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7055826
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern%20High%20School%20%28South%20Carolina%29
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Northwestern High School (South Carolina)
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Northwestern High School is one of three high schools in Rock Hill, South Carolina, United States. It was opened in 1971 as the city's second high school, replacing Emmett Scott High School, which had been designated for African American students during the era of segregated schools. Along with rival Rock Hill High School, it is one of the 16 largest schools in the state by enrollment, with about 1,791 students in grades 9–12.
Northwestern offers the International Baccalaureate diploma.
Presidential candidate Barack Obama spoke at Northwestern on October 6, 2007.
Athletics
Football
The Northwestern Trojans are in Region III-AAAAA in the state of South Carolina. There are seventeen sports with thirty teams representing the school. The Trojans have a rich tradition both on and off the field. The football team is consistently ranked in the top ten in South Carolina and has played in six of the last eight state championships winning the championship in 1989, 1993, 2010, 2013, 2015, and 2024. The soccer team has been in the state championship game five out of the last six years, winning the championship in the 2006 and 2008 seasons. In 2009, they had an undefeated season.
In the 4A State Championship game, the Trojans defeated Irmo 3–1, claiming the State Championship as well as the ESPN Rise High School National Championship. The following season, the teams met up again in the 4A State Championship game. Northwestern once again proved too much for the Yellow Jackets, winning 4–2. This secured their third consecutive championship and their fourth title in five years.
In the 2009 football season, the Trojans defeated rivals South Pointe High School in the 4A state-semifinals on November 27, 2009, at the Rock Hill School District Football Stadium. This propelled them to the state championship game at Williams-Brice Stadium in Columbia where they lost to Berkeley.
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7055844
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological%20anthropology
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Psychological anthropology
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Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes. This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group—with its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories—shape processes of human cognition, emotion, perception, motivation, and mental health. It also examines how the understanding of cognition, emotion, motivation, and similar psychological processes inform or constrain our models of cultural and social processes. Each school within psychological anthropology has its own approach.
History
Psychological anthropology emerged during the 20th century as a subfield of anthropology. The formal development of the sub-discipline is often attributed to anthropologist Franz Boas and some of his students, among whom were Margaret Mead, Ruth Benedict, and Edward Sapir. Boas, a founding influence of cultural anthropology, is one of the most important figures in the history of American anthropology. Like many of his contemporaries, Boas was intrigued by questions about the human mind. He likely read and engaged with psychoanalytical theory, such as that of Sigmund Freud, whose work was considered both controversial and groundbreaking during that era.
Wilhelm Wundt was a German psychologist and pioneer in folk psychology. His objectives were to form psychological explanations using the reports of ethnologists. He made different contracting stages such as the 'totemic' stage, the 'age of heroes and gods', and the 'enlightened age of humanity'. Unlike most, Wundt believed that the mind of both 'primitive' and civilised groups had equivalent learning capabilities but that they simply used that capacity in different ways.
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7055844
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological%20anthropology
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Psychological anthropology
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Though intimately connected in many ways, the fields of anthropology and psychology have remained two distinct disciplines, in part because of their differing methodologies and disciplinary objectives. Where anthropology was traditionally geared towards historical and evolutionary trends, what psychology concerned itself with was more ahistorical and acultural in nature. Psychoanalysis joined the two fields together.
In 1972 Francis L. K. Hsu suggested that the field of culture and personality be renamed 'psychological anthropology'. Hsu considered the original title old fashioned given that many anthropologists regarded personality and culture as the same, or in need of better explanations. During the 1970s and 1980s, psychological anthropology began to shift its focus towards the study of human behaviour in a natural setting.
Schools
Psychoanalytic anthropology
This school is based upon the insights of Sigmund Freud and other psychoanalysts as applied to social and cultural phenomena. Adherents of this approach often assumed that techniques of child-rearing shaped adult personality and that cultural symbols (including myths, dreams, and rituals) could be interpreted using psychoanalytical theories and techniques. The latter included interviewing techniques based on clinical interviewing, the use of projective tests such as the TAT and the Rorschach, and a tendency towards including case studies of individual interviewees in their ethnographies. A major example of this approach was the Six Cultures Study under John and Beatrice Whiting in Harvard's Department of Social Relations. This study examined child-rearing in six very different cultures (New England Baptist community; a Philippine barrio; an Okinawan village; an Indian village in Mexico; a northern Indian caste group; and a rural tribal group in Kenya).
| 2.34375
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7055964
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt%E2%80%93Marcy%20Trail
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Roosevelt–Marcy Trail
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The Roosevelt–Marcy Trail is named for the historic route Vice President Theodore Roosevelt traveled on a midnight stagecoach ride from Tahawus to the North Creek train station to take the Presidential oath.
On September 14, 1901, then-Vice President Theodore Roosevelt was at Lake Tear of the Clouds after returning from a hike to the Mount Marcy summit when he received a message informing him that President William McKinley, who had been shot two weeks earlier but was expected to survive, had taken a turn for the worse. Roosevelt hiked down the mountain to the closest stage station at Long Lake, New York. He then took a midnight stage coach ride through the Adirondacks to the Adirondack Railway station at North Creek, where he discovered that McKinley had died. Roosevelt took the train to Buffalo, New York, where he was officially sworn in as President. The 40-mile route was later designated the Roosevelt–Marcy Trail.
The route is in the Adirondack Park region, linking unique history to the scenery. Today, the route is a tourist attraction, attracting many nature enthusiasts for its views of the Adirondack landscape.
The trail begins in Long Lake at New York State Route 30 (NY 30), and follows NY 28N to its eastern end at NY 28 in North Creek. The trail is long. The New York State Department of Transportation has declared the Roosevelt–Marcy Trail a byway. There are signs posted along the trail that display "Roosevelt–Marcy Trail".
| 2.671875
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7055997
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third%20Higher%20School
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Third Higher School
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The Third Higher School (第三高等学校, Daisan Kōtō Gakkō) was a university preparatory boy's boarding school (higher school) in Kyoto, Japan. It is the direct predecessor of the Faculty of Integrated Human Studies of Kyoto University.
History
The Third Higher School traced its roots to the Chemistry School (舎密局, Seimi-kyoku), an institution for Chemistry and Physics founded in Osaka in 1869. Seimi is a Japanese transcription of the Dutch word chemie, meaning chemistry. In 1894, this institution evolved into the Third Higher School, which was then a specialised boarding school, roughly equivalent to an American college with departments of law, engineering, and medicine. Back then, the country had only one university, the University of Tokyo, and the call for the nation's second university in the Kansai region was gaining momentum. However, due to financial reasons, the government was reluctant to do so.
The situation changed when the aristocratic politician Saionji Kinmochi, who was from a prominent kuge family in Kyoto, suggested the founding of the nation's second university using war reparations from the First Sino-Japanese War. This plan was edicted accordingly in 1896, and Kyoto Imperial University (Kyoto University) was established on 18 June 1897, as the second university in the country. Following the establishment of the university, the school became a university preparatory school just like its counterpart in Tokyo, the First Higher School.
In 1949, along with other higher schools in Japan, the school was merged into Kyoto University as part of the post-war educational reform.
Notable alumni
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7056113
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreck%20Pond
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Wreck Pond
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Wreck Pond is a coastal freshwater tidal pond located on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. It is surrounded by Wall Township and the boroughs of Spring Lake, Spring Lake Heights, and Sea Girt. The pond was originally connected to the sea by a small inlet and got its name because sailors would mistake it, in the dark, for the Manasquan Inlet, which is further south. This was alleviated by the building of the Sea Girt Lighthouse and stopped by the eventual filling in of the inlet.
The pond is the center of the Wreck Pond Watershed, which covers about in eastern Monmouth County. Its primary feeder streams are Wreck Pond Brook, Hurleys Pond Brook and Hannabrand Brook. Other bodies of water in the watershed include: Hurleys Pond, Osbornes Pond, Albert Pond and Old Mill Pond. It emptied into the Atlantic Ocean through an outfall pipe which regulates the tidal flow in and out of the pond. After Hurricane Sandy, it was discovered that the ocean had restored a natural inlet. An expanded and gated culvert was completed in 2016.
The lower reaches of the pond remain an important spawning ground for anadromous fish species including alewife herrings.
Some of the acres of land surrounding Wreck Pond are under public ownership and are protected from development. Other lands are considered freshwater wetlands and are protected from development by federal and New Jersey laws and regulations. The watershed is part of the South Coast Subwatershed Management Region.
The pond depth has decreased substantially over several years as sediments carried by feeder creeks and increased storm water runoff have settled into it. This has also caused the pond to become choked with fecal coliform bacteria. Much water flowing into the pond from storms causes the pond to flush into the Atlantic Ocean. This, in turn, often causes the closure of ocean beaches in Sea Girt and Spring Lake.
| 2.453125
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7056113
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreck%20Pond
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Wreck Pond
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The source of coliform contamination is debated. A recent study conducted by Prof. John Tiedemann of Monmouth University tracked the source of bacterial contaminants in the Wreck Pond Watershed. Tiedemann's group set up and monitored 12 stations throughout the watershed for approximately two years. During this time, they determined that the major source of bacterial coliform contaminants is human waste. These contaminants may be introduced into the waterways via aging sewers, improperly capped septic systems, and illegal sewer connections. Recommendations are being prepared for distribution to municipalities throughout the watershed to assist the governing bodies in remediating problems within their jurisdictions.
The New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection funded a partial dredging of Wreck Pond and the extension of the stormwater runoff pipe about farther into the ocean. While it was hoped this would prevent pollution from affecting beaches in neighboring towns, it has been determined that the effluvium from the pipe still washes up on local beaches. Additionally, Monmouth County has mandated that after a rainfall of 1/4" or more, the beaches are automatically closed.
The Wreck Pond Watershed Preservation Association, a group of residents, environmental activists and government officials interested in preserving Wreck Pond, meets frequently to discuss issues with preserving the area.
| 3.140625
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7056211
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatsworth%20station
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Chatsworth station
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Chatsworth station (also known as Chatsworth Transportation Center) is an intermodal passenger transport station in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Chatsworth, United States. It is served by Amtrak inter-city rail service, Metrolink Ventura County Line commuter rail service, and the Metro G Line of the Los Angeles Metro Busway bus rapid transit. The station is also served by Los Angeles Metro Bus and Simi Valley Transit local buses, plus Santa Clarita Transit and LADOT Commuter Express regional express bus routes.
The Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) opened its first Chatsworth station in 1893; SP service ended in the 1950s. CalTrain service from 1982 to 1983, and Amtrak service beginning in 1988, used a station located to the southeast. Metrolink service began in 1992 with a station near the former SP station site; Amtrak service soon moved there. A station building was completed in 1996, and bus rapid transit service began in 2012.
History
The Southern Pacific Railroad (SP) opened a branch line from Burbank to Chatsworth in 1893. The SP extended the branch westward in 1904, eventually forming the Coast Line. The 1893-built station was a typical style: a two-story wooden depot with a longer one-story freight house. It was replaced with a similar larger station in 1910, though was left standing. The original depot burned down in 1917; the newer station was demolished in 1962.
An infill station opened in Chatsworth on the short-lived CalTrain line on December 29, 1982, only to close when service ended on March 2, 1983. On June 26, 1988, Amtrak extended one San Diegan round trip to Santa Barbara, with the ex-CalTrain stop at Chatsworth reused as an intermediate stop. The stop was located just east of DeSoto Avenue, southeast of the former SP station site.
| 2.109375
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7056250
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier%20strike%20group
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Carrier strike group
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A carrier strike group (CSG) is a type of carrier battle group of the United States Navy. It is an operational formation composed of roughly 7,500 personnel, usually an aircraft carrier, at least one cruiser, a destroyer squadron of at least two destroyers or frigates, and a carrier air wing of 65 to 70 aircraft. A carrier strike group also, on occasion, includes submarines, attached logistics ships and a supply ship. The carrier strike group commander operationally reports to the commander of the numbered fleet, who is operationally responsible for the area of waters in which the carrier strike group is operating.
Strike groups comprise a principal element of U.S. power projection capability; a single supercarrier holds enough firepower to rival the air forces of entire nations. Previously referred to as carrier battle groups (a term still used by other nations), they are often referred to by the carrier they are associated with (e.g., Strike Group). there are 11 carrier strike groups in the U.S. Navy.
The carrier strike group is a flexible naval force that can operate in confined waters or in the open ocean, during day and night, in all weather conditions. The principal role of the carrier and its air wing within the carrier strike group is to provide the primary offensive firepower, while the other ships provide defense and support. These roles are not exclusive, however. Other ships in the strike group sometimes undertake offensive operations (launching cruise missiles, for instance) and the carrier's air wing contributes to the strike group's defense (through combat air patrols and airborne anti-submarine efforts). Thus, from a command and control perspective, carrier strike groups are combat organized by mission rather than by platform.
History
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7056250
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier%20strike%20group
|
Carrier strike group
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The development of the U.S. Navy carrier battle group can be traced to the 1920s and was initially based on previous experience grouping battleships and other major surface combatants. In World War II, administratively, aircraft carriers were assigned to carrier divisions (CARDIVs). Operationally they were assigned to Task Forces, of which Task Force 11, Task Force 16 and Task Force 17 perhaps gained the most fame for their roles in the Battle of the Coral Sea and the Battle of Midway. The single-carrier battle group was born with the military drawdown that followed World War II. Carrier Division 1 was redesignated Carrier Group 1 on 30 June 1973, and seemingly all Carrier Divisions were redesignated Carrier Groups on that date.
Throughout the 1990s, the U.S. Navy's aircraft carrier groups were officially referred to as Carrier Battle Groups (CVBGs), and were commanded by either flag officers called Cruiser-Destroyer Group (CRUDESGRU) or Carrier Group (CARGRU) commanders.
In the summer of 1992, the U.S. Navy instituted a concept that mandated greater task group integration of naval air and surface warfare assets into a more permanent carrier battle group structure. Each of the Navy's 12 existing carrier battle groups consisted of an aircraft carrier; an embarked carrier air wing; cruisers, destroyer, and frigate units; and two nuclear-powered attack submarines.
On 1 October 2004, carrier groups and cruiser-destroyer groups were redesignated carrier strike groups. The change in nomenclature from 'Battle' to 'Strike' appears to have been in connection with an increasing emphasis on projecting air power ashore; the change acknowledged cognizance that post war scenario of fleet action battles like the one at Battle of Midway were becoming increasingly unlikely.
| 2.703125
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7056250
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier%20strike%20group
|
Carrier strike group
|
Missions
Carrier strike groups are tasked to accomplish a variety of wartime missions, as well as a wide variety of functions in situations short of war. The peacetime mission is to conduct forward presence operations, to help shape the strategic environment, deter conflict, build interoperability with allies, and respond to crises when necessary. The U.S. Navy provides a regular rotation of strike groups overseas, typically for six-eight months, based on the needs of Unified Combatant Commands that request strike group capabilities in their respective area of responsibility (AOR). The ships in the group often "disaggregate" from the carrier, performing missions hundreds or even thousands of miles away.
The missions of the carrier strike groups include:
Power projection ashore against a wide range of strategic, operational, and tactical targets defended by sophisticated air defense systems, during day and night, in all weather conditions.
Gaining and maintaining sea control including coastal regions, bounded seas, choke points, and the open ocean.
Protection of commercial and military shipping.
Protection of a United States Marine Corps Amphibious Ready Group prior to or during an amphibious operation.
Humanitarian Assistance/Disaster Relief (HA/DR).
Surveillance/Intelligence to achieve and maintain a comprehensive operational picture of the littoral environment, including surface, undersea, air, and relevant land areas of interest.
Command and Control of assigned U.S. and multinational forces.
Establishing air superiority or air supremacy in an area by seizing and maintaining control of designated airspace.
Theater ballistic missile defense (TBMD) of littoral areas and selected theater-wide areas against attack.
Operations in support of the peacetime presence mission, including supporting U.S. diplomacy through cooperative engagement with designated allied forces, normal peacetime operations, and shows of force.
| 2.203125
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7056262
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail%20inspection
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Rail inspection
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The first rail inspections were done visually and with the Oil and Whiting Method (an early form of Liquid Penetrant Inspection). Many sources cite that the need for better rail inspections came after a derailment at Manchester, New York, in 1911. That particular accident resulted in the death of 29 people and injuries to 60 others. The investigation of the accident revealed that the cause was a transverse fissure (a critical crack that lies perpendicular to the length of the rail) in the rail. Further investigation in the late 1920s showed that this type of defect was quite common. With increased rail traffic at higher speeds and with heavier axle loads today, critical crack sizes are shrinking and rail inspection is becoming more important. In 1927, Dr. Elmer Sperry built a massive rail inspection car under contract with the American Railway Association. Magnetic induction was the method used on the first rail inspection cars. This was done by passing large amounts of the magnetic field through the rail and detecting flux leakage with search coils. Since then, many other inspection cars have traversed the rails in search of flaws. In 1949 ultrasonic flaw detection was introduced by Sperry Rail Service (Named after Dr. Elmer Sperry), by the 1960s Ultrasonic Inspection Systems had been added to the entire Sperry Fleet. Rail inspection continues to advance to this day. Companies like Sperry Rail Service, Nordco Inc, Herzog Rail Testing, and many others continue to develop an ever-increasing array of technologies to detect internal flaws.
