that Mayo had developed peritonitis. He died two days later, on May 11, 1914, at the Waldorf Astoria, which is now the site of the Empire State Building. Nearly 5,000 people attended his funeral on May 14, 1914. Funeral services were held at what is now known as Mayo Memorial United Methodist Church, the same church that Mayo had built just across the street from his mansion and to which Andrew Carnegie had donated the pipe organ. The governor of the Commonwealth, James B. McCreary, brought a delegation of state officials to Mayo's funeral. Senator Clarence Wayland Watson and Representative C. Bascom Slemp represented the U.S. Congress. Citizens of Johnson County held a vigil at the train station until the train carrying Mayo's body pulled into the terminal. Mayo's body was transported to Mayo Mansion to lie in state. From the announcement of Mayo's death on May 11, until after the funeral, all of the towns businesses and banks were closed. At the time of his death, Mayo was the wealthiest person in the state of Kentucky with US $20 million in assets ($ in dollars).	2.328125
11665789	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Larimer%20Mellon%20Jr.	William Larimer Mellon Jr.	William Larimer "Larry" Mellon Jr. (1910–1989) was an American philanthropist and physician. Mellon was born in Pittsburgh June 26, 1910, the son of financier William Larimer Mellon Sr. and a grandnephew of U.S. Treasury Secretary Andrew W. Mellon. His family fortune derived from Gulf Oil, Westinghouse, BNY Mellon, Koppers, Alcoa and others. Mellon was married twice, the second time to dude ranch riding instructor and single mother Gwen Grant Mellon in 1946. He attended Princeton University for one year, worked for his family's company, Mellon Financial, and served in the OSS during World War II. Mellon owned and operated a cattle ranch in Arizona until, at the age of 37, he read about, and then studied, Albert Schweitzer's medical missionary work in Gabon, and resolved, with Schweitzer's encouragement and guidance, to create a similar third-world hospital. He and Gwen Grant Mellon enrolled at Tulane University; he received his medical degree in 1954 at the age of 44, and she became qualified as a medical-laboratory technician. In 1956, the Mellons opened the Hôpital Albert Schweitzer Haiti in Deschapelles, Haiti. Mellon died in Deschapelles at the age of 79 from cancer and Parkinson's disease, on August 3, 1989.	2.328125
11665823	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stetson%20School	Stetson School	The Stetson School is a private residential institution located in Barre, Massachusetts. History Founded in 1899, by Henry Augustus Pevear, and then known as the Stetson Home for Boys began as an orphanage. It supported itself as a commercial dairy farm wherein each of its capable residents worked to help support the institution. During its early history, this institution maintained a primary school for training its residents. Secondary schooling was not required in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts at the time of its founding. Once Massachusetts required school attendance up to sixteen years of age, residents requiring secondary education attended the Barre, Massachusetts High School. Notwithstanding its lack of educational facilities at the time, i.e., classes only to the 8th grade, the Stetson Home for Boys became known as the Stetson School, which continues today. By the 1960s, Stetson began treatment for emotionally disturbed boys, often from broken homes, who had suffered some form of abuse or neglect. Later, Massachusetts General Laws (MCG) Chapter 766 legislation passed, and Stetson started a program approved by the Massachusetts Board of Education. At that time, its educational levels extended to the 12th grade so the resident’s attendance in an external school was no longer required. In 1990, Stetson began to admit juvenile males with a history of sexually abusive behaviors, which continues to this day. By 1994, Stetson specialized in treating male children with sexual behavior problems. In the early 2000s, Stetson began to lose financial and clinical ground given the cost and length of average stay. Although Stetson demonstrated a recidivism rate of only 2.7%, a study was released by UNH demonstrating the futility of rehabilitating sexually abusive teenagers. Placements declined when funding was reduced around 2007 which had a material impact on Stetson’s finances.	2.828125
11665858	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Bosco%20Academy%2C%20Pampanga	Don Bosco Academy, Pampanga	Don Bosco Academy also referred to by its acronym DBA or Don Bosco Pampanga" is a private Catholic Salesian technical educational institution for boys run by the Salesians of the Society of Saint John Bosco in Bacolor, Pampanga, Philippines. It was founded in 1956 by the (Salesians). The school was named after St. John Bosco whom the Catholic Church has proclaimed as the "Father and Teacher of Youth." St. John Bosco dedicated his life to the education of the youth. To continue this work, he founded a religious congregation of priests and brothers - the Salesians of Don Bosco (SDB). History When Don Bosco Academy was established in 1956 by the Salesians, its campus was located in the municipality of Bacolor, Pampanga. The years that followed saw a continuous increase in the enrollment of students that necessitated the construction of more buildings and facilities inside the DBA campus. The grade school curriculum offering expanded to add Grades 3 to 4. In 1963, a fourth edifice was added. This was the two-story Juniorate or Salesian School for Minor Seminarians. A large multi-purpose gymnasium was also built on the same year to house the sports and cultural facilities of the school. As DBA's fame grew, the school experienced a significant increase in student population to a point that the school had to regulate admissions in the form of entrance exams and interviews. The years that followed saw a continuous increase in enrollment of students that necessitated the construction of more buildings and facilities inside the DBA campus.	2.15625
11665858	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Bosco%20Academy%2C%20Pampanga	Don Bosco Academy, Pampanga	When Mt. Pinatubo in the province of Pampanga erupted in 1991, lahar covered most of the buildings of Don Bosco Academy. The school almost transferred to another province if not for the intervention of Archbishop Paciano Aniceto, D.D. of the Archdiocese of San Fernando. Through the generous offering of the Benedictine Sisters of Saint Scholastica Academy, San Isidro, Bacolor, they allowed Don Bosco Academy to hold classes in their school shifting with their students (Monday to Wednesday for the Scholasticans and Thursday to Saturday for the Bosconians). This continued until Don Bosco Academy transferred its campus to the northern town of Mabalacat, Pampanga. A four-hectare land in Barangay Mabiga, Mabalacat was donated by the heirs of the late Mr. & Mrs. Tomas and Maria Dizon for the rebuilding of Don Bosco Academy. With this move, the Salesian charism and system of education continued. In May 2009, the School opened its newest wing, consisting of the St. Francis Auditorium, where some events are held. The Savio Hall holds meetings or some classes if the rooms are not available. Lastly, the General Science and Biology Laboratories and the computer rooms have been moved to the newest wing. In 2010, Don Bosco Academy inaugurated the gymnasium for badminton together with the expansion of the dining hall of the Salesian Residence in time for the visit of the Regional Superior of the Salesians of Don Bosco, Fr. Vaclav Clement, SDB. At about August 2011, a new room was built, the Collaborative Classroom, wherein a section will spend 1 day of a regular school day in this classroom, bringing their laptops for various activities. Each day a section is scheduled, starting from the fourth years going down to the Grade Seven. With the help of the Parents' Council, the Grade School football field was improved in the summer of 2012. Top soil was placed on it and drainage system was installed to avoid the flooding of the field.	2.296875
11665907	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military%20Police%3A%20Enemy%20Prisoners%20of%20War%2C%20Retained%20Personnel%2C%20Civilian%20Internees%20and%20Other%20Detainees	Military Police: Enemy Prisoners of War, Retained Personnel, Civilian Internees and Other Detainees	Military Police: Enemy Prisoners of War, Retained Personnel, Civilian Internees and Other Detainees is the full title of a United States Army regulation usually referred to as AR 190-8, that lays out how the United States Army should treat captives. This document is notable as the United States Supreme Court advised the Department of Defense, in its ruling on Hamdi v. Rumsfeld in 2004, that the Tribunals the DoD convened to review the status of the Guantanamo captives should be modeled after the Tribunals described in AR-190-8. The authority of AR 190-8 Tribunals As a signatory to the Geneva Conventions, the United States is obliged to convene a "competent tribunal" to determine the status of any captive "should any doubt arise" as to their proper status. The Third Geneva Convention states that all captives must be accorded the protections of POW status until a competent tribunal convenes, and determines the captive does not qualify for such status. AR-190-8 Tribunals are authorized to confirm that a captive is a lawful combatant, after all, who should continue to be detained as a prisoner of war until hostilities cease. AR-190-8 Tribunals are authorized to determine that a captive is an innocent civilian, who should be immediately released. AR-190-8 Tribunals are authorized to confirm that a captive is a combatant who acted in a way that he or she should be stripped of POW status. According to the Geneva Conventions, only captives who have been stripped of POW status, by a competent tribunal, can face charges for war crimes they committed in situation of armed conflict. Structure of AR-190-8 Tribunals and Combatant Status Review Tribunals compared June 4, 2007 dismissal of charges against Guantanamo captives	2.15625
11665979	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20fitz%20Gilbert%20of%20Cadzow	Walter fitz Gilbert of Cadzow	Bruce A. McAndrew, in his work, Scotland's Historical Heraldry, argues for the Umfraville connection: The earliest representation of the Hamilton arms appears on the Bute Mazer, where Gules, three cinquefoils ermine, presumably for Walter fitzGilbert, is accompanied by Gules, a chevron ermine between three cinquefoils for brother John (d 1328). On the basis of these arms, it has been customary to trace the Hamilton origins to Robert fitzPernel, Earl of Leicester (d1204), who bore a single cinquefoil ermine to the Hamiltons' three. However, no genealogical evidence supports this assumption and a more sensible proposition is that they were kin, or vassals of the Umfraville lords of Redesdale and the earls of Angus (1247-1321) and took their name from Hameldon in Northumberland. Indeed, it is stated that a Walter fitzGilbert married Emma de Umfraville in the 13th century and of course other client Umfraville families like Swinburne and Clenell likewise bore the cinquefoils. McAndrew also cites the work of J. Bain's, "Walter fitz Gilbert, ancestor of the Dukes of Hamilton," who further suggested that "Walter de Burghdon (Boroudoun), whose earlier seal attached to the Ragman Roll display a single cinquefoil and whose later seals display three cinquefoils, was identical with Walter fitzGilbert of Hameldone. Bain, of course, was not aware of the painted heraldric evidence that demonstrated that Walter de Burghdon (d1309) bore Argent, three cinquefoils sable when fighting in the Scottish Wars and his relative Gilbert de Burradoun bore Gules, on a bend argent, three cinquefoils sable in the Parliamentary Roll"	2.09375
11665979	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20fitz%20Gilbert%20of%20Cadzow	Walter fitz Gilbert of Cadzow	Documentary evidence Walter fitz Gilbert first appears as a witness to a charter of James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland granting land to the monks of Paisley Abbey in 1294, and also later in the year in another granting land to the same establishment. The other signatories were all minor landowners in Renfrewshire. Fitz Gilbert was present at Berwick Castle to sign the Ragman Roll, alongside the majority of other Scots Nobility, at the behest of Edward I of England. He is styled on that document as "Wauter fiz Gilbert de Hameldone". The arms of fitz Gilbert are represented on the Bute mazer, a drinking cup exhibited in the National Museum of Scotland, that been dated to soon after Bannockburn, and was possibly commissioned by him. The National Museum of Scotland suggest that Walter fitz Gilbert may have been the brother of John fitz Gilbert probable Baillie of Bute. A much later writer, in the sixteenth century, Friar Mark Hamilton recorded family traditions about Walter fitz Gilbert and the origins of the family. Wars of Scottish Independence During the risings of William Wallace, and later Robert the Bruce, Walter fitz Gilbert remained loyal to the English party, holding lands in Fife of King Edward. By 1314 he was constable of Bothwell Castle in South Lanarkshire and was charged by Edward with its security: The king commands Walter fitz Gilbert, constable of his castle of Bothwell to see that it is safely and securely kept, and delivered to no other person whatsoever, without the king’s letters patent under the Great Seal of England directed to himself. Following the defeat of Edward II of England at the Battle of Bannockburn, a sizable party of English noblemen under the Earl of Hereford fled to Bothwell Castle. The party included Robert de Umfraville, Earl of Angus, Maurice, Lord of Berkleley, John, Lord of Segrave, and Anthony de Lacy. Walter fitz Gilbert admitted Hereford and his party. Once inside, he made them all prisoners and went over to the Scots.	2.46875
11665998	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nwalde-Glien	Schönwalde-Glien	Schönwalde-Glien is a municipality in the Havelland district, in Brandenburg, Germany. History The municipality shared its borders with the former West Berlin, and so during the period 1961-1990 it was separated from it by the Berlin Wall. In 1951–2, the Havel Canal was constructed through the municipality to link Hennigsdorf with Paretz, thus avoiding a passage through the reach of the River Havel, between Spandau and Potsdam, that was under the political control of West Berlin. The single lock on the canal is located at Schönwalde. The canal is still in use, providing a shorter route for shipping from west of Berlin to the Oder–Havel Canal and Poland. Geography The municipality covers an area mainly north of the Havel Canal, north west of Spandau Forest (Berlin-Spandau) and about 10 km north east of Nauen. Only its most densely populated quarter, Schönwalde-Siedlung, is situated south of the Havel Canal and shares an immediate border with Berlin-Spandau. Schönwalde-Glien is part of the Osthavelland-Spandau Regional Park and formerly the Krämer Forst Regional Park. The municipality is situated at the south eastern fringes of the Glien ground moraine and encompasses part of the Krämer Forest in the north. Administrative division The Schönwalde-Glien consists of following quarters: Grünefeld (470) Paaren im Glien (634) Pausin (931) Perwenitz (474) Schönwalde-Dorf (938) Schönwalde-Siedlung (5,034) Wansdorf (877) (inhabitants as of 31 December 2014 according to the web site of the municipality) Demography	2.15625
11666124	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bravo%20%28magazine%29	Bravo (magazine)	Focus group and classic columns Bravo covers topics which primarily interest youths, among which are current information on pop and movie stars, as well as relationship and sex counseling. Under the pseudonyms "Dr. Christoph Vollmer" and "Dr. Kirsten Lindstroem" the then-47-year-old author of romance novels Marie Louise Fischer gave advice on relationships (Knigge für Verliebte, Liebe ohne Geheimnis) from 1964 to 1969. Martin Goldstein started to contribute to the magazine on 20 October 1969. A practising doctor, psychotherapist, and religion teacher, he took over and replied to readers' questions under the pseudonym "Dr. Jochen Sommer". Goldstein had made a name for himself in sex education with the publications Anders als bei Schmetterlingen and Lexikon der Aufklärung. Later, he answered questions about sex as "Dr. Korff", while "Dr. Sommer" concentrated on psychological questions. From the early 1970s on, a whole group replied to questions. The editors put value in the fact that the "Dr.-Sommer-Team" continued to be made up of experts. At its peak Bravo received around 3000 to 5000 letters on puberty and sexuality per week. In 2006, 400 letters were still received. Bravo made noticeably strong use of Anglicism and "Denglisch" starting in the 1980s, long before this became a mainstream phenomenon. Bravo was – primarily in the 1970s and 1980s – formative for generations of German youths and teenagers, which resulted in the paper's nickname of (pimple-Pravda). The magazine was sometimes confiscated in schools by teachers. Many of today's adults received all of their sexual education from the articles by the Dr. Sommer team. Within the former GDR (East Germany) the magazine was forbidden, but still very popular and traded for high prices. Bravo played an influential part in promoting pop groups and artists in Germany.	1.984375
11666158	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform%20Debt-Management%20Services%20Act	Uniform Debt-Management Services Act	The Uniform Debt-Management Services Act was promulgated in 2005 by the Uniform Law Commissioners. It provides the states with a comprehensive act governing national administration of debt counseling and management in a fair and effective way. Consumer debt counseling and management services have been available to individuals with serious credit problems going back to the 1950s. There are generally two kinds of services that have been available. Some of these services have provided counseling coupled with assisting debtors in establishing programs to pay off debts over an extended time. Others have provided consolidation and management services, in which agreements are reached with creditors to settle on a percentage of debt. Most of these services have collected a periodic amount from the debtors from which payment to creditors has been made. The general objective of these services has been debt satisfaction without resort to bankruptcy. The history of debt counseling and management services is checkered. There have been numerous abuses and efforts to counter abuses statutorily in many states. These services have been criticized for their efforts to steer debtors away from bankruptcy when it may have been more advantageous and less costly to debtors to file. Many states prohibit for-profit debt management services while permitting nonprofit debt counseling services. One of the continuing controversies is whether for profit services should be allowed even if regulated.	2.34375
