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7057936	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiana	Australiana	Australiana is anything pertaining to Australian culture, society, geography and ecology, especially if it is endemic to Australia or has reached iconic status. It includes people, places, flora, fauna and events of Australian origins. Australiana objects can be highly collectable and comprise anything made in Australia or especially made for Australian use. Australiana often borrows from Australian Aboriginal culture, or the stereotypical Australian culture of the early 1900s. Collectable Australiania objects typically include furniture, pottery, glass, bottles, printed materials, metal and wooden objects, fabrics and aboriginal collectables. Objects can be Australiana in their own right, such as boomerangs, Akubra hats, and didgeridoos, or can be common objects with Australian cultural images displayed on them. Such items might include two-man saws, snow globes or tea towels with Australian scenery or icons imprinted on them in the national colours of Australia (green and gold). Australiana can also refer to art with an Australian style or subject. Paintings, ceramics, crafts and coins that depict Australian imagery would fall also under this category. Australiana has also been called a style of kitsch art. Topics People are sometimes depicted in the artwork, such as Australian explorers, drovers, bushranger, swagmen, Aboriginal Australians, diggers, stockmen, and the like. Being on the beach in summer is also generally made out to be part of Australiana, as well as Surf Life Savers, as Australia is a coastal culture, because of the nature of inland Australia (dry, harsh desert). Some commercial brands have become part of Australiana due to their perceived "Australianness". Advertisements and posters depicting these brands often become part of Australiana as well. The following themes are examples of Australiana: Aboriginal culture Boomerang Didgeridoo Bush tucker	2.78125
7057945	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive%20deviance	Positive deviance	Positive deviance (PD) is an approach to behavioral and social change. It is based on the idea that, within a community, some individuals engage in unusual behaviors allowing them to solve problems better than others who face similar challenges, despite not having additional resources or knowledge. These individuals are referred to as positive deviants. The concept first appeared in nutrition research in the 1970s. Researchers observed that, despite the poverty in a community, some families had well-nourished children. Some suggested using information gathered from these outliers to plan nutrition programs. Principles Positive deviance is a strength-based approach applicable to problems requiring behavior and social change. It is based on the following principles: Communities already have the solutions; they are the best experts in solving their problems. Communities self-organize and are equipped with the human resources and social assets to solve agreed-upon problems. Collective intelligence. Intelligence and know-how are not concentrated in the leadership of a community alone or in external experts but are distributed throughout the community. Thus, the PD process aims to elicit collective intelligence to apply it to specific problems requiring behavior or social change. Sustainability is the cornerstone of the approach. The PD approach enables the community or organization to seek and discover sustainable solutions to a given problem because the demonstrably successful uncommon behaviors are already practiced in that community within the constraints and challenges of the current situation. It is easier to change behavior by practicing it rather than knowing about it. "It is easier to act your way into a new way of thinking than think your way into a new way of acting".	3.015625
7057945	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive%20deviance	Positive deviance	Original application The PD approach was first operationalized and applied in programming in the field by Jerry and Monique Sternin through their work with Save the Children in Vietnam in the 1990s (Tuhus-Dubrow, Sternin, Sternin and Pascale). At the start of the pilot, 64% of children weighed in the pilot villages were malnourished. Through a PD inquiry, the villagers found poor peers in the community that, through their uncommon but successful strategies, had well-nourished children. These families collected foods typically considered inappropriate for children (e.g., sweet potato greens, shrimp, and crabs), washed their children's hands before meals, and actively fed them three to four times a day instead of the typical two meals a day provided to children. Unknowingly, PDs had incorporated foods already found in their community that provided essential nutrients: protein, iron, and calcium. A nutrition program based on these insights was created. Instead of simply telling participants what to do differently, they designed the program to help them act their way into a new way of thinking. Parents were required to bring one of the newly identified foods to attend a feeding session. They brought their children and, while sharing nutritious meals, learned to cook the new foods. At the end of the two-year pilot, malnutrition fell by 85%. Results were sustained and transferred to the participants' younger siblings.	2.796875
7057945	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive%20deviance	Positive deviance	This approach to programming was different in important ways. It is always appropriate, as it operates within the assets of a community, and it, therefore, caters to its specific cultural context, e.g., village, business, schools, ministry, department, or hospital. Additionally, by seeing that certain members of their community are already engaging in an uncommon behavior, others are more likely to adopt it themselves, as this serves as "social proof" that the behavior is acceptable for everyone within the community. Furthermore, the solutions stem from the community, avoiding thus the "immune response" that can occur when outside experts enter a community with best practices that are often unsuccessful in promoting sustained change. (Sternin) Since it was first applied in Vietnam, PD has been used to inform nutrition programs in over 40 countries by USAID, World Vision, Mercy Corps, Save the Children, CARE, Plan International, Indonesian Ministry of Health, Peace Corps, Food for the Hungry, among others. Steps A positive deviance approach may follow a series of steps. An invitation to change A PD inquiry begins with an invitation from a community that wishes to address a significant issue they face. This is crucial, as it is the community that acquires ownership of the process. Defining the problem The definition of the problem is carried out by and for the community. This will often lead to a problem definition that differs from the outside "expert" opinion of the situation. The community establishes a quantitative baseline, allowing it to reflect on the problem given the evidence at hand and measure the progress toward its goals. This is also the beginning of the process of identifying stakeholders and decision-makers involved. Additional stakeholders and decision-makers will be pulled in throughout the process as they are identified. Determining the presence of PD individuals or groups Using data and observation, the community can identify the positive deviants in their midst.	2.65625
7057945	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive%20deviance	Positive deviance	Discovering uncommon practices or behaviors The Positive Deviance Inquiry aims to discover uncommon practices or behaviors. The community, having identified positive deviants, sets out to find the behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs that allow the PD to be successful. The focus is on the successful strategies of the PD, not on making a hero of the person using the strategy. This self-discovery of people/groups just like them who have found successful solutions provides "social proof" that this problem can be overcome now, without outside resources. Program design After identifying successful strategies, the community decides which strategies they would like to adopt, and they design activities to help others access and practice these uncommon and other beneficial strategies. Program design is not focused on spreading "best practices" but on helping community members "act their way into a new way of thinking" through hands-on activities. Monitoring and evaluation PD-informed projects are monitored and evaluated through a participatory process. As the community decides on and performs the monitoring, the tools they create will be appropriate to the setting. Even illiterate community members can participate through pictorial monitoring forms or other appropriate tools. Evaluation allows the community to track their progress toward their goals and reinforces the changes they are making in behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs. Scaling up The scaling up of a PD project may happen through many mechanisms: the "ripple effect" of other communities observing the success and engaging in a PD project of their own, through the coordination of NGOs, or organizational development consultants. Irrespective of the mechanism employed, the community discovery process of PDs in their midst remains vital to the acceptance of new behaviors, attitudes, and knowledge. Applications	2.78125
7057948	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMahons%20Point%20ferry%20wharf	McMahons Point ferry wharf	McMahons Point ferry wharf is located on the northern side of Sydney Harbour serving the Sydney suburb of McMahons Point. It is served by Sydney Ferries Parramatta River and Pyrmont Bay services operated by First Fleet and RiverCat class ferries. History There has been a wharf at McMahons Point since at least 1839, when Blues Point Road was gazetted as a thoroughfare from there to the township of St Leonards. At the beginning of the 20th century, a large number of passenger ferries plied the route between here and the city, with services operating every 10 to 15 minutes. Six million passengers a year were served by the wharf. A tramway opened in 1909 to bring more commuters to the wharf. When the Sydney Harbour Bridge opened in 1932 the ferry services became redundant, and in 1935 small ferries operated by Hegarty Ferries took over the runs formerly operated by the larger craft of Sydney Ferries Limited to McMahons Point. The wharf has since again become part of the Sydney Ferries network. The wharf closed on 13 April 2016 to be replaced by a larger structure. The new wharf is at a 90-degree angle to the shore and has two sides. It reopened on 20 October 2016. Services Connections Busways operates two bus routes via McMahons Point wharf, under contract to Transport for NSW: 254: to Riverview 291: to Epping station	2.03125
7057997	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyozna	Lyozna	Lyozna (; ; ; ; ) is an urban-type settlement in Vitebsk Region, Belarus. It serves as the administrative center of Lyozna District. It is located east-southeast of Vitebsk, close to the border with Russia by the Vitebsk–Smolensk railroad branch and highway, on the Moshna River. As of 2024, it has a population of 6,605. History The first known record of the Lyozna shtetl (small town with a high Jewish population) is dated 1654. In 1939, 711 Jews lived in the settlement, making up 17.3 percent of the population. During the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the settlement was captured on 16 July 1941 by V Army Corps of the 9th Army; it was part of Army Group Centre Rear Area. The ghetto in Lyozna was liquidated at the end of February 1942. Lyozna remained under German military occupation until 8 October 1943. Notable people Marc Chagall, Belarusian-French painter Schneur Zalman, the first Rebbe of the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic dynasty Dovber Schneuri, the second Rebbe of the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic dynasty Menachem Mendel Schneersohn, the third Rebbe of the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic dynasty	2.078125
7058000	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidi%2C%20Girl%20of%20the%20Alps	Heidi, Girl of the Alps	is an animated television series produced by Zuiyo Eizo and the series itself based on the novel Heidi's Years of Wandering and Learning by Johanna Spyri (1880). It was directed by Isao Takahata and features contributions by numerous other anime filmmakers, including Yoichi Kotabe (character design, animation director), Toyoo Ashida (co-character design, animation director), Yoshiyuki Tomino (storyboard, screenplay), and Hayao Miyazaki (scene design, layout, screenplay). Heidi is the 6th and final entry in Calpis Comic Theater, a precursor of the World Masterpiece Theater series, based on classic tales from the Western world. The animation studio responsible for Heidi, Zuiyo Enterprise, would split in 1975 into Nippon Animation Company, Ltd. (which employed the anime's production staff and continued with the World Masterpiece Theater franchise) and Zuiyo Company, Ltd., which retained the rights (and debt) to the Heidi TV series. The feature-length film edit of the TV series, released in March 1979, was engineered completely by Zuiyo, with no additional involvement from Nippon Animation, Takahata or Miyazaki. Zuiyo also re-edited the series in two OVA released in 1996.	1.984375
7058011	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streets%20and%20highways%20of%20Arlington%20County%2C%20Virginia	Streets and highways of Arlington County, Virginia	The configuration of Interstate 66 through Arlington (first proposed in 1956) has long been controversial. The Arlington Coalition on Transportation (ACT) filed a lawsuit in Federal District Court in 1971 opposing the portion of the project through Arlington. The group objected to that urban segment due to concerns over air quality, noise and community cohesion changes. In 1972 the U.S. Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled in favor of ACT, technically blocking any construction. Arlington Coalition on Transportation v. Volpe, 458 F.2d 1323 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 409 U.S. 1000 (1972). The impasse was eventually broken when the parties agreed on experts to conduct air quality and noise studies for the Virginia Department of Transportation, then known as the Virginia Department of Highways; then, Secretary of Transportation Coleman personally intervened in 1976 with negotiations to reach a compromise by reducing the highway capacity, making I-66 HOV during parts of the day, and including a subway route in I-66's median. The eastbound traffic lanes of I-66 in Arlington are presently restricted to high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) traffic and motorcycles during morning peak hours, while the westbound lanes are restricted to this traffic during the evening peak hours. Due to very frequent traffics jams in the four lane section of I-66, many people in the region have advocated widening I-66, although the County Board and many local residents continue to oppose it. Interstate 395 Begun during World War II to serve the Pentagon, Interstate 395 (I-395) (named the Henry G. Shirley Memorial Highway) bisects Arlington as it travels southwest/northeast between the 14th Street Bridge and Alexandria.	1.984375
7058011	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streets%20and%20highways%20of%20Arlington%20County%2C%20Virginia	Streets and highways of Arlington County, Virginia	Until it closed in 1968, the Washington and Old Dominion Railroad's freight trains regularly backed up rush hour traffic and collided with automobiles and trucks as they crossed the highway at grade on tracks guarded by flashing signal lights and ringing bells, but no crossing gates. At the time, this was the only at-grade intersection of a railroad and a limited-access federal highway. Heavily congested during peak hours, the freeway now contains two central lanes that operate as high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes during rush hours while separated by Jersey barriers from the road's regular traffic lanes. Although express Metrobuses often travel in the HOV lanes, Metrorail does not travel along its corridor. Proposed interstates Interstate 595 Interstate 595 was a proposed upgrade to U.S. 1 (Jefferson Davis Highway) in Crystal City. Interstate 266 Interstate 266 was a proposed loop route from Interstate 66 between Arlington and Washington, D.C., that would have crossed the Potomac River on a new bridge. Arterial routes The street-naming system does not apply to the main arteries (none of which are called "streets"). The north-south arteries from east to west include US 1 (Jefferson Davis Highway), Walter Reed Drive, Glebe Road, George Mason Drive and Carlin Springs Road. The east-west arteries from north to south include Williamsburg Boulevard, Yorktown Boulevard, Lee Highway (U.S. Route 29), Wilson Boulevard, U.S. Route 50 (Arlington Boulevard), State Route 244 (Columbia Pike) and Four Mile Run Drive.	2.25
7058021	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Return%20of%20Tarzan	The Return of Tarzan	The Return of Tarzan is a novel by American writer Edgar Rice Burroughs, the second in his series of twenty-four books about the title character Tarzan. The story was first published in the pulp magazine New Story Magazine in the issues for June through December 1913; the first book edition was published in 1915 by A. C. McClurg. Plot summary Tarzan, feeling rootless in the wake of sacrificing his prospects of wedding Jane Porter, leaves the United States for Europe to visit his friend Paul d'Arnot. On the ship he becomes embroiled in the affairs of Countess Olga de Coude, her husband, Count Raoul de Coude, and two men attempting to prey on them, Nikolas Rokoff and his henchman Alexis Paulovitch. Rokoff is actually Olga's brother. Tarzan thwarts the villains' scheme, making them his deadly enemies. In France, Rokoff repeatedly tries to eliminate Tarzan, eventually engineering a duel between the ape man and Raoul by making it appear that the former is Olga's lover. Tarzan refuses to defend himself in the duel, even offering his pistol to Raoul after the latter fails to kill him with his own. This gesture convinces Raoul of Tarzan's innocence. In return, he finds Tarzan a job as a special agent in the French ministry of war. Tarzan is assigned to service in Algeria. A sequence of adventures among the locals ensues, including another brush with Rokoff. Afterward, Tarzan sails for Cape Town and strikes up a shipboard acquaintance with Hazel Strong, Jane's best friend. Also aboard are Rokoff and Paulovitch, who ambush Tarzan and throw him overboard. Tarzan manages to swim to shore and finds himself in the coastal jungle where he grew up. He soon rescues native warrior Busuli of the Waziri tribe, which subsequently adopts Tarzan. After defeating a raid on their village by ivory raiders, Tarzan becomes their chief.	2.171875
7058047	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Lorentz%20transformations	History of Lorentz transformations	The history of Lorentz transformations comprises the development of linear transformations forming the Lorentz group or Poincaré group preserving the Lorentz interval and the Minkowski inner product . In mathematics, transformations equivalent to what was later known as Lorentz transformations in various dimensions were discussed in the 19th century in relation to the theory of quadratic forms, hyperbolic geometry, Möbius geometry, and sphere geometry, which is connected to the fact that the group of motions in hyperbolic space, the Möbius group or projective special linear group, and the Laguerre group are isomorphic to the Lorentz group. In physics, Lorentz transformations became known at the beginning of the 20th century, when it was discovered that they exhibit the symmetry of Maxwell's equations. Subsequently, they became fundamental to all of physics, because they formed the basis of special relativity in which they exhibit the symmetry of Minkowski spacetime, making the speed of light invariant between different inertial frames. They relate the spacetime coordinates of two arbitrary inertial frames of reference with constant relative speed v. In one frame, the position of an event is given by x,y,z and time t, while in the other frame the same event has coordinates x′,y′,z′ and t′. Mathematical prehistory Using the coefficients of a symmetric matrix A, the associated bilinear form, and a linear transformations in terms of transformation matrix g, the Lorentz transformation is given if the following conditions are satisfied:	2.84375
7058047	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Lorentz%20transformations	History of Lorentz transformations	It forms an indefinite orthogonal group called the Lorentz group O(1,n), while the case det g=+1 forms the restricted Lorentz group SO(1,n). The quadratic form becomes the Lorentz interval in terms of an indefinite quadratic form of Minkowski space (being a special case of pseudo-Euclidean space), and the associated bilinear form becomes the Minkowski inner product. Long before the advent of special relativity it was used in topics such as the Cayley–Klein metric, hyperboloid model and other models of hyperbolic geometry, computations of elliptic functions and integrals, transformation of indefinite quadratic forms, squeeze mappings of the hyperbola, group theory, Möbius transformations, spherical wave transformation, transformation of the Sine-Gordon equation, Biquaternion algebra, split-complex numbers, Clifford algebra, and others. Electrodynamics and special relativity Overview In the special relativity, Lorentz transformations exhibit the symmetry of Minkowski spacetime by using a constant c as the speed of light, and a parameter v as the relative velocity between two inertial reference frames. Using the above conditions, the Lorentz transformation in 3+1 dimensions assume the form: In physics, analogous transformations have been introduced by Voigt (1887) related to an incompressible medium, and by Heaviside (1888), Thomson (1889), Searle (1896) and Lorentz (1892, 1895) who analyzed Maxwell's equations. They were completed by Larmor (1897, 1900) and Lorentz (1899, 1904), and brought into their modern form by Poincaré (1905) who gave the transformation the name of Lorentz. Eventually, Einstein (1905) showed in his development of special relativity that the transformations follow from the principle of relativity and constant light speed alone by modifying the traditional concepts of space and time, without requiring a mechanical aether in contradistinction to Lorentz and Poincaré. Minkowski (1907–1908) used them to argue that space and time are inseparably connected as spacetime.	2.625