Defects and location
There are many effects that influence rail defects and rail failure. These effects include bending and shear stresses, wheel/rail contact stresses, thermal stresses, residual stresses, and dynamic effects.
| 2.5
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7056262
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail%20inspection
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Rail inspection
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There are many manufacturers of road/rail inspection trucks, otherwise known as HiRail trucks. These HiRail inspection cars are almost all ultrasonic testing exclusively, but there are some with the capability to perform multiple tests. These trucks are loaded with high-speed computers using advanced programs which recognize patterns and contain classification information. The trucks are also equipped with storage space, tool cabinets, and workbenches. A GPS unit is used with the computer to mark new defects and locate previously marked defects. The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) requires that any indications of defects need to be hand-verified immediately. The GPS system allows a follow-up car to find precisely where the flaw was detected by the lead vehicle. One advantage to the HiRail trucks is that they can work around regular rail traffic without shutting down or slowing down entire stretches of track. However, because railroad management frequently orders HiRail trucks to be used to inspect tracks at speeds over , tracks reported as having been inspected are, in fact, not inspected. An NTSB report on the Amtrak derailment in Oregon in 2006 documented this fact.
| 2.359375
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7056262
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail%20inspection
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Rail inspection
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The future of rail inspection
With increased rail traffic carrying heavier loads at higher speeds, a quicker more efficient way of inspecting railways is needed. Lasers inspect railway geometry, but one day they might be utilized as a form of non-contact evaluation of the rail. This most likely will be done with laser-optical transmitting transducers in ultrasonic testing. Eliminating contact with the rail could one day allow high-speed detection of flaws. (Testing of rail is currently able to be done at 80 km per hour with a Speno US-6 Ultrasonics train) Another need for the future is a complete rail inspection system. A step in this direction is a deeper investigation of the rail by using low-frequency eddy currents. Other advancements could include neural network analysis of signals to improve defect detection and identification and longitudinal guided ultrasonics. Improved rail quality, composition, and joining techniques could lead to better wear characteristics and a longer lifespan of the rail. Some investigation into banitic steels looks promising. A safe and portable means of filmless radiography could assist with onsite defect evaluation. These are just a few advancements in the process of being developed for future use.
Example trains
Doctor Yellow (Japan)
New Measurement Train (United Kingdom)
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7056308
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor%20Watts
|
Trevor Watts
|
Trevor Charles Watts (born 26 February 1939) is an English jazz and free-improvising alto and soprano saxophonist.
Biography
Watts was born in York, England. He is largely self-taught, having taken up the cornet at age 12 then switched to saxophone at 18. While stationed in Germany with the RAF (1958–63), he encountered the drummer John Stevens and trombonist Paul Rutherford. After being demobbed he returned to London. In 1965, he and Stevens formed the Spontaneous Music Ensemble, which became one of the crucibles of British free improvisation. Watts left the band to form his own group Amalgam in 1967, then returned to SME for another stretch that lasted until the mid-1970s. Another key association was with the bassist Barry Guy and his London Jazz Composers' Orchestra, an association that lasted from the band's inception in the 1970s up to its disbandment in the mid-1990s.
Though he was initially strongly identified with the avant-garde, Watts is a versatile musician who has worked in everything from straight jazz contexts to rock and blues. His own projects have come increasingly to focus on blending jazz and African music, notably the Moiré Music ensemble which he has led since 1982 in configurations ranging from large ensembles featuring multiple drummers to more intimate trios. He has only occasionally recorded in freer modes in recent years, notably the CD 6 Dialogues, a duet album with Veryan Weston (the pianist in earlier editions of Moiré Music). A solo album, World Sonic, appeared on Hi4Head Records in 2005.
Watts has toured the world over numerous times, run workshops, received grants and commissions, and he has collaborated with jazz musicians including Archie Shepp, Steve Lacy, Don Cherry, Jayne Cortez and Stephen Grew. As of 2011, he continues to travel and has been touring Europe and North America with Veryan Weston and more recently, with the addition of percussionist/singer Jamie Harris as Eternal Triangle.
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7056315
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-dimensional%20gas
|
Two-dimensional gas
|
A two-dimensional gas is a collection of objects constrained to move in a planar or other two-dimensional space in a gaseous state. The objects can be: classical ideal gas elements such as rigid disks undergoing elastic collisions; elementary particles, or any ensemble of individual objects in physics which obeys laws of motion without binding interactions. The concept of a two-dimensional gas is used either because:
the issue being studied actually takes place in two dimensions (as certain surface molecular phenomena); or,
the two-dimensional form of the problem is more tractable than the analogous mathematically more complex three-dimensional problem.
While physicists have studied simple two body interactions on a plane for centuries, the attention given to the two-dimensional gas (having many bodies in motion) is a 20th-century pursuit. Applications have led to better understanding of superconductivity, gas thermodynamics, certain solid state problems and several questions in quantum mechanics.
Classical mechanics
Research at Princeton University in the early 1960s posed the question of whether the Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics and other thermodynamic laws could be derived from Newtonian laws applied to multi-body systems rather than through the conventional methods of statistical mechanics. While this question appears intractable from a three-dimensional closed form solution, the problem behaves differently in two-dimensional space. In particular an ideal two-dimensional gas was examined from the standpoint of relaxation time to equilibrium velocity distribution given several arbitrary initial conditions of the ideal gas. Relaxation times were shown to be very fast: on the order of mean free time .
In 1996 a computational approach was taken to the classical mechanics non-equilibrium problem of heat flow within a two-dimensional gas. This simulation work showed that for N>1500, good agreement with continuous systems is obtained.
Electron gas
| 2.78125
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7056315
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-dimensional%20gas
|
Two-dimensional gas
|
While the principle of the cyclotron to create a two-dimensional array of electrons has existed since 1934, the tool was originally not really used to analyze interactions among the electrons (e.g. two-dimensional gas dynamics). An early research investigation explored cyclotron resonance behavior and the de Haas–van Alphen effect in a two-dimensional electron gas. The investigator was able to demonstrate that for a two-dimensional gas, the de Haas–van Alphen oscillation period is independent of the short-range electron interactions.
Later applications to Bose gas
In 1991 a theoretical proof was made that a Bose gas can exist in two dimensions. In the same work an experimental recommendation was made that could verify the hypothesis.
Experimental research with a molecular gas
In general, 2D molecular gases are experimentally observed on weakly interacting surfaces such as metals, graphene etc. at a non-cryogenic temperature and a low surface coverage. As a direct observation of individual molecules is not possible due to fast diffusion of molecules on a surface, experiments are either indirect (observing an interaction of a 2D gas with surroundings, e.g. condensation of a 2D gas) or integral (measuring integral properties of 2D gases, e.g. by diffraction methods).
An example of the indirect observation of a 2D gas is the study of Stranick et al. who used a scanning tunnelling microscope in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) to image an interaction of a two-dimensional benzene gas layer in contact with a planar solid interface at 77 kelvins. The experimenters were able to observe mobile benzene molecules on the surface of Cu(111), to which a planar monomolecular film of solid benzene adhered. Thus the scientists could witness the equilibrium of the gas in contact with its solid state.
| 2.203125
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7056326
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20M.%20Drake
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Francis M. Drake
|
Francis Marion Drake (December 30, 1830 – November 20, 1903) was an American merchant, lawyer, banker and politician. He fought in the American Civil War and later became the 16th Governor of Iowa. He is the namesake of Drake University.
Early life
Drake was born on December 30, 1830, in Rushville, Illinois, the son of John Adams Drake and Harriet Jane O'Neal. He later moved to Centerville, Iowa. He received a good business education, and became a merchant.
Career
During the California Gold Rush, he led two expeditions across the plains from Iowa to California. The first one left in 1852. During that trip with ox teams, he and just 7 other teamsters encountered a band of 300 Pawnee on the plains of Nebraska and he succeeded in blunting their attack with little loss-reportedly after personally slaying the Pawnee leader with a knife, demoralizing the remaining Indians, who broke contact. The second trip in 1854 escorted a herd of cattle. Returning by ship after the second trip, he was wrecked off of Point Arguello. Eight hundred passengers were killed, but Drake assisted in rescuing 200 passengers.
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7056326
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20M.%20Drake
|
Francis M. Drake
|
After Fort Sumter, Drake obtained a Captain's commission and operated with a mounted Iowa border regiment patrolling northern Missouri and clearing out small bands of rebels. His leadership was quickly recognized and for a while he was placed in charge of a Federal depot at Hannibal Missouri. After Lincoln's July 1862 call for 300,000 more volunteers to serve for 3 years or until the end of the war, Drake was commissioned as lieutenant colonel in August 1862 of a regiment that was designated the 36th Iowa Volunteer Infantry Regiment. The 36th was mustered into United States service on October 4, 1862 at Camp Lincoln, Keokuk, Iowa. The 36th departed Keokuk for Helena Arkansas in mid-November 1862. At Helena the regiment was assigned to the 13th Division of the XIII Army Corps and it was on garrison duty there until February 24, 1863, when the 13th Division was ordered by Grant to conduct a raid through the Yazoo Pass into the inland waterways of the Mississippi Delta to attempt to locate a northern approach to assault Vicksburg. Here Drake saw his first combat action as Executive Officer of the 36th, which was almost constantly under artillery fire from the rebel guns at Fort Pemberton, at the confluence of the Tallahatchie and Yazoo Rivers, and during which the 36th Iowa conducted two hazardous long-range reconnaissance-in-force operations to try to locate a dry land route that would enable them to flank the rebel fort, which had been reinforced with large naval cannon. The regiment suffered 5 wounded from enemy snipers and some half-dozen others died of fevers and were buried at Shellmound, Mississippi adjacent to the Curtis Plantation on the banks of the Tallahatchie River. Shell Mound, an ancient Native American ceremonial mound, was some 1.5 miles north of the enemy fort located at a sharp bend in the river, three miles west of Greenwood, Mississippi
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7056326
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20M.%20Drake
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Francis M. Drake
|
. On the morning of April 3, Drake took three companies of the 36th Iowa (A, D, G) three companies of the 43rd Indiana, 2 dismounted companies of the 1st Iowa Cavalry and a two-gun section of the 2nd Missouri Light Artillery—less than 500 troops in all—to established an advance picket post in very dense woods in the Little Missouri bottom, a mile south of the river. Drake's small command engaged enemy scouts observing the Federals in small skirmishes throughout the day as the rebel scouts bought time awaiting reinforcement from Marmaduke. At first light on April 4, an estimated 2,500 dismounted enemy cavalry belonging to Marmaduke's division attacked Drake's forward position in the Battle of Elkins' Ferry. In a battle that lasted 7 hours, Drake's small command was steadily driven back toward the Little Missouri but he managed to stop the enemy assault, enabling the remainder of General Frederick Steele's VII Army Corps to cross the river there and advance to a showdown with Major General Sterling Price at the subsequent Battle of Prairie D'Ane, April 10–12. There Steele routed the enemy, driving them southwest to the Confederate state capital-in-exile at Washington, Arkansas.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20M.%20Drake
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Francis M. Drake
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On April 15, the Union VII Corps advanced into Camden, Arkansas largely unopposed, in search of supplies, and Drake again showed his talent when he was assigned with just 5 companies of the 36th Iowa and two artillery pieces to hold open a critical crossroads ("Camden Crossroads") ten miles west of the city for 5 hours until early evening when the Frontier Division of General John Thayer caught up with Steele's advanced column. The Union VII Corps occupied Camden from 15–26 April. Up to that time, Camden was the Headquarters of Price's Confederate Army of Arkansas. Steele found insufficient rebel food stocks there, requiring him to dispatch forage trains and send supply trains to Pine Bluff. 80 miles northeast across desolate country. On 22 April 1864 a second such supply train was organized and, with 2nd Brigade commander McLean and the colonels of the 36th Iowa, 43rd Indiana and 77th Ohio all on the sick list, command of the 2nd Brigade devolved on Lieutenant Colonel Drake, who was ordered to take the brigade as escort for a 240-wagon supply train to Pine Bluff and to return with rations and other supplies. It was considered a high-risk but essential mission, as VII Corps had exhausted its rations and the troops at Camden were surviving on raw ears of corn or cornbread—if they were lucky. Departing with the train on April 23, Drake encamped 18 miles east of the city on the first afternoon. Drake's cavalry screen skirmished with Shelby's scouts along the way. On the second afternoon, a Sunday, Drake and the wagon train camped on the west bank of the nearly impassible Moro Bayou. Getting underway again before daylight on Monday, April 25, 1864, as the first of the train emerged from the rutted and soggy trail across the Moro, Drake's command was ambushed by some 7000 dismounted rebel cavalry under the command of General James Fagan at a lonely cross-roads known as Marks Mills
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20M.%20Drake
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Francis M. Drake
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In December 1864, Drake, already nominated for promotion to brigadier, preferred charges against his commanding officer, Colonel Charles W. Kittredge resulting in Kittredge's Court Martial, conviction and dismissal from service for drunkenness and conduct unbecoming an officer. On the promotion list for brigadier from October 1864, Drake was appointed Brevet Brigadier General in late February 1865. He meanwhile joined the 36th Iowa on outpost duty at St. Charles, on the White River from March until August, 1865. Meanwhile, the prisoners captured at Marks Mills who survived the horrors of Camp Ford were paroled in late February, and after 30 days home leave, reunited with the rest of the regiment (just 238 officers and men organized into three mixed companies) at St. Charles. The war in the east was winding down but Confederates in Arkansas and Texas refused to consider surrender and both Confederate military and civil authority in southern Arkansas descended into complete anarchy as many former regular Confederate officers transformed their units into raiding guerrilla bands, bushwhackers and freebooters, hitting Federal outposts on the White and Arkansas Rivers. Despite the reunification of the 36th Iowa, by late April morale was low as the troops at St. Charles waited at the remote outpost to be discharged. Upon Drake's arrival to assume command he enforced discipline and ordered the regiment to begin constructing log barracks for a proper garrison. While this angered many of the regiments veterans the activity kept them occupied and in physical shape, while they awaited word of their discharge. On June 11, 1865 - Drake assumed command of the 1st Brigade, 2nd Division, 7th Army Corps. He was finally mustered out of service in August 1865 as a U.S. Army Brigadier General, U.S. Volunteers; his old 36th Iowa Infantry Regiment - which was now part of his new command - was mustered out of Federal service on August 24, 1865 at DeValls Bluff, Arkansas, transported to Davenport Iowa, and discharged from state service.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wal%20Cherry
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Wal Cherry
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Walter John Cherry ( 10 May 1932 – 7 March 1986) was an Australian academic, drama scholar and theatre director, producer and manager
Biography
Cherry was born in Ballarat, Victoria to Victorian parents Walter Joseph Cherry, a commercial artist and Vera White. He attended St. Patricks College, Geelong and Geelong High School, before entering the University of Melbourne and obtaining a Bachelor of the Arts.
As the founder and director of the Emerald Hill Theatre Company in Melbourne, Victoria, Cherry gained a reputation in the early 1960s for innovative programming and bold productions, particularly of Australian plays. Along with George Whaley, he experimented with different acting forms and approaches to theatre. He was also a champion of Bertolt Brecht, both for his plays and his contributions to theatre theory (especially the so-called "alienation effect" or Verfremdungseffekt).
He also adapted some plays for ABC television.
When Flinders University was set up in Adelaide, South Australia in 1967, Cherry was appointed to the Foundation Chair of Drama, the first such appointment at an Australian university. In its first year, the fledgling Drama Department at Flinders had a staff of only two (Cherry and ex-ABC Radio man George Anderson), but Cherry's energy and high-profile drove significant expansion, and by the mid-1970s, the department had over a dozen staff, teaching drama as both an academic discipline, and as training for professional careers in theatre and film, a unique approach at the time.
When Flinders established its first on-campus student accommodation, the "Hall of Residence", Cherry was appointed Dean, and lived in the Hall.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simi%20Valley%20station
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Simi Valley station
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Simi Valley station is a passenger rail station in the city of Simi Valley, California. Amtrak's Pacific Surfliner from San Luis Obispo to San Diego and Metrolink's Ventura County Line from Los Angeles Union Station to East Ventura stop here.
In , passengers boarded or detrained at Simi Valley station.
History
The Southern Pacific Railroad built a line between Ventura and Los Angeles, as an alternate to the Montalvo to Newhall line. The first passenger station to serve the Rancho Simi area was the Santa Susana Depot, originally located at Tapo Street and Los Angeles Avenue. The depot served the community of Santa Susana which is now mostly within the city of Simi Valley. The historic Santa Susana Depot building has since been preserved and moved three miles east of its original location.
A station parking location at Surveyor Street (just west of Tapo Street) was acquired for CalTrain by 1982. The station opened with the inauguration of CalTrain on October 18, 1982. The CalTrain service was discontinued in 1983. The Amtrak Coast Starlight began stopping the former CalTrain station on October 26, 1986. On June 26, 1988, Amtrak extended one daily San Diegan round trip to Santa Barbara, stopping at Simi Valley. Metrolink Ventura County Line service began on October 26, 1992, stopping at most former CalTrain stations (except Oxnard, which Metrolink began serving after the 1994 Northridge earthquake). Amtrak switched to the Metrolink station, located about one mile east of Tapo Avenue, at that time.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunet%20Island%20State%20Park
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Brunet Island State Park
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Brunet Island State Park is a state park of Wisconsin, USA, featuring a island in the Chippewa River. The remainder of the park's are on the east bank of the river. It is noted for its numerous white-tailed deer and large eastern hemlock trees. The park is located just north of Cornell in Chippewa County in the Northern Highland region of Wisconsin. The Old Abe State Trail begins in the park and follows the riverbank south to the town of Chippewa Falls, with access to Lake Wissota State Park.
Natural history
Brunet Island is formed by the confluence of the Chippewa and Fisher Rivers. Backwater channels at the north end of the island create several undeveloped islets. The regional landscape was strongly marked by glaciation during the Wisconsin glaciation.
The park is forested with mature eastern hemlocks. Deer, overpopulated on the island, eat most of the young hemlocks. In time red pines and spruces may become dominant. Small fenced plots are scattered throughout the island to protect saplings and undergrowth from the deer. In 1977, a tornado touched down on the north-central part of the island, leveling . The tornado left so much debris that the park was closed until spring 1978 for cleanup. Today, this area is regenerating with birch trees.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunet%20Island%20State%20Park
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Brunet Island State Park
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Cultural history
The park is named after Jean Brunet (1791–1877), an upper-class French immigrant who was instrumental in the development of the upper Chippewa River. He moved to St. Louis, Missouri in 1818 and found employment with a trading company. Two years later his employers stationed Brunet in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, where he became a leading citizen, married, and eventually went into business for himself. Brunet formed interests in the Chippewa River Valley and moved to Chippewa Falls in 1828. There he was engaged to oversee the construction of the first dam and sawmill on the Chippewa River, which opened the region up to logging. Brunet and his wife, who were childless, took a liking to Francis Gauthier, a boy who worked for him, and treated him as an adopted son for the rest of their lives. In 1837 and 1838 Brunet served on the Wisconsin Territory legislature. Shortly thereafter Brunet moved upriver where he settled permanently. He engaged in trade with native people and ran a popular inn. The city of Cornell was originally called Brunet Falls in his honor.