11666158	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform%20Debt-Management%20Services%20Act	Uniform Debt-Management Services Act	However, federal bankruptcy reform effective in 2005 has changed the perspective on such services. For an individual to file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy, that individual will in most cases have to show that consumer debt counseling/management has been sought and attempted. This shifts a highly significant burden upon private services to perform honestly and effectively. Because the new bankruptcy rules are federal and apply in every state, regulating the counseling and management services in every state must be uniform in character for the new bankruptcy rules to be effective and for consumers to be protected. In 2005, just in time for consideration in the state legislatures, the Uniform Law Commissioners promulgated the Uniform Debt-Management Services Act (UDMSA). It provides the states with a comprehensive act governing these services that will mean national administration of debt counseling and management in a fair and effective way. In March 2008, several important amendments were made to the UDMSA. With these amendments, more than 20 states are executed to introduce the act in 2009. UDMSA may be divided into three basic parts: registration of services, service-debtor agreements and enforcement. Each part contributes to the comprehensive quality of the Uniform Act. Registration	1.945313
11666194	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s%20de%20Santa%20Maria	Andrés de Santa Maria	Andrés de Santa María (December 16, 1860 – April 29, 1945) was the most internationally known Colombian painter of his time and the pioneer of impressionism in Colombia. His work in solitary as a vanguardist painter frames the beginnings of modern art in Colombia. Santa Maria's search for new artistic expressions generated rejection and controversies around his work. He lived a great part of his life in Europe. Early life Andrés de Santa María Hurtado was born in Bogotá, Colombia on December 16, 1860. He was the third son of Andrés de Santa María Rovira and Manuela Hurtado. He belonged to a well off family that was politically connected. Both his grandfather and his father worked for several years in high official positions for the Colombian government. In 1862, when he was two years old, his parents took him to Europe. The family lived in London until 1869 when they moved to Brussels. In 1878, his father obtained a position at the Colombian Embassy in France and his family settled in Paris. Santa Maria's desire to be a painter faced the strong opposition of his parents who forced him to follow a career in finances. For a time, he worked as a banker, but at the death of his father in 1882, he was finally able to study painting. He entered the School of Art in Paris and worked in the workshops of Ferdinand Jacques Humbert (1842–1881) and Henri Gervex (1852–1929). Prince Eugen of Sweden and the Spanish painter, Ignacio Zuloaga y Zabaleta, studied with him under Gervex's guidance. The impressionist art movement had a great influence on his career, but Santa Maria was also interested in social subjects shown in the work of Alfred Roll and through him, he was influenced by the realism movement and the paintings of Jean-François Millet and Gustave Courbet.	2.46875
11666194	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s%20de%20Santa%20Maria	Andrés de Santa Maria	Santa Maria first obtained recognition when he won a first prize and was accepted to participate in the salon of French Artists in 1887 with his painting Launderers of the Seine. This large and ambitious painting already shows impressionist elements in the use of the reflection of light and his interest in social subjects. He took part in the salons of 1888, 1889 and 1890. In this early period, Santa Maria painted a variety of works with a refined liking for realism in the style of Courbet in works as: The shooters (1885), The reading (1886) and Salomón F. Koppel (1889). These paintings also show Santa Maria's clear command of the rules of the academy. In 1891, he exhibited his painting: The tea party, at the Artistic union of Paris. The tea party is one of the best works of his early period that concludes when he left Europe to go back to Colombia. Colombia Andrés de Santa Maria married Amalia Bidwell Hurtado on January 25, 1893, in Saint-Jean-de-Luz. They had eight children. In 1894, the couple decided to come back to Colombia, where they lived for almost two decades. Shortly after arriving at Bogotá, Santa Maria was appointed professor of landscape at the Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes (English: The National Academy of Fine Arts), where he brought the experience he had learned in France. However, his work as a vanguardist artist breaking with the traditional academic painting in Colombia was controversial.	2.59375
11666194	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s%20de%20Santa%20Maria	Andrés de Santa Maria	During the Colombian Civil War called, the Thousand Days War, the Academy was closed and Santa Maria made a long trip to Europe. In Paris, he took part in the French salon with his painting los dragoniantes de la guardian inglesa, which received a congratulation letter from the jurors. At the end of the Thousand Days War, he came back to Colombia, where in 1904, he was appointed director of the Academy of Arts, a position he held for the rest of the years he lived in his native country (until 1911). He was invited by the president of the republic, general Rafael Reyes, to perform an exhibition with the writers Sanín Cano, Hinestroza Daza and Max Grillo. In 1906 he painted the triptych of the National Capital, in this represented Simon Bolivar directing the liberation campaign. While in charge of the Academy, he also founded the school of decorative and industrial arts, in which other artistic techniques like pottery, wood and stone carving and smelting were taught. In 1910, he organized an exhibition commemorating the centenary of the Independence of Colombia in which he exhibited forty-six of his works . As an artist, Santa Maria did not enjoy great recognition and his work as director of the academy was controversial. Under a cloud of criticism, he decided to resign to his post and left Colombia to never return. On finishing his work as director of the School of Fine Arts, he returned again to Europe and settled in Brussels. Later life Santa Maria left for Europe in 1911. With his family, he traveled to England, the Netherlands and France before settling in Brussels. At the outbreak of World War I, he moved to Paris where he established a friendship with the sculptor Antoine Bourdelle. During the war he traveled to London; he finally settled in San Sebastian, where he remained until 1918.	2.5625
11666194	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s%20de%20Santa%20Maria	Andrés de Santa Maria	At the end of the war, he came back to Brussels. During this, the third period of his career, he earned distinctions as a painter in exhibitions in 1936 in Brussels and in 1937 in London (Burlington Gallery, displaying 125 paintings made over a 30-year period from 1907). He captured the modern tendencies of the European art, but was inspired by the great master like el Greco. Until the last years of his life, Santa Maria remained active and held many exhibitions of his works. Andrés de Santa Maria died on April 29, 1945, of kidney infection. He was eighty-five years old. After his death, there have been many exhibitions of his works, most notably at the Colombian National Museum in 1949 and the Museo de Arte Moderno de Bogotá in 1971, when 126 of his paintings were exhibited. Style and legacy His paintings can be divided into three different periods of evolution. In his early works, executed while living in France, light and color have great importance. His second period began with his return to Colombia. It is characterized by a style within the divisionism, a method of painting that uses pure color, harmony and contrast. His last period began when he was back in Europe. He used a richer pictorial language, employing knives and spatulas to apply thick layers of paint. The forms became denser and more vibrant.	2.4375
11666200	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Nations%20Security%20Council%20Resolution%2098	United Nations Security Council Resolution 98	United Nations Security Council Resolution 98, adopted on December 23, 1952, urged the Governments of India and Pakistan to enter into immediate negotiations under the auspices of the United Nations Representative for India and Pakistan in order to reach an agreement on the specific number of troops to remain of each side of the cease-fire line at the end of the previously established period of demilitarization. As proposed by the UN Representative this number was to be between 6000 Azad forces and 3500 Gilgit and northern scouts on the Pakistani side and 18000 Indian forces and 6000 local state forces on the Indian side. The resolution then thanked the UN Representative for his efforts, requested the Governments of India and Pakistan report to the Council no later than 30 days after the adoption of this resolution and asked the UN Representative to keep the Council informed of any progress. The resolution was adopted by nine votes to none. The Soviet Union abstained and Pakistan did not participate in the voting.	2.625
11666233	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier%20Heights	Collier Heights	Historic Collier Heights is a historically middle-class and predominately African-American populated area in western Atlanta. It is bordered to the west by Fairburn Road, the east by Hamilton E. Holmes Drive, the north by Donald L. Hollowell Parkway, and to the south by the Interstate 20 bridge at Linkwood Road. Collier Heights is a 1,750-home enclave with mostly brick ranch houses built in the 1950s and 1960s. It is one of the first upscale communities in the nation built exclusively by African-American planners for the emerging Atlanta African-American middle-class. It has been featured in several publications like Ebony and Jet magazines. It was featured in the "Homefinder" section of the Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Since 2009, the area has been listed on the United States National Register of Historic Places. The community achieved local historic designation in June 2013. History Collier Heights was founded in 1948 and was sold to African Americans because the land was believed to be undesirable. It was Atlanta's largest African American suburb in the mid 20th century. By the 1990s and 2000s, the neighborhood experienced a major decline due to blight, high crime, and low performing area public schools. Many middle-class Black families left for homes in southwest Atlanta or outside the city. However, since the 2010s, investments in the neighborhood have improved desirability and property values. Collier Heights has been the home of several notable African Americans including Cynthia McKinney, Emmanuel Lewis, Billy McKinney, Leroy Johnson, Jasmine Guy, Asa G. Yancey, Sr., Herman J. Russell, Martin Luther King, Sr, Donald Hollowell, Ralph David and Juanita Abernathy, Christine King Farris, Keisha Lance Bottoms, and Andre Dickens.	2.34375
11666233	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collier%20Heights	Collier Heights	Neighborhood organization Historic Collier Heights has two officially recognized community Associations which represent the citizens of the Historic District. The inaugural Association is The Collier Heights Community Association (CHCA)–which formed in 1968. The second and more popular organization is The Historic Collier Heights Community Association (Historic Collier), which is the largest neighborhood organization in Historic Collier Heights and encompasses the entire community/neighborhood. Key committees within the CHCA and the "Historic Collier" Association are the Historic Committee, which focuses on master planning for preserving the history of the community and neighborhood improvement projects. Both associations are popular and organize festivities throughout the year like the National Night Out (a summer block party) a Christmas party, and the Historic Collier's "Salute To Legends" celebration, which pays homage to famous residents of the area. Executive committee members are voted into office for one-year terms. Elections are held in December at the Association's annual Christmas party. The CHCA meets the 2nd Tuesday of every month at Berean Seventh-Day Adventist Church (291 Hamilton E Holmes Dr NW) at 6:30 pm. The "Historic Collier" Association meets on the 1st Thursday of every month at St. Paul of the Cross Church (551 Harwell Rd NW) at 7:00 pm. Both organizations are on Facebook, Twitter, and TikTok. The more prominent association, "Historic Collier" Association has a website, historiccollier.com	1.929688
11666239	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda%20Richards	Linda Richards	Linda Richards (July 27, 1841 – April 16, 1930) was the first professionally trained American nurse. She established nursing training programs in the United States and Japan, and created the first system for keeping individual medical records for hospitalized patients. Early life Richards was born Malinda Ann Judson Richards on July 27, 1841, in West Potsdam, New York. She was the youngest of three daughters of Betsy Sinclair Richards and Sanford Richards, a preacher, who named his daughter after the missionary Ann Hasseltine Judson in the hopes that she would follow in her footsteps. In 1845, Richards moved with her family to Wisconsin, where they owned some land. However, her father died of tuberculosis just weeks after they arrived there, and the family soon had to return to Richards' grandparents' home in Newbury, Vermont. They purchased a small farm just outside the town and settled there. Betsy Sinclair Richards also contracted tuberculosis, and Linda Richards nursed her mother until her death from the disease in 1854. Education Her experience with nursing her dying mother awakened Richards' interest in nursing. Though in 1856, at the age of fifteen, Richards entered St. Johnsbury Academy for a year in order to become a teacher, and indeed taught for several years, she was never truly happy in that profession. In 1860, Richards met George Poole, to whom she became engaged. Not long after their engagement, Poole joined the Green Mountain Boys and left home to fight in the American Civil War. He was severely wounded in 1865, and when he returned home, Richards cared for him until his death in 1869.	2.5625
11666239	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda%20Richards	Linda Richards	Inspired by these personal losses, she moved to Boston, Massachusetts in order to become a nurse. Her first job was at Boston City Hospital, where she received almost no training and was subjected to overwork. She left that hospital after only three months but was undaunted by her experiences there. In 1872, Linda Richards became the first student to enroll in the inaugural class of five nurses in the first American Nurse's training school. This pioneering school was run by Dr. Susan Dimock, at the New England Hospital for Women and Children in Boston. Linda describes her nursing training: “We rose at 5.30 a.m. and left the wards at 9 p.m. to go to our beds, which were in little rooms between the wards. Each nurse took care of her ward of six patients both day and night. Many a time I got up nine times in the night; often I did not get to sleep before the next call came. We had no evenings out, and no hours for study or recreation. Every second week we were off duty one afternoon from two to five o'clock. No monthly allowance was given for three months.” Career Upon graduating one year later, she moved to New York City, where she was hired as a night supervisor at Bellevue Hospital Center. While working there, she created a system for keeping individual records for each patient, which was to be widely adopted both in the United States and in the United Kingdom. Aware of how little she still knew as a nurse, Linda began her quest to acquire more knowledge and then pass this on to others by establishing high quality nurse training schools. Returning to Boston in 1874, she was named superintendent of the Boston Training School for Nurses (now, Massachusetts General Hospital School of Nursing). Though the school's training program was only a year old at the time, it was under threat of closure due to poor management. Richards, however, improved the program to such an extent that it was soon regarded as one of the best of its kind in the country.	2.765625
11666247	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/86th%20Airlift%20Wing	86th Airlift Wing	In addition to serving as a central overflow hub for airlift traffic flying between the US and the Arabian Peninsula, Ramstein also established an intermediate engine repair facility for deployed F-16s, became a huge collection and distribution center for gulf-bound munitions, and on 15 January 1991, Ramstein AB's aeromedical staging facility activated a 150-bed hospital and blood transshipment center in Hangar 1. The hospital provided triage to its first patients from the Persian Gulf on the same day. Additionally, personnel from virtually every squadron augmented Air Force and Army units deployed to the gulf. With the end of Operation Desert Storm, the 86th TFW deployed to Turkey and supported operations in Southwest Asia to ensure that Iraq complied with treaty terms. From 6 April 1991, when the operation began, until September 1993 when its commitment ended, the wing flew nearly 5,000 sorties over Iraq. 526th TFS aircraft twice attacked Iraqi surface-to-air missile (SAM) sites in northern Iraq. For its participation in Provide Comfort, the 86th TFW received credit in a Joint Meritorious Unit Award, though the award did little to placate the wing personnel who felt they had "missed" the war. On 1 May 1991, the 86th TFW was redesigned the 86th Fighter Wing and underwent a complete change in its organizational structure as a test base for the USAFE Corona South wing reorganization program, an effort to "flatten" command lines and consolidate span of control. Ramstein's 316th Air Division and 377th Combat Support Wing were inactivated and all of their former functions placed under the operational control of the 86th Fighter Wing. The lessons learned at Ramstein applied to other units Air Force-wide as they converted to the new organizational structure. Conversion to an airlift wing	2.15625