7058047	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Lorentz%20transformations	History of Lorentz transformations	where x* is the Galilean transformation x-vt. Except the additional γ in the time transformation, this is the complete Lorentz transformation. While t is the "true" time for observers resting in the aether, t′ is an auxiliary variable only for calculating processes for moving systems. It is also important that Lorentz and later also Larmor formulated this transformation in two steps. At first an implicit Galilean transformation, and later the expansion into the "fictitious" electromagnetic system with the aid of the Lorentz transformation. In order to explain the negative result of the Michelson–Morley experiment, he (1892b) introduced the additional hypothesis that also intermolecular forces are affected in a similar way and introduced length contraction in his theory (without proof as he admitted). The same hypothesis had been made previously by George FitzGerald in 1889 based on Heaviside's work. While length contraction was a real physical effect for Lorentz, he considered the time transformation only as a heuristic working hypothesis and a mathematical stipulation. In 1895, Lorentz further elaborated on his theory and introduced the "theorem of corresponding states". This theorem states that a moving observer (relative to the ether) in his "fictitious" field makes the same observations as a resting observers in his "real" field for velocities to first order in v/c. Lorentz showed that the dimensions of electrostatic systems in the ether and a moving frame are connected by this transformation: For solving optical problems Lorentz used the following transformation, in which the modified time variable was called "local time" () by him: With this concept Lorentz could explain the Doppler effect, the aberration of light, and the Fizeau experiment. Larmor (1897, 1900) In 1897, Larmor extended the work of Lorentz and derived the following transformation	2.40625
7058047	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Lorentz%20transformations	History of Lorentz transformations	Larmor noted that if it is assumed that the constitution of molecules is electrical then the FitzGerald–Lorentz contraction is a consequence of this transformation, explaining the Michelson–Morley experiment. It's notable that Larmor was the first who recognized that some sort of time dilation is a consequence of this transformation as well, because "individual electrons describe corresponding parts of their orbits in times shorter for the [rest] system in the ratio 1/γ". Larmor wrote his electrodynamical equations and transformations neglecting terms of higher order than (v/c)2 – when his 1897 paper was reprinted in 1929, Larmor added the following comment in which he described how they can be made valid to all orders of v/c: In line with that comment, in his book Aether and Matter published in 1900, Larmor used a modified local time t″=t′-εvx′/c2 instead of the 1897 expression t′=t-vx/c2 by replacing v/c2 with εv/c2, so that t″ is now identical to the one given by Lorentz in 1892, which he combined with a Galilean transformation for the x′, y′, z′, t′ coordinates: Larmor knew that the Michelson–Morley experiment was accurate enough to detect an effect of motion depending on the factor (v/c)2, and so he sought the transformations which were "accurate to second order" (as he put it). Thus he wrote the final transformations (where x′=x-vt and t″ as given above) as: by which he arrived at the complete Lorentz transformation. Larmor showed that Maxwell's equations were invariant under this two-step transformation, "to second order in v/c" – it was later shown by Lorentz (1904) and Poincaré (1905) that they are indeed invariant under this transformation to all orders in v/c. Larmor gave credit to Lorentz in two papers published in 1904, in which he used the term "Lorentz transformation" for Lorentz's first order transformations of coordinates and field configurations: Lorentz (1899, 1904)	2.015625
7058047	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Lorentz%20transformations	History of Lorentz transformations	Neither Lorentz or Larmor gave a clear physical interpretation of the origin of local time. However, Henri Poincaré in 1900 commented on the origin of Lorentz's "wonderful invention" of local time. He remarked that it arose when clocks in a moving reference frame are synchronised by exchanging signals which are assumed to travel with the same speed in both directions, which lead to what is nowadays called relativity of simultaneity, although Poincaré's calculation does not involve length contraction or time dilation. In order to synchronise the clocks here on Earth (the x, t frame) a light signal from one clock (at the origin) is sent to another (at x), and is sent back. It's supposed that the Earth is moving with speed v in the x-direction (= x-direction) in some rest system (x, t) (i.e. the luminiferous aether system for Lorentz and Larmor). The time of flight outwards is and the time of flight back is . The elapsed time on the clock when the signal is returned is δta+δtb and the time t=(δta+δtb)/2 is ascribed to the moment when the light signal reached the distant clock. In the rest frame the time t=δta is ascribed to that same instant. Some algebra gives the relation between the different time coordinates ascribed to the moment of reflection. Thus identical to Lorentz (1892). By dropping the factor γ2 under the assumption that , Poincaré gave the result t=t-vx*/c2, which is the form used by Lorentz in 1895. Similar physical interpretations of local time were later given by Emil Cohn (1904) and Max Abraham (1905). Lorentz transformation On June 5, 1905 (published June 9) Poincaré formulated transformation equations which are algebraically equivalent to those of Larmor and Lorentz and gave them the modern form: .	2.6875
7058047	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Lorentz%20transformations	History of Lorentz transformations	Apparently Poincaré was unaware of Larmor's contributions, because he only mentioned Lorentz and therefore used for the first time the name "Lorentz transformation". Poincaré set the speed of light to unity, pointed out the group characteristics of the transformation by setting l=1, and modified/corrected Lorentz's derivation of the equations of electrodynamics in some details in order to fully satisfy the principle of relativity, i.e. making them fully Lorentz covariant. In July 1905 (published in January 1906) Poincaré showed in detail how the transformations and electrodynamic equations are a consequence of the principle of least action; he demonstrated in more detail the group characteristics of the transformation, which he called Lorentz group, and he showed that the combination x2+y2+z2-t2 is invariant. He noticed that the Lorentz transformation is merely a rotation in four-dimensional space about the origin by introducing as a fourth imaginary coordinate, and he used an early form of four-vectors. He also formulated the velocity addition formula, which he had already derived in unpublished letters to Lorentz from May 1905: . Einstein (1905) – Special relativity	2.4375
7058047	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Lorentz%20transformations	History of Lorentz transformations	On June 30, 1905 (published September 1905) Einstein published what is now called special relativity and gave a new derivation of the transformation, which was based only on the principle of relativity and the principle of the constancy of the speed of light. While Lorentz considered "local time" to be a mathematical stipulation device for explaining the Michelson-Morley experiment, Einstein showed that the coordinates given by the Lorentz transformation were in fact the inertial coordinates of relatively moving frames of reference. For quantities of first order in v/c this was also done by Poincaré in 1900, while Einstein derived the complete transformation by this method. Unlike Lorentz and Poincaré who still distinguished between real time in the aether and apparent time for moving observers, Einstein showed that the transformations applied to the kinematics of moving frames. The notation for this transformation is equivalent to Poincaré's of 1905, except that Einstein didn't set the speed of light to unity: Einstein also defined the velocity addition formula: and the light aberration formula: Minkowski (1907–1908) – Spacetime The work on the principle of relativity by Lorentz, Einstein, Planck, together with Poincaré's four-dimensional approach, were further elaborated and combined with the hyperboloid model by Hermann Minkowski in 1907 and 1908. Minkowski particularly reformulated electrodynamics in a four-dimensional way (Minkowski spacetime). For instance, he wrote x, y, z, it in the form x1, x2, x3, x4. By defining ψ as the angle of rotation around the z-axis, the Lorentz transformation assumes the form (with c=1): Even though Minkowski used the imaginary number iψ, he for once directly used the tangens hyperbolicus in the equation for velocity with . Minkowski's expression can also by written as ψ=atanh(q) and was later called rapidity. He also wrote the Lorentz transformation in matrix form:	2.90625
7058060	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camber%20of%20Culdi%20%28novel%29	Camber of Culdi (novel)	Camber of Culdi is fantasy novel by American-born author Katherine Kurtz. It was first published by Ballantine Books on June 12, 1976. It was the fourth novel in Kurtz' Deryni novels to be published, and the first book in her second Deryni trilogy, The Legends of Camber of Culdi. The Legends trilogy serves as prequels to The Chronicles of the Deryni series that Kurtz wrote from 1970 to 1973, and it details the events that occurred two centuries before the Chronicles trilogy. Therefore, although it was the fourth Deryni novel to be published, Camber of Culdi is the earliest novel to occur within the series' internal literary chronology. Plot introduction The novel is set in the land of Gwynedd, one of the fictional Eleven Kingdoms. Gwynedd itself is a medieval kingdom similar to the British Isles of the 10th century, with a powerful Holy Church (based on the Roman Catholic Church), and a feudal government ruled by a hereditary monarchy. The population of Gwynedd includes both humans and Deryni, a race of people with inherent psychic and magical abilities. The novel takes place eight decades after a foreign Deryni prince invaded Gwynedd and overthrew the human king. Though still a minority of the population, Deryni control the throne, the Church, and almost all positions of power throughout the realm, and many lead privileged lives at the expense of the human majority. However, a wave of human resentment in starting to surge throughout the kingdom, and a powerful Deryni lord embarks on a quest to restore the ancient line of Haldane kings. Plot summary The novel spans the time period between September 903 and December 904, beginning shortly after the murder of a Deryni lord named Rannulf. Unable to locate Rannulf's murderer, King Imre Furstán-Festil issues a decree ordering the deaths of fifty human peasants unless the murderer is identified. The peasants are tenants of Earl Camber MacRorie of Culdi, a respected Deryni master who formerly served Imre's father.	2.140625
7058125	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Aircraft%20Corporation	United Aircraft Corporation	The PJSC United Aircraft Corporation (UAC) () is a Russian aerospace and defense corporation. With a majority stake belonging to the Russian government, it consolidates Russian private and state-owned aircraft manufacturing companies and assets engaged in the manufacture, design, and sale of military, civilian, transport, and unmanned aircraft. Its corporate office is at Leningradsky Avenue, Khoroshyovsky District, Moscow. Many of the corporation's assets are located in various regions in Russia, with joint ventures with foreign partners in China, India, and Italy. History Predecessor After the Soviet Union's sudden collapse in 1991, the aerospace industry of Russia was in turmoil. An excessive amount of imports and highly protective tariffs devastated the manufacturing industry, both the aerospace and the automotive industry. The military aircraft industry was able to benefit from improving export possibilities by profiting from a large storage of components and parts from Soviet times. In contrast, the civilian aircraft industry suffered large losses and production of civilian aircraft diminished significantly. For example, in 1990 Soviet industry produced 715 aircraft. Eight years later that number decreased by 661 to only 56 aircraft. In 2000 just four civilian aircraft were produced. To address this, the president of Russia at that time, Boris Yeltsin decided that consolidation was necessary. He decided to create the VPK-MAPO (Military Industrial Complex – Moscow Aircraft Production Association), which includes companies such as Mikoyan. The consolidation was not successful and MAPA later merged with Sukhoi.	2.015625
7058125	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Aircraft%20Corporation	United Aircraft Corporation	In May 2008, the UAC presented its third aircraft and the first airliner designed and exported under the UAC brand, the Sukhoi Superjet 100 (SSJ 100). The SSJ 100 is the fourth civilian aircraft and the first airliner to be made by Sukhoi. Previously, Sukhoi and Boeing made a cooperation agreement and which Boeing consultants would help and advise Sukhoi on the airliner. The SSJ 100 was introduced on 21 April 2011, with Armavia. The Sukhoi Superjet 100 was subsequently described as the most important and the most successful airliner program of the Russian aerospace industry, and is regarded by the Ministry of Industry and Trade as a top priority project. Sukhoi Holdings of the UAC signed a joint venture with Leonardo-Finmeccanica (now Leonardo S.p.A.) to establish Superjet International to sell the SSJ 100 to potential customers. In October 2009, the UAC signed a joint venture with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) of India named the Multirole Transport Aircraft Limited (MTAL) where the two companies would cooperate on manufacturing aircraft for both of the Russian Armed Forces, the Indian Armed Forces, and for friendly third-party countries. One of the projects being developed in 2017 by the joint venture was the Ilyushin Il-214 Multirole Transport Aircraft (MTA) which was intended to replace India's Antonov An-32 transport fleet. The Il-214 was planned to perform regular transport duties as well as deploy paratroopers. The aircraft is planned to be revealed in 2017 and planned to be introduced in 2018. In 2009, UAC delivered 90 aircraft, including 17 passenger models. This figure includes 31 MiG-29 and two Su-34 fighter jets produced for the Russian Air Force. The company's revenues for 2009 were expected to be 115 billion–120 billion rubles. 2010–2020	2.15625
7058125	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Aircraft%20Corporation	United Aircraft Corporation	On 29 January 2010, Sukhoi and the UAC revealed Russia's first fifth generation jet fighter, the Sukhoi PAK FA (T-50). The PAK FA is a stealth, single-seat, twin-engine, multirole jet fighter designed for air supremacy and attack roles. The PAK FA would also be Russia's first aircraft to use stealth technology. The PAK FA is designed to replace the Mikoyan MiG-29 and the Sukhoi Su-27 and is expected to be introduced to the Russian Air Force in 2019. Also, under the MTAL joint venture, Sukhoi and HAL would co-develop the Sukhoi/HAL FGFA, now known as the Perspective Multirole Fighter (PMF), a variant of the PAK FA, of which would be designed for the Indian Air Force. On 11 August 2017, the Russian Air Force designated the Sukhoi PAK FA as the Sukhoi Su-57. On 27 October 2010, the UAC and the Ukrainian state-owned aircraft corporation, Antonov, signed a joint venture contract, LLC UAC - Antonov, in the capital city of Ukraine, Kyiv. The purpose of the joint-venture was to deal with the coordination of Antonov and the UAC on purchasing spare parts, production, marketing, and sales, as well as servicing and joint creation of new modifications of Antonov aircraft, according to Defense-Aerospace. In 2013, nine aircraft repair plants of the Ministry of Defense were transferred under the ownership of the UAC. As a result, in 2014, the serviceability of the Russian Air Force increased from 40% to 65%. As a result of Russian military intervention in Ukraine in 2014, international sanctions were invoked against Russia, and because the UAC was part of Russia's aerospace and defense industry, it was sanctioned as well by the European Union. However, the 2014 sanctions did not include the civilian airliner industry of the UAC, such as the Sukhoi Superjet 100, exports of the regional jet to Western nations so the economic activities of Superjet International were not expected to be affected.	2
7058125	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Aircraft%20Corporation	United Aircraft Corporation	The United Aircraft Corporation started out producing the Tupolev Tu-154, the Tupolev Tu-204, the Ilyushin Il-86, the Ilyushin Il-96, and the Ilyushin Il-114; all created before the corporation's creation. The Tupolev Tu-154 is a medium-range, narrow-body, three-engine jet airliner developed and introduced in Soviet times. It saw large use in Aeroflot and was exported to many nations that had connections to the Soviet Union, and a total of 1,026 were built. Production of the Tu-154 stopped in 2013. Following a crash in 2016, all Russian Tu-154s were grounded, and now the airliner is in limited service by a few airline companies and military. The Ilyushin Il-86 is a short/medium-range, wide-body jet airliner, developed and introduced in Soviet times as well. The Ilyushin Il-86 was the first Soviet wide-body airliner and the world's second four-engine wide-body airliner developed. The Il-86 was praised for its safety and reliability, but only 106 were built, as a result of many delays during development. Production of the airliner stopped in 1995, and the airliner was retired in 2011, with only four in service in the Russian Air Force. The Ilyushin Il-96 is a shortened, long-ranged successor of the Il-86, with updated technologies, and the first airliner from the Russian Federation to be introduced. Only 30 were built however, and the airliner is in low-rate production and used by only a few airlines. The Il-96's purpose as an airliner ended in 2009, as it was deemed inferior to its Boeing and Airbus counterparts. The Tupolev Tu-204 is a medium-range, narrow-body jet airliner, featuring many technological innovations such as a fly-by-wire control system, a glass cockpit, etc., and was developed primarily for Aeroflot. The Tu-204 was succeeded by its variant, the Tu-214. The Ilyushin Il-114 is a turboprop, narrow-body regional airliner developed to replace the Antonov An-24, which most were in service of Aeroflot	2.421875
7058125	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Aircraft%20Corporation	United Aircraft Corporation	The Sukhoi Superjet 100 is the first airliner and regional jet airliner that is developed and exported under the UAC brand, by which it was developed by Sukhoi Civil Aircraft, a branch of the UAC. The Sukhoi Superjet 100 was designed to compete with the Antonov An-148, Embraer E-Jet, and the Bombardier CSeries, and to replace the aging Tupolev Tu-134 and the Yakovlev Yak-42 jet airliners, claimed by Sukhoi to have a lower purchase and operating cost. The Sukhoi Superjet 100 was later described as the most important and the most successful airliner program of the Russian aerospace industry, and is regarded by the Ministry of Industry and Trade as a top priority project. The Irkut MC-21 is currently the newest jet airliner developed under the UAC brand, which is developed by the Irkut Corporation, a brand of the UAC. The goal of the MC-21 is to replace the Tupolev Tu-154, Tupolev Tu-134, Tupolev Tu-204, and the Yakovlev Yak-42. and to compete with the Airbus A320neo and the Boeing B737 MAX. Despite the domination of the airliner market by Boeing and Airbus as well as Russian protectionism preventing western companies to supply the program, the MC-21 was able to have its maiden flight, have two prototypes built and another four in assembly, and getting a total of 366 orders as of 24 July 2017, with an introduction planned in 2019 with Aeroflot. The introduction was delayed to redevelop the airliner with almost entirely Russian parts, with the new date planned for 2025. The Sukhoi Superjet 130 is currently being developed by Sukhoi Civil Aircraft, intending to bridge the gap between the Superjet Stretch and the MC-21. The Ilyushin Il-114's production and development continued as the Ilyushin Il-114-300, now restarted with all-Russian parts with a maiden flight planned in 2019 and an introduction planned in 2021	2.1875
7058125	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Aircraft%20Corporation	United Aircraft Corporation	Cargo The United Aircraft Corporation started out producing the Ilyushin Il-96-400T and the Tupolev Tu-204C, both cargo variants of their airliner counterparts, and the Sukhoi Su-80, a twin-turboprop, twin-boom STOL aircraft. The Il-96-400T is a freight version of the Il-96-400, which features Russian avionics and engines and carries more room than the standard Il-96. The Sukhoi Su-80 can be used for both civilian and military purposes and has a sleek hull which can provide space for 30 passengers and a "beaver-tail" ramp that can help unload cargo easier. The Su-80 was made by Sukhoi Civil Aircraft to replace the Antonov An-24/26, the Antonov An-28, and the Yakovlev Yak-40, and to compete with the Antonov An-38. The Ilyushin Il-214 was formerly a project designated as the "Ilyushin Il-214 Multirole Transport Aircraft" under the joint venture between the UAC and HAL. The project was first conceived in 2007, two to three years before the joint venture, "Multirole Transport Aircraft Ltd." between the two state corporations was created, and development began in 2012. However, the team under Ilyushin Aviation Complex, a branch of the UAC, and the team under HAL had many disagreements and misunderstandings. In January 2016, Ilyushin halted the project, and HAL announced it would not be involved in the Ilyushin Il-214 MTA project anymore, and that Ilyushin would have to work on the project alone. The project is now designated as the "Ilyushin Il-214" with the MTA taken out since the project is no longer under the Multirole Transport Aircraft Ltd. joint venture. The Il-214 was later renamed the Il-276 in October 2017.	2.28125