The state acquired Brunet Island in 1936 when it was donated by Northern States Power (now Xcel Energy). The Civilian Conservation Corps built a log shelter in 1938 as the park was developed, and Brunet Island State Park officially opened two years later.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%20Nuys%20station
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Van Nuys station
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Van Nuys station is an Amtrak and Metrolink train station in the Van Nuys neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, close to the nighborhood of Panorama City. Amtrak's Pacific Surfliner from San Luis Obispo to San Diego, Amtrak's Coast Starlight from Los Angeles to Seattle, Washington, and Metrolink's Ventura County Line from Los Angeles Union Station to East Ventura stop here.
The station when opened the first time in 1982 was called Panorama City and was served by the short-lived CalTrain service in 1982–83. In 1988, service was restored with the Amtrak San Diegan with the station renamed as Van Nuys, and Metrolink service began in 1992.
History
The diagonal railway across the San Fernando Valley was built in 1904 as a cutoff for the Southern Pacific Coast Line. At the time the main Van Nuys station was located further south on the Burbank branch, at the modern Van Nuys G Line station.
Panorama City station opened with the inauguration of CalTrain on October18, 1982. The short-lived service ended on March1, 1983. Amtrak service to Van Nuys (the former CalTrain station) began on June26, 1988, when one San Diegan round trip was extended to Santa Barbara. Metrolink began Ventura County Line service with a stop at Van Nuys on October 26, 1992. A modern glass-and-concrete Van Nuys station building, funded by Caltrans, opened on December18, 1995.
The station originally had a single side platform serving the southern track of the two-track Ventura Subdivision. A third track to the north is part of the Union Pacific Railroad Gemco Yard. In January 2018, Metrolink began construction of an island platform — which serves both main tracks — and a pedestrian underpass. Original plans called for a second side platform instead, but the island platform design had fewer impacts. The project was originally to be completed in late 2019, but was not officially finished until January 2020.
Future
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junk%20Bond%20Observatory
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Junk Bond Observatory
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The Junk Bond Observatory (JBO; code: 701) is located in the Sonoran Desert at Sierra Vista, Arizona, United States.
It was established by amateur astronomer David Healy in his backyard in 1996, using a Celestron 14 SCT and a 16-inch Meade LX200 telescopes in a roll-off shelter. In 2000, a 20" Ritchey-Chretien was installed, to be replaced by a 32" Ritchey in 2004.
Asteroid searches began in 1998 using a local computer network and search software. The first discovery at the observatory was made by Jeff Medkeff in June 1999. It was named 38203 Sanner after Glen Sanner also a member of the Huachuca Astronomy Club.
As of November 2016, a total of 272 numbered minor planets have been discovered at the observatory, using a 32-inch telescope. The Minor Planet Center credits 219 of these discoveries to David Healy and/or Jeff Medkeff. The discovery of the remaining 53 numbered minor planets is credited directly to the observatory (see list below).
Until his death in 2011, David Healy was a frequent contributor of follow-up observations to objects on the Minor Planet Center's Near-Earth Object Confirmation Page, surveyed for asteroids netting approximately four new discoveries per month as of January 2007, performed discovery and confirmation photometry of extrasolar planet transits, and performed photometry of cataclysmic variable stars and active galactic nuclei. The telescope operated robotically, unattended for most of the night, controlled by software by Bob Denny and Jeff Medkeff.
JBO was dismantled in August 2021. The telescope, dome, and other equipment were purchased by a private buyer.
List of discovered minor planets
The Minor Planet Center directly credits the Junk Bond Observatory with the discovery of 53 numbered minor planets during 2000–2005.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna%20Stadtbahn
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Vienna Stadtbahn
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The Vienna Stadtbahn () was a rail-based public transportation system operated under this name from 1898 until 1989. Today, the Vienna U-Bahn lines U4 and U6 and the Vienna S-Bahn (commuter rail) run on its former lines.
In 1894, the architect Otto Wagner was hired as the artistic director for the Vienna Stadtbahn project. The Stadtbahn is one of Vienna's better-known examples of early Art Nouveau architecture. Its most famous buildings are the two former station entrances on Karlsplatz, now used as a café and a museum respectively, and the Hofpavillon, a station built specifically for Emperor Franz Joseph, located at the eastern end of Hietzing station. Other preserved historical stations are the elevated stations along the Gürtel and in some of the suburbs.
The use of the term Stadtbahn in the line's name derives from the 19th century usage of the term to simply mean a railway in an urban area, in a similar way to the naming of the roughly contemporaneous Berlin Stadtbahn. It is not related to the usage of the term stadtbahn in post-World War II Germany to mean light rail lines upgraded from street tramways. The use of tram type vehicles on much of the Vienna Stadtbahn after 1925 is entirely coincidental, and happened long after the line got its name.
History
Early plans
In Vienna, there were very early relevant projects for railway lines in the city. The oldest dates back to 1844, when the engineer Heinrich Sichrowsky designed an atmospheric railway based on system of George Medhurst and Samuel Clegg and emulating such lines in London and Paris. This new line was to lead from the Lobkowitzplatz below the Vienna Glacis to the Vienna River and to Hütteldorf. Finally, in 1849, Julius Pollack suggested that the Vienna Rail Link, which was still in the planning stage at the time, also be operated atmospherically.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna%20Stadtbahn
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Vienna Stadtbahn
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The next plans followed in connection with the first city expansion in 1850, including one in 1852 preferred by the Vienna Construction Company and the Vienna Bank Corporation project. The second proposal, which had already been worked out in detail, was presented by Count Henckel von Donnersmarck in 1867. In 1869, Baurat Baron Carl von Schwarz finally brought in a third proposal. This was the first proposal to use the term Stadtbahn.
A need arises
By the latter half of the 19th century, there were seven main line railway lines radiating from Vienna. These were the Nordbahn opened in 1837, the Südbahn opened in 1841, the Ostbahn opened in the same year, the Westbahn opened in 1858, the Franz-Josefs-Bahn opened in 1870, the Nordwestbahn opened in 1872 and the opened in 1881. Each of the seven routes belonged to a different railway company and each had its own train station in the capital, which were, partly for reasons of space, taxation and the military, built far from the city centre. Moreover, six of them were designed as terminal stations, and only the last-opened station, the , was built as through station from the beginning. While the comparatively few passengers who did not have the capital as a starting point or destination were able to switch between the stations via the Vienna tramway, which was set up in 1865, this was much more difficult for transit freight traffic.
In addition, it became apparent in the late 19th century that the main stations themselves - including the Westbahnhof and Franz-Josefs-Bahnhof - urgently needed to be relieved. In the long run, they no longer met the complicated demands of parallel long-distance and local traffic and would have to be rebuilt without the construction of a metropolitan railway.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna%20Stadtbahn
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Vienna Stadtbahn
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While the rival railway companies at that time had no interest in a central urban solution - the present-day Vienna Hauptbahnhof finally went into operation in 2012 - the Austrian military, after the March Revolution of 1848, demanded measures to prevent a recurrence of such events. Although the commissioning of the from 1859, the from 1872 and the Donauuferbahn from 1875 provided some relief, the heavy losses of the Battle of Königgrätz in 1866 showed that further connections between the long-distance railways were needed. After 1867, only 18 kilometers of the Austrian railway network - including the Verbindungsbahn - were in state hands, so in 1874 a renewed nationalization wave began. The de-privatization of operations combined with the new connections in the capital would make it possible, in case of mobilization - especially in case of a two-front war - to move troops, weapons and ammunition more easily. But also the so-called Approvisionierungsverkehr - that is, the supply of the city and the soldiers with food - played a major role in the future of the Vienna Stadtbahn. Equally important was the possibility to connect the large inner-city barracks to the main lines in the event of war, including, in particular between 1849 and 1856, the Arsenal, built as a consequence of the March Revolution.
Another important aspect of the construction of the Stadtbahn was the demolition of the Linienwalls, a fortification around the Vienna suburbs. It had become militarily obsolete in the middle of the 19th century, which initially led from 1873 to the building of the 75- to 80-meter wide Gürtelstraße, with the inner belt within the wall and the outer belt running outside the wall. The demolition of the fortifications from 1894 then made room for new urban railway lines. An early alternative term for the Stadtbahn was therefore 'Belt train' or 'Short Belt railway'.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna%20Stadtbahn
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Vienna Stadtbahn
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As a result of the economic collapse in Vienna in May 1873, interest in the so-called Stadtbahn question dropped again somewhat. Thus, none of the 23 drafts received a concession, although the municipality judged that of the consortium of Count Edmund Zichy, both in terms of the proposed local rail network and the proposed Vienna River canalisation as the most appropriate to the public interest. The project of Zichy and his fellow campaigners Baron Rothschild, Baron von Schey, Baron Carl von Schwarz, Achilles Melingo, Otto Wagner and Georg Scheyer provided an exclusively elevated train network with a central station between the and Augartenbrücke. From there, the line would lead in one direction to Baumgarten on the Westbahn, and in the other, along the Danube Canal to Franz-Josefs-Bahnhof and along the existing walls to the Rennweg. Further routes were planned to the Reichsbrücke, Hernals, Südbahnhof, Brigittenau or Floridsdorf.
Influence of Berlin
After almost ten years without progress, the German capital Berlin finally gave the immediate impetus for a renewed discussion of the Viennese city rail question. [11] As early as 7 February 1882, the Berliner Stadtbahn service began operations, which later served as a model for the Viennese Stadtbahn in several respects. Not only did it use continuous viaducts to carry the railway above the city's streets, but it was also operated by the state railway with steam locomotives and short train sets, and it joined several previously existing terminal stations with each other. In this context, three new proposals were submitted to the Austrian Government, the first even in the year before the opening of the Berlin plant.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna%20Stadtbahn
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Vienna Stadtbahn
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In advance, the commission had to acquire numerous plots of land ranging in size from a minimum of eight square meters to a maximum of 35,700 square meters. Depending on the situation, the compensation varied between two and a half and 153 Austrian guilders per square meter. In 436 cases succeeded in an amicable agreement with the previous owners, only in 22 other cases had to be forcibly appropriated by court decision. However, the value of the houses and land along the train by their construction increased significantly, that is, the Stadtbahn - which caused this increase in value - had to pay in the redemption itself, the higher prices. Even individual buildings had to give way to the Stadtbahn. Among them, for example, in 1893 one of the line chapels on the belt, the so-called bridge chapel. Alternatively, Otto Wagner built in the immediate vicinity of the old site from 1895, the St. John Nepomuk Chapel, it was consecrated in 1897. In general, the Stadtbahn took considerable influence on the streets and squares in their neighborhood as well as the economic conditions of the affected districts. Thus, for example, the already existing Gürtelstraße was freed from the many salient old buildings and erected on their mirror grounds, where previously stored behind wooden crates and dilapidated fences, construction materials, stones, scrap iron and the like, the city railway arches. The remaining part of the belt mirror was then transformed into gardens.
The new inner-city transport network of the capital was considered a state-owned prestige object of Cisleithania, which is why the state guaranteed all necessary funds and thus made a speedy realization possible. In addition, cheap workers from all over the monarchy were available; At times, up to 100,000 people were at the same time in use. Among them were mainly Czechs, Slovaks, Italians, Slovenians, Lower Austrians and Styrians, to a lesser extent workers from other parts of Austria-Hungary and even from abroad, including from France and Greece.
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Vienna Stadtbahn
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Another saving measure concerned the viaduct arches. In this case, the plaster façade originally planned by Otto Wagner was dropped. Instead, the - originally light yellow - clinker bricks and the cornices made of solid natural stone masonry are now visible, as was the case previously with the Verbindungsbahn and the Berliner Stadtbahn. Visually, the vaults stood in stark contrast to the white plastered station buildings, except in the Stadtbahn, the architect has planned or executed no further brick facades.
Construction problems in 1897
While the construction of the suburban line, the upper Wientallinie and the waistline brought only minor difficulties, the lower Wientallinie prepared due to complications in connection with the regulation and partial doming of the Wienflusses much larger problems. So the river often had to be completely relocated to make room for both objects. In some places entire groups of houses were demolished. The construction was the most difficult at those points where the foundations of the city railway walls often reached six to seven meters below the foundations of the old neighboring houses. In addition, the flood events that occurred at that time caused widespread destruction of the buildings in the critical state of foundation and led to construction interruptions. In particular, this was true for the so-called century flood in July 1897.
The second major difficulty in the construction of the Wientallinie represented the elaborate reconstruction of the station Hauptzollamt, which alone cost over eight million Austrian crowns. This was done while maintaining the rail traffic to the Vienna Main Customs Office and the wholesale market hall and was associated with time-consuming provisional. The station was originally in high altitude and had to be lowered by 6.82 meters for the Stadtbahn, because both adjacent new lines were Tiefbahnen. This project was made even more difficult by the existing connection to the Praterstern, which in turn remained an elevated railway.
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Vienna Stadtbahn
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In addition, a brief section of elevated track was built connecting the Gürtel and Danube Canal lines between Nussdorfer Strasse and Friedensbrücke stations.
Of the lines that were not built, two lines should have crossed the inner city, and one would have extended the Gürtel line along the southern Gürtel road to Südbahnhof railway station. These would have helped the Stadtbahn be a more appealing and useful transportation system, but financial constraints prevented their construction.
The ceremonial opening of the Wiener Stadtbahn took place on 9 May 1898 with the participation of Emperor Franz Joseph I, the Vienna Archbishop Anton Josef Cardinal Gruscha, the Minister of Railways. Heinrich Ritter von Wittek, the Lower Austrian Landmarschall Baron Joseph Freiherr von Gudenus and the Vienna Mayor Karl Lueger in Michelbeuern instead. On that day the monarch drove with the k.u.k. Hofsalonzug, which consisted of his saloon car and three other cars, from there via the belt line to Heiligenstadt, then on the suburban line and the Westbahn to Hütteldorf-Hacking, continue on the upper Wientallinie to Meidling Hauptstraße and finally on the waist line to the stop Alser street, with which he traveled all sections completed so far. [4] In the last car of the special train, the emperor had an observation platform at his disposal, only there he was spared the smoke of the steam locomotive. From this ceremony the following quotation of the emperor is handed down:
"Created by the harmonious cooperation of the autonomous Curia and the state, this railway construction will, I hope, bring many advantages to the population and effectively promote the prosperous development of Vienna which is close to my heart."
It was one of the first few metros in the world, London Underground (1863), Liverpool Overhead Railway (1893), Budapest Metro (1896) and Glasgow Subway (1896). The other three under construction are Paris Metro (1900), Berlin U-Bahn (1902) and New York City Subway (1904).
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The new type of rolling stock introduced after electrification was designed so that it could also run on the tramway network. It consisted of 2-axle motor cars (class N), heavy trailers (class n) and light trailers (class n1), which were combined to form trains of up to nine cars in length. These were in operation until 1964.
From the mid-1950s onwards, these cars were completely rebuilt using steel frames and new electric equipment. These were referred to as class N1 (motor cars) and class n2 (trailers) and were used well into the 1980s.
From 1980 onwards, the class N1 and n2 cars were gradually replaced by new six-axle articulated cars. These are referred to as class E6 (motor cars) and c6 (trailers) and are based on the Duewag "Mannheim" design. These were in service until the Stadtbahn service officially ended in 1989.
Conversion to U-Bahn
The municipality of Vienna had tried to integrate the Stadtbahn into the tram network, but this was rejected in 1923. In 1925, they formed the Viennese Electric Light Rail, abbreviated W.E.St. After comparatively rapid electrification and numerous smaller adaptations, it gradually went into operation between 3 June 1925 and 20 October 1925. It followed the same lines as the Stadtbahn, but with tram cars rather than main line railway cars. At the same time, a new community tax was put in place to fund the system.
In 1925, the electrified network was completely separated from the rest of the railway network and linked to the urban tram network at two points by the mixed operating line 18G. They used - also in the pure Stadtbahn traffic - classic two-axle tram cars, which were considered over the decades as a trademark of the electric Stadtbahn. For the 450 engines and sidecars purchased at that time, the new operator built three new operating stations in Michelbeuern, Heiligenstadt and Hütteldorf-Hacking and hired 823 new employees for the new company branch.
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Vienna Stadtbahn
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The dissolution of the Commission for Traffic Facilities in Vienna in 1934 finally sealed the end of the original steam railway. As a result, the municipality of Vienna also took over the infrastructure of the electrified network, which was henceforth licensed only as a small train without freight traffic, while the suburban line then completely fell to the state railway. The Second World War hit hard, especially in the last year of the war in 1945, the electric Stadtbahn, they could not be completely reactivated until 1954. At the latest in the 1960s, the Stadtbahn was subject to a modernization backlog, because the subway planning came at that time only slowly. It was not until 1976 that the first Stadtbahn section was converted to subway operation. On 7 October 1989 ultimately received the two belt lines G and GD, the sign of the last two Stadtbahn lines ever, the new line signal U6. Thus, apart from the remaining infrastructure, the history of Wiener Stadtbahn ended after more than 91 years.
From 1976 onwards, the Stadtbahn was integrated into the newly established Vienna U-Bahn system. For line U4, most of the stations of the Wiental and Donaukanal lines of the Stadtbahn were completely rebuilt. Platforms were raised to and current collection changed from overhead lines to third rail. While some of the station entrances at street level have been preserved, only Stadtpark station remains largely in its original form at platform level. New U-Bahn trains (class U), built by the Austrian manufacturer SGP, were introduced.
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Moreover, the steam railway operation also resulted in the passengers and the train crew on the underground sections being largely unprotected from the smoke. In addition, the soot settled on the seats and soiled them, and thus also the garments of the passengers, even before the journey. In addition, the locomotives also damaged the infrastructure of the railway itself, because the smoke caused the rapid corrosion of the exposed iron structural parts of the superstructure and generated dust that infiltrated the carriages. The problem of rusting intensified due to the water vapour that emanated from the locomotive and in winter from the heating pipes. Due to the dense train sequence in both directions of travel, the resulting strong smoke and steam masses were able to escape the tunnels only very slowly, especially in cloudy and foggy weather. At Ferdinandsbrücke station, the operator even experimented at times with powerful fans to extract the smoke before entering the underground station, but these attempts were unsuccessful.