11666247	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/86th%20Airlift%20Wing	86th Airlift Wing	The end of the Cold War brought major force structure changes throughout the Air Force, and the 86th was no exception. On 1 June 1992, the 86th Fighter Wing, which had only been equipped with F-16s, began a slow move to airlift operations when the wing took over the 58th Airlift Squadron and its small executive fleet of C-12, C-20 Gulfstream, C-21 Lear Jet, CT-43 Bobcat, C-135, and UH-1 aircraft. After gaining this airlift mission, the wing changed its designation from the 86th Fighter Wing to the 86th Wing. In 1994 the decision was made to change the 86th Wing from a composite wing to a wing devoted to intra-theater airlift, and the 86th Wing began to assume the airlift mission previously held by C-130 Hercules aircraft at the 435th Airlift Wing at Rhein Main Air Base, Germany, which was slated for inactivation. With the influx of C-130 personnel, On 1 July, the 526th FS inactivated and its aircraft and personnel moved to Aviano Air Base, Italy to form the 555th FS. The 512th FS was inactivated on 1 October, with its aircraft and personnel also being moved to Aviano, being assigned to the 510th FS. On 21 July 1994 the 86th Wing held a "Fighter Farewell" ceremony for the departure of its last F 16s, most to the 31st FW at Aviano AB, and the 86th Wing became the 86th Airlift Wing. The new wing operated C-130 Hercules aircraft. On 2 November 2009 the wing completed its transition from C-130E to C-130J models. The new 86th Airlift Wing was responsible for United States Air Forces, Europe (USAFE) intra-theater airlift throughout Europe, Africa and the Middle East, as well as supporting operations and exercises throughout the European theater. The reoriented wing's successful transition from F-16s to C-130s and its airlift support of numerous European contingencies earned it the Air Force Outstanding Unit Award for the period of 1 July 1993 to 30 June 1995, bringing the wing's total Air Force Outstanding Unit Awards to six.	2.171875
11666247	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/86th%20Airlift%20Wing	86th Airlift Wing	In December, the tempo increased further. A request was sent from the Southern European Task Force requesting the 86th CRG evaluate eight airfields in northern Iraq. On 27 December, members of the Youngstown, Ohio 757th Airlift Reserve Squadron, 910th Airlift Wing, arrived to join the Selfridge, Michigan Air National Guard's 165th Airlift Squadron, and 127th AW, as part of the 86th Airlift Wing's 38th Airlift Squadron (Provisional). With the new arrivals, the combined forces of the 38th (P) Squadron was 154 personnel and four C-130 aircraft, and the unit took primary responsibility for providing airlift for forces in Bosnia-Herzegovina supporting Operation Joint Forge. On 3 January 2003, the 86th Materiel Maintenance Squadron (MMS) began moving War Readiness Materiel (WRM) for deployment. Over the next eight months, the 86th MMS shipped 8,340 tons of WRM to 13 locations in 9 countries. By August every USAFE location that supported Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom had received WRM from the 86th MMS. The 86th MMS also deployed seven members to various contingency locations to include Karshi-Khanabad, Uzbekistan, and Bagram, Afghanistan. Beginning 14 February, the 37th Airlift Squadron began using its Keen Sage equipped C-130s to conduct observation missions over Iraq in preparation for possible action. The squadron flew a total of 14 missions, most at night, covering five to 15 targets per flight. To honor this rather "un-airlifty" operation, the crews gave themselves the name of the "37th Airlift Reconnaissance Squadron". Operation Iraqi Freedom	2
11666247	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/86th%20Airlift%20Wing	86th Airlift Wing	Beginning 11 March 2003, the 86th AW's 38th Airlift (Provisional) Squadron, flying from Constanta, Romania, flew its first Operation Iraqi Freedom mission. Initially 38th (P) Squadron flew missions with just 4 aircraft, but even as these missions began help was on the way. On 3 March, the 757th Airlift Reserve Squadron, 910th Airlift Wing, Youngstown, Ohio, and the 165th Airlift Squadron, 123rd Airlift Wing, Kentucky Air National Guard, Louisville, Kentucky, were called to active duty for one year to join 38th (P) Squadron. The units arrived from 21 to 27 March, and the personnel and equipment increased 38th (P) Squadron from four C-130s and 154 personnel to ten C-130s and 306 personnel. On 17 March, President Bush delivered an ultimatum to Saddam Hussein that he and his sons must leave Iraq within 48 hours. Saddam refused. On 20 March, the 86th Contingency Response Group went through the 86th Airlift Wing Deployment Control Center, Personnel Deployment Function, and Vehicle Deployment Function in less than three hours—a record time. On 20 March, the Coalition began its air assault on Baghdad. The 86th AW's effort began on 27 March 2003, when 20 members of the 86th Expeditionary Contingency Response Group departed from Aviano Air Base, Italy, and parachuted into Bashur airfield in northern Iraq, to prepare the field for airlift operations. The 86th ECRG team parachuted into Bashur with 1000 "sky soldiers" of the 173rd Airborne Brigade on the largest airborne combat insertion since 1989 Operation Just Cause in Panama. The initial cadre was followed by 200 more members from the 86th ECRG and the 86th Expeditionary Air Mobility Squadron.	2.15625
11666247	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/86th%20Airlift%20Wing	86th Airlift Wing	The 37th Airlift Squadron with its C-130E Hercules was soon involved, flying the first Hercules landing into the airfield at 2 pm on 7 April 2003. Processing through as many as five mobility lines at once, 593 members of the 86th AW deployed to Operation Iraqi Freedom by 7 April. US casualties were evacuated to Ramstein, often by 86th AW units, the 75th Airlift Squadron and the 86th Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron. By August 2003, 86th AW units had flown more than 30 medical evacuation missions back to Ramstein where, once on the ground, critical care transport teams provided acute care and managed patient transfer to the Landstuhl Regional Medical Center. Beginning 6 April, the 86th's 37th Airlift Squadron aircraft began deliveries to the forward base in Constanta, Romania, delivering 57 tons and 58 passengers to Constanta in just seven missions conducted over the course of a week. Over the subsequent weeks, the squadron's nineteen crews continued to fly round-the-clock operations averaging 4.5 missions per day. On 14 April, the 38th (P) began to fly stage operations from Souda Bay, Crete. Their first mission into Iraq brought US Marines into Erbil in an effort to seal off the Iraq-Syrian border. A few days later, on 17 April at Bashur, the airfield the 86th CRG had secured and opened, and the first shipment of humanitarian aid arrived destined for residents near Kirkuk, Iraq. Over 27 days of operations, the 86th Expeditionary Air Mobility Squadron received more than 370 fixed wing arrivals and departures, 4,200 personnel, and 21,500,000 pounds of cargo. By 22 April the last aircraft transited Bashur Airfield and four days later, on 26 April, the 86th Contingency Response Group Commander, Col Steven Weart, notified higher headquarters that Bashur Field, Iraq was now closed for air traffic. This was a unique occurrence—normally the 86th CRG turned its bases over for further operations. The closing marked the first time the 86th CRG closed a base it had opened.	1.945313
11666277	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20stories%20in%20the%20Masnavi	List of stories in the Masnavi	Book II Preface (in prose) Proem The Caliph ‘Umar and the man who thought he saw the new moon The fool who entreated Jesus to bring some bones to life The Sufi who enjoined the servant to take care of his ass The King and his lost falcon Shaykh Ahmad son of Khizrúya and his creditors The answer of an ascetic who was warned not to weep, lest he should become blind The peasant who stroked a lion in the dark The Súfis who sold the traveller’s ass The greedy insolvent Parable for those who say “if” The man who killed his mother because he suspected her of adultery The King and his two slaves The King's retainers who envied his favourite slave The falcon amongst the owls The thirsty man who threw bricks into the water The man who planted a thornbush in the road and delayed to uproot it Dhu'l-Nún and the friends who came to visit him in the mad-house The sagacity of Luqmán The reverence of Bilqís for the message of Solomon which was brought to her by the hoopoe The philosopher who showed disbelief in the Qur’án Moses and the shepherd The Amír and the sleeping man into whose mouth a snake had crept The fool who trusted the bear The blind beggar who said, “I have two blindnesses” Moses and the worshipper of the golden calf Galen and the madman The cause of a bird's flying and feeding with a bird that is not of its own kind Mohammed's visit to the sick Companion The gardener who separated three friends in order to chastise them singly Báyazíd and the Shaykh who said, “I am the Ka’ba” The novice who built a new house Dalqak and the Sayyid-i Ajall The Saint who rode a cock-horse The dog and the blind mendicant The Police Inspector and the drunken man Iblís and Mu’áwiya The Cadi who wept whilst he was being installed The bitter grief of a man who missed the congregational prayers The thief who escaped because his accomplice gave a false alarm The Hypocrites and the Mosque of Opposition The true believer's stray camel The four Indians who lost their prayers The Ghuzz Turcomans and the two villagers	2.546875
11666318	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20the%20Ottoman%20Empire	Women in the Ottoman Empire	In the Ottoman Empire, women enjoyed a diverse range of rights and were limited in diverse ways depending on the time period, as well as their religion and class. The empire, first as a Turkoman beylik, and then a multi-ethnic, multi-religious empire, was ruled in accordance to the qanun, the semi-secular body of law enacted by Ottoman sultans. Furthermore, the relevant religious scriptures of its many confessional communities played a major role in the legal system, for the majority of Ottoman women, these were the Quran and Hadith as interpreted by Islamic jurists, often termed sharia. Most Ottoman women were permitted to participate in the legal system, purchase and sell property, inherit and bequeath wealth, and participate in other financial activities, rights which were unusual in the rest of Europe until the 19th century. Women's social life was often one of relative seclusion. The extent of seclusion changed, sometimes drastically, depending on class. Urban women lived in some amount of sex segregation during most of the empire's history, as many social gatherings were segregated, and many upper-class urban women veiled in public areas; rural women, on the other hand, often did not have the same restrictions placed on them. Veiling and sex segregation customs were therefore seen as a sign of status, privilege and class until Westernization; afterwards, it was seen as a sign of Ottoman and Islamic values.	3.265625
11666318	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20the%20Ottoman%20Empire	Women in the Ottoman Empire	16th century The 16th century was marked by Suleiman's rule, in which he created the title of haseki sultan, the chief consort or wife of the sultan, and further expanded the role of royal women in politics by contributing to the creation of the second most powerful position in the Ottoman Empire, valide sultan, the mother of the sultan. This was the beginning of the Sultanate of Women, where women were, for the first time in the empire's history, active in the political sphere, and the Imperial Harem wielded immense political power. However, clashes between the relatively egalitarian public, the Sufi orders they followed (many of which included female sheikhs), and the more conservative Ulema continued. A manifestation of this was the case of kaymak shops, in which women and men would meet regularly, regardless of marital status. Many scholars from the Ulema saw this as a sign of wavering religious devotion and appealed for a ban on women entering kaymak shops, which, while later repealed, was implemented in 1573.	3.09375
11666318	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20the%20Ottoman%20Empire	Women in the Ottoman Empire	17th and 18th centuries The 17th and 18th centuries are often regarded as the last two centuries of pre-Westernized Ottoman culture. Women's rights were still seen by European visitors, such as Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, as relatively robust at the time, as a woman's right to divorce, own property and refuse conjugal sex were not commonplace in the rest of Europe until the late 19th century. It was also during this period that Ottoman society harbored a relatively open view of most forms of sexuality, and many authors, such as Enderunlu Fazıl, who published books about both men's and women's sexuality, marked a departure from the largely male-oriented view of sexuality in the early empire. However, this new genre of erotic work concerning women often received significant backlash, as unlike discussions of the sexuality of and in between men, which were often accepted and even celebrated, women's sexuality was often seen as a private matter. This resulted in the regulation and censorship of certain books, most famously Enderunlu Fazıl's Zenanname (lit. The Book of Women). Furthermore, some sultans, such as Osman III, were known for their negative attitude towards women. Osman III, while alone among sultans in the severity of action he took in this pursuit, prohibited women in Constantinople from going out in the streets in fancy clothes, and ordered them to dress plainly and in a veiled fashion, while punishing those who did not respect these laws, sometimes with death. 19th and 20th centuries	2.84375
11666318	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20the%20Ottoman%20Empire	Women in the Ottoman Empire	The 19th century was, in large part, a century of Westernization for the empire. Because of the relative stagnation of women's rights in the Ottoman Empire; European observers, as well as secret societies such as the Young Ottomans, stated a need for major reform. The Young Ottomans criticized Ottoman customs that prevented developments in women's rights and talked about the importance of women in society, all while synthesizing said changes with Islamic values. As a result of all these efforts, in the second half of the 19th century, midwife schools and secondary schools were opened. These changes had many opponents, particularly conservatives such as Abdul Hamid II and many members of the Ulema, but also others; many scholars and authors, such as Ahmet Mithat Efendi, agreed with most of these changes, but resisted the sentiment that Ottomans should "implicitly accept Western superiority", while "explicitly rejecting" it, according to Ussama Makdisi. To this day, the effect of Westernization on women's rights in the Ottoman Empire remains controversial among scholars. World War I also caused various developments in terms of women's rights. In this period, legal regulations were made to sharia-based laws; polygamy was left to the woman's consent, and marriage was subjected to state control. This regulation could only survive for a year, as it was later abolished by the Freedom and Accord Party after the Allied partition of the Ottoman Empire. Social life	3
11666318	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20the%20Ottoman%20Empire	Women in the Ottoman Empire	During most of the Ottoman Empire, many women's interactions were limited to socialization among fellow women, and members of their family. Women socialized with each other at their homes and also at bathhouses. High society women, particularly those who did not live in the palace, visited one another at each other's homes, however, those who lived in the palace were subject to strict etiquette that prevented ease of socializing. Women would often bring their finest bathing accessories, such as embroidered towels and high, wooden sandals, to social events. As with any society, style of dress played an important role in the social lives of Ottoman women. According to the wife of the British ambassador to Istanbul during the 18th century, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, the attire of Ottoman women "reflected their dignity and rights". The way an Ottoman woman dressed indicated not only her status in society but also the occasion. There were two categories to dress: the clothing for daily dress and the attire for special occasions. On these special occasions, such as weddings and engagements, women would socialize outside their family and surroundings. With the spread of Western influence during the 19th century, Ottoman women had increased interactions with European women. The interactions with Westerners during this period changed the social lives of many Ottoman and Western women, and it became normal for Ottoman women to invite and accept European acquaintances into their homes and their lives. Harem	2.46875
11666318	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20the%20Ottoman%20Empire	Women in the Ottoman Empire	While harem has many different descriptions, and could describe any sex segregated space reserved for women, its most literal usage is to describe the part of a house reserved for women in many Islamic cultures, a custom comparable to (and according to Nikki Keddie, possibly borrowed from) the Greek-Byzantine gynaeceum. In the context of the Ottoman Empire, however, the word 'harem' is inextricably linked to the Imperial Harem, where female members of the Ottoman court spent a considerable amount of their time. Turkish popular history of the Imperial Harem is based on the memoirs, personal letters, and travel accounts by foreign women, and one of the best ways to have a look inside the Imperial Harem is with the help of people who have personal experiences with the Harem. The Sultan's Harem is described as a very diverse place, with the majority of women there being enslaved Christians. Cavidan, Abbas Hilmi II’s wife and a convert to Islam, is one of the women that have shared her analyses of the Imperial Harem. She said that the Harem was preserved in a manner that was desired by what she called a false version of Islam, giving rise to a ruling class that was full of jealousies and was not in accordance with the principles and the doctrine of Muhammad. She compared it to the Harem from Muhammad’s time and claimed that women had every right in the Harem of his time and they possessed genuine freedom. However, different people with Harem experiences often had different points of view. Cavidan expressed criticism of the religion and culture she embraced, whereas others, such as Leyla Saz, conveyed her childhood and young adulthood memories within the Ottoman Harem in very positive terms. Education Prior to the nineteenth century, there did not exist any formal public education for Ottoman women. Young Ottoman girls were taught through harem education; they learned skills such as "sewing, embroidery, playing the [Ottoman] harp (çeng), singing, and memorizing the customs and ceremonies".	3.03125