7058125	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Aircraft%20Corporation	United Aircraft Corporation	The Ilyushin Il-112 is a high-wing, light, military transport aircraft based on the Ilyushin Il-114 currently being developed by Ilyushin Aviation Complex for air landing and airdrop. Development of the aircraft started before 2011, the year of which the maiden flight of the Ilyushin Il-112 is supposed to occur. The project was later abandoned in May 2011 by the Russian Ministry of Defense and seven Antonov An-140T were purchased. The project was later continued in January 2013 and a maiden flight conducted in 2019. Special purposes The Beriev Aircraft Company is a branch of the UAC that specializes in special purposes and amphibious aircraft. The Beriev Be-200 "Altair", based on the Beriev A-40 "Albatross", was designed before the UAC's creation and is a multi-purpose amphibious aircraft. The Be-200 is marketed as a firefighter, search and rescue aircraft, maritime patrol aircraft, cargo aircraft, and an airliner. The Beriev A-100 is an airborne early warning and control aircraft designed to replace the Beriev A-50, also made by Beriev. Its maiden flight was on 26 October 2016, with an introduction with the Russian Air Force. The A-100 is developed from the Ilyushin Il-476 with avionics and configuration being similar to the A-50U as well as a new active phased array radar made by JSC Vega.	2.109375
7058125	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United%20Aircraft%20Corporation	United Aircraft Corporation	The Mikoyan MiG-35 is the first aircraft and the first military aircraft designed and exported under the UAC brand, as Mikoyan, the company that designed it, is a branch of the corporation. The MiG-35 was a contender for its fourth-generation counterparts in the Indian MRCA competition but was taken out of the competition in April 2011. The MiG-35 would be adopted by the Russian Air Force and introduced in 2018. The Sukhoi Su-35S, the UAC's second military aircraft, is designed by the Sukhoi Design Bureau, a branch of the UAC. The aircraft is to serve as the interim for the Sukhoi PAK FA, Russia's first fifth-generation jet fighter. This is the second modernized version of the Su-27, where the first modernized version took place back on 28 June 1988, designated as the Sukhoi Su-27M, also known as the Su-35. The improved aircraft includes a reinforced airframe, air-thrusted engines, radar, and improved avionics while excluding canards and an air brake. The Russian Air Force designated them as the Su-35S and ordered 98 units with additional orders from China and Indonesia. Sukhoi thought sales of the Su-35S would go over 160 but they are blunted by updated versions of the Sukhoi Su-30. 30 Tupolev Tu-22M3 bombers would be upgraded to the Tupolev Tu-22M3M with advanced avionics, ability to use air-to-surface weaponry, hardware components, and adapted for extended ranged weaponry. The first flight is scheduled for August 2018. Remaining Tupolev Tu-22M3 bombers would be undergoing modernization.	1.96875
7058144	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Medicine%20and%20Pharmacy%20of%20Craiova	University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova	The University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova (, or UMF Craiova) is a tertiary educational institution in the city of Craiova, in south-western Romania. History On 10 February 1970, the Craiova Faculty of Medicine was founded as part of the University of Craiova. In 1990, the Dentistry specialization was founded, followed by Pharmacy, in 1996. In 1998 the University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova was founded, by detachment from the University of Craiova. Faculties Faculty of Medicine Faculty of Pharmacy Faculty of Dentistry Faculty of Nursing Faculty of Medicine The Faculty of Medicine of the University of Craiova is an institution with a well-defined position in the Romanian medical education and an active presence on an international level. It is known as a non-politically involved institution, which is operating on the basis of separation of academic and administrative functions, although the relations between them are well defined. The Faculty of Medicine, is organized into 15 departments which are offering altogether over 77 courses. The annual number of students exceeds the 1.500, while the teaching personnel, includes over 300 teachers. The academic year is divided into two semesters with 15 weeks in each of them, with an average of 30 hours per week. Each semester contains one of 30 transferable credits, as it has been defined by the E.C.T.S. . The students are assessed through written and oral exams, which are taking place during sessions contained in the structured curriculum. The optional subjects are completed with a verification test and the credits of these subjects are added to the 30 obligatory credits of each semester. The studies for the students of the Faculty of Medicine, are completed through the degree examination, which is accredited in all E.U. member countries. Additionally, graduate students have the option to continue with their residency, masters and doctorate or postgraduate education if they wish to.	1.960938
7058144	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Medicine%20and%20Pharmacy%20of%20Craiova	University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova	The modern academic framework that the Faculty of Medicine is based on, is following the consistently demanding, mission-based medical training as well as the support for a scientific research. Faculty of Pharmacy The specialization of Pharmacy, was founded in 1996 as a part of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Craiova, and it only became a separate entity in 1998. The objective of the Faculty of Pharmacy can be summarized as : University training of pharmaceutical sciences in accordance with the current level of knowledge Ensurance of a continuous postgraduate training of specialists in pharmacy Promotion of a pharmaceutical higher education in an international level Promotion of a scientific research as the core activity of the teachers through national and international collaborations. The students graduating from the Faculty of Pharmacy, have multiple possibilities, such as being the pharmacists in hospital pharmacies, public pharmacies, pharmaceutical warehouses, medical representatives, as well as researchers in pharmaceutical institutions. Faculty of Pharmacy offers the possibility to prepare for the following forms of study: The duration of the course is five years and the curriculum is divided by years, where each year is obtaining 60 credits of the E.C.T.S. . The graduates have the right to practise Pharmacy, directly after graduation. The Faculty of Pharmacy is additionally offering a residency which includes a theoretical and practical training in Clinical and Laboratory Pharmacy, that lasts three years, a Master's degree in "Pharmacology and Toxicology", that lasts for one year, as well as PhD studies.	2.171875
7058161	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmain%20East%20ferry%20wharf	Balmain East ferry wharf	Balmain East ferry wharf (also known as Darling Street ferry wharf) is located on Sydney Harbour serving the Sydney suburb of Balmain East. History The Balmain East ferry wharf has been operating since the 1840s as Balmain's main wharf. Originally, watermen offered the first services on demand in small rowing skiffs or sailing dinghies. In February 1844 the steamer Waterman commenced the first public ferry service between Balmain and the Australian Gas Light Company wharf at Millers Point. The service was established by Henry Perdriau, the owner of Perdriau Ferries, later Balmain Steam Ferries. From the beginning of the 20th century, Sydney's electric tram system down Darling Street to the wharf and connected with the ferries. The tramway operated until 1954. As the road next to the wharf had a grade of 1 in 8, a unique counterweight dummy system was installed under the road surface to help push trams up the hill. An underground counterweight system was connected by cable to a cable tram grip dummy on the track on the surface. A tram descending would push the grip dummy ahead of it (which raised the counterweight). On the return journey, the grip dummy would give the tram a helpful push. The mechanism was preserved at the Sydney Tramway Museum when the tramway was removed. On 14 January 2015, the wharf closed for a rebuild with the existing structure demolished and a new one opened on 18 June 2015. Services Balmain East wharf is served by Sydney Ferries Pyrmont Bay services operating between and via . Services are operated by First Fleet class ferries. Balmain East wharf is also served by weekday and Saturday evening Parramatta River services from Sydney Olympic Park. Transport links Transit Systems operates one bus route via Balmain East wharf, under contract to Transport for NSW: 442: to Queen Victoria Building	2.40625
7058165	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%20Haish	Jacob Haish	Jacob Haish (March 9, 1826 – February 19, 1926) was one of the first inventors of barbed wire. His type of barbed wire was in direct competition with the other barbed wire manufacturers in DeKalb, Illinois. He was a known carpenter and architect in DeKalb County and designed several prominent DeKalb homes. Early life Haish was born in Baden, Germany on March 9, 1826, and immigrated with his family to the United States in 1835. He came to Illinois in 1845, married Sophie Ann Brown in 1847, and moved to DeKalb in 1853, where he was a carpenter. He cultivated osage orange hedges whose thorns made them effective as cattle fencing. Invention of barbed wire In late 1872, Henry Rose developed a wire fence with an attached wooden strip containing projecting wire points to dissuade encroaching livestock. He patented his fence in May 1873 and exhibited it at the DeKalb County Fair that summer. This prompted Haish and other DeKalb residents Isaac Ellwood and Joseph Glidden to work on improving the concept. Haish had patented three styles of barbed fencing by June 1874. When Haish's patent for an "S-barb" design was granted in August 1875, he launched a drawn out legal battle to stymie his rivals. It failed at the US Supreme Court in 1895. Libraries In 1893, the city council of DeKalb, Illinois, decreed the establishment of a public library. The impetus for this ordinance was requests from the Ladies of the Library Association, a group that had conducted a reading room for several years. The library moved twice before the Haish gift came along; it was first located on the second floor of the city hall and then, in 1923, moved to the second floor of the DeKalb Daily Chronicle building on Lincoln Highway. Jacob Haish died at his home in DeKalb on February 19, 1926. He had bequested a $150,000 gift for a library building in his will. The result was the Haish Memorial Library in downtown DeKalb.	2.578125
7058221	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karel%20Schoeman	Karel Schoeman	Schoeman is known not only as a novelist, but is equally renowned as an historian and biographer. He has also published translations (especially of drama), several travel books and an autobiography. He won the most prestigious Afrikaans literary award, the Hertzog Prize, three times: in 1971 (for By Fakkellig, ’n Lug vol helder wolke and Spiraal), 1986 (’n Ander land) and in 1995 (Hierdie lewe). The Recht Malan Prize for "excellence in the field of non-fiction books" was awarded to him four times. On the retirement of President Nelson Mandela in 1999, Schoeman was one of only two writers to be awarded the State President Award: Order for Excellent Service. In more recent years, his fiction garnered much praise in France, winning inter alia the prestigious Prix du Meilleur Livre Étranger in 2009. In the last years of his life, it was rumored that he was a possible candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature. His 1972 novel, Na die Geliefde Land (literally: To the Beloved Country), was made into an award-winning feature film, Promised Land in 2002, with a screenplay by Jason Xenopoulos. Schoeman produced and published several screenplays, including an adaptation of his first novel, Veldslag, some of which were broadcast on South African national television during the 1980s. Schoeman committed suicide at a retirement center in Bloemfontein, at the age of 77, writing about dying with dignity in his suicide statement. A previous attempt failed when he was 75. He wrote openly about his reasons and plans for ending his life in Slot van die Dag (translated as At Close of Day), which was published shortly after his death. Major works	2
7058257	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prompter%20%28opera%29	Prompter (opera)	The prompter (French/German: souffleur; Italian: rammentatore, suggeritore) in an opera house gives the singers the opening words of each phrase a few seconds early. Prompts are mouthed silently or hurled lyrically in a half-voice, audible (hopefully) only on stage. (This is in contrast to the prompter in a theatre who aids actors who have forgotten their words or lines.) Opera prompters are traditionally housed in a stuffy wooden box at the center-front edge of the stage, above the orchestra pit. They are visible to the performers and no one else. Technology has brought cool air and small display screens, among other advances, to support their work. Effective prompting can be a challenge. The American prompter Philip Eisenberg recounted the story of a Maria Callas performance during which she needed louder prompts. The famed diva swooped down in a curtsy right in front of the prompter's box and – mid-curtsy, unnoticed by the audience – gave the Italian command "" ('louder') to her boxed colleague. Prompters attend all rehearsals, mark up any adjustments or clarifications to the score, and generally "prepare" singers for a role. Their profile is low, and opera program books often credit them only under "musical preparation" or some similar moniker. However, occasionally singers or conductors (e.g. at the Met) will acknowledge or bend down to shake their hands during curtain calls of premieres or chorally complex operas.	2.875
7058262	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23rd%20G8%20summit	23rd G8 summit	Issues The summit was intended as a venue for resolving differences among its members. As a practical matter, the summit was also conceived as an opportunity for its members to give each other mutual encouragement in the face of difficult economic decisions. Accomplishments A tangible legacy of this summit is the Denver Public Library's main building, an existing library which was transformed into a "masterful composition of new forms". The library has become recognized as one of Denver's city icons. The dramatic post-modern structure was designed by architect Michael Graves. The building was initially used as the summit site; and afterward, it was opened to the public as the city's central library. The appearance of Boris Yelsin representing Russia as part of the G8 was transformative. Yelsin himself said, "I want very much for it to be written: 'Denver conclusively agrees that the G-7 is transformed into a G-8.'" In 1997, the summit leaders proclaimed that forests "continue to be destroyed and degraded at alarming rates;" and the G-7 called for the elimination of "illegal logging," but there is little evidence of follow-up action. Business opportunity For some, the G8 summit became a profit-generating event; as for example, the official G8 Summit magazines which have been published under the auspices of the host nations for distribution to all attendees since 1998. The special dining opportunities for the summit attendees were created by chefs hired especially for this occasion. President Bill Clinton’s state dinner was held at The Fort Restaurant and offered buffalo, trout, and fried squash blossoms filled with wild mushrooms and rattlesnake meat.	2.0625
7058286	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enchanters%20Three	Enchanters Three	The Enchanters Three are fictional characters appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The Enchanters Three first appear in Thor #143-144 (Aug.-Sept. 1967), and were created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. Publication history The group first appeared in Thor #143-145 (Aug.-Oct.1967), and did not appear in Marvel continuity again (on this occasion with a new member) until thirty one years later in Thor vol. 2 #15-19 (Sept. 1999-Jan. 2000). Fictional character biography The Enchanters are apparently brothers and hail from the realm of Ringsfjord, which exists on the extra-dimensional continent of Asgard. The original three Enchanters are Forsung, Brona and Magnir, sorcerers whose power is amplified by the Living Talismans in their possession. Brona and Magnir are first encountered by the Asgardian warriors Balder and Sif, who follow the pair and decide to conquer Asgard and then Earth. Balder and Sif escape to Earth to warn the Thunder God Thor of the impending threat, unaware that Brona and Magnir are following. Forsung travels to Asgard and confronts Odin directly. Thor and his fellow Asgardians defeat the Enchanters, while after a long and protracted battle Odin slays Forsung and crushes his Living Talisman. Odin then banishes Brona and Magnir to a limbo-like dimension.	2.125
7058342	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmitzia%20hiscockiana	Schmitzia hiscockiana	Schmitzia hiscockiana is a small, rare, red seaweed or marine alga of the phylum Rhodophyta or red algae. It was discovered and named in 1985. Distribution This small red marine alga is known from most coasts of Ireland, Wales, England, and Scandinavia. Habitat This species is known only from the sublittoral zone to 15m depth; it grows on cobbles and pebbles. The gametophyte plants exist between April and August, and are in the crustose phase from September to December. Species description The gametophyte phase is a soft and gelatinous plant, no more than 8 cm long, 6 cm wide and a few millimeters thick. It is flattened and divided in a leaf-like manner with marginal proliferations. Rose pink in colour, the blades are composed of a filamentous axis bearing whorls of branchlets, four or five per axial cell. These whorls of branchlets form a cortex. Life history The plants are monoecious, bearing spermatia and carpogonia. After fertilization and development of connecting filaments and fusion with intercalary vegetative cells, a carposporphyte develops. The tetrasporophyte phase is crustose and unknown in the wild. It is bright red and grows to 6 mm in diameter and composed of a single basal layer of cells which produce erect filaments some of which produce tetraspores. These tetraspores develop and grow to give rise to the gametophyte generations. Similar species Other species of Schmitzia are distinct. S. neapolitana from the North Atlantic and Mediterranean is always terete. S. hiscockiana is easily recognizable: it more closely resembles S. evanescens (New Zealand) and S. japonica (Japan and Australia).	2.4375
7058351	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%20Longbourne%20Callendar	Hugh Longbourne Callendar	Callendar began studying at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1882, obtaining first class honors degree in Classics in 1884 and graduated as the 16th wrangler with first class honors in mathematics in 1885. In 1885 he began studying experimental physics at the Cavendish Laboratory under physicist J.J Thomson, with no practical experience or knowledge of physics. Here he developed his thesis on platinum thermometry and in 1886 he became a Fellow of Trinity. While at Cambridge, he invented a new system of shorthand for writing quickly, which J.J. Thomson learnt and used. Family and personal life He married Victoria Mary Stewart, whom he met at Cambridge, in 1894 in England. They had a daughter, Cecil (1895), and three sons, Guy Stewart Callendar (1898), Leslie Hugh (1896) and Maxwell Victor (1905). Guy Stewart proposed the effect of carbon dioxide emissions on the climate, known as 'The Callendar Effect'. One of Callendar’s interests was motoring. He undertook research on internal combustion engines and purchased a motorcycle in 1902, which he modified and improved himself. In 1904 he purchased and modified a car to use for family travels around England. Hugh's other interests and hobbies included astronomy, nature study, competitive shooting, gymnastics, soccer, tennis, and handicraft, including automotive mechanics. He published a number of works on what he called "Cursive Shorthand" and wrote on English spelling reform. Career Resistance thermometry Prior to Callendar’s work in the area of thermometry, there lacked an instrument for accurate and reliable temperature measurement. The gas thermometer was the standard for temperature scale at the time. These devices had significant limitations regarding their reliability and practicality, as they were costly and large. The mercury thermometer was also used for temperature measurement, although it had a restricted range and was often too fragile for use.	2.375
7058351	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%20Longbourne%20Callendar	Hugh Longbourne Callendar	At Cavendish Laboratory, Thomson advised Callendar to study metallic resistance thermometry. Werner von Siemens was the first to propose the use of a platinum resistance temperature detector in 1860, although his instrument readings were unstable. Callendar developed an equation for the resistance of metal as a function of temperature, which was accurate to within 1% from 0-600 °C. This equation was used to develop a standard scale of temperature, which was later accepted by the Committee on Electrical Standards in 1899 to be used internationally. By 1886 he had developed a design for an accurate platinum resistance thermometer, correcting the errors made by Siemens. The thermometer measured temperatures with accuracy from -190 °C to 660 °C. His results were praised by J.J Thomson for providing a new tool that “could determine temperatures with an ease and accuracy never obtainable before”. Callendar improved the heat range of his platinum thermometer from -200 °C up to 1000 °C. His design underwent vigorous testing at the National Physical Laboratory, which yielded confirmation of the reliability of the thermometer. Callendar’s platinum thermometer could be used to measure the melting point of metals, allowing it to be used in metal alloying. The apparatus was produced commercially by the Cambridge Instrument Company. The production of modern platinum thermometers were based on Callendar’s model with the accuracy continually improved on, such as more purified platinum and making them smaller. His work on the platinum resistance thermometer gave way for the development of the rolling-chart thermometer, which permits the measurement of climatic temperature over time. Although there are many other methods for temperature measurement, platinum resistance thermometers continue to be used. They are primarily used as calibrating devices due to their high levels of accuracy and stability over time.	2.5