In addition, the white-plastered station buildings in particular discoloured quickly. For example, the facade of the Hietzinger Hofpavillon had to be repaired for the first time just three years after opening, and surrounding buildings were also affected. This problem was particularly evident on the marble statues of the former Elisabeth Bridge. After demolition of the bridge in 1897, they were initially placed at Karlsplatz station. However, they were so quickly polluted that they received the nickname 'The eight chimney sweepers' and had to be transferred to the Rathausplatz in 1902. And having a steam railway right in front of their house was not particularly popular with the local residents either, as the satirical weekly Kikeriki already ridiculed in its opening month of May 1898:
"How was B. suddenly deaf? He had his window open for half an hour on the Girdle!
- Kikeriki, May 1898
And even the relatively low speed of the steam trains inspired the humorists:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff%20Jaeger
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Jeff Jaeger
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Jeff Todd Jaeger (born November 26, 1964) is an American former professional football player who was a placekicker for 12 seasons in the National Football League (NFL) during the 1980s and 1990s. Jaeger played college football for the Washington Huskies, earning All-American honors. In the NFL, he played for the Cleveland Browns, Los Angeles/Oakland Raiders and Chicago Bears.
Early life
Jaeger was born in Tacoma, Washington. He was a standout kicker for Kent-Meridian High School in Kent, Washington. Jaeger was not offered scholarships out of high school and chose to walk on the football team at the University of Washington.
College career
At Washington, Jaeger took over for outgoing All-American placekicker Chuck Nelson in 1983 and earned Honorable Mention in the AP's All-America team as a freshman. Jaeger would repeat as an AP honorable mention All-America selection in his sophomore season. Following Jaeger's junior year he was selected as a 2nd Team All-American by Football News. Following his senior season, in which the Huskies went 8–3–1, Jaeger was a consensus All-American, selected as a 1st Team All-American by both the AP and UPI.
Jaeger is still the all-time Washington Husky scoring leader with 358 points. He held the NCAA record with 80 career field goals until it was broken in 2003 by Billy Bennett of Georgia (Jaeger finished with 21 more field goals than the second leading kicker in Husky history). In his senior season, Jaeger converted 17 of 21 field goal attempts, including six of seven of 40 yards or more, as well as converting 42 of 43 extra point tries.
Professional career
The Cleveland Browns selected Jaeger in the third round (82nd pick overall) of the 1987 NFL draft. He played for the Browns for a single season in . In his rookie season, Jaeger broke all of the Browns rookie scoring records with 75 points despite playing in only ten games. His record for most field goal attempts by a rookie in a game was tied in 2017 by Zane Gonzalez.
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7056640
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulham%2C%20South%20Australia
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Fulham, South Australia
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Fulham is a western suburb of Adelaide, South Australia. It is located in the City of West Torrens.
History
The area incorporating the current suburb of Fulham was purchased c. 1836 by John White (? –30 December 1860), who named it Fulham Farm after the suburb of Fulham in his native London. The White family home, Weetunga, built by his son, Samuel White (1835?–16 November 1880), father of Samuel Albert White (1870–1954) which took three years to build, remained with the family until placed on the market in 2014, and sold to another South Australian resident for $2.5 million in August 2015. The new owner of the home plans on restoring the home back to its former glory and building a wing to the east of the home.
Both Weetunga and The Oaks in Henley Beach Road are listed on the South Australian Heritage Register.
Geography
Fulham sits on a bend in the River Torrens. The suburb also sits astride the intersection of Tapleys Hill Road and Henley Beach Road.
Demographics
The 2006 census by the Australian Bureau of Statistics counted 2,611 persons in Fulham on census night. Of these, 49.8% were male and 50.2% were female.
The majority of residents (73.5%) are of Australian birth, with other common census responses being Italy (5.4%) and England (5.1%).
The age distribution of Fulham residents is skewed towards an older population than the greater Australian population. 74.1% of residents were over 25 years in 2006, compared to the Australian average of 66.5%; and 25.9% were younger than 25 years, compared to the Australian average of 33.5%.
Community
The local newspaper is the Weekly Times Messenger. Other regional and national newspapers such as The Advertiser and The Australian are also available.
Fulham is represented by the Fulham Falcons Cricket club, which was established in 1905, however now plays home matches on Collins Reserve in neighbouring Kidman Park.
Facilities and attractions
Parks
The largest greenspace in Fulham is Linear Park, lying along the River Torrens on the suburb's southern boundary.
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7056647
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilton%2C%20South%20Australia
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Hilton, South Australia
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Hilton is an inner western suburb of Adelaide, South Australia. It is located in the City of West Torrens, for which it is the council seat.
History
The Kaurna people occupied the land of the present suburb, before British colonisation of South Australia in 1836.
The land now covering the suburb of Hilton was received by Matthew Davenport Hill in 1839. About ten years later, The "Village of Hilton" was laid out by his attorney, George Milner Stephen.
The 1935 West Torrens Council Chambers are listed on the South Australian Heritage Register.
Geography
Hilton is a rectangular suburb, lying across Sir Donald Bradman Drive.
Demographics
In the 2021 Australian census, there were 908 people in Hilton. Of these, 59.7% of people were born in Australia and 58.5% of people spoke only English at home. The most common responses for religion were "No Religion" at 38.4%, and Catholic at 15.2%.
Media
The local newspaper was the Weekly Times Messenger. Other regional and national newspapers such as The Advertiser and The Australian are also available.
Facilities and attractions
The West Torrens Civic Centre (council offices) are on the corner of Sir Donald Bradman Drive and Brooker Terrace. The Hamra Centre Library is located next door.
Hilton Plaza shopping centre is located on the corner of Sir Donald Bradman Drive and Bagot Avenue.
The Hilton RSL has served the public since 1930 and overseas a large annual ANZAC Day dawn service.
Star Theatres
The Star Theatres One and Two are located on a corner block at 145 Sir Donald Bradman Drive. The building incorporates three performance spaces, two theatres and a studio.
The first building on the site was a tin shed, erected in 1923 for soldiers returning from war, and known as the Soldiers Memorial Institute. This was replaced by a stone and brick building in 1928, which forms the basis of the current building. In the early 1930s, it catered for activities such as dances, roller skating, and "electric light cricket".
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7056650
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Airy%20Plantation
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Mount Airy Plantation
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Mount Airy, near Warsaw in Richmond County, Virginia, is the first neo-Palladian villa mid-Georgian plantation house built in the United States. It was constructed in 1764 for Colonel John Tayloe II, perhaps the richest Virginia planter of his generation, upon the burning of his family's older house. John Ariss is the attributed designer while William Buckland (architect) was the builder/architect. Tayloe's daughter, Rebecca and her husband Francis Lightfoot Lee, one of the only pair of brothers to sign the Declaration of Independence (Richard Henry Lee being the other brother) are buried on the estate, as are many other Tayloes. Before the American Civil War, Mount Airy was a prominent racing horse stud farm, as well as the headquarters of about 10-12 separate but interdependent slave plantations along the Rappahannock River (comprising some 60,000 acres). Mount Airy is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark as well as on the Virginia Landmarks Register and is still privately owned by Tayloe's descendants.
Architecture
| 1.929688
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7056650
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Airy%20Plantation
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Mount Airy Plantation
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Mount Airy is composed of a massive two-story central block above a high basement, long and deep, two curving one-story passageways, and two -square two-story end dependencies set forward. The five-part unit, long, encloses three sides of a semi-circular forecourt. This court is raised by a low terrace above the entrance drive and is reached by cut and molded stone steps, flanked by elaborate carved stone vases on pedestals. Set on a ridge, the house commands a wide view of the Rappahannock River Valley. The walls of the central unit are made of dark-brown sandstone, carefully hewn and laid in courses of random height, with architectural trim in light-colored limestone. It is possible that the exterior may originally have been stuccoed though no trace remains. The north or entrance façade is approached from the forecourt by a flight of steps leading to a recessed loggia, whose square columns, faced with four Roman Doric pilasters, define three rectilinear openings. The projecting central pavilion is of rusticated limestone, with three windows in the second story and a crowning pediment. The south or garden facade is almost identical in composition except that the three entrances in the pavilion are spanned by round arches with heavily marked voussoirs and keystones, and the upper windows are unframed. The other windows are framed by stone architraves and sills, and the limestone belt course and rusticated angle quoins are very prominent. The existing broad hip roof, pierced by four interior chimneys located near the ridge, is a replacement of the original roof, possibly a hip-on-hip that was destroyed by fire in 1844. It "is the most architecturally sophisticated of Virginia's surviving colonial mansions."
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7056650
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Airy%20Plantation
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Mount Airy Plantation
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The south or rear elevation was undoubtedly taken directly from Plate LVIII of James Gibbs' Book of Architecture and the north elevation was less directly derived from a plate of Haddo House in Scotland, shown in William Adam's Vitruvius Scoticus. The two stone two-story dependencies have hipped roofs and central chimneys and their corners are given the same quoin treatment as the main house. The connecting passageways, also of stone, are quadrants covered with shed roofs that are concealed from the north or front. At the junction with the central block, the roofs of the connections are stepped up to allow entrances to the main floor of the house.
Gardens
The shaped terraced levels of its gardens are still clearly visible beneath its modern covering of lawn. Mount Airy has the earliest surviving Orangery in North America. A sustainable, owner-operated, flower farm in Virginia's Northern Neck and part of historic Mount Airy Farm occupies the space today. The gardens produce a variety of blooms, herbs, woody ornamentals, & cold season vegetables, for weddings, events, flower bouquets, and floral design.
History
Fauntleroy
Prior to the purchase by Col. William Tayloe, John Tayloe II's grandfather, the land on which Mount Airy stands was originally purchased by Colonel Moore Fauntleroy in 1651, to add to his existing plantation on the north shore of the Rappahannock River in old Rappahannock County.
The Old House
In 1682 Col. William Tayloe purchased 3,000 acres from Col. Moore Fauntleroy's son William, and built a 20-room brick dwelling called "The Old House." William's son, Col. John Tayloe I inherited the house upon his father's death in 1710.
John Tayloe II
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7056653
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marleston%2C%20South%20Australia
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Marleston, South Australia
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Marleston is a suburb of Adelaide, South Australia, in the City of West Torrens. Marleston was home to 1,950 people at the 2021 census.
The earliest European settler in this area was Donald McLean, who selected Section 50, Hundred of Adelaide, of in 1837, (the area was originally part of Hilton) and with his family ploughed and sowed 20 acres of seed wheat, and in 1838 reaped the first harvest of wheat in South Australia. The McLean property was divided into nine allotmennts of 8.75 acres in the 1860s. John Marles bought allotment 7 in 1874 and subdivided it in 1879. Following World War I, there was a housing boom driven by returned servicemen. Town Planner Charles Reade persuaded several land owners to work together and developed Galway Gardens on garden suburb principles.
Demographics
The 2021 Census by the Australian Bureau of Statistics counted 1,950 persons in Marleston on census night. Of these, 49.0% were male and 50.8% were female.
The majority of residents (58.5%) are of Australian birth, with other common census responses being India (7.6%), China (4.4%), Nepal (2.8%), England (2.6%), and Greece (2.3%). Additionally, people of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander descent made up 1.3% of the suburb.
In terms of religious affiliation, 37.1% attributed themselves to being irreligious, 17.0% of residents attributed themselves to being Catholic, 7.1% attributed themselves to Hinduism, and 6.9% attributed themselves to being Eastern Orthodox.
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7056654
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAI%20%28organization%29
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BAI (organization)
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BAI (the Bank Administration Institute) is a nonprofit organization in the United States that provides research, training, and thought leadership events for the financial services industry. Headquartered in Chicago, Illinois, BAI also operates Banking Strategies, a daily online financial services publication.
Organization
BAI's mission is to give financial services leaders confidence, information, and resources in order to make smart business decisions, every day. BAI's mission is created on the belief that a strong financial services industry helps consumers, businesses, and communities thrive.
BAI's members include national and global banks, credit unions, mortgage and auto loan providers, money service businesses, and larger lending institutions. In 2016, over 250,000 financial services individuals at more than 1,500 financial services organizations took compliance and professional training courses through BAI.
History
In 1924, several representatives of regional auditors' groups met to discuss issues in the auditing industry. Later that same year they created a national organization—the National Association of Bank Auditors and Controllers (NABAC) —and began to hold annual conventions and distribute a magazine focused on financial industry topics.
In the 1940s, the NABAC established its own office—first in Cleveland and later in Chicago. And the organization began to provide both education and technical research for its members. In 1957, the organization set up the NABAC Research Institute as the first official, collective research effort for the banking industry.
In 1969, NABAC rebranded as Bank Administration Institute (BAI), and had approximately 8,000 member institutions across the U.S.
In 1981, BAI launched the first electronic information services—Innerline—providing 24-hour access to world news briefs, American Banker news service, financial information on 8,500 publicly held corporations, and email and online registration for BAI conferences.
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7056664
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile%20End%2C%20South%20Australia
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Mile End, South Australia
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Mile End is an inner western suburb of Adelaide, located in the City of West Torrens, around 2 kilometres from the Adelaide city centre. It has a census area population of 4,413 people (2011). Much of the suburb is residential, but there are small commercial areas along Henley Beach Road and South Road.
History
Mile End was originally established in 1860 as The Town of Mile End by the South Australian Company. It was so named because the township was approximately one mile from the centre of Adelaide. It was also named after Mile End in East London, England, whose name has a similar meaning. It was part of the then largely rural District of West Torrens until 1883, when the residents of the more urban suburbs of Thebarton, Mile End and Torrensville successfully petitioned to become the Corporation of the Town of Thebarton. In 1997 the Town of Thebarton re-amalgamated with the City of West Torrens.
E. M. Bagot and Gabriel Bennett had a large holding of grazing land south of Henley Beach Road, part of which (the "Thebarton Racecourse" or colloquially the "Butchers' Course") was used from 1859 to 1869 by a group of "sporting gentlemen", later to become the South Australian Jockey Club, to hold their race meetings. Thebarton Racecourse's legacy is carried by street names running through the area where the racetrack was once located, such as Falcon Street, Ebor Street and Cowra Street, all of which are named after some of the famed race horses of the day.
Mile End railway station, built in 1898, is also one mile from the Adelaide railway station.
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7056697
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Coronet%20Nighthawk
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Operation Coronet Nighthawk
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Operation Coronet Nighthawk (1990–2001) was one of many operations that took place in the early 1990s to stop the drugs coming into the United States from Central and South America. The idea of the operation was to have a rotational deployment operation to intercept possible drug trafficking aircraft and to control territories where drug traffickers would not be able to smuggle more. The operation was based out of Howard Air Force Base in Panama and was moved all over the Caribbean and Central America. The Commander-in-Chief and US Atlantic Command oversaw this operation and, under the guidance of Joint Interagency Task Force East (JITF-E) division, stood alert 24/7 in case the need to identify an unknown aircraft came up. Operation Coronet Nighthawk is credited with over 33,000 metric tons of cocaine being disrupted or seized since 1994. This operation is no longer in use anymore since 2001, but the title was used again in a different operation that took place in Europe soon after it fell apart and incorporated the new stealth jets known as the Nighthawks thus why the name Nighthawk was used again.
| 2.25
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7056697
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation%20Coronet%20Nighthawk
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Operation Coronet Nighthawk
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Background
In the early 1990s and 1980s, the United States experienced a significant increase in drug trafficking and smuggling. Drugs were being smuggled by boat, car, over the border and even by plane. The US government decide to respond to this with operation Coronet Nighthawk. The title Coronet has been used in the military for many operations dating back to World War II with Operation Coronet, which was part of the Japanese downfall where they would land in Japan and await their surrender. A coronet is a small, simple crown and just like many of the coronet operations, they were mostly small operations that did not involve much fighting but surveillance and waiting. Nighthawk is an essential word in this operation since it relates to the drug planes that generally flew to the north of South American so they could reach they dropped points when it got dark. This made it difficult for the military to find them and then fly back home in the cover of the night which made it extremely hard for the military to find them.
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7056704
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Farming%20Game
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The Farming Game
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The Farming Game is a board game simulating the economics of a small farm. Published in 1979, it was designed by George Rohrbacher, a rancher in Washington state. The Farming Game painfully reflects the real-life difficulties of running a farm. The names and places in the game are the names of families that have farmed for generations in the Yakima Valley and other parts of Central Washington. When Rohrbacher invented the game, it was a desperate time for his failing farm and small family, which is reflected in the difficulty of the game, and the multitude of points taken into consideration in farming that are often left up to chance. The publisher claims that the game has "been used in schools all over the world".
History
The background for the game is Rohrbacher's "1,500 acre farm near Goldendale" in July 1979. The farm was facing bankruptcy and his wife was pregnant and had decided to quit her job. A friend suggested to Rohrbacher that he should invent a game like Monopoly, but based around the struggles of life as a farmer near the Yakima River, where they lived. As he was baling hay early one morning, he considered and developed the idea. To produce the first edition they borrowed $90,000 and had it produced by "the handicapped at Portland's Goodwill Industries".
The first copy was ready in four months and after six weeks almost 8,000 copies had been sold. The game sold more than 150,000 copies by 1985, the profits from which saved Rohrbacher's farm. By 1995, the estimate of copies sold was 350,000.
In 1994 the World Bank arranged for a translation of the game into Russian "to help teach Russian farmers the ins and outs of capitalistic farming."
A card game version and a version for children were also released.
Rohrbacher also served in the Washington State Senate, as a Commissioner for the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area.
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7056704
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Farming%20Game
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The Farming Game
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Objective
The premise of the game is that each player inherited twenty acres of farming land from their "Grandpa". This is not enough to live on, so players must continue with their current job in town, which brings in $5,000 that can be invested into the farm each game year. Players can also borrow up to $50,000 from the bank, lease grazing pastures in the hills, and buy new land. The first player to expand their farm to $250,000 in net assets so that they can quit the town job without going bankrupt wins.
Elements of the game are intended to reflect aspects of real-life farming. For example, players sometimes encounter Farmer's Fate cards that are either good or bad, similar to the Chance cards found in Monopoly. One such card allows a player to collect $2,000 from every player who has no harvester, if you own one. Another card informs that due to the IRS garnishing your income, you may not collect on any of your harvests for the rest of the year. These cards are intended to reflect the element of chance or luck that is involved in farming, which is the aim of the game.
