Split (1)

train · 1.04M rows

id stringlengths 2 8	url stringlengths 31 381	title stringlengths 1 211	text stringlengths 1.02k 2.05k	edu_quality float64 1.91 4.03
7059308	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olearia%20teretifolia	Olearia teretifolia	Olearia teretifolia, commonly known as cypress daisy-bush, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae and is endemic to south-eastern continental Australia. It is a slender, erect to spreading shrub with more or less sessile, linear leaves pressed against the stem, and white and yellow, daisy-like inflorescences. Description Olearia teretifolia is a slender, erect to spreading shrub that typically grows to a height of up to about and has glabrous, sticky branchlets and leaves. The leaves are arranged alternately, more or less sessile, long, about wide and usually pressed against the stem. The heads or daisy-like "flowers" are arranged singly on the ends of branches, often in large numbers, each head sessile and in diameter with an urn-shaped involucre long at the base. Each head has 4 to 10 white ray florets, the ligule long, surrounding 5 to 10 yellow disc florets. Flowering occurs from August to November and the fruit is a ribbed achene long, the pappus long. Taxonomy This daisy was first formally described in 1853 by Otto Wilhelm Sonder who gave it the name Eurybia tertifolia in the journal Linnaea, based on plant material collected from the Mount Lofty Ranges. It was renamed firstly as Aster teretifolius in 1865 by Victorian Government Botanist Ferdinand von Mueller in Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae and finally in 1867 by George Bentham as Olearia teretifolia in Flora Australiensis. The specific epithet (teretifolia) means "terete-leaved". Distribution and habitat Olearia teretifolia grows in forest, mallee and scrub in disjunct areas of Victoria and in the south-east of South Australia.	2.734375
7059317	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archenhold%20Observatory	Archenhold Observatory	The exhibition covered themes like history of astronomy, Earth and Moon, Sun and planets, comets and meteors, stars and star clusters, instruments and optics. Observations included standard objects, lunar eclipses, comets and the Nova Cygni 1903. 23,000 visitors attended in 1897, the number rising to 60,000 by 1899 and remaining about constant until the 1930s. New building In 1908, the original wooden building was demolished and on 4 April 1909 a new building was inaugurated. On 2 June 1915, Albert Einstein gave his first public talk about General Relativity at the observatory. In 1931, Friedrich Simon Archenhold was succeeded as director by his son Günter Archenhold. Due to his Jewish ancestry, he was forced to resign in 1936. The family was expelled from the observatory; some emigrated, others ended up in Nazi concentration camps. The observatory was integrated into the city's school system. During World War II a bomb hit the southwest wing, but the Great Refractor was not severely damaged. Observations resumed as soon as July 1945 for the solar eclipse. Edgar Mädlow was interim director, assisted by Herbert Pfaffe. Research of Friedrich and Günter Archenhold Friedrich Archenhold's first research, for which he was commissioned by Wilhelm Foerster, was aimed at developing the photographic method. Foerster himself was not an observer, but a clever scientific politician: he commissioned his assistants to test new techniques. Archenhold tested a new, short focal length astro-camera, first at the Baltic Sea, then at a station set up especially for the test in Berlin-Halensee. He succeeded in obtaining further photographic evidence of the nebula at ξ Persei (now called the "California Nebula"). After building the giant telescope, he continued his technical tests (with photographs and moving images) and astronomical observations in his new "Treptow-Observatory".	3.03125
7059317	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archenhold%20Observatory	Archenhold Observatory	Research reports and technical articles were published on the comets Perrine in 1897 and Halley in 1910, a fireball and noctilucent clouds. The participation in the observation campaign of Nova Persei in 1901 is documented, which followed earlier similar observations. The cause of novae (surface eruptions on white dwarfs in cataclysmic variable stars) was still not understood at the time. Novae (unpredictably erupting stars) and variable stars and the study of their periods were one of the most important and topical areas of research at the time. One publication was written in 1912 after observations of the Great Red Spot on Jupiter through the giant telescope. The son of the observatory's founder, Günter Archenhold, published mainly on solar research and the halo phenomenon. He only signed his first specialist publication in 1930 (and previously with his father) with the affiliation "Treptow-Sternwarte" (Treptow Observatory). Naming after Archenhold In 1946 the city of Berlin renamed the observatory Archenhold-Sternwarte. On 1 June 1948 Diedrich Wattenberg, who had been working with Archenhold, was made director. Annual visitor numbers rose from 8,000 in 1946 to 25,000 in 1949. In 1958, the Great Refractor was decommissioned, but retained as a monument of technology. Modern equipment and extension(s) in GDR-time From 1959 onwards, the observatory was increasingly used for school education in physics and astronomy. To support this, in the 1960s, two further domes were erected in the grounds. A lecture theatre was also added, and in 1966 the "solar physics cabinet" (a special invention for showing the sun and its spectrum in a lecture hall) was created, which could project the Sun at diameter or a solar spectrum at 1.5 m length. It was an invention by the brilliant optical engineer Edwin Rolf (Rathenow near Berlin), a further development of the Jensch coelostat for didactic (display) purposes.	2.421875
7059317	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archenhold%20Observatory	Archenhold Observatory	In November 1976, Wattenberg retired and Dieter B. Herrmann was made director of the observatory. The technical director, Eckehard Rothenberg was in charge for all further modernisations, the construction of two planetariums and the restoration of the Great Refractor. In March 1982, the small planetarium in Treptow was replaced with a modern ZKP II model of the Zeiss company. 1983 saw the completion of the reconstruction of the Great Refractor, which had started in 1977. The historical instrument was then again movable and fully functional. Annual visitor numbers during the 1980s were around the 70,000. Archenhold had already suggested a large planetarium. This became reality in 1987 when the Zeiss Major Planetarium was built in the Ernst-Thälmann-Park. From the beginning on, this was led by the directors of the Archenhold Observatory; Rothenberg was the leading astronomer-engineer of its construction and later, more media technicians were employed specifically for its maintenance and subordinated to the Treptow directors. In 2007, the two houses became separate departments within the German Museum of Technology but were reunified in 2013, and form a single entity with the major planetarium and observatory in former West-Berlin since 2016. Research 1972-1992 In 1972, a research department for the history of astronomy was set up at the observatory, which was enriched by members of its own working group of hobby astronomers. The head of department was Dr. Dieter B. Herrmann until 1976. After his habilitation in 1986, he also taught at Berlin's university and occasionally supervised doctoral theses. On November 1, 1976, Diedrich Wattenberg retired as director after 28 years and, at his suggestion, Dieter B. Herrmann was appointed as the new director of the observatory. Research into the history of astronomy was led by Jürgen Hamel, who worked at the Archenhold Observatory from 1978 to 1991.	2.15625
7059317	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archenhold%20Observatory	Archenhold Observatory	Didactical works, textbooks on the subject of astronomy and astronomy-related chapters in textbooks for various natural sciences were written by Director Herrmann and his staff, led by the qualified astronomy teachers Dietmar Fürst and Oliver Schwarz (the latter later received a professorship for physics didactics at the University of Siegen and headed the working group "Astronomiedidaktik" working group / education committee of the German Astronomical Society). Berlin re-united After German reunification in 1990, the observatory came under control of the city's school administration. Significant repairs of the Great Refractor had to be carried out in 1989/1990 and 1995. As of 2018, the telescope remains operational and is available for night observing. The observatory underwent major refurbishment in 1995/1996. The exhibition was also completely revised. Since 2002, the observatory belongs to the German Museum of Technology. Dieter B. Herrmann retired in 2005. The observatory was then led for a while by the head of the astronomy department of the technology museum, Klaus Staubermann. In 2009, Felix Lühning became director of the Archenhold Observatory. Further activities Since 1972, the Archenhold Observatory edits its own celestial almanac "Blick in die Sternenwelt" on the basis of the Nautical Almanac but computed specifically for the coordinates of the observatory in Treptow. The editor and author was 1972 to 2014 Eckehard Rothenberg; since 2014 other members of the local hobby astronomers' club continue his work. As a support association, the astronomers's club also relaunched and continued the Archenhold Observatory publication series after German reunification. It had to be discontinued at the beginning of the 1990s because the research department(s) was dissolved, but was re-initiated in 2000 with a popular scientific-historical work by astronomer Susanne M Hoffmann.	2.21875
7059376	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit%20suisse	Petit suisse	Petit-suisse (meaning "little Swiss cheese") is a French cheese from the Normandy region. Production and use Petit-suisse is a fromage frais, an unripened, unsalted, smooth, and creamy cheese with a texture closer to a very thick yogurt than a typical cheese. It is made from cow's milk enriched with cream so that its dry solids contain about 40% fat content (around 10% in the actual product eaten). The cheese is then smoothed and drained in a centrifuge. A typical cheese weighs 30 or 60 grams and is packaged in a cylinder around 4 cm high and 3 cm diameter or 5 cm by 4 cm in the larger size. Petit-suisse may be consumed with sugar, as a dessert either on its own or with jam or honey, or salted and peppered with herbs. It is also used in meat stuffings. A mixture of petit-suisse and mustard is sometimes applied to rabbit to prevent the meat from drying during cooking. History and development Contrary to what its name suggests, petit-suisse did not originate in Switzerland, but in Normandy, where in the 1850s, a Swiss employee at a dairy in Auvilliers (Normandy) suggested adding cream to enrich the curd used for cheese. Originally, it was sold in a thin paper wrapping and packaged in wooden boxes, six to a box. The cheeses weighed 60 grams each and were called simply "suisse" (Swiss). Today, they are made throughout France. Though the 60-g version is often seen labelled petit suisse, the term is sometimes reserved for the 30-g ones, the larger ones then being referred to as a double petit-suisse, double suisse, or suisse double.	2.609375
7059394	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyridon%20of%20Athens	Spyridon of Athens	Spyridon (secular name: Σπυρίδων Βλάχος Spyridon Vlachos) was Archbishop of Athens and All Greece from 1949 until 1956. He was born in Chili (Χήλη), in present-day northern Turkey. His parents originated from the village of , near Pogoni in northern Greece. He studied at the Halki seminary. As a senior preacher in Kavala, he offered moral and material support to the Struggle for Macedonia, and in 1906, he was elected Metropolitan Bishop of Vella and Konitsa. His services during the Balkan Wars and on the matter of Northern Epirus were significant. In the Vella Monastery, he founded a seminary based on a primary school. In 1916, he was elected Metropolitan of Ioannina and in 1949 was elected Archbishop of Athens and All Greece. He worked to reorganize the church after the Second World War and the Greek Civil War. In 1950 he led the call in Greece for enosis, the union of Cyprus with Greece. He actively participated in the war in Cyprus, and was succeeded by Makarios, later Archbishop of Cyprus. He died in 1956 and was succeeded by Archbishop Dorotheus.	2.078125
7059568	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco%20Dalupan%20Sr.	Francisco Dalupan Sr.	Francisco Tarnate Dalupan Sr. (October 4, 1895 – November 25, 1987) was the Filipino founder and first chairman and the president of the University of the East (UE). He was the father of the legendary Filipino basketball coach Virgilio "Baby" Dalupan. Dalupan graduated from the Ateneo de Manila University. Before founding UE, he co-founded the Far Eastern University, which was headed by Nicanor B. Reyes, Sr., then serving as a professor at the University of the Philippines Department of Economics. Together with his colleagues, Dalupan established the Philippine College of Commerce and Business Administration (PCCBA) at R. Papa Street, Sampaloc, Manila in 1946. The PCCBA admitted 350 students in the summer of 1947. The following year, more students enrolled and so more academic units had to be organized, and the PCCBA moved to what is now UE's main campus on Claro M. Recto Avenue. The PCCBA was granted university status on July 3, 1951 and was renamed the University of the East. Dalupan became UE's first president and the chairman of its board of trustees. The first members of the board were Atty. Hermenegildo Balbino Reyes, a businessman, scholar and former vice president of the University of the Philippines, and Santiago F. de la Cruz, a certified public accountant and business executive who later succeeded Dalupan as UE President.	1.984375
7059576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-arc%20basin	Back-arc basin	A back-arc basin is a type of geologic basin, found at some convergent plate boundaries. Presently all back-arc basins are submarine features associated with island arcs and subduction zones, with many found in the western Pacific Ocean. Most of them result from tensional forces, caused by a process known as oceanic trench rollback, where a subduction zone moves towards the subducting plate. Back-arc basins were initially an unexpected phenomenon in plate tectonics, as convergent boundaries were expected to universally be zones of compression. However, in 1970, Dan Karig published a model of back-arc basins consistent with plate tectonics. Structural characteristics Back-arc basins are typically very long and relatively narrow, often thousands of kilometers long while only being a few hundred kilometers wide at most. For back-arc extension to form, a subduction zone is required, but not all subduction zones have a back-arc extension feature. Back-arc basins are found in areas where the subducting plate of oceanic crust is very old. The restricted width of back-arc basins is due to magmatic activity being reliant on water and induced mantle convection, limiting their formation to along subduction zones. Spreading rates vary from only a few centimeters per year (as in the Mariana Trough), to 15 cm/year in the Lau Basin. Spreading ridges within the basins erupt basalts that are similar to those erupted from the mid-ocean ridges; the main difference being back-arc basin basalts are often very rich in magmatic water (typically 1–1.5 weight % H2O), whereas mid-ocean ridge basalt magmas are very dry (typically <0.3 weight % H2O). The high water contents of back-arc basin basalt magmas is derived from water carried down the subduction zone and released into the overlying mantle wedge. Additional sources of water could be the eclogitization of amphiboles and micas in the subducting slab. Similar to mid-ocean ridges, back-arc basins have hydrothermal vents and associated chemosynthetic communities. Seafloor spreading	3.09375
7059576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-arc%20basin	Back-arc basin	Evidence of seafloor spreading has been seen in cores of the basin floor. The thickness of sediment that collected in the basin decreased toward the center of the basin, indicating a younger surface. The idea that thickness and age of sediment on the sea floor is related to the age of the oceanic crust was proposed by Harry Hess. Magnetic anomalies of the crust that had formed in back-arc basins deviated in form from the crust formed at mid-ocean ridges. In many areas the anomalies do not appear parallel, as well as the profiles of the magnetic anomalies in the basin lacking symmetry or a central anomaly as a traditional ocean basin does, indicating asymmetric seafloor spreading. This has prompted some to characterize the spreading in back-arc basins to be more diffused and less uniform than at mid-ocean ridges. The idea that back-arc basin spreading is inherently different from mid-ocean ridge spreading is controversial and has been debated through the years. Another argument put forward is that the process of seafloor spreading is the same in both cases, but the movement of seafloor spreading centers in the basin causes the asymmetry in the magnetic anomalies. This process can be seen in the Lau back-arc basin. Though the magnetic anomalies are more complex to decipher, the rocks sampled from back-arc basin spreading centers do not differ very much from those at mid-ocean ridges. In contrast, the volcanic rocks of the nearby island arc differ significantly from those in the basin.	2.578125
7059576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-arc%20basin	Back-arc basin	Back-arc basins are different from normal mid-ocean ridges because they are characterized by asymmetric seafloor spreading, but this is quite variable even within single basins. For example, in the central Mariana Trough, current spreading rates are 2–3 times greater on the western flank, whereas at the southern end of the Mariana Trough the position of the spreading center adjacent to the volcanic front suggests that overall crustal accretion has been nearly entirely asymmetric there. This situation is mirrored to the north where a large spreading asymmetry is also developed. Other back-arc basins such as the Lau Basin have undergone large rift jumps and propagation events (sudden changes in relative rift motion) that have transferred spreading centers from arc-distal to more arc-proximal positions. Conversely, study of recent spreading rates appear to be relatively symmetric with perhaps small rift jumps. The cause of asymmetric spreading in back-arc basins remains poorly understood. General ideas invoke asymmetries relative to the spreading axis in arc melt generation processes and heat flow, hydration gradients with distance from the slab, mantle wedge effects, and evolution from rifting to spreading.	2.703125
7059576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-arc%20basin	Back-arc basin	Formation and tectonics The extension of the crust behind volcanic arcs is believed to be caused by processes in association with subduction. As the subducting plate descends into the asthenosphere it sheds water, causing mantle melting, volcanism, and the formation of island arcs. Another result of this is a convection cell is formed. The rising magma and heat along with the outwards tension in the crust in contact with the convection cell cause a region of melt to form, resulting in a rift. This process drives the island arc toward the subduction zone and the rest of the plate away from the subduction zone. The backward motion of the subduction zone relative to the motion of the plate which is being subducted is called trench rollback (also known as hinge rollback or hinge retreat). As the subduction zone and its associated trench pull backward, the overriding plate is stretched, thinning the crust and forming a back-arc basin. In some cases, extension is triggered by the entrance of a buoyant feature in the subduction zone, which locally slows down subduction and induces the subducting plate to rotate adjacent to it. This rotation is associated with trench retreat and overriding plate extension. The age of the subducting crust needed to establish back-arc spreading has been found to be 55 million years old or older. This is why back-arc spreading centers appear concentrated in the western Pacific. The dip angle of the subducting slab may also be significant, as is shown to be greater than 30° in areas of back-arc spreading; this is most likely because as oceanic crust gets older it becomes denser, resulting in a steeper angle of descent. The thinning of the overriding plate from back-arc rifting can lead to the formation of new oceanic crust (i.e., back-arc spreading). As the lithosphere stretches, the asthenosphere below rises to shallow depths and partially melts as a result of adiabatic decompression melting. As this melt nears the surface, spreading begins.	3.09375