7058351	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%20Longbourne%20Callendar	Hugh Longbourne Callendar	Thermodynamics Callendar left Cambridge and spent two years working as a professor of physics at Royal Holloway College from 1891-1893. In 1893 he commenced at McGill University in Montreal, Canada and was assigned to the second Macdonald Chair in Physics. Leslie, Cecil and Guy were born during this time at McGill. While at McGill, Callendar conducted research on two topics in the area of thermodynamics. The first was research on steam engines alongside Professor of Mechanical Engineering John Thomas Nicolson. The second was the study of electrical and thermal units using calorimetry techniques with Howard Turner Barnes. He also studied and published papers on the heat of gases. He calculated a boiling point of sulfur, which was four degrees below the existing accepted value. The boiling point of sulfur on the International Temperature Scale in 1927 and Callendar’s value only differed by 0.07 °C. Work on steam Callendar developed a formula for the heat of steam, expressing it as a function of pressure and temperature, publishing it in his first paper on thermodynamics in 1900. He was able to obtain experimental results consistent with his formula on multiple thermodynamic properties. From this he was able to develop tables on the thermodynamic properties of steam for calculations in science and engineering. This was an important contribution, as there lacked a standard accepted set of steam tables. His Callendar Steam Tables were published (1915, 1922, 1927) and also published The Properties of Steam and Thermodynamic Theory of Turbines in 1920. Turbine manufacturers accepted and used Callendar’s steam tables to invent steam machinery. Callendar and his son participated in the first International Steam Conference was held in 1929, which aimed to resolve inconsistencies between steam tables used globally. After Callendar’s death the following year, his son Guy Stewart continued to work on steam properties. He published several works on the subject alongside professor Alfred Charles Glyn Egerton.	2.390625
7058351	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%20Longbourne%20Callendar	Hugh Longbourne Callendar	Work on calorimetry In 1902, Callendar and Barnes developed the continuous-flow calorimeter, used for measurement of the heat capacity properties of liquids. They used their apparatus to research the comparison of electrical and thermal units, calculating a value for one calorie that compares very closely to the currently accepted value. Callendar’s continuous-flow calorimeter was further improved on and later used in laboratories for scientific experiments and research. Their apparatus was used widely for the determination of the heat capacity of liquids and gas, as well as study of combustion gases. Other work In 1896, Callendar was the first in Canada to perform X-ray experiments. The method produced satisfactory results that could be used for imaging in hospitals. Callendar also did work on fuels later in his career. He contributed to a paper on detonation of fuels, also including nuclear self-ignition, published in 1926. In 1927 he published a further paper on detonation of paraffin fuels. Callendar invented and published two systems of shorthand: Cursive Shorthand in 1889, and Orthographic Cursive in 1891. World War 1 During World War 1 Callendar was a consultant to the Board of Invention and Research (BIR). He worked mostly with the body responsible in charge of detecting and destroying submarines. He was also a member of the Air Inventions Committee (AIC), alongside his son Guy Stewart. Here they performed experiments on equipment and aircraft engines using radiography, locating defects and fractures. Awards & honours Callendar was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1894. He was president of the Physical Society of London from 1910-1912. He was made a Commander of the British Empire (C.B.E) in 1920 for his work during World War 1. He received many honours and awards including: Watt Medal (1898) Rumford Medal (1906) Hawksley Gold Medal (1915) Duddell Medal and Prize (1923)	2.453125
7058356	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentieth-century%20theatre	Twentieth-century theatre	Twentieth-century theatre describes a period of great change within the theatrical culture of the 20th century, mainly in Europe and North America. There was a widespread challenge to long-established rules surrounding theatrical representation; resulting in the development of many new forms of theatre, including modernism, expressionism, impressionism, political theatre and other forms of Experimental theatre, as well as the continuing development of already established theatrical forms like naturalism and realism. Throughout the century, the artistic reputation of theatre improved after being derided throughout the 19th century. However, the growth of other media, especially film, has resulted in a diminished role within the culture at large. In light of this change, theatrical artists have been forced to seek new ways to engage with society. The various answers offered in response to this have prompted the transformations that make up its modern history. Developments in areas like gender theory and postmodern philosophy identified and created subjects for the theatre to explore. These sometimes explicitly meta-theatrical performances were meant to confront the audience's perceptions and assumptions to raise questions about their society. These challenging and influential plays characterized much of the final two decades of the 20th century. Although largely developing in Europe and North America through the beginning of the century, the next 50 years saw an embrace of non-Western theatrical forms. Influenced by the dismantling of empires and the continuing development of post-colonial theory, many new artists used elements of their own cultures and societies to create a diversified theatre.	3.09375
7058356	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentieth-century%20theatre	Twentieth-century theatre	On 29 December 1898, the theatre opened Anton Chekhov's The Seagull with Stanislavski himself playing the role of Trigorin and Vsevolod Meyerhold as Treplev in "one of the greatest events in the history of Russian theatre and one of the greatest developments in the history of world drama." Nemirovich described the applause, which came after a prolonged silence, as bursting from the audience like a dam breaking and the production received unanimous praise from the press. Later analysts attribute the production's success to the fidelity of its delicate representation of everyday life, its intimate, ensemble playing, and the resonance of its mood of despondent uncertainty with the psychological disposition of the Russian intelligentsia of the time. Productions of Ibsen, Shakespeare, and Chekhov's Uncle Vanya, The Cherry Orchard and Three Sisters were also very successful in the early days of the company. After the success of the Moscow Art Theatre, Stanislavski set out to create a unified system of acting that would train actors and actresses to create believable characterizations for their performances. Developed mainly between 1911 and 1916 and revised throughout his life, the approach was partly based on the concept of emotional memory for which an actor focuses internally to portray a character's emotions onstage. Areas of study include concentration, voice, physical skills, emotion memory, observation, and dramatic analysis. The Stanislavsky system was widely practiced in the Soviet Union and in the United States, where experiments in its use began in the 1920s and continued in many schools and professional workshops.	2.765625
7058356	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentieth-century%20theatre	Twentieth-century theatre	Through the early century, no American dramatist had as much influence on the development of drama as Eugene O'Neill. Born into the theatre from a young age, he spent much of his youth on trains and backstage at theatres, before developing his talent with the Provincetown Players in New York City. Between 1916 and 1920, he wrote several plays for the company before debuting his first critical hit Beyond the Horizon in 1920, which went on to win the Pulitzer Prize for Drama. He followed that with critical and commercial successes, including The Emperor Jones, Anna Christie (Pulitzer Prize 1922), Desire Under the Elms (1924), Strange Interlude (Pulitzer Prize 1928), Mourning Becomes Electra (1931), The Iceman Cometh (1939) and his only well-known comedy, Ah, Wilderness!. After his death, his magnum opus and masterwork Long Day's Journey into Night was published and is often regarded to be one of the finest American plays of the 20th century. The economic crisis of the Great Depression led to the creation of the Federal Theatre Project (1935–39), a New Deal program which funded theatre and other live artistic performances throughout the country. National director Hallie Flanagan shaped the project into a federation of regional theatres that created relevant art, encouraged experimentation and made it possible for millions of Americans to see theatre for the first time. The project directly employed 15,000 men and women and played 1,200 productions to nearly 30 million people in 200 theatres nationwide, with 65% being presented free of charge, at a total cost of $46 million. Key figures of the early century include George S. Kaufman, George Kelly, Langston Hughes, S. N. Behrman, Sidney Howard, Robert E. Sherwood, and a set of playwrights who followed O'Neill's path of philosophical searching, Philip Barry, Thornton Wilder and William Saroyan.	2.78125
7058380	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand%20Steinmeyer	Ferdinand Steinmeyer	Ferdinand Steinmeyer (13 October 1720 – 17 August 1786), also known as Ferdinand Farmer, was a German Jesuit missionary who worked in North America. Biography He was born in Swabia, southern Germany and studied medicine for three years before entering the Society of Jesus at Landsberg in September 1743. He desired to labor on the missions in China but was sent to America instead, arriving in 1752. His first mission was at Lancaster, Pennsylvania. where he remained until 1758. He was then transferred to St. Joseph's Church in Philadelphia to look after the German settlers in that area. Travels Steinmeyer made horseback tours throughout eastern Pennsylvania and northern and central New Jersey every spring and autumn, ministering to the scattered groups of Catholics at Mount Hope, Macopin, Basking Ridge, Trenton, Ringwood, and other places. He also crossed over into New York State, even though by a law of 1700 a priest rendered himself liable to life imprisonment for attempting to enter New York while it remained under British rule. He kept a separate registry in New York of baptisms performed there. Farmer made irregular visits to the southern New York iron region, during and after the Revolution. Parish archives of Old St. Joseph's Church in Philadelphia record his trips to the Revolutionary War depot near Fishkill, New York in 1781, where he baptized over a dozen children of French-Canadian and Acadian parents. Most of the men were members of the 1st Canadian Regiment of the Continental Army, recruited in 1775 by James Livingston in anticipation of an invasion of Quebec. As the expedition failed, they, their families, and the American militias were driven out of Canada.	2.21875
7058418	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Insurance	Royal Insurance	On the death of Percy Dove in 1868, he was succeeded by John McLaren. He had joined Royal in 1856 as Assistant Secretary and was appointed general manager at the age of 41. He remained in office until his death in 1893. During his time fire premiums rose from £460,000 to over £2 million and life insurance premiums from £194,000 to £380,000. McLaren had vowed not to make any acquisitions until premiums exceeded £1 million and they reached that level in 1888. He then embarked on acquisitions that substantially increased the size and importance of Royal Insurance. First came the National Fire Insurance, and the Brighton and Sussex Fire Insurance in 1889 but the transforming acquisition was that of the Queen Insurance in 1891. Queen Insurance was already operating on a worldwide basis and the acquisition, which required an Act of Parliament, made the Royal the largest fire insurance company in the world. The early years of the twentieth century saw two acquisitions which took Royal into new product areas. The British Engine and Boiler Co., founded in 1878, was acquired in 1912 and within the Royal it developed into one of the leading engineering insurers in the world. More substantial was the entry into marine insurance. Increased risks in the marine market led to many of the insurers being acquired by the larger composites and the Royal bought British & Foreign Marine in 1909. Founded in Liverpool in 1863, it had a network of overseas agents and by the opening of the twentieth century was one of Britain’s two largest marine insurers. This was followed by the purchase of the Liverpool and London Globe Insurance, a major Liverpool fire office, in 1919. Prior to that, Liverpool & London had itself acquired Thames & Mersey Marine Insurance so the Royal found itself the owner of Liverpool’s two leading marine insurers.	2.046875
7058424	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Sten%20Chronicles	The Sten Chronicles	The Sten Chronicles, also called The Sten Adventures, are a series of eight military science fiction and space opera novels by Chris Bunch and Allan Cole published from 1982 to 1993 (with several more novels published by Cole in 2010s). The series was originally published by Del Rey and then re-released by Orbit. Plot overview The books follow Karl Sten, a young man born and raised on the dangerous factory world of Vulcan and saved from life as an outlaw by the head of Imperial Intelligence, Ian Mahoney. Mahoney takes Sten from the terrible world of his birth and enlists him in the military. Sten is thrust into a world of espionage, covert military actions, and galactic politics. His original training is in the super-secret covert ops group known as Mantis. The missions and actions taken are usually known only to a select few. A series of crucial missions ensures that Sten rises swiftly in rank until he becomes a troubleshooter and friend to the Emperor himself. The series of eight books are set three thousand years in the future. A vast empire, limited only by the galaxy itself, is ruled by the Eternal Emperor, a man who appears to be in his thirties but is in fact over three thousand years old. He has mastered death in a way no one has guessed since the beginning of his rule. The source of his power is a powerful fuel called Anti-Matter Two (AM2). It is what fuels everything from the star ships that link the Empire, to industrial factories, to camping heaters. Only he controls its supply and price. And only he knows where to find it. It is only for this reason that he is able to rule. Books The main series is composed of eight volumes:	1.929688
7058437	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood%2C%20Wise%20County%2C%20Texas	Greenwood, Wise County, Texas	Greenwood is an unincorporated community in Wise County, Texas, United States. History Pioneer settlers came to this area as early as the 1850s. Local tradition states that the Greenwood and Hart families were among the first settlers in the area, and that the community was named for the Greenwood family and the Creek for the Hart family. As the town of Greenwood began to grow, businesses, churches, a cemetery, school, and masonic lodge were established. A Post Office was opened in 1877, and a town well was dug by John Karr Berry in the early 1890s. At its peak, the town boasted two saloons, four grocery stores, two drug stores, a hotel, bank, hardware store, barber shop, blacksmith shop, cotton gin, and the Greenwood Gazette Newspaper, the Greenwood Male and Female College, although in operation for less than twenty years, provided quality education for the young people of the community. This small settlement has served as a supply center for surrounding farming communities for over one hundred years. It has also been a center of social and religious activities. Three churches serve the Greenwood area: Greenwood Baptist Church, founded as Hart's Creek Missionary Baptist Church about 1872, Greenwood Methodist Church, founded about 1880, and Greenwood Church of Christ, founded in 1896. Education The Slidell Independent School District serves area students.	2.09375
7058441	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz%20T80	Mercedes-Benz T80	The Mercedes-Benz T80 was a six-wheeled vehicle built by Mercedes-Benz, developed and designed by Ferdinand Porsche in the late 1930s. It was intended to break the world land speed record, but never made the attempt, due to the project having been overtaken by the outbreak of World War II. Background World-renowned German auto racer Hans Stuck's pet project was to take the world land speed record and he convinced Mercedes-Benz to build a special racing car for the attempt. Officially supported by Adolf Hitler (a race car fan influenced by Stuck), the project was started in 1937. Automotive designer Dr Ferdinand Porsche first targeted a speed of , but after George Eyston's and John Cobb's successful LSR runs of 1938 and 1939 the target speed was raised to . By late 1939, when the project was finished, the target speed was a much higher . This would also be the first attempt at the absolute land speed record on German soil, Hitler envisioned the T80 as another propaganda triumph of German technological superiority to be witnessed by all the world, courtesy of German television. The same Autobahn course had already been proven ideal for record-breaking in smaller capacity classes, Britain's Goldie Gardner having exceeded there in a 1,500 cc MG.	2.3125
7058463	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluff%20Dale%2C%20Texas	Bluff Dale, Texas	Bluff Dale is an unincorporated community and census designated place (CDP) in Erath County, Texas, United States. The Bluff Dale Independent School District serves area students. Bluff Dale, Texas is on U.S. Highway 377 and the North Paluxy River in northeastern Erath County. It was originally called Bluff Springs by pioneers who settled nearby; Bluff Dale became the town name when the post office was established in 1877. In 1889, when the Fort Worth and Rio Grande Railway was built, Jack Glenn donated land for the development of a town. The town was incorporated in 1908. By 1915, a bank and newspaper had been developed. In 1936, Bluff Dale had 680 residents, 500 in 1940, 123 in 1980, and 300 in 1989. In 1989, the town had a Garden Club, three churches, a volunteer fire department, five historical markers, and a beautification committee. A gas station–convenience store was built circa 2002. Around 2005, a bank was opened up. Demographics Bluff Dale first appeared as a census designated place in the 2020 U.S. Census. 2020 Census Housing The median home cost in Bluff Dale is $208,600. Home appreciation the last year has been -0.36 percent. Cost of living Compared to the rest of the country, Bluff Dale's cost of living is 16.43% lower than average. Education Bluff Dale public schools spend $6,770 per student. The average school expenditure in the U.S. is $6,058. There are about 11 students per teacher in Bluff Dale (zip 76433). Historical markers Bluff Dale Suspension Bridge This iron bridge was open to the public spanning the Paluxy River in 1891. It is located along Berry Creek Rd. (CR-149), ¼ mile N. of US-377 in Erath County Texas. While the historical marker identifies the bridge as a suspension bridge, it is actually a cable stayed bridge design, and as such is probably the oldest of its type in the United States.	2.296875
7058481	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huckabay%2C%20Texas	Huckabay, Texas	Huckabay is a census designated place (CDP) in Erath County, Texas, United States, at the intersection of Texas State Highway 108 and Farm to Market Road 219, northwest of Stephenville. It had a population of approximately 150 in 2000. History The small town of Huckabay was founded in the late eighteen hundreds. Gerldine Griswold wrote of how the community was started by John A. Huckabay, Ben Fincher, John and W.C. Copeland, John Gentry, Abe Metsgar, John W. Jones and others who were moving west from Arkansas and Tennessee. The head of the Bosque was the area where they settled which was known as "Flatwoods," but was changed to Huckabay, when John Huckabay established a post office. One hundred and sixty acres was claimed by each of the families, which was where they built their homes. After the settlers had wells dug and their homes built, churches, schools and other public buildings began to go up. Ryan Patrick Huckabay is the current mayor of Huckabay. Historic businesses of Huckabay The families who started settling the land now known as Huckabay worked hard to build buildings and dig wells. A smoke house and a storm cellar were the first two buildings to be constructed. The smoke house was where the citizens put fresh meat to begin curing, while the storm cellar was a place of storage for fresh fruits and vegetables and protection for families. In the late 1870s, the community began to expand. With the purchase of a gin by Bill Rigsby in 1879, cotton was what supported the town until the peanut production took over for a short period of time. When peanut production decreased, the dairy industry took over. The milk production in this area still remains important to the community.	2.0625