Game play
The board itself is divided into squares representing forty-nine of the fifty-two weeks in a year, with different sections grouped together under the usual harvest for that season. While there are multiple sections for harvesting hay (the first, second, third, and even fourth cutting), purchases may only be made during winter. After profiting from the harvest, the farmer must often pay operating expense, whilst the harvest may be skipped, halved or doubled or more.
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7056704
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Farming%20Game
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The Farming Game
|
Players take turns rolling a die, traveling around the board, harvesting their crops when they can. Crops are purchased through O.T.B. (Option to Buy) cards usually referencing "Neighbor Sells Out: 10 Acres Grain". The crops are grouped into hay, fruit, grain, and cattle. What balances this game, and provides the most difficulty for real life farmers, are operating expenses. In The Farming Game, whenever a player harvests a crop, he draws a card entitled Operating Expense, examples of which are "Pay $500 for Irrigation" or "Seed Bill Due: Pay $1,000". Also, certain spaces on the board instruct the player to draw a Farmer's Fate card. Farmer's Fate cards are usually unfortunate for the player, including references to the drought in the 1970s, Mt. St. Helens erupting, or chemical mishaps in which all the player's livestock are slaughtered. There are also expenses or bonuses incurred while traveling the board - some spaces instruct you to pay a fee for Winter-killed wheat or owning cattle, while another gives you a bonus of $1000 for a convenient "warm snap" early in the year.
Other mediums
The Farming Game was adapted for Windows 3.1 in 1997, when it won the 1997 Mahnke Multimedia Award for Best new education title given by the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT), an international organization.
The Farming Game was also adapted for Mac in November 2012 by Game Masterminds, a licensee of The Weekend Farmer Co. It was available for download on PC, Mac and Linux as late as 2018.
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7056711
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenelg%20North%2C%20South%20Australia
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Glenelg North, South Australia
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Glenelg North is a seaside suburb of Adelaide, South Australia. It is located in both the City of Holdfast Bay and the City of West Torrens.
Demographics
The 2011 Census by the Australian Bureau of Statistics counted 5,699 persons in Glenelg North on census night. Of these, 50.7% were male and 49.3% were female.
The majority of residents (72.9%) are of Australian birth, with the other common census response being England (7.6%).
The age distribution of Glenelg North residents is skewed towards a slightly higher age bracket than the greater Australian population. 72.9% of residents were over 25 years in 2006, compared to the Australian average of 66.5%; and 27.1% were younger than 25 years, compared to the Australian average of 33.5%.
Community
The local newspaper is the Guardian Messenger. Other regional and national newspapers such as The Advertiser and The Australian are also available.
Schools
St Leonards Primary School, located on Jervois Street, is the local public school.
Attractions
Glenelg North is the site of the Patawalonga boat haven and The Old Gum Tree.
It was home to a replica of the vessel , the ship that brought settlers to the state. The replica was fitted out as a restaurant.
Shopping and dining
The Jetty Road shopping and dining precinct is a short walk from the suburb.
Parks
There are parks and green spaces throughout Glenelg North.
Beach
Glenelg North Beach extends along the coastal length of the suburb until reaching neighbouring suburb West Beach.
Transport
Roads
The suburb is serviced by the following main roads:
Anzac Highway, connecting Adelaide to Glenelg
Tapleys Hill Road, running north–south from Queenstown to Glenelg
Public transport
The suburb is serviced by bus routes, run by the Adelaide Metro:
| 2.078125
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7056758
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavle%20Savi%C4%87
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Pavle Savić
|
Pavle Savić (; 10 January 1909 – 30 May 1994) was a Serbian physicist and chemist. In his early years, he worked in Serbia as well as France, and became one of the pioneers in the research of nuclear fission. He was also a sympathiser of Yugoslav communists in the interwar period, and then rose to prominence during World War II in Yugoslavia. He made important contributions to the Partisan resistance to the Axis occupation, became a delegate to AVNOJ, and was also sent on high level missions to the Soviet Union. After the war, he founded the Vinča Nuclear Institute and was a tenured professor at the University of Belgrade as well as a member of numerous learned societies, and a president of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
Biography
Pavle Savić was born to Ana and Petar Savić, as the eldest of five children. His father was a veterinarian, and his mother was the sister of Kosta Stojanović, a one-time professor at the Belgrade Higher School and a minister in the Government of the Kingdom of Serbia. His birthplace happened to be Thessaloniki, Greece, where his father was posted in a free customs zone at the time. The family soon moved to Svilajnac where they spent the time of the Balkan Wars and World War I. Afterwards, they moved to Belgrade where he completed middle school in 1923, and then to Požarevac, where he would graduate high school in 1927, after having shown a keen interest in the natural sciences.
Savić would go on to graduate with a degree in physical chemistry from the University of Belgrade in 1932. After completing mandatory military service of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, he became a teaching assistant at the University, ultimately working with professor Dragoljub Jovanović who had previously collaborated with Marie Curie at the Radium Institute, Paris. By 1934, he had published his first scientific paper in the journal of the French Academy of Sciences.
| 2.359375
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7056758
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavle%20Savi%C4%87
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Pavle Savić
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In 1935, he received a six-month scholarship from the French government to study in France, where he moved with his freshly married bride Branka (nee Božinović). With professor Jovanović's references, he was hired at the Radium Institute in Paris, and he would ultimately spend five years in France. He worked with Irène Joliot-Curie and Frédéric Joliot-Curie on interactions of neutrons in the chemical physics of heavy elements, and they published a number of papers in 1938 and 1939. This turned out to be an important step in the discovery of nuclear fission. Together with Irène Joliot-Curie, Savić was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics, but the prize hadn't been awarded during World War II. The same issues were researched by a number of other scientists, including Enrico Fermi, Lise Meitner, Otto Hahn, Fritz Strassmann and others, but in 1944 the Nobel Prize was awarded for the discovery of fission only to Hahn.
In the late 1930s, Savić also took part in social and political activities of the Yugoslav students in France, and in 1938 was elected as the president of their association as a candidate though not yet a member of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia. He worked with Boris Kidrič and others to aid the Yugoslav volunteers in the Spanish Civil War, and in 1939 became a member of the CPY. Though he was one of the few teachers of the University of Belgrade to do so at the time, his family actually had a history of socialist and later communist activism. As the international affairs at the time became more turbulent, he was expelled from France by the end of the same year, and returned to teach physical chemistry at the then pharmaceutical department of the University of Belgrade Faculty of Medicine.
| 2.484375
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7056758
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavle%20Savi%C4%87
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Pavle Savić
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At the start of World War II and the occupation of Yugoslavia, Savić immediately became part of the underground resistance to the German occupation. Soon, in July 1941, after having assisted Partisan sabotages, he and his wife left Belgrade to avoid capture, eventually arriving in the liberated Republic of Užice. There, he joined the Supreme Command of the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia as a radio and cipher officer, and was actually badly injured in a November explosion. He moved with them into eastern Bosnia, where in 1942 he and his wife collaborated closely with Josip Broz Tito and he became one of the most important delegates to the AVNOJ. While Savić's contributions to the war effort weren't quite in his area of expertise, he was trusted by the Partisan leadership, and was put in charge of all matters of education, which he used to promote school participation in the liberated areas of the Bihać Republic.
As the Germans engaged in Operation Case White, Savić maintained his position with the Partisan Supreme Command, but fell out of favor in July 1943, and was demoted for reasons that are unclear. He nevertheless participated in the second convention of AVNOJ in November the same year, and in April 1944 was again promoted in the military, and sent on a mission to the Soviet Union. He arrived in Moscow where he also immediately engaged in scientific work with Pyotr Kapitsa and others, on the topic of liquid helium on extremely low temperatures. He returned home in October 1944 to liberated Belgrade, where he continued his socio-political activities as well as work on the restoration of the University. After the war had ended, he had another short stint in Moscow, but returned home to work on founding of an Institute of Physics, and was also promoted to a member of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts in 1946 and 1948.
| 2.125
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7056774
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Como%2C%20Minneapolis
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Como, Minneapolis
|
Commercial activity is focused on Como and East Hennepin Avenues. The neighborhood is served by a services business hub along Como Avenue with grocery stores, dentist, barber shop, coffee houses, restaurants, and an auto service station.
Demographics
As of 2020, the population of Como was 6,455, split 58.1% male and 41.9% female. Over 95% of residents were at least a high school graduate (or equivalent), and 69.6% had earned a bachelor's degree or higher.
17.4% of the population were foreign-born residents, and 20.1% spoke a language other than English at home. According to the American Community Survey 5-year estimates (2016-2020), the top non-English languages spoken in Como were Spanish (spoken by 10.5% of the population), Hmong (1.5%), Vietnamese (1.3%), Somali (1.1%), and Russian (0.6%). 7.7% of residents spoke English less than "very well".
8.4% of households had no access to a vehicle. Among workers 16 years and older, 54.2% commuted to work via car, 22.1% used public transit, and 23.7 walked, biked, worked at home, or used some other method. The average household income in Como was $64,333. 38.7% of residents lived below the poverty line, and 5.3% were unemployed. 79.4% of housing in the neighborhood was renter-occupied.
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7056849
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Cummings
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Mary Cummings
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In 1844, Mary and her family moved to Ipswich, Massachusetts, to reopen the Ipswich Female Academy upon the request of the town. She was educated at the Academy which was run by her parents until they closed it in 1876. Because her parents followed Lyon's philosophy of an academically rigorous education for girls, Mary received the equivalent of a college education. A history of the town describes her as the "brilliant daughter".
Career
From 1859 through 1862, Mary taught at Abbot Academy (founded in 1829 as the first school for girls in New England and merged with Phillips Academy in 1973) in Andover.
On November 21, 1864, Mary married Dr. Adino Brackett Hall, a prominent Boston physician who was also an active member of the Boston School Board and councilor in the Massachusetts Medical Society. During the Civil War, Dr. Hall had served as a volunteer surgeon in McClellan's Army. They lived in Boston until Dr. Hall died in 1880. Later, in 1885, Mary would donate the funds to build a library in her late husband's name, located in Dr. Hall's original hometown of Northfield, New Hampshire.
On September 1, 1881, Mary Cummings married John Cummings, from a prominent Woburn family who owned so much land in the area it was called "Cummingsville". He owned a tannery and a farm which lay partly in Woburn and the larger part in neighboring Burlington. He had many ties to Boston, including his job as president of the Shawmut Bank of Boston for nearly thirty years and as one of the founders of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and its treasurer from 1872 to 1889. John Cummings also served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives and Massachusetts Senate representing Woburn. Besides being credited with saving MIT with his personal funds, his philanthropy also included providing land for a fire station in Woburn and donating his natural history specimen collection to the Woburn Public Library. After John died in 1898, Mary remained in their mansion and maintained the farm while traveling abroad.
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7056849
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary%20Cummings
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Mary Cummings
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Death and legacy
Mary Cummings died on December 23, 1927, leaving her farm in trust to the City of Boston for use as a recreational park for the public, now known as Mary Cummings Park. Along with the land, she left a substantial maintenance and care trust fund to be supported by income from an office building next to Faneuil Hall in downtown Boston.
She was inspired by the park and playground movements that swept the country during the late 19th and early 20th century. In fact, Mary made the Playground and Recreation Association of America (later renamed the National Recreation and Park Association) as the alternate trustee in case Boston decided not to accept the terms of her trust. Joseph Lee, a son of another Boston banker and a contemporary of her later years, was the President of the PRAA for many years and considered the "Father of the Playground Movement". Mary also donated for a playground in Woburn, later renamed Gonsalves Park.
Mary entrusted the park to the City of Boston, according to friends who were quoted in the newspaper after her death, because she believed that a Greater Boston would formally incorporate its suburbs just as New York City had incorporated the surrounding towns as boroughs and other American cities had followed a similar model. Boston had already incorporated several formerly adjacent towns such as Roxbury, Dorchester, Brighton and Hyde Park.
Although she specified the City of Boston as the trustee, the "public" are the beneficiaries. She had a vision for her park that it was to be enjoyed by all.
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7056911
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dives%20in%20misericordia
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Dives in misericordia
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Dives in misericordia (Latin: Rich in Mercy) is the name of the second encyclical written by Pope John Paul II. It is a modern examination of the role of mercy—both God's mercy, and also the need for human mercy—introducing the biblical parable of the Prodigal Son as a central theme. The original text was written in longhand in Polish. The encyclical was promulgated on 30 November 1980.
Background
John Paul II had a strong love for the Divine Mercy devotion, inspired by his fellow Pole, Faustina Kowalska (b. 1905 - d.1938), a devotion that he later instituted for the entire Catholic Church in 2000 as Divine Mercy Sunday and during which vigil, in 2005, he died. He told his biographer George Weigel that he felt spiritually "very near" to Kowalska when he began the encyclical.
Pope John Paul II's second encyclical continues to examine the world problems brought up in his first encyclical, Redemptor hominis, including rising militarization, tyranny, starvation, and daily problems of personal life. He teaches that the only authentic Christian response to these rising problems is through love informed by God's mercy, especially as revealed in the love of the Father in the Trinity.
Introduction of the encyclical
Just as in his previous encyclical, John Paul motivates his discussion by examining many problems in the world. He posits that many in today's world are made uneasy by the idea of mercy. In opposition to an impersonal, technology-driven dominion over the world that "seems to have no room for mercy," John Paul appeals to the world to turn to the mercy of God: "I wish them to be a heartfelt appeal by the Church to mercy, which humanity and the modern world need so much. And they need mercy even though they often do not realize it."
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7056912
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clootie%20well
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Clootie well
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A clootie well is a holy well (or sacred spring), almost always with a tree growing beside it, where small strips of cloth or ribbons are left as part of a healing ritual, usually by tying them to branches of the tree (called a clootie tree or rag tree). Clootie wells are places of pilgrimage usually found in Celtic areas. It is believed the tradition comes from the ancient custom of leaving votive offerings in water. In Scots, a clootie or cloot is a strip of cloth or rag.
Practices
When used at the clootie wells in Scotland, Ireland, and the Isle of Man, the pieces of cloth are generally dipped in the water of the holy well and then tied to a branch while a prayer of supplication is said to the spirit of the well – in modern times usually a saint, but in pre-Christian times a goddess or local nature spirit. This is most often done by those seeking healing, though some may do it simply to honour the spirit of the well. In either case, many see this as a probable continuation of the ancient Celtic practice of leaving votive offerings in wells or pits.
There are local variations to the practice. At some wells the tradition is to wash the affected part of the body with the wet rag and then tie the washing-rag on the branch; as the rag disintegrates over time, the ailment is supposed to fade away as well. At some wells the clooties are definitely "rags" and discards, at others, brightly coloured strips of fine cloth. In some locations the ceremony may also include circumambulation (or circling) of the well a set number of times and making an offering of a coin, pin or stone. Additional votive offerings hung on the branches or deposited in the wells may include rosaries, religious medals, crosses, religious icons and other symbols of faith.
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7056938
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple%20of%20Aphaia
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Temple of Aphaia
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The Temple of Aphaia () or Afea is an Ancient Greek temple located within a sanctuary complex dedicated to the goddess Aphaia on the island of Aegina, which lies in the Saronic Gulf. Formerly known as the Temple of Jupiter Panhellenius, the Doric temple is now recognized as having been dedicated to the mother-goddess Aphaia. It was a favourite of Neoclassical and Romantic artists such as J. M. W. Turner. It stands on a c. 160 m peak on the eastern side of the island approximately 13 km east by road from the main port.
Aphaia (Greek ) was a Greek goddess who was worshipped exclusively at this sanctuary. The extant temple of was built over the remains of an earlier temple of , which was destroyed by fire . Elements of this older temple were buried in the infill for the larger, flat terrace of the later temple, and are thus well preserved. Abundant traces of paint remain on many of these buried fragments. There may have been another temple in the 7th century BC, also located on the same site, but it is thought to have been much smaller and simpler in terms of both plan and execution. Significant quantities of Late Bronze Age figurines have been discovered at the site, including proportionally large numbers of female figurines (kourotrophoi), indicating – perhaps – that cult activity at the site was continuous from the 14th century BC, suggesting a Minoan connection for the cult. The last temple is of an unusual plan and is also significant for its pedimental sculptures, which are thought to illustrate the change from Archaic to Early Classical technique. These sculptures are on display in the Glyptothek of Munich, with a number of fragments located in the museums at Aegina and on the site itself.
Exploration and archaeology
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7056938
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple%20of%20Aphaia
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Temple of Aphaia
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The periegetic writer Pausanias briefly mentions the site in his writings of the 2nd century AD, but does not describe the sanctuary in detail as he does for many others. The temple was made known in Western Europe by the publication of the Antiquities of Ionia (London, 1797). In 1811, the young English architect Charles Robert Cockerell, finishing his education on his academic Grand Tour, and Baron Otto Magnus von Stackelberg removed the fallen fragmentary pediment sculptures. On the recommendation of Baron Carl Haller von Hallerstein, who was also an architect and, moreover, a protégé of the art patron Crown Prince Ludwig of Bavaria, the marbles were stolen and sold the following year to the Crown Prince, soon to be King Ludwig I of Bavaria. Minor excavations of the east peribolos wall were carried out in 1894 during reconstruction of the last temple.
Systematic excavations at the site were carried out in the 20th century by the German School in Athens, at first under the direction of Adolf Furtwängler. The area of the sanctuary was defined and studied during these excavations. The area under the last temple could not be excavated, however, because that would have harmed the temple. In addition, significant remains from the Bronze Age were detected in pockets in the rocky surface of the hill. From 1966 to 1979, an extensive second German excavation under Dieter Ohly was performed, leading to the discovery in 1969 of substantial remains of the older Archaic temple in the fill of the later terrace walls. Ernst-Ludwig Schwandner and Martha Ohly were also associated with this dig, which continued after the death of Dieter Ohly until 1988. Sufficient remains were recovered to allow a complete architectural reconstruction of the structure to be extrapolated; the remains of the entablature and pediment of one end of the older temple have been reconstructed in the on-site museum. Parts of the entablature and some columns of the temple have been restored during 1956-1960.
