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11667302	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture%20of%20San%20Antonio	Culture of San Antonio	The Holiday River Parade and Lighting Ceremony is presented by the Paseo del Rio Association and the City of San Antonio the day after Thanksgiving when over 122,000 lights are switched on to illuminate the River Walk. Decorated floats travel down the river ending with a float featuring Santa Claus, as well as a San Antonio Hispanic counterpart known as "Pancho Claus". The Passion Play held at the Cathedral of San Fernando, the oldest Roman Catholic cathedral in the U.S., portrays the story of the Crucifixion of Jesus every Good Friday. The play has been held here since 1764. The Michelob ULTRA River Walk Mud Festival is a festival to commemorate the yearly maintenance and draining of the channeled portion of the River Walk. Held each January since 1986, the festival crowns a Mud King and Queen, holds an art festival, Mud Parade, and Pub Crawl. The San Antonio Film Festival (previously known as the San Antonio Underground Film Festival) was founded in 1994 by executive director Adam Rocha. The festival screens competing feature films and shorts, and offers workshops for filmmakers. The San Antonio Stock Show & Rodeo, established in 1950, is a 16-day event held in February at the AT&T Center and Freeman Coliseum. There are 20 PRCA rodeo performances held in conjunction with musical entertainment from country, rock ’n’ roll and Latin artists, livestock auctions, carnival rides and retail outlets at the event. The volunteer organization raises funds for its scholarship program with proceeds from this event. In June, Shakespeare in the Park produces a Shakespeare play that is free to the public. The play is held at the San Antonio Botanical Garden. On June 19, African Americans in San Antonio celebrate Juneteenth on the city's East Side.	2.125
11667302	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture%20of%20San%20Antonio	Culture of San Antonio	Cowboy culture San Antonio is the birthplace of the American cowboy. Rope steering, bull riding, and busting broncos date back to the city's earliest days with vaqueros on the Mission ranches. In the past, when Spain ruled Texas, vaqueros (cowboys) filled Mission ranches to rope and round up cattle. Cuisine Because of its ethnic and cultural diverse mix, San Antonio has a wide range of cuisines. One can find Mexican, African American, Italian, French, Spanish, Thai, Filipino, Vietnamese, Greek, Latin, German, Indian, Central and East Asian, Middle Eastern and Pacific Islander food throughout the city. San Antonio's long history and proximity to Mexico has endowed the area with an extensive variety of authentic Mexican and Tex Mex restaurants. Military San Antonio has been a military city in the United States for more than 100 years. The U.S. Armed Forces have numerous facilities in and around San Antonio; Fort Sam Houston, which has Brooke Army Medical Center within it, is the only one within the city limits. Lackland Air Force Base, Randolph Air Force Base, Kelly Air Force Base, Camp Bullis, and Camp Stanley are outside the city limits. Museums Artpace San Antonio is a residency, educational, and exhibition program that was opened in 1995. The foundation is housed in a renovated 1920s era Hudson Dealership building in Downtown San Antonio. The organization promotes itself as a laboratory for the advancement of international contemporary art. Artpace's primary focus is its International Artist-in-Residence program which annually invites nine artists to live and work in San Antonio to conceive and create art projects that are exhibited three times a year. A guest curator selects three artists, a Texan, one from another U.S. state, and one international to create new work while living at Artpace. In addition to these nine artist exhibits, Artpace has an additional four exhibitions a year.	2.515625
11667302	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture%20of%20San%20Antonio	Culture of San Antonio	The Blue Star Contemporary Art Center (BSCAC) was established as a grassroots response to the cancellation of a contemporary arts exhibit at the San Antonio Museum of Art in 1985. The effort aimed to establish a venue for the exhibition of contemporary and new art in San Antonio. The center is housed in an adapted 1920s era warehouse facility located on the banks of the San Antonio River. The organization, which was originally operated by artists and volunteers and is now run by artist and director Bill FitzGibbons, was organized with a professional director and staff in 1988. Today the center has over 20 exhibitions each year that showcase local, regional, national and international artists. The facility in which the center is housed is now referred to as the Blue Star Complex and has been redeveloped as an arts-oriented mixed-use development that includes loft/studio apartments, galleries, retail, performance spaces, artists' work spaces, and design offices. BSCAC led the San Antonio's establishment of Contemporary Art Month held annually in July at over 70 venues. The Guadalupe Cultural Arts Center (GCAC), founded in 1980, is a nonprofit organization established for the promotion of the art and culture of Chicano, Latino and Indigenous peoples. The GCAC is located in the heart of San Antonio's west side, and its public and educational programming consists of varied programs in dance, literature, media arts, theater arts, visual arts and music. Annual events include the San Antonio CineFestival and the Tejano Conjunto Festival en San Antonio.	2.265625
11667302	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture%20of%20San%20Antonio	Culture of San Antonio	The San Antonio Museum of Art is housed in the 1884 Lone Star Brewery and was opened in 1981. The building's renovation and adaptive reuse, designed by the Cambridge Seven Associates, has won several architectural awards. The building was placed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1972. The museum has over 30,000 objects in its collection, and maintains extensive collections of Asian art, Latin American art, and antiquities. Since opening in 1981 the museum has had three major expansions. The museum's collection also contains significant collections of American, European, Oceanic and contemporary art, from artists including Andy Warhol, John Singleton Copley, Diego Rivera, Wayne Thiebaud, Frank Stella, and Philip Guston. The Southwest School of Art, which has an annual enrollment of over 4000, is housed on the former site of an Ursuline convent and girls school built in 1848. The Ursuline campus is one of the earliest surviving examples of early French-influenced architecture in South Texas and includes a rare two-story "pisé de terre" (rammed earth) building. The campus and grounds are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The school's Visitors Center Museum presents the 150-year history of the site. Contemporary exhibitions, about eight per year, are presented in the Russell Hill Rogers Gallery on the Navarro Campus and feature national, regional, and local artists whose work reflects the school's curriculum. The Witte Museum, established in 1926 under the charter of the San Antonio Museum Association, is located within Brackenridge Park on the banks of the San Antonio River and aims to promote the history, science, and culture of the region. The collection represents ethnography, decorative arts and textiles, and science. The primary focus of the museum is natural sciences with emphasis on South Texas and the history of Texas and the Southwestern United States.	2.53125
11667302	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture%20of%20San%20Antonio	Culture of San Antonio	The Lila Cockrell Theatre, opened in 1968 as part of the HemisFair '68, is a performing arts venue that hosts ballet, opera, theater and individual concert events. The building is on the banks of the River Walk, and being a part of the adjacent convention center it also hosts general assembly and multi-media presentation events. There is a Juan O'Gorman mosaic mural located on the exterior facade entitled "Confluence of Civilizations in the Americas." The mural symbolizes the progress made by the confluence of civilizations in the Western Hemisphere, starting with Adam and Eve in the center, with European civilization depicted to the right, and indigenous Mesoamerican civilization to the left. The Majestic Theatre is home to the San Antonio Symphony, individual concerts and touring Broadway shows. The John Eberson-designed theater, which opened in 1929 as a movie palace with Mediterranean-style architecture and a ceiling painted with a night sky, with projected clouds that move across the ceiling. The theater is a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark and was listed on the National Register of Historical Places in 1975. The Charline McCombs Empire Theatre, which opened in 1913, is the sister theater to the Majestic and hosts smaller productions, banquets, cabaret, chamber orchestras and touring plays. Renovation of the Empire was completed in 1989 and combined backstage areas with the adjacent Majestic, which was designed for more flexibility between the two venues. The Empire was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.	2.375
11667302	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture%20of%20San%20Antonio	Culture of San Antonio	The Guadalupe Cultural Arts Center, was founded in 1980 as a nonprofit, multidisciplinary organization. Located at the heart of San Antonio's west side, the Guadalupe is the largest community-based, multidisciplinary organization in the United States. The Guadalupe presents and produces annual seasons of events, exhibitions, and festivals, including the San Antonio Cinefestival, the Tejano Conjunto Festival en San Antonio, Hecho a Mano/Made by Hand, a season of plays by the resident youth theater company Groupo Animo, and productions featuring the Guadalupe Dance Company. Each of the six programs offer instructional classes including creative writing, button accordion and Baile Folklorico. San Antonio is home to the Crossmen Drum and Bugle Corps, a drum corps belonging to the Drum Corps International competition circuit. The Crossmen compete in the World Class division of DCI. San Antonio also hosts a major event of the DCI circuit, DCI Southwestern Championships, which is a frequent stop for most DCI World Class drum corps and many Open Class drum corps.	2.3125
11667310	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme%20Court%20of%20South%20Africa	Supreme Court of South Africa	The Supreme Court of South Africa was a superior court of law in South Africa from 1910 to 1997. It was made up of various provincial and local divisions with jurisdiction over specific geographical areas, and an Appellate Division which was the highest appellate court in the country. The Supreme Court of South Africa was dissolved in 1997 when the current Constitution of South Africa came into force. The provincial and local divisions, as well as the supreme courts of the former TBVC states ("Bantustans"), became separate High Courts, while the Appellate Division became the Supreme Court of Appeal (SCA). The High Courts were subsequently restructured by the Superior Courts Act, 2013 into nine provincial divisions of a single High Court of South Africa. The SCA is no longer the highest court because it is subordinate to the jurisdiction of the Constitutional Court. History The Supreme Court was created by the South Africa Act 1909 when the Union of South Africa was formed. The Supreme Courts of the four former colonies (the Cape Colony, the Transvaal Colony, the Orange River Colony and the Natal Colony) became provincial divisions of the Supreme Court. The Court of the Eastern Districts and the High Court of Griqualand, both in the Cape, and the High Court of the Witwatersrand in the Transvaal became local divisions under their respective provincial divisions. A new Appellate Division, headed by the Chief Justice of South Africa, was created to hear appeals from the provincial and local divisions. Until 1950 there was a right of appeal from the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of South Africa to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London, which was terminated under the terms of the Privy Council Appeals Act, 1950 - which was enacted under the government of D.F. Malan, Prime Minister of South Africa from 1948 to 1954.	2.6875
11667315	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihon%20%C5%8Cdai%20Ichiran	Nihon Ōdai Ichiran	The original multi-volume text was compiled in the early 1650s by Hayashi Gahō. His father, Hayashi Razan, had developed a compelling, practical blending of Shinto and Confucian beliefs and practices. Razan's ideas lent themselves to a well-accepted program of samurai and bureaucrat educational, training and testing protocols. In 1607, Razan was accepted as a political advisor to the second shōgun, Tokugawa Hidetada. Sometime thereafter, he became the rector of Edo's Confucian Academy, the Shōhei-kō. This institution stood at the apex of the country-wide educational and training system which was created and maintained by the Tokugawa shogunate. In the elevated context his father engendered, Gahō himself was also accepted as a noteworthy scholar in that period. The Hayashi and the Shōheikō links to the work's circulation are part of the explanation for this work's 18th and 19th century popularity. Gahō was also the author of other works designed to help readers learn from Japan's history, including the 310 volumes of The Comprehensive History of Japan (本朝通鑑/ほんちょうつがん, Honchō-tsugan) which was published in 1670. The narrative of Nihon Ōdai Ichiran stops around 1600, most likely in deference to the sensibilities of the Tokugawa regime. Gahō's text did not continue up through his present day; but rather, he terminated the chronicles just before the last pre-Tokugawa ruler. In Keian 5, 5th month (1652), Nihon Ōdai Ichiran was first published in Kyoto under the patronage of one of the three most powerful men in the Tokugawa bakufu, the tairō Sakai Tadakatsu. In supporting this work, Sakai Todakatsu's motivations appear to spread across a range anticipated consequences; and it becomes likely that his several intentions in seeing that this specific work fell into the hands of an empathetic Western translator were similarly multi-faceted.	2.421875
11667400	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhoods%20and%20districts%20of%20San%20Antonio	Neighborhoods and districts of San Antonio	Near East Side Sports and live music fans flock to the Near East Side to visit the Alamodome. Once home to actress Joan Crawford, this part of San Antonio includes charming Saint Paul Square, Ellis Alley (one of the first African-American neighborhoods in San Antonio) The Historic up and coming neighborhoods of Dignowity Hill, Government Hill and the Knob Hill San Antonio Historic District, with its landmark homes the Elizabeth Bowen Nelson House and other Classical Revival architecture. Other neighborhoods include, Hoefgen, Denver Heights and The Historic Gardens Neighborhoods adjacent to the Alamodome The Hays Street Bridge is a land bridge that connects downtown to the Near East Side while offering walking, biking, and outdoor recreation. Other notable landmarks are the historic San Antonio Cemeteries, The Mission Revival style Southern Pacific Passenger Depot (and other landmark structures at Sunset Station) and The University of Houston's San Antonio branch of its Conrad Hilton College. The Near East Side is bordered by I-H35 and Alamo Heights to the North. I-H 37 to the west. S New Braunfels Street to the East and I-H 10 to the South. The Historic Government Hill neighborhood is located directly south of Ft Sam Houston, Development began during the construction of the Army post in 1876. It is the oldest Historic suburb of the "Gilded Age" of the city's history. The East Side is a multicultural neighborhood..	1.90625
11667400	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighborhoods%20and%20districts%20of%20San%20Antonio	Neighborhoods and districts of San Antonio	One of the most notable homes in Government Hill is the Romanesque Revival-style Lambermont (aka Terrell Castle), built in 1894. Originally the residence was owned by Edwin Holland Terrell, Ambassador and Plenipotentiary to Belgium during the presidency of Benjamin Harrison. Terrell commissioned architect Alfred Giles for its design patterned after castles in Europe. Terrell referred to is home as a "castle for his bride" and their six children. Residents of Government Hill nicknamed Lambermont as The Castle and is still referred as such to this day. The Castle was restored and now is a venue for wedding and parties. The Classical Revival-style Bullis House Inn is Texas State Historic Landmark. Built between 1906 and 1909 by noted architect Harvey Page for General John Lapham Bullis and his family. Today residence is a Bed and Breakfast and headquarters of the San Antonio International Hostel. A Historic Resources Survey of Government Hill recognized 27 percent of the properties as high priority sites, larger than is commonly found in most districts indicating a high degree of historic integrity. Government Hill is now experiencing a revitalization and renovation of the grand old homes of the 1880s. Besides its location only minutes from Downtown San Antonio, the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) and an relocation of over 12,000 service members will create a significant growth. Notable historical events have occurred in Historic Government Hill including the incarceration of the notorious Geronimo in the Fort Sam Houston Quadrangle in 1886 and the expedition led by Belgian Astronomer Jean-Charles Houzeau in 1882 to observe the transit of Venus across the face of the sun.	2.203125
11667414	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzus%20fastener	Dzus fastener	The shank (13) of the button contains spiral bayonet slots (16) that engage the spring. These slots include holes (18) that hold the spring in place once fastened, with projections (17) preventing accidental unfastening. The button’s head (14) is pressed against the cowling, keeping it firmly in place. Improvements Over time, several improvements have been made to the Dzus fastener design. Some versions include a housing or bucket around the female part to reduce water ingress. Others have been optimized for ease of use, such as incorporating self-centering screwdrivers. Cost-saving measures, like securing the spring directly to the female hole without rivets, have also been introduced. Additionally, the button is often die-cast in modern versions to reduce manufacturing costs compared to earlier machined versions. Uses Dzus fasteners are also used to secure plates, doors, and panels that require frequent removal for inspection and servicing. These fasteners are notable in that they are of an "over-centre" design, requiring positive sustained torque to unfasten. Thus, any minor disturbance to the fastener (e.g., vibration) will tend to correct itself rather than proceed to further loosening as it would in threaded fasteners. Turnlock fasteners are available in several different styles and are usually referred to by the manufacturer's trade name. Some of the most common are DZUS, Camloc, and Airloc.	2.015625
11667541	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20End%20of%20Time%20%28book%29	The End of Time (book)	The End of Time: The Next Revolution in Our Understanding of the Universe, also sold with the alternate subtitle The Next Revolution in Physics, is a 1999 popular science book in which the author Julian Barbour argues that time exists merely as an illusion. Autobiography The book begins by describing how Barbour's view of time evolved. After taking physics in graduate school, Barbour went to Cologne for Ph.D. work on Einstein's theory of gravity. However he became preoccupied with the idea proposed by Ernst Mach that time is nothing but change. A remark by Paul Dirac prompted him to reconsider some mainstream physical assumptions. He worked as a translator of Russian scientific articles and remained outside of academic institutions which provided him time to pursue his research as he desired. For some twenty years Barbour sought to reformulate physics in the spirit of Mach but found that his results have been already discovered in a different form called ADM formalism. He nearly gave up research, became involved in politics (p. 238) and began writing books on the history of physics. His interest however was rekindled after talking with Lee Smolin and reflecting on quantum mechanics. Barbour came to the conclusion that "If the Machian approach to classical dynamics is correct, quantum cosmology will have no dynamics. It will be timeless. It must also be frameless" (p. 232). He develops this view in the book. He acknowledges also that John Bell presented in 1980 a "quantum mechanics for cosmologists" which comes in close agreement with his conclusions, except on the point about the reality of time (p. 301). Possibility Barbour recounts that he read a newspaper article about Dirac's work in which he was quoted as saying: "This result has led me to doubt how fundamental the four-dimensional requirement in physics is". The nature of time as a fourth dimension or something else became the topic of research.	2.25