7058481	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huckabay%2C%20Texas	Huckabay, Texas	The first store was opened by G.W. Glenn in 1878. The main economic base for Huckabay has changed many times. Over time, the community grew to the point, it had general merchants, drug stores, grocery stores, blacksmith shops, and a well-equipped gin. These businesses were located along the main street of Huckabay. The town did establish the West Texas State Bank at one time but it did not survive. Over time, the community has disintegrated to only a school, two churches and a few antique houses. In 1975, a historical marker was placed on FM 219 to preserve the memory of the small community. Past congregations of Huckabay Huckabay, being a small community, did not have many churches. The Church of Christ was an early church that was built in 1876. The community also had two other churches, the Baptist Church and the Methodist Church, both which were organized in 1881. John Haven organized the Methodist while Joe Lockhart the Baptist. Three acres, only costing one hundred dollars, was purchased in 1910 in order to build a tabernacle. The tabernacle was used for various community and religious activities. Although it is over ninety years old, it still stands today. The antique structure is used for annual Huckabay Homecoming Reunions and many other school and community affairs. Today, Huckabay still has two community churches that hold services regularly. The Huckabay Baptist Church is located a few hundred yards down from the tabernacle, and The Huckabay Church of Christ is located up the hill from the tabernacle a few hundred yards. Climate The climate in this area is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. The Köppen Climate System describes the weather as humid subtropical, and uses the abbreviation Cfa. Demographics Huckabay first appeared as a census designated place in the 2020 U.S. Census. 2020 Census Education The Huckabay Independent School District serves area students and home to the Huckabay High School Indians.	2.28125
7058487	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingleville%2C%20Texas	Lingleville, Texas	Lingleville is a census-designated place (CDP) in Erath County, Texas, United States. Lingleville is located at the intersection of Farm to Market Road 8 and Farm to Market Road 219, west of Stephenville. History In 1884 R. P. Campbell opened a grocery store in his house in the hollow below what is now the townsite. Before a post office was established there, the community was called Needmore. It was renamed to honor John Lingle, who had settled there in 1874. In 1940 the town had the post office, four businesses, and 200 residents. From 1980 through 2000, its population was reported as 100. Climate The climate in this area is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. The Köppen Climate System describes the weather as humid subtropical, and uses the abbreviation Cfa. Demographics Lingleville first appeared as a census designated place in the 2020 U.S. Census. 2020 Census Education The Lingleville Independent School District serves area students and is home to the Lingleville High School Cardinals. Notable person Ulane Bonnel, née Ulane Zeeck, naval historian	2.109375
7058511	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookesmith%2C%20Texas	Brookesmith, Texas	Brookesmith is an unincorporated community in Brown County, Texas, United States. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 61 in 2000. It is located within the Brownwood, Texas micropolitan area. History Brookesmith was named in honor of local banker Brooke Smith in 1902. A post office was established there that next year. Besides Smith, other early settlers of the community included David Smith and Aaron Lee. There were three cotton gins and other businesses in the community until cotton farming ended in the 1950s. The post office continued to operate into the 1980s, alongside a store and a gas station. Its population was recorded as 61 from 1980 through 2000. Smith Cemetery is shown on maps of the community today. Geography Brookesmith is located two miles off U.S. Highway 377 and Farm to Market Road 586, south of Brownwood and west of Goldthwaite between Clear Creek and Spring Branch in southwestern Brown County. Climate The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Brookesmith has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. Education In the 1980s, Brookesmith had a school that hosted 12 grade levels. The Brookesmith Independent School District serves area students.	1.929688
7058539	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triazol-5-ylidene	Triazol-5-ylidene	The triazol-5-ylidenes are a group of persistent carbenes which includes the 1,2,4-triazol-5-ylidene system and the 1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene system. As opposed to the now ubiquitous NHC (N-heterocyclic carbene) systems based on imidazole rings, these carbenes are structured from triazole rings. 1,2,4-triazol-5-ylidene can be thought of as an analog member of the NHC family, with an extra nitrogen in the ring, while 1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene is better thought of as a mesoionic carbene (MIC). Both isomers of this group of carbenes benefit from enhanced stability, with certain examples exhibiting greater thermal stability, and others extended shelf life. The 1,2,4-triazol-5-ylidene system is of special historic interest, as this system contains the first known instance of a characterized NHC, a compound colloquially known as Nitron, which was first isolated in 1905. This compound was first proposed as an analytical reagent for the gravimetric analysis of moieties commonly found in explosives. Nitron's properties as an NHC, however, were not reported and utilized until 2011. Another member from this group of carbenes is of particular interest due to its robust stability up to temperatures of 150 °C in the absence of air or oxygen. It was first reported in 1995 by Dieter Enders and coworkers and has since become known as the "Ender's carbene." This particular reagent bears the notable distinction of being the first commercially available carbene. History and Synthesis Nitron Cope and Barab reported in 1917 that Nitron had been first synthesized as early as 1905 by Max Busch, who published extensively on its use as an analytical reagent for gravimetric analysis. This molecule's potential for carbene-like reactivity would not be recognized until Färber et al. from the University of Kassel published a paper in 2011 showcasing its potential as a carbenic species. This group demonstrated that Nitron reacts as a nucleophilic carbene.	2.140625
7058572	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MF%2077	MF 77	The MF 77 (; ) is a steel-wheeled variant of the rolling stock used on the Paris Métro. First used in 1978, it now runs on Lines 7, 8, and 13. Unlike previous models, the MF 77 was designed for travel into the immediate suburbs of Paris, and as a result has a maximum speed of which has yet to be fully utilized. In addition, it sports a new, curved silhouette with a wider midsection. Its original exterior colors, blue and white, led passengers to refer to it as le métro blanc, or white metro. History Replacing the Sprague In the early 1970s, upon the completion of the MF 67 delivery, at the time the newest steel-wheeled trains on the Métro, many technological advances in braking and traction caused the RATP, which oversees operations of the Parisian public transport network, to examine the possibilities for new steel, rather than rubber, wheeled trains to replace the aging Sprague-Thomson fleet. Thus, the RATP commissioned a consortium of companies including Alstom, CEM, Creusot-Loire, and Jeumont Schneider, to design a new addition to the Métro's rolling stock, the MF 77. The RATP's goal at the time of commission was for 1,000 cars, 600 of which to contain engines for 200 five-car sets. Later, the order was reduced to 187 sets for a total for 935 cars. The first trains were delivered in the summer of 1978 and entered passenger service on 26 September that year on Line 13, whose MF 67 trains were transferred to Line 8. A second order of ten sets was contracted on 4 February 1983, released in 1985 and 1986.	2.046875
7058592	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2u%20%C4%90%E1%BB%91c	Châu Đốc	Châu Đốc is a city in An Giang Province, bordering Cambodia, in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2019, the city had a population of 101,765, and cover an area of . The city is located by the Hậu River (a branch of the Mekong River flowing through Vietnamese territory) and Vĩnh Tế Canal. Châu Đốc is situated west of Ho Chi Minh City. It takes about 5 hours to travel by bus from Ho Chi Minh City. History The territory became Vietnam's around the 17th century. The town is near the picturesque Sam Mountain where the Sam Mountain Lady (Vietnamese: Bà Chúa Xứ Núi Sam) is worshipped. The Sam Mount Lady Ceremony is held every April of lunar calendar (May) every year. Floods caused devastation in the region, the one in late 1938 saw 125,000 hectares of ruined rice land due to floods. In 1957, the town was the site of the Châu Đốc massacre. Climate Châu Đốc has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw) with a long though not extreme wet season from April to November and a dry season from December to March. Landmarks The Phước Điền Temple is located in Châu Đốc. It is an official historic monument of Vietnam. The Victoria Hotel is the only notable hotel in the area. There are also many hotels in the center near the main market area, where you can get good value for money accommodation. There are other hotels that are situated near Nui Sam. There are a couple of new hotels on the road to Sam Mountain. A worthwhile option to consider is a night (or two) in one of the floating hotels (there are 2, one reachable via footbridge, the other via boat). Sam Mountain, being the highest mountain in Mekong Delta (284 m), is a famous mountain in Châu Đốc, about from the city. Tây An Temple, dating from 1847, is near the city. Population Vietnamese, Cham, and Khmer live together in harmony. The three main religions in this region are Mahayana Buddhism (Kinh/Vietnamese); Theravada Buddhism (Khmer), and Sunni Islam (Chams). The total population is around 120,000 with a vast majority of Kinh (Viet).	2.375
7058640	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eka%20Kurniawan	Eka Kurniawan	Eka Kurniawan (born November 28, 1975) is an Indonesian writer and screenwriter. In 2016, Kurniawan became the first Indonesian writer to be nominated for the Man Booker International Prize. Early life Kurniawan was born in Tasikmalaya, West Java, and grew up in a small coastal town, Pangandaran. He studied philosophy at Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta. Kurniawan currently lives in Jakarta. He writes novels, short stories, movie scripts, and blog, as well as essays. His works are translated into more than 24 languages. Career His novel Beauty Is a Wound was included in the list of 100 notable books by The New York Times. The use of magic realism in the book has led to comparisons to Gabriel García Márquez. Kurniawan has insisted that Beauty Is a Wound is neither a historical novel nor a book about Indonesian history. Kurniawan's style of "approaching social concerns at an angle rather than head-on, with hefty doses of surrealism and wry humour" also draws comparisons to Haruki Murakami. He has been described as "Indonesia’s finest writer since Pramoedya Ananta Toer" and "Indonesia's most exciting author." In 2016, Palari Films announced a film adaptation of Kurniawan's book Vengeance Is Mine, All Others Pay Cash to be directed by Edwin, who would also co-write the screenplay with Kurniawan. The film was expected to get a 2021 release. Personal life Kurniawan is married to fellow writer and screenwriter Ratih Kumala. Bibliography English Filmography Accolades	2.078125
7058665	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protap%20Chunder%20Mozoomdar	Protap Chunder Mozoomdar	Protap Chunder Mozoomdar ( Protap Chôndro Mojumdar, also transliterated as Pratap Chander Mozoomdar) (2 Oct 1840–21 May 1905) was a leader of the Hindu reform movement, the Brahmo Samaj, in Bengal, India, and a close follower of Keshub Chandra Sen. He was a leading exemplar of the interaction between the philosophies and ethics of Hinduism and Christianity, about which he wrote in his book, The Oriental Christ. Life and work Sen and his colleagues agreed that four Brahmos would study and report on the relationship between Brahmo ideals and the four major world religions (Hinduism, Christianity, Buddhism and Islam). Gour Govinda Ray was deputed to examine Hinduism; Aghore Nath Gupta, Buddhism and Girish Chandra Sen, Islam. Mozoomdar was deputed to study Christianity. His resulting book, The Oriental Christ, was published by Geo. H. Ellis in Boston in 1883. It was much discussed in the West, and eventually led to an important correspondence between Mozoomdar and Max Müller about the relationship between Hinduism and Christianity. After Mozoomdar published the correspondence it led to controversy in both Britain and India. Müller's efforts to get Mozoomdar to state openly that he was now a Christian were rejected by Mozoomdar, who argued that the label "Christian" did not properly articulate his own positive view of Jesus as a model of self-sacrifice, one whose actions and claims to divinity he interpreted from within the Brahmo philosophy. In turn Müller stated that Christians should learn from the Brahmos and should abandon the traditional Christian formulation of Atonement. Mozoomdar also wrote several books about the spiritual and social ideals of the Brahmo movement and a biography of Sen, The Life and Teachings of Keshub Chunder Sen (1887). He also wrote a biography of Ramakrishna, of whom he expressed deep admiration. He attended the Parliament of the World's Religions in Chicago in 1893 as a delegate for the Brahmo Samaj. In October 1893, Mozoomdar was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society.	2.828125
7058670	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefton%20Brancker	Sefton Brancker	Air Vice Marshal Sir William Sefton Brancker, (22 March 1877 – 5 October 1930) was a British pioneer in civil and military aviation and senior officer of the Royal Flying Corps and later Royal Air Force. He was killed in an airship crash in 1930, exactly 20 years after his first flight. Early life Sefton Brancker was born in Woolwich, the eldest son of Col. William Godeffroy Brancker and Hester Adelaide, the daughter of Major General Henry Charles Russell. Brancker grew up as the elder of two brothers; their father died in 1885. From 1891 to 1894, the young Brancker attended Bedford School. His father was born in Hamburg to a British father and German mother; the Branckers were a long-established Anglo-German family that had lived in England for several generations. On 7 April 1907, he married May Wynne, the daughter of Colonel Spencer Field of the Royal Warwickshire regiment; they had one son, also called William Sefton Brancker. Military career Brancker was trained for the British Army at Woolwich, joining the Royal Artillery in 1896. He served in the Second Boer War and later in India, where he made his first flight in 1910. On 18 June 1913 he was awarded the Royal Aero Club's Aviator's Certificate no. 525.	2.203125
7058694	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroondara%20General%20Cemetery	Boroondara General Cemetery	Boroondara General Cemetery, often referred to as Kew cemetery, is one of the oldest cemeteries in Victoria, Australia, created in the tradition of the Victorian garden cemetery. The cemetery, located in Kew, a suburb of Melbourne, is listed as a heritage place on the Victorian Heritage Register. History The cemetery site was reserved in 1855 and trustees were first appointed in 1858. A site plan was drawn up by Frederick Acheson, a civil engineer in the Public Lands Office, with the layout segregated by religious denomination, a common occurrence at the time. The first burial took place in 1859. In 1864 Albert Purchas, who was architect and surveyor for the Melbourne General Cemetery, joined the trust. Purchas is believed to be the designer of the landscape layout as well as many of the features of the cemetery including the cast iron entrance gates (1889), the rotunda (1890) and the surrounding ornamental brick wall (1895–96), as well as various additions to the original 1860 Cottage in the period 1866–1899 including the clock tower. The design of the cemetery was influenced by the Victorian garden cemetery movement. This influence was reflected in the curving path network following the contours of the site, the creation of defined views and a park like setting. In the latter half of the twentieth century the cemetery was becoming full and many pathways and grassed verges were used to provide new burial sites. At the same time, many of the older Victorian monuments began to fall into disrepair due to their age and lack of funding to maintain them. However, since about 2010, with the assistance of enthusiastic volunteers from the Friends of Boroondara (Kew) Cemetery, the cemetery is undergoing a horticultural renaissance, returning to its early glory as a garden cemetery.	2.21875
7058694	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boroondara%20General%20Cemetery	Boroondara General Cemetery	In 2001 the Peace Haven Mausoleum was built by the Cemetery Trust to cater for growing demand for above-ground burials and interments, and in 2011 garden crypts were opened in a bushland setting near the High Street pedestrian gate. The cemetery is still an operating cemetery, offering a range of burial and interment options. Burials and memorials The cemetery has had more than 80,000 burials since 1859. Among these are some very prominent Melburnians. The Syme memorial was constructed in 1908 in memory of David Syme, publisher of The Age newspaper. It has a temple-like appearance and Egyptian motifs. Between 1889 and 1907 the Springthorpe Memorial was constructed on behalf of Dr John Springthorpe in memory of his wife, Annie and in 1912 the Cussen Memorial was commissioned by Sir Leo Cussen, a judge of the Victorian Supreme Court as a memorial to his son, Hubert. The latter is a small chapel designed in the Gothic Revival style. The Springthorpe and Cussen Memorials are listed separately on the Victorian Heritage Register.	1.953125
7058699	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixcatec%20language	Ixcatec language	Ixcatec (in Ixcatec: xwja or xjuani) is a language spoken by the people of the Mexican village of Santa María Ixcatlan, in the northern part of the state of Oaxaca. The Ixcatec language belongs to the Popolocan branch of the Oto-Manguean language family. It is believed to have been the second language to branch off from the others within the Popolocan subgroup, though there is a small debate over the relation it has to them. According to the Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, there were only 8 speakers of the language in 2008. In 2010, 190 speakers of Ixcatec were registered. In 2020, 195 people reported speaking the language . The small number of current speakers is the result of a steady decline over the last 60 years, which can be attributed to anti-illiteracy campaigns by the Mexican government that discouraged the use of indigenous languages, migration from the area to the cities, and the small initial population of speakers of the language. Despite the lack of historical documentation in Ixcatec, written speech has been observed to use Latin script following the arrival of the Spaniards. The earliest document written in Ixcatec is from 1939, when native speaker Doroteo Jiménez wrote a letter to Lázaro Cárdenas, the president of Mexico from 1934 to 1940. Later on, an orthography for the language had begun development in the 1950s with reliance on the Spanish alphabet when necessary. Ixcatec derives its name from the Nahuatl word ichcatl meaning 'cotton'. In Spanish it can be referred to by the term ixcateco, in which the added on suffix -teco stems from the Nahuatl suffixes -teca/-tecatl which means 'inhabitant of a place', especially one with a name ending in -tlan or -lan. This term can be traced back to the eighteenth century. Classification The Ixcatec language belongs to the Oto-Manguean language family, and to the Popolocan branch. The closest languages to Ixcatec, genetically speaking, are Mazatec, Chocholtec and Popolocan.	2.953125
7058699	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixcatec%20language	Ixcatec language	Characteristics Like other Oto-Manguean languages, Ixcatec is a tonal language and it distinguishes between long and short vowels. Due to the low number of speakers, Ixcatec is considered a language with a high risk of disappearing. Phonology Consonants The following table presents the consonants of Ixcatec. Plosives can be voiceless or voiced (the second row contains the voiceless plosives while the third contains the voiced ones) as well as affricates. The voiceless bilabial stop /p/ and the trill /rr/ are the only consonants to be borrowed from Spanish (though there is only one case in which /p/ possibly was not: ʔu2ča1pi1 [ʔu2ša1pi1] ‘cenzontle’. Most consonant groupings contain one of the following consonants: /ʔ/, /h/, and /n/. /ʔ/ and /h/ occur in the final position of a grouping, but precede nasals and /j/ whereas /n/ usually precedes a voiced consonant: /mb/, /nd/, /nd͡ʒ/, /ŋg/, etc. Vowels There are five oral and five nasal vowels in the Ixcatec inventory. The following table presents the pairs of vowels with the oral one preceding the nasalized version. Vowels are grouped into diphthongs or non-diphthongs. A diphthong contains the vowel /i/ or /u/ (or their nasal counterparts) followed by a different vowel. However, both components of the diphthong must have the same manner of articulation (oral or nasal). Diphthongs generally appear in inflectional forms of stems ending in /i/ or /u/, or their nasalized versions, and are represented with one tone. Additionally, vowels can be distinguished by length. A long vowel is composed of two of the same vowels with identical tones. It is represented with two vowels and a single tone (e.g. cee2 ‘do’, ce2 ‘moss’). A word-final long vowel can also be the result of suffixation. For example, the word ra2te3 ‘sandal’ followed by the suffix that indicates third-person possession creates ra2tee3 ‘his/her sandal’.	3.390625