Phases of the sanctuary
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple%20of%20Aphaia
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Temple of Aphaia
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Construction of a new temple commenced soon after the destruction of the older temple. The remains of the destroyed temple were removed from the site of the new temple and used to fill a c. 40 by 80 m terrace within the overall sanctuary of c. 80 by 80 m. This new temple terrace was aligned on north, west, and south with the plan of the new temple. The temple was a hexastyle peripteral Doric order structure on a 6 by 12 column plan resting on a 15.5 by 30.5 m platform; it had a distyle in antis cella with an opisthodomos and a pronaos. All but three of the outer columns were monolithic. There was a small, off-axis doorway between the cella and the opisthodomos. In similar design but more monumental execution than the earlier temple, the cella of the new temple had two rows of five columns, supporting another level of columns that reached to roof. The corners of the roof were decorated with sphinx acroteria, and the central, vegetal acroterion of each side had a pair of kore statues standing one on either side, an unusual feature. The antefixes were of marble, as were the roof tiles.
Dates ranging from 510 to 470 BC have been proposed for this temple. Bankel, who published the complete study of the remains, compares the design features of the structure with three structures that were near contemporaries:
The Athenian Treasury at Delphi
The Doric Temple in the Marmaria area of Delphi
The temple of Artemis at Delion on Paros
Bankel states that the temple of Aphaia is more developed than the earlier phase of this structure, giving it a date of around 500 BC. The metopes of this temple, which were not found, were slotted into the triglyph blocks and attached to backer blocks with swallowtail clamps. If they were wooden, their lack of preservation is to be expected. If they were stone, then they may have been removed for the ancient antiquities market while the structure was still standing. The altar was redone for this phase as well.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple%20of%20Aphaia
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Temple of Aphaia
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If still in use by the 4th century, the temple would have been closed during the persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire.
Pedimental sculptures
The marbles from the Late Archaic temple of Aphaia, comprising the sculptural groups of the east and west pediments of the temple, are on display in the Glyptothek of Munich, where they were restored by the Danish neoclassic sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen. These works exerted a formative influence on the local character of Neoclassicism in Munich, as exhibited in the architecture of Leo von Klenze. Each pediment centered on the figure of Athena, with groups of combatants, fallen warriors, and arms filling the decreasing angles of the pediments. The theme shared by the pediments was the greatness of Aegina as shown by the exploits of its local heroes in the two Trojan wars, one led by Heracles against Laomedon and a second led by Agamemnon against Priam. According to the standard myths, Zeus raped the nymph Aegina, who bore the first king of the island, Aiakos. This king had the sons Telamon (father of the Homeric hero Ajax) and Peleus (father of the Homeric hero Achilles). The sculptures preserve extensive traces of a complex paint scheme, and are crucial for the study of painting on ancient sculpture. The marbles are finished even on the back surfaces of the figures, despite the fact that these faced the pediment and were thus not visible.
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7056993
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomalistics
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Anomalistics
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Anomalistics is the use of scientific methods to evaluate anomalies (phenomena that fall outside current understanding), with the aim of finding a rational explanation. The term itself was coined in 1973 by Drew University anthropologist Roger W. Wescott, who defined it as being the "serious and systematic study of all phenomena that fail to fit the picture of reality provided for us by common sense or by the established sciences."
Wescott credited journalist and researcher Charles Fort as being the creator of anomalistics as a field of research, and he named biologist Ivan T. Sanderson and Sourcebook Project compiler William R. Corliss as being instrumental in expanding anomalistics to introduce a more conventional perspective into the field.
Henry Bauer, emeritus professor of science studies at Virginia Tech, writes that anomalistics is "a politically correct term for the study of bizarre claims", while David J. Hess of the Department of Science and Technology Studies at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute describes it as being "the scientific study of anomalies defined as claims of phenomena not generally accepted by the bulk of the scientific community."
Anomalistics covers several sub-disciplines, including ufology, cryptozoology, and parapsychology. Researchers involved in the field have included ufologist J. Allen Hynek and cryptozoologist Bernard Heuvelmans, and parapsychologist John Hayes.
Field
According to Marcello Truzzi, Professor of Sociology at Eastern Michigan University, anomalistics works on the principles that "unexplained phenomena exist", but that most can be explained through the application of scientific scrutiny. Further, that something remains plausible until it has been conclusively proven not only implausible but actually impossible, something that science does not do. In 2000, he wrote that anomalistics has four basic functions:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mueang%20Prachuap%20Khiri%20Khan%20district
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Mueang Prachuap Khiri Khan district
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Mueang Prachuap Khiri Khan (, ) is the capital district (amphoe mueang) of Prachuap Khiri Khan province, central Thailand.
History
During the Ayutthaya period (1351-1767), the district was the site of Na Rang town. In the early-Rattanakosin era, King Rama II established Mueang Bang Nang Rom at the mouth of the Nang Rom canal. But, as the land was not fertile, the king moved the city center to Mueang Kui. The new city name was kept. In the reign of Mongkut, King Rama IV, Bang Nang Rom, Kui, and Klong Wan towns were merged into Prachuap Khiri Khan, meaning 'town with clusters of mountains'. In 1894 King Chulalongkorn placed Mueang Prachuap under Mueang Phetchaburi. In 1899, the town hall was moved from Kui town to Ao Koh Lak, (Ao Prachuap). In 1906 the monarch merged Mueang Pranburi, Kamnoed Nopphakhun, and Prachuap, and established Mueang Pranburi to keep the name of Mueang Pran. The new city was made a province under the control of Monthon Ratchaburi. To prevent city name confusion, King Vajiravudh (Rama VI) changed the district name back to Prachuap Khiri Khan on 16 August 1915.
Geography
The district is known as the "city of three bays", as on its eastern shores are the bays of Ao Noi, Ao Prachuap and Ao Manao.
Neighboring districts are Kui Buri to the north and Thap Sakae to the south. To the west is the Tanintharyi Region of Myanmar, to the east the Gulf of Thailand.
Thailand is at its narrowest in this district, with only 11 km between a point close to the border checkpoint of Dan Sing Khon (ด่านสิงขร) on the Myanmar border and the Gulf of Thailand.
Administration
The district is divided into six sub-districts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 53 villages (mubans). The town (thesaban mueang) of Prachuap Khiri Khan covers the complete tambon Prachuap Khiri Khan as well as parts of Ko Lak and Ao Noi. Parts of tambon Khlong Wan belong to the township Khlong Wan.
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7057120
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mennonite%20settlements%20of%20Altai
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Mennonite settlements of Altai
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Mennonite settlements of Altai arose after the 19 September 1906 act of the Duma and State Council of Imperial Russia, which provided for a resettlement bureau to distribute free land in Altai Krai. During 1907–1908 an area of over 6,660,000 ha (26,000 mi2) of the Kulunda Steppe was set aside for settlers.
Incentives
The resettlers were granted certain privileges such as reduced rail rates (25% of the normal rate) and children up to ten years of age traveled free. A kopeck was levied for the shipping a pood of goods a distance of 100 verst. Settlers were exempt from municipal and state taxes in the first five years (in the subsequent five years only 50% of all taxes were appraised, and then full taxation), exempt from military service in the first three years and provided interest-free credit in the amount of 160 Russian rubles for the purchase of farm machinery, seed and other necessities. As the report of this act and its incentives reached the Russian Mennonite colonies of Crimea, southern Russia and the area of Orenburg, a strong interest arose among the landless and land-poor colonists. The price of land in the mother colonies was already so high that most of the landless farmers could no longer improve their situation. These landless workers were willing to try their luck in distant Siberia.
Jacob Reimer, head of the Sagradovka district in Kherson, informed the Mennonite colonies of Samara and Orenburg about the plans for the settlement of Siberia. Because of this, applications from settlers of these areas were received practically at the same time by the resettlement bureau in Barnaul, which explains why their villages were founded in the immediate neighborhood of one another.
At the end of April 1907 representatives of different Mennonite settlements met in Barnaul and presented an application for around 670 km2 (260 mi2) of Kulunda Steppe land to be placed at their disposal. Their request for exclusive use of this land was granted.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mennonite%20settlements%20of%20Altai
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Mennonite settlements of Altai
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Villages
The resettlement of Mennonites was intensive from 1907 to 1909 and continued until the outbreak of World War I. Mennonites founded 31 villages in 19 settlements:
The Orlovo district was formed on 1 January 1910 from these villages together with nine villages founded by German Roman Catholic settlers. In the following years the Roman Catholic villagers were incorporated into the Novo–Romanovka district.
By 1916 the Orlovo district consisted of 34 settlements, including those listed above as well as Schumanovka, Berjosovka and Černovka.
The settlers who founded these villages on the Kulunda Steppes originated from Molotschna, Chortitza and their daughter colonies. The number of settlers was around 1200 families, of which about 200 families were from Chortitza. The remaining Mennonite colonies in Crimea, Orenburg and Samara as far as Bashkortostan accounted for only a few percent of the settlers.
The organization for the resettlement of Mennonites in the Kulunda Steppe played an extraordinarily important role in the settlement of Sagradovka, establishing 17 villages in the first half of the 1870s with settlers from the Molotschna Colony. During 1906–1912, a total of 1847 people from this settlement resettled in Siberia, including 1726 to the Tomsk region.
Farming methods
The settlers brought crop rotation to the Kulunda Steppe. In the first two years the field was planted with their main crop, wheat, and the third year with oats or rarely with barley. The fourth year the field lay fallow, allowing cattle to graze on it during the summer. In fall it was worked with a one-share plow. The cycle was complete and the earth renewed for the next planting of wheat.
Later multi-bottom plows, disks, iron harrows, drills, horse-drawn mowers and binders appeared. Horse powered threshing machines were rare. Only the vegetable garden was fertilized, because manure was gathered for fuel; there was no nearby source of coal and wood, making them expensive.
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7057120
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mennonite%20settlements%20of%20Altai
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Mennonite settlements of Altai
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Although the settlers were hardworking, it was extraordinarily difficult for them to build up a good and profitable farm. At that time, city dwellers formed no more than 10 percent of that region's total population. In Siberia in 1909 the average grain yield was 820 kg/ha (12 bushels/acre), totaling around 4.9 million metric tons (180 million bushels) of grain. The region needed less than half this amount for its own needs. The extra grain had to be sold.
Transport
The high cost of transporting Siberian grain to the European post of Russia made marketing unprofitable, because grain prices in Siberia were very low. A farmer rarely brought a crop to Kamen-na-Obi or Pavlodar, because the low price hardly covered the cost of transport. The cost of transport to Kamen-na-Obi was often more than the going rate for wheat. The settlers needed industrial products, such as farm equipment, but almost all had to be brought from the other side of the Urals and were very expensive because of the transport costs.
Russification
By 1914 all of the German settlements and municipalities had to be renamed with Russian names. Typically the Russian names were formed from the name of district in which the respective villages were found: Alexanderkron - Kussak, Alexanderfeld - Griškovka, Gnadenheim - Redkaja Dubrava, Grünfeld - Čertjož, Hochstadt - Wyssokaja Griva, Lichtenfeld - Petrovka, Landskrone - Golenkij, Nikolaidorf - Djagilevka, Tiege - Uglovoje, Wiesenfeld - Stepnoj.
Some of the villages were named by translating of the German name into Russian: Ebenfeld - Rovnopol, Reinfeld - Čistoje, Rosenwald - Lesnoje, Halbstadt -Polgorod, Schönsee - Sineosjornoje, Alexeifeld - Polevoje.
Some villages received names that had no direct relationship to the region or their German name: Blumenort - Podsnežnoje, Friedensfeld -Lugovoje, Gnadenfeld - Mirnoje, Nikolaipol - Nikolskoje, Rosenhof - Dvorskoje, Schönau -Jasnoje, Schöntal - Krasnyj Dol, Kleefeld - Krasnoje.
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7057134
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAI%20%28file%20format%29
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BAI (file format)
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BAI, or the BAI file format, is a file format for performing electronic cash management balance reporting. The BAI format was developed and previously maintained by the Bank Administration Institute (BAI). One common application of the BAI format is for use by banks to transmit returned item data to customers (for example, checks which have been marked insufficient funds (NSF)). The current release is Cash Management Balance Reporting Specifications Version 2, typically referred to as BAI2.
History
In 1971, BAI created a precursor to the BAI format called the Lockbox Communications Standards for Banks, which supported reporting only for lockbox services. This standard was never updated and was eventually superseded by the BAI format.
In 1980, BAI, working with various U.S. banks, released BAI1, the Cash Management Balance Reporting Specification, Version 1, the first release of cash management balance reporting specifications. Some banks still use BAI1, but BAI discontinued formal support after 1990.
In 1987, the original specifications were replaced by BAI2.
In 2001, the BAI2 specifications were updated to include new codes for lending transactions.
Since the user base of the BAI format has reached critical mass and is considered self-supporting, BAI no longer actively supports (or charges for) the BAI format specifications, which are now freely available as a 104-page PDF document (see the external link below to the "Cash Management Balance Reporting Specifications").
The Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) is the international financial industry messaging cooperative that maintains the official list of worldwide currency codes as used with BAI2. Appendix B of the BAI2 specifications mirrors the list as of June 2005.
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7057153
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suan%20Phueng%20district
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Suan Phueng district
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Suan Phueng (, ) is a district (amphoe) in the western part of Ratchaburi province, western Thailand.
History
Suan Phueng was the rural area of Chom Bueng district. It became a minor district (king amphoe) on 15 November 1974, consisting of the three tambons: Suan Phueng, Pa Waim, and Ban Bueng. It was upgraded to a full district on 1 April 1983.
Etymology
The name Suan Phueng (lit. 'bee garden') originates from Phueng trees (Ficus albipila) that are found in the district. In these trees bees (Thai: phueng) often build hives.
Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise): Mueang Kanchanaburi and Dan Makham Tia of Kanchanaburi province; and Chom Bueng and Ban Kha of Ratchanburi Province. To the west is the Tanintharyi Division of Myanmar.
An important water resource is the Phachi River.
Administration
The district is divided into four sub-districts (tambons), which are further subdivided into 37 villages (mubans). There are two sub-district municipalities (thesaban tambons) within the district. Suan Phueng covers parts of tambon Suan Phueng, and Ban Chat Pa Wai covers parts of tambons Pa Wai and Tha Khoei.
The missing numbers are the tambon which now form Ban Kha minor district.
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7057218
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entoloma%20sinuatum
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Entoloma sinuatum
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Entoloma sinuatum (commonly known as the livid entoloma, livid agaric, livid pinkgill, leaden entoloma, and lead poisoner) is a poisonous mushroom found across Europe and North America. Some guidebooks refer to it by its older scientific names of Entoloma lividum or Rhodophyllus sinuatus. The largest mushroom of the genus of pink-spored fungi known as Entoloma, it is also the type species. Appearing in late summer and autumn, fruit bodies are found in deciduous woodlands on clay or chalky soils, or nearby parklands, sometimes in the form of fairy rings. Solid in shape, they resemble members of the genus Tricholoma. The ivory to light grey-brown cap is up to across with a margin that is rolled inward. The sinuate gills are pale and often yellowish, becoming pink as the spores develop. The thick whitish stem has no ring.
When young, it may be mistaken for the edible St George's mushroom (Calocybe gambosa) or the miller (Clitopilus prunulus). It has been responsible for many cases of mushroom poisoning in Europe. E. sinuatum causes primarily gastrointestinal problems that, though not generally life-threatening, have been described as highly unpleasant. Delirium and depression are uncommon sequelae. It is generally not considered to be lethal, although one source has reported deaths from the consumption of this mushroom.
Name and relationships
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entoloma%20sinuatum
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Entoloma sinuatum
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For many years Quélet's name and description were treated as valid because Bulliard's name antedated Persoon's. However, in 1950, a change in the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (termed the Stockholm Code, after the city where the International Botanical Congress was being held) caused only names on fungi published after 1801 or 1821 (depending on their type) to be valid. This meant that suddenly Bulliard's name was no longer a valid name, and now it was Persoon's name that had priority. Nonetheless, it was a well-known name, and the already chaotic situation caused by a change to a famous Latin name was further complicated by another of Quélet's suggestions. He had in 1886 proposed a new, broader genus that included all pink-gilled fungi with adnate or sinuate gills and angular spores: Rhodophyllus. These two approach to genus placement, using either Rhodophyllus or Entoloma, coexisted for many decades, with mycologists and guidebooks following either; Henri Romagnesi, who studied the genus for over forty years, favoured Rhodophyllus, as initially did Rolf Singer. However, most other authorities have tended to favor Entoloma, and Singer conceded the name was far more widely used and adopted it for his Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy text in 1986.
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7057218
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entoloma%20sinuatum
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Entoloma sinuatum
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The specific epithet sinuatum is the Latin for "wavy", referring to the shape of the cap, while the generic name is derived from the Ancient Greek words entos/ἐντός "inner" and lóma/λῶμα "fringe" or "hem" from the inrolled margin. The specific epithet lividum was derived from the Latin word līvǐdus "lead-coloured". The various common names include livid entoloma, livid agaric, livid pinkgill, leaden entoloma, lead poisoner, and grey pinkgill. In the Dijon region of France it was known as le grand empoisonneur de la Côte-d'Or ("the great poisoner of Côte d'Or"). Quélet himself, who was poisoned by the fungus, called it the miller's purge, akin to another common name of false miller.
Within the large genus Entoloma, which contains more than 1900 species, E. sinuatum has been classically placed in the section Entoloma within the subgenus Entoloma, as it is the type species of the genus. A 2009 study analyzing DNA sequences and spore morphology found it to lie in a rhodopolioid clade with (among other species) E. sordidulum, E. politum and E. rhodopolium, and most closely related to E. sp. 1. This rhodopolioid clade lay within a crown Entoloma clade.
Description
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7057218
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entoloma%20sinuatum
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Entoloma sinuatum
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The largest member of its genus, Entoloma sinuatum has an imposing epigeous (aboveground) fruiting body (basidiocarp), bearing a cap 6–20 cm (–6 in) wide, though diameters of have been recorded. It is convex to flat, often with a blunt umbo in its centre and wavy margins, ivory white to light grey-brown in color, and darkening with age. The distant gills are sinuate (notched at their point of attachment to the stipe) to almost free, generally (but not always) yellowish white before darkening to pink and then red. Interspersed between the gills are lamellulae (short gills that do not extend completely from the cap margin to the stipe). When viewed from beneath, a characteristic groove colloquially known as a "moat" can be seen in the gill pattern circumnavigating the stalk. The form lacking yellow color on the gills is rare but widespread, and has been recorded from Austria, France and the Netherlands.