11667541	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20End%20of%20Time%20%28book%29	The End of Time (book)	He investigates configuration spaces and best-matching mathematics, fleshing out how fundamental physics might deal with different instants in a timeless scheme. He calls his universe without time and only relative positions "Platonia" after Plato's world of eternal forms. Plausibility Why, then, is the instant in configuration space, not matter in space-time, the true object and frame of the universe? He marshals as evidence a non-standard analysis of relativity, many-worlds theory and the ADM formalism. Since, he believes, we should be open to physics without time, we must evaluate anew physical laws, such as the Wheeler–DeWitt equation, that take on radical but powerful and fruitful forms when time is left out. Barbour writes that our notion of time, and our insistence on it in physical theory, has held science back, and that a scientific revolution awaits. Barbour suspects that the wave function is somehow constrained by the "terrain" of Platonia. Barbour ends with a short meditation on some of the consequences of "the end of time". If there is no arrow of time, there is no becoming, but only being. "Creation" becomes something that is equally inherent in every instant. Criticism and reviews Julian Barbour's research has been published in academic journals and monographs, whereas The End of Time was aimed at a more general and philosophically minded public. A number of professional philosophers have responded to the book. Developing ideas from his book, in 2009 Barbour wrote an essay On the Nature of Time which was awarded first prize in the contest organized by FQXi. Editions The End of Time: The Next Revolution in Physics, Oxford University Press, 1999, ———, OUP USA, 2000, The End of Time: The next revolution in our understanding of the universe, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1999, ———, Phoenix paperback, 2000, Reviews Simon W. Saunders, "Clock Watcher", The New York Times, March 26, 2000	2.09375
11667576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Lumsden	John Lumsden	Sir John Lumsden KBE (14 November 1869 – 3 September 1944) was an Irish physician. He was famous for his role as Chief Medical Officer of Guinness Brewery, during which time he founded both St James's Gate F.C. and the St John Ambulance Brigade of Ireland. During the Easter Rising of 1916, he was noted for treating anyone who was wounded, regardless of which side they fought for. Early years Sir John Lumsden was born in Drogheda, County Louth, Ireland, the son of John Lumsden, a bank manager, and Florence Isabella Groom Lumsden (née McKean). The father had come from Scotland via India to work in a bank in Armagh and later moved to Dublin in 1867 to work for the Provincial Bank. Lumsden's father was a keen golfer and Lumsden worked with his father and his brother in setting up a rough and ready golf course in 1885 west of the Phoenix Cricket Club, thus establishing Ireland's second oldest golf club, the Dublin Golf Club, which became the Royal Dublin Golf Club in 1891. In 1896, Lumsden married Caroline Frances Kingscote, daughter of Major Fitzhardinge Kingscote and Agnes Grant Stuart, and their first child, John Fitzhardinge Lumsden, was born on 11 June 1897. At the time of the birth, they were living at Lumsden's parents house but, soon after, moved out to 4 Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin, where Lumsden also had a medical practice on the first floor. Their first child was soon followed by sisters: Leslie, born in 1898, Norah in 1900, Margery in 1908 and twins, Nancy and Betty born in 1911. Lifetime achievements Lumsden was a physician on the staff of Mercer's Hospital in Dublin and in 1902 was the Principal Medical Officer for the Commissioners of Irish Lights. However, it was his role as the Medical Officer (later Chief Medical Officer) at the Guinness Brewery that made Lumsden famous.	2.34375
11667576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Lumsden	John Lumsden	The Guinness family had a tradition of noblesse oblige and philanthropy and therefore Lumsden's work for Guinness focused on the well-being of the employees, many of whom lived in appalling conditions in the slums and tenements of inner city Dublin. After the Great Irish Famine (1845–1846) many people moved from rural areas of Ireland into cities such as Dublin looking for food and work. This resulted in overcrowding with 33.9 percent of all families in Dublin each living in a single room. Poverty and cramped conditions led to problems of disease and by 1881 Dublin had the highest death rate in Europe. Lumsden saw a high rate of tuberculosis amongst Guinness employees and knew that overcrowding was probably a factor. In 1900 he got the approval of the Guinness board to spend two months inspecting the homes of each Guinness employee to ensure that they lived in proper housing and to look for ways to prevent or treat the disease. The main Iveagh Trust buildings built in 1903–1905 were designed accordingly. He also studied the diets of the employees and established cookery classes for the wives of Guinness employees. Finally, he helped to set up the first Guinness sports club which included St James's Gate F.C. In his post as Medical Officer, Lumsden was asked to provide first-aid classes for employees at the Guinness Brewery. The classes became so popular that they later became the first registered division of the St. John Ambulance Brigade of Ireland, which Lumsden founded in 1903 and became the first Commissioner, a post he held until his death.	2.921875
11667576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Lumsden	John Lumsden	The brigade was involved with many major events in Irish history, including treating casualties from the clashes during the General Strike of 1913 (sometimes referred to as the Dublin Lockout). However, the brigade became prominent in Dublin during the Easter Rising of 1916 where it treated casualties on both sides and fed and cared for evacuees. During the fighting in the streets of Dublin, Lumsden became a familiar figure as he dashed out carrying a white flag and his medical kit to tend to the wounded on both sides. He was knighted by King George V for these acts and for the formation of the St. John Ambulance Society and became Sir John Lumsden KBE. Lumsden also encouraged brigade members to be blood donors and advertised in the Irish national papers for people to register to set up an 'on call' blood donor panel to serve hospitals in the Dublin area. The service later became the National Blood Transfusion Association in 1948 but owes its origin to the brigade and more especially to Lumsden. In 1923, after the establishment of the Irish Free State, Sir John wrote to the president of the council of the Irish Free State to start the process of breaking the brigade away from the control of the British Red Cross Society and the Order of the St John of Jerusalem. This led to the brigade becoming an Associated Body and completely independent from the English-based St. John Ambulance and further led to the formation of the Irish Red Cross Society in 1939. Later years In 1930, Lumsden moved into Earlscliffe in the Baily area of Howth, County Dublin where he practised his other passion: gardening. When Lumsden moved into Earlscliffe the gardens, according to his daughter, Betty L'Estrange, were "virtually shrubless and flowerless" He set about transforming the garden, planting shrubs and building a number of terraces. He also celebrated his work at the St John Ambulance Brigade by building a Maltese cross sundial at Earlscliffe, which gave him "enormous pleasure".	2.75
11667660	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Paul%20II%20High%20School%20%28Plano%2C%20Texas%29	John Paul II High School (Plano, Texas)	John Paul II High School is a private Roman Catholic college preparatory high school in Plano, Texas. The school is within the Roman Catholic Diocese of Dallas. The school's Vision is "We will make a difference in the world by walking in the footsteps of Pope John Paul II" and the school's Mission is "To develop leaders who are critical thinkers and effective communicators, committed to service and rooted in faith". "JP II" is celebrating its 20th year as a high school during the 2024–2025 school year. First opened in 2005, John Paul II High School had an enrollment of just under 750 students for the 2023–2024 school year. Athletics John Paul II High School has a solid athletic history, and athletic programs continue to grow steadily. The Cardinals compete in the largest division of TAPPS, or Texas Association of Private and Parochial Schools. JPII offers 18 Varsity sports teams, with more than 70% of the student body participating in athletics. The Girls' Varsity Basketball Team won the school's first TAPPS 6A State Championship in 2013 under the late head coach Mike Martin and its second under head coach John Griffin in 2022. The squad has been a state finalist six times, including in 2008, four years from 2011 to 2014, and 2020. The Boys Basketball Team has been to the State Tournament seven times (2011–2014, 2019–2021) and won the TAPPS 6A State Championship in 2020 and 2022 under head coach Dan Lee. The Varsity Girls earned District Champion titles in 2013, 2020, and 2022, while the Varsity Boys have been District Champions four times in 2013 and 2020–2022.	2.109375
11667719	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan%20Domingo%20de%20Zu%C3%B1iga%20y%20Fonseca	Juan Domingo de Zuñiga y Fonseca	Juan Domingo Méndez de Haro y Fernández de Córdoba (Madrid, 25 November 1640 – Madrid, 2 February 1716) was a Spanish military and political figure. He was the son of Don Luis Méndez de Haro, 6th Marquis of Carpio, Prime Minister to King Philip IV of Spain, and of Doña Catalina Fernández de Córdoba. Biography He married Doña Inés Francisca de Ayala y Zúñiga, 6th Countess of Monterrey, and eldest daughter of Don Fernando de Ayala, third Count of Ayala. Juan Domingo also used the family names and titles of his wife for himself. In 1667 Méndez de Haro went to the Spanish Netherlands, where he became Captain General of the Cavalry in 1669. In 1670 he was appointed Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands and Captain General in the absence of Don John of Austria the Younger. In 1671, when war threatened between France and the Netherlands, Spain allied itself to the Netherlands and Méndez de Haro became Spanish supreme commander in the North. He organised defences, fortifying the Spanish fortresses along the French border. This could not prevent Spain and its defences from playing a minor part in the following Franco-Dutch War (1672–1678). He was recalled to Spain on 8 February 1675. On 25 May 1677 he was named Viceroy of Catalonia, where he was also confronted with a French invasion. In 1678 he returned to Madrid where he became President of Flanders. He was admitted to the State Council in 1693. In 1705 under the French king Philip V of Spain he left the State Council together with the Marquis of Mancera. In 1710 his wife died without issue and Méndez de Haro decided to dedicate the rest of his life to God and became a Catholic priest. Sources Biography (in Spanish)	2.546875
11667726	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How%20Students%20Learn	How Students Learn	How Students Learn: History, Mathematics, and Science in the Classroom is the title of a 2001 educational psychology book edited by M. Suzanne Donovan and John D. Bransford and published by the United States National Academy of Sciences's National Academies Press. The book focuses on "three fundamental and well-established principles of learning that are highlighted in How People Learn and are particularly important for teachers to understand and be able to incorporate in their teaching: "Students come to the classroom with preconceptions about how the world works. If their initial understanding is not engaged, they may fail to grasp the new concepts and information, or they may learn them for purposes of a test but revert to their preconceptions outside the classroom. "To develop competence in an area of inquiry, students must (a) have a deep foundation of factual knowledge, (b) understand the facts and ideas in the context of a conceptual framework, and (c) organize knowledge in ways that facilitate retrieval and application. "A 'metacognitive' approach to instruction can help students learn to take control of their own learning by defining learning goals and monitoring their progress in achieving them."	3.078125
11667749	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fer%20Beerberg	Großer Beerberg	The Großer Beerberg is a mountain, , whose summit is the highest point in the Thuringian Forest and the state of Thuringia. It is located between the three villages of Heidersbach, Goldlauter and Gehlberg in the borough of Suhl. The mountain is made of rhyolite (quartz porphry) that was formed through volcanic processes in the Rotliegendes rock of the Oberhof Formation, about 280 million years ago, and which was uplifted over the surrounding sediments to form a butte. Between the summit of the Beerberg and that of its eastern neighbour, the Schneekopf (978 m), the second highest mountain of Thuringia, is a 60-metre-deep col. To the west is the Sommerbachskopf (941 m). On the summit of Beerberg is one of the few moorlands of the Thuringian Forest. Until the end of the 1980s there was an observation tower on the mountain. A few years ago, a small platform was again established below the summit at Plänckners Aussicht, which offers an outstanding view to the south and southwest. The section of the Rennsteig long-distance path between Oberhof and Schmücke runs across the mountain. The nearest town is Suhl.	2.1875
11667783	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriaan%20Valckenier	Adriaan Valckenier	During Adriaan Valckenier's tenure as Governor-General, Batavia witnessed the infamous event known as the Chinese Massacre. Previously, Governor-General Henricus Zwaardecroon had encouraged a significant influx of Chinese immigrants to Batavia, resulting in the Chinese population approaching 50% of the total. These immigrants were primarily engaged in various activities such as construction work within Batavia, including houses and fortifications, as well as laboring on the sugar plantations surrounding the city. Additionally, many Chinese merchants played a prominent, albeit unofficial, role in the trade with China. However, beginning in 1725, the sugar trade faced challenges, partially due to competition from Brazil, prompting a shift towards coffee production. Rural areas experienced a rise in unemployment, leading to social unrest. This unrest extended to Batavia as job-seeking or food-seeking unemployed individuals from the countryside migrated to the city. Authorities responded by implementing residence permit requirements and designated living areas for those with permits. Tensions escalated into a significant uprising in September 1740 in the countryside. This followed Dutch proposals to relocate unemployed Chinese individuals to other Dutch colonies like Ceylon and South Africa. A rumour spread that they would all be thrown overboard en route, and in some accounts, they died when rioting on the ships, and riots in the countryside exploded. The Dutch authorities feared collaboration between the Chinese residents of Batavia and the uprising. Between 9 and 10 October, extensive and aggressive searches were conducted in Chinese neighborhoods, resulting in the deaths of thousands, often after arrest. This violence continued for three days, followed by additional days of looting and arson, with little government intervention to halt the unrest. Estimates suggest that between 5,000 and 10,000 Chinese individuals, including men, women, and children, lost their lives during this period.	2.796875
11667783	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriaan%20Valckenier	Adriaan Valckenier	Dismissal and death Gustaaf Willem, Baron van Imhoff, a contemporary of Valckenier, expressed disapproval of the violence during the Batavia massacre. Valckenier responded by having van Imhoff arrested and sent back to the Netherlands. However, van Imhoff's perspective resonated with the Directors, who supported his stance. Valckenier faced additional criticism for his handling of the coffee trade; his decision to destroy over half of the plantations led to significant losses when demand increased and supply fell short. The Directors held him responsible for these losses and fined him 168,000 florins. Valckenier's management of the Council was also marred by internal conflicts and intrigues among its members. Due to van Imhoff's influence in Amsterdam, Valckenier was dismissed as Governor-General in 1741 and recalled to the Netherlands. Johannes Thedens assumed his duties. Although initially cleared of wrongdoing by the Directors and even granted the rank of admiral, Valckenier was rearrested in Cape Town on 25 January 1742 while en route to the Netherlands. He was returned to the castle prison in Batavia to await trial, where he remained until his death on 20 June 1751. Despite his previous rank and position, Valckenier was buried without ceremony. Van Imhoff, his primary rival, succeeded him as Governor-General.	1.984375
11667848	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern%20Public%20Service%20Authority	Southeastern Public Service Authority	The Southeastern Public Service Authority (SPSA) is the solid waste management agency for the one-million-population region south of Hampton Roads Harbor and the lower James River in Virginia. Based in Chesapeake, Virginia, it services the independent cities of Chesapeake, Franklin, Norfolk, Portsmouth, Suffolk, and Virginia Beach and the counties of Isle of Wight and Southampton. SPSA was created by an act of the Virginia General Assembly in 1976. Before, each community in South Hampton Roads fully managed its own solid waste. As federal environmental regulations became stricter in the 1970s, it became apparent that the region needed a regional system to manage the area's garbage. SPSA converts trash to steam and electricity, which it sells to the U.S. Navy's Norfolk Naval Shipyard and Dominion Virginia Power. SPSA facilities are located throughout its service area. These facilities include the regional landfill, the waste-to-energy system, nine transfer stations, nine household hazardous waste collection stations, and a yard-waste facility that produces mulch and compost, which are sold under the brand name Nature’s Blend. Residents in the SPSA region each throw away about six pounds of trash per day, resulting in about 2,200 pounds of trash a year per person, i.e. over a million tons of waste each year. Nearly half of this volume of garbage is converted into steam and electrical energy at the waste-to-energy system, about 40 percent is taken to the landfill and 10 percent is recycled. SPSA is ISO 14001 certified. SPSA has approximately 150 employees.	2.515625
11667854	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl%20Roa%20Garc%C3%ADa	Raúl Roa García	Raúl Roa García (18 April 19076 July 1982) was a Cuban intellectual, politician and diplomat. He served as Foreign Minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976. He was a lawyer and was also a university professor in the 1940s and 1950s. He was also Director of Culture of the Ministry of Education from 1949 to 1951. Born in Havana, he was 18 when he wrote his first article Ensayo sobre José Martí ("Essay on Jose Marti"). In 1926, while studying law he was jailed for protesting the U.S. intervention in Nicaragua. In 1927, he met Rubén Martínez Villena who instructed him more on social problems. Additionally, he participated with other anti-imperialist youths and revolutionaries at Universidad Popular José Martí and the Liga Antimperialista. He was also writing for the magazine Revista de Avance and the weekly paper Otro. In the 1930s, he wrote for Directorio Estudiantil Revolucionario where he crystallized his Marxist-Leninist beliefs. Roa entered the Ala Izquierda Estudiantil in 1931. In this organization, much more radical, he positions himself more clearly on the necessity of the fight for the sovereignty of Cuba and against imperialism. His writings at this time reflect his firm idea in an armed rebellion. He is arrested and sent to prison. He left prison in 1933 and wrote Manifiesto al pueblo de Cuba. He participated in the general strike of 1933 that led to the ouster of Gerardo Machado. In March 1935, he was exiled to the United States. There he united with people such as Pablo de la Torriente Brau and founded the organization, Organización Revolucionaria Cubana Antiimperialista (ORCA). He kept good relations with other Latin American countries and also signed an anti-hijacking agreement with the United States in 1973.	2.234375
11667905	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casio%20SD%20Synthesizers	Casio SD Synthesizers	Casio's SD ("Spectrum Dynamic") Synthesizers were a late-1980s line of analog synthesizers featuring a resonant filter. SD synthesis was traditional DCO-analog synthesis, with the main difference being that some of the SD waveforms' harmonic spectrums changed temporally, or dynamically in relation to the amplitude envelope. SD synthesis is used in seven Casio synthesizers and home keyboards released in 1987 and produced until 1991, when Casio exited the synthesizer market completely and focused solely on pure consumer keyboards. Due to some programming limitations plus Casio's poor marketing, the SD synths never gained wide popularity and are now fairly rare in the second-hand marketplace (which adds to their charm, according to some). There still exists a small but devoted fanbase who insist that SD synthesis, particularly as expanded in the high-end model HT-6000, was overlooked and highly underrated and today rare. Background SD Synthesis followed on the heels of the more advanced Phase-Distortion (PD) Synthesis employed in the successful line of Casio CZ synthesizers. When Casio decided to retire the CZ line, they decided to go in two directions: more complex (the VZ "Interactive" Phase Distortion line), and more traditional (SD synthesis, starting with the HZ-600). In turning to SD synthesis Casio meant to create a synthesis engine that was more comprehensible and accessible than Phase Distortion synthesis. Yamaha's then-active lawsuit against Casio's PD synthesis method, which claimed PD synthesis infringed on patents of Yamaha's including their famous frequency modulation synthesis, may also have contributed to Casio's development of SD synthesis to diversify their offering.	2.296875