11666318	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20the%20Ottoman%20Empire	Women in the Ottoman Empire	The Tanzimat brought additional rights to women, particularly in education. Some of the first schools for girls, called Rüştiyes, opened in 1858, followed by a boom in 1869 when elementary education was rendered mandatory. During the 1860s, many new educational opportunities existed for Ottoman women. This decade saw the first middle-level schools, a teacher training college and industrial schools, called İnas Sanayi Mektepleri, which were created concurrently with industrial schools for boys. Whereas men's education focused on job training, women's education focused on shaping girls to evolve into better wives and mothers with refined social graces. Women that began their education during their adolescence started by focusing on formal skills, their manner to speak, reading and writing. The schools taught a variety of subjects and incorporated harem education into the modernized public education system. The movement for women's education was sparked in large part by women's magazines, the most recognized among them being the Ottoman Turkish Hanımlara Mahsus Gazette (The Gazette for Ladies), which ran for fourteen years and was successful enough to have established its own press. With a female dominated staff, the magazine aimed to enable women to evolve into better mothers, wives, and Muslims. Its topics varied between discussions of feminism, fashion, economic imperialism and autonomy, comparisons of Ottoman modernization with Japanese modernization, and technology. The magazine also included the usual content of a middle-class women's magazine of the nineteenth century: royal gossip, the science of being a housewife, health, improving fiction, and child-rearing. Politics	3.078125
11666318	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20the%20Ottoman%20Empire	Women in the Ottoman Empire	Prior to the sixteenth century, women did not hold considerable political influence, until Suleiman ascended the throne in 1520, which marked the beginning of the Sultanate of Women. The mother of the Sultan, who would herself have likely been a slave in the Imperial Harem, would garner the special status of valide sultan and could enjoy enormous political influence. Valide sultans and leading concubines aided in the creation of domestic political factions, in negotiation with foreign ambassadors and as advisers to the sultan. The importance of the Imperial Harem grew as women became more politically influential; with this growth, more opportunities for women were opened as well. During this era, high-ranking women were politically influential and two of them granted public importance. Two important figures that modeled this public importance were Kösem Sultan and Turhan Sultan: with their roles, they transitioned the relationship of the valide sultan and her son from a strictly private one to one that incorporated the empire. Despite the new prominence of the Imperial Harem, most of the women remained constricted to its wall. Only the valide sultan exercised mobility outside the Imperial Harem: even this mobility was limited. The valide sultan would attend public ceremonies and even meetings with high ranking government officials, all the while remaining heavily veiled. Due to their confinement, the women of the Imperial Harem had many networks that aided in their political influence, and this granted them considerable control; the valide sultan, haseki sultan and leading concubines had the capability to shape the careers of all harem officials by arranging marriages of princesses or of manumitted slaves. Women in Ottoman law	3.109375
11666318	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20the%20Ottoman%20Empire	Women in the Ottoman Empire	The qanun was the semi-secular legal system that applied to all citizens of the Empire, and would contain laws enacted by the Ottoman sultan. Its stated purpose was to supplement religious (particularly Islamic) law, however, it was also often used to supersede religious law if said law was deemed unenforceable or otherwise undesirable. Religious laws also played a very large role in the Ottoman Empire. Sharia shaped the laws of Muslims in the empire, and had some influence over the secular qanun; the Orthodox canon law and the Jewish Halakha played similar roles for their respective communities, although in inter-faith cases involving a Muslim, Islamic religious law was most often used. Within the scope of these laws, women possessed rights that were regarded as being unusual from a European perspective. These rights included, but were not limited to, the ability to own property, to approach the judicial system on their own without consulting a male (including bringing divorce claims to court), to acquire informal education in religious and scholarly fields, and to be financially independent. Despite this, men and women were not considered truly equal by the court, and were subject to separate codes of law and procedures. Crimes required a minimum number of witnesses to be presented before the court. Yet, women were largely unable to take this oath to testify to the court, and since they spent much of their time in the presence of other women, it was often impossible to find male witnesses to testify on their behalf.	3.171875
11666318	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20the%20Ottoman%20Empire	Women in the Ottoman Empire	Furthermore, young women generally had little say over her marriage. If the family of the girl agreed, the parents would settle the matter among themselves. Once the matter had been settled, a marriage contract would be made. Both the bridegroom and the bride were socially expected to show consent concerning the contract. The agreement would have witnesses, but the bride and groom would consent separately. In addition, the first case studies showed the impact of the death of one or both of the child's parents. Female children married before the age of 14 seem to have been orphans more often. It seems to be a voluntary position, which also had a negative impact on the dowry amount. Rape laws, while strict, did not always protect female victims, as the laws that were meant to protect them in the instance of rape could have been turned against them in practice. For example, in the case of a young girl's rape, the perpetrator's defense could have been the assertion that the victim's family was to blame instead of him because they let the girl leave their home in the first place. Regarding divorce, the Ottomans believed that a troubled and unhappy family relationship would harm the union and society at large. Women would be allowed to divorce under certain conditions. However, men did not have to provide a reason and could expect to be compensated and to compensate their wives, whereas women had to provide a reason, such as “there is a lack of good understanding between us.” Upon divorce, women would lose any financial benefit received courtesy of the marriage and would sometimes have to pay the husband. If a woman was to be widowed, she would have to go to court and request permission to remarry. This as well required a number of testimonies to explain the circumstances of her husband's death. If the testimonies and evidence show that the woman is not at fault for her husband's death, then she would be allowed to remarry.	2.875
11666318	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20the%20Ottoman%20Empire	Women in the Ottoman Empire	Inheritance Women in the Ottoman Empire could inherit property from their deceased parents or husbands, although often to a lesser extent to their male relatives. Records are "quite clear" that at least as far as Islamic courts were concerned, the law of inheritance was always applied in accordance with sharia. This means that wherever a woman is mentioned as an heir of the deceased, she would also be on the list of those receiving shares, and her share would be indicated. However, succession documents drawn up by a qadi are not sufficient proof that the property actually passed into the hands of the women, as there are records implying that through "establishment of family waqfs" and "gifts to male members", women would, in some cases, be disinherited contrary to Islamic law. Other records of seventeenth-century Bursa contain a large number of documents which, in effect, describe legal disputes involving women over estates and inheritances showing that in many, although not all cases, women did inherit property, even if said property was less than what succession documents had originally drawn up. Women in the Ottoman Empire could also inherit agricultural land, but, the divergence between religious law and practice involving agricultural property has been viewed as the most flagrant. This was largely because of the Timar system, where agricultural land was not "inheritable" in the same sense that other property would be, and holders of these lands were merely proprietors who were conditionally given the land in exchange for continuous loyalty and profit. This kept the issue in the scope of qanun law instead of Islamic law, and the imperial law dictated that there was direct succession of agricultural land, only from a deceased male to his male sons. If the deceased had only daughters and a wife (or wives), those successors had to pay a tapu tax (a sort of entry fine) to the landowner in order to get the land. Economic life	2.875
11666318	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20the%20Ottoman%20Empire	Women in the Ottoman Empire	Women played many roles in the Ottoman Empire, per their designated social position. While women from less affluent families would be limited to doing housework chores, in wealthy families, they were the in-charge of the household. Wealthy families possessed huge properties, such as many houses, animals, vast lands, and large numbers of servants. The women would control activities in these farms, while, in some cases, also taking care of the children. Wealthier women played a vital role in the economy of the Ottoman Empire. These women possessed a considerable influence, and Muslim women in particular bought and sold property, inherited and bequeathed wealth, established waqfs (endowments), borrowed and lent money, and at times served as holders of Timars (a sort of fiefdom given to Ottoman cavalry and the lower nobility). Women also held usufruct rights on state land, as tax farmers and in business partnerships. Waqfs during the Ottoman period were commonly used as institutions for public improvement in order to create and maintain institutions like bimaristans or madrasas. Many Ottoman women were among the founders of waqfs, with the existence of their allotments being pivotal in their communities’ economic life; of the 491 public fountains in Istanbul that were constructed during the Ottoman period and survived until the 1930s, nearly 30% of them were registered under waqfs that belonged to women. Further analysis of waqfs in Ottoman cities have found that a considerable number of waqfs are under the name of women, and in some places, close to 50% of waqfs. Owing to their leverage in sharia courts and the importance of these courts in the empire, non-Muslim women, who were judged by other courts according to the Millet system or its predecessors, often viewed conversion as a way to attain greater autonomy. Women also had access to the justice system and could access a judge, as well as be taken to court themselves.	3.4375
11666318	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20the%20Ottoman%20Empire	Women in the Ottoman Empire	Because women had access to the legal system, much of the information about their role in Ottoman society is sourced from court records. In cities, such as Bursa, women freely appeared in court during the seventeenth century. One example documents a court record from 1683 in which a woman sued someone who allegedly seized a shop that she technically inherited after her husband died. In a separate case, a woman sued someone who allegedly broke into her home and robbed her of various items. While these two examples demonstrate the active role that women held in Ottoman courts, many other instances were also documented. Women also openly sued male members of their family in Ottoman courts. One instance presents a case where a woman sued her own husband due to the fact that he built an addition on their house, with this addition being on a portion of the house that she states belonged to her. Her request for demolition of the new portion of the house was granted. Another way in which women held economic power was through property ownership. A review of qadi records in the Ottoman city of Bursa found that one-third of women with estates also owned their own home. Besides owning homes in their own names, women also commonly sold or leased their property. In urban areas, women owned or rented shops, sometimes even owning artisanal workshops; urban women often owned plots just outside the city like vineyards and mills, as well. Women also regularly bought and sold agricultural land, despite an Ottoman state law that prevented women from inheriting agricultural land unless a state tax was paid. Stemming from this ownership is the fact that women were an active part of agricultural life, usually taking over the cultivation of fields and orchards in the absence of their husbands, and records indicate that some women maintained agricultural property separate from that of their husband's.	3.171875
11666318	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20the%20Ottoman%20Empire	Women in the Ottoman Empire	One aspect of economic life in which women had limited involvement was artisanship; there is little archival evidence showing that women were themselves members of craft guilds of various cities. However, in some areas it has been observed that women had a complementary relationship with artisans by providing capital and tools, as well as by renting out buildings to be used by artisans in everything from baking to textile work. In other contexts, women often had an adversarial relationship with guilds, with most archival evidence of women's involvement in guilds found in lawsuits. Women could inherit the right to participate in guilds, in the form of a document called hisse, from their relatives, but there are certain cases of guilds suing women for trying to participate in guild life. In one such case, litigation was brought forth against Fatma Hatun by Bursa's candlemakers guild; their claim was that there had never been a woman in this guild before, therefore her participation in the guild must have been illegal. In response, Fatma Hatun answered that it was within her right as she inherited the rights to produce candlemaking from her father. Despite their limited participation in the dominant guild system, it is likely that women established their own organizations, particularly for primarily women-led services like singing, dancing, washing, and nursing. A subset of women artisans in the Ottoman Empire worked entirely on their own, producing goods in their homes and selling them in the streets, eschewing the support of labor organizations, middlemen, and traditional shops. Slavery	3.296875
11666318	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%20in%20the%20Ottoman%20Empire	Women in the Ottoman Empire	During the late Ottoman Empire, Istanbul became a central hub for the trafficking of women, with networks operating both domestically and internationally. Both men and women were involved in trafficking and procuring prostitutes. While people of all religions in the Ottoman Empire engaged in prostitution, the experiences of prostitutes differed by their religious identity. In the Ottoman Empire, it was illegal for Muslim women to marry or engage sexually with non-Muslim men, while Muslim men could marry non-Muslim women. Accordingly, the law imposed more severe punishments for Muslim women than non-Muslim women accused of prostitution. Nonetheless, many Muslim women engaged in prostitution, mainly working in their homes and public spaces rather than in brothels. Female prostitutes generally attempted to limit their sexual interactions to “confessional lines” since cases were more likely to be brought to court when religious boundaries were crossed. Records show that male prostitutes were also present in the Ottoman Empire. Most male prostitutes were registered with the state, and they often worked in public bathhouses. Economic necessity drove many into prostitution, particularly those lacking a support system due to divorce, widowhood, or economic downturns. Poor women, previously enslaved women, women from rural areas, and immigrants were noted to enter prostitution out of financial necessity. Engaging in prostitution often tainted these women as “disreputable,” which led to their alienation and further limited their economic opportunities.	2.78125
11666327	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus%20Manlius%20Torquatus%20%28consul%20299%20BC%29	Titus Manlius Torquatus (consul 299 BC)	Titus Manlius T.f. Torquatus (died 299 BC) was a patrician Roman Republican consul for 299 BC, elected along with a plebeian co-consul Marcus Fulvius Cn.f. Paetinus. Family background The Manlii were one of the oldest and most distinguished patrician gens in the Roman Republic. One Gnaeus Manlius Cincinnatus had been chosen consul in 480 BC, four years after the first Fabius had become consul. Prominent consuls in the family included the early 4th century consul Marcus Manlius T.f. Capitolinus (whose career was marked by his gens banning the use of the praenomen Marcus thereafter), and the 4th century consul Titus Manlius L.f. Imperiosus Torquatus. Titus was descended from this last consul, notable not only for his military successes but also for executing his own son for an impetuous breach of military discipline. It is not clear if the consuls Aulus Manlius Torquatus Atticus, consul in 244 BC and 241 BC, and Titus Manlius Torquatus, consul in 235 BC and 224 BC and censor 231 BC, were his sons or other relatives. Death According to Livy, Titus Manlius died of a fall from his horse, while preparing his troops to march into Etruria The province of Etruria fell by lot to the consul Titus Manlius; who, when he had but just entered the enemy's country, as he was exercising the cavalry, in wheeling about at full speed, was thrown from his horse, and almost killed on the spot; three days after the fall, he died. (Livy V:11) Some historians such as Julie Andrew and E. T. Salmon have questioned the historicity of the event, and argue that Manlius may have simply died fighting the Gauls and Etruscans in the area.	2.015625