7059576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-arc%20basin	Back-arc basin	Sedimentation Sedimentation is strongly asymmetric, with most of the sediment supplied from the active volcanic arc which regresses in step with the rollback of the trench. From cores collected during the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) nine sediment types were found in the back-arc basins of the western Pacific. Debris flows of thick to medium bedded massive conglomerates account for 1.2% of sediments collected by the DSDP. The average size of the sediments in the conglomerates are pebble sized but can range from granules to cobbles. Accessory materials include limestone fragments, chert, shallow water fossils and sandstone clasts. Submarine fan systems of interbedded turbidite sandstone and mudstone made up 20% of the total thickness of sediment recovered by the DSDP. The fans can be divided into two sub-systems based on the differences in lithology, texture, sedimentary structures, and bedding style. These systems are inner and midfan subsystem and the outer fan subsystem. The inner and midfan system contains interbedded thin to medium bedded sandstones and mudstones. Structures that are found in these sandstones include load clasts, micro-faults, slump folds, convolute laminations, dewatering structures, graded bedding, and gradational tops of sandstone beds. Partial Bouma sequences can be found within the subsystem. The outer fan subsystem generally consists of finer sediments when compared to the inner and midfan system. Well sorted volcanoclastic sandstones, siltstones and mudstones are found in this system. Sedimentary structures found in this system include parallel laminae, micro-cross laminae, and graded bedding. Partial Bouma sequences can be identified in this subsystem.	2.53125
7059576	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back-arc%20basin	Back-arc basin	Pelagic clays containing iron-manganese micronodules, quartz, plagioclase, orthoclase, magnetite, volcanic glass, montmorillonite, illite, smectite, foraminiferal remains, diatoms, and sponge spicules made up the uppermost stratigraphic section at each site it was found. This sediment type consisted of 4.2% of the total thickness of sediment recovered by the DSDP. Biogenic pelagic silica sediments consist of radiolarian, diatomaceous, silicoflagellate oozes, and chert. It makes up 4.3% of the sediment thickness recovered. Biogenic pelagic carbonates is the most common sediment type recovered from the back-arc basins of the western Pacific. This sediment type made up 23.8% of the total thickness of sediment recovered by the DSDP. The pelagic carbonates consist of ooze, chalk, and limestone. Nanofossils and foraminifera make up the majority of the sediment. Resedimented carbonates made up 9.5% of the total thickness of sediment recovered by the DSDP. This sediment type had the same composition as the biogenic pelagic carbonated, but it had been reworked with well-developed sedimentary structures. Pyroclastics consisting of volcanic ash, tuff and a host of other constituents including nanofossils, pyrite, quartz, plant debris, and glass made up 9.5% of the sediment recovered. These volcanic sediments were sourced form the regional tectonic controlled volcanism and the nearby island arc sources. Locations Active back-arc basins are found in the Marianas, Kermadec-Tonga, South Scotia, Manus, North Fiji, and Tyrrhenian Sea regions, but most are found in the western Pacific. Not all subduction zones have back-arc basins; some, like the central Andes, are associated with rear-arc compression. There are a number of extinct or fossil back-arc basins, such as the Parece Vela-Shikoku Basin, Sea of Japan, and Kurile Basin. Compressional back-arc basins are found, for example, in the Pyrenees and the Swiss Alps.	2.53125
7059579	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MF%2001	MF 01	The MF 01 (; ; also called MF 2000 from its year of its invitation to tender) is a model of steel-wheeled electrical multiple units used on Paris's Metro system. The cars first arrived in December 2007 and delivery was completed in 2015. RATP ordered 160 trains or 800 cars in 2001, to replace the aging MF 67. It is used on Line 2, Line 5, and Line 9. The MF 01 was first introduced to the press on 17 June 2005 but it would not be until January 2006 that the first trains would undergo testing on the system. Commercial service on Line 2 began on 11 June 2008, with all of Line 2 being equipped with the new rolling stock by March 2011. Testing quickly commenced on Line 5, where two trains were initially deployed. Commercial service on Line 5 began on 15 June 2011, with nearly 25 trains in service as of April 2012. On 9 February 2011, the STIF voted to purchase MF 2000 stock for Line 9 at a cost of €330 million. Deliveries took place in 2013, after all of the stock was delivered to Line 5, and will continue through 2016. The features of the Line 9 trains will be virtually identical to the trains on Lines 2 and 5, including the air conditioning systems. However, the trains feature a new joint RATP/STIF exterior livery that is based on the MI 09 commuter rail rolling stock on the RER A, marking the first time that the co-branded RATP/STIF livery is seen on the Metro. The first train (#096) for Line 9 was delivered in June 2013 and began revenue service along Line 5 in July 2013. The train was then prepared for revenue service on Line 9 in early October 2013, going into revenue service on 21 October 2013. Conception With many of the MF 67 trains approaching 35 years old on Lines 2, 5, and 9, the RATP determined that a new class of steel-wheel rolling stock was needed. Due to changes in European legislation regarding competition, the RATP was required to change the way it awarded bids. This resulted in the RATP launching an open bid where numerous firms could take part.	2.125
7059579	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MF%2001	MF 01	The winning consortium of four train manufacturers, namely Alstom, Bombardier, Technicatome and CSEE was chosen to manufacture the MF 2000 stock at a cost of €800 million. It was the first time in history that the RATP has assigned four manufacturers to manufacture different components of the train cars. This process delayed the delivery by a year due to poor collaboration between the four companies, but the RATP has seen a drop in costs. Description The exterior design of the MF 01 was the result of a design competition, and the winning design is similar to the MP 89. The interior also looks similar to MP 89's interior, carrying on features like interconnecting gangways between cars, but with new security features added. The MF 01 is the first rolling stock type on the Paris Metro to feature a refrigerated ventilation system inside the driver's cabs and passenger interiors, specially designed for the Metro's restricted loading gauge, which consumes less electricity than traditional air-conditioning. Additionally, the MF 2000 consumes 30% less energy than its older counterparts due to innovations in traction and braking systems. Currently, pre-production train #001 contains the Dilidam multimedia system. Although all of the MF 01 trains are configured in a way so that the system can easily be installed, high cost has delayed implementation to all trainsets. The same train, in August 2014, became the first set to be repainted in the hybrid RATP/STIF livery and permanently reassigned to Line 9, having originally ran on Line 2.	2.1875
7059581	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Fletcher-Cooke	John Fletcher-Cooke	Sir John Fletcher-Cooke (8 August 1911 – 19 May 1989) was a British Conservative Party politician. In World War II Fletcher-Cooke joined the R.A.F. and was captured by the Japanese in Singapore. He was a prisoner for three and a half years, mostly in Japan; he wrote about his experiences in "The Emperor's Guest". He rejoined the colonial service after the war and was posted to Malta and Palestine. From 1948 to 1951 he was a Counsellor in the U.K. Mission to the U.N. in New York, where he met his future wife, Alice Egner. He served five years as Colonial Secretary, Cyprus, and later Deputy Governor, Tanganyika. He was the Conservative candidate at the Luton by-election in November 1963, following the resignation of the former "radio doctor" and Conservative Minister Charles Hill. Hill had a majority of over 5,000 at the 1959 general election, but the Luton seat was won by the Labour candidate Will Howie with a majority of 3,749. Fletcher-Cooke entered the House of Commons the following year at the 1964 general election, as Member of Parliament for Southampton Test. However, he lost his seat two years later, at the 1966 general election, to Labour's Bob Mitchell, and never re-entered Parliament. His younger brother Charles Fletcher-Cooke, was Conservative MP for Darwen from 1951 to 1983. The two clashed in the House of Commons over the Labour government's imposition of sanctions against Rhodesia, following the colony's Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) in 1965 under Ian Smith. John opposed sanctions, but his brother supported them. Family John was the son of Charles Arthur Cooke (1883–1914) and Gwendoline May née Bradford (1883–1977). He married Louise Bradner in 1936; their marriage was dissolved in 1948. Fletcher-Cooke subsequently married Alice E Egner on 3 September 1949 in New York and latterly Marie L Fournier de la Barre (in 1977).	2.09375
7059620	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Massie	Paul Massie	Paul Massie (born Arthur Dickinson Massé; July 7, 1932June 8, 2011) was a Canadian actor and academic. He later became a theater professor for the University of South Florida during the 1970s. He remained with the faculty until his retirement as professor emeritus in 1996. Massie won a BAFTA Award in 1959 for Most Promising Newcomer for his role in the Anthony Asquith movie Orders to Kill (1958) in which he played an American bomber pilot in Nazi-occupied France. Also in 1958 he acted in the Peter Hall production of Tennessee Williams' play Cat on a Hot Tin Roof at the Comedy Theatre in London, with Kim Stanley and Leo McKern also in the cast. Massie played the characters of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde for the 1960 Hammer horror movie The Two Faces of Dr. Jekyll. Unusually, he played Jekyll in make-up as an older bearded man, and his villainous counterpart Hyde as his young, handsome self. He also appeared in the thriller movie Sapphire (1959), and The Rebel (1961), featuring British comedian Tony Hancock, as a young actor. His later movies included the British comedies Raising the Wind (1961) and The Pot Carriers (1962). In 1963, he acted in William Fairchild's play Breaking Point, at the Golders Green Hippodrome, London with John Gregson, fellow Canadian Robert Beatty, and Robert Ayres in the cast. John Barron was director. In 1965 he appeared in the second episode of the fourth series of the 1960s British television spy seriesThe Avengers. For the episode, entitled "The Gravediggers", he played the villainous character Dr. Johnson. Later Massie changed his career to teaching, and became a member of the faculty at the University of South Florida in Tampa, where he had often been a guest artist-instructor over the years, first appearing in a 1966 production of Tartuffe. He taught acting, scene study, voice production, clowning, directing and other subjects. He also directed numerous productions at USF.	1.921875
7059638	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewi%20Pethrus	Lewi Pethrus	Lewi Pethrus (born Pethrus Lewi Johansson) (11 March 1884 – 4 September 1974) was a Swedish Pentecostal minister who played a decisive role in the formation and development of the Pentecostal movement in his country. In 1964, he founded the political party the Christian Democrats. Life Pethrus was born in 1884 in Vargön, Västergötland. He held manual jobs from the age of ten, being apprenticed to a shoe factory in 1899. That year, he was baptized in the Baptist church in Vänersborg. After emigrating to Norway in 1900, he became co-pastor of the Arendal Baptist Church in 1902, along with Adolf Mildes. He started speaking in tongues, believed by Pentecostals to be evidence of having received the baptism of the Holy Spirit after a series of meetings in Lillestrand. He claimed that the experience happened to him spontaneously and that he did not understand at the time what was happening to him. Pethrus became pastor of a small Baptist church in Bengtsfors, Dalsland, Sweden, in 1903, but did not seek formal theological training until 1904, when he enrolled at the Bethel Seminary () in Stockholm. He was later to say that his training was detrimental to his faith. Exposure to the writings of liberal philosopher Viktor Rydberg temporarily undermined his faith in the divinity of Jesus, but claimed to have regained it after meeting Jesus personally in a vision. After graduating from seminary, Pethrus completed his compulsory military service at , Västergötland, in the autumn of 1906. That year, he became pastor of the Lidköping Baptist Church. Pethrus joined the Pentecostal movement in 1907 after meeting the Norwegian Pentecostal minister Thomas Ball Barratt in Oslo. It was then that the doctrine of the baptism in the Holy Spirit and speaking in tongues became clear to him; he claimed: "From that moment I was part of the Pentecostal Revival".	2.25
7059638	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewi%20Pethrus	Lewi Pethrus	Pethrus became pastor of the Seventh Baptist Church in Stockholm in 1910 and of the Filadelfia Church in 1911. In 1913, the year in which he married Norwegian Lydia Danielsen, his church was expelled from the Swedish Baptist Union due to disagreements about speaking in tongues and holy communion (his church practiced open communion). This was the beginning of a separate Pentecostal movement in Sweden. During the same phase of his life Pethrus wrote the words and music for his gospel song "" ('The promises cannot fail'). The Filadelfia Church started a Bible school in 1915 and a weekly magazine, 'The Gospel Herald', in 1916. In the same year, the church sent its first missionaries, Samuel and Lina Nyström, to Brazil, helping the Assembleias de Deus. Pethrus and his Filadelfia Church sent many missionaries to Africa, Latin America and continental Europe, and kept ties with the North American Scandinavian Pentecostals belonging to the Fellowship of Christian Assemblies and the Independent Assemblies of God, International. Pethrus sponsored the founding of a high school in 1942 and Dagen, a daily newspaper, in 1945. A credit fund was established in 1952 and a radio station, (now IBRA Media) in Tangier, Morocco, in 1955. The same year, the Filadelfia Church hosted the Pentecostal World Conference.	2.34375
7059671	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg%20men%27s%20national%20ice%20hockey%20team	Luxembourg men's national ice hockey team	The Luxembourg national ice hockey team is the national men's ice hockey team of Luxembourg. It is controlled by the Luxembourg Ice Hockey Federation and a member of the International Ice Hockey Federation. Luxembourg is currently ranked 43rd in the IIHF World Rankings and competes at Division II of the IIHF World Championships. They won their first tournament in 2017 at the Division III level. History Luxembourg joined the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) in 1912, though did not participate in the World Championship until 1992, when they placed fifth in Group C2, the lowest tier. They would not return to the tournament until 2000, though except for 2001 have been a regular participant since then. The team plays in the colours of the national flag: red, white, and light blue. The squad is coached by Petr Fical of Germany and captained by Ronny Scheier. Monique Scheier-Schneider served as the team's general manager from the 2005 to 2007 world championships. In the 2007 World Championships, Luxembourg finished third in Division III, narrowly missing out on promotion to Division II after being defeated 4–3 by hosts Ireland in overtime. Luxembourg has never competed in ice hockey at the Olympics. They placed third at the 2009 IIHF World Championship Division III in Dunedin, New Zealand. They won their first tournament in 2017 at the Division III level. IIHF World Championships All-time record	2.21875
7059778	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosios%20Loukas	Hosios Loukas	Hosios Loukas () is a historic walled monastery situated near the town of Distomo, in Boeotia, Greece. Founded in the mid-10th century, the monastery is one of the most important monuments of Middle Byzantine architecture and art, and has been listed on UNESCO's World Heritage Sites since 1990, along with the monasteries of Nea Moni and Daphnion. History The monastery of Hosios Loukas is situated at a scenic site on the slopes of Mount Helicon. It was founded in the early 10th century AD by the hermit, Venerable (Greek: Hosios) Luke of Steiris (Greek: Lukas), whose relics are kept in the monastery to this day. St Luke (not to be confused with the Evangelist author of the Gospel of Saint Luke), was a hermit who died on 7 February 953. He is famous for having predicted the conquest of Crete by Emperor Romanos. It was unclear if he was referring to Romanos I, the emperor at the time. However the island was actually reconquered by Nicephorus Phocas under Romanos II. It is believed that it was during the latter's reign (959-963) that the monastery's Church of the Theotokos (Panagia) was constructed. The main shrine of the monastery is the tomb of St. Luke, originally situated in the vault, but later placed at the juncture of the two churches. The monastery derived its wealth (including funds required for construction) from the fact that the relics of St. Luke were said to have exuded myron, a sort of perfumed oil which produced healing miracles. Pilgrims hoping for miraculous help were encouraged to sleep by the side of the tomb in order to be healed by incubation. The mosaics around the tomb represent not only St. Luke himself, but also hegumen Philotheos offering a likeness of the newly built church to the saint. The saint Nicholas the Pilgrim, a local shepherd, lived for some time in the second half of the eleventh century in the monastery until he was expelled due to his abnormal behaviour. Under the Latin Empire in 1206, the legate Benedict of Porto gave Hosios Loukas to the canons of the Holy Sepulchre.	2.53125
7059778	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosios%20Loukas	Hosios Loukas	Architecture The church The Hosios Loukas, the oldest in the complex, is the only church known with certainty to have been built in the tenth century in its site in mainland Greece. This centralized parallelogram-shaped building is the oldest example of the cross-in-square type in the country; its plan closely follows that of Lips Monastery in Constantinople. The walls are opus mixtum (part brick, part stone, part marble) and display curious pseudo-kufic patterns. The Hosios Loukas adjoins a larger cathedral church, or Katholikon, tentatively dated to 1011-12. The Katholikon is the earliest extant domed-octagon church, with eight piers arranged around the perimeter of the naos (nave). The hemispherical dome (without a drum) rests upon four squinches which make a transition from the octagonal base under the dome to the square defined by the walls below. The main cube of the church is surrounded by galleries and chapels on all four sides. Decoration Hosios Loukas is the largest of three monasteries surviving from the Middle Byzantine period in Greece. It differs from the Daphnion and Nea Moni in that it is dedicated to a single military saint. St. Lukes' prophecy about the reconquest of Crete is commemorated by the image of Joshua on the exterior wall of the Panagia church: Joshua was considered a model "warrior of the faith", whose help was especially effective in the wars waged against the Arabs. The Katholikon contains the best preserved complex of mosaics from the period of the Macedonian Renaissance. However, the complex is not complete: the original image of Christ Pantocrator inside the dome is missing, as are the figures of archangels normally placed between the upper windows.	2.671875
7059778	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosios%20Loukas	Hosios Loukas	There is evidence that the monastery was reputed all over Byzantium for its lavish decoration, liberally applied to all surfaces. Apart from revetment, carving, gold and silver plate, murals, and mosaics (especially imposing on curving surfaces), the interior featured a choice assortment of icons, chandeliers, silk curtains, and altar cloths. Only a fraction of these items are still in situ, most notably colored marble facings and window grilles. Notwithstanding the losses, the Katholikon "gives the best impression available anywhere today of the character of a church interior in the first centuries after the end of Iconoclasm". The Burial Crypt Beneath the great domed Katholikon is a burial crypt, accessible only by a stairwell on the southern side. The crypt has three distinct areas: the entrance way; the main interior space which includes nine groin-vaulted bays and a sanctuary with a vaulted bay and an apse; and three vaulted passages, referred to formerly as bone vaults. The crypt’s frescoes were until recently covered in hundreds of years of dust and hidden but in the 1960s the crypt underwent a cleaning by the Greek Archaeological Service which revealed their remarkably well preserved state with the exceptions of the apse which has lost most of its plaster exposing brick and stone, as well as the entrance vault and groin vaults which have suffered slight damage from water seepage and minor vandalism, mostly on the lower lunettes near the entrance. The crypt contains frescoes on the entryway and its vault, eight lunettes around the walls with depictions of Christ’s Passion and Resurrection, and forty medallion portraits of apostles, martyrs and holy men, abbots including Philotheos, as well as numerous inscriptions. C.L. Connor claims it has "the most complete programme of wall paintings surviving from the Middle Byzantine period."	2.46875