11667905	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casio%20SD%20Synthesizers	Casio SD Synthesizers	The 1987 Casio HZ-600 was the initial model and was considered an entry-level offshoot of the "Z" series of synthesizers that included the CZ and VZ lines. The subsequent SD synthesizers were marketed as advanced home keyboards (i.e., including speakers and programmable accompaniment) launched under the HT prefix (with the notable exception of the non-editable, preset-only Casiotone versions, the MT-600 and CT-630). SD Synthesis Details SD (Spectrum Dynamic) Synthesis was modeled on traditional DCO-VCF-DCA analog synthesis but used waveforms that included predefined variations over time. The SD sound source is a 4-bit (16-step) digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) that uses waveforms including triangles, sawtooth, squares of different widths, and some unusual pulses, plus various combinations thereof. The DCO has preprogrammed control of the timbre of the waveform, and some (but not all) of the available waveforms are "moving", meaning that their spectra are designed to change as the DCA envelope progresses. For example, one waveform has an octave-unison effect where the higher harmonics fade in over time. This predefined temporal motion of the harmonic spectrum yields the term "Spectrum Dynamic." The user has very limited influence over the spectrum dynamic using the DCA envelope, and doing so is something of a trial-and-error process. In effect, each so-called "waveform" of an SD synth consists of 2 layered sub voices with independent preset volume envelopes (that cannot be changed by the user). Thus, some "waveforms" crossfade between timbres without filter sweep to simulate e.g. the brighter attack phase of metallic clangs or picked strings. Most SD synthesizers use a single DCO (plus a digital noise generator for certain waveforms) per voice, and offer 32 possible waveforms. The top-of-the-line Casio HT-6000 offered 64 possible waveforms, 4 DCOs per voice, velocity, detuning, ring-modulation, and an expanded SD parameter set.	2.328125
11667905	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casio%20SD%20Synthesizers	Casio SD Synthesizers	The HT-6000 introduced for the HT line some of the more high-end features previously only included by Casio in the CZ line, such as ring-modulation, detuning, key-follow, and initial-touch (which, among the CZ's, was only found on most advanced model, the CZ-1). The HT-6000 used an impressive 4 DCOs per voice (vs. 1 on the other SD synths, and 2 on the CZ synths). It had 64 DCO waveforms to choose from (32 basic, 16 with noise [white or metallic], and 16 with ring modulation). It had 8 independent VCF filters (1 per voice, vs. 1 per channel), and added key-follow parameters for both the DCA and VCF. The DCA also added attack and decay curves (acute and obtuse). It also added an independent ADSR envelope for noise. The 4 DCOs each use the same waveform, VCF and DCA envelopes, but can have separate tunings, velocity response curves, and relative DCA envelope depths. Stacking the oscillators with detunes allowed the creation of flange and chorus effects, fat "super saws", and the creation of dual-note or even triad and 4-note leads. The filter cutoffs could be set to respond to velocity which added some expressiveness. Because each oscillator could have separate tuning and velocity responses, it was also possible to have the pitch change according to pressure, if one of two differently tuned oscillators had an inverse velocity curve. Ring modulation used oscillator 4 to modulate oscillator 3, and allowed the creation of metallic and pulse sounds, lower bass harmonics and even distortion.	2.1875
11667930	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largs%20Branch	Largs Branch	Within a short time, promoters began raising support for a railway between Glasgow and Ayr, and Glasgow and Kilmarnock. This scheme became the Glasgow, Paisley, Kilmarnock and Ayr Railway (GPK&AR); it was authorised in 1837, and opened in stages between 1839 and 1840. It was a locomotive railway on the standard gauge, and it intersected the Ardrossan Railway at Kilwinning. By now the antiquated technology of the Ardrossan Railway was obviously a problem, and in 1840 the line was altered to standard gauge and the track modernised for locomotive operation. The railway had not so far been separated financially from the canal company, and the opportunity was now taken to do this; additional capital was raised for the upgrading works. The GPK&AR had clear intentions at this stage of forming part of a through route between Glasgow and London, although achieving that was still far off. A rival railway, the Caledonian Railway (CR) now came on the scene with its own plans to reach Carlisle and forming part of the route to London. The CR also considered competing with the GPK&AR in Ayrshire, and the two companies became deadly rivals; the Ardrossan Railway was physically connected to the GPK&AR, but if the CR could build a line to reach it, it would have a secure foothold deep in GPK&AR territory. The Ardrossan company bought shares in the Glasgow, Barrhead and Neilston Direct Railway, and the Caledonian Railway bought shares in the Ardrossan Railway, and in 1846 parliamentary authority was obtained for a line connecting the two. But by now the financial bubble, in which all manner of railway schemes were being proposed, had burst, and there was no money for building railways. Moreover, a proposed merger of the Ardrossan with the Caledonian was rejected by the former's shareholders in 1847.	2.34375
11667930	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largs%20Branch	Largs Branch	The Glasgow and South Western Railway The GPK&AR too found its financial resources strained, and an independent ally, the Glasgow, Dumfries and Carlisle Railway took a share of building the line to Carlisle. The two companies completed the task on 28 October 1850 and on that day they merged, forming the Glasgow and South Western Railway (G&SWR). At this time the Ardrossan Railway was operating as a locomotive line; there were four passenger trains each way between Kilwinning and Ardrossan, with stops at Stevenston and Saltcoats stations. Finding that the Ardrossan Railway, deep in G&SWR territory, was now friendless and penniless, the G&SWR made arrangements to purchase it. This proved a lengthy process, but it was effected on 1 August 1854. Extending to Largs The people of Largs had been hoping for a railway connection since the mid-1850s. In 1864 the G&SWR started to plan a line from Dalry to Largs; the Caledonian Railway too was planning a connection, from Wemyss Bay. Opposition was immediately experienced from wealthy residents of Fairlie and elsewhere, who saw the incursion of a railway as detrimental. Another attempt was made by the G&SWR in 1871, also with a frustrating outcome. However, in 1873 a line from Ardrossan (instead of Dalry) to West Kilbride was approved. That section opened to goods trains in March 1878, and passenger trains started operating on 1 May 1878. It made a triangular junction with the existing line at Ardrossan. The hostility to a railway further north had waned, and the G&SWR was able to open an extension from West Kilbride to Fairlie on 1 June 1880. Onward construction was blocked for the time being by hilly terrain. However, there was a pier used by Clyde steamers, and extension to Fairlie Pier, involving a tunnel section, was opened on 1 July 1882. The station roof was built using materials recovered from the temporary Dunlop Street station in Glasgow. Six passenger trains ran each way daily from St Enoch station in Glasgow to Fairlie Pier.	2.484375
11667930	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largs%20Branch	Largs Branch	The extension from Fairlie Pier Junction to Largs was over flatter terrain, but there was a long section at the shore line requiring a sea wall. It opened on 1 June 1885. Ten trains ran to and from Glasgow daily. Competition on the Firth of Clyde Some of the early rationale in building the line had been to pre-empt incursion into the area by the rival Caledonian Railway. On 4 September 1888 the Lanarkshire and Ayrshire Railway (L&AR), worked by the Caledonian Railway, opened its line to Ardrossan. At first it used a temporary connection to the G&SWR line there, as its own pier facility was not ready; but on 30 May 1890 it was fully operational, at Montgomerie Pier. There were then two railway-connected piers in Ardrossan, and the Firth of Clyde steamer services were in competition. The Caledonian Railway and it subsidiary the Caledonian Steam Packet Company were successful in abstracting 75% of the G&SWR trade. Some remarkable accelerations in throughout (rail and steamer) journey times were advertised by both companies, and the G&SWR further responded by planning a shortening of its route to Fairlie to improve passenger journey times, by building a new line from Dalry, but an 1890 Parliamentary Bill was thrown out. By contrast, Ardrossan Harbour was heavily involved in handling bulk cargo, and the harbour was considerably extended in this period, the new facility opening on 12 April 1891. In 1891 the G&SWR obtained Parliamentary approval to own and operate its own steamers; previously services had been run in conjunction with independent operators.	2.46875
11667967	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%20Pedersdotter	Anne Pedersdotter	After Beyer's death, Anne Pedersdotter received a letter exempting her from taxes and allowing her to settle anywhere in the country. Despite this promising turn of events, the witchcraft accusations had taken a toll on her. She became bitter and withdrawn, and rumors persisted despite her acquittal. She responded to the gossip and accusations with cursing and quarreling, getting into arguments with neighbors and those around her. While her reactions may have indicated her strength and independence, they weakened her position as a widow compared to her former position as a priest's wife. Unfortunately, she was always regarded as a witch, and her isolation only intensified as the rumors about her continued to circulate. Other accusations At the beginning of 1590, the accusations and rumors turned into serious charges, and in March, Anne Pedersdotter was again accused of witchcraft. The main accuser was the barber Adrian von Buskskott after his son Hans Rønnepog had courted Anne's daughter Susanne. The barber family did not want their son married into a family where there had been rumors of witchcraft about the housewife. When the trial opened on 23 March 1590, she was sick and her son Absalon Absalonsøn represented her instead. It was suggested to imprison Anne Pedersdotter, which Absalon Absalonsøn opposed. He referred to the letter from 10 December 1575 from the king, stating that she had already been acquitted of such accusations, but the jury found the acquittal letter irrelevant, as the accusations against her were more recent. She was therefore imprisoned in the town hall cellar. In the trial, many testified about her witchcraft activities. She was accused of killing five to six people, including a small child, by casting sickness upon them. She was also accused of killing a pear tree.	1.921875
11667967	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%20Pedersdotter	Anne Pedersdotter	Many of the witnesses were close friends and neighbors. Her servant of 20 years, Elina, made some of the most serious accusations. Anne Pedersdotter was said to have used her as a ride when flying through the air to witch gatherings on Lyderhorn and Fløyen. She was said to have participated in the witch gatherings on Lyderhorn three Christmas nights in a row. There, witchcraft actions against Bergen city were planned; "natural disasters, fire, and other devilishness". This was only prevented by a white angel intervening, and all that was heard were some violent thunderclaps. Other witnesses claimed that Anne Pedersdotter had been observed together with demons, including a creature without a head. Pedersdotter defended herself well; she "displayed willpower, clearsighted, and skill”. Against the accusations of killing a child, she said that "many children die in the city, I haven't killed them all". Verdict Despite protests and support from several of the city's priests, Anne Pedersdotter was sentenced to death by burning at the stake. The sentence was signed with 37 seals from the city's secular elite, led by the lawspeaker, mayor, and city council members. On her way to the execution site, Anne repeatedly cried out her innocence, but she was burned at the stake at the execution site on Nordnes on 7 April 1590. The verdict is printed in the Bergen Historical Society's writings No. 36. Aftermath After Anne Pedersdotter's execution, it led to a conflict between the citizens and parts of the clergy in Bergen. It also brought shame to the family's reputation. Therefore, the family reopened the case in 1596, but the decision of the Herredag (the highest court of the time) in 1598 upheld the verdict. The verdict started a witch-hunt in Norway, which particularly manifested itself in Finnmark a few decades later.	1.929688
11667967	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%20Pedersdotter	Anne Pedersdotter	The family was devastated by how the verdict had destroyed their reputation, and as a result, they "were despised and scorned by everyone". Some years later, Anne's daughter Cecilien and son-in-law Werner Schellenberger traveled to Copenhagen with a letter to Christian IV, asking for the verdict to be overturned as unjust and harmful to the family. The son-in-law insisted that it was the governor of Bergenhus who, out of old hatred towards Anne Pedersdotter, had pressured the law speaker (a type of judge) and the city council to sentence her as a witch in 1590. However, the king still denied her compensation in 1598. Legacy Anne Pedersdotter, a drama in four acts by Norwegian playwright, Hans Wiers-Jenssen was performed in 1909. This inspired La fiamma (1934) an opera by Italian composer Ottorino Respighi and the film Day of Wrath (1943) directed by Danish filmmaker Carl Theodor Dreyer. Pedersdotter was also the subject of Anne Pedersdotter, an opera by Norwegian composer Edvard Fliflet Bræin with libretto by Hans Kristiansen. In 1977, Norwegian author Vera Henriksen released the novel Skjærsild featuring aspects of the story. A memorial stone titled the Witch Stone (Heksesteinen på Nordnes) was erected as a monument to the victims of witch trials in Norway. It was unveiled on 26 June 2002 at Nordnesparken in the Nordnes neighborhood of Bergen. The inscription translates to 350 bonfire victims to miscarriage of justice 1550–1700. The 2009 album "Throw Money" by independent musician Kevin Loy features the composition Suite: Anne Pedersdotter. The Norwegian band Kvelertak wrote a song titled Witch Burning (Heksebrann) for their 2016 album Nattesferd. The circumstances around Anne Pedersdotter are described in the song.	2.265625
11667996	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Jackson%20%28Continental%20Army%20general%29	Henry Jackson (Continental Army general)	Henry Jackson (bapt. October 19, 1747January 4, 1809) was a Continental Army officer from Boston, Province of Massachusetts Bay, during the American Revolutionary War. For most of the war, he was colonel of Jackson's Additional Continental Regiment, which was redesignated the 16th Massachusetts in 1780. He commanded the last regiment of the Continental Army, the 1st American, which was disbanded in 1784. Jackson was a lifelong friend of Henry Knox, another Continental Army officer, whose business affairs he was also heavily involved in. Life Jackson was the youngest son of Joseph and Susannah (Gray) Jackson. Before the American Revolutionary War, he was an officer of the First Corps of Cadets in Boston, which was disbanded during the British occupation. After the evacuation, six former cadet officers organized a company of seventy-eight officers and men called the Boston Independent Company on 17 March 1776, with Jackson as their commander (Their uniform was black turned up with red). In January 1777, the unit was taken into Continental service, designated Jackson's Additional Continental Regiment. He led his regiment in the Philadelphia campaign of 1777, at Monmouth and Rhode Island in 1778, and at Springfield, New Jersey in 1780. In 1780 the regiment was taken into the Massachusetts Line and renamed the 16th Massachusetts Regiment. Jackson's regiment was disbanded in 1781 and Jackson was transferred to command the 4th Massachusetts Regiment. He received a brevet promotion to brigadier general on September 30, 1783 and led Continental forces into New York City on the heels of the British evacuation in November. The 4th Massachusetts was disbanded on November 3, 1783, at West Point, New York. Jackson was retained as commander the 1st American Regiment, which was the only infantry unit still active after the dissolution of the Continental Army in November. Jackson was discharged from the Army on June 20, 1784, when the 1st Regiment was disbanded, and the standing army was reduced to only 80 soldiers.	2.25
11667998	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Brocard	Saint Brocard	Brocard is said to have been one of the first leaders of hermits at Mount Carmel, and was perhaps the leader of the community on the death of Berthold of Calabria around 1195. Various details of his life are legendary. History Brocard (or Burchard, as he is sometimes called), was of French ancestry and a hermit monk at Mount Carmel. The superior of this community, Berthold, died about the year 1195 and Brocard was elected superior. Around 1207 Brocard approached Albert Avogadro, the papal legate and Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, for assistance in developing a rule of common life for the monks on Carmel. Albert was a canon regular and composed a brief, 16 chapter rule, for the community. The document is addressed to a community member known only as 'B' (traditionally associated with Brocard, although no historical records exist that clearly identify this individual's full name). Receiving the Rule marks the origin of the Carmelite Order. Tradition says that Brocard was well-versed in scripture and that Albert planned to take him to the next Lateran Council, but was murdered before the Council took place. Brocard died around 1231. His cult was ordered by the general chapter of 1564. It was removed from the reformed breviary of 1585, but taken up again in 1609; and the proper lessons were approved by the S. Congregation of Rites in 1672. His feast has been again suppressed.	2.21875
11668008	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.%20S.%20McIntosh	W. S. McIntosh	William Sumpter McIntosh (February 2, 1921 – March 4, 1974) was a civil rights leader from Dayton, Ohio. In 1960, McIntosh went to Atlanta, Georgia to observe the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and on February 26, 1961, he led one of the first major civil rights protests in the Dayton, Ohio community. He challenged segregation in Dayton before the Civil Rights Movement gained attention nationally. McIntosh tried negotiation first. If that didn't work, he roused blacks to push for their rights by picketing, sit-ins and boycotts. He utilized nonviolent methods to fight for the rights of minorities to work at Rike's department store, Liberal supermarket, and other establishments in the Dayton area. McIntosh organized community groups and was the executive director of the Dayton chapter of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). On March 4, 1974, McIntosh was shot in the heart and killed by Calvin Farmer outside his family-owned store while trying to prevent a robbery at a jewelry store in downtown Dayton. Recognition In recognition of W. S. McIntosh's heroic efforts and civic responsibility, the City of Dayton has named a park in his honor - W. S. McIntosh Park. Dayton community and University of Dayton leaders offered a public salute to W. S. McIntosh in June 2007 at the Dayton Cultural and RTA Center. In conjunction with the University of Dayton, they sponsor a scholarship for minority students who reside in the city of Dayton. This scholarship, the W. S. McIntosh Memorial Leadership Award, covers tuition, fees, and room and board while the student is attending the University of Dayton for eight semesters and is awarded to one student each year.	2.671875
11668030	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmodan	Kilmodan	Kilmodan is a civil parish situated on the Cowal Peninsula, in Argyll and Bute, west of Scotland. It includes the valley of Glendaruel and surrounding areas, with Kilmodan Church located in the Clachan of Glendaruel. The alternative historical spelling, Kilmadan, is no longer used. The Imperial Gazetteer of Scotland, c. 1857, has this to say about Kilmodan: Kilmadan (sometimes spelt Kilmodan) is a parish containing the postal station of Glendaruel in Cowal, Argyll. It is in the Presbytery (presbyterian church) of Dunoon and synod of Argyll. It is bounded by Loch Riddan, and by the parishes of Kilfinan, Strachur, Dunoon, and Inverchaolain. It consists chiefly of a glen, flanked by high hills, and extending southward; and is about long. The River Ruel traverses the upper part of the glen, and falls into the head of Loch Riddan. The extent of coast is upwards of three miles (5 km) and the scenery is of the grandest description. The most well-known native of the parish is Colin Maclaurin, professor of mathematics at the University of Edinburgh.	2.125
11668038	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley%20and%20Stella%20in%3A%20Breaking%20the%20Ice	Stanley and Stella in: Breaking the Ice	Stanley and Stella in: Breaking the Ice, also known as Love Found, is a 1987 American animated short film. Synopsis Birds and fish are moving around different halves of a sphere, separated by a sheet of ice. One bird and one fish (Stanley and Stella) notice each other and approach their sides of the ice sheet. They look at each other through the ice and twirl to acknowledge that the feeling of love is mutual. Stella looks up and points, Stanley appears to be confused. Stella then taps her side of the ice sheet with her tail. Stanley gazes upward and then nods to her, understanding what he can do. As Stella watches, Stanley flies further and further up until he is high enough and then dives towards the ice sheet, breaking it. Stella approaches Stanley, who appears to be unconscious, and nudges him awake. He looks around him to see that he is successful and Stella kisses his cheek. As they continue to gaze at each other, the birds and fish around them are shown freely mingling throughout the sphere. History Original production The animation was created in 1987 by a crew of about 90 people from Symbolics Graphics Division (SGD), Whitney/Demos Productions, and elsewhere. It premiered at the Electronic Theater of SIGGRAPH 1987. Symbolics undertook the production for two reasons. The first goal was as publicity and marketing for the products of SGD by creating content for submission to SIGGRAPH’s well regarded Electronic Theater. The second goal was to showcase the boids simulation of group motion, an early artificial life model. It was developed in 1986 and 1987 by Craig Reynolds of SGD, and described in a technical paper published at SIGGRAPH 1987 More information about the animation's production can be found in two contemporaneous articles published by SGD. One was printed on the back of the animation's 1987 release poster. That text and a high resolution scan of the poster image can be found on the Internet Archive In March 1988, SGD's newsletter S-News included an article about the animation.	2.46875