11666393	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklinton%2C%20Louisiana	Franklinton, Louisiana	The lynch party took Wilson's body by car and dumped it along a rural road three miles (5 km) from town; then they dispersed. The body was found by a passerby on the road two hours later. Police officers said they thought Wilson was shot because his cries would have aroused parish authorities, who twice had thwarted attempts to lynch him. In 2005, much of Franklinton, as well as most of Washington Parish, sustained damage from Hurricane Katrina. It caused extensive damage along the Gulf Coast. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 4.2 square miles (10.9 km), of which 4.1 square miles (10.7 km) is land and 0.04 square mile (0.1 km) (0.95%) is water. The Bogue Chitto River flows through the western edge of the town. Demographics As of the 2020 United States census, there were 3,662 people, 1,739 households, and 930 families residing in the town. Economy The town's economy is based heavily on the parish agriculture, forestry, and some commercial industry. Many residents commute south into St. Tammany Parish for employment. Arts and culture The Washington Parish Free Fair, the largest free fair in the US and the second-largest county fair in Louisiana, is held during the third week of October each year at the Washington Parish Fair Grounds in Franklinton. Media The Era-Leader, the oldest newspaper in Washington Parish, is based in Franklinton and covers mainly the western half of the parish. It is the Official Journal of Washington Parish. Website: era-leader.com The Daily News is published once per week. It is based in Bogalusa but it covers all of the parish. In popular culture The book, Dead Man Walking (1993) by Sister Helen Prejean, and the 1995 film of the same name adapted from the book, referred to the murder of Faith Hathaway by Robert Lee Willie and Joseph Vaccaro, and their convictions. The murder took place at Fricke's Cave (now part of Bogue Chitto State Park).	2.015625
11666414	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20miner	Common miner	Distribution and habitat The subspecies of the common miner are found thus: G. c. juninensis: Andes of central Peru's departments of Junín and Huancavelica G. c. titicacae: Andes of southern Peru, Bolivia east to Cochabamba Department, northern Chile to the Tarapacá Region, and northwestern Argentina to Mendoza Province G. c. frobeni: Pacific slope of the Andes in southern Peru between Arequipa and Tacna departments G. c. georgei: coastal Peru's Ica and Arequipa departments G. c. deserticolor: coastally from Arequipa Department in Peru south to Chile's Atacama Region G. c. fissirostris: central Chile from coastal Atacama to Los Lagos regions and east to the Andean foothills G. c. contrerasi: Sierras Grandes in Argentina's Córdoba Province G. c. hellmayri: Andes of central Chile and southwestern Argentina (south of titicacae) G. c. cunicularia: lowlands of extreme southeastern Brazil, Uruguay, eastern Argentina, and southern Chile south to Tierra del Fuego Though the International Ornithological Committee includes Paraguay in the range of cunicularia, the South American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society has no records in that country. The common miner inhabits open landscapes including puna and temperate grasslands, arid lowland scrublands, and moister restinga scrublands. Most are flat to gently sloping and have sandy soils, short grass, and scattered rocks and shrubs. The species' distribution tends to be patchy. In elevation it ranges from sea level to . Behavior Movement The Andean subspecies of the common miner appear to be mostly year-round residents but make some movement downslope after the breeding season. G. c. hellmayri moves north after breeding. The southern subpopulation of the nominate G. c. cunicularia also moves north but the division between it and the resident more northerly subpopulation is unclear. Feeding	2.75
11666414	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20miner	Common miner	The common miner forages singly or in pairs. It gleans food from the ground while hopping, not walking. Its diet is mostly arthropods including adult and larval flies and beetles; seeds are a minor component. Breeding The common miner breeds in the austral summer, generally between September and December. It is thought to be monogamous. It excavates a horizontal tunnel with an enlarged chamber at the end in an earthen bank or slope, and pads the chamber with grass, hair, feathers, and other soft material. The clutch size is two or three eggs and both parents incubate them and provision the nestlings. Vocalization The common miner sings during a display flight. The nominate subspecies's song is two notes sounding like "ta whit-ta whit" and its flight call is "a nasal 'dee-dijer' or 'er?' ". The other subspecies sing "a loud, shrill...'de-dirr-rr-rrr' " and their flight calls are "a high-pitched 'keep' or rich, sweet 'pip' ". All subspecies make trilled notes as well. Status The IUCN has assessed the common miner as being of Least Concern. It has a very large range, but its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified. In habitats with light to moderate human disturbance it is considered common to locally abundant. It occurs in several protected areas. However, in southeastern Brazil coastal development may become a threat.	3.3125
11666429	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyne%20and%20Wear%20Archives	Tyne and Wear Archives	Tyne and Wear Archives (formerly known as Tyne and Wear Archives Service) is the record office for the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear, in North East England. Tyne and Wear Archives preserve documents relating to the area from the 12th to the 21st century. It is based in the former headquarters of the Co-operative Wholesale Society, which it shares with Discovery Museum in Newcastle upon Tyne. History The Archives Service was established in 1974 by Tyne and Wear County Council, drawing in the collections of the former Newcastle Archives Office, which closed. On the abolition of the county council in the local government reorganisation of 1986 Tyne and Wear Archives Service became a joint service of the five metropolitan districts, managed by Gateshead Council. Since 1976 Tyne and Wear Archives Service has been located at Blandford House, Newcastle upon Tyne, the former headquarters of the Co-operative Wholesale Society, which it shares with Discovery Museum. In April 2009 Tyne and Wear Archives Service merged with Tyne and Wear Museums to form Tyne & Wear Archives & Museums (TWAM). In July 2013 it was announced that the Archives' Shipyards collections were included on the UNESCO Memory of the World Register. UNESCO stated: 'The shipbuilding collections deposited at Tyne & Wear Archives are the major source of information on the many shipyards in the North-East of England that helped to shape the unique identity of the region and made shipbuilding one of the key economic activities on Tyneside and Wearside.... The records are strong in both breadth and depth, and no other archive in England and Wales appears to hold such a wide and comprehensive range of material.' In December 2013 The National Archives announced that Tyne and Wear Archives was amongst the first group of UK record offices to achieve Accredited Archive status.	2.484375
11666496	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarnate%20Word%20High%20School	Incarnate Word High School	The school expanded, and in 1950 enrollment necessitated a distinct high school building, constructed at the high school's current location of 727 E Hildebrand Ave, situated on the scenic hill known as Mount Erin. The $1 million building, planned for 750 students, consisted of classrooms, a residence hall to house 150 girls, and a gymnasium. 1961 saw Mount Erin Chapel built, repurposing the original chapel as the testing and academic center. In 1966 Incarnate Word had only one male teacher on staff, only its second male teacher up to then. In the early 1970s, the high school incorporated modular scheduling and built its science building, a new library, and swimming pool. In 1978, despite resistance from Sisters of Charity of the Incarnate Word and the San Antonio Conservation Society, the Texas Highway Department constructed US 281 through Incarnate Word school, separating the high school from the college, with the Sky Bridge connecting the campuses as the sisters stipulated. IWHS became part of the Brainpower Connection with Incarnate Word College (now the University of the Incarnate Word) in 1989. Incarnate Word's attendance was 590 in 2000, 550 in 2016, and 395 . The high school is managed independently from the University of the Incarnate Word since the beginning of 2020, and in December 2022 the school announced its first president as part of the new structure.	2.0625
11666507	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogel%20Rok	Vogel Rok	Vogel Rok ("Bird Roc" in English) is an enclosed roller coaster in the Efteling amusement park in the Netherlands. History and details The name of the ride, Vogel Rok, refers to the adventure of Sinbad and the Bird Roc from the 1001 Arabian Nights; the extensive theming covers, beside the ride, the building and the queue line. The building has as a frontage a giant colorful Roc, the largest bird in Europe, according to the Guinness Book of Records. In the opening year there weren’t a lot of effects in the ride, and the link between the story and the ride wasn’t very clear. Since then a Serpent’s mouth has been added at the end of the ride, which lights up as the train goes through it. There used to be a laser-light-show at the queue, but that has been removed. This was done because the lights were too low, and people would look at them, thereby damaging their eyes. A new queue line was constructed in 2007, which led to the old queue line being partially abandoned. More themed decorations were also added. Vogel Rok used to operate with three trains. Problems with the brakes in 2015 forced the ride to operate with two trains only. This issue was solved as part of a renovation in 2018. The ride Lasers project over the train as it climbs the lift-hill and seen to the left are four Rocs flying off. In a strong curve down leftwards the train dives towards the ground and several more curves bring the train through a tunnel of lasers. The train then falls into a helix and goes through a Serpent’s mouth, which lights up as the train passes through it. The last curve is decorated with fiber optic lights, portraying the diamond treasure. Apparent wind-effects stimulate the ride-experience. The ride has an onboard sound system with a synchronized soundtrack written by composer Ruud Bos, who also wrote the musical themes for Droomvlucht, Fata Morgana and Villa Volta.	2.015625
11666627	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lido%20Isle%2C%20Newport%20Beach	Lido Isle, Newport Beach	Lido Isle (mistakenly Lido Island) is a man-made island located in the harbor of Newport Beach, California. Surrounded by the city, Lido Isle was incorporated as part of Newport Beach in 1906. At that time it was part sandbar and part mudflat. There are no commercial facilities on the island other than a small snack bar open in the summer, and its only link to the city is a small bridge. The man-made island is solely residential with approximately 1,800 people living on the island. History The name Lido originated from the Lido di Venezia. In 1904 Henry Huntington became a partner with William Collins in the Newport Beach Company. In exchange for extending the Pacific Electric Railway to Newport Beach, Huntington received and a wide right-of-way for the railway. A mudflat was included in addition to the other land given Huntington. This mudflat became known as Electric Island, Pacific Electric Island, and finally Huntington Island. In 1923, Huntington Island was purchased from Pacific Electric by W. K. Parkinson for $45,000 (~$747,000 in 2022). Parkinson, a former conductor on the Pacific Electric, made his fortune from land investments when oil was discovered near Bakersfield. Parkinson spent more than a quarter-million dollars dredging the harbor and using the fill to raise the isle more than ten feet above the high tide line. The Griffith Company was hired to build seawalls, a bridge, piers and roads. The new development was one of the first master planned communities in California and was conceived to resemble a European resort. Parkinson envisioned the space as a resort similar to those in the Mediterranean. After dredging the island was renamed Lido Isle in homage to Lido di Venezia near Venice. Geography The island has one bridge providing access. The community was one of the first in Southern California to be built with underground utilities.	2.5625
11666644	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd%20Infantry%20Regiment%20%28United%20States%29	2nd Infantry Regiment (United States)	The 2nd Infantry Regiment is an infantry regiment in the United States Army that has served for more than two hundred years. It was constituted on 12 April 1808 as the 6th Infantry and consolidated with 4 other regiments in 1815 to form the present unit. Origin Although the original 2nd Infantry Regiment was constituted in March 1791 and fought in the Northwest Indian War and the War of 1812 at Fort Bowyer in Alabama its history and lineage is not a part of the present regiment. That regiment became part of the 1st Infantry through the consolidations of 1815. For the history about the original 2nd Infantry Regiment please refer to the page for the 1st Infantry Regiment At the end of the War of 1812, an act of Congress dated 3 March 1815 reduced the size of the Regular Army to a maximum of 10,000 men. Eight infantry regiments, one rifle regiment and an artillery regiment was formed from the remains of the 46 existing regiments, while the cavalry was eliminated. This was done with no regard for the traditions of the existing regiments. The old regiments which happened to be closest together were pooled to form new regiments and the numbers assigned the regiments were based on the seniority of the colonels commanding them.	2.6875
11666644	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd%20Infantry%20Regiment%20%28United%20States%29	2nd Infantry Regiment (United States)	First Indian War period In the ensuing years the regiment was primarily concerned with manning and constructing forts around the Great Lakes. When the Black Hawk War of 1832 erupted the 2nd Infantry was sent to Illinois but did not participate in any fighting. The regiment returned to its posts on the Great Lakes. During the Second Seminole War, from 1838 to 1842, the regiment was in Florida, where it was on the move daily, fighting and building roads and installations. In April 1840 with Colonel Brady attending to other duty assignments Lieutenant Colonel Bennett C. Riley assumed command of the regiment. Lieutenant Colonel Riley remained in command of the regiment until January 1850. In 1843 the regiment returned to its posts on Lakes Ontario and Champlain in upstate New York. War with Mexico When war broke out with Mexico in 1846, the 2nd Infantry Regiment was sent to Camargo, Mexico and joined General David E. Twiggs' Brigade. From September 1846 to December 1847 the regiment campaigned from the Rio Grande to Mexico City, fighting in battles at Veracruz, Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Churubusco, Moline del Rey and Chapultepec. Second Indian War period In September 1848 because of conflicts with the Indians in Oregon and California the regiment was sent west. The regiment sailed via Rio de Janeiro, Cape Horn and Santiago, Chile, to California. Between 1849 and 1853 the regiment was in California occupying stations from Goose Lake on the north to Fort Yuma on the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west and the Sierra Nevada Mountains on the east, scouting, providing protection for the '49ers and fighting throughout the entire area. The regiment returned to New York in 1853 only to be sent to the Western Plains where it constructed or reconstructed forts, built roads and scouted the hills and plains along the Missouri River as far west as Fort Kearny, Nebraska and Fort Laramie, Wyoming.	2.5625
11666644	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd%20Infantry%20Regiment%20%28United%20States%29	2nd Infantry Regiment (United States)	American Civil War During the Civil War the 2nd Infantry fought in the early Battle of Wilson's Creek in Missouri and the first Battle of Bull Run. The regiment was assigned to the Army of the Potomac and fought in engagements such as Manassas, Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg. By June 1864 the commissioned and enlisted strength of the regiment had reached such a low figure, less than 100 men, that at the request of the regimental commander the remaining enlisted men were transferred to Company C, and that company was given a full complement of officers and non-commissioned officers. From then until December 1864 the entire regiment consisted of just Company C. On 18 April 1869 the 2nd Infantry was consolidated with the 16th Infantry and the consolidated unit was designated as the 2nd Infantry. The 2nd Infantry bears nine battle honors from the Southern Campaign through its 1869 consolidation with the 16th Infantry. These honors were earned by the 16th Infantry: Atlanta, Chickamauga, Chattanooga, Georgia 1864, Kentucky 1862, Mississippi 1862, Murfreesboro, Shiloh, and Tennessee 1863 Third Indian War period From 1877 to 1886 the regiment was in Washington, Oregon and Idaho Territory campaigning against the Nez Perce, then the Bannocks and then a band of the Eastern Shoshones called the Sheepeaters. In 1886 it moved to Fort Omaha, Nebraska to help fight the Sioux. The 2nd Infantry was on the Pine Ridge Reservation on 29 December 1890 when the Wounded Knee Massacre occurred and, although the regiment was not involved, one officer from the regiment was wounded there. The regiment remained on the western plains until 1898.	2.421875