7059778	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosios%20Loukas	Hosios Loukas	It is believed that most if not all of the crypt frescoes were painted after 1048 AD and the death of Theodore Leobachus, a wealthy, government elite believed to have been one of the prominent patrons and who later in life became the abbot of Hosios Loukas. The sanctuary of the crypt contains a prosthesis niche, an altar, and a chancel barrier which all indicate that the Eucharist was likely celebrated here as part of the services of burial and commemoration of revered religious figures, or as part of the ceremonies relating to the healing cult of Saint Luke. When Hosios Loukas was frequented by pilgrims or members of Saint Luke’s healing cult, visitors would sleep not only in the Katholikon, but in the crypt itself where the tomb was kept along with two others, believed to be abbots. Saint Luke was believed to have been a miraculous healer, levitator, miraculous feeder and prophesier during his lifetime; after his death, all of the miracles associated with him involved the healing power of his tomb. Connor says that accounts in The Vita of St. Luke, written by an anonymous monk, indicate that “healing agents” associated with the tomb include but are not limited to exposure to “oil from the lamp above the tomb, moisture exuded from the tomb, and dreams experienced when sleeping near the tomb in the practice called incubation.” The tomb was frequented before and after the completion of the complex, but following completion it became the focal point of the miracle cult of Saint Luke. There is evidence that some wishing for miracles stayed for periods of up to six days near the tomb or in adjacent rooms. Gallery	2.53125
7059801	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortolano	Ortolano	Ortolano was an Italian painter of the Ferrara School, active in the Renaissance period. Ticozzi cites his birth as ca. 1480. Biography He was born in Ferrara. He was baptized Giovanni Battista Benvenuti, and he was called L'Ortolano because his father, Francisco, was a gardener. Of his career little is known, save that he was a diligent student of the works of Raphael and Bagnacavallo in 1512–1513 in Bologna. He painted in the style of Dosso Dossi. For the church of San Niccoló he painted in 1520 the Virgin Mary and Infant Jesus with several Saints; for Santa Maria de' Servi the Nativity and in San Lorenzo, the Adoration of the Magi. From 1512 to 1524 he worked at Ferrara. His masterpiece, a picture of rich colour and fine draughtsmanship, representing Saint Sebastian, Saint Roch and Saint Demetrius, is in the National Gallery, London. It was brought from the church of Bondeno near Ferrara in 1844, and purchased by the gallery in 1861. In the cathedral at Ferrara are other works attributed to him, which later critics have given to Il Garofalo, but in some of the smaller churches of Ferrara, those of San Niccolò, the Servi and San Lorenzo, there are pictures which may be readily accepted as his. In the Ferrara Gallery there are a Lamentation over the Dead Christ and a Christ in the Garden . There is a Judith displaying head of Holofernes in the Cathedral of Arezzo and a Death of St. Chrysologos at the Ravenna Cathedral.	2.328125
7059915	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito%20Ju%C3%A1rez%20Partido	Benito Juárez Partido	The historical origin of Benito Juarez Partido does not differ from that of other partidos in the area: to constitute a civilizing advance into the "desert," that vast area of the pampas inhabited by natives. The area around Benito Juarez, with its historical reference points being "La Tinta" and "San Antonio," was already within the lands that the national government planned to incorporate into the "civilized life of the country." This lands constituted the vast extension where the famous native chief Cafulcura ruled, with his headquarters located in the area known as Salinas Grandes. It was in "La Tinta" (also known as "San Martin de La Tinta") where in 1820, just 10 years after the May Revolution, the first struggle between natives and "christians" in the Partido took place. In 1837, the military garrison "La Tinta" or "Colonquelu"(which in araucano means "where there was death") was settled. It was in the charge of the chief of the South Frontier, Colonel Narciso del Valle. For the history of Benito Juarez, the Forts (and then towns) of Tandil and Azul, were important, since from those places the first settlers arrived to colonize the lands. That way, many isolated settlements were established, that with time would become the center for important social and political transformations. In the 1850s and following decades the biggest worry by the pioneers was the defence against the natives, who raze the region in order the steal the cattle, generating important human and economic loses. The land-owners petitioned to the national and provincial governments, and the latter sent military forces to the region in order to protect their interests. In 1855, the "Canton de San Antonio" is created in the proximities of the lagoon of the same name. One of the bloodiest clashes between natives and "christians" in the pampas took place there.	2.65625
7059915	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito%20Ju%C3%A1rez%20Partido	Benito Juárez Partido	The Birth of the Partido In order to better manage the lands of the south, by Decree 544 of 31 August 1865 ten new partidos were created in Buenos Aires Province: Castelli, Tuyu, Ayacucho, Balcarse, Necochea, Tres Arroyos, Arenales, Rauch, 9 de Julio and Lincoln. This allowed the government to reduced distances (civil and military) and provided a better administration for the frontier and its settlements. The land-owners of the area of Benito Juarez, believed in the necessity of the creation of a new Partido to allow them overcome the difficulties of the large extension of Necochea Partido (to which they belonged to), since the authorities resided on the Atlantic coast which was hard to reach because of the practically nonexistent roads. The land-owners, then, requested Mariano Roldan (the owner of a cattle establishment in the area of Tedin Uriburu) to petition to the authorities, since he had influential relatives and friends in Buenos Aires. On 13 November 1866 Roldan wrote to his friend Dardo Rocha (who would later be governor of Buenos Aires) asking for information and requesting to speed up the procedures that had already been initiated. Roldan then met governor Adolfo Alsina of Buenos Aires to give him a letter with the official request for the creation of the new Partido, suggesting that him to "name the new Partido Juarez as homage to the Mexican patriot Benito Juarez". He also sent a letter signed by the settlers of the area to the President of the Chamber of Representatives, Antonio Cambaceres. Given the urging request by those who had defied the dangers of the pampas, the Chamber passed the request by approving the Ley 521 on 29 October 1867. But the final document was signed by governor Adolfo Alsina and his minister Nicolas Avellaneda on 31 October 1867. The lands for the new Partido were taken from the Necochea Partido.	2.625
7059918	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkuk%20University	Konkuk University	Konkuk University () is private university in South Korea founded in 1931. Konkuk University is known for its veterinary and art colleges at the Seoul campus. It has two campuses: one in Seoul and one in Chungju. The Seoul campus is located near the Han River, by the Konkuk University Station (subway line no.2). History The university was founded in 1931 by Dr. Yoo Seok-chang (pen name: Sanghuh). It was originally known as the Chosen School of Politics (), and was a junior college for future political leaders. In 1959, the school became a "comprehensive university" and was renamed to Konkuk University (from ). In 2016, Konkuk University celebrated its 70th anniversary. A new emblem featuring Sanghuh Hall, the original building for the Chosun School of Politics, was released in December 2015. The university also unveiled a second ox statue and held a major academic symposium. In 2017, Konkuk University was selected for the Leaders in Industry-University Cooperation (LINC+) project by the Ministry of Education and the National Research Foundation of Korea and has been accredited by the Korean University Accreditation Institute (KUAI), of the Korean Council for University Education, for two consecutive periods. Administration and organization Yoo served as the first president of Konkuk University from 1959 to 1961. In September 2016, Sanggi Min became the university's 20th president. The university has four executive vice presidents: provost and executive vice president for academic affairs, executive vice president for public affairs, executive vice president for research, and executive vice president for medicine. The board of the Konkuk University Foundation, which governs the university, includes Chairperson Ja-eun Yoo and eleven other board members who each serve 4-year terms. Academics	2.34375
7059918	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkuk%20University	Konkuk University	Konkuk University Museum Established in 1963, Konkuk University Museum features 4,532 historical artifacts, including Dongguk Jeongun, one of the National Treasures of South Korea. The museum originated in Nagwon-dong, Jongno-gu, and in 1985 moved to the Sanghuh Memorial Hall, the building in which the Chosun School of Politics was founded. The museum is open to the public, and special lectures on Korean history and culture are given throughout the year. Sanghuh Memorial Library Sanghuh Memorial Library serves as Konkuk University's main library. Opened in 1989, it was the largest library in Asia at the time. As of February 2014, the library had more than 900,000 Korean books and 200,000 foreign language books. Six reading rooms with about 2,200 seats are available, and a reading room on the third floor of the library is open 24 hours a day. The library has interlibrary loan agreements with Korea University, Dongguk University, Sungkyunkwan University, Hanyang University, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, and Chung-Ang University. Ilgam Lake Ilgam Lake is located at the center of Konkuk University's Seoul campus. This swamp was converted to an artificial lake when the university moved the campus from Nagwon-dong to the current location in 1954. In the 1950s and 1960s, indoor ice-skating rinks were uncommon, and the lake was used for national competitions. Occupying , the lake accounts for approximately one-ninth of the campus area. To maintain water quality, 650 tons of underground water is added daily, and a motorboat is used to prevent algal blooms. Student life and university events Konkuk University has more than 70 student clubs.	2.453125
7059973	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsiang%20Tingfu	Tsiang Tingfu	Tsiang Tingfu (; 17 February 1895 – 9 October 1965), was a historian and diplomat of the Republic of China who published in English under the name T.F. Tsiang. Early life and education Tsiang was born in Shaoyang, Hunan. Tsiang's education from his teenage years had been Western and largely Christian, and he converted to Christianity at 11. Having been urged to study in the US by his teacher from a missionary school, he was sent in 1911 to study in the United States, where he attended the Park Academy, Oberlin College and Columbia University. His dissertation, "Labor and Empire: A Study of the Reaction of British Labor, Mainly as Represented in Parliament, to British Imperialism Since 1880," led him into issues in the relation of foreign relations and domestic politics, which would structure his scholarship after he returned to China. After obtaining a Ph.D., he returned to China in 1923, where he took up a position at Nankai University and then at Tsinghua University. Academic career At Tsinghua, Tsiang became the head of the History Department, where he edited and published a number of works on Chinese history and edited the English-language journal Chinese Social and Political Science Review. Using newly opened Qing dynasty archives and diplomatic publications, Tsiang argued that China should adopt Western approaches if it wanted to score diplomatic victories. Tsiang blamed China's unequal treatment by Western powers after the First Opium War (1839–42) on Chinese unequal treatment of Western powers before the war. During his tenure at Tsinghua, he mentored a number of historians in the study of Qing history, including John K. Fairbank.	2.21875
7059973	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsiang%20Tingfu	Tsiang Tingfu	Diplomatic career Following mounting tensions in China's relations with Japan, Tsiang left academia in 1935 and joined the Chinese Nationalist government, which he served in many different capacities throughout the Sino-Japanese War. Between 1947 and 1962, Tsiang served as the Permanent Representative of China to the United Nations. Following the establishment of the People's Republic of China on the Chinese mainland, Tsiang defended the exclusive right of the Taipei-based Republic of China to represent China in the United Nations and in the UN Security Council. In 1955 Tsingfu made use of China's veto power in the security council and placed the sole vote against Mongolia joining the UN, following which Mongolia did not become a member of the UN. It would be the only time, the ROC made use of its veto power. He also served as the ambassador of China to the United States. He died of cancer in New York City on 9 October 1965, at 69. Political theories In 1938, Tsiang advocated for centralized authority which should override popular will when necessary. He argued that China had to modernize quickly given the multiple threats it faced. To Tsiang, the "iron rule of modern history" was that countries which used modernization to preserve national territory survived, while countries that did not were exterminated. In his view, natural science and mechanized agriculture were the essential elements of modernization. He wrote that such a focus for modernization was supported by the "left-wing, right-wing, imperialist, anti-imperialist, man, woman, white, yellow, old, young." During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Tsiang advocated that China develop a "total defense state" along the lines of what Japan itself had. Tsiang viewed such a commitment as a necessity of the historical era, not solely one required by the current war. Consistent with the general views of the Nationalist Party, Tsiang believed that the war should be used to create a state based on principles of order rather than political liberties.	2.453125
7059978	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naim%20Ateek	Naim Ateek	Naim Stifan Ateek () (born in the Palestinian village of Beisan in 1937) is a Palestinian priest in the Anglican Communion and founder of the Sabeel Ecumenical Liberation Theology Center in Jerusalem. He has been an active leader in the shaping of the Palestinian liberation theology. He was the first to articulate a Palestinian theology of liberation in his book, Justice, and only Justice, a Palestinian Theology of Liberation, published by Orbis in 1989, and based on his dissertation for his degree in theology. The book laid the foundation of a theology that addresses the conflict over Palestine and explores the political as well as the religious, biblical, and theological dimensions. A former Canon of St. George's Cathedral, Jerusalem, he lectures widely both at home and abroad. His book, A Palestinian Christian Cry for Reconciliation, was published by Orbis in 2008, followed by A Palestinian Theology of Liberation, 2017. Early life and education Born in 1937 in the Palestinian village of Beisan, Ateek moved with his family to Nazareth in 1948. He has said that Beisan (also known as Beth Shean) was destroyed by Israeli forces, turning his family into refugees. He was ordained as a priest in the Anglican Communion in 1967. He holds degrees from Hardin-Simmons University in Texas and the Church Divinity School of the Pacific in California. In addition, he received a Doctor of Divinity degree from the San Francisco Theological Seminary in California in 1985.	2.390625
7059978	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naim%20Ateek	Naim Ateek	Sabeel's stated vision is "to make the gospel relevant ecumenically and spiritually in the lives of the local indigenous Church.... following in the footsteps of Christ means standing for the oppressed, working for justice, and seeking peace-building opportunities, and it challenges us to empower local Christians." Sabeel preaches a Palestinian liberation theology, which "hopes to connect the true meaning of Christian faith with the daily lives of all those who suffer under occupation, violence, discrimination, and human rights violations. Friends of Sabeel – North America's (FOSNA) states: "Liberation theologies recognize that faith addresses the whole of personal and social life from a faith perspective. Thus a Palestinian liberation theology necessarily addresses the political and social systems that are obstructing justice and reconciliation between Israelis and Palestinians and seeks to change those toward social and political patterns that will express just relationships." In a page devoted to Palestinian Liberation Theology, FOSNA states that the theology has "10 characteristics", among which are the following: it is "contextual", "ecumenical", "interfaith", "a theology of non-violence", "not identified with any one political party", and a critic of Christian Zionism. Theology	2.078125
7059978	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naim%20Ateek	Naim Ateek	Disagreement with Zionist interpretations of the Hebrew Bible Ateek outlined his disagreement with what he sees as Zionist interpretations of the Hebrew Bible in his 1989 book, Justice, and Only Justice: A Palestinian Theology of Liberation: "Before the creation of the State [of Israel], the Old Testament was considered to be an essential part of Christian Scripture, pointing and witnessing to Jesus. Since the creation of the State, some Jewish and Christian interpreters have read the Old Testament largely as a Zionist text to such an extent that it has become almost repugnant to Palestinian Christians […] The fundamental question of many Christians, whether uttered or not, is: How can the Old Testament be the Word of God in light of the Palestinian Christians' experience with its use to support Zionism?. Ateek's internal struggle with the Israel issue In the book, Ateek also explained how he struggled to reconcile various dichotomies posed by his faith, beliefs and identity: "As a boy, remembering my family's harsh exile from Beisan, and later, as a person of faith and a clergyman, my own struggles with hate, anger, and humiliation were not easy. But these feelings had to be challenged continuously by the demands of love and forgiveness. At the same time, I knew without a doubt that injustice is sinful and evil; that it is an outrage against God; and that it is my duty to cry out against it. It has taken me years to accept the establishment of the State of Israel and its need- although not its right - to exist. I now feel that I want it to stay, because I believe that the elimination of Israel would mean greater injustice to millions of innocent people who know no home except Israel. This does not suggest that the Old Testament is not the Word of God, but how can it be understood as that if a Zionist theology of the Old Testament is accepted by Christian groups?" Views regarding Palestine and the Israeli occupation	2.125
7060023	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Warbey	William Warbey	William Noble Warbey (16 August 1903 – 6 May 1980) was a Labour Party politician in the United Kingdom. He was born in the then newly created Metropolitan Borough of Hackney in London, and was educated at Hackney Downs School, King's College London and the London School of Economics. As a young man he was an interpreter in France and Germany, a secondary school teacher in Derby, and a tutor at the University Tutorial College in London. He first entered the House of Commons at the 1945 general election, as the Member of Parliament for Luton in Bedfordshire. However, at the 1950 general election, he lost his seat to the Conservative Party candidate Charles Hill, the former "radio doctor". Warbey re-entered Parliament at a 1953 by-election for the Nottinghamshire constituency of Broxtowe, following the death of sitting Labour MP Seymour Cocks. However, that constituency was abolished for the 1955 general election, at which Warbey was returned for the new Ashfield constituency. He held the seat until his retirement at the 1966 general election.Thereafter, he was employed as Executive Director of the Organisation for World Political and Social Studies. He was known for his strong opposition to British support for the United States in the Vietnam War, resigning the Labour whip in protest in September 1965, and "subsequently wrote a scathing book about [Harold] Wilson's support for the United States" entitled Vietnam: The Truth. He died in Eastbourne aged 76.	1.976563
7060038	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth%20and%20Torbay%20Railway	Dartmouth and Torbay Railway	The Dartmouth and Torbay Railway was a broad gauge railway linking the South Devon Railway branch at Torquay with Kingswear in Devon, England. It was operated from the outset by the South Devon Railway. Most of the line is now operated as the heritage Dartmouth Steam Railway but the section north of Paignton is part of Great Western Railway's Riviera Line from . History to 1865 Torbay and Dartmouth had considerable commercial importance in the early nineteenth century. In 1844 early proposals were made for a branch from the South Devon Railway (SDR) to Torquay harbour. This failed because of objectors, but in 1845 a separate scheme was proposed for railways from Dartmouth and Brixham to Exeter (via Newton Abbot and Moretonhampstead) to make a junction with a standard gauge line. This inspired the SDR to introduce a bill to Parliament in 1846 for a broad gauge line from Aller (near Newton Abbot) to Torquay, Paignton, Brixham and Kingswear. The section beyond Torquay was dropped because of opposition from residents of Paignton and Goodrington who feared loss of access to the beach, also because the SDR was short of funds following the collapse of the atmospheric system on which it had based its propulsion system and the difficulty of reaching its primary goal, Plymouth. The SDR opened its line from Exeter to Newton Abbot (the station was called simply Newton at first) on 31 December 1846, and to a Torquay station (later renamed ) on 18 December 1848.	2.28125