11668043	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Bairoch	Paul Bairoch	Paul Bairoch (24 July 1930 in Antwerp – 12 February 1999 in Geneva) was a (in 1985 naturalised) Swiss economic historian of Belgian descent who specialized in urban history and historical demography. He published or co-authored more than two dozen books and 120 scholarly articles. His most important works emphasize the agricultural preconditions necessary for industrialization and controversially claim, contrary to most scholars that colonization was not beneficial to colonial empires. He argued that tariffs and growth were positively correlated in the 19th century. Academic career Bairoch gained a bachelor's degree by correspondence, intending to become an engineer but he turned to studying economic history in 1956 at the parisian Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes. He obtained his doctorate in 1963 at the Free University of Brussels where he worked from 1965 to 1995. He was economic adviser to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) at Geneva from 1967 to 1969, professor at the Sir George Williams University (Concordia) in Montréal from 1969 to 1971 and on recommendation of Fernand Braudel became director of studies at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes from 1971 to 1972. In 1972 he was made professor of history at the University of Geneva. He retired in 1995. He was also visiting professor at Harvard and at the Collège de France (1983) and Doctor honoris causa at the ETH Zurich. From 1985, Bairoch directed a number of research projects on the world economy at a Centre for International Economic History in Geneva. Research	2.03125
11668043	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Bairoch	Paul Bairoch	Paul Bairoch sought through quantitative, empirical research of historical trends to question and challenge many beliefs which are nowadays generally accepted in economics (see in particular his work Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes), among which: the idea that free trade historically led to periods of economic growth; that moving away from free trade caused the Great Depression; and that colonial powers in the 19th and early 20th centuries became rich by exploiting the Third World. Bairoch argued that such beliefs are based on insufficient knowledge and misguided interpretations of the economic history of the United States, Europe and the Third World. He researched extensively the reasons why an industrial takeoff was prevented in the colonised countries of the Third World (see e.g. his book Révolution industrielle et sous-développement). He is particularly known for his detailed empirical research on economic problems of Third World countries, on the Industrial Revolution and its aftermath and on urban history. His historical estimates of Gross Product measures are still being referred to in the literature, although some are also challenged by other economic historians such as Angus Maddison. Bairoch argues that free trade contributed to deindustrialization in the Ottoman Empire. In contrast to the protectionism of China, Japan, and Spain, the Ottoman Empire had a liberal trade policy, open to foreign imports. This has origins in capitulations of the Ottoman Empire, dating back to the first commercial treaties signed with France in 1536 and taken further with capitulations in 1673 and 1740, which lowered duties to 3% for imports and exports. The liberal Ottoman policies were praised by British economists such as J. R. McCulloch in his Dictionary of Commerce (1834), but later criticized by British politicians such as Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, who cited the Ottoman Empire as "an instance of the injury done by unrestrained competition" in the 1846 Corn Laws debate: Quotes	2.09375
11668044	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond%20the%2011th	Beyond the 11th	Beyond the 11th is a charitable foundation that supports widows in Afghanistan affected by war and terrorism. The organization makes grants to programs run by NGOs (non-governmental organizations) already working in the country, such as CARE, Women for Women International, and Arzu. These programs help Afghan widows become self-sufficient through job skills training, literacy classes and small business development. The foundation was formed in 2003 by Susan Retik and Patti Quigley, two women who were widowed by the September 11th attacks. Both were pregnant at the time of their husbands' deaths and became close friends in the aftermath of their tragedies. Inspired by the outpouring of support they had each received from friends, family and strangers, the two women decided to they wanted to help widows in Afghanistan rebuild their lives after decades of war and oppression. In May 2006, Retik and Quigley traveled to Kabul to meet the women they had been supporting in person. In December 2005, Quigley stepped down from the organization to end her public role as a 9/11 widow, but she continues to focus on supporting Afghan widows and children as executive director of Razia's Ray of Hope, which funds the Zabuli Education Center for girls and young women in Afghanistan. For her work in the organization, Susan Retik was awarded the 2010 President's Citizens Medal, one of the United States' highest civilian honors. Documentary film Quigley and Retik's work establishing Beyond the 11th and their trip to Afghanistan are the subject of the feature documentary Beyond Belief, directed by Beth Murphy. The film premiered at the 2007 Tribeca Film Festival. Awards Susan Retik accepted the Presidential Citizenship Award in 2010 from President Barack Obama for her work and efforts in Afghanistan. Susan was nominated by Kumu Gupta who was deeply impacted on Susan's journey, after seeing the movie "Beyond Belief" and meeting Susan.	2.265625
11668046	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hooper%20Island%20Light	Hooper Island Light	The Hooper Island Light is a lighthouse in the Chesapeake Bay, west of Middle Hooper Island in Maryland. History The initial request of a light at this site was made in 1897, but construction was delayed until 1901 after the Variety Iron Works Company failed to deliver materials in time. Unlike earlier caisson lights in the bay, the foundation was placed using the pneumatic process, in which the caisson is kept under pressure to expel water, and the interior is excavated to bring the cylinder down to the desired depth. The tower is taller than other Maryland sparkplug lights because of the provision for a watch room as well as a lantern atop the tower, the only example in the state. A fog bell was originally housed on the lower gallery but was later moved to the watch room level, a backup to the fog horn added in the 1930s. The characteristic was changed several times through the years, with different patterns of flashes and eclipses. Along with many other Chesapeake Bay lights, automation came in the early 1960s. In 1976 the original fourth-order Fresnel lens was stolen, and it was replaced with a solar-power lamp. The lighthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 2, 2002, as Hooper Island Light Station. The structure was officially turned over to the U.S. Lighthouse Society in June 2009, but the light remains active. Located in the northeast corner of a U.S. Navy "danger zone", overnight occupation of the lighthouse is prohibited, per agreement between the GSA and the U.S. Navy's Naval Air Systems Command.	2.546875
11668053	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom%20of%20Hungary%20%281920%E2%80%931946%29	Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)	The Kingdom of Hungary ( ), referred to retrospectively as the Regency and the Horthy era, existed as a country from 1920 to 1946 under the rule of Miklós Horthy, Regent of Hungary, who officially represented the Hungarian monarchy. In reality there was no king, and attempts by King Charles IV to return to the throne shortly before his death were prevented by Horthy. Hungary under Horthy was characterized by its conservative, nationalist, and fiercely anti-communist character. The government was based on an unstable alliance of conservatives and right-wingers. Foreign policy was characterized by revisionism — the total or partial revision of the Treaty of Trianon, which had seen Hungary lose over 70% of its historic territory along with over three million Hungarians, who mostly lived in the border territories outside the new borders of the kingdom, in the Kingdom of Romania and the newly created states of Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (in greatly enlarged Romania there also remained a significant Hungarian population in Székely Land). Republican Austria, the successor of the former other half of the dual monarchy also received some minor territory from Hungary. Thus the post-1918 kingdom can be described as a rump state. Hungary's interwar politics were dominated by a focus on the territorial losses suffered from this treaty, with the resentment continuing until the present.	2.71875
11668053	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom%20of%20Hungary%20%281920%E2%80%931946%29	Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)	Nazi Germany's influence in Hungary has led some historians to conclude that the country increasingly became a client state after 1938. The Kingdom of Hungary was an Axis power during World War II, intent on regaining Hungarian-majority territory that had been lost in the Treaty of Trianon, which it mostly did in early 1941 after the First and Second Vienna Awards and after joining the German invasion of Yugoslavia. By 1944, following heavy setbacks for the Axis, Horthy's government negotiated secretly with the Allies, and also considered leaving the war. Because of this Hungary was occupied by Germany and Horthy was deposed. The extremist Arrow Cross Party's leader Ferenc Szálasi established a new Nazi-backed government, effectively turning Hungary into a German-occupied puppet state. As the Soviet Union reached Hungary, its anti-fascist parties found it possible to create a which sided with the Soviet Union in the last months of the war and began progressive reforms and the transition towards a republic. After World War II, the country fell within the Soviet Union's sphere of influence. It changed its name to the Hungarian State (Hungarian: Magyar Állam) and the Second Hungarian Republic was soon thereafter proclaimed in 1946, succeeded by the communist Hungarian People's Republic in 1949. Formation Upon the dissolution of Austria-Hungary after World War I, the Hungarian Democratic Republic and then the Hungarian Soviet Republic were briefly proclaimed in 1918 and 1919, respectively. The short-lived communist government of Béla Kun launched what was known as the "Red Terror", involving Hungary in an ill-fated war with Romania. In 1920, the country fell into a period of civil conflict, with Hungarian anti-communists and monarchists violently purging the communists, leftist intellectuals, and others whom they felt threatened by, especially Jews. This period was known as the "White Terror". In 1920, after the pullout of the last of the Romanian occupation forces, the Kingdom of Hungary was restored.	2.390625
11668053	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom%20of%20Hungary%20%281920%E2%80%931946%29	Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)	On 6 November 1921 the Diet of Hungary passed a law nullifying the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713, dethroning Charles IV and abolishing the House of Habsburg's rights to the throne of Hungary. Hungary was a kingdom without royalty. With civil unrest too great to select a new king, it was decided to confirm Horthy as Regent of Hungary. He remained in that powerful president-like status until he was overthrown in 1944. Government Horthy's rule as Regent possessed characteristics such that it could be construed a dictatorship. As a counterpoint, his powers were a continuation of the constitutional powers of the King of Hungary, adopted earlier during the federation with the Austrian Empire. As Regent, Horthy had the power to adjourn or dissolve the Hungarian Diet (parliament) at his own discretion; he appointed the Hungarian prime minister. The succession after Horthy's death or resignation was never officially established; presumably the Hungarian Parliament would have selected a new regent, or possibly attempted to restore the Habsburgs under Crown Prince Otto. In January 1942, Parliament appointed Horthy's eldest son István as Deputy Regent and expected successor. Whether this represents an attempt to gradually re-establish monarchy in Hungary is unclear; at any rate, István was killed in an airplane crash in August that year, and a new Deputy Regent was not appointed.	2.328125
11668053	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom%20of%20Hungary%20%281920%E2%80%931946%29	Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)	During his first ten years, Horthy led increased repression of Hungarian minorities. In 1920, the numerus clausus law formally placed limits on the number of minority students at university, and legalized corporal punishment for adults in criminal cases. Although the law seemingly applied in equal measure to all minorities, the ethnicity quota system was never fully introduced and the law acted largely to conceal anti-Jewish action from foreign observers. Limitations were relaxed in 1928. Racial criteria in admitting new students were removed and replaced by social criteria. Five categories were set up: civil servants, war veterans and army officers, small landowners and artisans, industrialists, and the merchant classes. Under István Bethlen as Prime Minister the electoral system was changed to reintroduce an open vote system outside Budapest and its vicinity and cities with county municipal rights. Bethlen's political party, the Party of Unity, won repeated elections. Bethlen pushed for revision of the Treaty of Trianon. After the collapse of the Hungarian economy from 1929 to 1931, national turmoil pushed Bethlen to resign as prime minister. In 1938 the changes to the electoral system were reversed. Social conditions in the kingdom did not improve as time passed, as a very small proportion of the population continued to control much of the country's wealth. Jews were continually pressured to assimilate into Hungarian mainstream culture. The desperate situation forced the Regent, Horthy, to accept the far-right politician Gyula Gömbös as prime minister. He pledged to retain the existing political system. Gömbös agreed to abandon his extreme antisemitism and allow some Jews into the government.	2.71875
11668053	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom%20of%20Hungary%20%281920%E2%80%931946%29	Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)	In power, Gömbös moved Hungary towards a one-party government like those of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. Pressure by Nazi Germany for extreme antisemitism forced Gömbös out and Hungary pursued antisemitism under its "Jewish Laws". Initially, the government passed laws restricting Jews to 20 percent in a number of professions. Later it scapegoated the Jews for the country's failing economy. In March 1944, responding to the advancing Soviet forces, Prime Minister Miklós Kállay, with Horthy's backing, established contacts with the Allies in order to open negotiations and switch sides; however, this became known to the Germans, who proceeded to invade Hungary and quickly overran the country, meeting only limited resistance. With the country now under German occupation, Horthy was forced to remove Kállay from his position and appoint pro-Nazi politician Döme Sztójay as the new prime minister. Sztójay legalized the antisemitic and pro-Nazi Arrow Cross Party, deported large numbers of Hungarian Jews to Germany and initiated a violent crackdown on liberal and leftist opposition. As the months went by, Horthy became increasingly appalled by Sztójay's brutal methods and alarmed by the rapidly collapsing Eastern Front. In August 1944, he deposed the pro-German prime minister and installed a more balanced government led by Géza Lakatos, in an effort to engage with the Allies and avoid occupation by the Soviet Union. This did not sit well with Hitler and, in October, German forces overthrew Horthy and Lakatos and installed a puppet regime led by Ferenc Szálasi of the Arrow Cross Party. The Arrow Cross Party never abolished the monarchy as a form of government, and Hungarian newspapers continued to refer to the country as the Kingdom of Hungary (Magyar Királyság), although Magyarország (Hungary) was used as an alternative. From May to June 1944, Hungarian authorities rapidly rounded up and transported hundreds of thousands of Hungarian Jews to Nazi concentration camps, where most died.	2.21875
11668053	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom%20of%20Hungary%20%281920%E2%80%931946%29	Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)	Initially, despite a move towards nationalism, the new state under Horthy, in an effort to prevent further conflicts, signed the Treaty of Trianon on 4 June 1920, thereby reducing Hungary's size substantially: the whole of Transylvania was taken by Romania; much of Upper Hungary became part of Czechoslovakia; Vojvodina was assigned to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (known after 1929 as Yugoslavia); and the Free State of Fiume was created. With a succession of increasingly nationalist prime ministers, Hungary steadily came to resent the Treaty of Trianon, and aligned itself with Europe's two fascist states, Germany and Italy, which both opposed the changes to national borders in Europe at the end of World War I. The Italian Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini sought closer ties with Hungary, beginning with the signing of a treaty of friendship between Hungary and Italy on 5 April 1927. Gyula Gömbös was an open admirer of the fascist leaders. Gömbös attempted to forge a closer trilateral unity between Germany, Italy and Hungary by acting as an intermediary between Germany and Italy, whose two fascist regimes had nearly come to conflict in 1934 over the issue of Austrian independence. Gömbös eventually persuaded Mussolini to accept Hitler's annexation of Austria in the late 1930s. Gömbös is said to have coined the phrase "axis", which he applied to his intention to create an alliance with Germany and Italy; those two countries used it to term their alliance as the Rome–Berlin axis. Just prior to the Second World War, Hungary benefited from its close ties with Germany and Italy when the Munich Agreement obliged Czechoslovakia and Hungary to settle their territorial disputes by negotiation. Finally, the First Vienna Award reassigned the southern parts of Czechoslovakia to Hungary, and shortly after Czechoslovakia was abolished Hungary occupied and annexed the remainder of the Carpatho-Ukraine. World War II	2.5625
11668053	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom%20of%20Hungary%20%281920%E2%80%931946%29	Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)	After the successful revision policy Hungary sought further solutions to the remainder of its former territories and demanded the concession of Transylvanian territory from Romania. The Axis powers were not interested in opening a new conflict in Central Europe; both countries were facing strong diplomatic pressures to avoid any military operations. Finally both parties accepted the arbitration of Germany and Italy, known as the Second Vienna Award, and as a result Northern Transylvania was assigned to Hungary. Shortly afterward, the Kingdom of Hungary joined the Axis powers. Hitler demanded that the Hungarian government follow Germany's military and racial agenda to avoid potential conflict in the future. Antisemitism was already an established political cause by the far right in Hungary. In 1944, after the ousting of Horthy by Hitler and before the installation of the National-Socialist Arrow Cross Party, the Hungarian government readily aided Nazi Germany in the deportation of hundreds of thousands of Jews to concentration camps during the Holocaust, where most of them died. In April 1941, Hungary let the Wehrmacht into her territory, thus supporting Germany and Italy in the invasion of Yugoslavia. After the Independent State of Croatia was proclaimed, Hungary joined the military operations and was allowed to annex the Bačka (Bácska) region in Vojvodina, which had a majority of Hungarians, as well as the region of Muraköz (present-day Prekmurje and Medjimurje), which had large Slovenian and Croatian minorities, respectively. On 27 June 1941, László Bárdossy declared war on the Soviet Union. Fearing a potential turn of support to the Romanians, the Hungarian government sent armed forces to support the German war effort during Operation Barbarossa. This support cost the Hungarians dearly. Almost the entire Second Army Group of the Royal Hungarian Army was lost during the Battle of Stalingrad.	2.53125