The stout white stipe lacks a ring and is anywhere from high, and in diameter. It may be bulbous at the base. The taste is mild, although it may be unpleasant. The mushroom's strong and unusual odor can be hard to describe; it may smell of flour, though is often unpleasant and rancid. The spore print is reddish-brown, with angular spores 8–11 × 7–9.5 μm, roughly six-sided and globular in shape. The basidia are four-spored and clamped. The gill edge is fertile, and cystidia are absent.
Similar species
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7057218
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entoloma%20sinuatum
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Entoloma sinuatum
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Confusion with the highly regarded miller or sweetbread mushroom (Clitopilus prunulus) is a common cause of poisoning in France; the latter fungus has a greyish -white downy cap and whitish decurrent gills which turn pink with maturity. Young fruit bodies of Entoloma sinuatum can also be confused with St George's mushroom (Calocybe gambosa), although the gills of the latter are crowded and cream in color, and the clouded agaric (Clitocybe nebularis), which has whitish decurrent gills and an unusual, starchy, rancid or rancid starch odor. To complicate matters, it often grows near these edible species. Its overall size and shape resemble members of the genus Tricholoma, although the spore color (white in Tricholoma, pinkish in Entoloma) and shape (angular in Entoloma) help distinguish it. The rare and edible all-white dovelike tricholoma (T. columbetta) has a satiny cap and stem and a faint, not mealy, odor. E. sinuatum may be confused with Clitocybe multiceps in the Pacific Northwest of North America, although the latter has white spores and generally grows in clumps. A casual observer may mistake it for an edible field mushroom (Agaricus campestris), but this species has a ring on the stipe, pink gills that become chocolate-brown in maturity, and a dark brown spore print. The poorly known North American species E. albidum resembles E. sinuatum but is likewise poisonous.
Distribution and habitat
Entoloma sinuatum is fairly common and widespread across North America as far south as Arizona. It also occurs throughout Europe and including Ireland and Britain, though it is more common in southern and central parts of Europe than the northwest. In Asia, it has been recorded in the Black Sea region, the Adıyaman Province in Turkey, Iran, and northern Yunnan in China.
| 2.375
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7057218
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entoloma%20sinuatum
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Entoloma sinuatum
|
The fruit bodies of E. sinuatum grow solitarily or in groups, and have been found forming fairy rings. Fruit bodies appear mainly in autumn, and also in summer in North America, while in Europe the season is reported as late summer and autumn. They are found in deciduous woodlands under oak, beech, and less commonly birch, often on clay or calcareous (chalky) soils, but they may spread to in parks, fields and grassy areas nearby. Most members of the genus are saprotrophic, although this species has been recorded as forming an ectomycorrhizal relationship with willow (Salix).
Toxicity
This fungus has been cited as being responsible for 10% of all mushroom poisonings in Europe. For example, 70 people required hospital treatment in Geneva alone in 1983, and the fungus accounted for 33 of 145 cases of mushroom poisoning in a five-year period at a single hospital in Parma. Poisoning is said to be mainly gastrointestinal in nature; symptoms of diarrhea, vomiting and headache occur 30 minutes to 2 hours after consumption and last for up to 48 hours. Acute liver toxicity and psychiatric symptoms like mood disturbance or delirium may occur. Rarely, symptoms of depression may last for months. At least one source reports there have been fatalities in adults and children. Hospital treatment of poisoning by this mushroom is usually supportive; antispasmodic medicines may lessen colicky abdominal cramps and activated charcoal may be administered early on to bind residual toxin. Intravenous fluids may be required if dehydration has been extensive, especially with children and the elderly. Metoclopramide may be used in cases of recurrent vomiting once gastric contents are emptied. The identity of the toxin(s) is unknown, but chemical analysis has established that there are alkaloids present in the mushroom.
| 2.71875
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7057258
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical%20indicator
|
Technical indicator
|
In technical analysis in finance, a technical indicator is a mathematical calculation based on historic price, volume, or (in the case of futures contracts) open interest information that aims to forecast financial market direction. Technical indicators are a fundamental part of technical analysis and are typically plotted as a chart pattern to try to predict the market trend. Indicators generally overlay on price chart data to indicate where the price is going, or whether the price is in an "overbought" condition or an "oversold" condition.
Many technical indicators have been developed and new variants continue to be developed by traders with the aim of getting better results. New Indicators are often backtested on historic price and volume data to see how effective they would have been to predict future events.
In the technical investigation, a bogus sign alludes to a sign of future value developments that gives an off base image of the financial reality. False signs may emerge because of various components, including timing slacks, inconsistencies in information sources, smoothing strategies or even the calculation by which the pointer is determined.
Technical analysis tries to capture market psychology and sentiment by analyzing price trends and chart patterns for possible trading opportunities.
Traders should be careful when taking trades solely based on indicators since they are not foolproof.
| 2.5
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7057307
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy%20of%20Louisville%2C%20Kentucky
|
Economy of Louisville, Kentucky
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Since it earliest days, the economy of Louisville, Kentucky, has been underpinned by the shipping and cargo industries. Today, Louisville is home to dozens of companies and organizations across several industrial classifications.
Shipping and logistics
The city's location at the Falls of the Ohio, and its unique position in the central United States (and other origins) to the mouth of the Mississippi River, the Gulf of Mexico, and beyond. The Louisville and Nashville Railroad was also an important link between the industrialized northern cities and the South.
Louisville's importance to the shipping industry continues today with the presence of the Worldport air hub for UPS. The city's location at the crossroads of three major Interstate highways (I-64, I-65 and I-71) also contributes to its modern-day strategic importance to the shipping and cargo industry. In addition, the Port of Louisville continues Louisville's river shipping presence at Jefferson Riverport International. As of 2003, Louisville ranks as the seventh-largest inland port in the United States.
Health care and medical sciences
Louisville has emerged as a major center for the health care and medical sciences industries. Louisville has been central to advancements in heart and hand surgery as well as cancer treatment. Some of the first artificial heart and hand transplants were conducted in Louisville. The James Graham Brown Cancer Center is well-renowned. The city's thriving downtown medical research campus includes a new $88 million rehabilitation center and a health sciences research and commercialization park, that in partnership with the University of Louisville, has lured nearly 70 top scientists and researchers. Louisville is also home to Humana, one of the nation's largest health insurance companies.
Norton Healthcare is the second largest employer in the Louisville area, with over 20,000 employees, and a major health care provider throughout Greater Louisville and Southern Indiana.
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7057312
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma%20State%20Highway%2034
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Oklahoma State Highway 34
|
SH-34 joins US-64 in far eastern Harper County for a four-mile (6 km) concurrency to the east, crossing the Cimarron River east of Buffalo. The highway then turns back to the north, where it is to its terminus at the Kansas state line.
History
State Highway 34 was first designated on June 15, 1931. At that time, the highway began at the free bridge over the Red River north of Quanah, Texas, and followed what is today SH-6 to the point that is now SH-34's southern terminus. There, it turned north, following its current alignment. Its 1931 alignment did not differ significantly from that of the present day (although it followed US-66 through Elk City prior to the establishment of I-40) until it got to Woodward. Rather than continue north out of town, the SH-34 of that day instead turned west, then north, passing through Fort Supply and crossing into Harper County just north of that town. It then began a concurrency with US-60 in Buffalo, turning east and connecting with its final segment, bringing it to the Kansas state line. Thus, SH-34 started life as a border-to-border highway.
SH-34 was rerouted north of Buffalo on January 30, 1934. The new alignment continued due north out of Buffalo to the Kansas state line along a new road. The old portion of SH-34 between US-64 and the Kansas state line became part of SH-50.
The next major change to SH-34 occurred in 1954. On November 1 of that year, the highway was realigned to follow a new road extending north of Woodward, intersecting US-64 east of Buffalo, and following existing highways north to the state line. This would put SH-34 on its present-day route north of Woodward. SH-50 would remain concurrent with SH-34 north of US-64 until November 9, 1964.
| 2.1875
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7057356
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith%20Iglauer
|
Edith Iglauer
|
Edith Iglauer Daly (formerly Hamburger; March 10, 1917 – February 13, 2019) was an American writer who wrote several nonfiction books, including The New People: The Eskimo's Journey Into Our Time (1966); Denison's Ice Road (1974), a profile of the ice road engineer John Denison; and Seven Stones (1981), a profile of the architect Arthur Erickson. She was also a freelance writer for The New Yorker, Harper's, The Atlantic Monthly, and Geist magazines.
Early life and career
Edith Iglauer was born in Cleveland, Ohio, on March 10, 1917, to a family of German Jewish descent. She transferred to the Hathaway Brown School for Girls and subsequently pursued a bachelor's degree in political science at Wellesley College, followed by further education at the Columbia University School of Journalism. Her interest in Eskimo culture led her to travel the northern climates extensively. Iglauer appeared as herself, along with John Denison, in the History Channel presentation, Ice Road Truckers.
Personal life
Edith Iglauer Hamburger's second husband was Canadian fisherman John Daly, who she featured in the book Fishing With John (1988), which was shortlisted for a Governor General's literary award. Widowed by Daly's sudden death on the dance floor, Iglauer later married widower Frank White, another self-reliant Canadian in the same coastal community where she had settled permanently. White died on October 18, 2015, aged 101, in Garden Bay, BC. Iglauer turned 100 in March 2017, and died in Sechelt, British Columbia on February 13, 2019, aged 101.
| 2.046875
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7057402
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%20There%20Be%20Light%20%28Heinlein%20short%20story%29
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Let There Be Light (Heinlein short story)
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"Let There Be Light" is a science fiction short story by American writer Robert A. Heinlein, originally published in Super Science Stories magazine in May 1940 under the pseudonym Lyle Monroe. It is the second story in his Future History and was included in the first collection, The Man Who Sold the Moon, but was omitted from the omnibus collection The Past Through Tomorrow. This story draws on Heinlein's early leftist ideas, and makes references to George Bernard Shaw's The Apple Cart.
Summary
The story concerns the invention of "light panels" – devices which turn electrical power directly into light (similar to electroluminescent displays, invented in 1949). In the course of their discovery, the inventors also discover that these panels can also be used to derive power from light. In attempting to bring their discovery to market, they encounter the active opposition of the Power Syndicate, a conglomeration of energy-producing companies dedicated to preserving their monopoly on power production. Rather than trying to maintain a patent on their invention, the scientists then publicly release the scientific details of their discovery for a small royalty, allowing anyone to obtain their own power, and thus outwitting the Power Syndicate. "Douglas-Martin sunpower screens" appear in several other Heinlein stories, such as "The Roads Must Roll".
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7057443
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological%20Institute%20of%20the%20Philippines
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Technological Institute of the Philippines
|
Technological Institute of the Philippines (T.I.P.; ) is one of the country’s premier engineering institutions which also offers programs in computing, architecture, business, education, and the arts. T.I.P. also offers senior high school and graduate studies in selected engineering and computing disciplines.
It is located in Metro Manila, Philippines, with 2 campuses, 1 in Quezon City, the T.I.P. QC campus, and 1 in Manila, the T.I.P. Manila campus.
It is a private non-sectarian stock institution founded on February 8, 1962 by a group of educators led by Engineer Demetrio A. Quirino, Jr. and Dr. Teresita U. Quirino. T.I.P. is committed to providing high-quality and best-value education. Leveraging on an outcomes-based educational model and globally accredited programs, T.I.P. produces graduates prepared to meet industry needs, contribute to the nation's economic development, or pursue technopreneurship to address societal challenges.
ISO Certification
In 1999 the school’s Quality Management System (QMS) was certified compliant to the international standard ISO 9001:1994 by Det Norske Veritas (DNV) during this year. The T.I.P. QMS has since then passed regular ISO recertification and surveillance audits.
The turn of the millennium saw T.I.P.’s campaign to externally validate the quality of its programs. From 2000 to the present, T.I.P. has been voluntarily applying its programs for local and international accreditations and assessments from respected organizations.
ABET Accreditation
ABET is the US-based global gold standard in engineering and computing accreditation.
T.I.P. got the first ABET accreditation of 20 of its programs in 2013 – 14 from the Engineering Accreditation Commission (EAC) and 6 from the Computing Accreditation Commission (CAC).
T.I.P. vied for the second cycle of ABET international accreditation in 2018 and received, a year later, reaccreditation of all 20 of its engineering and computing programs.
| 2.15625
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7057443
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological%20Institute%20of%20the%20Philippines
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Technological Institute of the Philippines
|
Seoul Accord Accreditation
The Seoul Accord is a multilateral agreement among agencies allowing professional mobility between the Philippines and the pact’s signatory countries.
In 2015, T.I.P.'s Computer Science (BSCS), Information Systems (BSIS), and Information Technology (BSIT) programs were acknowledged under the Seoul Accord by virtue of their ABET CAC accreditation.
Graduates enjoy full recognition of their degree in countries such as the Republic of Korea, Canada, Australia, United Kingdom, United States, China, and Japan.
AUN-QA Assessment
In 2021, T.I.P. gained international recognition from the ASEAN University Network - Quality Assurance (AUN-QA) for the assessment of some of its programs. The AUN-QA is responsible for educational standards and continuous academic improvement of ASEAN schools.
Most recently, T.I.P. passed the Institutional Assessment of AUN-QA.
Local accreditations
From 2000 to the present, T.I.P. has been voluntarily applying its programs for local accreditation from respected organizations. These accreditations include the Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities Commission on Accreditation (PACUCOA) under the umbrella of the Federation of Accrediting Agencies of the Philippines (FAAP); the Philippine Technological Council; and the Philippine Computer Society (PCS) Information and Computing Accreditation Board (PICAB).
CHED Centers of Excellence and Development
During this period, the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) also awarded 16 Centers of Excellence and Centers of Development to both T.I.P. campuses.
Moreover, CHED also awarded Autonomous Status to T.I.P. Quezon City in 2009 and to both T.I.P. Quezon City and T.I.P. Manila in 2016 and again in 2019.
Most recently, the CHED renewed the Autonomous status of both T.I.P. Quezon City and T.I.P. Manila for another 3 years– 2024-2027.
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7057503
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirmira
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Kirmira
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Kirmira (, ) is a Rakshasa featured in the Mahabharata. He is the younger brother of the Bakāsura and a friend of Hiḍimbā. He lived in the Kāmyaka Forest and hunted men at night for his food. He opposed the Pandavas entering the forest and threatened to eat Bhima, by whom he was slain in combat.
Encounter with the Pandavas
One night during their travels, the exiled Pandavas reached the deserted forest where Kirmira lived. The hour had passed midnight, so Kirmira had come out. With his prominent teeth and blazing hair, he took on an appearance akin to thunderclouds. He started "to spread the illusion proper to his species." He obstructed the Pandavas and frightened Draupadi, who was escorted and supported by the five Pandavas. After his illusion was destroyed by the priest Dhaumya, Yudhishthira, as the eldest Pandava, spoke with Kirmira. Thus Kirmira learned that before him stood the Pandavas, including Bhima. Kirmira swore that he would have revenge against Bhima, who had slain his brother Bakasura and friend Hidimba. Arjuna strung his bow, but Yudhishthira told him to desist, allowing Bhima to fight Kirmira in a duel.
Bhima first tore up a tree and brought it down on the Kirmira's head. The Rakshasa was unmoved by the blow and hurled his firebrand at Bhima. But Bhima deflected it back towards the Rakshasa. They continued to battle, breaking innumerable trees over each others' heads. Then the Rakshasa hurled a crag at Bhima, also without result.
Kirmira and Bhima then wrestled fiercely. Bhima, seizing the Rakshasa by the waist, began to whirl him about. At last the fatigued Rakshasa grew faint. Bhima pinned Kirmira's waist under his knee and choked him to death with his hands. Kirmira was thus slain in combat by Bhima, in obedience of the command of his elder brother, Yudhishthira.
| 2.125
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7057509
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firaq%20Gorakhpuri
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Firaq Gorakhpuri
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Raghupati Sahay (28 August 1896 – 3 March 1982), also known by his pen name Firaq Gorakhpuri, was an Indian writer, critic, and, according to one commentator, one of the most noted contemporary Urdu poets from India. He established himself among peers including Muhammad Iqbal, Yagana Changezi, Jigar Moradabadi and Josh Malihabadi.
Early life and career
Raghupati Sahay was born in Banwarpar village of Gorakhpur district on 28 August 1896 in a well-to-do and educated Kayastha family. He finished his basic education and then completed his master's degree in Urdu, Persian and English literature.
Firaq had shown early signs of excellence in Urdu poetry and had always shown attraction towards literature. His contemporaries included famous Urdu poets like Allama Iqbal, Faiz Ahmed Faiz, Kaifi Azmi and Sahir Ludhianvi. Yet he was able to make his mark in Urdu poetry at an early age.
He was selected for the Provincial Civil Service (P.C.S.) and the Indian Civil Service (British India) (I.C.S.), but he resigned to follow Mahatma Gandhi's non-cooperation movement and for which he was jailed for 18 months. Later, he joined Allahabad University as a lecturer in English literature. It was there that he wrote most of his Urdu poetry, including his magnum opus Gul-e-Naghma which earned him the highest literary award of India, the Jnanpith Award, and also the 1960 Sahitya Akademi Award in Urdu. During his life, he was given the positions of research professor at the University Grants Commission and Producer Emeritus by All India Radio. After a long illness, he died on 3 March 1982, in New Delhi.
Gorakhpuri was well-versed in all traditional metrical forms such as ghazal, nazm, rubaai and qat'aa. He wrote more than a dozen volumes of Urdu poetry, a half dozen of Urdu prose, several volumes on literary themes in Hindi, as well as four volumes of English prose on literary and cultural subjects.
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7057518
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20L.%20Ellwood
|
Isaac L. Ellwood
|
Isaac Leonard Ellwood (August 3, 1833 – September 11, 1910) was an American rancher, businessman and barbed wire entrepreneur.