7060038	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth%20and%20Torbay%20Railway	Dartmouth and Torbay Railway	A public meeting in Torquay in 1852 objected strongly to the SDR's idea that an extension be built to Torquay harbour. In 1853, two groups proposed (i) an extension to Torquay harbour and (ii) an extension to Paignton, Brixham and Kingswear with a branch from Livermead to Torquay harbour. However, insufficient capital was raised for either scheme to go ahead. The latter had Isambard Kingdom Brunel as engineer. A further attempt was made to raise interest, this time with Charles Seale-Hayne as chairman. The loop to Brixham was omitted in this proposal. After a great deal of canvassing and promises of financial support by the directors, and after persuading Brunel to make his estimates low, it was just possible to raise sufficient capital to proceed. The Dartmouth and Torbay Railway Company was incorporated by an act of Parliament, the Dartmouth and Torbay Railway Act 1857 (20 & 21 Vict. c. ciii), of 27 July to build from the SDR Torquay station to a point between the Higher Ferry and Waterhead Creek at Kingswear, and power to establish a ferry from Kingswear to Dartmouth, and to take over the existing Dartmouth Floating Bridge Company. The course of the Torquay portion of the route proved controversial as it would have used a coastal viaduct at Livermead, but Brunel amended this to a course behind Livermead House, which drew objections from C. H. Mallock of Cockington Court, the landowner. The first section to open was from SDR's Torquay station to Paignton on 2 August 1859. The new company provided its own Torquay station and the SDR station was renamed 'Torre'. This short section was exceptionally difficult in engineering terms due to the difficult terrain; it included 20 bridges, a viaduct and a tunnel of 133 yards (122 m), at Oil Cove.	1.992188
7060038	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth%20and%20Torbay%20Railway	Dartmouth and Torbay Railway	At this point, the company funds were exhausted and a cheaper way of reaching Dartmouth was proposed. This was to build a line to Greenway Quay on the River Dart. The deviation would have had steep gradients of 1 in 56 and a zig-zag requiring the reversal of trains very close to Greenway House and another reversal lower down. Passengers would then have used a steamer to access Dartmouth. The company pointed out that Greenway could be used at a later date for a jumping off point for a line crossing the river here and proceeding down the right bank of the river to Dartmouth itself. The relevant clauses of the deviation bill were defeated in Parliament, mainly because of objections from Mr. Harvey, the owner of Greenway. The rest of the bill became law as an act of Parliament of 7 July 1862, authorising an extension of time for completion. The route was returned to the original authorised route to run to Hoodown, later extended to Kingswear on the east bank of the Dart. Construction was delayed while further sources of capital were sought. A major contributor was the formation of the company directors into the Dartmouth Harbour Commissioners with powers to borrow money to improve the harbour and build a 'tramway' which would complete the line to Kingswear Point. The line was opened from Brixham Road to for passenger traffic on 16 August 1864; goods were not conveyed until 2 April 1866. A steam ferry from Kingswear to Dartmouth was operated from the day of passenger opening. A pier (the 'Éclair pier') was built at Kingswear in addition to the ferry pontoon. The pier accommodated a service to the Channel Islands for some years. There was also, briefly, a service to South Africa. An hotel, the 'Plume of Feathers' was modified and renamed the 'Royal Dart' was intended to serve passengers for these and other hoped-for services	2.125
7060049	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood%2C%20Prince%20Edward%20Island	Sherwood, Prince Edward Island	Sherwood is a neighbourhood of the city of Charlottetown in central Queens County, Prince Edward Island, Canada. Sherwood is centrally located in Charlottetown on the border of Queens Royalty and the township of Lot 33. Originally the settlement was known as Sherwood Station, as it was located on the mainline of the Prince Edward Island Railway running from Charlottetown to Royalty Junction (where the line bifurcated east to Mount Stewart and west to Emerald. Sherwood Station was incorporated as a village in 1960 and its name was shortened to Sherwood in 1983. The village was amalgamated into the city of Charlottetown on April 1, 1995. Sherwood was largely a farming district, located east of the royalty's common pasture land (present-day Agriculture Canada experimental farm). It bordered Charlottetown and West Royalty on the west, Parkdale on the south, and East Royalty on the east. One of the biggest changes that came to Sherwood occurred in 1938 when a parcel on the northern edge of the community was purchased by the city of Charlottetown to create an airport. The Charlottetown Airport remains a defining landmark in the north-central part of the city and has had a major influence on Sherwood's post-war development. During the 1960s-1990s, much of the remaining farmland in Sherwood was developed in housing projects which resulted in many single-detached homes constructed throughout the area, making Sherwood one of PEI's top-five communities in terms of population. Sherwood is home to the Sherwood Falcons of the Island Junior Hockey League, as well as the Sherwood Metros of the Prince Edward Island Junior C Hockey League. Presently a neighbourhood, Sherwood has a mix of housing, commercial and light industrial districts.	2.03125
7060055	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20of%20St-Thierry	William of St-Thierry	William of Saint-Thierry, O. Cist (French: Guillaume de Saint-Thierry; Latin: Guillelmus S. Theodorici; 1075/80/85–1148) was a twelfth-century Benedictine, theologian and mystic from Liège who became abbot of Saint-Thierry in France, and later joined the Cistercian Order. Biography William was born at Liège (in present-day Belgium) of a noble family around 1085 and died at Signy-l'Abbaye in 1148. He probably studied at the cathedral school in Reims, though some have argued it was at Laon, prior to his profession as a Benedictine monk. He became a monk with his brother Simon at the monastery of St. Nicaise in Reims in 1113. From here both eventually became abbots of other Benedictine abbeys: Simon at the abbey of Saint-Nicolas-au-Bois, in the Diocese of Laon, and William at Saint-Thierry, on a hill overlooking Reims, in 1119. In the years 1116-1118 William met St. Bernard, abbot of the Cistercian monastery of Clairvaux, where they formed an intimate friendship that lasted for life. His greatest desire was to move to Clairvaux and take vows as a Cistercian monk, but Bernard disapproved of the plan and imposed on him the responsibility of remaining abbot at the Benedictine abbey of St. Thierry. William was instrumental in the first General Chapter meeting of the Benedictine abbots in the Diocese of Reims, in 1131, and it is possible that he hosted the chapter meeting at Saint-Thierry. After the second General Chapter of the Benedictines, held at Soissons in 1132, where many Cistercian reforms were adopted by the Black Monks, William submitted his Responsio abbatum ("Response of the Abbots") to Cardinal Matthew – papal legate in the diocese and critic of the abbots' reforms – successfully defending their efforts at reform. On account of long infirmities and a lifelong desire for a life of contemplation, William resigned his abbacy in 1135 and entered the newly established Cistercian Signy Abbey, also in the diocese of Reims.	2
7060055	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20of%20St-Thierry	William of St-Thierry	Three of William's writings were widely read in the later Middle Ages. However, they were frequently attributed to Bernard of Clairvaux – a sign of their quality and also another reason for their continued popularity. Only in the early twentieth century did interest in William as a distinct writer begin to develop again and was his name correctly attached to all of his own writings. William drew upon the existing and traditional monastic and theological authors of his day and significant authors of previous centuries, but not in a slavish way; he is creative and independent in his thought and exposition. His own commentaries show his remarkable insight while they also incorporate traditional authors such as Augustine of Hippo and Origen of Alexandria. Perhaps his most influential works are those dealing with the spiritual life of the contemplative monk. From his On Contemplating God to his Golden Epistle, one can notice an improved, more polished writing style and organization. Some scholars also argue that although William drew on texts and authors in the past, his creativity and usage of spiritual terminology was also influential on many other authors from the 12th century onward. William's writings are contained in J.-P. Migne's Patrologia Cursus Completus Series Latina (Patrologia Latina) volume 180, with other works in volumes 184 and 185. All of his works are available in critical editions in the Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Medievalis series from Brepols in six volumes (86-89B). The bulk of William's writings are available in English translation from Cistercian Publications.	1.984375
7060078	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Robert%20Wingate	David Robert Wingate	David Robert Wingate (February 20, 1819 – 1899) was an American lumber businessman and plantation farmer who served in the Confederate Army as the commissioner of defense for Jefferson County, Texas, during the American Civil War. Overcoming numerous financial setbacks throughout his lifetime, he remained a successful industrialist. He owned hundreds of slaves. Biography On February 20, 1819, he was born in Darlington County, South Carolina, to Robert Potter and Pherobee (Kelly) Wingate. At an early age, his family moved to the delta region of the Mississippi River where logging and sawmills were prevalent. His education was unsophisticated, and he began to work in the lumber industry as a basic hand. At the age of 20, he married Caroline Morgan, a native of Mississippi with whom he had seven children. In 1849, at the age of 30, he owned his first sawmill in Mississippi. After three years of business there (including the rebuilding of the mill from a fire), Wingate moved to Newton County, Texas, in 1852, where he established a large cotton plantation. Within seven years, he became the largest antebellum cotton planter in Southeast Texas, with seventy to eighty slaves working the site. Venture back into the lumber business Wingate saw the lacking timber market of the area as an opportunity, and this led to his discovery of the abandoned Spartan Mill at Sabine Pass. By 1859, he owned this sawmill, which he improved to be the largest steam sawmill facility in the state. He moved his family and thirteen of his slaves to this coastal town. In addition, he established a small fleet of lumber schooners for trade across the Gulf of Mexico. In summer 1860, the Wingate Mill Industries steam boiler exploded, killing several of his employees and disfiguring others. Wingate quickly rebuilt the equipment to continue to operate his mill and to resume providing employment for his people.	2.28125
7060078	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Robert%20Wingate	David Robert Wingate	Participation in the American Civil War In April 1861, Wingate and one of his sons enlisted in the Sabine Pass Guard. David was appointed as chairman of safety for Sabine Pass, as well as Confederate States marshal of the east Texas region. During this time, he began blockade running, but lost a steamer he owned in 1862 when it ran aground. He and his crew torched the craft and the cargo of 500 bales of cotton to avoid capture. At this time, Wingate is credited with supplying the logs needed to build Fort Sabine. In August 1862, the yellow fever epidemic reached Sabine Pass, triggering Wingate to evacuate his family back to Newton County where they remained until the end of the war. Several months later on October 21, a Union Navy patrol invaded Sabine Pass, destroying his sawmill and residence there with fire. In 1864, Wingate was elected chief justice of Newton County, with the provisional civilian governor Andrew J. Hamilton giving him the same appointment the following year. Financial losses and Wingate's move to Orange In 1873, Wingate suffered another substantial financial loss. His transporting craft along with the cargo of cotton being shipped to market, worth about $50,000 on that day, sank in the Sabine River. That same year, Wingate and his wife moved to Orange as he was seeking opportunities once again in the lumber trade. In 1878, his new sawmill called the D. R. Wingate and Company began to operate, but just two years later, it was consumed by fire at a cost equal to that of his last loss. The city of Orange benefited from the presence of David R. Wingate, despite his unfortunate luck with fires. During the 1880s, he built larger facilities, with the demand for lumber always strong. Wingate also served as judge of Orange County from 1878 until 1884. After his wife's death in 1890, he ventured into rice farming which succeeded well and added new commerce to the region. On February 15, 1899, Wingate died due to pneumonia and was buried in Evergreen Cemetery in Orange.	2.75
7060118	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Barr	Steve Barr	Steven Charles Barr (born September 8, 1951) is a retired American professional baseball player. A left-handed pitcher, he worked in 24 games in Major League Baseball between 1974 and 1976 for the Boston Red Sox and the Texas Rangers. He was listed as tall and . Early life Barr was born in St. Louis but grew up in Southern California. Career After graduating from Carson High School in Carson, California, he was picked by Boston in the seventh round of the 1969 Major League Baseball Draft. In 1974, his sixth season in the Red Sox farm system, he won 16 games, lost eight, and posted a 2.45 earned run average and 15 complete games with the Double-A Bristol Red Sox. Barr led the Eastern League in games won was named to the All-Star team. Boston recalled him to their active roster that September and he started the penultimate game of the season. In his MLB debut, Barr threw a complete game 7–4 victory against the Cleveland Indians, scattering seven hits and six bases on balls. He began with Triple-A Pawtucket, and was given a three-game trial with the pennant-bound Red Sox in July. He made three appearances, including two starts in which he was treated roughly. surrendering ten hits, four walks and nine runs in only six innings pitched—but only two of the runs were earned. He returned to Pawtucket, where he posted a good 2.92 ERA despite a win–loss record of only 6–12. Then, on November 17, he was included in one of the off-season's blockbuster trades when he was sent to the Rangers with outfielder Juan Beníquez for future Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher Ferguson Jenkins.	1.929688
7060139	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand%20Rapids%20Amateur%20Astronomical%20Association	Grand Rapids Amateur Astronomical Association	The Grand Rapids Amateur Astronomical Association (or "GRAAA") is an astronomy group located in Grand Rapids, Michigan. It was formed in 1955 by an enthusiastic group of individuals led by businessman James C. Veen, with a love of astronomy and science. Veen initially provided a meeting place in his office, but died in an automobile accident in 1958. The Association participates in public education activities at various metropolitan venues, comet watches, meteor observing, as well as opening their Observatory to the public two nights per month, excluding winter. Besides the public education programs, members involve themselves in many other pursuits from observing programs to astrophotography and CCD imaging. The Association owns/ operates the Veen Observatory, located S.W. of Lowell, Michigan, situated on private land per a ninety-nine year lease granted by James M. and H. Evelyn Marron. Construction was started in 1965 and the Observatory was dedicated in 1970, originally with a 12-inch Newtonian reflector constructed by the members. The Chaffee Planetarium made considerable contribution to the building, as well as Kent County businesses and a foundation. It is the largest amateur facility in the state of Michigan, with a 16-inch (Borr), 14-inch (Marron), and 17-inch (Hawkins) telescopes, as well as smaller portable instruments including a hydrogen-alpha solar telescope. The GRAAA is a 501(c)(3) non-profit educational and scientific organization dedicated to advancing the study of astronomy and promoting astronomy and science education. Meetings are held monthly, in the warmer months at the Veen Observatory, and currently (2013) at Schuler Books and Music in the city during the rest of the season.	2.328125
7060231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%20Bridge%2C%20Penrith	Victoria Bridge, Penrith	The Victoria Bridge, also known as the Victoria Bridge over the Nepean River, is a heritage-listed former railway bridge and now wrought iron box plate girder road bridge across the Nepean River on the Great Western Highway in the western Sydney suburb of Penrith in the City of Penrith local government area of New South Wales, Australia. The bridge was designed by John Whitton, the Engineer–in–Chief of New South Wales Government Railways, and built from 1862 to 1867 by William Piper, Peto Brassey and Betts (superstructure), William Watkins (piers). It is also known as Victoria Bridge, The Nepean Bridge and RTA Bridge No. 333. It was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 27 May 2016. The bridge initially carried rail and horse–drawn traffic, and was converted in 1907 to exclusively carry the Great Western Highway. The bridge is managed by Transport for NSW. The bridge is the oldest surviving crossing of the Hawkesbury–Nepean River. As at 2009, Roads & Maritime Services estimated that Victoria Bridge carried an average daily traffic of 25,000 vehicles per day. Until 1856 travellers who wished to cross the Nepean River were required to use either the Emu Ford or a punt that was located south of the present day Victoria Bridge on Punt Road. This arrangement meant that in times of flood, travellers were often delayed at Penrith for days or even weeks waiting to cross the river. A small village developed near Emu Ford to cater to the people waiting to cross the river. With the discovery of gold west of the Great Dividing Range the flow of people, produce and animals through Penrith and across the river increased dramatically. It was no coincidence that attempts were made to build a permanent structure across the river, resulting in two timber road bridges located near to the eventual Victoria Bridge site being constructed.	2.75
7060231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%20Bridge%2C%20Penrith	Victoria Bridge, Penrith	Unfortunately this success did not last long. In August 1857 a flood carried away the four centre spans, no doubt due to the poor security of the mid-stream timber piles which reportedly were frayed like mop heads where McBeth had attempted to drive them into rock. McBeth had lacked experience and knowledge in bridge building and although the piles close to the bank went in easily, the mid-stream timber piles had struck rock and failed to achieve a secure penetration. The Penrith and Nepean Bridge Company decided to rebuild the bridge and employed an engineer named Moriarty to supervise the works. The construction contract was awarded to William Lockhart for £9,000. The piles that remained from the first bridge were utilised in the new bridge design, against the advice of both Lockhart and Moriarty. The new bridge was of a different, stronger design than the first and construction was completed in good time with the toll rights for one year selling for £2,850. The bridge withstood its first flood, but in 1860 the most devastating flood in New South Wales history until that time washed away the entire superstructure and deposited it on a bank down river. The structure was almost intact. Had the piles been replaced as originally suggested by the engineer and builder, the bridge might well have survived the flood. The Penrith and Nepean Bridge Company was ruined by the destruction of the bridge and the directors lost large sums of money. Following the destruction of this second bridge the Government supplied two punts to convey people and goods across the river. The punts were irreparably damaged by a flood in 1867.	2.640625
7060231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%20Bridge%2C%20Penrith	Victoria Bridge, Penrith	The loss of the punts coincided with a period in which the Great Western Railway was in the advanced planning stages, including plans for the construction of a bridge over the Nepean River to link Penrith with Bathurst in the west, as part of the Penrith to Weatherboard Line (later Wentworth Falls). It was decided that the required bridge would carry both a railway line and a single lane of road over the river, as a temporary solution. Victoria Bridge was designed by the Engineer-in-Chief of Railways in NSW, John Whitton and checked in Britain by his brother-in-law and renowned railway engineer John Fowler. Victoria Bridge was designed to carry two railway tracks as it was intended that the road on the bridge be only a temporary arrangement. The flood of 1860 that had carried off the previous bridge influenced Whitton to raise the bridge deck by after witnessing the power of high flood waters. The design of the bridge uses half through girders which are actually tall boxes made of riveted wrought iron plates was driven by the need to keep the underside of the bridge as shallow as possible to maximise headroom for flood clearance. The configuration of their boxes with their tall web plates, and upper box for lateral stability, reflected cutting-edge design for the period. It utilised cutting edge of structural technology, using principles developed by Robert Stephenson in his design of the Britannia Bridge and the Conwy Railway Bridge in Wales, Thomas Telford and others who, by testing and theoretical work, developed techniques to prevent plate buckling by providing frequent vertical stiffeners, and sideways buckling of girders members by adding torsionally stiff boxes at the top and bottom. The first deep box girder bridge was designed by Stephenson and built across the Menai Strait in 1850. It was provided with suspension towers in case the deck was insufficiently strong and stiff, but the cables were never installed.	2.84375