11668053	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom%20of%20Hungary%20%281920%E2%80%931946%29	Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)	By early 1944, with Soviet forces fast advancing from the east, Hungary was caught attempting to contact the British and the Americans to secretly escape the war and establish an armistice with the Allies. On 19 March 1944, the Germans responded by invading Hungary in Operation Margarethe. German forces occupied key locations to ensure Hungarian loyalty. They placed Horthy under house arrest and replaced Prime Minister Miklós Kállay with a more pliable successor. Döme Sztójay, an avid supporter of the Nazis, became the new Hungarian prime minister. Sztójay governed with the aid of a Nazi military governor, Edmund Veesenmayer: he legalized the antisemitic and pro-Nazi Arrow Cross Party, started to deport Hungarian Jews en masse to Germany and initiated a violent crackdown on liberal and leftist opposition. Increasingly appalled by Sztójay's methods and alarmed by the imminent collapse of the Eastern Front, Horthy was finally able to remove him in August 1944 and replaced him with the more balanced Géza Lakatos. By October of the same year, the Hungarians were again caught trying to quit the war, and the Germans launched Operation Panzerfaust. They replaced Horthy with Arrow Cross leader Ferenc Szálasi. The Government of National Unity was proclaimed, and it continued the war on the side of the Axis. Szálasi did not replace Horthy as regent, but was appointed as the "Leader of the Nation" ("Nemzetvezető") and prime minister of the new "Hungarist state". Antisemitic persecution and pogroms increased during Szálasi's regime and his militias were singularly responsible of the murder of 10,000-15,000 Hungarian Jews.	2.21875
11668053	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom%20of%20Hungary%20%281920%E2%80%931946%29	Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)	The new Quisling regime, however, was to be short-lived, for in November 1944 the Red Army had already reached Budapest and a long siege started, while Szálasi fled the capital. On 21 December 1944, a Hungarian "Interim Assembly" met in Debrecen, with the approval of the Soviet Union. This assembly elected an interim counter-government headed by Béla Miklós, the former commander of the Hungarian First Army. The new government declared war on Germany, concluded an armistice with the Allied powers and established People's Tribunals to prosecute accused war criminals in January 1945; in march, it implemented a land reform. It acted acted under the supervision of the Soviet-dominated Allied Control Commission headed by the Soviet marshal Kliment Voroshilov. As the Hungarist government retained control over the Hungarian army, the Debrecen government began forming the new army to assist the USSR in the war; however, the Hungarian volunteers were able to create only small units, and the biggest Hungarian unit to fight on the Soviet side was the Volunteer Regiment of Buda. Budapest capitulated in February 1945 and the so-called Government of National Unity, now in exile in Munich, was disbanded at the end of March 1945. Dissolution Under Soviet occupation, the fate of the Kingdom of Hungary was already determined. A High National Council was appointed as the country's collective head of state until the monarchy was formally abolished on 1 February 1946. The regency was replaced by the Second Hungarian Republic. It was quickly followed by the creation of the Hungarian People's Republic. Historical assessment There has been some debate as to what extent the Hungarian state of the 1930s and '40s can be classified as fascist. According to Richard Griffiths, the regime's increasing economic dependence on Germany, its passage of antisemitic legislation and its participation in exterminating local Jews all place it within the realm of international fascism.	2.78125
11668073	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Yogurt%20Connection	The Yogurt Connection	The Yogurt Connection was a drug smuggling ring that operated out of Indianapolis, Indiana, United States, in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Prosecutors estimated that the gang ran an estimated 250,000 pounds of Colombian, Jamaican and Thai marijuana. Distribution reached into eleven midwestern states and was valued at US$50 million to $100 million, making it the largest known ring of its kind at the time. History From their hometown of Indianapolis, Indiana, during 1975, Linda Leary (born April 15, 1931) and her two sons, Richard Heilbrunn (born June 20, 1951) and Paul Heilbrunn (born January 15, 1954), organized a drug smuggling ring that prosecutors called "The Yogurt Connection"—an allusion to the family's YoGo franchise and the French Connection drug trafficking scheme. Officially, they were selling Dr. Bronner's Natural Castile Soap through a health-food distribution business called Heilbrunn and Friends. Initially the "friends" were North Central High School graduates who set up marijuana sales networks at universities and eventually the wider market. In addition to their illegal activities, Linda and her sons maintained high profiles and excellent reputations in the community. Paul was a broker and financier. Linda was head of the Indianapolis League of Women Voters, president of the local chapter of the National Council of Jewish Women and a volunteer fund-raiser for the city's new zoo. She also aided inner-city school immunization programs and child care centers in poverty-stricken areas, which a judge noted was "incredibly ironic" that she also flooded the same neighborhoods with marijuana. They made highly visible loans to unknowing recipients, including a local radio station, a Cablevision franchise, and the Indianapolis Dining Guide. Few residents suspected that the same people who played tennis at the club and supported the government initiatives of then-mayor Richard Lugar, could also smuggle illegal drugs.	2.171875
11668074	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s%20Dance%20%28radio%29	Let's Dance (radio)	Let's Dance was a Saturday night radio music program broadcast by NBC in the mid-1930s. Sponsored by the National Biscuit Company (initially to promote their new Ritz Crackers), it aired for three full hours in any given Time zone, starting at 10:30pm on the East Coast. This late-night time slot gave the program a much larger audience on the West Coast when heard earlier in the evening. Let's Dance was a five-hour broadcast from New York, yet calculated so that all time zones heard three hours of music. The first three hours of the broadcast were played between 10:30pm to 1:30am in The East Coast Time zone, and 9:30pm to 12:30am in the Central Time zone. Between 9:30pm and 12:30am in the Mountain Time zone, listeners tuned in to the second, third and fourth hours. Hours three, four and five were heard on the West Coast between the hours of 9:30pm and 12:30am. The series premiered December 1, 1934, showcasing three different regular bands. The mellow music of Kel Murray (a pseudonym for Murray Kellner) and the Latin rhythms of Xavier Cugat made Benny Goodman's group stand out as "downright thrilling," according to George Simon. It was a turning point for Goodman, who had more than 70 Fletcher Henderson swing arrangements by the time Let's Dance went off the air May 25, 1935. Despite its popularity, the program abruptly ended due to a labor dispute involving Nabisco employees, with the company temporarily discontinuing all of their sponsored radio shows as a result. However, because of the expense involved in sustaining Let's Dance, Nabisco decided not to renew the series for another season.	2.0625
11668104	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%20Park%20%28Pittsburgh%29	North Park (Pittsburgh)	North Park is a county park that is located in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is the largest in the county's 12,000-acre (49 km2) network of nine distinct parks. History and notable features Completed in 1931, North Park is sited northeast of downtown Pittsburgh in Hampton, McCandless, and Pine Townships. The park features the largest man-made body of water in the county, over , bordered by four miles of woodlands. Its swimming pool was one of the largest in the United States when it opened on July 5, 1937. It holds 2,225,000 gallons of water (compared to 20–30,000 gallons in a modern city swimming pool) and has enough room for 5,000 people to swim. The pool is 50m x 105m. The park also offers a golf course, a large ice skating rink that was completed in February 1961, a movie theater, picnic groves, tennis courts, basketball courts, kayak rentals, a treetop obstacle course with zipline, and several miles of trails for walking, hiking, bike riding, and mountain biking, including trails for the visually impaired, known as the "Braille Trail." The Rachel Carson Trail runs through North Park, as well. North Park is also notable for their boathouse restaurant called "Over the Bar", which has a bicycle theme. The Latodami Nature Center offers environmental education programs for school groups, scouts, and other private and public groups.	2.28125
11668108	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardino%20Realino	Bernardino Realino	Bernardino Realino (1 December 1530 – 2 July 1616) was an Italian Roman Catholic priest and a professed member of the Jesuits. His entire career was devoted to the areas of Naples and Lecce. Realino pursued a career in law and served in several municipal capacities before feeling called to the Jesuit life and being ordained to the priesthood in Naples. He is often dubbed as the "Apostle of Lecce" for his commitment to the poor and for his preaching abilities. Realino received beatification in 1896 from Pope Leo XIII while Pope Pius XII canonized him on 22 June 1947 as a saint of the Catholic Church. Life Bernardino Realino was born in Carpi on 1 December 1530 to nobles. His father was a collaborator of Cardinal Cristoforo Madruzzo. He first attended school at Modena. Realino began his studies in philosophy and medicine in Bologna but altered this midcourse to law; it was said that a woman he fell in love with persuaded him to do so on the assumption that Realino would be good at practising law. It also offered greater opportunities for advancement and wealth. He graduated with a doctorate in law – both civil and canon law – at the Bologna college in 1556. Through his family's influence, in 1556 he was appointed as the podestà of both the Cassine and Felizzano cities – he served as a judge in Felizzano. Realino was viewed as honest and became the praetor of Castelleone; he also worked as the chief tax collector in Alessandria. Realino became noted in these places for his legal brilliance and learning. He entered the service of Francesco Ferdinando d'Avalos and moved to Naples to act as the superintendent of the fiefs of the Marquis.	2.15625
11668108	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernardino%20Realino	Bernardino Realino	In Naples a Jesuit preacher's sermon so moved him that he sought out the priest and had him hear his confession; the priest noted his inclination to the religious life and – with some other Jesuit priests – invited him in August 1564 to make a week-long spiritual retreat with them, to discern his call. He joined the Jesuits on 13 October 1564 (Alfonso Salmeron welcomed him into the order) and began his period of the novitiate. Realino was ordained to the priesthood on 24 May 1567; he made his vows in October 1566. Francis Borgia appointed Realino as the novice master at Naples. He was later sent to found a Jesuit house and college in Lecce in 1574. In 1583 he began a movement for diocesan priests to foster their virtues and to improve their moral-theological education to make them better confessors and preachers. Realino spent most of his life going from place to place preaching parish missions. He taught catechism and visited slaves on the galleys in the harbour at Naples. In 1610 he suffered a fall and sustained two wounds that never healed. Not long before his death blood was taken from one leg wound and placed in glass vials; his health took a sharp decline in June 1616. Following his death in mid-1616 the relics of his blood which were kept were reported to have liquified. On his deathbed, the Lecce magistrates asked him twice that he be the town's patron when he entered Heaven. Realino could not speak but nodded in approval and died whispering: "Gesù ... Maria". The blood was liquefied until the mid 19th century, though later instances were also reported. Roberto Bellarmino heard of his death and said: "I have never heard a complaint about Father Realino though I have been his provincial; even those who were ill-disposed to the society who seized every opportunity to speak unfavourably of it always made an exception for Realino. ...Everyone knows that he is a saint".	2.5
11668117	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobras%20%28Serbia%29	Cobras (Serbia)	The Detachment of the Military Police for Special Operations "Cobras" () is a military police unit of the Serbian Armed Forces directly subordinated to the General Staff. The unit is responsible for close protection, counter-terrorism and special operations. History The unit was first established by the order of the Federal Secretary of People's Defence Nikola Ljubičić on 14 April 1978. The unit was included in a special 'Anti-terrorist Department' () within the 282nd battalion of the Yugoslav People's Army. In 1985 the department expanded and transformed into a 'Anti-terrorist platoon' () within the Guard Brigade. In 1992 it was transferred to the Special Units Corps of newly-formed Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro, which included the 63rd Parachute Brigade, 72nd Reconnaissance-Commando Battalion and 1st Guard Brigade. In 2000 the unit was placed under the direct command of the Chief of General Staff. The unit further expanded, with the help of colonel Stojan Kljajić who commanded the unit until 2005. In this period the symbol of a winged cobra twisted around a sword was adopted. It was organized as an anti-terrorist detachment in 2006 and has been since a component of the Military Police. Since 2013 a number of women have been included in the unit. Missions The unit consists of a detachment of 200 members and its main responsibilities in recent years include personal and technical protection of the President of the Republic, Minister of Defence and Chief of the General Staff.	2.078125
11668184	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FableVision	FableVision	FableVision Studios has collaborated with broadcasters, publishers, nonprofits, research groups, and museums, including PBS, The Jim Henson Company, Nick Jr. Channel, Smithsonian, MIT, and National Geographic Society to design and develop websites, games, animated films, museum kiosks, and mobile apps. FableVision Learning FableVision Learning is a K-12 educational media publisher providing creative learning tools, resources, and support for the classroom. FableVision Learning has a front-line relationship with over 42,000 teachers across the U.S. and around the world and makes educational software and curriculum to promote “creativity, communication, collaboration, critical thinking and compassion.” The Reynolds Center for Teaching, Learning and Creativity The Reynolds Center for Teaching, Learning and Creativity is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization that encourages creativity and innovation in teaching and learning. They work with like-minded partners to develop & evaluate new media, tools, initiatives that foster and scale authentic, engaged learning. Reynolds TLC also offers workshops, retreats, and professional development programs.	2.40625
11668199	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna%20and%20Marvin%20Schwartz%20Center%20for%20Performing%20Arts	Donna and Marvin Schwartz Center for Performing Arts	The Donna & Marvin Schwartz Center for Performing Arts is a multi-discipline performing arts facility on the campus of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. Completed in early 2003, the Schwartz Center provides a multidisciplinary teaching and performance center for the performing arts programs at Emory including dance, music, and theater. The centerpiece of the center is the 825-seat Cherry Logan Emerson Concert Hall featuring a custom-built Daniel Jaeckel Opus 45 pipe organ with fifty-four stops and 3,605 pipes in a cherry-wood case. The concert hall was designed in part by renowned acousticians Kirkegaard and Associates. The $36.9 million structure was designed by lead architect Michael Dennis in association with Howard-Montgomery-Steger and Smallwood, Reynolds, Stewart, Stewart. Design The Schwartz Center occupies a prominent site at the southwest corner of Emory's campus at the intersection of North Decatur Road and Clifton Road. The architectural style and exterior materials were chosen to echo existing buildings on campus. The nearby Goizueta Business School influenced the primary exterior finish which is a stucco accented by a Portuguese limestone known as cietra bella at the building's entrances. The architects studied venues including Boston's Symphony Hall and Vienna's Musikverein when designing the center. The Center's main hall is the 825-seat Cherry Logan Emerson Concert Hall, a tall, narrow shoebox concert hall design that rises above the roofline of the main building and is articulated with clerestory windows. Emerson Hall is in the southernmost section of the complex and its two-story lobby addresses North Decatur Road and the off-campus community beyond.	2.046875
11668256	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Patrick%20Hurley	Joseph Patrick Hurley	Joseph Patrick Hurley (January 21, 1894 – October 30, 1967) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of St. Augustine in Florida from 1940 until his death in 1967. Hurley also served as a Vatican diplomat in Asia during the 1920s and 1930s, and as regent ad interim in Yugoslavia between 1945 and 1949. He was awarded the personal title of archbishop in 1949. Biography Early life Joseph Hurley was born on January 21, 1894, in Cleveland, Ohio, one of nine children of Michael and Anna (née Durkin) Hurley. His parents were both Irish immigrants; Michael was from County Mayo, and Anna from Sligo. Hurley received his early education at Holy Name School from 1901 to 1909, and then attended St. Ignatius High School in Cleveland until 1912. He was the only one among his siblings to continue his education past age 16. Hurley applied to the US Military Academy at West Point, nominated by U.S. Representative Robert J. Bulkley. However, the nomination was disallowed when it was discovered Hurley was not a resident of Bulkley's 21st congressional district. Hurley attended John Carroll University in Cleveland from 1912 to 1915. At John Carroll, he was president of the College Debating Society and the speaker at the commencement ceremony. He also played football for the Geiger Clothes Company team, earning the nickname "The Breezer." Hurley began his studies for the priesthood at St. Bernard's Seminary in Rochester, New York, and was assigned to further theological studies at St. Mary's Seminary in Cleveland in 1917. During his summer vacations at St. Mary's, he worked as a naval observer in Sandusky, Ohio.	2.25
11668256	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Patrick%20Hurley	Joseph Patrick Hurley	Priesthood On May 29, 1919, Hurley was ordained a priest for the Diocese of Cleveland by Bishop John Farrelly at the Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist in Cleveland. His first assignment was as an assistant pastor at St. Columba's Parish in Youngstown, Ohio, where he remained for four years. In 1923, he received an interim assignment to St. Philomena's Parish in East Cleveland, Ohio. Later that year, Hurley was appointed to a pastoral posting at Immaculate Conception Parish in Cleveland. In 1927, Hurley accepted an offer to serve as secretary to Archbishop Edward Mooney, his former professor at St. Mary's Seminary and now apostolic delegate to India. He accompanied Mooney in 1931 to Japan when Mooney was transferred to the apostolic delegation there. Following Mooney's return to the United States as bishop of Rochester in 1933, Hurley remained in Japan to serve as chargé d'affaires of the apostolic delegation from 1933 to 1934. During this period, he helped resolve a conflict that arose between Japan and Canada after the newspapers in Kagoshima, Japan, accused Canadian Catholic missionaries of conducting spying operations on the fortified islands off Kagoshima Bay. Hurley was named a domestic prelate by Pope Pius XI in 1934. That same year, he became the first American to serve as an official of the Vatican Secretariat of State. During his work at the Secretariat of State, he acted as a liaison between the Holy See and the American Catholic hierarchy. He played an influential role in shaping the Vatican's policy towards Father Charles Coughlin, a controversial Michigan priest and radio personality.	2.46875
11668256	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Patrick%20Hurley	Joseph Patrick Hurley	Opposition to Nazism Before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in World War II, Hurley was considered the most outspoken interventionist among the American Catholic bishops. He made enemies among isolationist Catholic clergy and laity by labeling the Nazi Party "public enemy No. 1" of the United States and the Catholic Church. He declared, "The foe of all we love, both as Americans and as Catholics, is the Nazi. Communism is still our enemy but ... in point of urgency if not in point of teaching, communism has now ceded its primacy to national socialism."During World War II, Hurley aligned himself with the U.S. Department of State and began to act under the direction of government officials. His efforts were largely composed of black propaganda, the use of false source attributions. In a radio address in July 1941, he expressed his belief that President Franklin D. Roosevelt alone should decide upon U.S. entry into the war, saying, "It is up to him to safeguard the interests of the nation in times of great emergency. ...The problem [of entering the war] should be left to the Commander-in-Chief, who alone ... is capable of bringing us safely through." These remarks drew sharp criticism from Archbishop Francis Beckman, who subsequently denounced the "dictatorship pseudo-officially canonized by a brother cleric." In an editorial in his diocesan newspaper in 1943, Hurley became the only Catholic bishop to demand Catholics to speak out against the extermination of the Jews taking place in the Nazi concentration camps, claiming that "the very basis of the Roman Catholic faith" compelled Catholics to challenge the "orgies of extermination" being perpetrated against the Jews.Hurley described the 1943 Allied bombing of Rome as a "tragically mistaken decision," and predicted that "much of our national unity, much of the respect we enjoy abroad now lie with San Lorenzo, in ruins." He also opposed the idea that the United States should ally with Germany to oppose the Soviet Union.	2.0625