7058699	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixcatec%20language	Ixcatec language	There are four inflected forms for the first person, second person, third person, and collective subjects. Personal pronouns are optionally used to emphasize the person of the subject, or to avoid confusion between subjects. The pronouns that correspond to the four grammatical persons are i2na1na3 (first person), i2la3 (second person), su2wa2 (third person), and i2ni1 (first person plural). Respect shown towards a second-person subject is expressed by adding the enclitic ri1 to the end of the second-person pronoun: i2la3ri1 (‘you’ formal, equivalent to usted in Spanish). The third-person pronoun is commonly followed by a coreferential pronoun indicating the gender or plurality of the third person. This pronoun corresponds to an antecedent noun: su2wa2da3 ‘he/him’, su2wa2kua3 ‘she/her’, su2wa2ba3 ‘it’ (as with animals), and su2wa2ma3 ‘them’. Nouns Nouns can be either subjects or sentence complements. Most of the multisyllabic nouns in this language are compounds. The first component is generally a morpheme that classifies the noun in one of various generic classes, which includes trees, animals, flowers, people, etc. These classifying prefixes correspond to nouns with a particular generic class. For instance, the noun u2 ‘animal’ is used as a classifying prefix u2- in the names of animals. The second component of nouns does not have any significant meaning and thus cannot function on its own. Some nouns that are used most frequently as classifiers in noun compounds are: Possessives Nouns that refer to body parts or kinship require the expression of a possessor, almost always a possessive suffix, while others, such as natural phenomena and wild animals, do not. Nouns express the person of a possessor by adding to their subjects specific suffixes and enclitics. The regular endings of the possessive include -ña na (first person), -aa (second person), -ee (third person), and -ni (first person plural).	3.375
7058699	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixcatec%20language	Ixcatec language	Nouns that have an acute accent in Spanish comprise Subclass IVb. They have a high tone in the final syllable of the stem while the tone is sub-differentiated in the preceding syllable. The endings of this subclass coincide with Subclass Ia except for the ending of the first person. Nouns that have an acute accent in Spanish comprise Subclass IVb. They have a high tone in the final syllable of the stem while the tone is sub-differentiated in the preceding syllable. The endings of this subclass coincide with Subclass Ia except for the ending of the first person. Plurality The plural expression for personal pronouns is optional, and the same forms are commonly used to reference the singular as well as the plural. For example, to emphasize the plural of the second-person pronoun, different forms of tuihu3, a verbal root with an inherent meaning of plurality, are added to the original form: i2la3ri1tu1hu3ri1 ‘you’ (formal). However, when it is expressed in a noun it is only to indicate the plurality of the possessor. The absolute noun expresses number through lexical means with the use of numerals or other adjectives indicating quantity. Syntax The Nominal Phrase Adjectives Nouns and pronouns can go before or after the different classes of adjectives and articles. Adjectives are demonstrative, qualifying, or quantitative. Most adjectives can also be used as adverbs. The order of the nominal phrase is as follows: article, quantitative adjective, noun, demonstrative adjective, and qualifying adjective. Additionally, the particle la2 is often found between the noun and its modifier. Its function is seemingly syntactic though its use is optional. Demonstrative adjectives follow the noun that they describe. The demonstrative rii2 indicates a relatively close distance much like the word ‘this’ whereas raa2 indicates a farther distance similar to ‘that’. They often appear in conjunctive and prepositional forms, such as:	2.9375
7058699	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ixcatec%20language	Ixcatec language	Quantitative adjectives precede the noun that they are modifying. This class pertains to all adjectives that express a quantitative concept, including numerals. Qualifying adjectives follow the nouns they modify. An adverb, a demonstrative, or the particle la2 can be inserted between a noun and a qualifying noun: A noun that expresses possession is repeated before an adjective or replaced by the particle la2: An adjective in predicative function goes before the noun: The suffix of negation -ʔa2na1 follows a predicated adjective, but precedes the enclitic for grammatical person: Articles The definite article sa1 or sa2 is rarely used and less so when the determination is ambiguous. It is used most often with names of people or nouns that refer to people as well as nouns indicating possession. Additionally, it precedes the noun just like quantitative nouns and can be interchanged with the particle la2. The tone of the determinate article frequently coincides with the first tone of the noun it precedes. Pronouns Coreferential pronouns are used in coreference with a noun, subject or object, mentioned earlier in conversation. They indicate the gender of this noun in third-person forms of the possessive, verb, or the personal pronoun su2wa2. Each one of the four pronouns is morphologically related to the prefixes for noun classifiers. Third-person pronouns are formed by placing the personal pronoun before the coreferential pronouns: Verbs Ixcatec is a head-marking language with arguments of transitive and intransitive verbs being marked by various suffixes. Word order is SV when unmarked. Subject arguments precede the verb in main clauses whereas adverbial clauses cause them to follow the verb instead with a cross-reference suffix attached to the verb. However, word order for mono-transitive main clauses is strictly SVO. Verbs can be inflected for grammatical persons and number by means of suffixes attached to stem words.	2.625
7058732	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatsuhiko%20Shibusawa	Tatsuhiko Shibusawa	was the pen name of Shibusawa Tatsuo, a Japanese novelist, art critic, and translator of French literature active during the Shōwa period. Shibusawa wrote many short stories and novels based on French literature and Japanese classics. His essays about black magic, demonology, and eroticism are also popular in Japan. Early life Shibusawa was born in the upper-class neighborhood of Takanawa in Tokyo. His father was a banker, and his mother was the daughter of an industrialist and politician. He was distantly related to the industrialist Shibusawa Eiichi. He was also related to composer Hisatada Otaka and critic Keijiro Okawa. While going through high school during World War II, he had the ambition to be an aeronautical engineer. However, the possibilities for a career in that field disappeared with Japan's defeat in the war, and Shibusawa received notably poor scores in the German language, which was widely used in engineering at the time. He turned his attention to study of the French language instead. In 1950, after working as an editor at the Modern Nihon magazine under Junnosuke Yoshiyuki for two years (one of the authors he edited was Hisao Juran), Shibusawa entered the University of Tokyo's school of French literature, where he enthusiastically embraced the avant-garde movement of surrealism, which started in France after World War I. He was especially attracted to André Breton, and this led him to learn of the works of the Marquis de Sade. Although Shibusawa did graduate from a master's course at the University of Tokyo, he had to abandon plans to become a professor because of tuberculosis, and started his career as a freelance writer instead. He relocated from Tokyo to the resort town of Kamakura, Kanagawa prefecture in 1946, due to its reputation for having a healthful climate for lung disorders, and continued to live there to his death.	2.15625
7058760	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karesuando	Karesuando	Karesuando (; or ; Northern Sámi: ; Meänkieli: Karesuanto) is the northernmost locality in Sweden. It is situated in Kiruna Municipality, Norrbotten County, Sweden, with 303 inhabitants in 2010 and 350 in 2011. It is a church village, located alongside the Muonio River on the border with Finland. The Finnish village of Karesuvanto (population about 140) is located on the Finnish side of the river. According to Finnish tradition, they are one and the same village (with a combined population of about 470), but are usually considered to be separate villages since there is a national border between them (although both are called Karesuvanto in Finnish). The village's buildings were built in 1670, when Måns Mårtensson Karesuando, called "Hyvä Maunu Martinpoika" in Finnish and "Good Maunu, Son of Martin" in English, bought land from Sami Henrik Nilsson Nikkas. The first church was built in 1816 because the previous parish church is located on the Finnish side of the border created in 1809. The Lutheran vicar and botanist Lars Levi Laestadius served in Karesuando from 1826 to 1849. It was here that he founded the revivalist movement known to this day as Laestadianism. The area is traditionally Finnish speaking, and the border was drawn for political reasons in 1809, not because of any cultural or any other border existing at that time. There was not even a parish border, so Karesuando Church was built because the older church was on the Finnish side. School and church influences have since resulted in cultural and linguistic differences. The area had a training camp for the Norwegian police troops in Sweden during World War II. Karesuando is located along the European route E45, and is the northern terminus of Swedish national road 99.	2.03125
7058760	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karesuando	Karesuando	Climate Karesuando has a continental type of a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc) with short and cool summers and long, cold and sometimes very cold winters. Snowfall varies from year to year, but is often quite moderate due to dry polar air. Still, accumulation in spring is usually quite high since the snow cover does not thaw at all during winter due to the cold averages. The warmest temperature of the month usually goes above freezing in winter, but for very brief spells. Summers on the other hand, see quite a bit of rainfall. With Karesuando being quite far inland, it is prone both to sizeable warmth for short spells and temperatures either approaching or below . Despite this cold, however, Karesuando sees some moderation from the North Atlantic Current passing by Scandinavia's western shore near land on those latitudes, which results in winter temperatures being less severe than some climates on latitudes way further south. Due to its high latitude, Karesuando experiences midnight sun and polar night. The UV index in summer is low due to the high latitude. Karesuando itself is below the arctic tree line. The road on the Finnish side of the river however has bushes and marginal taiga north of the Karesuando area. To its south, west and east, boreal forest begin. Higher areas nearby are tundra. The snow depth is usually modest due to the relative dryness of winters. It was not measured between 2013 and 2018 until the SMHI restored the snow depth station in early 2019.	2.703125
7058829	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Joo-sung	Kim Joo-sung	Kim Joo-sung (born 17 January 1964) is a former South Korean football player. Kim is regarded as one of the greatest Asian footballers of the 20th century. He was nominated for the IFFHS Asia's Player of the Century, finishing second place. Club career Kim joined Daewoo Royals in 1987. In his first professional season, he won the K League and was named the K League Young Player of the Year. In June 1992, Kim was loaned to Bundesliga club VfL Bochum. Having a red card and no goals, he struggled with competing in the big league, while Bochum was in danger of being relegated to the 2. Bundesliga. After Bochum was eventually relegated, he tried to return to the Bundesliga, helping Bochum to win a 2. Bundesliga title in the 1993–94 season. However, he came back to South Korea at the request of Daewoo. Originally deployed as a winger or an attacking midfielder, Kim played as a sweeper after the 1994 FIFA World Cup because the condition of his knee was exacerbated. In the 1997 season, Daewoo Royals once again won the K League with his successful change, and he received the K League MVP Award. Kim announced his retirement in 1999, and his uniform number 16 was also retired by Daewoo. International career Kim was selected for the South Korea national team for the 1986 FIFA World Cup, playing in a major competition for the first time. He also played for South Korea in the 1986 Asian Games, winning a gold medal. Afterwards, Kim became the greatest footballer in Asia and South Korea. In the 1988 AFC Asian Cup, he performed a key role with great dribbles, leading South Korea to the final. He became the Most Valuable Player of the tournament, although South Korea lost to Saudi Arabia after the penalty shoot-out in the final. He was also named the Most Outstanding Player in the Asian qualification of the 1990 FIFA World Cup after South Korea won the competition without a defeat. He was voted Asian Footballer of the Year for three consecutive years from 1989 to 1991.	1.96875
7058872	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiskered%20screech%20owl	Whiskered screech owl	The whiskered screech owl (Megascops trichopsis) is a small screech owl found in North and Central America. Description Adults occur in 2 color morphs, in either brown or dark grey plumage. They have a round head with ear tufts, yellow eyes and a yellowish bill. The bird looks very similar to a western screech owl, but has heavier barring on the breast, and is slightly smaller in size. They are 6.3 to 7.9 in and have a wingspan of 17.3 in. Range and habitat The whiskered screech owl's range extends from southeasternmost Arizona and southwest New Mexico (the Madrean sky islands region) in the United States, southwards through Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, to north central Nicaragua. Their breeding habitat is dense coniferous or oak woodlands, and coffee plantations usually occurring at higher elevations than the western screech owl. Behavior These birds wait on a perch and swoop down on prey; they also capture targeted food items in flight. They mainly eat small mammals and large insects, with grasshoppers, beetles, and moths making up a large portion of their diet but, they also eat katydids and scorpions. They are active at night or near dusk, using their excellent hearing and night vision to locate prey. The most common call is a series of about 8 regularly spaced "boo" notes, slightly higher in the middle, slightly lower at each end. 3 to 4 eggs are usually laid in April or May, usually found in a tree cavity or old woodpecker hole 5 to 7 meters above the ground. Subspecies There are 3 recognized subspecies: Megascops trichopsis aspersus Brewster, 1888 Megascops trichopsis mesamericanus (Van Rossem, 1932) Megascops trichopsis trichopsis (Wagler, 1832)	2.46875
7058875	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlapanec%20language	Tlapanec language	Tlapanec , or Mephaa, is an indigenous Mexican language spoken by more than 98,000 Tlapanec people in the state of Guerrero. Like other Oto-Manguean languages, it is tonal and has complex inflectional morphology. The ethnic group themselves refer to their ethnic identity and language as Me̱pha̱a̱ . Before much information was known about it, Tlapanec (sometimes written "Tlappanec" in earlier publications) was either considered unclassified or linked to the controversial Hokan language family. It is now definitively considered part of the Oto-Manguean language family, of which it forms its own branch along with the extinct and very closely related Subtiaba language of Nicaragua. Mephaa people temporarily move to other locations, including Mexico City, Morelos and various locations in the United States, for reasons of work. Varieties Ethnologue distinguishes four Tlapanec languages: Acatepec (dialects Acatepec proper, Huitzapula, Nanzintla, Teocuitlapa, Zapotitlán Tablas) Azoyú Malinaltepec (dialect Huehuetepec/Zilacayotitlán) Tlacoapa (dialects Tlacoapa proper, Tenamazapa) Other sources of information, including native speakers and the Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas of the Mexican government, identify eight or nine varieties, which have been given official status: Acatepec, Azoyú, Malinaltepec, Tlacoapa, Nancintla, Teocuitlapa, Zapotitlán Tablas (with Huitzapula sometimes considered distinct), Zilacayotitlán. These share mutual intelligibility of 50% between Malinaltepec and Tlacoapa, though Acatepec has an 80% intelligibility of both. The Azoyú variety is the only natural language reported to have used the pegative case, though it is verbal case like other 'case' markers in Tlapanec. Grammar Tlapanec is an ergative–absolutive language. However, while most languages of this type have an overt ergative case, Tlapanec is one of the rare examples of a marked absolutive language, that is, an ergative language that overtly marks the absolutive and leaves the ergative unmarked.	3.078125
7058880	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajahn%20Sundara	Ajahn Sundara	Ajahn Sundara (born 1946) is a French-born Buddhist sīladhārā in the tradition established by Ajahn Sumedho. Life She studied contemporary dance and worked as a dancer and dance teacher until her early thirties when she had the opportunity to meet Ajahn Sumedho in England and to attend one of his Dhamma talks and then a retreat. She was one of the first four women ordained by Ajahn Sumedho in 1979 as an anagārikā (an eight-precept novice) and in 1983 as a ten-precept sīladhārā. After living at Chithurst Buddhist Monastery in England, Ajahn Sundara moved in 1984 to Amaravati Buddhist Monastery and was instrumental in founding the nuns' community there. She went to Thailand in the mid-1990s, where she spent more than two years, primarily on retreat at forest monasteries. She has been teaching and leading retreats in Europe and North America for many years. She currently resides at Amaravati Buddhist Monastery, whose history and relevance to women in Buddhism she has chronicled in the book chapter "The Theravada Sangha Goes West: The Story of Amaravati". Publications	2.078125
7058926	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapuni	Arapuni	Arapuni is a rural town centre on the Waikato river in the South Waikato District of New Zealand. The town sits next to the Arapuni Dam, a hydroelectric dam at Lake Arapuni commissioned in 1929. The Arapuni Power Station consists of eight turbines which give a total output of 196 MW, the largest of the power stations on the Waikato river. The Arapuni hydro station is owned and operated by Mercury Energy. The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "blocked path" for Arapuni. The Arapuni Suspension Bridge below the dam is freely open to public. The name Arapuni derives from Ara, meaning path and puni, meaning blocked or covered, and translates as blocked or covered path. Marae The local Pōhara Marae is a meeting ground of the Ngāti Raukawa hapū of Ngāti Korokī and Ngāti Mahuta, the Ngāti Korokī Kahukura hapū of Ngāti Hourua, and the Waikato Tainui hapū of Ngāti Korokī and Ngāti Raukawa ki Panehākua. It features the Rangiātea meeting house. In October 2020, the Government committed $2,584,751 from the Provincial Growth Fund to upgrade the marae and 5 other Waikato Tainui marae, creating 69 jobs. Demographics Statistics New Zealand describes Arapuni as a rural settlement, which covers and had an estimated population of as of with a population density of people per km2. The settlement is part of the larger Putāruru Rural statistical area. Arapuni had a population of 294 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 60 people (25.6%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 60 people (25.6%) since the 2006 census. There were 129 households, comprising 132 males and 159 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.83 males per female, with 51 people (17.3%) aged under 15 years, 54 (18.4%) aged 15 to 29, 144 (49.0%) aged 30 to 64, and 48 (16.3%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 90.8% European/Pākehā, 19.4% Māori, 5.1% Pacific peoples, and 6.1% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.	2.3125
7058928	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huckabay%20Independent%20School%20District	Huckabay Independent School District	The Huckabay Independent School District is a public school district based in the community of Huckabay, Texas (United States). The district has one school, Huckabay School, that serves students in grades kindergarten through twelve. The district is in northern Erath County. In 2009, the school district was rated "academically acceptable" by the Texas Education Agency. It classified as a 1A school by the UIL. Since there no longer is a post office in Huckabay, the school is addressed to Stephenville. In 2018, the school was scored 94 of 100 points earning an A rating, according to the accountability ratings system used by the Texas Education Agency. History The education of Flat Wood's younger citizens began in the summers of 1876 and 1877. John Copeland first taught the children during the summers in his log cabin home. After two summers, the settlers came together and built a log school. Jim Smith, Sarah Harrison, George Clark, and George Gressom were some of the earliest teachers of the newly built tuition-based school. A Stephenville Empire Tribune article from February 7, 1908, reported that the log school was furnished with benches made of split logs which were supported with pegs for legs. A three-room box house replaced the log school after more than fifteen years of use. As time went on, Flat Wood grew, and the old box house became overcrowded – Marshall Welch built a two-story, six-room structure to replace the box house. Folding partitions allowed the three top rooms to be opened into one large auditorium. Modern equipment was also installed. The estimated cost of the school was about $3,500.	2.53125