7060231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%20Bridge%2C%20Penrith	Victoria Bridge, Penrith	The construction contract for Victoria Bridge was split into several parts. One contract for the construction of the piers was awarded to William Tyler in 1862. He commenced work but flooding in 1863 and 1864 damaged his equipment and contributed to his abandonment of the contract in August 1864. The contract was subsequently awarded to W. Watkins for the sum of £44,658. He completed the work before the agreed completion date and avoided the £50 per week penalty he would have incurred had he not delivered on time. The ironwork for the bridge was supplied by Peto, Brassey and Betts of Birkenhead, England for £41,750. The same firm had supplied the ironwork for the Menangle Railway Bridge constructed on the Nepean River in 1863 and now the oldest surviving bridge on the NSW railway system. The timber approach viaduct for the Victoria Bridge was constructed by Mr Baillie at a cost of £8,716. Other small contracts for earthworks were also made bringing the total cost of the 1100 tonne iron bridge to approximately £110,000. The Nepean Bridge (Victoria Bridge) was completed on 6 June 1867, two weeks before the greasiest flood ever recorded in the district passed under it. The Great Flood of 1867 damaged the western timber approaches and washed away a portion of the spans and river bank. The main spans however withstood this first major test and the flood waters did not reach the underside of the deck. Temporary repair work took about ten days to completed and as a result the bridge was opened to trains on 11 July 1867. The damaged timber viaduct was replaced by a shorter wrought iron box-girder span manufactured by the Thames Iron Company, Blackwall, England. During the construction of the spans the punt was used for road traffic until the bridge was re-opened to road traffic in 1869. The Victoria Bridge was considered to be of such modern design that it was featured in the "Modern Examples of Road and Railway Bridges" by Maw and Dredge in 1872.	2.453125
7060231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%20Bridge%2C%20Penrith	Victoria Bridge, Penrith	Victoria Bridge had a significant impact on the local economy. Prior to its opening Penrith station formed the rail head of the western line, making Penrith a trade hub. The introduction of the road across the Nepean River diminished the business in the town previously brought in by travellers delayed in Penrith by poor river conditions. Conversely the opening of the bridge and the road and railway to the west enabled the growth of centres west of the mountains and the tourist industry of the Blue Mountains to become established. Following the increase in rail traffic on the Great Western Railway and the increase in the weight of locomotive engines, options were considered for the duplication of the railway line and of the Victoria Bridge. The possibility of using Victoria Bridge to carry two rail lines was considered. But this would have required the strengthening of the bridge by constructing intermediate piers between the existing piers of the bridge, thus halving the length of the spans. This technique had been applied to Victoria Bridge's sister structure the Menangle Bridge in 1907. It was however decided that the construction of a second bridge alongside the Victoria Bridge would be more appropriate and construction on a steel truss bridge was undertaken. The piers of the new bridge lined up with Victoria Bridge's existing piers in an attempt to minimise stresses on the structures during high river flows. In 1907 the railway bridge that now stands alongside Victoria Bridge was completed, and is called Emu Plains (Nepean River) Underbridge, or Nepean River Underbridge. With its completion the Victoria Bridge was converted to carry two lanes of traffic and a footway while the new bridge carried two rail lines. Originally it took one railway line and a road across the river, however in 1907 another bridge was constructed a few metres to the north which thenceforth took two railway lines across the river, and the original bridge reverted to road and pedestrian use only.	2.734375
7060231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%20Bridge%2C%20Penrith	Victoria Bridge, Penrith	An undivided pedestrian pathway approximately is located adjacent to the roadway. Following community advocacy, in 2010, Roads & Maritime Services commenced a feasibility study into a shared pedestrian/cyclist pathway over the bridge. By mid-2016 Roads & Maritime Services contracted Seymour Whyte to build the Yandhai Nepean Crossing, a pedestrian and cyclist bridge over the Nepean River, south of the Victoria Bridge, to connect Penrith and Emu Plains. The bridge opened in October 2018. Description Overview Victoria Bridge is a continuous iron through-bridge (the deck is between the girders rather than on top of them). The three main girders, each spanning a clear , were designed and constructed as one long continuous structure (no separations over the piers), a novel structural feature for 1867 (Maw and Dredge). This structure, supported by hollow stone piers at centres, has iron cross girders which support a concrete deck, below the tops of the main girders which are deep. Each span has a camber of . There is a secondary, shorter, shallower, simply-supported girder, long at the western (Emu Plains) end of the bridge. All four iron girders have pairs of hollow boxes top and bottom separated by two web plates, an early version of box-girder construction. They are all of riveted construction. The total weight of wrought iron is around . The bridge consists of three main spans of iron box girder, one secondary span of iron box girder and three concrete approach spans on either side of the bridge. The piers that support the main spans are constructed of sandstone, the pier supporting the western end of the secondary iron girder span is constructed of mass concrete. The piers supporting the approach spans are constructed of concrete trestle frames. Piped services are supported under the pedestrian walkway portion of the deck and a large pipe is supported on the top flange of one of the main girders.	2.15625
7060231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%20Bridge%2C%20Penrith	Victoria Bridge, Penrith	Victoria bridge represents a type of bridge that was considered to be the cutting edge of technology when it was designed in 1862. Design principles used in Victoria Bridge were pioneered by Robert Stephenson in his design of the Britannia Bridge and The Conwy Bridge in Britain. In addition to this prestigious design history, Victoria Bridge has the largest spans of any metal girder bridge in NSW. The bridge is of state significance due to its role in bridging the Nepean River for the Great Western Railway. Victoria Bridge was a key element in bringing the railways to western NSW. The bridge's association with the designer of the Great Western Railway, John Whitton is also of significance. Victoria Bridge (Penrith) was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 27 May 2016 having satisfied the following criteria. The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales. Victoria Bridge is of state significance for its historical role as a vital element in the development of key road and rail transport routes across NSW from the 1860s and 1870s. In particular this includes the Great Western Railway line which opened up the western regions of the NSW, and made a significant contribution to improving trade flow across the state. As a road bridge it places a significant role in the story of crossing of the flood prone Nepean River, and was the first successful bridge crossing at Penrith. In addition to the wider advantages the bridge brought for transport across the state, it also has local significance for its economically on local workers and economies. The place has a strong or special association with a person, or group of persons, of importance of cultural or natural history of New South Wales's history.	2.8125
7060231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%20Bridge%2C%20Penrith	Victoria Bridge, Penrith	Victoria Bridge is of state significance for its association with its designer John Whitton, Engineer-in Chief for the NSW Railways, who also designed the Great Western Railway and the Zig Zag Railway at Lapstone and Lithgow. Mr Whitton was an outstanding engineer of his time and was also responsible for overseeing construction of the bridge and the railway line between Penrith and Wentworth Falls. It is also associated with the renowned British engineer John Fowler, of Firth of Forth Bridge Fame, who checked Whitton's design and plans and supervised the fabrication of the bridge in England. The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales. Victoria Bridge is of state aesthetic significance because its design was based on important principles pioneered by Robert Stephenson on the Britannia Bridge and the Conwy Bridge in Wales. It is the most intact of only two iron through girder bridges built in NSW. Menangle Bridge now has intermediate piers and so no longer has its original form. Victoria Bridge is the only one of its type still operating with the same structural system that it was built with. The bridge has been an important landmark in Penrith since its construction.	2.28125
7060231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%20Bridge%2C%20Penrith	Victoria Bridge, Penrith	The bridge has state technical and aesthetic significance. Whitton's design employed the latest in British Bridge technology, utilising the through girder form, reinforced with boxes at the top and bottom of the girders, and long continuous spans to achieve maximum waterway, a feature of major importance at this site. The construction of the bridge constituted a major project carried out under extremely difficult circumstances. The bridge has strong and bold lines, providing a reassure presence in a landscape continually attacked by high floods which destroyed two previous bridges. It is a highly visually distinctive structure, and its enclosing form has always provided a distinctive travel experience, whether crossing by train, horse-drawn vehicle, motor vehicle or on foot. The Victoria Bridge and the visually complimentary adjacent rail bridge form a landmark from both the Great Western highway and from the Nepean River and its banks. Both bridges are visually articulate about their structural properties and together, through their contrasting forms, provide an essay on the developments in metal bridge design across the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The quality and longevity of the bridge is evidence of Whitton's correct understanding of the power of the Nepean and his enormous commitment to build railways of a high standard, employing cutting edge British technology in a colony barely out of its infancy. The high level of the bridge and its robust stone piers, as well as s the iron span on the western end of the bridge added after its initial completion are articulate about the devastating potential of the river and the high level of persistence intelligence and investment required to bridge it. The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.	2.5
7060231	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%20Bridge%2C%20Penrith	Victoria Bridge, Penrith	Public esteem for the bridge and an enduring interest in its management and use over its lifetime has imbued Victoria Bridge with social significance at a State level. Its historic, technical and aesthetic qualities are widely recognised within the Penrith, Sydney and Blue Mountains communities and more widely among railway and bridge enthusiasts and historians. It forms a landmark in the Penrith area and has been the centrepiece of the tourist and sporting activities of the Nepean which have attracted boating parties, swimmers, rowers, spectators and picnickers from a wide catchment area. The bridge has local significance as a place of recreation. It is significant to the Heritage Engineers of Australia. The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales. Victoria Bridge has research significance at a State level as one of the oldest metal bridges in Australia. Together with the Menangle Railway Bridge and Prince Alfred Bridge at Gundagai, it is an important benchmark in early metal bridge design and construction practices giving insight into these activities which would be difficult to gain from other sources. With the largest spans of any metal girder bridge in NSW and being the most intact of two remaining bridges in the state of this type, the Victoria Bridge is of state significance for its research potential to illustrate the design and construction techniques of this type of bridge. The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales.	2.484375
7060322	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Day%20of%20Languages	European Day of Languages	The European Day of Languages is observed on 26 September, as proclaimed by the Council of Europe on 6 December 2001, at the end of the European Year of Languages (2001), which had been jointly organised by the Council of Europe and the European Union. Its aim is to encourage language learning across Europe. Objectives The general objectives of the European Day of Languages are to: Alert the public to the importance of language learning, diversity and the range of languages learned in order to increase plurilingualism and intercultural understanding Promote the rich linguistic and cultural diversity of Europe Encourage lifelong language learning in and out of school In keeping with these rules, people, young and old, are encouraged to take up a language or to take special pride in their existing language skills. Also, those responsible for providing access to language learning are encouraged to make it easier for people to learn a range of languages, and to support policy initiatives to promote languages. There is also an emphasis on learning a language other than English. On the occasion of the day, a range of events are organised across Europe, including those for children, television and radio programmes, language classes and conferences. The events are not organised by the Council of Europe or the European Union nor do they allocate special funding (i.e. apart from their existing language programmes) for the day. Member states and potential partners are given a free hand to organise activities. To coordinate the activities organised at the national level, the Council of Europe asks participating countries to nominate "National Relay Persons" for the day. The national relay in the UK used to be the National Centre for Languages. Languages of Europe	3.21875
7060322	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European%20Day%20of%20Languages	European Day of Languages	There are about 225 indigenous languages in Europe – roughly 3% of the world's total. Most of the European languages are of Indo-European origin. Since the end of the 18th century, the most widespread language of Europe (both in terms of geography and the number of native speakers) has been Russian, which replaced French. Counting only native speakers, approximately 150 million Europeans speak Russian on a daily basis, followed by German (approx. 95 mil.), Turkish (approx. 80 mil.), English and French (each by 65 mil.), Italian (by 60 mil.), Spanish and Polish (40 mil. each), Ukrainian (30 mil.) and Romanian (26 mil.). As far as foreign language studies are concerned, English is currently the most popular foreign language in Europe, followed by German, French, Italian, Russian and Spanish. Multilingualism today According to the European Union survey "Europeans and their Languages" ("Special Eurobarometer 243", February 2006), 56% of EU citizens (25 member states) speak a language other than their mother tongue, while 44% admit to not knowing any languages other than their native language. Additionally, 28% know two foreign languages. Among EU citizens, 38% indicate that they know English, followed by 14% knowing French or German, 7% Russian, 5% Spanish and 3% Italian. The typical multilingual European is a student or someone holding a managerial position or someone born in a country where the language of his/her parents is different from the main language of the country. With greater numbers of immigrants and refugees, European cities have become more multilingual. For example: in Moscow and Saint Petersburg many recent immigrants speak Ukrainian, Romanian, Armenian, Tatar, Azeri, Tajik, Chinese or one of many other languages; in London some 300 languages are spoken (English, French, Chinese, Polish, Russian, Spanish, Portuguese, Arabic, Bengali, Persian, Turkish, Kurdish, Berber, Hindi, Urdu, Punjabi etc.).	3.0625
7060387	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala-Arriba%21%20%28film%29	Ala-Arriba! (film)	Ala-Arriba! is a 1942 Portuguese romantic docufiction set in Póvoa de Varzim, a traditional Portuguese fishing town. Dealing with ethnographic matters, it may be considered as an ethnofiction. The film was directed by Leitão de Barros, and stars real fishermen as themselves in order to give a realistic view over traditions and social behaviours of the community. Focusing the cultural context, it continuously shifts from documentary to drama, by means of a fictional narrative. Contemporary to Robert Flaherty, Barros is with him one of the first filmmakers to explore docufiction and ethnofiction as forms of dramatic narrative. It premiered at São Luis Theatre in Lisbon. Synopsis It focuses on maritime tragedy of the town and a forbidden love between Julha (Elsa Bela-Flor) and João Moço (Domingos Gonçalves), from different fisher castes, in a community where mixed-caste marriages were not allowed and dating without parent's assent was seen as a disgrace to the family, not only in respect to women, but also men. Historical background The script of Ala-Arriba! was written by the prestigious Alfredo Cortez, based on the book O Poveiro by António dos Santos Graça, focusing the cultural aspects of the town. The film was financed by SPN (Secretariado da Propaganda Nacional – National Propaganda Bureau) of the Ministério das Obras Públicas (Ministry of Public Works) during the Estado Novo period. The town was seen, by the regime, as an example of Portuguese culture. Festivals Venice Film Festival - Award The Biennale Cup (1942) NOTE: Ala-Arriba! was the first Portuguese film to win at this festival an international award	2.3125
7060415	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concessionary%20fares%20on%20the%20British%20railway%20network	Concessionary fares on the British railway network	Devon & Cornwall Railcard This railcard, covering the counties of Devon and Cornwall, was introduced on 10 September 2006 to replace two Railcards which covered the counties separately: the Devon Railcard and the Cornish Railcard. It gives discounts for the holder (who must be aged 16 or over) and one accompanying adult of 34% on Cheap Day and Saver Singles and Returns for journeys wholly within the two counties, and 34% on the countywide Devon Day Ranger and Cornwall Day Ranger tickets, and line-specific Rangers for the following branch lines: Atlantic Coast Line, Looe Valley Line, Maritime Line, Tamar Valley Line and Tarka Line. The only exception is the St Ives Bay Line Day Ranger, which is discounted by 50% when the Railcard is used. Up to four children can accompany the adult(s) for a flat fare of £1.00 each for point-to-point tickets, or £2.00 for Day Rangers. While the array of discounts is broadly the same as those available with the Devon Railcard, the former Cornish Railcard offered 34% discounts on Standard Day Singles and Returns as well. These tickets were available for travel during the peak period (before 9.30am). This change prompted criticism that people who travelled frequently but not daily at peak times in Cornwall would have to pay more: although all season tickets for journeys within Cornwall were reduced in price from 10 September 2006, they are only cost-effective for regular travellers (four or five weekdays per week).	2.03125