11668256	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20Patrick%20Hurley	Joseph Patrick Hurley	Service in Yugoslavia In 1945, in addition to his role as bishop, Hurley was appointed by Pius XII as regent ad interim to Yugoslavia. He thus became the first American to be raised to the equivalent rank of a nuncio. Relations between the Vatican and Yugoslavia had been deteriorating following the end of the war; the new communist government had been accused of murdering priests and had accused the Catholic Church of "obstructionist" activity. During his five years in Yugoslavia, Hurley negotiated with Marshal Josip Tito and worked closely with U.S. officials. In 1946, he represented Pius XII at the show trial of Archbishop Aloysius Stepinac in Yugoslavia by Tito for "crimes against the people." However, his relationship with Pius XII became strained after Hurley expressed his opposition to both the Vatican's policy towards Tito and to the removal of Archbishop Stepinac from his post in Croatia. Return to St. Augustine In 1949, Hurley was relieved of his diplomatic post in Yugoslavia, and was given the personal title of archbishop on August 14, 1949. Between 1962 and 1965, Hurley attended all four sessions of the Second Vatican Council in Rome In Florida, according to one retired priest, Hurley would fly around the state and locate property where the several new interstate highways were being planned. Hurley would buy up properties near the highways to establish future parishes. Hurley was a staunch opponent of the American Civil Rights actions during the 1960s, even avoiding Martin Luther King Jr. at the airport when their paths crossed unexpectedly. King would eventually write Hurley a letter requesting his support for the movement—though to no avail. Hurley became ill while attending the Synod of Bishops in Rome, and returned to Florida for treatment. After being nominated on July 1, 1966, he served on the St. Augustine Restoration and Preservation Commission.	2.390625
11668306	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikes%20Peak%20State%20Park	Pikes Peak State Park	Pikes Peak State Park is a state park in Clayton County, Iowa, United States, featuring a bluff overlooking the Upper Mississippi River opposite the confluence of the Wisconsin River. The park is operated by the Iowa Department of Natural Resources. It is nearly a thousand acres (4 km2) in extent. The nearest city is McGregor, Iowa. Iowa Highway 76 approximately defines its northern boundary. It gets its name from the Iowa incarnation of Pikes Peak, a particularly high point overlooking the gorge of the Upper Mississippi, and like Pikes Peak in Colorado, is named for Zebulon Pike. Pike visited the area in 1805 during his first expedition, camping just downstream near Clayton on Sept. 6 and across the river near Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin the next 3 nights. Pike climbed the bluff on Sept. 5, looking for a suitable location for a fort and marked what would become known as Pike's Peak because it was "level on the top, having a spring in the rear, and commanding a view of the country around." There are hiking trails, campgrounds, and RV facilities. Mountain bikes are permitted in certain portions of the park. Aside from recreational development, the land in the park was never cleared and to a large extent remains as it was before the settlers. It is part of a larger complex of parks, reserves, and refuges which include Effigy Mounds National Monument, the various components of the Yellow River State Forest, the enormous Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge and much smaller, much less well known Driftless Area National Wildlife Refuge. The Northeast Iowa Legacy Trail System is undergoing development and will connect elements of these sites. It is nearby State Line Slough (Iowa).	2.25
11668395	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy%20Green	Ivy Green	Ivy Green is a historic house museum at 300 West North Commons in Tuscumbia, Alabama, United States. Built in 1820, it was the birthplace and childhood home of Helen Keller (1880–1968), who became well known after overcoming deaf-blind conditions to communicate; she became an author and public speaker. Designated as a National Historic Landmark, it is now operated as a museum honoring and interpreting Keller's life. Description and history Ivy Green is located in a residential area north of downtown Tuscumbia, on the north side of West North Commons at Keller Lane. The property's principal features are the main house, the birthplace cottage, and the well. The main house is a -story frame structure with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. It has a five-bay facade, with sash windows around a roughly centered entrance. The entrance is sheltered by a gabled portico, and is framed by sidelight and transom windows. Nearby stands the birthplace cottage, a modest structure originally built as a plantation office. It was refurbished as a bridal suite for Arthur Henley Keller's second wife, who bore him Helen Keller in 1880. In between the two buildings stand the well and pump that played a key role in Helen Keller's development. The main house at Ivy Green was built in 1820 by David Keller, Helen Keller's grandfather. The well pump is where Helen Keller first achieved a communicated breakthrough with her teacher and companion, Anne Sullivan. In 1954 the property was adapted as a museum dedicated to Helen Keller. A fire in 1972 caused minor damage and resulted in the donation of additional materials by the Keller family. The Miracle Worker Every summer, for over 30 years, the Helen Keller Foundation has presented outdoor performances here of William Gibson's The Miracle Worker, a play about Keller and Sullivan. The play is usually performed from early June through mid-July. It is especially popular during the Helen Keller Festival held in Tuscumbia every June.	2.375
11668399	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%20NFL%20season	2008 NFL season	New formations result in high scores The 2008 season saw a marked increase in the use of two new offensive philosophies (at least for the NFL, these offenses previously saw extensive use in college or Canadian football for a few years): the "wildcat formation", a formation based on the halfback option play, the "spread offense", which uses multiple wide-receiver sets and the quarterback frequently in shotgun, and the "Suggs package", which features two quarterbacks on the field at once. In week 3 of the season, the wildcat formation, used up until this point primarily as a trick play, was used eight times, including four times in a Miami Dolphins game and three times in a game between the Oakland Raiders and Buffalo Bills. Season-ending injuries to the starting and backup quarterbacks for the Chiefs prompted the team's offensive coordinator Chan Gailey to switch to a spread offense after six games. In Baltimore, the Ravens, led by rookie head coach John Harbaugh, implemented the "Suggs package", which places two quarterbacks on the field at once, Joe Flacco and Troy Smith. Due mainly to the new formations, 837 points were scored league wide in Week 12, the most ever for one NFL weekend. The wildcat formation in particular was credited with turning the Miami Dolphins from a last-place team into the winner of the AFC East, and four of the top ten plays ranked by NFL.com were directly based on the wildcat (two others featured wide receivers throwing passes).	2.015625
11668431	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loren%20Long	Loren Long	Loren Long (born 1964) is an American author of children's books best known for illustration. He won the Society of Children's Book Writers and Illustrators' (SCBWI) Golden Kite Award for picture book illustration in 2004 for I Dream of Trains by Angela Johnson. Biography Long was born in Joplin, Missouri. He graduated from University of Kentucky, with a BA in Graphic Design. He lives in Cincinnati, Ohio with his wife and two sons. His career began at Gibson Greeting Cards in Cincinnati, Ohio eventually moving on to freelance illustration which gave him national exposure for children's books illustrations. A Simon & Schuster executive saw his work for Miles’ Song by Alice McGill and tapped him for the illustrations for I Dream of Trains by Angela Johnson. In 2004, I Dream of Trains won the Golden Kite Award for Picture Book Illustration. In 2005, he was a Golden Kite Award Honoree for his illustrations in When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer by Walt Whitman. In 2010, he illustrated Of Thee I Sing: A Letter to My Daughters by Barack Obama. When he was 12 years old, he learned that he was colorblind. In his work, he relies on strong lighting sources, color theory, and support from his family to overcome this obstacle. Selected works	2.59375
11668491	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater%20model	Groundwater model	Groundwater models are computer models of groundwater flow systems, and are used by hydrologists and hydrogeologists. Groundwater models are used to simulate and predict aquifer conditions. Characteristics An unambiguous definition of "groundwater model" is difficult to give, but there are many common characteristics. A groundwater model may be a scale model or an electric model of a groundwater situation or aquifer. Groundwater models are used to represent the natural groundwater flow in the environment. Some groundwater models include (chemical) quality aspects of the groundwater. Such groundwater models try to predict the fate and movement of the chemical in natural, urban or hypothetical scenario. Groundwater models may be used to predict the effects of hydrological changes (like groundwater pumping or irrigation developments) on the behavior of the aquifer and are often named groundwater simulation models. Groundwater models are used in various water management plans for urban areas. As the computations in mathematical groundwater models are based on groundwater flow equations, which are differential equations that can often be solved only by approximate methods using a numerical analysis, these models are also called mathematical, numerical, or computational groundwater models. The mathematical or the numerical models are usually based on the real physics the groundwater flow follows. These mathematical equations are solved using numerical codes such as MODFLOW, ParFlow, HydroGeoSphere, OpenGeoSys etc. Various types of numerical solutions like the finite difference method and the finite element method are discussed in the article on "Hydrogeology". Inputs For the calculations one needs inputs like: hydrological inputs, operational inputs, external conditions: initial and boundary conditions, (hydraulic) parameters. The model may have chemical components like water salinity, soil salinity and other quality indicators of water and soil, for which inputs may also be needed. Hydrological inputs	2.78125
11668491	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater%20model	Groundwater model	The primary coupling between groundwater and hydrological inputs is the unsaturated zone or vadose zone. The soil acts to partition hydrological inputs such as rainfall or snowmelt into surface runoff, soil moisture, evapotranspiration and groundwater recharge. Flows through the unsaturated zone that couple surface water to soil moisture and groundwater can be upward or downward, depending upon the gradient of hydraulic head in the soil, can be modeled using the numerical solution of Richards' equation partial differential equation, or the ordinary differential equation Finite Water-Content method as validated for modeling groundwater and vadose zone interactions. Operational inputs The operational inputs concern human interferences with the water management like irrigation, drainage, pumping from wells, watertable control, and the operation of retention or infiltration basins, which are often of an hydrological nature. These inputs may also vary in time and space. Many groundwater models are made for the purpose of assessing the effects hydraulic engineering measures. Boundary and initial conditions Boundary conditions can be related to levels of the water table, artesian pressures, and hydraulic head along the boundaries of the model on the one hand (the head conditions), or to groundwater inflows and outflows along the boundaries of the model on the other hand (the flow conditions). This may also include quality aspects of the water like salinity. The initial conditions refer to initial values of elements that may increase or decrease in the course of the time inside the model domain and they cover largely the same phenomena as the boundary conditions do. The initial and boundary conditions may vary from place to place. The boundary conditions may be kept either constant or be made variable in time. Parameters	2.25
11668491	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater%20model	Groundwater model	The parameters usually concern the geometry of and distances in the domain to be modelled and those physical properties of the aquifer that are more or less constant with time but that may be variable in space. Important parameters are the topography, thicknesses of soil / rock layers and their horizontal/vertical hydraulic conductivity (permeability for water), aquifer transmissivity and resistance, aquifer porosity and storage coefficient, as well as the capillarity of the unsaturated zone. For more details see the article on hydrogeology. Some parameters may be influenced by changes in the groundwater situation, like the thickness of a soil layer that may reduce when the water table drops and/the hydraulic pressure is reduced. This phenomenon is called subsidence. The thickness, in this case, is variable in time and not a parameter proper. Applicability The applicability of a groundwater model to a real situation depends on the accuracy of the input data and the parameters. Determination of these requires considerable study, like collection of hydrological data (rainfall, evapotranspiration, irrigation, drainage) and determination of the parameters mentioned before including pumping tests. As many parameters are quite variable in space, expert judgment is needed to arrive at representative values. The models can also be used for the if-then analysis: if the value of a parameter is A, then what is the result, and if the value of the parameter is B instead, what is the influence? This analysis may be sufficient to obtain a rough impression of the groundwater behavior, but it can also serve to do a sensitivity analysis to answer the question: which factors have a great influence and which have less influence. With such information one may direct the efforts of investigation more to the influential factors.	2.234375
11668491	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater%20model	Groundwater model	When sufficient data have been assembled, it is possible to determine some of missing information by calibration. This implies that one assumes a range of values for the unknown or doubtful value of a certain parameter and one runs the model repeatedly while comparing results with known corresponding data. For example, if salinity figures of the groundwater are available and the value of hydraulic conductivity is uncertain, one assumes a range of conductivities and the selects that value of conductivity as "true" that yields salinity results close to the observed values, meaning that the groundwater flow as governed by the hydraulic conductivity is in agreement with the salinity conditions. This procedure is similar to the measurement of the flow in a river or canal by letting very saline water of a known salt concentration drip into the channel and measuring the resulting salt concentration downstream. Dimensions Groundwater models can be one-dimensional, two-dimensional, three-dimensional and semi-three-dimensional. Two and three-dimensional models can take into account the anisotropy of the aquifer with respect to the hydraulic conductivity, i.e. this property may vary in different directions. One-, two- and three-dimensional	2.125
11668527	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter%20of%201815	Charter of 1815	The Charter of 1815, signed on 22 April 1815, was the French constitution prepared by Benjamin Constant at the request of Napoleon I when he returned from exile on Elba. Officially named the Additional Act to the Constitutions of the Empire, the document extensively amended (in fact virtually replacing) the previous Napoleonic Constitutions (Constitution of the Year VIII, Constitution of the Year X and Constitution of the Year XII). The Additional Act reframed the Napoleonic constitution into something more along the lines of the Bourbon Restoration's Charter of 1814 of Louis XVIII, while otherwise ignoring the Bourbon charter's existence. It was very liberal in spirit, and gave the French people rights which had previously been unknown to them, such as the right to elect the mayor in communes of less than 5,000 in population. Napoleon treated it as a mere continuation of the previous constitutions, and it therefore took the form of an ordinary legislative act "additional to the constitutions of the Empire". Preparation Napoleon, having returned from the Island of Elba for the Hundred Days, was not able to re-establish the First Empire as it had been before his restoration. He asked the liberal Benjamin Constant to prepare a new Constitution. It was adopted by a plebiscite on June 1, 1815 by an immense majority of the five million voters, although a great many eligible voters abstained. It was promulgated in the Champ de Mai ceremony at the Champ de Mars. The rapid fall of Napoleon prevented it from being fully applied.	2.28125
11668561	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20Transportation%20Centers%20Program	University Transportation Centers Program	The University Transportation Centers (UTC) program is a federal program to improve transportation research and education in the United States and to strengthen the country's competitiveness in the global transportation industry. History The UTC program was established by the United States Department of Transportation in 1987 and was authorized by the United States Congress as part of the Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act. The act specifically allocated funds for the establishment of federal transportation centers within institutions of higher education in each of the 10 Standard Federal Regions. In 1991 the UTC program was reauthorized for six years and four new transportation centers were added. Six University Research Institutes (URIs), each with its own specifically mandated research objectives, were added as well. In 1998 the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA‑21) reauthorized the UTC program for an additional six years and increased the total number of UTCs from 14 to 33. In 2005 the UTC program was again reauthorized in the Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU). The number of UTCs increased to 60, some competitive and others explicitly named in the bill. Mission and goals The UTC program mission is "to advance U.S. technology and expertise in the many disciplines comprising transportation through the mechanisms of education, research and technology transfer at university-based centers of excellence". The program also strives to achieve six specific goals:	2.40625
11668632	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragib%20Ali	Ragib Ali	Ragib Ali (; born 10 October 1936) is a Bangladeshi-born British industrialist, pioneer tea-planter and educationalist. He is also associated with bank, insurance companies, and many other businesses. He is the founder of Leading University, Sylhet. In 2017, he was sentenced to 14 years in prison for corruption by the lower court, but later on he was granted bail by the Supreme Court, Dhaka Early life Ali was born in Talibpur, Kamal Bazaar, Bishwanath, Sylhet District, Bengal Presidency. He was one of nine siblings, having eight brothers. Ali received his education in what is now Bangladesh, attending the Raza G.C High School and College of Sylhet. In 1956, at the age of 20, he relocated to the United Kingdom to pursue higher education. Career In 1961, after completing his education Ali started being involved in business. Once in the UK, he transformed himself from an ordinary waiter to a leading entrepreneur. He still has links with UK through his family members, who live in London as well as in Bradford, where majority of his father's family now live in. Ali is the chairman of Sylhet Tea Company Ltd. and several other tea estates in Sylhet and Chittagong. He is also the managing director of Kohinoor Industries Ltd. He is the chairman of Southeast Bank Limited. He has played a pioneering role in the tea industry. He is involved in charitable activities and has set up numerous trusts and educational institutions. Ali is the founder chairman of Jalalabad Ragib-Rabeya Medical College. He is also the immediate past chairman of North South University Foundation. He is also the founder of Leading University and University of Asia Pacific. He also contributed in many schools and established many colleges around Bangladesh.	2.40625