11666644	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd%20Infantry%20Regiment%20%28United%20States%29	2nd Infantry Regiment (United States)	On 16 October 1939, the regiment was relieved from the 6th Division and assigned to the 5th Division. It was transferred on 3 November 1939 to Fort McClellan, Alabama, on 1 June 1940 to Fort Wayne, and on 25 September 1940 to Fort Custer. In February 1942 the regiment was sent to Iceland to relieve United States Marines who were providing security for U.S. bases located there, and to load and unload supply ships. It was then sent to England and then Ireland for training. In July 1944 the 2nd Infantry Regiment landed in Normandy, France. It became part of General George Patton's Third United States Army, leading the way in the breakout from the beaches of Normandy in Operation Cobra, capturing Rheims and then seized Metz after a major battle at Fort Driant. When the Battle of the Bulge began the 2nd Infantry Regiment moved to the battle zone in the area of Nideranven, Luxembourg. In January 1945 the 2nd Infantry Regiment forced a crossing of the Sauer River and attacked into the Siegfried Line. The regiment then crossed the Rhine River near Oppenheim and secured the crossing for other Third Army units. The unit then spearheaded the attack into Czechoslovakia and was located near the town of Volary when the word came to cease all forward movement at 08:31 on 7 May 1945.	2.28125
11666644	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd%20Infantry%20Regiment%20%28United%20States%29	2nd Infantry Regiment (United States)	The 1st Battalion sustained its first major casualties of the war on 21 December 1965 when the enemy ambushed the command group of Company B as the company was moving out of Bien Hoa on routine patrol. On 25 August 1966 during Operation Amarillo a patrol from Company C, 1st Battalion was ambushed after stumbling into a Viet Cong base camp, losing 6 men killed of the 15-man patrol, total US losses in the operation were 41 killed, 45 Viet Cong bodies were found, while later intelligence indicated that Viet Cong losses were 171 men killed. The 2nd Battalion fought its first major battles at Ap Bau Bang on 12 November 1965 and Ap Nha Mat on 5 December 1965. Heavy losses were suffered at Ap Nha Mat and three soldiers are still listed as missing. During four and a half years the battalions were involved in major operations such as: Junction City, the largest operation conducted up to that time, Lam Son II, Paul Bunyan, Bù Đốp (aka Battle of Hill 172), An Lộc, and An Lộc II and numerous other operations and small unit actions. Contact with the enemy was almost daily. When the 1st Infantry Division stood down in March and April 1970 the 1st and 2nd Battalion's colors were cased and the soldiers were either reassigned to other units in Vietnam or returned to the United States to be discharged. Post-Vietnam War In early April 1970 an honor guard returned Fort Riley, Kansas with the 1st Division and its assigned unit's colors. At that time the 1st Battalion became a mechanized infantry battalion and remained active with the 1st Infantry Division until it was inactivated on 1 October 1983. On 15 April 1970 the 2nd Battalion was inactivated. On 21 March 1973 the 2nd Battalion was relieved from assignment to the 1st Infantry Division and reassigned to the 9th Infantry Division. It was activated at Fort Lewis, Washington with the reflagging of the 1st Battalion, 60th Infantry. In May 1991 the 2nd Battalion was inactivated and relieved from assignment to the 9th Infantry Division.	2.15625
11666720	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cove%20Point%20Light	Cove Point Light	The Cove Point Light is a lighthouse located on the west side of Chesapeake Bay in Calvert County, Maryland. History This light was built in 1828 by John Donahoo, who erected a brick conical tower along the plan he had used at several other sites in the Bay. In 1825 Congress had allocated funds to build a light at Cedar Point, four miles south at the mouth of the Patuxent River, but further consideration led to a decision to mark Cove Point and the shoal which jutted into the bay. A new appropriation in 1828 allowed construction of the light and keeper's house in the same year. The original Argand lamps were replaced in 1855 with a fifth-order Fresnel lens; this in turn was upgraded to a fourth-order lens in 1857. A fog bell added in 1837 was moved several times and was mounted on both wood and iron towers before ending up on the roof of a wooden shed built in 1902 to house a foghorn. The foghorn equipment was moved in 1950 to a separate brick building, but the fog bell remains on the shed. Erosion was a significant problem, but was eventually brought under control through a seawall initially constructed in 1892 and upgraded in 1913 and 1993. The keeper's house was enlarged in 1881 when it was converted to a duplex with housing for two keepers and their families. and again in 1925 when inside kitchens were installed. In 1950 a separate small house was built as home to a third keeper and his family. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 as Cove Point Lighthouse. The keepers remained until 1986 when the light was finally automated. The light was in good condition, with much equipment remaining from prior years, when it was turned over to Calvert County in 2000. Since then it has been administered by the Calvert Marine Museum, which allows access to the light and grounds in the summer months. Cove Point remains an active aid to navigation and is the oldest continuously operating lighthouse on the Chesapeake Bay.	2.28125
11666730	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry%20Dock%20Offices	Barry Dock Offices	Barry Docks Offices is a council building in Barry, Vale of Glamorgan in south-east Wales. It is prominently sited, overlooking the docks to the south, below the town and on a level site near Castleland Point, a promontory within Dock View Road. Barry Docks railway station is adjacent to the building and to its rear. History and architecture The offices were constructed between 1897 and 1900 and bear the date 1898. The development was part of the industrialist David Davies's scheme for Barry Docks and was intended to regulate the substantial coal exporting trade which had grown to world prominence in the town. The building cost £59,000. and is constructed of red brick with Portland stone dressing. The architect was Arthur E. Bell who was the son of the resident engineer of the Barry Dock and Railway Company. The building is in Baroque revival style, based on the work of Sir Christopher Wren. The building is a massive block, eleven bays by seven, with giant pilasters of the composite order above the ground floor, slightly projecting their bay centre, with a triangular pediment above on paired pilasters. The central tower consists of a clock tower with a cupola above. The design of the central doorway in a concave surround, imitates Wren's design for St Mary-le-Bow. The Dock Offices were badly damaged by fire in 1984 but were later restored by Associated British Ports and now house the part of Vale of Glamorgan Council dealing with building construction and new civil engineering projects. The statue of David Davies, the man responsible for the building of the docks, stands in front of the offices. It is a Grade II* listed building. Gallery	2.015625
11666786	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20History%20of%20Sandford%20and%20Merton	The History of Sandford and Merton	Overview Despite its title, The History of Sandford and Merton is not a "history" in the modern sense but rather an assemblage of stories Day both wrote himself and extracted from a multitude of sources that is only nominally held together by a thread narrative. The "history of Sandford and Merton" follows the reformation of Tommy Merton who is transformed from a spoiled six-year-old boy into a virtuous gentleman (Day defines virtue as the appreciation of the value of labour). Tommy, having been pampered and indulged by his mother and their slaves in the West Indies, is a proud and ignorant aristocrat; he lacks the sterling qualities of "plain, honest" Henry (Harry) Sandford, the yeoman farmer's son, who becomes his model and mentor in the book. Both are guided by a mentor, Mr. Barlow. Day wanted to emphasize the series of stories he had collected, which ranged from moral tales to scientific lessons to fables, but the book became famous for the story of Tommy and Harry. Many abridgements which appeared after Day's death reflect this interest; they condense the book, remove sections on educational philosophy and highlight the relationship between the two boys. One, for example, was by Lucy Aikin in 1868 as Sandford and Merton: In Words of One Syllable. The text embodies many of the educational and philosophical tenets espoused by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, whom Day admired greatly. Sandford and Merton was his way of presenting Rousseau's philosophy to British children in the form of fiction. Harry, the farmer's son, "is the personification of Rousseau's ideas... He abjures the decadence of modern life... To the surprise of Tommy Merton and his parents, Harry is unimpressed, and even critical, of their luxuries, their fine food, their many possessions, preferring his own uncomplicated life of hard work, active virtue and simple pleasures." Over the course of the narrative, Tommy comes to appreciate and adopt these values as well.	3.03125
11666807	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naz%20Ikramullah	Naz Ikramullah	Naz Ikramullah Ashraf (née Naz Ikramullah) is a British-Canadian artist and film producer of Pakistani-Bengali origin. Background Ikramullah was born in London, England to a Muslim family. Her father, Mohammed Ikramullah, later became the first Foreign Secretary of Pakistan and her Bengali mother, Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah, was one of the first Muslim women to become a politician and diplomat in the Indian Subcontinent. Her mother, who later served as a Delegate to the United Nations and an Ambassador to Morocco, was a member of the Suhrawardy family of Calcutta, India. She became a Mohajir by moving to West Pakistan, though many of her prominent relatives remained in India and others remained in what would become Bangladesh. Amongst her relatives she could count Mohammad Hidayatullah, Vice President and Chief Justice of India and Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy, Premier of Bengal and Prime Minister of Pakistan. Her siblings include a brother and two sisters: Inam Ikramullah, Salma Sobhan and Princess Sarvath El Hassan of Jordan. She settled in Canada in the 1970s and was married to the prominent Canadian Urdu short story writer and novelist, Syed Moin Ashraf, until he died in 2003. He claimed to have descended from the Sufi Saint Ashraf Jahangir Semnani and some of his stories include Fatherhood and Reborn. Together, they have a daughter named Aamna. Education Ikramullah was trained as an artist at the Byam Shaw School of Art (BFA) and later specialized in lithography at the Slade School of Fine Art in London. Career Ikramullah designed and wrote a filmstrip for the NFB film Making Faces, which won the First Prize for Art Education in Oakland, California in 1989. She also completed a film regarding the cultural life of Muslim women of the Indian Subcontinent. She teaches painting and printmaking at the Ottawa School of Art.	2.28125
11666807	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naz%20Ikramullah	Naz Ikramullah	In a review of Ikramullah's 1994 solo exhibition, Nancy Baele of the Ottawa Citizen wrote that "Her paintings and prints...reflect her view that Canada fosters an interior life, Karachi an exterior one. She merges the two through collage, a layered look and the compositional constants of architectural arches and cloaked figures to create an emotional tone of dream-like reverie." In Art India, Pakistani art critic Quddus Mirza describes Ikramullah as belonging to a wave of Pakistani diasporic artists. Her prints and collages are in the Library of Congress, the National Gallery of Jordan and the Cartwright Gallery in Bradford, among others. In 2014, Ikramullah published a book (with accompanying DVD) about interconnections between Hindu and Muslim cultures called Ganga Jamuni, Silver and Gold: A Forgotten Culture (Toronto: Bayeux Arts, Inc; Dhaka: Bengal Publications, 2013). One reviewer described how Ikramullah's "Westernised education but Ganga-Jamuni moorings helped her in appreciating music, fine arts and the traditional embroidery and designs on clothes."	2.03125
11666813	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine%20Kennicott%20Davis	Katherine Kennicott Davis	Katherine Kennicott Davis (June 25, 1892 – April 20, 1980) was an American composer, pianist, arranger, and teacher, whose most well-known composition is the Christmas song "Carol of the Drum," later known as "The Little Drummer Boy". Life and career Davis was born in St. Joseph, Missouri, on June 25, 1892 to Maxwell Gaddis Davis and Jesse Foote Barton. She composed her first piece of music, "Shadow March," at the age of 15. She graduated from St. Joseph High School in 1910, and studied music at Wellesley College in Massachusetts. In 1914 she won the college's Billings Prize. After graduation she continued at Wellesley as an assistant in the Music Department, teaching music theory and piano. At the same time she studied at the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston. Davis also studied with Nadia Boulanger in Paris. She taught music at the Concord Academy in Concord, Massachusetts, and at the Shady Hill School for Girls in Philadelphia. She became a member of ASCAP in 1941. and was granted an honorary doctorate from Stetson University, in DeLand, Florida. Davis continued writing music until she became ill in the winter of 1979–1980. She died on April 20, 1980, at the age of 87, in Littleton, Massachusetts. She left all of the royalties and proceeds from her compositions, which include operas, choruses, children's operettas, cantatas, piano and organ pieces, and songs, to Wellesley College's Music Department. These funds are used to support students studying performance. Music Many of her over 600 compositions were written for the choirs at her school. She was actively involved in The Concord Series, multiple-volume set of music and books for educational purposes. Many of the musical volumes were compiled, arranged, and edited by Davis with Archibald T. Davison, and they were published by E.C. Schirmer in Boston.	2.1875
11666877	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SciBooNE	SciBooNE	SciBar Booster Neutrino Experiment (SciBooNE) was a neutrino experiment located at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) in the USA. It observed neutrinos of the Fermilab Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB) that are produced when protons from the Fermilab Booster-accelerator were made to hit a beryllium target; this led to the production of many short-lived particles that decayed into neutrinos. The SciBooNE detector was located some 100 meters downrange from the beryllium target, with a 50 meter decay-volume (where the particle decay into neutrinos) and absorber combined with 50 meters of solid ground between the target and the detector to absorb other particles than neutrinos. The neutrino-beam continued through SciBooNE and ground to the MiniBooNE-detector, located some 540 meters downrange from the target. SciBooNE was designed to make precise measurements of neutrino and antineutrino cross-sections on carbon and iron nuclei, and combine with MiniBooNE to improve neutrino oscillation searches for sterile neutrinos. The cross section measurements have been used by the T2K experiment which began running in Japan in 2009. The SciBooNE detector had three subsystems: SciBar, the EC (electron catcher) and the MRD (muon range detector). They can be seen in the event display of SciBooNE's first neutrino event. Many of the components of SciBooNE were recycled from other experiments; thus the budget of SciBooNE was as low as 1.2 million dollars.	2.578125
11666936	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug%20Owram	Doug Owram	Owram was the recipient of a University of Alberta McCalla Professorship in 1989, and was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1990. He received the J. Gordin Kaplan Award for Research Excellence in 1995. Author The author of several books, Owram's more recent titles include Born at the Right Time: A History of the Baby Boom Generation (University of Toronto Press, 1996) and Promise of Eden: the Canadian Expansionist Movement and the Idea of the West 1856-1900 (University of Toronto Press, 1980 and 1992). Recent publications include a piece on Canada for the Oxford History of the British Empire and a paper on NAFTA. In 2013 he wrote an historiographic introduction to a new edition of Carl Berger's The Sense of Power (pp. xi-xviii). (University of Toronto Press, 2013) Promise of Eden Promise of Eden is a 1980 book by Doug Owram, examining the Canadian expansionist movement between the years 1856 and 1900. The book was published by the University of Toronto Press, and was based on work Owram had done for his doctoral dissertation at the University of Toronto. Owram sets out to study how the idea of the Canadian West evolved in the minds of central Canadians. He traces conceptions of Rupert's Land from a barren wasteland to an area that was ripe for settlement and offered the best, and sometimes only, hope of prosperity and redemption for the Canadian nation. Particular emphasis is given to the Red River Rebellion and its effects on the perception of the West and how indicative it was of burgeoning Western alienation. The book continues by examining the re-evaluation of the suitability of the region for agriculture and settlement. Also noted is the desire of central Canadian expansionists to foster the emergence of a 'British' moral character on the prairies. Owram elaborates on the problematics associated with settling Palliser's Triangle and the work of John Macoun; an individual whose interpretation of the Triangle caused many hardships for future settlers.	2.015625