7060446	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20motorcycle%20Grand%20Prix	British motorcycle Grand Prix	The British motorcycle Grand Prix is a motorcycling event that is part of the FIM Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. History Before 1977, the only British round was the Isle of Man TT, which was part of the FIM championship from its inauguration in 1949 until 1976. The Isle of Man TT was the most prestigious event on the Grand Prix motorcycling calendar from 1949 to 1972. After the 1972 event, multiple world champion Giacomo Agostini dropped a bombshell on the motorsports world by stating he would never race at the Isle of Man TT again, saying the 37-mile (62 km) circuit was too dangerous for international competition. His friend Gilberto Parlotti was killed during the event. Many riders followed Agostini's boycotting of the next four events, and after the 1976 season, the Isle of Man TT was scratched from the FIM calendar. The inaugural British motorcycle Grand Prix, the first motorcycle Grand Prix to be held on the British mainland, took place at the Silverstone Circuit. The event was moved to Donington Park in 1987 before returning to Silverstone in 2010. Dorna Sports, the commercial rights holder of what is now known as MotoGP, revealed that they had signed a deal for the British Grand Prix to be moved to the yet-to-be constructed Circuit of Wales from 2015. However, when the developer indicated that the circuit would only be ready in 2016, the British motorcycle Grand Prix was slated to return to Donington Park for 2015 only but pulled out of hosting the event on 10 February 2015, citing financial difficulties. The following day, it was announced that Silverstone would host the British Grand Prix in 2015 and 2016. In September 2016, following further delays to the construction of the Circuit of Wales, Silverstone reached an agreement to continue hosting the event in 2017 with a further option for 2018. In early November 2017, Silverstone announced a three-year deal to host the races in 2018, 2019 and 2020.	2.15625
7060579	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkington%20Silver%20Electroplating%20Works	Elkington Silver Electroplating Works	The Elkington Silver Electroplating Works was a building on Newhall Street in Birmingham, England. It later housed the Birmingham science museum Museum of Science and Industry until the creation of Thinktank. Standing opposite the Birmingham Assay Office, the original 19th century silver electroplating factory of George Elkington, built in 1838, once occupied a much longer, grandiose building on Newhall Street which was largely demolished in the mid-1960s. The works had many workshops and warehouses along and over the Birmingham and Fazeley Canal and the now filled-in Whitmore's Arm (or Miss Colmore's Arm) canal, which ran through the site. In the early 1850s there was a steam-powered electric generator with 64 permanent magnets arranged in a circle and a rotating wrought iron armature. The electroplating process involved solutions of cyanide of silver and potassium cyanide. The building carries two blue plaques on its wall, one to George Elkington, and another to his employee Alexander Parkes who is credited with inventing the first plastic. Museum of Science and Industry The site hosted the science museum of Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery from 1951 until its closure in 1997. Many exhibits were then moved to Thinktank, which later opened as an entrance-fee-based exhibition in Millennium Point in Eastside, in September 2001. Among the famous exhibits to move in the relocation was the 1797 Smethwick Engine, produced by famous local industrialist James Watt. It had originally been located in the town of Smethwick, before being relocated to the Birmingham Canal Navigation Workshops at Ocker Hill (actually some 10 miles away to a town named Tipton) in 1897. However, it came to the museum in 1959 on the closure of the workshops. Also moved to the new museum was Elkington's own Woolrich Electrical Generator, made in 1844, the earliest electrical generator used in an industrial process. Future development	2.203125
7060633	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wacker%20Leipzig	Wacker Leipzig	SC Wacker Leipzig was a German association football club playing in Leipzig, Saxony. The club was formed 24 February 1895 out of the merger of the school clubs Concordia Leipzig and Saxonia Leipzig. Wacker was a founding member of the German Football Association (Deutscher Fussball Bund) in 1900. FC changed its name to SC Wacker Leipzig in 1918 and in 1921 was joined by Friesen Leipzig. One of the city's best sides, Wacker remained in top-flight football from its foundation through to 1937. After the re-organization of German football into sixteen premier divisions under the Third Reich in 1933 Wacker played top-flight football in the Gauliga Sachsen for several seasons before being relegated in 1937. The club returned to Gauliga play for single season appearances in 1940 and 1944. Allied authorities ordered all existing organizations, including sports and football associations, disbanded after World War II. The developing Cold War that would divide the country into East and West Germany led to the formation of separate football leagues in the Soviet-occupied areas which included Leipzig. Wacker was re-constituted as SG Motor Gohlis-Nord Leipzig and took up play in the Bezirk Leipzig in 1946 before advancing to the 2.DDR-Liga (III), Staffel 3 as Motor Nord Leipzig in 1958. The club fielded competitive teams that earned a handful of top three finishes before beginning a slide that finally led to relegation to the Bezirksliga Leipzig (IV) in 1963. After only a single season there the club disappeared into the lower divisions. Wacker first played its home matches at the Gohlitzer Exerzierplatz (1902–23) before moving to the Wacker-Platz Debrahof (1923–45). Following the war they played in Wacker-Stadion Debrahof, known today as Stadion des Friedens. Honours Central German champions: 1902, 1908 Mitteldeutscher-Pokal (Central German Cup) winners: 1929	2.296875
7060650	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campile	Campile	Campile () is a small village situated in County Wexford in the south of Ireland. It is south of the town of New Ross. As of the 2022 census, Campile had a population of 371 people. History Archaeological evidence of ancient settlement in the area include several burnt mounds and ringforts in the neighbouring townlands of Ballyvelig, Tinnock, and Dunbrody. Approximately 1 km southwest of Campile is the 12th century Dunbrody Abbey, and the 17th century bawn of the (incomplete) Dunbrody Castle. In 1798, during the United Irishmen Rebellion, a rebel camp was located on nearby Slieve Coillte hill. WWII bombing During World War II, in which Ireland remained officially neutral, the German Luftwaffe bombed Campile. The bombing took place on 26 August 1940. The bombs were dropped by a lone German bomber that appeared over Campile around lunch time. The first bomb dropped failed to detonate. Local man Teddy Drought, who was fifteen years old and worked in Shelburne Co-op at the time of the bombing, described witnessing the aircraft approach and the first bomb being dropped while sat on a wall with a friend. In an interview with RTÉ in 1990, Drought recalled the following scene: "A bomb come down-we didn't know at the time it was a bomb-came down through the roof and down on the ground alongside the two of us (...) it busted, it didn't explode".	2.09375
7060794	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postboy%20%28ship%29	Postboy (ship)	The 63 ton schooner Postboy was built at Port Adelaide in 1874. The schooner was owned by Messrs. Weman and Morgan and registered at Port Adelaide. She was a regular trading vessel between Port Adelaide and the gulf ports. Captain James Thomas was in charge of Postboy on 15 December 1876 about 11–12 miles (20 km) off Glenelg when a sudden squall struck. She was returning from Port MacDonnell, South Australia to Port Adelaide, South Australia, with a small cargo of bark and stone ballast and seven people on board. The wind pushed the vessel bodily over and she lay on her side with sails floating in the water, resulting in the loss of 6 lives. Thomas was drowned and his body was found on Kirkcaldy Beach on 26 December 1876. His wife Sarah was pregnant with daughter Edith Emily at the time. Postboy was refitted but was eventually wrecked at Arno Bay, South Australia after being driven ashore by a squall on 22 October 1905, and was said to have been burnt on the beach. The ship's wreck site is protected by the South Australian Historic Shipwrecks Act 1981 and is located at . The figurehead of Postboy is in the South Australian Maritime Museum at Port Adelaide. The vessel One and All, built at North Haven as part of South Australia's 150th jubilee project, is based on a design of Postboy.	1.921875
7060815	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Pullen	Robert Pullen	While in Paris, Pullen taught logic and theology with great success. Among his pupils was John of Salisbury, who describes him as a man commended both by his life and his learning, in 1141 or 1142. In 1143 he is still described as Archdeacon of Rochester and in or about that year he probably went to Rome on the invitation of Innocent II, who died in September of that year, but Pullen found favour with the new pope, Celestine II, who created him a cardinal (Ciaconius). The Oseney chronicler, however, states that he was called to Rome by Lucius II who succeeded Celestine in 1144. Certainly Pope Lucius appointed him Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church, an office which he was discharging through 1145 and 1146. This we know from the biography of St Bernard written by William of St. Thierry, and from his letters. Pullus was instrumental in the development of the concept of purgatory, questioning where purgation took place, as neither heaven nor hell seemed entirely appropriate. Whether by Lucius or Celestine, he was a cardinal by around 1144. When St. Bernard's disciple, Pope Eugene III, became pope in 1145, the saint wrote a letter to Cardinal Pullen, begging him to console and counsel the new pontiff. His date of death is uncertain; he died in or after 1146.	2.296875
7060815	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Pullen	Robert Pullen	Works As a theologian Cardinal Pullen used all his influence against the teaching of Abelard, and set out his doctrine in his work Sententiarum Logicarum Libri VIII. In this treatise he was breaking new ground, being one of the first teachers to compile a book of "Sentences," but his work was soon supplanted by that of Peter Lombard (with his "Libri Sententiarum"). He covers a wide range of subjects, but his treatment lacks orderly arrangement, and he relies for his proofs on Scripture and reason in preference to the testimony of tradition. Taking his stand on the authority of the Bible and of papal decisions, he proceeds to enter on speculative discussion. The first book treats of God and His attributes; the second, of the creation, of angels, of the soul, of the fall of man and of original sin; the third, of the ancient and the new law, and of the Incarnation; the fourth, of God's power, of Christ's Passion and of hell and purgatory; the fifth, of the Resurrection, the descent of the Holy Ghost, the preaching of the Gospel, of the sacraments of baptism, confirmation and confession and some virtues and vices. The sixth book deals with a variety of subjects, including ignorance, negligence and frailty, good and bad spirits, the choirs of angels, merits, and the administration of the Sacrament of Penance; the seventh discusses the forgiveness of sins, penance and fasting, prayer, tithes, the civil power, the priesthood, its privileges and obligations, continency, the contemplative and active life, and matrimony. The eighth book deals with the Blessed Sacrament, the Second Advent, Antichrist, the Last Judgment and the ultimate state of the saved and the lost. Marcia L. Colish describes the eight volume work as poorly organized, redundant and "unwieldy". Joseph Goering identified Robert Pullen as the inventor of the term "transubstantiation" to describe the change that takes place in the gifts at the eucharistic altar.	1.921875
7060881	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRCL	KRCL	While it began to air occasional programs on public radio station KUER-FM, Listeners also applied for a license to build its own station on June 27, 1976. One legacy of the dispute with KSL was that its owner, Bonneville International, donated space on the Farnsworth Peak tower used by KSL's FM radio and television stations as well as other equipment; this allowed Holbrook to ensure regional coverage, as he felt it was essential the new outlet be a "Wasatch Front station" rather than a low-wattage, limited-range facility. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) granted a construction permit on April 11, 1978, and plans were initially announced to locate the studios at Westminster College. The college, however, dropped out because of entreaties by utility company Mountain Fuel Supply, which objected to Holbrook's legislative work relating to utilities. The antenna on Farnsworth Peak was erected before the winter of 1978–1979, sitting unused for more than a year. KRCL began broadcasting on December 3, 1979, from a facility above the Blue Mouse bar downtown and after a $95,000 investment, which included grant money which Robert Redford had helped secure from the Community Services Administration. It initially broadcast for 11 hours on weekdays and longer on weekends. Primarily based on a block programming format where volunteers often played albums from their own record collections on the air, the station also featured specialist programming, including shows for gays and lesbians, Native Americans, Tongan Americans. In the early years, it was nicknamed "Radio Free Utah" and "Lion of Zion". It moved from its original studios to a site at 200 West and 900 North in 1982. Over the course of its history, the emphasis on representing minority communities lessened, particularly with the Hispanic community, as Spanish-language radio came to Utah.	2.265625
7060883	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Babel%20%28Alberta%29	Mount Babel (Alberta)	Mount Babel is a mountain peak of the Bow Range in Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada. The mountain can be seen from the Valley of the Ten Peaks. Mount Babel was first climbed by A Hart, Edward Oliver Wheeler, L. Wilson and H. Worsfold in 1910. Geology Like other mountains in Banff Park, Mount Babel is composed of sedimentary rock laid down during the Precambrian to Jurassic periods. Formed in shallow seas, this sedimentary rock was pushed east and over the top of younger rock during the Laramide orogeny. Climate Based on the Köppen climate classification, Mount Babel is located in a subarctic climate with cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors below −30 °C. Tower of Babel The Tower of Babel is a conspicuous quartzite monolith at the northern end of the mountain, and is apparent to park visitors at Moraine Lake. It was named in 1899 by Walter D. Wilcox because its profile reminded him of the biblical Tower of Babel. The first ascent of the tower was made in 1959 by G. Boles, B. Greenwood, and A. Washington. Mount Babel acquired its name from its outlier tower that rises above Moraine Lake.	2.765625
7060900	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATSV%201860%20Bremen	ATSV 1860 Bremen	ATSV 1860 Bremen was a German association football club playing in Bremen. Today the sports club no longer fields a football side and has departments for badminton, basketball, cheerleading, dancing, fencing, handball, Judo, Karate, pool-billiards, rhythmic gymnastics, rugby union, skating, Taekwon-do, and volleyball. The club was formed as ABTS Bremen in 1920 out of the union of football club Bremer SC 1891, gymnastics club ATV 1860 Bremen, and aquatics club Bremer Schwimm-Club. This combined association fielded competitive sides in the Westkreisliga/Bezirksliga Weser-Jade through the 1920s, capturing a league title in 1922. ABTS was bankrupted in 1929 and re-formed as Sportfreund 85/91 Bremen. Spfr Bremen briefly played top-flight football from 1942 to the end of World War II in the Gauliga Weser-Ems. The Gauliga Weser-Ems had emerged from the split of the Gauliga Niedersachsen, one of the top-flight divisions formed in the earlier re-organization of German football under the Third Reich in 1933. After World War II most organizations in Germany, including sport and football clubs, were disbanded by the order of occupying Allied authorities. Sportfreunde would later be re-formed as ATSV 1860 Bremen in 1945, and while other Bremen-based teams would go on to play in the first division Oberliga Nord, ATSV re-appeared in the lower division Amateurliga Bremen in 1949. The club immediately impressed with a strong second-place finish and went on to earn a number of top three finishes through the early 1950s, including championships in 1953, 1954, and 1955. Their performance faded and they become just a mid-table side in the years leading up to the formation of Germany's first professional football league – the Bundesliga – in 1963 and in 1968 ATSV was relegated. The team recovered to some degree and returned to Amateurliga play in 1970 until again being relegated in 1974. ATSV made a single season appearance in the Verbandsliga Bremen in 1986–87.	2.171875
7060924	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankinson%27s%20equation	Hankinson's equation	Hankinson's equation (also called Hankinson's formula or Hankinson's criterion) is a mathematical relationship for predicting the off-axis uniaxial compressive strength of wood. The formula can also be used to compute the fiber stress or the stress wave velocity at the elastic limit as a function of grain angle in wood. For a wood that has uniaxial compressive strengths of parallel to the grain and perpendicular to the grain, Hankinson's equation predicts that the uniaxial compressive strength of the wood in a direction at an angle to the grain is given by Even though the original relation was based on studies of spruce, Hankinson's equation has been found to be remarkably accurate for many other types of wood. A generalized form of the Hankinson formula has also been used for predicting the uniaxial tensile strength of wood at an angle to the grain. This formula has the form where the exponent can take values between 1.5 and 2. The stress wave velocity at angle to the grain at the elastic limit can similarly be obtained from the Hankinson formula where is the velocity parallel to the grain, is the velocity perpendicular to the grain and is the grain angle.	2.078125
7060939	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkan%20Naumburg	Elkan Naumburg	Elkan Naumburg (1835–1924) was a New York City merchant, banker, philanthropist and musicologist, best remembered for his sponsorship of the arts in Manhattan. From the last quarter of the nineteenth century, he used his wealth to promote public interest in symphonic and "semi-classical" music by helping to form and establish the Oratorio Society of New York and funding construction of the Naumburg Bandshell, which honors his name, on the Concert Ground of the Central Park Mall. Biography Naumburg was born to a Jewish family in Treuchtlingen, Bavaria, in 1835, and emigrated with his parents to the United States at age 15 to escape the growing anti-Semitism of his native land. He settled first in Baltimore, where he took a liking to chamber music. An amateur pianist with no formal training, he was unable at that time to afford purchasing concert tickets for famous performers like Vieuxtemps and Thalberg. In 1853, at age 18, he moved to New York City, where he initiated a business career that was first highlighted as a successful merchant and then a merchant banker. He founded E. Naumburg & Co. in 1893 - one of the largest 'commercial paper' banks on Wall Street. Their chief rival was Goldman Sachs.	2.375
7060939	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkan%20Naumburg	Elkan Naumburg	The parlor of his Manhattan townhouse hosted pianists, opera singers and string quartets, and soon became a forum for celebrities of the music field. With his success he chose to make access to fine music available to a broader public in New York, as one of his principal legacies. In 1873, Leopold Damrosch founded the Oratorio Society of New York in the 'back parlor' of Elkan Naumburg's 48th Street home. Bertha Wehle Naumburg (1843–97), Elkan's wife, gave it that name. Elkan, Bertha and Leopold were very good friends, and like Leopold, Elkan also gave one of his son's the name Walter. Richard Arnold (violinist), Leopold Damrosch, Marcella Sembrich, Theodore Thomas, and others performed weekly in the Naumburg family parlor during the 1870s, 80s, and 90s, entertaining such Gilded Age critics and artists as Henry Theophilus Finck and Albert Henry Krehbiel. Elkan's own connection to the Oratorio Society of New York likely constituted some specific help as they went on to form the group, and he then served briefly on its board, when it first began. With Andrew Carnegie, E. Francis Hyde and James Loeb, Naumburg also defrayed the expense of bringing several European conductors to New York for the Philharmonic concerts, among them Tiedler and Baumgartner, Vassily Ilich Safonof and Édouard Colonne, Walter Wood and Willem Mengelberg, none of whom had ever previously appeared before American audiences. Then, in 1890, Elkan Naumburg also founded the New York Philharmonic's first pension fund. Later he helped introduce renowned conductors like Vasily Ilyich Safonov and Willem Mengelberg to that orchestra.	2.046875
7060947	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freisa	Freisa	Freisa is a red Italian wine grape variety grown in the Piedmont region of north-west Italy, primarily in Monferrato and in the Langhe, but also further north in the provinces of Turin and Biella. Freisa is a vigorous and productive vine whose round, blue-black grapes are harvested in early October. The three-lobed leaves are relatively small and the bunches are elongated in form. By the 1880s it had become one of the major Piedmontese grapes, and in that period its cultivation was stimulated by the vine's resistance to the downy mildew caused by the Plasmopara viticola fungus. Wines made from the Freisa grape are red and usually somewhat sweet and lightly sparkling, or foaming. Still and fully sparkling versions are also produced, however, as are dry and more decidedly sweet styles. In the Canavese there is also a rosé which can be made primarily from Freisa according to Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) regulations. History Plantings of Freisa in the Piedmont region date back to at least the 18th century and ampelographers believe that the grape likely originated there in the hills between Asti and Turin. Recent DNA profiling by the University of California, Davis revealed that Freisa has a parent-offspring relationship with Nebbiolo. There are two major clonal varieties of Freisa-a small-berried clone known as Freisa Piccolo which is more widely planted and a larger berry Freisa Grossa or Freisa di Nizza that tends to be planted on flatter, fertile terrain and produced less distinguished wine. Freisa di Chieri is potentially its own sub-variety of Freisa Piccolo grown in the Chieri region and distinguished by its own DOC. It creates a very perfumed, deep coloured and tannic wine. Relationship to other grapes Through its parent-offspring relationship with Nebbiolo, Freisa is a half-sibling of several Piemontese wine grape varieties including: Vespolina, Brugnola, Bubbierasco, Nebbiolo rosé, Negretta, Neretto di Bairo and Rossola nera.	2.421875