Early life
Ellwood was born in Salt Springville, New York. His first taste of business came as a young boy when he began selling sauerkraut. In 1851, Ellwood, like many others, headed west to the California Gold Rush. He was the brother of United States Representative Reuben Ellwood.
DeKalb, Illinois
Ellwood found some success in California and returned east in 1855, to DeKalb, Illinois, where he opened a hardware and implements store. On January 27, 1859, Ellwood married Harriet Augusta Miller; the couple would ultimately have seven children. As Ellwood rose to prominence he began acquiring farm properties in and around DeKalb, Illinois. After the Civil War ended he began to import Percheron draft horses, many from France. Eventually, this resulted in a stock farm near DeKalb.
Birth of barbed wire
In late 1872, Waterman, Illinois farmer Henry Rose developed a wire fence with an attached wooden strip containing projecting wire points to dissuade encroaching livestock. He patented his fence in May, 1873 and exhibited it at the DeKalb County Fair that summer. This prompted Ellwood along with other DeKalb area residents Jacob Haish and Joseph Glidden to work on improving the concept. Ellwood patented a type of barbed wire in February 1874, but ever the businessman, concluded that Joseph Glidden's design was superior to his. He purchased one-half interest in Glidden's invention in July 1874. Glidden's patent issued in November, and together they formed the Barb Fence Company. In a few years, Glidden sold his half of that business to others, while retaining royalties from his patent.
| 1.960938
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7057518
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac%20L.%20Ellwood
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Isaac L. Ellwood
|
Ellwood continued in the manufacture of barbed wire as Ellwood Manufacturing Company. In the beginning they produced two-strand, twisted barbed wire in the back of Ellwood's hardware store. The business was quickly successful. Ellwood's hiring of John Warne Gates as a salesman propelled sales of barbed wire in Texas.
Ranchers in the west found barbed wire fencing useful and much needed. As demand rose sharply, the company expanded, reorganized and merged and a successful Ellwood began construction on his Victorian mansion, the Ellwood House.
In 1881, Ellwood Manufacturing became Superior Barbed Wire Company under an expansion and reorganization plan. Seventeen years later the company would merge in the creation of John Warne Gates' American Steel and Wire monopoly, which was a predecessor of United States Steel.
Support for higher education
Ellwood played a major role in the history of Northern Illinois University. Clinton Rosette helped persuade Ellwood that the new Northern Illinois State Normal School should be in DeKalb. So convinced was Ellwood that he used all methods at his disposal to support the cause. His own capital, his time and his political influence were all used to gain DeKalb the new college.
Governor John Altgeld appointed Ellwood to the Board of Trustees, who were responsible for selecting a site for the normal school. This allowed him to assert all the more political influence. In the name of securing the future school for DeKalb Ellwood reportedly donated $20,000 and fronted another $50,000 in a non-interest bearing loan, along with of land for the new school. The bid was ultimately successful and the normal school eventually became NIU.
Texas ranching
| 2.46875
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7057521
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowra%20Bridge
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Nowra Bridge
|
The Nowra Bridge is a road bridge that carries the Princes Highway over the Shoalhaven River, at Nowra, New South Wales, Australia. The bridge joins the main area of Nowra to North Nowra and Bomaderry.
Description
Despite popular mythology, the bridge was not originally intended to carry a double railway track, as part of the proposed extension of the Illawarra railway line to Jervis Bay and possibly .
The bridge was designed by American engineer Charles Shaler Smith and is considered to be of local historical significance. The bridge was completed in 1881 and is built from wrought iron with a steel approach span. The bridge had a timber deck for 100 years until in 1981 reinforced concrete was laid over steel Armco decking. The pairs of cast iron piers are original and were supplied locally by the Atlas Foundry, Sydney. It was the largest bridge project in New South Wales prior to the 1889 Hawkesbury River Railway Bridge. Its full length is .
Second bridge
In December 1981, a three lane concrete bridge opened to the west of the original bridge. It carried northbound traffic with the original bridge reconfigured to carry southbound traffic.
Third bridge
In August 2019 Infrastructure Australia approved the construction of a new four-lane bridge immediately to the west of the existing bridges. The new bridge will become the new crossing for northbound traffic. The existing northbound bridge will be converted for southbound traffic, allowing the bridge built in 1881 to be re-purposed as a pedestrian and cycle bridge. Funding to be shared between the Federal and New South Wales governments. Fulton Hogan commenced work in early 2020 and is expected to be completed in 2024. In February 2023 the new bridge opened, initially carrying traffic in both directions while the 1981 built bridge is refurbished.
| 2.484375
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7057536
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva%20Nogales
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Eva Nogales
|
Eva Nogales (born in Colmenar Viejo, Madrid, Spain) is a Spanish-American biophysicist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, where she served as head of the Division of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biology of the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology (2015–2020). She is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator.
Nogales is a pioneer in using electron microscopy for the structural and functional characterization of macromolecular complexes. She used electron crystallography to obtain the first structure of tubulin and identify the binding site of the important anti-cancer drug taxol. She is a leader in combining cryo-EM, computational image analysis and biochemical assays to gain insights into function and regulation of biological complexes and molecular machines. Her work has uncovered aspects of cellular function that are relevant to the treatment of cancer and other diseases.
Early life and education
Eva Nogales obtained her BS degree in physics from the Autonomous University of Madrid in 1988. She later earned her PhD from the University of Keele in 1992 while working at the Synchrotron Radiation Source under the supervision of Joan Bordas.
Career
During her post-doctoral work in the laboratory of Ken Downing at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Eva Nogales was the first to determine the atomic structure of tubulin and the location of the taxol-binding site by electron crystallography. She became an assistant professor in the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology at the University of California, Berkeley in 1998. In 2000 she became an investigator in the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. As cryo-EM techniques became more powerful, she became a leader in applying cryo-EM to the study of microtubule structure and function and other large macromolecular assemblies such as eukaryotic transcription and translation initiation complexes, the polycomb complex PRC2, and telomerase.
Selected publications
| 2.1875
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7057598
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen%20Table%20International
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Kitchen Table International
|
According to Busch, the operation was founded by one "Scott Nolan Hollerith" (after Adventure programmer Scott Adams, Atari co-founder Nolan Bushnell, and computer pioneer Herman Hollerith). S.N. Hollerith, it was said, graduated from the University of California at Phoenix in 1970 with a degree in Slide Rule Design, and quickly built KTI into a multi-thousand-dollar empire on a foundation of selling maintenance upgrades for DROSS-DOS 8E, a microcomputer operating system that was a subset of CP/M. In 1981, KTI introduced the world's "first" 32-bit microprocessor, created by piggy-backing two 16-bit chips on top of each other, until it was discovered that, at best, only one of the two chips actually functioned at any given time and, at worst, they spent a lot of time fighting over whose turn it was. The KTI staff gradually phased Hollerith out of active participation by relocating to a new, high-tech facility in Cupertino, California, and not telling him where it was.
Many of the phony products "introduced" by Kitchen Table International were actually introduced later. Several years after the company demonstrated its Reverse LPRINT command, which allowed a dot-matrix printer to function as a scanner (the demo was actually a videotape run backwards, showing sheets of text feeding into a printer and coming out blank after they had been "scanned"), Thunderware introduced the Thunderscan scanner, which replaced the ribbon cartridge of an Apple ImageWriter with a scanning module.
| 2.0625
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7057609
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Slesinger
|
Stephen Slesinger
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Slesinger purchased the rights to the Ozark Ike comic strip from creator Rufus A. ("Ray") Gotto. In 1936, it became his first comic strip in syndication. Other personalities and characters curated by Slesinger with innovative media and merchandise campaigns include Tom Mix, Zane Grey's King of the Royal Mounted, Alley Oop, Captain Easy, Wash Tubbs, Polly the Powers Model, Charlie Chan, Buck Rogers and Og, Son of Fire, Blondie and Dagwood (for television), as well as all Newspaper Enterprise Association comic strips. For these and many others, he produced comic books, children's books and created the art and stories for hundreds of Big Little Books distributed by Western Printing and Lithograph, from the 1930s through the 1950s.
Original characters
In the late 1930s, Slesinger began developing original characters, which he then hired artists to bring to life. Most prominent among these are Red Ryder and King of the Royal Mounted, which became Slesinger's most popular characters, syndicated internationally in newspaper comic strips and also generating books, radio shows, motion pictures and numerous ancillary commercial products.
Red Ryder and Little Beaver
Working with artist Fred Harman, who came from Pagosa Springs, Colorado, Slesinger launched the comic strip Red Ryder. The strip's artistic style evolved from Harman's 1937 comic strip, Bronc Peeler. The two worked on the project for a year before Red Ryder was launched in 1938.
Between 1938 and 1967, the long-running Red Ryder comic strip was also a comic book, the subject of a 12-chapter film serial, 26 motion pictures and numerous merchandising and promotional tie-ins, including the Red Ryder Daisy Carbine Air Rifle, which holds the longest continuing license in the history of the licensing industry and was depicted in the film A Christmas Story (1983).
King of the Royal Mounted
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Stephen Slesinger
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He also formed Telecomics Presents, which displayed scripted comic strip segments as static images instead of animation. There were approximately 130 episodes produced, each lasting about three minutes. Each episode began with the opening of a comic book, the first page showing a silhouette of the lead character (Space Barton, Danny March or Kid Champion); the page then turned to show a full-page illustration. Telecomics is generally noted as one of the first cartoon series produced for television. In 1950, NBC optioned Telecomics' product and repackaged it as NBC Comics.
Blondie
In 1951, Slesinger acquired rights to make a Blondie television series with Arthur Lake as Dagwood Bumstead and his real-life wife Patricia Lake starring as Blondie at the request of Randolph Hearst, who cared for her as if she was his daughter. Slesinger was completing the pilot episode at the time of his death on December 17, 1953. Amid the shock and confusion of his unexpected passing, the reels of the Slesinger's Blondie pilot mysteriously disappeared.
Among Slesinger's many honors was a 1953 proclamation by the County of Los Angeles which singled him out as a "nationally known humanitarian" whose works "are read by more than 25 million youngsters and adults" and who "has devoted much of his personal time and energy toward helping underprivileged children throughout the nation" and whose "interest in underprivileged children stems from the magnificent work done by his mother, Augusta Slesinger, who served as a psychoanalyst and social worker... for 40 years". The proclamation ends with Slesinger being "complimented for continuing to help in the program of making better citizens out of the youth of the land." The 75th Anniversary of Slesinger's outdoor youth programs was celebrated in 2015.
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Maurice Rioli
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Maurice Joseph Rioli Sr. (1 September 195725 December 2010) was an Australian rules footballer who represented St Mary's Football Club in the Northern Territory Football League (NTFL), in the West Australian Football League (WAFL) and in the Victorian Football League.
Acknowledged as one of the greatest players of his era, Rioli was one of the first Indigenous Australian footballers to have a significant impact on Victorian football, and was named in the centre for the Indigenous Team of the Century. A highly skilled and solidly built centreman with exquisite ball-handling skills and lightning reflexes, Rioli was a renowned performer on the big stage.
After retiring from football, Rioli became a politician in the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly, and then worked in community services on the Tiwi Islands.
Early days
Northern Territory
Born into the to-become famous Rioli footballing family on Melville Island off the coast of the Northern Territory, the young Rioli learnt the game at the Garden Point Orphanage on the island. He was educated at St John's College, Darwin. He joined St Mary's in the Darwin competition for the 1974–75 season; football in the top end is played during the summer months, or 'wet season'. Richard Woodgate a scout from the South Fremantle club in Perth spotted the sixteen-year-old and lured him to Western Australia to join his brother for the coming season. At this stage in his sporting life, Rioli was also an excellent amateur boxer, who some thought good enough to go to represent Australia at the Olympics. He later won state amateur titles at light middleweight and welterweight.
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Although he played football for almost a decade in Perth and only six years in Melbourne, Rioli is still recognised as one of the best-known Northern Territorians. He was a trailblazer for indigenous Australian football players at the elite level of the game and was an acknowledged elder statesman among Aboriginal players.
After leaving politics, Rioli worked as a community services manager for the Tiwi Islands Council until his death, as well as spending his personal time mentoring young footballers.
Family
The Rioli family is one of the most notable families in the history of Australian rules football. In 1972, Maurice's older brother Sebastian Rioli, became one of the first Aboriginal footballers from the Northern Territory to move to Western Australia to play football for South Fremantle. Maurice followed in 1975 and became the most successful footballer of the eight Rioli brothers. Brothers Cyril Jr and Willie also played league football for South Fremantle, and John, Manny and Laurence also moved to Fremantle, but returned to Darwin without playing senior football. Willie was drafted by in 1990, but did not make his AFL debut. Maurice is the uncle of former player Cyril Rioli (son of Cyril Jr), current player Willie Rioli (son of Willie Sr), former player Dean Rioli (son of Sebastian) and great uncle to Richmond player Daniel Rioli. His son, Maurice Rioli Jr. was drafted by Richmond under the father–son rule in 2020 and made his debut in 2021.
Death
On Christmas Day 2010 Maurice Rioli collapsed and died at a family barbecue being held in Darwin, after suffering a heart attack; he was 53. The Northern Territory Government announced a few days later that they would hold a state funeral for him.
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Microcontact printing
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The PDMS stamp, in most applications, is a 10:1 ratio of silicone elastomer and a silicone elastomer curing agent. This mixture consists of a short hydrosilane crosslinker that contains a catalyst made from a platinum complex. After pouring, the PDMS is cured at elevated temperatures to create a solid polymer with elastomeric properties. The stamp is then peeled off and cut to the proper size. The stamp replicates the opposite of the master. Elevated regions of the stamp correspond to indented regions of the master.
Some commercial services for procuring PDMS stamps and micropatterned samples exist such as Research Micro Stamps.
Inking the stamp
Inking of the stamp occurs through the application of a thiol solution either by immersion or coating the stamp with a Q-tip. The highly hydrophobic PDMS material allows the ink to be diffused into the bulk of the stamp, which means the thiols reside not only on the surface, but also in the bulk of the stamp material. This diffusion into the bulk creates an ink reservoir for multiple prints. The stamp is let dry until no liquid is visible and an ink reservoir is created.
Applying the stamp to the substrate
Direct contact
Applying the stamp to the substrate is easy and straightforward which is one of the main advantages of this process. The stamp is brought into physical contact with the substrate and the thiol solution is transferred to the substrate. The thiol is area-selectively transferred to the surface based on the features of the stamp. During the transfer the carbon chains of the thiol align with each other to create a hydrophobic self-assembling monolayer (SAM).
Other application techniques
Printing of the stamp onto the substrate, although not used as often, can also take place with a rolling stamp onto a planar substrate or a curved substrate with a planar stamp.
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Advantages
Microcontact Printing has several advantages including:
The simplicity and ease of creating patterns with micro-scale features
Can be done in a traditional laboratory without the constant use of a cleanroom (cleanroom is needed only to create the master).
Multiple stamps can be created from a single master
Individual stamps can be used several times with minimal degradation of performance
A cheaper technique for fabrication that uses less energy than conventional techniques
Some materials have no other micro patterning method available
Disadvantages
After this technique became popular various limitations and problems arose, all of which affected patterning and reproducibility.
Stamp Deformation
During direct contact one must be careful because the stamp can easily be physically deformed causing printed features that are different from the original stamp features. Horizontally stretching or compressing the stamp will cause deformations in the raised and recessed features. Also, applying too much vertical pressure on the stamp during printing can cause the raised relief features to flatten against the substrate. These deformations can yield submicron features even though the original stamp has a lower resolution.
Deformation of the stamp can occur during removal from the master and during the substrate contacting process. When the aspect ratio of the stamp is high buckling of the stamp can occur. When the aspect ratio is low roof collapse can occur.
Substrate contamination
During the curing process some fragments can potentially be left uncured and contaminate the process. When this occurs the quality of the printed SAM is decreased. When the ink molecules contain certain polar groups the transfer of these impurities is increased.
Shrinking/swelling of the stamp
During the curing process the stamp can potentially shrink in size leaving a difference in desired dimensions of the substrate patterning.
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Swelling of the stamp may also occur. Most organic solvents induce swelling of the PDMS stamp. Ethanol in particular has a very small swelling effect, but many other solvents cannot be used for wet inking because of high swelling. Because of this the process is limited to apolar inks that are soluble in ethanol.
Ink mobility
Ink diffusion from the PDMS bulk to the surface occurs during the formation of the patterned SAM on the substrate. This mobility of the ink can cause lateral spreading to unwanted regions. Upon the transfer this spreading can influence the desired pattern.
Applications
Depending on the type of ink used and the subsequent substrate the microcontact printing technique has many different applications
Micromachining
Microcontact printing has great applications in micromachining. For this application inking solutions commonly consist of a solution of alkanethiol. This method uses metal substrates with the most common metal being gold. However, silver, copper, and palladium have been proven to work as well.
Once the ink has been applied to the substrate the SAM layer acts as a resist to common wet etching techniques allowing for the creation of high resolution patterning. The patterned SAMs layer is a step in a series of steps to create complex microstructures. For example, applying the SAM layer on top of gold and etching creates microstructures of gold. After this step etched areas of gold exposes the substrate which can further be etched using traditional anisotropic etch techniques. Because of the microcontact printing technique no traditional photolithography is needed to accomplish these steps.
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Patterning proteins
The patterning of proteins has helped the advancement of biosensors., cell biology research, and tissue engineering. Various proteins have been proven to be suitable inks and are applied to various substrates using the microcontact printing technique. Polylysine, immunoglobulin antibody, and different enzymes have been successfully placed onto surfaces including glass, polystyrene, and hydrophobic silicon.
Patterning cells
Microcontact printing has been used to advance the understanding of how cells interact with substrates. This technique has helped improve the study of cell patterning that was not possible with traditional cell culture techniques.
Patterning DNA
Successful patterning of DNA has also been done using this technique. The reduction in time and DNA material are the critical advantages for using this technique. The stamps were able to be used multiple times that were more homogeneous and sensitive than other techniques.
Making Microchambers
To learn about micro organisms, scientists need adaptable ways to capture and record the behavior of motile single-celled organisms across a diverse range of species. PDMS stamps can mold growth material into micro chambers that then capture single-celled organisms for imaging.
Technique improvements
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