11668713	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unobtrusive%20research	Unobtrusive research	Unobtrusive research (or unobtrusive measures) is a method of data collection used primarily in the social sciences. The term unobtrusive measures was first coined by Webb, Campbell, Schwartz, & Sechrest in a 1966 book titled Unobtrusive Measures: Nonreactive Research in the Social Sciences. The authors described methodologies which do not involve direct elicitation of data from the research subjects. Unobtrusive measures are contrasted with interviews and questionnaires, in that they try to find indirect ways to obtain the necessary data. The unobtrusive approach often seeks unusual data sources, such as garbage, graffiti and obituaries, as well as more conventional ones such as published statistics. Unobtrusive measures should not be perceived as an alternative to more reactive methods such as interviews, surveys and experiments, but rather as an additional tool in the tool chest of the social researcher. Unobtrusive measures can assist in tackling known biases such as selection bias and experimenter's bias. Webb and his colleagues emphasize the importance of triangulating the results obtained through various methodologies, each with its own unique set of (usually unknown) biases.	2.515625
11668713	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unobtrusive%20research	Unobtrusive research	The proliferation of digital media opened a new era for communication researchers in search of unobtrusively obtained data sources. Online communication creates digital footprints that can allow an analysis of data that are obtained through unobtrusive methods, and are also massively larger than any corpora obtained via elicitation and human transcription. These footprints can now be used to analyze topics such as the content of communication events, the process of communication, and the structure of the communicative network. The surge of Internet-sourced research data rekindled the discussion of the ethical aspects of using unobtrusively obtained data. For example, can all data collected in the public domain be used for research purposes? When should we seek consent, and is it realistic to require informed consent from sources of unobtrusively collected data? These questions do not have a simple answer, and the solution is a result of a careful and ongoing dialog between researchers, and between researchers and society.	2.265625
11668758	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashalim	Ashalim	Ashalim () is a small community settlement in southern Israel. Located in the Negev desert about 35 km south of Be'er Sheva and on the eastern side of Nahal Besor, the largest stream in the Negev, it falls under the jurisdiction of the Ramat HaNegev Regional Council. In its population was . Nearby settlements include Ezuz and Nitzana. History The original village of Ashalim was one of three Nahal settlements founded between Mashabei Sadeh and Nitzana in 1956. The name itself means Tamarixes, a genus of shrubs and small trees. The new Ashalim was founded as moshav shitufi in 1979 after moving from Bir Asluj Hill close to Golda Park, a nearby artificial lake. Today Ashalim functions as a community settlement. In 2003 Kfar Adiel, a village for students of the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, was founded near Ashalim by the Ayalim Association, whose objective is to establish settlements for students and small entrepreneurs in the Negev and the Galilee. Economy Ashalim is one of a number of development sites for solar power in Israel. In 2008 construction began on three solar power plants near the settlement; two thermal and one photovoltaic. The 121MW Ashalim Power Station began producing power in 2018.	2.328125
11668876	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichibabin%20reaction	Chichibabin reaction	The Chichibabin reaction (pronounced ' (chē')-chē-bā-bēn) is a method for producing 2-aminopyridine derivatives by the reaction of pyridine with sodium amide. It was reported by Aleksei Chichibabin in 1914. The following is the overall form of the general reaction: The direct amination of pyridine with sodium amide can take place in liquid ammonia or an aprotic solvent such as xylene is commonly used. Following the addition elimination mechanism first a nucleophilic NH2− is added while a hydride (H−) is leaving. The reaction formally is a nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen SNH. Ciganek describes an example of an intramolecular Chichibabin reaction in which a nitrile group on a fused ring is the source of nitrogen in amination. Mechanism It is widely accepted that the Chichibabin reaction mechanism is an addition-elimination reaction that proceeds through an σ-adduct (Meisenheimer adduct) intermediate (the second structure shown in the reaction sequence). First, the nucleophilic NH2− group adds to the δ+ ring carbon atom, pushing electrons onto the ring nitrogen atom and forming the anionic σ-adduct, which is stabilized by sodium. Electrons from the N atom are then pushed towards the ring to regain aromaticity, forming a C=N bond and ejecting a hydride ion in the process. In forming hydrogen gas, the hydride deprotonates either ammonia, re-forming sodium amide, or the product, 2-aminopyridine. A workup step with acid is included to ensure formation of 2-aminopyridine. Reaction progress can be measured by the formation of hydrogen gas and red color from σ-adduct formation. Sodium amide is a handy reagent for the Chichibabin reaction but handling it can be dangerous and caution is advised.	2.546875
11668876	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichibabin%20reaction	Chichibabin reaction	σ-adduct (Meisenheimer adduct) formation Evidence indicates that before addition of the amino group, the ring nitrogen atom is sorbed onto the surface of sodium amide and the sodium cation forms a coordination complex. This increases the δ+ on the α-carbon atom, thus 1,2-addition of sodium amide is favored over 1,4-addition. The proximity of the amino group to the α-carbon atom once the coordination complex is formed also makes the 1,2-addition more likely to occur. Some data exists that supports a single electron transfer as the proposed pathway for σ-adduct formation. In most cases, the anionic σ-adduct is unstable making its formation the rate determining step. Hydride ion elimination In addition to the mechanism shown above, other pathways have been proposed for the elimination step. The mechanism above, loss of the hydride ion followed by abstraction of a proton, is supported by the fact that the nucleophile needs at least one hydrogen atom for the reaction to proceed. Another competing pathway could be the elimination of hydride by sodium to form sodium hydride.	2.234375
11668876	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichibabin%20reaction	Chichibabin reaction	Factors influencing reaction Different aromatic nitrogen heterocyclic compounds proceed through the Chichibabin reaction in a matter of minutes and others can take hours. Factors that influence the reaction rate include: Basicity - The ideal pKa range is 5-8 and the reaction either does not proceed, or proceeds poorly outside of this range. The reaction occurs faster under more basic conditions but only up to a point because when electron density builds up on the α-carbon, it makes it less electrophilic. The strongest base known to aminate is 4-dimethylaminopyridine (pKa 9.37). δ+ on α-carbon - For kinetically controlled additions, the rate of amination is related to the magnitude of the partial positive charge on the carbon next to the ring nitrogen. For thermodynamically controlled additions, the rate of amination is related to the stability of the σ-adduct. Ease of hydride elimination - Success of this reaction is also dependent on the ease at which the hydride ion leaves and the ring regains aromaticity. The rate of amination for three azoles proceeds quickest to slowest as follows: 1-methylbenzimidazole > 1-methylnaphth-[2,3-d]imidazole > 3-methylnaphth[1,2-d]imidazole. Since the addition of the amide ion proceeds quickly with these substrates, the differences in reaction rates is most likely their propensity for hydride elimination and reformation of an aromatic ring. Substituents - Electron-withdrawing groups inhibit the Chichibabin reaction. Three proposed ideas of why this is are (1) they decrease the basicity of the ring nitrogen and slow down the sorption on sodium amide, (2) these electron-withdrawing groups can also form complexes with sodium amide, and (3) for single electron transfer pathway, altering the distribution of spin density of the intermediate radical anion. Substrates with σ-dimethoxy groups don't aminate because they form a stable complex with sodium amide.	2.265625
11668940	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant%20golden%20mole	Giant golden mole	The giant golden mole (Chrysospalax trevelyani) is a small mammal found in Africa. At in length, it is the largest of the golden mole species. This mole has dark, glossy brown fur; the name golden comes from the Greek word for green-gold, also the source of the name of the family, Chrysochloridae. Characteristics The giant golden mole has a subterranean lifestyle. It has large claws around long and across the base, powerful forelimbs, no external tail or ears, wedge-shaped head, leather pad, and skin covering the eyes. It is approximately in length and in weight. Its skin is dark and brown on the upper parts and faded on the underparts, sometimes with a darker line down the mid-throat. Its coloration is slightly darker on the head, with two dull yellow patches where the eyes would be, and a yellow patch around the ear openings. Its hair is longer and coarser than any other species of golden mole: about long, thick, with dense, woolly underfur. Biology The largest, rarest, and most endangered of all 17 species of golden moles, the giant golden mole spends most of its time underground and is blind and deaf. It is nocturnal, hunting mostly at night, but also in some cool and cloudy daytime conditions. It is solitary; it does not form groups, despite some social behavior such as hibernating in others' burrows among the roots of trees in winter, only moving slightly to keep its body temperature in range and twitching to maintain body temperature while sleeping. Female giant golden moles give birth to one or two offspring at a time while it has stocks of food supply. The acanthocephalan Heptamegacanthus niekerki has been found parasitizing the giant golden mole by attaching to the wall of the rectum. Diet The giant golden mole digs semi-permanent tunnels about in length linked by surface runways for hunting food and may feed on the surface hiding in the leaf litter. It eats mainly millipedes and giant earthworms, but also crickets, cockroaches, grasshoppers, worms, and snails. Habitat	2.90625
11668947	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endre%20B%C3%A1lint	Endre Bálint	Endre Bálint (1914 – 1986, in Budapest) was a Hungarian painter and graphic designer. He was one of the most significant figures of modern, avant-garde Hungarian art. His career path He was born in 1914 into an intellectual Jewish family. His father, Aladár Bálint, was a well-known art critic in the West and his uncle was the editor and writer Ernő Osvát. His sister Klára Bálint became the wife of the writer and literary historian Antal Szerb in 1938. At the age of 16, he was admitted to the graphic arts department of the Hungarian Royal School of Applied Arts, majoring in advertising graphics. However it soon became clear that he was also strongly attracted to painting. At the age of twenty, he traveled to Paris for three months, the modern painting he met there committed him to his later career. After returning home, in 1935, at the private school of János Vaszary, he met Lajos Vajda, with whom he soon formed a personal and artistic friendship. In 1936, he studied at Vilmos Aba-Novák's private school. From 1937 to 1940, many young painters belonged to Lajos Vajda and Dezső Korniss in Szentendre, including Endre Bálint. In 1936, he fell ill with a lung problem. In 1938, his first collection exhibition was organized in the Tamás Gallery. From then on, he was at the center of the attention of critics dealing with the development of modern Hungarian art, especially the significant art historian and critic Ernő Kállai, who was a regular art critic of Népszava in 1939-1942. In 1945, he was one of the founding members of the group of artists called the European School. In 1947, he spends more time in Paris, meets André Breton, and participates in the International Surrealist World Exhibition. Until 1956, he was not allowed to hold an exhibition in this country, he was placed in the forbidden category.	2.140625
11668948	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris%20Jenkins%20%28film%20producer%29	Chris Jenkins (film producer)	Christopher Jenkins (born November 1961) is a Welsh effects animator, storyboard artist, screenwriter, director and producer. Early life Jenkins was born and raised in Ton Pentre, Rhondda Valley in South Wales. He attended the Ton Pentre Junior School and later went to the Upper Rhondda Comprehensive School. He attended Middlesex University in England from 1982 to 1987, where he has a BA Degree in scientific illustration. Career Jenkins started his career in 1987 as an effects animator on Who Framed Roger Rabbit. He spent most of his professional life at Walt Disney Pictures where he served as artistic coordinator on Atlantis: The Lost Empire. Before that, Jenkins was visual effects supervisor on The Hunchback of Notre Dame. He also was an effects animator on Who Framed Roger Rabbit, The Little Mermaid, Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, The Lion King, and Hercules. Jenkins left Disney to work at Sony Pictures Imageworks, where he conceived the idea for Surf's Up. Jenkins had been attached to direct Hotel Transylvania before leaving the company. He worked at Blue Sky Studios in Greenwich, Connecticut, for one year during the development of Rio. As of August 2011, Jenkins is at DreamWorks Animation, where he produced the 2015 animated feature film Home. Filmography	1.90625
11668996	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Bertilla%20Boscardin	Maria Bertilla Boscardin	Maria Bertilla Boscardin (6 October 1888 – 20 October 1922) was an Italian nun and nurse who displayed a pronounced devotion to duty in working with sick children and victims of the air raids of World War I. She was later canonised a saint by the Roman Catholic Church. Life Early life She was born Anna Francesca Boscardin at Brendola, Veneto. In her family and town she was known as Annette. She was a member of a peasant family. Her father, Angelo Boscardin, would testify during her beatification process that he was jealous, violent, and frequently drunk. As a child she could only attend school irregularly, as she was needed to help at home and in the fields. When she did attend school she also worked as a servant in a nearby home. She did not display any particular talents, was thought to be not particularly intelligent, and was often the target of insulting jokes. These included being referred to as a "goose" for her slowness by a local clergyman. She was allowed to make her First Holy Communion at eight and a half years old, when the authorized age in those years was eleven. At twelve years old, she was accepted into the parish association of the “Children of Mary” association. The parish priest gave her a catechism as a gift. They found it in the pocket of her habit, when she died, at 34 years old. Vicenza After being rejected for admission to one order because of her slowness, she was accepted as a member of the Teachers of Saint Dorothy, Daughters of the Sacred Heart at Vicenza in 1904, taking the name "Maria Bertilla". She herself internalized some of her earlier criticism, telling the novice-mistress of the order, "I can't do anything. I'm a poor thing, a goose. Teach me. I want to be a saint." She worked there as a kitchen maid and laundress for three years.	1.9375
11668996	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Bertilla%20Boscardin	Maria Bertilla Boscardin	Treviso She was then sent to Treviso to learn nursing at the municipal hospital there, which was under the direction of her order. During her training period, she was once placed to work in the kitchen. However, upon completing her training, she was promoted to working with victims of diphtheria in the hospital's children's ward. During the air raids of Treviso following the disastrous Battle of Caporetto, the hospital fell under the control of the military. Sister Bertilla was noted for her unwavering care of her patients, particularly those who were too ill to be moved to safety. This devotion to duty attracted the attention of the authorities of a local military hospital. However, her superioress did not appreciate Sister Bertilla's work and reassigned her to work in the laundry, a position she remained in for four months until being reassigned by a higher superior, who put Sister Bertilla in charge of the children's isolation ward at the hospital. Shortly thereafter, Sister Bertilla's already poor health got worse. A painful tumor which she had had for several years had progressed to the point of requiring an operation, which she did not survive. She died in 1922. Veneration Her reputation for simplicity and devoted, caring hard work had left a deep impression on those who knew her. A memorial plaque placed on her tomb refers to her as "a chosen soul of heroic goodness ... an angelic alleviator of human suffering in this place." Crowds flocked to her first grave at Treviso. After a tomb was erected for her at Vicenza, it became a pilgrimage site where several miracles of healing were said to have taken place. In 1961, 39 years after her death, she was canonised as a saint. The crowd in attendance included members of her family as well as some of her patients. Her feast day is October 20.	2.296875
11669074	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharkfin%20Shoal%20Light	Sharkfin Shoal Light	The Sharkfin Shoal Light was a screw-pile lighthouse located at the mouth of the Nanticoke River in Chesapeake Bay, US. History This light was constructed in 1892 to replace the Clay Island Light to the northeast. During an accident on 21 December 1947, two men, Charles E. Palmquist and G. F. Cotte, died by Tangier Island in a boat departed close by from Sharfin Shoal Light that "burned on the water's edge". The investigation was led by Captain Morris G. Jory. The posthumous investigation was led by Lieutenant Commander Joseph R. Scullion. Changed in 1950, the light pattern emitted from the lighthouse was altered to be "flashing every 10 seconds, flash two seconds, eclipse 8 seconds" with 600 white candlepower and 130 red candlepower. The change came into effect on October 27, and was switched from a manually operated station to an unattended, automatic station. In 1964, the house was dismantled and a skeleton tower light placed on the foundation. List of lightkeepers Henry C. Sterling (April 1901-?) (Assistant) Walter C. Carew (?-31 August 1904) (Assistant) Addison S. Hall (December 1909-?)	1.914063
11669109	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Guinness%20Partnership	The Guinness Partnership	The Guinness Partnership is one of the largest providers of affordable housing and care in England. Founded as a charitable trust in 1890, it is now a Community Benefit Society with eight members. Bloomberg classify it as a real estate owner and developer. , the Partnership owns and manages around 66,000 homes with a historic cost value of £3.7 billion, and provides services to more than 140,000 people. It had financial reserves of £723 million. History The Guinness Trust was founded in 1890 by the then Edward Cecil Guinness, a great-grandson of the founder of the Guinness Brewery, to help homeless people in London and Dublin. Edward Cecil Guinness was created the 1st Baron Iveagh in 1891, the 1st Viscount Iveagh in 1905, and the 1st Earl of Iveagh in 1919. Lord Iveagh, as he became, donated £200,000 to set up the Guinness Trust in London, the equivalent of £25 million in today's money. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Iveagh Trust based in Dublin took responsibility for Ireland. The Guinness Trust extended its objectives outside London in 1962, eventually operating in all parts of England. It was not related to the brewery company. The history of its first century was published by Peter Malpass in 1998. In 1992, the Guinness Trust Group acquired the Parchment Group, parent company of Hermitage Housing Association. The combined group is now known as The Guinness Partnership. Northern Counties Housing Association joined the Partnership in 2008. In 2022, Guinness Partnership announced that it has joined the G15 group of large housing associations in London, the body which aims to provide a collective voice for large, registered housing providers in the capital. Structure In 2012, the housing properties and operations of The Guinness Trust were combined with those of the other main housing divisions in the Group to form a single charitable company operating nationwide, The Guinness Partnership Limited. The Guinness Partnership and Wulvern Housing Limited merged on 31 January 2017.	2.125
11669185	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tit-spinetail	Tit-spinetail	Tit-spinetails are small passerine birds of the genus Leptasthenura, belonging to the ovenbird family Furnariidae. They are found in South America, particularly the southern and Andean parts of the continent. They are somewhat similar to birds of the tit family in their shape and feeding behaviour, hence the first part of their name. The "spinetail" part of their name refers to their long, pointed tail feathers. Tit-spinetails have short rounded wings, short pointed bills and are mainly brown in colour. Their nests are built in holes or in the old nests of other birds. Taxonomy The genus Leptasthenura was introduced in 1853 by the German naturalist Ludwig Reichenbach. The name combines the Ancient Greek leptos meaning "thin", asthenēs meaning "weak" and oura meaning "tail". The type species was designated as the plain-mantled tit-spinetail by George Robert Gray in 1855. Species The genus contains nine species: Andean tit-spinetail, Leptasthenura andicola Streak-backed tit-spinetail, Leptasthenura striata Rusty-crowned tit-spinetail, Leptasthenura pileata White-browed tit-spinetail, Leptasthenura xenothorax Striolated tit-spinetail, Leptasthenura striolata Plain-mantled tit-spinetail, Leptasthenura aegithaloides Tufted tit-spinetail, Leptasthenura platensis Brown-capped tit-spinetail, Leptasthenura fuliginiceps Araucaria tit-spinetail, Leptasthenura setaria The tawny tit-spinetail is placed together with Des Murs's wiretail in the genus Sylviorthorhynchus.	2.515625