7060947	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freisa	Freisa	Viticulture Freisa is a vigorous and productive vine whose round, blue-black grapes are harvested in early October. The three-lobed leaves are relatively small and the bunches are elongated in form. The vine is highly resistant to peronospora but has some susceptibility to oidium. It grows best in well-exposed, sunny sites on hillsides. Wines Similar to Nebbiolo, Freisa produces wines with considerable tannins and acidity. While it can be used in blends, it is most often encountered as a varietal. Traditionally Freisa was produced as a slightly sparkling wine with some noticeable sweetness. To balance the bitterness from the grape and ageing on its lees, the wines would be made with a small amount of residual sugar and allowed to go through a secondary fermentation to create a limited amount of frothiness. This bitter/sweet dynamic has brought Freisa its share of fans and critics with wine experts such Hugh Johnson describing the wine as being "immensely appetizing" to Robert M. Parker, Jr. describing Freisa as producing "totally repugnant wines". Modern winemaking technology has introduced techniques to minimize some of the bitter tannins and ferment the wine fully dry. These include temperature control fermentation vessels and ageing in oak barrels. Like Nebbiolo, Freisa produces a relatively light-coloured wine but with more distinctive purple hues. The wines are often characterized with strawberry, raspberry and violet aromas. Freisa Nebbiolata Freisa Nebbiolata is a specialty wine of the Piedmont region made in a ripasso style. In this style, the Fresia must is fermented with leftover Nebbiolo skins from the production of Barolo. This creates a highly tannic wine with the potential for complex flavours.	2.5625
7060962	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Highway%20150%20%28India%2C%20old%20numbering%29	National Highway 150 (India, old numbering)	The National Highway 150, or NH-150, in India runs between the towns of Kohima in Nagaland and Aizwal in Mizoram, passing through the state of Manipur. In Manipur, it passes through the capital city Imphal, Bishnupur, Churachandpur, and Tipaimukh. In the newnumbering, the Imphal–Aizal section of the road is part of National Highway 2, and the Kohima–Imphal section is part of National Highway 202. National Highway 150 The Central Government of India declared Tipaimukh Road, a State Highway in Manipur, a National Highway (NH 150) on 6 January 1999. The total length of this highway is 700 km, and is the third National Highway passing through the state of Manipur, together with old NH 53 and old NH 39. This highway has been proposed to connect three bordering states in Northeast India, viz. Mizoram (141 km), Manipur (523 km) and Nagaland (36 km). The highway stretch starts from Seling (NH 54) in Mizoram through Tipaimukh-Imphal-Ukhrul-Jessami in Manipur and terminates at a junction with NH-53 in Nagaland (km 0 at Kohima). Repairs and Construction The development of this National Highway had been projected to be under the "Prime Minister’s agenda for socio-economic development of North Eastern Region" which was announced in January 2000. The PM's agenda envisages a total investment of Rs. 91 billion. It comprises 27 projects ranging from rural infrastructure development projects, irrigation and educational infrastructure development to strengthening of internal security, besides horticulture and IT development etc. It has also been reported that the entire stretch of National Highway-150 will be a double lane highway and included in the approved 10th plan programme of the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways.	2.234375
7060962	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Highway%20150%20%28India%2C%20old%20numbering%29	National Highway 150 (India, old numbering)	Current condition of the road Even before the highway was declared a National Highway, it normally took around a day to travel to or from the Tipaimukh to the district town of Churachandpur which is around 270 km. Then, regular state buses plied from Churachandpur town to Tipaimukh on daily basis and people, goods and news reached Tipaimukh in a day. But the road remained disused for a prolonged period due to establishment of United National Liberation Front training camps. Nearly all movement of vehicles stopped and no Government representative could visit the area beyond Bungmual village. In 2005, Indian army launched an operation and cleared the entire region of militant groups and the development has since then started by Border Roads Task Force (BRTF), an Indian army Road construction task force. Currently, starting from Churachandpur, up to 50 km stone the road is nearly complete. Considerable vehicles have started plying and the state of development in the region is also undergoing a major change. Security issues According to the state government, the reconstruction and upgrading work of National Highway-150 had been stalled due to security related issues faced by the implementing agencies from various insurgent groups who actively operate in the area. In regard to the security issue, the Central government said that the law and order situation inside the state is the responsibility of the state government and so the financial requirement for security protection to the implementing agencies should be borne from the state's budget. But the state government insisted that it cannot by itself meet the huge financial demands of the security protection. A number of high level meetings have also been held between the state and central government to address this issue. The Ministry of Home Affairs has been reported to even intimidate that the required security will be provided to the Manipur government so as to facilitate improvement and widening of the Highway expeditiously. Recent progress	1.929688
7060967	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crayford%20focuser	Crayford focuser	The Crayford focuser is a simplified focusing mechanism for amateur astronomical telescopes. Crayford focusers are considered superior to entry-level rack and pinion focusers, normally found in this type of device. Instead of the rack and pinion, they have a smooth spring-loaded shaft which holds the focus tube against four opposing bearing surfaces, and controls its movement. It is named after the Crayford Manor House Astronomical Society, Crayford, London, England, where it was invented by John Wall, a member of the astronomical society which meets there. The original Crayford Focuser is on display there. The Crayford focuser was initially demonstrated to the Crayford Manor House Astronomical Society, and then descriptions were published in The Journal of the British Astronomical Association (February 1971), Model Engineer magazine (May 1972) (with full constructional plans), and Sky & Telescope magazine (September 1972). John Wall decided not to patent the idea, effectively donating it to the amateur astronomical community. Crayfords began to be popular among amateur telescope makers for being easy to make without any high precision machining, yet providing precise focusing with no gear slop or backlash. This trend picked up steam as commercial Crayfords, while being relatively inexpensive, proved to be superior to most rack-and-pinion devices. They became the default focusing device on many amateur telescopes just above entry level, and better. They are made in a variety of designs by companies specializing in amateur telescope supplies, with such features as dual speed focusing and interface to motorized, or robotic, focusing. The concept The Crayford focuser design is reminiscent of the Dobsonian design for telescopes, since instead of precision machining, it relies on geometry to preclude any wobble or backlash .	2.65625
7061038	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Dowd%20%26%20the%20Language%20of%20Music	Tom Dowd & the Language of Music	Tom Dowd & the Language of Music is a documentary about the life and work of music producer/recording engineer Tom Dowd released in 2003 and in theater in August 2004. The documentary contains historical footage, vintage photographs and interviews with a list of musicians from the worlds of jazz, soul and classic rock provide insight into the life of Dowd. It was a 2005 Grammy Award nominee. The film is also stored in the Library of Congress. About An engineer and producer for Atlantic Records, Dowd was responsible for some of the most influential R&B, rock, and jazz records in the 20th century. In his own words, Dowd tells how he went from working on the Manhattan Project as rising physicist, while still high school age, to recording some of the these records. Dowd's technical skills opened increased the prevalence of the recording studio for making music. The documentary tells how his use of the multitrack eight-track tape recorder at Atlantic Records in the late 1950s gave musicians and producers greater control over their productions and helped bring music recording from being monaural to stereo. His contributions made it possible to isolate musical sounds and then manipulate (mix) their parts in the recording process. John Coltrane, Charlie Mingus, Aretha Franklin, Bobby Darin, The Drifters, Eric Clapton, Cream, the Allman Brothers are some of the artists interviewed in the documentary. Filmmaker Mark Moormann premiered the documentary at the 2003 Sundance Film Festival and its international premiere was at the 2003 Toronto International Film Festival. Chris Blackwell's Palm Pictures has released the film in North America and the Caribbean and Lightning Entertainment is handling the foreign release of the film. Dowd died in 2002, shortly after this documentary was made.	2.515625
7061069	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%20State%20Route%20330	Georgia State Route 330	State Route 330 (SR 330) is a state highway in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. It travels through rural areas of Barrow and Jackson counties. Route description SR 330 begins at an intersection with SR 82 north of Statham, in Barrow County. This intersection also marks the northern terminus of Thurmond Road NE. It moves in an east-southeast direction until it reaches Booth Road, where it turns east-northeast. The road turns back to the east-southeast just before it crosses the southern terminus of Old Hunter Road. At that intersection, SR 330 enters Jackson County. Just past Lois Kinney Road, it passes the Mt. Tabor Cemetery. Farther to the east, it travels to the north of the Bear Creek Reservoir and curves to the northeast. The highway crosses over the Middle Oconee River and curves to the north-northeast, to meet its eastern terminus, an intersection with US 129/SR 15 Alt. (Jefferson Road) in Attica. SR 330 is not part of the National Highway System, a system of roadways important to the nation's economy, defense, and mobility. History The road that eventually became SR 330 was built and paved in the early 1950s, along the same alignment as it travels today. By the middle of 1963, the entire roadway was designated as SR 330. Major intersections	2.140625
7061105	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple%20Lake%20%28Polk%20County%29	Maple Lake (Polk County)	Maple Lake is a lake in central Polk County, Minnesota, United States, due south of Mentor and approximately west of Erskine. The lake's name is taken from the extensive sugar maple forest that surrounds it. Even before American settlement of the region, the existence of these extensive hardwood forests in an otherwise treeless open prairie gave the lake a geographic identity. Maple Lake is a natural lake and the westernmost significant lake in the Red River Valley of Northwestern Minnesota. It appears on 19th-century maps of the area, and developed as a summer home and resort community as early as 1910. As a result of drought conditions and low inflows during the 1930s, however, the lake nearly dried up. Beginning in 1940 a two-stage Works Progress Administration development project involving the diversion of water from nearby Badger Lake and the Poplar River raised the lake to its current artificially maintained water level. This rejuvenated the resort industry, and the lake remains a popular summer home, recreational watersports and fishing lake, drawing people from eastern North Dakota and northwestern Minnesota as well as other neighboring states.	2.1875
7061133	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia%20State%20Route%20329	Georgia State Route 329	State Route 329 (SR 329) is a east-to-west state highway in the central part of the U.S. state of Georgia. It travels within portions of Macon and Dooly counties, with a portion along the Dooly–Macon county line and the Dooly–Houston county line. Route description SR 329 begins at an intersection with SR 26 east of Montezuma (and just west of Five Points in Macon County. It travels east, through Five Points, and then travels along the Dooly–Macon county line. Just over after Mims Road, it begins to travel along the Dooly–Houston county line. Just before intersecting the western terminus of County Line Road, it begins to curve to the southeast and enters Dooly County proper. After traveling through Emerich and intersecting the eastern terminus of Leavens Road, it curves back to the east and meets its eastern terminus, an intersection with SR 230 west of Unadilla (and northeast of Snow Spring. SR 329 is not part of the National Highway System, a system of roadways important to the nation's economy, defense, and mobility. History SR 329 was built in the early 1960s on an alignment that was farther to the north than it travels today. It began at SR 26 and traveled to the east to the intersection with County Line Road northwest of Emerich, where it does today. There, it followed County Line Road along the Dooly–Houston county line until it intersected US 41/SR 7, north-northwest of Unadilla. Also, the Macon County portion was paved. In 1970, the highway was re-routed along its current path. Major intersections	2.140625
7061159	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunked%20transfer%20encoding	Chunked transfer encoding	Chunked transfer encoding is a streaming data transfer mechanism available in Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) version 1.1, defined in RFC 9112 §7.1. In chunked transfer encoding, the data stream is divided into a series of non-overlapping "chunks". The chunks are sent out and received independently of one another. No knowledge of the data stream outside the currently-being-processed chunk is necessary for both the sender and the receiver at any given time. Each chunk is preceded by its size in bytes. The transmission ends when a zero-length chunk is received. The chunked keyword in the Transfer-Encoding header is used to indicate chunked transfer. Chunked transfer encoding is not supported in HTTP/2, which provides its own mechanisms for data streaming. Rationale The introduction of chunked encoding provided various benefits: Chunked transfer encoding allows a server to maintain an HTTP persistent connection for dynamically generated content. In this case, the HTTP Content-Length header cannot be used to delimit the content and the next HTTP request/response, as the content size is not yet known. Chunked encoding has the benefit that it is not necessary to generate the full content before writing the header, as it allows streaming of content as chunks and explicitly signaling the end of the content, making the connection available for the next HTTP request/response. Chunked encoding allows the sender to send additional header fields after the message body. This is important in cases where values of a field cannot be known until the content has been produced, such as when the content of the message must be digitally signed. Without chunked encoding, the sender would have to buffer the content until it was complete in order to calculate a field value and send it before the content.	2.375
7061246	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie%20Fields	Ernie Fields	Ernest Lawrence Fields (August 28, 1904 – May 11, 1997) was an American trombonist, pianist, arranger and bandleader. He first became known for leading the Royal Entertainers, a territory band which was based in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and toured along a circuit stretching from Kansas City, Kansas, to Dallas, Texas, and eventually across the US and parts of Canada. Later, he led a band that recorded in Los Angeles. Early life and career Fields was born in Nacogdoches, Texas, and was raised in Taft, Oklahoma. He graduated from Tuskegee Institute in 1924 and then moved to Tulsa. Over the course of his career, a number of musicians who were to become well known passed through his band. These included vocalist and drummer Roy Milton.,[Yusef Lateef, Booker Ervin, Rene Hall and Teddy Edwards] ("Going Back to T-Town: The Ernie Fields Territory Big Band"] University of Oklahoma Press ISBN 978-0-8061-9184-3 hardcover) From the late 1920s, he led a band called the Royal Entertainers, and eventually began touring more widely, and recording. Supported by Bob Wills, Fields' band became the first African-American band to play at the landmark Cain's Ballroom in Tulsa. In 1939, he was invited to New York City by John Hammond to record for the Vocalion label, and began to tour nationally. He did not become a star, but continued to work steadily, recording for smaller labels, and gradually transforming his sound through a smaller band and a repertoire shift from big band, swing to R&B. During World War II, he entertained troops both at home and abroad.	2.4375
7061254	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge%20Pa	Bridge Pa	Bridge Pa (sometimes spelled "Bridge Pā") is a rural Māori settlement and surrounding area in Hawke's Bay, New Zealand, located approximately 10 kilometres inland from Hastings. The pā itself comprises a school, a meetinghouse of the LDS Church, two marae (Korongata Marae and a later addition in 1984 of the Mangaroa Marae), a cemetery, a disused quarry, and the 140-year-old historical Homestead of the Kamau family. Bridge Pa is situated on flat land on the Heretaunga Plains with the major geographical feature of the township being the Karewarewa Stream. Located on the edge of an unconfined aquifer, the surrounding land is free-draining and is used for sheep grazing, horticulture and wine production. The surrounding area includes Hastings Aerodrome, two golf clubs, a car club, and a Deer Stalkers hall. As well as the main settlement centred on the intersection of Maraekakaho Road and Raukawa Road, a satellite settlement is located on Ngatarawa Road (near the Valentine Road corner) and on State Highway 50 (near the corner with Maraekakaho Road in the shadow of Roy's Hill). A relatively large tract of the surrounding rural area (up to 5 km from the pā) is also classified as "Bridge Pa" by local authorities and the White Pages. The main road through the town is limited to 50 km/h and traffic is slowed through a variety of traffic calming measures. There is no sewerage. There is metropolitan style water reticulation. Wastewater is treated via individual homeowner septic tanks. The rural setting experiences between -3 °C frosts in winter (usually clearing to clear crisp days) to 40 °C heat in late summer. Bridge Pa is approximately 20 km from the coast, and with the central North Island mountain ranges of the Ruahines and Kawekas to intercept the prevailing westerly winds, the region enjoys a Mediterranean climate with around 2350 sunshine hours per annum and very low humidity.	2
7061301	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Pavlopoulos	George Pavlopoulos	George Pavlopoulos (; 22 June 1924 – 26 November 2008) was a Greek poet, relatively unknown outside Greece, but admired within his own country by fellow poets such as George Seferis. George or Giorgos or Giorgis or Georgios Pavlopoulos as known in the literature field, was born in Pyrgos, on the west coast of the Peloponnese in Greece. Before World War II Pyrgos was a rich provincial centre and Pavlopoulos's father ran a local restaurant and cake shop. He was educated at primary and secondary levels in Pyrgos, a childhood illness left him permanently lame. He attended the School of Law at the University of Athens He did not complete his degree and returned to Pyrgos where he worked as book-keeper and secretary for the local bus company. Upon his return from Athens he married a local girl and had a son called Haralabos. Childhood friends of his in Pyrgos included the musician Mikis Theodorakis and Takis Sinopoulos the poet. In 1943, during the German occupation, the local bishop allowed Pavlopoulos access to the cathedral printing press. With some of his school friends he printed and published a magazine called Odyssey containing his first published poem. This group included Takis Sinopoulos with whom he later wrote experimental cooperative poetry. The group performed a play, advertised with posters proclaiming Freedom or Death. The text was controversial and landed Pavlopoulos in trouble with the local Gestapo, who asked who had written it. Pavlopoulos had eventually to pretend that it was by Victor Hugo, although it had been written by themselves. The Nazi withdrawal at close of war lead to bitter fighting between factions in the resistance. The unhappiness of war and civil war is reflected in much of Pavlopoulos's poetry. His poetry has been translated into other languages, including: English, French, German, Italian, Polish, Russian and Spanish. He has taken part in cultural festivals in Greece and elsewhere and is a founder member of the Greek Society of Authors. He died on 26 November 2008.	2.265625