7058928	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huckabay%20Independent%20School%20District	Huckabay Independent School District	In 1926 the frame building burned, and the community replaced it with a $26,000 brick building. There was a building for the primary grades, a workshop, and a new home economics building. The new brick school expanded its library in 1934 when Thurber High School dissolved. According to Geraldine Griswold, in 1937, 250 students attended Huckabay, who were taught by nine teachers. The school also had four bus routes. In 1942 this brick building burned. The current school building is a Works Progress Administration-constructed concrete building off of Texas State Highway 108. The original two-story building features a plaque dated 1938–1940 (Geraldine Griswold, however, reports that 1942 is more accurate). Originally, a barracks building housed the cafeteria and home economics - a purpose-built structure was built in 1954. During this time period, enrollment plummeted. The school appeared headed for consolidation until the school added 21 students from the Soul Clinic commune in December 1953. In 1965, a building for the elementary school side was completed, costing $34,990. That building currently consists of a computer lab, the library, a workroom, and the school counselor's office. In 1983 an additional building was added for administration and agriculture. Four classrooms were built in 1993–1994. Recent superintendents have been: Wes Corzine - 2022–present; Troy Roberts - 2016-2022; Cheryl Floyd - 2002–2016; Charles Luke - 2000–2002; Arley Echols - 1990–2000. Students Demographics In the 2018–2019 school year, the school district had a total of 236 students, ranging from pre-kindergarten through grade 12. The class of 2018 included 13 graduates; the annual drop-out rate across grades 9-12 was reported as 0.0%.	2.40625
7058935	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingleville%20Independent%20School%20District	Lingleville Independent School District	Lingleville Independent School District is a public school district based in the community of Lingleville, Texas (USA). Located in Erath County, small portions of the district extend into Eastland and Comanche counties. Lingleville ISD has one school Lingleville School that serves students in grades pre-kindergarten through twelve. In 2009, the school district was rated "recognized" by the Texas Education Agency. Students Academics Students in Lingleville match or outperform local region and statewide averages on standardized tests. In 2018-2019 State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness (STAAR) results, 83% of students in Lingleville ISD met Approaches Grade Level standards, compared with 79% in Region 11 and 78% in the state of Texas. The average SAT score of the students tested in 2017-18 was 1025, and the average ACT score was 20.6. Demographics In the 2018–2019 school year, the school district had a total of 279 students, ranging from pre-kindergarten through grade 12. The class of 2018 included 18 graduates; the annual drop-out rate across grades 9-12 was reported as 0.0%. As of the 2018–2019 school year, the ethnic distribution of the school district was 51.3% Hispanic, 48.0% White, 0.4% African American, 1.6% Asian, 0.7% American Indian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, and 0.4% from two or more races; no American Indian, Asian, or Pacific Islander students were reported. Economically disadvantaged students made up 50.9% of the student body, compared with 60.6% of all Texas students. Special programs Athletics Lingleville High School plays six-man football. Controversy In July 2024, the ACLU of Texas sent Lingleville Independent School District a letter, alleging that the district's 2023-2024 dress and grooming code appeared to violate the Texas CROWN Act, a state law which prohibits racial discrimination based on hair texture or styles, and asking the district to revise its policies for the 2024-2025 school year.	2.5
7058999	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicity	Historicity	Historicity is the historical actuality of persons and events, meaning the quality of being part of history instead of being a historical myth, legend, or fiction. The historicity of a claim about the past is its factual status. Historicity denotes historical actuality, authenticity, factuality and focuses on the true value of knowledge claims about the past. Some theoreticians characterize historicity as a dimension of all natural phenomena that take place in space and time. Other scholars characterize it as an attribute reserved to certain human occurrences, in agreement with the practice of historiography. Herbert Marcuse explained historicity as that which "defines history and thus distinguishes it from 'nature' or the 'economy'" and "signifies the meaning we intend when we say of something that is 'historical'." The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy defines historicity as "denoting the feature of our human situation by which we are located in specific concrete temporal and historical circumstances". For Wilhelm Dilthey, historicity identifies human beings as unique and concrete historical beings.	2.8125
7058999	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicity	Historicity	Questions regarding historicity concern not just the issue of "what really happened", but also how modern observers can come to know "what really happened". This second issue is closely tied to historical research practices and methodologies for analyzing the reliability of primary sources and other evidence. Because various methodologies thematize historicity differently, it is not possible to reduce historicity to a single structure to be represented. Some methodologies like historicism can make historicity subject to constructions of history based on submerged value commitments. The historiographer François Hartog introduced the notion of regimes of historicity to describe a society that considers its past and attempts to deal with it, a process that is also cited as "a method of self-awareness in a human community". The historicity of a reported event may be distinct from the historicity of persons involved in the event. For example, a popular story says that as a child, George Washington chopped down a cherry tree, and when confronted about it, honestly took responsibility for the act. Although there is no doubt that Washington existed as an historical figure, the historicity of this specific account has been found lacking. Questions of historicity are particularly relevant to partisan or poetic accounts of past events. For example, the historicity of the Iliad has become a topic of debate because later archaeological finds suggest that the work was based on some true event. Questions of historicity frequently arise in relation to historical studies of religion. In these cases, value commitments can influence the choice of research methodology.	2.546875
7059027	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn%20Prechtel	Martín Prechtel	Martín Prechtel is an American author and educator. From New Mexico, he traveled to Guatemala in 1970. There he moved into a Tz'utujil community near Lake Atitlán. He learned their Mayan language and studied with a shaman. He settled into village life, married a Tz'utujil woman and had a family with her. During the extended Guatemalan civil war, Prechtel and his family fled to the United States for safety. The couple separated, and their two sons joined their father in the United States. He began teaching, based on his understanding of Maya spirituality and contributed to workshops sponsored by poet Robert Bly, a leader in the Men's Movement. Prechtel has published several nonfiction books drawing from his time in Santiago Atitlán, Guatemala; the first was published in 1998, and the most recent in 2015. Prechtel moved back to New Mexico near Ojo Caliente, where he operates a school. He also lectures and gives workshops on spirituality. Early life Martín Prechtel was born in 1951 and grew up Santo Domingo Pueblo near Ojo Caliente, New Mexico. He learned the Keres language as well as English growing up. He claimed that his mother was a First Nations Canadian, and his father a Swiss paleontologist. Guatemala In 1970 his mother died and Prechtel ended his first marriage. He started traveling, going south through Mexico and entering Guatemala. After a year of traveling through the country, he settled in a small village near Lake Atitlan, which was inhabited by the Tz'utujil (one of the numerous ethnic Maya peoples). There he met Nicolas Chiviliu Tacaxoy, a respected shaman of the village, who Prechtel says identified him as the student he had prayed for. The American began studying with the Maya shaman. Prechtel learned the Tzutujil language, married a Tzutujil woman, and helped raise their two sons (a third son died young). When his teacher and mentor Chiviliu died, Prechtel wrote that he became the spiritual leader for the approximately 30,000 people of Santiago Atitlan.	2.40625
7059027	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn%20Prechtel	Martín Prechtel	Long Life, Honey in the Heart (1999) is an account of his village life in Santiago Atitlán; Stealing Benefacio's Roses: A Mayan Epic (formerly titled The Toe Bone and The Tooth), an autobiographical account of how he relived an ancient Mayan myth; and The Disobedience of the Daughter of the Sun, a Mayan myth that includes Prechtel's observations of how the Maya relate to the story. Prechtel published a collection of short stories, The Smell of Rain on Dust: Grief and Praise, in 2015, dealing with the modern experience of grief and how the absence of praise worthy things in life robs modern people of the ability to genuinely grieve. In 2021, Prechtel published Rescuing the Light: Quotes from the Oral Teachings of Martín Prechtel, a collection of quotations that Prechtel delivered at his school in New Mexico, Bolad's Kitchen, as well as The Mare and the Mouse: Stories of My Horses Vol I. In addition, Prechtel has published audiobooks of The Unlikely Peace at Chuchamaquic (2020), The Smell of Rain on Dust (2020), Rescuing the Light (2021), The Disobedience of the Daughter of the Sun (2021), Stealing Benefacio's Roses (2021) Long Life, Honey in the Heart (2022), The Mare and the Mouse (2021) and The Wild Rose (2022) all read by the Author. His works also include paintings and many musical endeavors.	1.945313
7059038	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%202991	IBM 2991	The IBM 2991 Blood Cell Processor was a blood cell washer developed by IBM Systems Development Division in Endicott, New York. It was first marketed by IBM Systems Supplies Division (SSD) in 1972. The processor washed fresh blood or frozen, thawed blood. In the case of frozen, thawed blood, the blood was washed to remove the cryogenic agent, typically, glycerol. History and development In 1964, IBM received a grant from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). This was a result of an IBM engineer, George T. Judson, requesting to work on a continuous-flow blood centrifuge. He had observed the need for such a machine when visiting NCI in 1962 after his son was diagnosed with leukemia. As a result of this work, IBM developed the NCI-IBM Blood Cell Separator which was announced in 1965. At that announcement, Judson and his co-worker Alan Jones were approached by Dr. James R. Pert, Director of the American Red Cross Blood Research program in Washington, D.C. He told them of the need for a machine to separate packed red cells from glycerol. The glycerol is added to the red cells to protect the cells during freezing. The processor was announced in September 1972 at the American Association of Blood Banks (AABB) in Washington, D.C. Up until the 1970s, SSD had been at the heart of IBM, for it had produced the millions of punch cards that had been extremely profitable for IBM for more than four decades. By the 1970s business was declining, as IBM's concentration increasingly turned to computing. Accordingly, the vice president in charge of SSD, Everett "Van" Van Hoesen, avidly searched for any new business that could be slotted into SSD. So SSD, an otherwise dying division, became a hotbed of innovation.	2.578125
7059054	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan%20women%27s%20national%20cricket%20team	Pakistan women's national cricket team	In 2003, Pakistan travelled to the Netherlands to take part in the 2003 IWCC Trophy, the inaugural edition of what is now called simply the World Cup Qualifier. They finished fourth in the tournament, winning against Japan and Scotland. However, they missed out on qualification for the 2005 Women's Cricket World Cup. The 2003 IWCC Trophy was marred by a schism between the Pakistan Women's Cricket Control Association and the Pakistan Cricket Board. The IWCC did not recognize the Pakistan Cricket Board as the governing body of women's cricket in Pakistan and court cases were brought in Pakistan. The Pakistan Cricket Board announced that they would not be sending a team to the tournament and that no other team should be allowed to represent the country in the competition. This problem was overcome with the International Cricket Council requirement that women's associations and men's associations be unified under one single governing body. 2004 saw the West Indies tour Pakistan, playing seven One Day International matches and a Test match. The Test match was drawn and West Indies won the One Day International series 5–2, but those two victories for Pakistan were their first against a Test-playing nation. In 2005, Pakistan Cricket Board established a women's wing to oversee all cricket affairs under the Pakistan Cricket Board's control and to unite all the conflicts between various associations. The first international event was when Indian under-21 team toured Pakistan, becoming the first Indian women's side to tour the country. This paved the way for Pakistan to host the second Women's Asia Cup in December 2005/January 2006. They lost all their games however, finishing last in the three-team tournament. The tournament featured the first match between the Indian and Pakistani women's cricket teams.	2.421875
7059054	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan%20women%27s%20national%20cricket%20team	Pakistan women's national cricket team	They were winless in both the 2013 World Cup and the 2017 World Cup, finishing bottom of the group stage tables in both tournaments. It wasn't until the 2022 edition that Pakistan was able to earn another victory at the ODI World Cup. This came against the West Indies at Seddon Park, Hamilton, where they beat them by eight wickets in a group stage game, thus ending a 13-year 18-match losing streak. However, they finished bottom of the group stage table, having lost all of their other six matches. Women's T20I World Cup Pakistan have participated in all the editions of the ICC Women's World Twenty20. They lost all of their games in 2009 ICC Women's World Twenty20 and 2010 ICC Women's World Twenty20. In the 2012 edition, they registered their solitary win over India. Pakistan defeated them by 1 run with Sana Mir scoring 26 runs and Nida Dar—who was awarded player of the match—taking 3 wickets for 12 runs. Pakistan finished with 7th place playoff in the 2014 ICC Women's World Twenty20; they defeated Sri Lanka by 14 runs in the playoffs. Bismah Maroof scored 62 runs not out and Sania Khan took 3 wickets for 24 runs. Maroof was awarded woman of the match. Asia Cup The Pakistan women's cricket team did not participate in the inaugural edition of the women's Asia cup in 2004–05, Sri Lanka and India played a five-match series in Sri Lanka. Pakistan hosted the second edition of the Asia Cup in 2005–06, but they did not win a single game of the tournament. India won the final by 97 runs, against Sri Lanka, played at the National Stadium, Karachi. In the third edition of the women's Asia Cup, once again Pakistan failed to see a victory, and this was the third consecutive occasion that India and Sri Lanka were playing in the final. In the 2008 edition of the Women's Asia Cup, Pakistan registered their only victory against the Bangladeshi women's cricket team who were participating for the first time in Asia Cup.	1.953125
7059069	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20William%20Gebaur%20Jr.	Arthur William Gebaur Jr.	Arthur William Gebaur Jr. (February 22, 1919–Missing in Action and presumed dead in Korean War on August 29, 1952) was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Service Cross for action in the war. The Air Force renamed Grandview Air Force Base Richards-Gebaur Air Force Base partly in his honor. Biography Gebaur was born in Kansas City, Missouri. He graduated from Northeast High School in 1936. He was an active member of the ROTC reaching the rank of Cadet 2nd Lieutenant. He was called Arthur by his teachers, but Jr. by his friends. Upon graduation from high school, Gebaur was offered enlistment in the Army Reserve as a sergeant. Instead, he obtained a job as a clerk with the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York at their Kansas City office. Five days after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Gebaur enlisted in the Army at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. He was designated an aviation cadet and sent for flight training in California and Arizona. In June 1942, Gebaur completed his training and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Army Air Forces. He spent the remainder of the war as a flight instructor training B-25 bomber pilots. Gebaur was promoted to first lieutenant in February 1943 and captain in May 1944. He was also awarded the Air Medal for his service. In early 1946, Gebaur was sent to the Far East to help train Chinese pilots. In June 1947, he returned to the United States after seventeen months overseas. In August 1947, Gebaur was promoted to major. In October 1947, he became an officer in the newly formed United States Air Force. In May 1949, Gebaur became a student at the Air Tactical School at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida. He graduated in August 1949.	1.96875
7059070	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix%20Esquirou%20de%20Parieu	Félix Esquirou de Parieu	Marie-Louis-Pierre Félix Esquirou de Parieu (13 April 1815– 8 April 1893) was a French statesman. Life Born in Aurillac, Cantal, Esquirou de Parieu was notably Minister of Education and Public Worship from 1849 to 1851, and headed the French Council of State in 1870. Monetary Union and early European visionary Parieu was one of the most eminent French specialists in monetary questions and, from 1858, he was an early advocate of European monetary unification. He chaired the Monetary Conference of 1865, which gave birth to the Latin Monetary Union, which was largely his work, as well as the unsuccessful Monetary Conference of 1867, which attempted to expand this union into a European, even global, union founded on a universal coinage. This invitation to adopt a common coinage was the result of economic factors linked to the development of free trade and the emergence of the first federalist ideas in Europe. As early as 1865, Parieu expressed the intention of the French government to transform the Latin Monetary Union and to consider “a broader perspective, that of a uniform monetary circulation for all of Europe. He proposed in 1867 to introduce a common currency based on the 10 franc coin, called "Europe", in a "Western European Union". According to him, a European Monetary Union based on the gold standard would offer "a rich and comfortable metallic circulation [and] the gradual destruction in the economic order of one of those frequent barriers which divide nations, and whose reduction would facilitate their mutual moral conquest, thus serving as a prelude to the peaceful federations of the future."	2.6875
7059084	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chico%20Independent%20School%20District	Chico Independent School District	Chico Independent School District is a public school district based in Chico, Texas (USA). The mascot of this school district is The Mighty Dragons. In 2009, the school district was rated "academically acceptable" by the Texas Education Agency. History The district changed to a four day school week in fall 2022. Schools Chico High School (Grades 9-12) Chico Middle School (Grades 6-8) Chico Elementary School (Grades PK-5) Students Academics Average scores of students in Chico typically match local region and state-wide averages on standardized tests. In 2016-2017 State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness (STAAR) results, 77% of students in Chico ISD met Approaches Grade Level or Above standards, compared with 77% in Region 11 and 75% in the state of Texas. The average SAT score of the class of 2016 was 1303, and the average ACT score was 19.2. Demographics In the 2016-2017 school year, the school district had a total of 603 students, ranging from early childhood education and pre-kindergarten through grade 12. The class of 2016 included 52 graduates; the annual drop-out rate across grades 9-12 was less than 1%. As of the 2016-2017 school year, the ethnic distribution of the school district was 68.7% White, 27.5% Hispanic, 0.7% African American, 0.5% American Indian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 0% Asian, and 2.5% from two or more races. Economically disadvantaged students made up 58.4% of the student body, compared with 59.0% for all students in Texas.	2.703125
7059120	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntly%20Power%20Station	Huntly Power Station	The Huntly Power Station is the largest thermal power station in New Zealand and is located in the town of Huntly in the Waikato. It is operated by Genesis Energy Limited, a publicly listed company (currently 51% owned by the NZ Government). The station has five operational generating units – three 250 MW coal-and-gas-fired steam turbine units, a 50 MW gas peaking plant, and a 403 MW combined cycle gas turbine plant. The station also plays an important role in voltage support for the Northland, Auckland and Waikato regions. Operation Generation Each of the four original generating units, which are capable of burning either coal or gas, installed in stages between 1973 and 1985, is capable of generating 250 MW (Megawatts) of electricity, giving a historical generating capacity of 1000 MW. Its chimneys are 150 metres high and each chimney has two flues that are 7 metres in diameter. The plant uses a reheat steam cycle, with C A Parsons turbines and Combustion Engineering boilers. In 2004 the power station was upgraded with the addition of a 50 MW gas turbine plant, and in 2007 the combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) plant was commissioned. This plant increased the total generating capacity of Huntly by 403 MW (250 MW gas turbine + 153 MW steam turbine). The new turbine represented an investment of NZ$520 million and it increased the total installed capacity to 1453 MW. In 2007, Huntly operated at a load factor of 85% and was providing a large amount of the baseload energy needs of the northern North Island. In 2007, the plant was mainly gas-fired, but a dry winter in 2008 prompted more coal thermal generation. In December 2012, Genesis Energy placed one of the four Huntly Power Station 250 MW units into long-term storage. The second coal-fired 250 MW unit was permanently retired in June 2015 after being placed in storage (with a 90 day return to service) in 2013.	2.3125