11666945	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St.%20Anthony%20Catholic%20High%20School	St. Anthony Catholic High School	St. Anthony Catholic High School is a private, Roman Catholic high school located in the Monte Vista Historic District in Midtown San Antonio, Texas, United States. It is located in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of San Antonio. History St. Anthony Catholic High School was founded in 1903 by the Oblates of Mary Immaculate as a junior seminary. In 1995, the University of the Incarnate Word assumed management of St. Anthony and formed St. Anthony Catholic High School for boys; from this point on, the school would no longer remain a seminary. In 2002 the school announced that it would become coeducational in the 2003–2004 school year. The school began accepting applications from girls in 2003. St. Anthony Catholic High School focuses on an integrated curriculum of academics, athletics, Christian services, community activities and spirituality, with the goal of preparing graduates for a life of Christian service. St. Anthony Catholic High School also offers admission to international students in grades 9–12. Accreditation and membership St. Anthony Catholic High School is accredited by the Texas Private Schools Association and is a member of the College Board, Texas Association of Private and Parochial Schools (TAPPS), National Catholic Educators Association (NCEA) and the Texas Catholic Conference Education Department (TCCED). Academic offerings St. Anthony is a college-preparatory institution offering a variety of courses, including Pre-Advanced Placement (PAP), Advanced Placement (AP) and dual credit courses through the University of the Incarnate Word Senior Connection program. In addition to the standard core curricular courses offered in the disciplines of English, mathematics, science and social studies, St. Anthony students may choose from over 18 elective courses to complete the 27.5 credit requirement. Offerings include Texas Education Agency endorsements in Arts & Humanities, Business and Industry, Multidisciplinary Studies, Public Service and STEM. The Brainpower Connection	2.046875
11666985	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra%20Leone%20River	Sierra Leone River	The Sierra Leone River is a river estuary on the Atlantic Ocean in Western Sierra Leone. It is formed by the Bankasoka River and Rokel River and is between 4 and 10 miles wide (6–16 km) and 25 miles (40 km) long. It holds the major ports of Queen Elizabeth II Quay and Pepel. The estuary is also important for shipping. It is the largest natural harbour in the African continent. Several islands, including Tasso Island (the largest), Tombo Island, and the historically important Bunce Island, are located in the estuary. Lungi International Airport The river separates Freetown, Sierra Leone's capital city, which is on the south side of the harbor, from the country's principal airport, Lungi International Airport, which is on the north side of the harbor in an area called the "Bullom Shore." The primary means of transportation from the airport to Freetown are by speed boat or ferry. Hovercraft and helicopter services are no longer running. Ecology The of the Sierra Leone River estuary is classified as a wetland of international importance Ramsar Convention in the west of Sierra Leone. The area is mainly mangrove swamps but also includes tidal freshwater swamp forests. The site has also been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports significant populations of Eurasian oystercatchers, curlew sandpipers and hooded vultures.	2.84375
11667004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Fulton%20%28sport%20shooter%29	Arthur Fulton (sport shooter)	Arthur George Fulton (16 September 1887 – 26 January 1972) was a British sport shooter who competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics and 1912 Summer Olympics. He was the first person to win the prestigious King's Prize at Bisley three times, a record not matched until 1996 – over twenty years after his death. At the 1908 Olympics, Fulton won a silver medal in the team military rifle event. Four years later, he won the silver medal in the team military rifle event, was sixth in the 300 metre military rifle, three positions event and placed ninth in the 600 metre free rifle event. He won his first King's Prize in 1912, and placed second in the same competition in 1914. During the First World War, he served as a machine-gunner and sniper, and was awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal (DCM) for gallantry. For most of his life, he worked in the armourer's shop established by his father, George Edmonton Fulton, at Bisley Camp, the centre of British rifle shooting. Fulton won the King's Prize again in 1926 and in 1931. During the Second World War, he served as an officer in the Home Guard. He was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in 1959 for services to shooting. On his death, he was described in the shooting press as "the most famous rifle shot the world has ever known". Early life Arthur George Fulton was the second child of Isabella Savage and her husband, the wood-engraver and noted marksman George Edmonton Fulton. He was born on 16 September 1887 in their house at 57 Rosenau Road, Battersea, London. Arthur's elder sister, Ethel, had been born in 1886. The year after Arthur was born, George Fulton, a soldier then in the Middlesex Regiment of the part-time Volunteer Force, won the Queen's Prize, the most prestigious trophy in British rifle shooting. He subsequently used the prize money he had earned from shooting to establish an armourer's shop in Wandsworth around the year 1895.	2.421875
11667004	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Fulton%20%28sport%20shooter%29	Arthur Fulton (sport shooter)	Fulton was rapidly promoted to sergeant and initially served as a machine-gunner, but subsequently became a sniper. In this capacity, he was awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal, Britain's second-highest military award for gallantry, and is generally considered to have made around 130 kills. His biographer, Tony Rennick, writes that Fulton was often "borrowed" by other regiments on account of his sniping skills. He married his wife, Madge, in 1916. He was recalled from active service to work alongside other pre-war target shooters with John Herschel Hardcastle, an officer of the Royal Artillery conducting experiments in ballistics and rifle design at the Royal Arsenal in Woolwich, London. By the war's end, Fulton had received the 1914 Star, the British War Medal and the Victory Medal. His younger brother, Frank Laurence Fulton, died of wounds at Karasouli (now Polykastro) in Greece on 17 March 1917, after being hit by mortar fire during a failed offensive towards the Vardar river. Later life In 1920, Fulton won the first stage of the King's Prize. He worked for most of his life in the shop his father had established; he became a partner in the business in 1923. He went on to repeat his King's win in 1926, after scoring 272 points out of 300 and winning a four-way tie shoot – the first time the match had ever been tied between so many people. This made him the fourth shooter to win the Sovereign's Prize twice, and the first to have won all three of its constituent stages. By this point he had competed in fourteen Sovereign's Prize finals.	2.546875
11667034	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozef%20Rulof	Jozef Rulof	Josephus Gerhardus Rulof (February 20, 1898 – November 3, 1952) was a Dutch author who was known as a self-proclaimed psychic and trance medium or spirit medium. He wrote about thirty books about life, death, and the hereafter. Rulof claimed to be the greatest medium ever, and that nobody would ever surpass him. The next great medium would be the "Direct Voice Apparatus" (DVA), a technical device that would enable people to communicate directly with the spirit world. The DVA would be based on another device to make all diseases disappear. He claimed he was under the control of two guides: master Alcar and master Zelanus. Tenets of his teachings There is no death The most important point in the teachings of Jozef Rulof is that there is no death. A human dies when the silver cord, which connects the physical body with the spiritual body, breaks. The spirit then leaves its body and goes back to the world of the unconscious awaiting a new birth, or it goes to a sphere of darkness or a sphere of light, depending on the spiritual attunement of that person. Suicide Rulof believed that each human has a certain time to live. When someone commits suicide, they only lose day-consciousness. The silver cord does not break and the suicide remains in the material body. They then experience the body's rotting. According to Rulof, this pain cannot be compared with any torture on earth. When the body is rotted completely and the skeleton becomes visible, the person walks in an empty world and only sees and hears themselves. When the actual time of death has come, the spirit goes back to the world of the unconscious, or it goes to one of the spheres. For example, when someone commits suicide at the age of 35, and that person had to become 85 years old, they must dwell in an empty world for 50 years. The book The Cycle of the Soul tells the story of Lantos and what he experiences when he commits suicide. Cremation	2.21875
11667034	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jozef%20Rulof	Jozef Rulof	Jozef Rulof rejects cremation. It would cause a shock and an unbearable suffering for the dead. Persons attuned to a sphere of light will not suffer much, but persons attuned to a sphere of darkness will burn spiritually. Persons going back to the world of the unconscious awaiting a new birth will not feel anything. In the book A View into the Hereafter, there is a story about someone who committed suicide and what he experiences when he is being cremated. Karma and 'Cause and Effect' A person creates karma when someone commits murder. In a next life, the murderer is born as a woman and gives birth to the one who was murdered. This way, the murderer gets a chance to make it up. Cause and Effect means what you do to another, you do to yourself. According to Rulof, this Cause and Effect can be seen primarily in marriage. One could say that if the man wears the pants, the woman has to make good to him and if the woman wears the pants, the man has to make good to her. Body, spirit and soul The human spirit consists of a tenuous, spiritual substance and looks the same as the physical body. The soul is a piece of pure All-Source, a propelling force which forces man to evolution. The spirit is connected with the physical body by means of a silver cord, which works like a rubber band. Thoughts are sent via this cord through the solar plexus to the brain, where they are intercepted and analyzed further. The brain acts only as some kind of resistor, not as a memory. Twin souls	2.234375
11667051	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidebar%20%28computing%29	Sidebar (computing)	The sidebar is a graphical control element that displays various forms of information to the right or left side of an application window or operating system desktop. Examples of the sidebar can be seen in the Opera web browser, Apache web OpenOffice, LibreOffice, SoftMaker Presentations and File Explorer; in each case, the app exposes various functionalities via the sidebar. Overview Sidebars have originated in desktop apps, which are designed for rectangular screens with longer horizontal sides. Like toolbars and status bars, sidebars host both information and GUI widgets with which the user issues commands to the app. Unlike toolbars and status bars, sidebars have larger surface areas because of horizontally longer layout of desktop apps. Sidebars may use accordions to organize widgets and accommodate a larger layout than the visible surface area. Widgets In a number of Widget engines, one is able to install applets which can reside on a sidebar. Notable examples include: Windows Sidebar, part of Windows Vista only Google Desktop Drawers Early versions of Mac OS X's Aqua UI supported a sidebar concept called drawers, which pop outside the application window frame rather than expand from the inside like most application sidebars, are used. Despite criticism, third-party applications like Transmit, OmniWeb, Shiira and BBEdit quickly adopted drawers. The standard email client, Mail, used drawers for listing mailboxes prior to 10.4 ("Tiger"), when they were replaced by a traditional sidebar. A number of other Apple-created applications and third-party applications have replaced drawers with a sidebar, or re-designed the interface to make a sidebar/drawer unnecessary. Apple's Human Interface Guidelines now recommend against their use. Formerly drawer-heavy apps, like iCal and Adium, now contain no drawers at all, and instead display an optional sidebar within the main window.	2.515625
11667054	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Richardson	Philip Richardson	Sir Philip Wigham Richardson, 1st Baronet, (26 January 1865 – 23 November 1953) was a British sport shooter and Conservative politician. He was the first son of John Wigham Richardson, the shipbuilder from Newcastle upon Tyne. He also competed at the 1908 Summer Olympics and the 1912 Summer Olympics. Biography Richardson was born on 26 January 1865 in Newcastle upon Tyne, the eldest son of shipbuilder John Wigham Richardson. He was educated at Rugby School and King's College, Cambridge. He joined the shipbuilding company his father had founded on Tyneside in 1859. He was made a director in 1891 and continued to be a director after the amalgamation of his company with C. S. Swan and Hunter, Ltd., to form the shipbuilding and engineering company of Swan, Hunter and Wigham Richardson. During his association with the company, he travelled extensively in search of orders. He continued to serve as a director after he retired from the company's chairmanship, a position he occupied from 1945 to 1949. He married Rosa América Colorado from Cuba in 1891, with whom he had three children: John Edward Colorado Richardson (1892), William Wigham Richardson (1893), and George Wigham Richardson (1895). He divorced his first wife in 1897. In 1909, he married Bertha Anne Greenley, with whom he had one daughter, Irene Geraldine Wigham. Richardson competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics and 1912 Summer Olympics. In the 1908 Olympics he won a silver medal in the team military rifle event. Four years later, he was 65th in the 300 metre military rifle, three positions event and 33rd in the 600 metre free rifle event. Appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1919, he was knighted in 1921. Richardson was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Chertsey at a by-election in March 1922 and held the seat until he retired from the House of Commons at the 1931 general election. On 26 July 1929 he was created a Baronet, of Weybridge in the County of Surrey.	2.203125
11667073	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20city%20parks%20of%20Erie%2C%20Pennsylvania	List of city parks of Erie, Pennsylvania	Friendship Park is an urban park located north of East 14th Street near Reed Street, where a woodchip path and some yellow paint mask the railroad tracks that once led to a coal yard on the property. The signed park, which contains flower gardens and several tall birdhouses to attract song birds, has a smart split-rail fence surrounding the property and a number of park benches from which to enjoy the scene. A community project, the park was developed as part of the US government's Community Capacity Development Office's Weed and Seed program. Frontier Park is one of the more significant of Erie's city parks, with many recreational and educational uses. The park is located on of land along the west side of the Bayfront Parkway between West 6th Street and West 8th Street in the Frontier neighborhood in northwestern Erie. This community park was developed in 1974. Half a dozen fields are available for children's soccer leagues, picnicking, and other activities. Six lit tennis courts and a children's playground are enjoyed along West 6th Street, where off-street parking holds approximately two dozen vehicles. Paved walks make a circuit of the park and include two crossings of the west branch of Cascade Creek. Joggers, bikers, and pedestrians on these paths can explore both flat and hilly terrain, lawn areas and reedy swamps, and a deep woods tree canopy and open spaces. A bike path connects Frontier Park to the Bayfront bikeway. Plans are afoot for an ice rink.	2.109375
11667073	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20city%20parks%20of%20Erie%2C%20Pennsylvania	List of city parks of Erie, Pennsylvania	The city was cited in 1990 and again in 1997 for dumping road sweeper waste on the property, in violation of the Project 70 Act, so an ordinance was added to the city code in 1997 prohibiting same. While the city no longer dumps in the park, some city residents use the park margins instead of city services to dispose of yard debris and old Christmas trees. In 2015, major renovations came to McClelland Park by adding a parking lot and turned the old gravel pit into a dog park. In 2016, nature trails were added and repaired as well as labeled more clearly. Then in 2020, a playground was added near the entrance of the park. In May, 2021, The City of Erie announced for more renovations to be added to McClelland Park. The road that enters the park was renamed to McClelland Park Road and was also paved with tar, as it used to be a dirt road. More parking spaces were added as well as there is plans to add more trails and a boardwalk that goes over McDannell Run. The city also plans to add more picnic areas as well as more paved trails to connect to the east side roads off of Bird Drive in the Eastlawn Hills neighborhood of Erie.	1.945313
11667140	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atonement%20Academy	Atonement Academy	The Atonement Academy is a parochial, Catholic school in the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter in San Antonio, Texas. It is a part of Our Lady of the Atonement Catholic parish, the first parish for the Anglican Use liturgy with the Catholic Church, and was opened on August 15, 1994. The college preparatory school curriculum was inaugurated in 2004, the first seniors graduating in 2008. The school seal is the pelican. The student population for the 2011–2012 school year totaled approximately 550 students. The church and school building The sanctuary is of the traditional style with a central nave leading to an East-facing altar. It is decorated with many meaningful symbols of the Catholic faith, especially the fish net-like matrix that covers the entire ceiling, which symbolizes the Christian church's role in evangelization. The school building abuts the church and is centered around the library. The gymnasium completes the structure on the opposite side of the school building from the church. The exterior walls of the complex are styled to resemble a medieval castle. Curriculum The minimum requirements for high school graduation are established by the Texas Catholic Conference Education Department. A college prep diploma in the Catholic schools of Texas requires three years of a foreign language, and all three years must be in the same language. Additionally, beginning in the 2010–2011 school year, a "four by four" policy has been implemented, mandating four years of math and science at the high school level. The Atonement Academy offers a wide variety of classes including grammar and literature, science, Texas, U.S., and World history, U.S. government, and economics. AP courses are available to the juniors and seniors in areas such as American Literature, World Literature, American Government, American History, Biology, Statistics, and Calculus. For the languages, Latin is offered in the elementary, middle and high school grades.	2.40625