11669187	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory%20rehearsal	Memory rehearsal	Memory rehearsal is a term for the role of repetition in the retention of memories. It involves repeating information over and over in order to get the information processed and stored as a memory. Types Maintenance rehearsal Maintenance rehearsal is a type of memory rehearsal that is useful in maintaining information in short-term memory or working memory. Because this usually involves repeating information without thinking about its meaning or connecting it to other information, the information is not usually transferred to long-term memory. An example of maintenance rehearsal would be repeating a phone number mentally, or aloud until the number is entered into the phone to make the call. The number is held in working memory long enough to make the call, but never transferred to long-term memory. An hour, or even five minutes after the call, the phone number will no longer be remembered. In 1972, Craik and Lockhart proposed that memory recall involves multiple processes operating at different levels. Maintenance rehearsal involves repeatedly processing an item at the same level (Baddeley, 2009), which requires little attention. It has the potential to improve immediate recall, but has little effect in recall in long-term memory. Depending on the information that needs to be processed determines which route of recall an individual will use. For example, if the information only needs to be used temporarily, a person will use maintenance rehearsal in working memory. However, if the information needs to be used at a later date, most likely a person will use elaborative rehearsal. In elaborative rehearsal, the information is processed at a deeper level and has the ability to move to long-term memory. In a literature review, researchers proposed a hypothesis that "Information entering working memory from the visual external world is processed by structures in the parietal and temporal lobes specialized for perceptual processing".	3.296875
11669187	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory%20rehearsal	Memory rehearsal	Maintenance rehearsal has the potential to assist in long-term memory in certain situations. In a previous study, researchers looked at the difference in recall for a set of words between participants who knew they were going to be asked to recall the words, in which they repeated the words multiple times and the participants who did not know they were going to recall the words, in which they only repeated the words once (Baddeley, 2009). The group that were told they would have to recall the words at a later date did significantly better than those who were not told they would have to recall (Baddeley, 2009). There is also a positive correlation between the meaningfulness of words and how much an individual will remember them (Baddeley, 2009). The more meaning an individual associates with a certain word or a list of words, the more likely and easier it will be for them to remember them if asked to repeat them at a later date. There can be differences in which younger and older children rehearse. Dempster (1981) reports that in younger children, they tend to only rehearse one item at a time. This helps them be able to remember the item without the clutter of other items. The developmental age of the child could also play a role in the number a child is able to remember and rehearse. The older a child is, the more items they can rehearse at once. In many ways, maintenance rehearsal is useful, such as when people look at a phone number and need to replicate it in a few seconds. But for information that needs more attention and better processing, maintenance rehearsal is only a temporary fix. Individuals should use other processing techniques and elaborative rehearsal to help move information from working to long-term memory.	3.40625
11669187	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory%20rehearsal	Memory rehearsal	Working memory is commonly cited as more of a process than an actual storage and is critical to the ability to maintain and manipulate information in one's mind. Because of its importance to cognition, working memory is responsible for that novel information that has immediate importance, but is not needed so much that it is committed to permanent storage in long-term memory. In this way, it exists somewhere in an area somewhere between short-term and long-term memory. The phonological loop is a concept implicated in maintenance rehearsal and is very much a function of working memory. It is composed of two parts: a short-term store, and an articulatory rehearsal process that both work to constantly refresh subvocal memorization. The capacity of the phonological loop is not large, only being able to hold around seven items, but is very dependent on subvocal rehearsal to refresh the memory traces of those items so that they temporarily stay in storage. Similarly, subvocal rehearsal is dependent upon the short-term store in that it is where the information for the phonological loop is found. In this way, both processes of the phonological loop directly rely on one another to complete the process. In regard to learning theory, the phonological loop has been found to be especially effective when visual information is paired with auditory information. For instance, if one were to read a set of information and listen to it being read audibly, they are more likely to remember it than if they were to simply read it without the audio to supplement it. In this way, it is true that the maintenance rehearsal is most beneficial with rote memorization; however, it can be used as a tool for learning particularly when paired with other modes. Elaborative rehearsal	2.984375
11669187	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory%20rehearsal	Memory rehearsal	Elaborative rehearsal is a type of memory rehearsal that is useful in transferring information into long-term memory. This type of rehearsal is effective because it involves thinking about the meaning of the information and connecting it to other information already stored in memory. It goes much deeper than maintenance rehearsal. According to the levels-of-processing effect by Fergus I. M. Craik and Robert S. Lockhart in 1972, this type of rehearsal works best because of this depth of processing. In addition to processing novel information in which the meaning behind the information is enough to transfer it to long-term memory, another way that elaborative rehearsal works is by associating new information with information that is already held in long-term memory. This approach requires the learner to engage with new information in a way that creates meaningful connections to previously-learned things, thus leading to the new information also being committed to long-term memory. An effective way of encouraging elaborative rehearsal is by engaging with the material in more than one way. For instance, discussion or study groups provide an opportunity to make discrete pieces of information more personal by attaching stories to them and creating meaningful connections to things already learned. Elaborative rehearsal has strong support in learning, especially in its attention to meaningful connections across different concepts and pieces of information. More specifically, elaborative rehearsal is extremely beneficial when remembering larger pieces of information such as sentences or other larger chunks. Baddeley's model	3.09375
11669206	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig%20Bruns	Ludwig Bruns	Ludwig Bruns (25 June 1858 – 9 November 1916) was a German neurologist who was a native of Hanover. He studied medicine in Göttingen (since 1878: member of Corps Hannovera Göttingen) and Munich, receiving his doctorate in 1882. Subsequently, he was an assistant to Eduard Hitzig (1839-1907) at the insane asylum in Nietleben as well as at the psychiatric and nerve clinic in Halle. Afterwards he worked with Karl Westphal (1833-1890) and Hermann Oppenheim (1858-1919) at the Charité Hospital in Berlin. Bruns would maintain a working relationship with Oppenheim throughout his professional career. He also studied in Paris (under Jean Charcot) and England, later returning to his hometown of Hanover, where in 1903 he became a professor of neurology. Bruns was the first director of the Gesellschaft Deutscher Nervenärzte (German Society of Neurologists). Bruns was interested in all aspects of neurology, however he is best known for his work in the fields of child neurology and neuropsychology. In 1906 he published Die Hysterie im Kindesalter (Hysteria in Childhood), in which he explains that abnormal behaviour in children is due to internal conflicts, being largely caused by overbearing parents who favor harsh punishment. His most significant work was Handbuch der Nervenkrankheiten im Kindesalter (Handbook of Nervous Diseases of Childhood), a textbook he co-authored with August Cramer (1860-1912) and Theodor Ziehen (1862-1950). In addition. he published an important treatise on localization of tumors titled Die Geschwultse des Nervensystem (Tumors of the Nervous System).	2.59375
11669259	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheap%20Repository%20Tracts	Cheap Repository Tracts	The Cheap Repository Tracts consisted of more than two hundred moral, religious and occasionally political tracts issued in a number of series between March 1795 and 1817, and subsequently re-issued in various collected editions until the 1830s. They were devised by Hannah More and intended for sale or distribution to literate poor people, as an alternative to what she regarded as the immoral traditional broadside ballad and chapbook publications. The tracts proved to be enormously successful with more than two million copies sold or distributed during the first year of the scheme. Background During the early 1790s there was widespread concern about the possibility of a popular uprising in Britain following the French Revolution, and the radical ideas which were circulating in popular publications. The English religious writer and philanthropist Hannah More referred to the ‘corrupt and vicious little books and ballads which have been hung out of windows in the most alluring forms or hawked through town and country.’ Following the commercial success of her Village Politics (1792), which was a rebuttal of Thomas Paine's Rights of Man, she decided that an entire series might be undertaken to provide 'religious and useful knowledge, as an antidote to the poison continually flowing thro’ the channel of vulgar and licentious publications. These, by their cheapness, as well as by their being, unhappily, congenial to a depraved taste, obtain a mischievous popularity among the lower ranks. She, drew up her plan for publishing such works in the West Country during 1794 and circulated it among her friends who encouraged her to extend it to cover the whole country and to appoint London distributors. A committee to form the Cheap Repository for Moral and Religious Tracts was established with Henry Thornton as Treasurer. A printed prospectus was issued listing eighteen titles, to secure subscriptions to underwrite the project.	2.296875
11669259	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheap%20Repository%20Tracts	Cheap Repository Tracts	The new tracts were intended to point out the pitfalls of drunkenness, debauchery, idleness, gambling, riotous assembly, and seeking to rise above one's station, whilst simultaneously praising the virtues of honesty, industry, thrift, patience and an acceptance of one's pre-ordained place in society, by means of simple ballads and short instructive tales. They were published as either octavo chapbooks or else as broadside ballads, emulating the traditional forms of Street literature. Approximately one third of them were designated as ‘Sunday Reading’ and contained simplified Bible stories or else a more specifically religious message. Authorship More than half of the official series of tracts were written by Hannah More A further six were perhaps written by her sister Sarah, others by evangelical friends such as the poet William Mason, the philanthropists and campaigners against slavery Zachary Macaulay, John Newton, and Henry Thornton, or else William Gilpin, the artist and writer on the picturesque. A few titles were condensed versions of existing well-known works, such as Isaac Watts's Divine Songs and Daniel Defoe's The History of the Plague in London in 1665, and retellings of Bible stories. The scheme was subsidised by subscriptions from supporters, enabling the publications to be sold at below cost price.	2.53125
11669259	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheap%20Repository%20Tracts	Cheap Repository Tracts	Watson Dublin Series (1796-1800) In March 1795, Hannah More authorised the Association for the Discountenancing of Vice and Promoting the Knowledge and Practice of Religion and Virtue, in Dublin, (of which she was an honorary member) to reprint her tracts in Ireland. This was undertaken by William Watson, Secretary to the Association, and a printer and bookseller of 7 Capel Street Dublin. He became known as the ‘Printer to the Cheap Repository’ in Ireland. Most of the Irish tracts were reprints of the English equivalents although a few were amended to suit the Irish situation and given new titles. There are also a few tracts that were only issued in Ireland. The Irish editions were also printed more compactly than the English equivalents and so in many cases two of the English titles were combined in one 24-page chapbook. William Watson continued to re-issue tracts until his death in 1805, when he was succeeded by his son, also named William Watson (d. 1818). He was succeeded by his widow, Ann Watson, who continued to issue the tracts well into the 1820s. Further reprints were issued by A. & W. Watson until the early 1830s.	2.03125
11669259	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheap%20Repository%20Tracts	Cheap Repository Tracts	'Spa Fields' tracts (1817) The period immediately following the Napoleonic Wars saw popular dissatisfaction in England culminating in the Spa Fields riots of December 1816 and an abortive attempt to take control of the government. Hannah More therefore issued a number of entirely new, pro-establishment, titles during 1817 including The loyal subjects political creed; The Delegate; The Private Virtues of public Reformists; and Fair words and foul meaning. She also amended several of the earlier tracts to give them a stronger political message. These were later republished in a collected edition, together with some of the more political earlier titles, entitled Cheap Repository Tracts, suited to the present times, in 1819. Impact The publication of the Cheap Repository Tracts has been represented by some political historians as a conservative reaction to the success enjoyed by Thomas Paine's The Rights of Man and Age of Reason. However, this may be an oversimplification of Hannah More's motives. Only a small proportion of the 1790s tracts were political in content; the majority attempted to reform the morals of the working classes, "adopting the forms, writing styles, and even distribution channels of popular literature". They were an undoubted publishing phenomenon and according to Richard Altick: "there had never been anything like it in the history of English books." Some of the titles, such as The shepherd of Salisbury plain were later translated into French, German and Russian. This title was also satirized by William Thackeray in Vanity Fair who talks of Lady Emily Hornblower and her tracts including The washerwoman of Finchley Common. Yet the extent of the impact that they may have had on the lives of the working classes, at whom they were aimed, has also been questioned. They may have been: "a huge hit among the middle classes, who …had set up 'very respectable Societies' throughout the country, in order to distribute them."	2.25
11669284	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime%20in%20Chicago	Crime in Chicago	By 2010, Chicago's homicide rate had surpassed that of Los Angeles (16.02 per 100,000), and was more than twice that of New York City (7.0 per 100,000). By the end of 2015, Chicago's homicide rate rose to 18.6 per 100,000. By 2016, Chicago had recorded more homicides and shooting victims than New York City and Los Angeles combined. By the end of 2020, Chicago's homicide rate rose to 28 per 100,000. Chicago's biggest criminal justice challenges have changed little over the last 50 years, and statistically reside with homicide, armed robbery, gang violence, and aggravated battery. Murder and shootings Former Chicago Police Superintendent Garry McCarthy said a pervasive "no-snitch code" on the street remains the biggest reason more murders aren't being solved in Chicago, adding, "We're not doing well because we're not getting cooperation [...] They don't feel protected when they come forward. They feel that police will throw them under a bus, and they still have to live in the neighborhood." By 2016, Chicago's murder clearance rate had dropped to only 21%, and its detective force had dwindled from 1,151 in 2009 to 863 as of July 2016. Warmer months have significantly higher murder rates, and over 70% of murders take place between 7 pm and 5 am. In 2011, 83% of murders involved a firearm, and 6.4% were the result of a stabbing. 10% of murders in 2011 were the result of an armed robbery and at least 60% were gang or gang narcotics altercations. Over 40% of victims and 60% of offenders were between the ages of 17 and 25. 90.1% of victims were male. 75.3% of victims and 70.5% of offenders were African American, 18.9% were Hispanic (20.3% of offenders), and whites were 5.6% of victims (3.5% of offenders).	2.40625
11669284	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime%20in%20Chicago	Crime in Chicago	Murder rates in Chicago vary greatly depending on the neighborhood in question. Many of the predominantly African American neighborhoods on the South Side are impoverished, lack educational resources and noted for high levels of street gang activity. The neighborhoods of Englewood on the South Side, and Austin on the West side, for example, have homicide rates that are ten times higher than other parts of the city. Violence in these neighborhoods has had a detrimental impact on the academic performance of children in schools, as well as a higher financial burden for school districts in need of counselors, social workers, and psychiatrists to help children cope with the violence. In 2014, Chicago Public Schools adopted the "Safe Passage Route" program to place unarmed volunteers, police officers and firefighters along designated walking routes to provide security for children en route to school. From 2010 to 2014, 114 school children were murdered in Chicago. Chicago Police Superintendent Garry McCarthy was terminated by Rahm Emanuel following the fall out from the shooting of Laquan McDonald. A gunshot wound to the body's center of mass can quickly prove fatal without immediate medical attention due to blood loss and internal injuries. In September 2015, University of Chicago Medicine and Sinai Health Systems announced a joint $40 million venture to convert Holy Cross Hospital into a Level 1 trauma center on the South side, making some of Chicago's most violent neighborhoods less than five miles from high-quality care. Non-fatal gunshot victims in Chicago had an overall rate of occurrence of 46.5 per 100,000 from 2006 to 2012, with a demographic breakdown of 1.62 per 100,000 for whites; 28.72 for Hispanics, and 112.83 for blacks. It is estimated that the medical expenses associated with gun violence costs the city of Chicago $2.5 billion a year.	2.578125
11669284	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime%20in%20Chicago	Crime in Chicago	In 2017, the number of homicides fell to 653, dropping to 561 in 2018 and 492 in 2019. Chicago's deadliest day since reliable digital records began in 1991, was on May 31, 2020, with 18 murders committed. That day was part of a three-day weekend that had 85 shootings, and 24 murders, the all-time highest number killed on a Chicago weekend. Reports indicate that the victims were of various ages and occupations, but mostly black. The violence was framed by the George Floyd protests, but researchers said it was unheard of and unable to be contextualized. The city's second-deadliest day had 13 murders, and occurred in 1991 shortly after digital records were introduced. There is no deadlier day recorded in the past 60 years, but records prior to 1991 may be unreliable. Crime rates by community area The seventy-seven Chicago community areas were defined cooperatively by the U.S. Census Bureau and the University of Chicago Department of Sociology following the 1920 Census. Although there have been substantial changes in population and infrastructure since then, the community areas remain the most widely used geographic units by Chicago planning agencies, advocacy groups, and service providers. The table below shows population, crime totals and per capita crime rates by community area for 2020, the most recent Census year. Homicide rates by community area Street gangs Chicago has an estimated population of over 100,000 active gang members from nearly 60 factions. Gang warfare and retaliation is common in Chicago. Gangs were responsible for 61% of the homicides in Chicago in 2011. Former Chicago Police Superintendent Garry McCarthy blames Chicago's gang culture for its high rates of homicide and other violent crime, stating "It's very frustrating to know that it's like 7% of the population causes 80% of the violent crime...The gangs here are traditional gangs that are generational, if you will. The grandfather was a gang member, the father's a gang member, and the kid right now is going to be a gang member."	2.515625

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