7059120	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntly%20Power%20Station	Huntly Power Station	In February 2021, a third 250 MW unit was brought back online to assist with drought and gas shortages and made available until September 2021. Most of the coal it is burning is imported from Indonesia, with much of it coming to Huntly by truck from Ports of Auckland, while some comes by rail from the Port of Tauranga. Fuel and coolant The four 250 MW units were constructed as dual fuel, able to operate on natural gas from Taranaki or coal from the nearby Rotowaro coal mine. A 10 km conveyor belt was constructed to carry coal from the mine to the power station. Previous to the substitution of coal, Huntly used gas from the fields to power the generation of the main units as well, but these were switched in the 1990s because of dwindling resources. Natural gas to power units 5 and 6 comes from several gas fields in Taranaki. The gas is transmitted along the 307 km, 750 mm diameter Maui gas pipeline from Oaonui production station near Opunake, which was commissioned in 1979 to supply the station. The station uses water from the Waikato River for cooling. However, in order to protect aquatic life, conditions are imposed by the resource consent (issued under the Resource Management Act), specifying the quantity of water that can be removed by the station along with the maximum temperature of the water when returned to the river (25 °C). These conditions mean that on very hot summer days the station cannot operate at maximum capacity, and has sometimes effectively been shut down. A new cooling tower has been built as part of expansion works at the site, which allows one 250 MW unit to run at full load even during such times. Transmission and distribution The majority of the energy generated at Huntly Power Station is transmitted through the national grid to Auckland, New Zealand's largest city, which lies to the north of the station.	2.375
7059120	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntly%20Power%20Station	Huntly Power Station	Huntly is connected to the rest of the national grid via a large substation switchyard and six 220 kV transmission circuits carried on three high capacity transmission lines. These transmission lines are: a double circuit line (HLY-TMN-A) to Stratford in Taranaki, via Te Kowhai and Taumarunui a double circuit line (HLY-OTA-A) to Ōtāhuhu substation in Auckland, via Drury and Takanini a double circuit line (HLY-DEV A) to the Ohinewai switching station, where it connects with the Otahuhu to Whakamaru C line The Huntly switchyard also includes a grid exit point for supply to the local distribution network in the Huntly area. Future The plant contributes over half of New Zealand's emissions of greenhouse gases from electricity generation, has repeatedly drawn the ire of environmentalists and has been the focus of associated protests. A 2006 government report outlining future climate change mitigation and energy policies was seen by the operator as a sign that the plant might have to be closed by 2015 under these plans, with around 10 years of design life still remaining. It was also noted that, apart from being difficult to replace as a source of power (due to New Zealand's annually growing generation demand, especially around Auckland), such a decision would also be uneconomical for the foreseeable future, even if coal prices were to rise. In May 2012, resource consent was granted by the Waikato Regional Council to continue running the gas and coal units for a period of 25 years. In April 2016, Genesis Energy announced that the Huntly Power Station would continue operation of its two remaining coal / gas burning units until December 2022. The two gas turbine generators would continue to operate into the future. Company chief executive Marc England has stated "By 2025, Genesis will only use coal in its thermal units in abnormal market conditions, and it is our intent to remove coal completely by 2030".	1.984375
7059134	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20John%20Forbes	Charles John Forbes	Charles John Forbes (10 February 1786 – 22 September 1862) was an official in the Commissariat Department of the British Army during the Napoleonic Wars. He later was posted to Lower Canada, where he was responsible for supplying the British Army units there, as well as obtaining the supplies necessary for the construction of the canal system on the Ottawa River, including the Carillon Canal. After he retired from the Commissariat Department in 1836, Forbes and his family settled in Lower Canada, where he bought a large estate at Carillon. Forbes was involved in the suppression of the Lower Canada Rebellion in the Deux-Montagnes region, including the burning of Saint-Benoît in December, 1837. He supported the union of Lower Canada and Upper Canada into the Province of Canada in 1841, and served briefly in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada. Early life and family Forbes was born in Gosport, Hampshire, England in 1786, the ninth child of Robert Forbes and Elizabeth Cobb. He studied at the College of Altona at Altona, at that time in Denmark, now in Germany. In 1815 he married Sophia Browne, probably in England. The couple had seven children. John Wainwright, who was appointed to the Special Council of Lower Canada in 1839, was Sophia's cousin. Military career In 1805, Forbes joined the Commissariat Department of the British Army, which was responsible for provisions and supplies for the army. Beginning as a clerk, Forbes rose rapidly, due to his skills, a good personality, and a sense of daring. He soon held the rank of deputy commissary general. During the Napoleonic Wars, Forbes served in the Mediterranean theatre, including a brief period of imprisonment in Egypt. He was posted to the Peninsular War in 1813 to 1814, and was also present at the Battle of New Orleans in 1815. He retired from the army in 1817 on half-pay.	1.9375
7059134	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20John%20Forbes	Charles John Forbes	For the next seven years, Forbes and his family lived at Corfu, in Italy, and in France. In 1824, Forbes returned to active service with the Commissariat and was posted to Nova Scotia. The next year, he was transferred to Montreal in Lower Canada, where he was responsible for providing all supplies needed by the British Army units in the district. He was also responsible for providing supplies for the construction of the canal system on the Ottawa River, including the Carillon Canal. In 1833 he was posted to Jamaica for two years, but was invalided back to Britain. During his posting in Canada, he had purchased land near Carillon in Lower Canada, and his family had stayed there during his Jamaica posting. After his illness in Jamaica, he retired again in 1836 and returned to his estate at Carillon. Lower Canada Rebellion In the 1830s, political tensions steadily grew in Lower Canada, as the Patriote movement and the Parti Patriote increased their criticisms of the colonial government, with a governor appointed by the British government and an appointed Legislative Council dominated by the British merchant class in the colony. By 1837, rebellion was in the air, following the British government's rejection of proposals for constitutional change set out by the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada in the Ninety-Two Resolutions. The commander of the British military forces was Sir John Colborne, a veteran of the Peninsular War and the Battle of Waterloo. He asked Forbes to report to him on possible Patriote activity in the Deux-Montagnes region, north-west of Montreal, which included Carillon. The Deux-Montagnes region was seen as a Patriote hotbed, particularly the towns of Saint-Eustache and Saint-Benoît. In October 1837, Colborne moved a detachment of British soldiers to Carillon, where they were lodged in a large stone building which Forbes owned.	2.84375
7059134	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20John%20Forbes	Charles John Forbes	Following the rebellion in Lower Canada, and the similar rebellion in 1837 in Upper Canada (now Ontario), the British government decided to merge the two provinces into a single province, as recommended by Lord Durham in the Durham Report. The Union Act, 1840, passed by the British Parliament, abolished the two provinces and their separate parliaments. It created the Province of Canada, with a single Parliament for the entire province, composed of an elected Legislative Assembly and an appointed Legislative Council. The Governor General initially retained a strong position in the government. In the first general elections for the Legislative Assembly in 1841, Forbes stood as a candidate in the Two Mountains constituency. He campaigned in support of the union, but was defeated by Colin Robertson, who also supported the union. However, Robertson died in a sleighing accident the next year. Forbes was elected to the Assembly in 1842, in the resulting by-election. In the Assembly, he was a traditional Lower Canada Tory, and opposed the political direction of the Executive Council, which was composed largely of Reformers and some moderate Tories. In 1843, when almost all of the members of the Executive Council resigned in a dispute with the Governor General, Sir Charles Metcalfe, Forbes voted in support of Metcalfe in the Legislative Assembly. Forbes did not stand for re-election in the general elections of 1844. Later life and death Forbes lived the life of a Tory squire on his Carillon estate. He was actively engaged in the development of the estate, invested in land, and was involved in various speculative activities. He was a popular host, welcoming a series of visitors of various ranks. In 1837, he had been appointed a justice of the peace, a position he held for the rest of his life. He died at Carillon in 1862 and was buried from the Anglican church of St. Andrew.	2.921875
7059140	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM%202997	IBM 2997	The earliest roots of IBM's development of the IBM 2997 Blood cell Separator lay in the personal tragedy of one of IBM's development engineers, George Judson. In 1962, Judson's son, Tom, was diagnosed with leukemia. His physician was able to have Tom admitted to the Clinical Center of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). On admission, they showed Judson a procedure to remove white blood cells from a patient. It was laborious. They would remove two units (450 ml) of blood, spin them in a bucket centrifuge, express the plasma into a satellite bag, and the white cells into another satellite bag. The packed red cells and the plasma would be recombined and administered to the patient. This would be repeated over and over. Judson, being an engineer, suggested that this could be done on a continuous-flow basis. He was sent to see Dr. Emil J. Freireich who expressed enthusiasm for the project. Judson returned to IBM and asked for a year's leave of absence to work on his ideas. IBM gave him the one-year leave with pay and provided engineering assistance. Judson's work led to the development of the NCI Blood Cell Separator and later to the IBM 2990 Blood Cell Separator which could harvest white blood cells from blood donors, to support leukemia patients to keep them alive. The subsequent development of the machine as the IBM 2997, essentially a continuous centrifuge which separated the blood into red blood cells, white blood cells, and blood plasma (used in plasmapheresis), was picked up by IBM's Systems Supplies Division (SSD) which was already ready marketing the IBM 2991 Blood cell Processor. The (disposable) supplies element represented a large part of the revenue stream.	2.640625
7059168	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20W.%20Miller	Thomas W. Miller	Thomas Woodnutt Miller (June 26, 1886 – May 5, 1973) was an American politician serving as a Republican U.S. Representative for Delaware's at-large congressional district. He was a veteran of World War I and a member of the American Legion, who served as a National Legislative Committee chairman. Early life and education Thomas Woodnutt Miller was born in Wilmington, Delaware, son of Governor Charles R. Miller and Abigail Morgan (Woodnutt) Miller. He attended the Hotchkiss School and graduated from Yale University in 1908. He was initially employed as a steel roller by the Bethlehem Steel Company in 1908 and 1909. Political career Miller worked as secretary to U.S. Representative William H. Heald from 1910 until 1912, and during this period studied law in Washington, D.C. He was appointed by his father, Governor Charles R. Miller, to the position of Delaware Secretary of State from 1913 until 1915. Miller was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1914, defeating incumbent Democratic U.S. Representative Franklin Brockson. During this term, he served in the Republican minority in the 64th Congress. Seeking reelection in 1916, he lost to Democrat Albert F. Polk, a lawyer from Georgetown. Miller served from March 4, 1915, until March 3, 1917, during the administration of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson.	2.34375
7059168	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20W.%20Miller	Thomas W. Miller	World War I When the United States entered World War I in April 1917 (see American entry into World War I), Miller enlisted as a private in the infantry of the United States Army, and served in France with the Seventy-Ninth Division. He was cited by General John J. Pershing, commander of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF), for "especially meritorious and conspicuous service" in the Meuse–Argonne offensive and awarded the Purple Heart for his service. For this, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel and served until discharged in September 1919. Miller was a founder and incorporator of the American Legion and vice chairman of the Paris caucus in March 1919. He was also Alien Property Custodian from 1921 until 1925 and a member of the American Battle Monuments Commission from 1923 until 1926. He was elected president of FIDAC (The Interallied Federation of War Veterans Organisations) between 1924 and 1925. Conviction and parole Miller served in the administration of United States President Warren G. Harding, but was convicted in 1927 of conspiring to defraud the U.S. government. The conviction concerned Miller's service as Alien Property Custodian and the effort by Metallgesellschaft AG of Germany to overturn the U.S. government's confiscation of its interest in the American Metal Company during World War I. He served 18 months in prison and was paroled in 1929 and pardoned by United States President Herbert Hoover in 1933. Later life and death At this point, Miller moved to Reno, Nevada, where he spent the rest of his life. There he became the founder of Nevada State parks system and served as chairman of the Nevada State Park Commission in 1935, 1936, from 1953 to 1959, and from 1967 to 1973. He also continued his activity in veterans affairs as staff field representative of the United States Veterans Employment Service from 1945 until 1957. He died in Reno on May 5, 1973, and was buried in the Masonic Memorial Gardens in Reno.	2.6875
7059209	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicity%20%28philosophy%29	Historicity (philosophy)	Historicity in philosophy is the idea or fact that something has a historical origin and developed through history: concepts, practices, values. This is opposed to the belief that the same thing, in particular normative institutions or correlated ideologies, is natural or essential and thus exists universally. Historicity relates to the underlying concept of history, or the intersection of teleology (the concept and study of progress and purpose), temporality (the concept of time), and historiography (semiotics and history of history). Historical "a priori" (historicity of a historical process) is a varying conceptualizations of historicity, emphasizing the linear progress or the repetition or modulation of past events. Concepts of historicity In phenomenology, historicity is the history of constitution of any intentional object, both in the sense of history as tradition and in the sense where every individual has its own history. Of course, these two senses are often very similar: One individual's history is heavily influenced by the tradition the individual is formed in, but personal history can also produce an object that wouldn't be a part of any tradition. In addition, personal historicity doesn't develop in the same way as tradition. The term Historicity in phenomenology originated in the mature work of Edmund Husserl and developed by continuators of phenomenology such as Alfred Schütz, Martin Heidegger and Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Martin Heidegger argued in Being and Time that it is temporality that gives rise to history. All things have their place and time, and nothing past is outside of history. Ingo Farin argues that Heidegger appropriated the concept from Wilhelm Dilthey and from Paul Yorck von Wartenburg and further clarifies Heidegger's meaning: Heidegger calls authentic historicity the historical awareness that recognizes this whole range (i.e., the “simultaneity” of past, present, and future in the historical action one resolves to undertake).	2.515625
7059265	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliepkovce	Sliepkovce	Sliepkovce (, ) is a village and municipality in Michalovce District in the Kosice Region of eastern Slovakia. History In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1345. The original village lay several kilometres to the south of its current location, closer to the neighbouring village of Budkovce. Due to marshy conditions and frequent flooding in the original location, in the 1890s, the village was reestablished at a new location several kilometres to the north (its current location) and the original village was demolished. The efforts were financed and supported by Dénes Andrássy of the Andrássy family from Krásna Hôrka. The colloquial Hungarian name of the current village of Sliepkovce is Dénesújfalu ("Dennis-new-ville"), apparently adopted in honour of Andrássy's support for the 1890s project. This newer name has also become common in the Zemplín dialect of Slovak, as Deneš. Geography The village lies at an altitude of 105 metres and covers an area of 6.456 km². It has a population of 704 people. Ethnicity The population is about 99% Slovak in ethnicity. Culture The village has a small public library, and a football pitch, built in 1946. Transport The village has three bus stops on its main street and is serviced by regular bus lines between Michalovce and Budkovce. The nearest railway station is 6 kilometres away at Budkovce.	2.171875
7059290	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlovce%20nad%20Uhom	Pavlovce nad Uhom	Pavlovce nad Uhom (Romani: Pavlovcis, ) is a village and municipality in the district of Michalovce in the Košice Region of Eastern Slovakia. Pavlovce sits on the south bank of the Uzh River () and is located about west of the border with Ukraine. The main village has existed since at least the Late Middle Ages, mentioned as early as 1327 AD. As of 2021, Pavlovce was reported to have a population of 4,646 people. History The origins and etymology of Pavlovce remain a subject of debate. According to the historian Professor Ferdinant Uličný, Pavlovce nad Uhom was established by Cuman watch-keeping units (in Russian: – , ; in Slovak: ). Pavlovce or Plavce was applied by Slovak inhabitants and Hungarian nobles, rather than the Cumans themselves. Others simply argue that the name was derived from the popular Slavic name Pavol. Following the collapse of the Great Moravian Empire in the early 10th Century, the ascendant Kingdom of Hungary under the Árpád Dynasty seized the Eastern Slovak Lowland. The following centuries of Hungarian rule saw an influx of ethnic Hungarians, who then mixed with the native Slavic and Slovak population. The Hungarians fortified their conquest by establishing guard posts and settlements in strategic locations along the newly expanded frontier. The first written mention of Pavlovce nad Uhom appears in the context of a feudal donation agreement dated 1327. In this document, Charles I of Hungary confirmed the right of the Zeman (freeholder) Peto Túz to own the village and surrounding lands. In 1332, a parish church is mentioned. In 1417, Emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg granted a confirmation of ownership to the brothers Matthew (died 1437) and George (died April 10, 1439, Esztergom) for their service to the Hungarian crown. They were ennobled under the title 'de Palócz' and would establish a manor centered in Pavlovce.	2.171875
7059290	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlovce%20nad%20Uhom	Pavlovce nad Uhom	Geology and geomorphology Geomorphologically, Pavlovce nad Uhom belongs to the East Slovak Plain and its subgroups of Kapušany Flatlands and Senné Wet Ground. The countryside of plains and flood plains consists of Holocene clay, loamy sand sediments, and the remains of old river beds. Its geological structure consists of floodplain sediments, Pleistocene aeolian sands, and sand dunes. Climate The area of Pavlovce nad Uhom is drained by the river Uzh, which originates in the Ukrainian Uzh Pass and leads to the river Laborec near the municipality of Stretavka. The total catchment area of the river Uzh is , including in Slovak territory. Its total length is , including in Slovak territory. The average flow is and the maximum recorded is There is a lake near Pavlovce nad Uhom, called Ortov, connected to the river Uzh via an underground aquifer whose water level increases and decreases depending on the river flow. According to a map from 1863, several ponds, called lakes by the locals, existed in the municipality's territory. The area is known for its high-quality groundwater. The East Slovak Lowland has a subcontinental climate with an annual rainfall of and winters above . The average annual temperature in Pavlovce nad Uhom is . Defunct architectural and historic monuments Several historical buildings associated with the local nobility do not exist anymore, including those below. Medieval church A medieval church was known to exist in the 13th century from the letters of George and Matthew de Palócz, which mentioned that the church contained their family tomb. The exact location of this church is unconfirmed. Medieval mansion Peter Túz or his sons established a medieval family mansion in Pavlovce, which later evolved into the fortified manor-house named . Its ruins are likely located in the western part of a local park. Baroque-Classicist manor house	2.796875

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