11667150	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geositta	Geositta	Geositta is a genus of passerine birds in the ovenbird family, Furnariidae. They are known as miners (not to be confused with the unrelated miners, Manorina, of Australia) due to the tunnels they dig for nesting. There are 11 species including the campo miner (Geositta poeciloptera) which was formerly classified in a genus of its own, Geobates. They inhabit open country in South America, particularly the Andean and Patagonian regions. They are ground-dwelling birds, somewhat resembling the larks and wheatears of other continents. They are mostly drab brown in coloration and often have a fairly long and slender bill. Taxonomy The genus Geositta was introduced in 1837 by the English naturalist William Swainson to accommodate a single species, Geositta anthoides which is therefore the type species by monotypy. Swainson formally described the type species in the following year in his Animals in Menageries. The name Geositta anthoides is considered as a junior synonym of Alauda fissirostris which had been described in 1835 by the German naturalist Heinrich von Kittlitz. The taxon is now treated as a subspecies of the common miner with the trinomial name Geositta cunicularia fissirostris. The genus name Geositta combines the Ancient Greek γεω-/geō- meaning "ground-" or "earth-" with the genus Sitta that had been introduced for the Eurasian nuthatch in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus. The following cladogram showing the relationship between the species is based on a large molecular phylogenetic study of the suboscines by Michael Harvey and collaborators that was published in 2020. Species list The genus contains 11 species:	2.875
11667185	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustache%20de%20Refuge	Eustache de Refuge	Eustache de Refuge (1564 - September 1617), seigneur de Précy et de Courcelles, was an Early Modern French courtier, statesman and author. Biography De Refuge was born into a family of Breton origin that asserted a noble ancestry reaching back to the 14th century. His father was a member of both the Parlement of Brittany and the Parlement of Paris, and his mother and stepmother were both daughters of members of the Parlement of Paris. He studied law at Bourges and graduated in 1586. In 1592 he acquired a position as a Conseiller of the Parlement of Paris as part of the loyalist majority in Tours. In 1595, de Refuge married Helène de Bellièvre, the widowed daughter of Pomponne de Bellièvre, a retired diplomat and administrator who had served as the king's representative in Lyon. De Bellièvre was called out of retirement to serve as the Chancellor of France for Henri IV in 1599, a position that he held until his death in 1607. His patronage was therefore of great value to Eustache de Refuge during his career, particularly during his years in Lyon. In 1597, de Refuge was dispatched by de Bellièvre for two years to report on financial irregularities in Montpellier. On his return, he was sent to Guyenne to see to the implementation of the Edict of Nantes. He was also sent on the king's business to Lyonnais, Dauphiné and Provence. In 1599 he lost out in a competition to become Lieutenant General of Toulouse to a young man "who had the great merit of contributing 7000-8000 écus" to secure it. In 1600, however, he was promoted to Maître des requêtes: an acknowledged stepping-stone to career advancement in the administrative hierarchy. In 1601 he was again promoted, this time to Intendant at Lyon. His mandate focused primarily on improving local finances, maintaining law and order in the region, and seeing to the application of the Treaty of Lyon between France and Savoy.	1.9375
11667185	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustache%20de%20Refuge	Eustache de Refuge	Extracts from the Treatise on the Court: Many good pilots have been lost at sea despite their knowledge and experience of navigation, whereas others less knowledgeable, with neither astrolabe nor compass, have successfully completed many a long and perilous voyage. This doesn't lead us to conclude, though, that we should just throw ourselves to the mercy of the winds without skill, science or compass. A courtier must be careful to avoid giving counsel the outcome of which may be doubtful or dangerous. If the project is a success the prince will take the credit, while if it is not the advisor will take the blame. Though the desire for vengeance is always very violent, fear will drive an adversary to oppose you with even greater passion. For this reason, it is far harder to divert someone who is driven by fear than someone who is driven by hatred. It's a common trick at court to stick your leg out and trip someone so that later you can help them to their feet, and thereby earn their gratitude and bind them to you. Avarice is just as odious as cruelty to the common people, but they will endure it longer because of the excuse of public need which is usually used to justify increased taxes and reduced public expenditures. Many hold that it's better to be indebted to your leader than to have your leader indebted to you. A prince is better disposed towards those he has helped, and believes have good reason to think well of him, than towards those for whom he's done little or nothing. Book two of the Treatise was a bestseller for a century after its publication, with over thirty editions in French, English, Italian, German, and Latin.	2.09375
11667230	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Tiddler%27s%20Ground	Tom Tiddler's Ground	Tom Tiddler's ground, also known as Tom Tidler's ground or Tommy Tiddler's ground, is a longstanding children's game. One player, "Tom Tiddler", stands on a heap of stones, gravel, etc. Other players rush onto the heap, crying "Here I am on Tom Tiddler's ground, picking up gold and silver," while Tom tries to capture, or in other versions, expel the invaders. By extension the phrase has come to mean the ground or tenement of a sluggard, or of one easily outwitted; or to mean any place where money is picked up and acquired readily. The essence of the game lives on in more modern versions such as steal the bacon and variants of tag. In literature "Tom Tiddler's Ground" is the title of an 1861 set of short stories by Charles Dickens, Wilkie Collins, Charles Allston Collins, Amelia Edwards and John Harwood, published in All the Year Round. The phrase "Tom Tiddler's ground" also appears in Dickens's novels Nicholas Nickleby, David Copperfield and Dombey and Son. M. R. James quotes a passage from this set as the preface for his "Rats" horror short story published in 1931. Tom Tiddler's Ground is also the title of an 1886 memoir by Florence Marryat. It is the title of a 1931 poem and it appears in a 1931 anthology of children's poetry edited by Walter de la Mare, who also wrote a short story titled "Miss Duveen". It's also the title of a 1934 novel by Edward Shanks. E. F. Benson mentions "Tom Tiddler's ground" in his 1935 novel The Worshipful Lucia. Nancy Mitford in The Pursuit of Love (1949) writes, "Their life with Uncle Matthew was a sort of perpetual Tom Tiddler's ground." The phrase is also the name for a piece of waste land in the 1962 children's novel No One Must Know by Barbara Sleigh. The gold and silver coins in chapter 16 of C. S. Forester's Hornblower and the Atropos are said to be on Tom Tiddler's Ground. In Agatha Christie's novel, The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side (1962), William Tiddler, a police sergeant who assists Chief Inspector Craddock, is referred to by locals as "Tom Tiddler".	2.25
11667289	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfhemoglobinemia	Sulfhemoglobinemia	Sulfhemoglobinemia is a rare condition in which there is excess sulfhemoglobin (SulfHb) in the blood. The pigment is a greenish derivative of hemoglobin which cannot be converted back to normal, functional hemoglobin. It causes cyanosis even at low blood levels. It is a rare blood condition in which the β-pyrrole ring of the hemoglobin molecule has the ability to bind irreversibly to any substance containing a sulfur atom. When hydrogen sulfide (H2S) (or sulfide ions) and ferrous ions combine in the heme of hemoglobin, the blood is thus incapable of transporting oxygen to the tissues. Presentation Symptoms include a blueish or greenish coloration of the blood (cyanosis), skin, and mucous membranes, even though a blood count test may not show any abnormalities in the blood. This discoloration is caused by greater than 5 grams per cent of deoxyhemoglobin, or 1.5 grams per cent of methemoglobin, or 0.5 grams per cent of sulfhemoglobin, all serious medical abnormalities. Causes Sulfhemoglobinemia is usually drug induced, with drugs associated with it including sulphonamides, such as sulfasalazine or sumatriptan. Another possible cause is occupational exposure to sulfur compounds. It can also be caused by phenazopyridine. Diagnosis Treatment The condition generally resolves itself with erythrocyte (red blood cell) turnover, although blood transfusions can be necessary in extreme cases.	2.578125
11667297	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demas%20Nwoko	Demas Nwoko	Demas Nwoko (born 1935) is a Nigerian artist, protean designer, architect and master builder. As an artist, he strives to incorporate modern techniques in architecture and stage design to enunciate African subject matter in most of his works. In the 1960s, he was a member of the Mbari club of Ibadan, a committee of burgeoning Nigerian and foreign artists. He was also a lecturer at the University of Ibadan. In the 1970s, he was the publisher of the now defunct New Culture magazine. Nwoko, sees design as an ingenuous activity that carries with it a focus on social responsibility for positive influences in the environment and culture of the society. In 2023, Nwoko was awarded the Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement at the International Architecture Exhibition of 18th Venice Biennale of Architecture. Biography Early life Nwoko was born in 1935 in Idumuje Ugboko, a town that now has as its Obi (King) Nwoko's nephew (Chukwunomso Nwoko). He grew up in Idumuje Ugboko appreciating the newly constructed architectural edifices in the town and in the palace of the Obi, his father. He went to study fine arts at the College of Arts, Science and Technology, in 1956, a year after the college was moved from its original location in Ibadan to Zaria. In 1962, he received a scholarship from the Congress of Cultural Freedom to study at the Centre Français du Théâtre in Paris where he learned scenic design.	2.3125
11667297	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demas%20Nwoko	Demas Nwoko	Zaria art school From 1957 to 1961, he studied Fine Arts at the former College of Arts, Science and Technology, Zaria, Kaduna State, northwest Nigeria (now Ahmadu Bello University), where he was exposed to conventional Western techniques in art, though like most of the artists at the school their subject matter was predominantly African. In the late 1950s, together with Uche Okeke, Simon Okeke, Bruce Onobrakpeya and few other art students, he formed the Art Society. This was during a period dominated by nationalistic fervour, with the attainment of national political independence in 1960. The Art Society became known for championing Natural Synthesis, a term coined by Uche Okeke to describe the combination of contemporary Western art techniques and African ideas, art forms, and themes. Pan-Africanism and early artwork In the 1950s, Nigeria's campaign for self-rule was dominated by two major ideas on how to achieve a truly independent and stable polity. One was based on regions as the foundation of the nation-state and politicians used the regions as a stepping stone for political success, the other embraced the ideas that emanated from the early Nigerian Youth Movement and the Zikist Movements to employ themes of Pan-Africanism and to forgo the regions as the foundation of the future Nigerian polity. In his art work, Nwoko moved slightly towards the latter. Nwoko's early sculpture and painting style were inspired by the findings at Nok. A lot of his early sculptures and paintings can be described as one of extrapolation. His terracotta's were designs that extended and expressed the art forms of the Ancient Nok with less deviation from an ancient African theme. This allowed the work to express less ambiguity and more clarity of intentions and to showcase a modern African art form.	2.65625
11667297	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demas%20Nwoko	Demas Nwoko	Architectural design After completing his studies at Zaria and Paris, he moved to Ibadan in 1963. In Ibadan, he originally concentrated on designs for theatrical productions of the University of Ibadan's department of Drama while he was also a lecturer at the university. While in the ancient city, he was sometimes short on cash and expenses to build or buy a house and studio for his work. He then decided to build his studio and house from traditional methods to complement his cash shortage. He used clay and laterite found around the site chosen and built a brick house and studio from the natural resources lying around. His inventiveness in using modern and new techniques for selected and protean African art works led to his name being spread around town and in the country. Nwoko's first major architectural design was for a Dominican mission in Ibadan. After the nation's independence, some missions desired to decorate their churches with African motifs. He was originally approached to design a plaque for a new chapel but he later asked the Dominican fathers to help in designing a new chapel to be located in Ibadan. Although, his initial design was a little bit crude with the utilisation of free-hand drawing, it was meant to accommodate local exigencies such as the sunny atmosphere in Ibadan. Usually, his designs were designed to have interior temperatures to be in contrast to the exterior temperatures at most times. His style was moulded to fit into the temporal needs of African citizens in a given location. Nwoko later went on to design more structures such as the Benin theatre, which used Greek and the Japanese Kabuki designs. He also designed the scepter for his brother's coronation as the Obi of Idumoje Ugboko. Other famous architectural works includes the cultural center, Ibadan, which made use of natural forms to emphasise its relationship with nature and ancient Yoruba art.	2.59375
11667297	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demas%20Nwoko	Demas Nwoko	Nwoko's works fuse modern techniques in architecture and stage design with African tradition. With works such as The Dominican Institute, Ibadan and The Akenzua Cultural Center, Benin, to his credit, Nwoko is one "artist-architect" who believes in celebrating the African tradition in his works. In 2007, Farafina Books published The Architecture of Demas Nwoko, a study of Nwoko's work and theories written by two British architects, John Godwin OBE and Gillian Hopwood. Reviewing the book, African Book Publishing Record states: The Dominican Institute was his first major architectural project. He asked the Dominicans if he could assist them in their new building. The Dominican fathers, were eager to incorporate African motifs in their new buildings in Ibadan. Nwoko's designs perfectly fit their needs. Nwoko's studies in Zaria and Paris had prepared him well for his plan of combining African art with modern ideas of European art. He began designing for University of Ibadan theatrical productions. It was his new ideas, which led to his work with the Dominicans and that success led to his subsequent works throughout Nigeria, including the Oba Akenzua Theater in Benin City, Nigeria. The Oba Akenzua Theater uses Japanese and Greek designs in an African setting. He also designed the cultural centre in Ibadan and a sceptre his brother's coronation. His brother is the Obi of Idumoje Ugboko. In addition to his architecture Nwoko has many other accomplishments in the arts. He co-published New Culture, a leading arts magazine, pointing the way toward new movements in African art. He led the way toward a modern mode of expression in African art, theatre, painting, and architecture. In addition, he is a fine actor and dancer, having performed in numerous plays in Ibadan. He also is a distinguished professor in Ibadan.	2.34375
11667302	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture%20of%20San%20Antonio	Culture of San Antonio	Bandera, just 40 miles northwest of San Antonio, hosts a three-day Cowboy Mardi Gras that attracts over 15 thousand people from all over the world to the town of 829 residents. Celebrate San Antonio is the city's New Year's Eve celebration held on South Alamo Street adjacent to HemisFair Park. The festival has several stages with music, food, family activities and more. The evening culminates with a fireworks show to celebrate New Year's Eve. Cinco de Mayo festivities take place in Market Square. Fiesta San Antonio is an annual 10-day citywide festival held in April to honor the memory of those who fought in the Battle of the Alamo and the Battle of San Jacinto. Over 100 events take place during the anniversary of Texas' independence from Mexico. The festival dates back to 1891, when a group of women decorated horse-drawn carriages, paraded in front of the Alamo, and pelted each other with flower blossoms. By 1895, the parade had developed into a week-long celebration and today this event, referred to as the Battle of Flowers Parade, is the main event of the celebration. Other events during Fiesta are Texas Cavaliers River Parade, Fiesta Flambeau Night Parade, A Night in Old San Antonio, the King William Street Fair, the St. Mary's University's Fiesta Oyster Bake, Fiesta Arts Fair, and Cornyation. Fiesta de las Luminarias takes place on the River Walk where the river is lined with 7,000 luminarias to light Mary and Joseph's path, re-enacting the Bible story of their search for shelter on the night before Jesus' birth. The procession is a Mexican-American tradition and takes place on nine nights in December. The festival procession has been held on the River Walk since 1973.	2.265625

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