7061350	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore%20%26%20Ohio%20Railroad%20station%20%28Philadelphia%29	Baltimore & Ohio Railroad station (Philadelphia)	Philadelphia's Baltimore and Ohio Railroad station – also known as the B & O station or Chestnut Street station – was the main passenger station for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Designed by architect Frank Furness in 1886, it stood at 24th Street and the Chestnut Street Bridge from 1888 to 1963. History The B&O Railroad completed the Philadelphia Subdivision in 1886, its own line between Baltimore and Philadelphia that did not rely on Pennsylvania Railroad routes. Relying on Reading Railroad and Central Railroad of New Jersey routes between Philadelphia and Jersey City, New Jersey, (opposite New York City), the B&O could provide direct service to the New York City area. Architecture Mr. Frank Furness, the architect, says that the new Baltimore and Ohio depot, to be erected at Twenty-fourth and Chestnut streets will be equally as fine as the Broad Street depot. The outward appearance of the building will be striking. The architecture is Flemish. The lower wall will principally be of iron, carried on iron columns and boxes, and the upper walls will be of brick, red-stone and terra cotta. The string courses, cornices and brackets will be of terra cotta, and the roof will be covered with red tile. The appearance of the building in profile will be most picturesque. The Philadelphia station was essentially built on stilts, with its main entrance from the Chestnut Street Bridge, 30 feet above grade level. The B&O tracks ran along the east bank of the Schuylkill River and under the bridge. Furness mixed Flemish Revival detailing with an industrial aesthetic of brick, iron and glass. Through the station's innovative plan, he separated the flow of passengers waiting to board the trains from those arriving. Directly south of the passenger station stretched a brick baggage and freight building. The station building was expanded in 1912, and its interior was remodeled in 1943. The Chestnut Street entrance porch was replaced in the 1940s.	2.53125
7061377	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%20I%20Walked%20Out%20One%20Midsummer%20Morning	As I Walked Out One Midsummer Morning	As I Walked Out One Midsummer Morning (1969) is a memoir by Laurie Lee, a British poet. It is a sequel to Cider with Rosie which detailed his early life in Gloucestershire after the First World War. In this sequel Lee leaves the security of his Cotswold village of Slad in Gloucestershire to start a new life, at the same time embarking on an epic journey on foot. It is 1934, and Lee walks to London from his Cotswolds home. He lives by playing the violin and, later, labouring on a building site in London. After this work draws to a finish, and having picked up the Spanish for "Will you please give me a glass of water?", he decides to go to Spain. He scrapes together a living by playing his violin outside cafés, and sleeps at night in his blanket under the open sky or in cheap, rough posadas. For a year he tramps through Spain, from Vigo in the north to the south coast, where he is trapped by the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. He is warmly welcomed by the Spaniards he meets and enjoys a generous hospitality even from the poorest villagers he encounters along the way. Synopsis In 1934 Laurie Lee leaves his home in Gloucestershire for London. He visits Southampton and first tries his luck at playing his violin in the street. His apprenticeship proves profitable and he decides to move eastwards. He makes his way along the south coast, and then turns inland and heads north for London. There he meets his half-American girlfriend, Cleo, who is the daughter of an anarchist. Cleo's father finds him a job as a labourer and he rents a room, but has to move on as the room is taken over by a prostitute. He lives in London for almost a year as a member of a gang of wheelbarrow pushers. Once the building nears completion he knows that his time is up and decides to go to Spain because he knows the Spanish for "Will you please give me a glass of water?"	2.125
7061377	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%20I%20Walked%20Out%20One%20Midsummer%20Morning	As I Walked Out One Midsummer Morning	He lands in Galicia in July 1935. Joining up with three young German musicians, he accompanies them around Vigo and then they split up outside Zamora. By August 1935 he reaches Toledo, where he has a meeting with the South African poet Roy Campbell and his family, whom he comes across while playing his violin. They invite him to stay in their house. By the end of September Lee reaches the sea. Then he comes to the Sierra Morena mountains. He decides to turn west and follow the Guadalquivir, adding several months to his journey, and taking him to the sea in a roundabout way. He turns eastwards, heading along the bare coastal shelf of Andalusia. He hears talk of war in Abyssinia. He arrives at Tarifa, making another stop over in Algeciras. He decides to stick to his plan to follow the coast round Spain, and sets off for Málaga, stopping in Gibraltar. During his last days in Malaga his violin breaks. After his new line of work, acting as a guide to British tourists, is curtailed by local guides, he meets a young German who gives him a violin. In the winter of 1935 Lee decides to stay in Almuñécar. He manages to get work in a hotel. Lee and his friend Manolo, the hotel's waiter, drink in the local bar alongside the other villagers. Manolo is the leader of a group of fishermen and labourers, and they discuss the expected revolution. In February 1936 the Socialists win the election and the Popular Front begins. In the spring the villagers burn down the church, but then change their minds. In the middle of May there is a strike and the peasants come in from the countryside to lend their support, as the village splits between Fascists and Communists. In the middle of July 1936 war breaks out. Manolo helps to organise a militia. Granada is held by the rebels, and so is Almuñécar's neighbour Altofaro. A British destroyer from Gibraltar arrives to pick up any British subjects who might be marooned on the coast and Lee is taken on board.	2.171875
7061446	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kersey%20%28cloth%29	Kersey (cloth)	Kersey is a kind of coarse woollen cloth that was an important component of the textile trade in Medieval England. History It derives its name from kersey yarn and ultimately from the village of Kersey, Suffolk, having presumably originated in that region. However the cloth was made in many places. It was being woven as early as 1262 in Andover, Hampshire, where regulations prohibited the inclusion of Spanish wool in kerseys. By 1475, the West Riding of Yorkshire including Calderdale was also a major producer, while Devon and Somerset were major producers and exporters until the manufacture later moved to serge making. Kersey was a lighter weight cloth than broadcloth. English kerseys were widely exported to central Europe and other places: a surviving business letter from the end of the 16th century recommends trading kerseys for good wine on the Canary Islands. Description Kersey yarns were spun in large gauges (thicknesses) from inferior carded wool, and made thick and sturdy cloth. Kersey was a warp-backed, twill-weave cloth woven on a four-treadle loom. The back of the cloth was napped and shorn after fulling, producing a dense, warm fabric with a smooth back.	2.796875
7061494	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop%20Prendergast%20High%20School	Archbishop Prendergast High School	In 1917, the Archdiocese of Philadelphia purchased the for $57,000 and the Ordinary, Archbishop Edmond Francis Prendergast, announced the construction of an orphanage for five hundred orphans to be operated by the Sisters of Charity of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The orphanage replaced one demolished to allow the construction of the Benjamin Franklin Parkway. It was named St. Vincent's Orphanage. Paul Monaghan was employed as architect and commissioned to build "one of the finest buildings in the diocese." Work on the project was slowed by the war, and Archbishop Prendergast died before the work was completed. On May 9, 1920, the dedication took place. 40,000 people, accompanied by bands and musicians, walked from 69th Street to the dedication. Another 20,000 walked from the Pennsylvania Railroad Station in Lansdowne, and 65,000 more arrived by motorcar or by trolley from 69th Street. Archbishop Dennis Dougherty and Governor Sproul spoke to the 125,000 well-wishers gathered on the front lawn and along Garrett Road. St. Vincent's functioned as an orphanage for over 30 years. By 1952, the number of children needing care had dwindled, and the Most Reverend John F. O'Hara decided to move the remaining orphans to a smaller building in Saint David's and convert the facility into Archbishop Prendergast High School for Boys, to meet the increasing demand for a Catholic high school in the expanding western suburbs. Three years later, the Archdiocese constructed a new building on the same tract and named it Monsignor Bonner High School in memory of Reverend John J. Bonner, the former diocesan Superintendent of Schools. Bonner then became a school for boys and Prendergast was designated as a school for girls.	2.359375
7061556	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roebling%20Road%20Raceway	Roebling Road Raceway	Roebling Road Raceway, formerly Savannah International Raceway, is a 2.02-mile (3.25 km) road racing course located just outside Bloomingdale, Georgia, United States. Opened in 1959, Roebling Road is relatively unique amongst racetracks in that it lacks any accommodations for spectators; there are no grandstands, no picnicking areas, nor any other sort of viewing facilities, and to enter the track it is necessary to drive across the racing surface. The track was designed by John Rueter and held its first Sports Car Club of America event June 11–12, 1960. The track was financed by and named after SCCA supporter Robert Roebling, great-grandson of John A. Roebling. Roebling Road hosts events more than 300 days a year. Events range from media, pro teams testing cars, club racing, and performance driving education events. Club races include the SCCA, the BMW Car Owners Club of America, the Porsche Club of America, the National Auto Sport Association, North American Sports Car Association, and the Vintage Drivers Club of America. The track is used by cars, motorcycles and WKA karts. The PBS television series MotorWeek records its winter track-testing segments at Roebling Road. The track is a very safe and forgiving track, making it ideal to learn on. It is characterized by large amounts of run-off room and only a single wall. Roebling is unusual in that it is owned by a local racing club, the Buccaneer Region of the SCCA. Roebling is a not-for-profit, non-spectator oriented track. Roebling hosts several driver's education oriented events each month. The format varies with the hosting organization. There are relatively expensive events where the organizers provide high performance cars and, there are significantly less expensive events where drivers bring their own cars. As drivers work their way up in skill level, they are allowed to drive on the track "solo".	2.109375
7061589	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorstein%20the%20Red	Thorstein the Red	Thorstein the Red or Thorstein Olafsson was a viking chieftain who flourished in late ninth-century Scotland. Biography He was born around 850 AD and was the son of Olaf the White, King of Dublin, and Aud the Deep-minded, who was the daughter of Ketil Flatnose. After the death of Olaf, Aud and Thorstein went to live in the Hebrides, then under Ketil's rule. Thorstein eventually became a warlord and allied with the Jarl of Orkney, Sigurd Eysteinsson. Together Thorstein and Sigurd waged a series of campaigns in Caithness, Sutherland, Ross, Moray, and a number of other regions, eventually receiving tribute from half of Scotland. However, the Scottish chieftains plotted against Thorstein, and he was killed; the exact nature of his death is unknown but it probably took place around 880 or 890. After Thorstein's death Aud left Caithness, sojourning for a while in Orkney before settling with other members of her clan in Iceland. Thorstein married Thurid, the daughter of Eyvind the Easterner. Thorstein and Thurid had a son, Olaf Feilan, and a number of daughters, including Groa, Thorgerd, Olof, Osk, Thorhild, and Vigdis. A woman named Unn, wife of Thorolf Mostur-beard, claimed to be the daughter of Thorstein, but this claim was viewed by other Icelanders with scepticism. Ancestry	2.03125
7061651	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS%20Gypsy%20%28ARS%28D%29-1%29	USS Gypsy (ARS(D)-1)	USS Gypsy (ARS(D)-1) was the lead ship of her class of salvage lifting vessels serving in the United States Navy. Originally designated LSM-549, she was launched by Brown Shipbuilding Corporation, Houston, Texas, on 7 December 1945, and commissioned on 18 March 1946 at Houston. Service history 1946–1948 Gypsy completed her shakedown training on 20 March 1946, and sailed 10 days later from Norfolk, VA for San Pedro, CA, where she arrived on 26 May. The ship then departed on 14 June to take part in the impending "Operation Crossroads", a historic series of atomic tests. Arriving off the atoll on 10 July 1946, Gypsy witnessed the "Baker" Test on 25 July and assisted in recovering beached and damaged craft and doing underwater work on test ships, as the US Navy developed a large amount of valuable scientific information on the effects of the atomic bomb on ships and how to reduce them. Departing on 16 September 1946, Gypsy worked on the raising of SS Britain Victory at Honolulu, HI until 8 November. She arrived San Pedro on 10 December 1946 for extensive repairs until June 1947, then did limited salvage work before proceeding to Guam, arriving on 18 August 1947. There Gypsy salvaged and towed to Guam the former bow of cruiser , lost in the great typhoon of June 1945. She returned to San Diego on 17 January 1948, decommissioned on 21 January and joined Pacific Reserve Fleet, San Diego Group.	2.078125
7061844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government%20of%20Louisville%2C%20Kentucky	Government of Louisville, Kentucky	The government of Louisville, Kentucky, headquartered at Louisville City Hall in Downtown Louisville, is organized under Chapter 67C of the Kentucky Revised Statutes as a First-Class city in the state of Kentucky. Created after the merger of the governments of Louisville, Kentucky and Jefferson County, Kentucky, the city/county government is organized under a mayor-council system. The Mayor is elected to four-year terms and is responsible for the administration of city government. The Louisville Metro Council is a unicameral body consisting of 26 members, each elected from a geographic district, normally for four-year terms. The Mayor is limited to a two consecutive term limit, while members of the Louisville Metro Council are not term limited. Executive branch The Executive Branch of the Louisville Metro Government is led by the Mayor, and contains approximately two dozen distinct agencies. Each agency is led by either a Director or Commissioner, both of whom are appointed by the Mayor. The agencies are grouped into nine distinct entities, referred to as departments. Each Department is led by a Chief, who is appointed by, and reports to, the Mayor. Mayor of Louisville Metro The Mayor is the chief executive officer of the city and a magistrate. The mayor's office administers all city services, public property, police and fire protection, most public agencies, and enforces all city and state laws within the Louisville Metropolitan area. Under the Kentucky Revised Statutes, they are responsible for the appointment and removal of all unelected officers and shall "broadly exercise all executive and administrative powers" vested in the city except otherwise prescribed by law. The mayor is directly elected by popular vote for a four-year term. The mayor is also responsible for creating the city's budget through the Office of Management and Budget, submitted for approval, not drafting, to the Louisville Metro Council.	2.5625
7061844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government%20of%20Louisville%2C%20Kentucky	Government of Louisville, Kentucky	Legislative Powers of the city of Louisville are vested in the Louisville Metro Council. Formally established in 2003 after the city/county merger, the council is a unicameral body consisting of 26 Council members, whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries that each contain approximately 28,500 people. Although all cities in Jefferson County, apart from Louisville itself, maintained their respective status after the merger, their residents are represented on Metro Council and vote alongside other county residents. The seats come up for reelection every four years, using a staggered process so that only half of the seats are up every two years. Even numbered districts hold elections overlapping each quadrennial Presidential election, whilst odd numbered districts hold elections overlapping each quadrennial off-season election. All districts are redrawn approximately every ten years, after the Decennial United States Census. The last redistricting took place in 2011, after the results of the 2010 Census were published. At the beginning of the first Legislative session (the first Monday in January) of each year, the 26 members of the Metro Council elect a Council President. The Council President serves for a one-year term, and while there is no term limit, no Council President has served for more than two terms, with the exception of former Councilman Jim King (D), who served an unprecedented four terms, from 2011 until 2015, when he died in office. Bills passed by a simple majority are sent to the Mayor, who may sign them into law or veto them. If the Mayor vetoes a bill, the Council may override this veto with a two-thirds vote. Passed laws are incorporated into the Louisville Metro Code, which is published online. Since the city/county merger in 2003, only five bills have ever been vetoed by the mayor (three by Jerry Abramson, two by Greg Fischer). In addition, only one veto has ever been overruled by the Council.	2.5
7061844	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government%20of%20Louisville%2C%20Kentucky	Government of Louisville, Kentucky	The Metro Council is organized into 13 Standing Committees. Each Committee is led by a Chairman and Vice Chairman, both of whom are appointed by the Council President, who serves as an ex officio member of all committees. Public agencies In the city of Louisville, Public Agency is the name given to various regulatory agencies and public-benefit corporations which operate within the city limits. While in theory public agencies within the city fall under the absolute jurisdiction of the Louisville Mayor's office, in practice each agency possesses varying degrees of independence from the Louisville Mayor's Office and the Louisville Metro Council based on their function and level of financial independence. Each agency has been created by the Louisville Metropolitan government to provide the city and its inhabitants with a specific service or to fulfill some other function in the public interest. Louisville Free Public Library Established in 1905 upon the merger of multiple private library systems in the city of Louisville, the Louisville Free Public Library (LFPL) is a fully integrated agency of the Louisville Metropolitan government. Library assets and buildings are owned by the metro government and library employees are metro government employees. The largest public library system in the U.S. state of Kentucky with seventeen branches, the LFPL serves the entirety of Jefferson County. The library's main branch is sited at Fourth and York streets, south of Broadway in Downtown Louisville. The LFPL is overseen by a Director, who is appointed by the mayor of the Louisville Metro.	2.40625
7061857	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Dick%20%28scientist%29	Thomas Dick (scientist)	Dick became assistant at a school in Dundee, and in 1794 entered the University of Edinburgh, supporting himself by private tuition. His philosophical and theological studies terminated, he set up a school at Dundee, took out a licence to preach in 1801, and officiated as probationer during some years at Stirling and elsewhere. After about fifteen months, he was excommunicated and lost his job there due to an affair with his servant. An invitation from the patrons to act as teacher in the Secession School at Methven resulted in a ten years' residence there, distinguished by efforts on his part towards popular improvement, including a zealous promotion of the study of science, the foundation of a people's library, and what was substantially a mechanic's institute. Under the name Literary and Philosophical Societies, adapted to the middling and lower ranks of the community, the extension of such establishments was recommended by him in five papers published in the Monthly Magazine in 1814; and, a year or two later, a society was organised near London on the principles there laid down, of which he was elected an honorary member. As an undergraduate, Dick had several noteworthy classmates at the University of Edinburgh including Robert Brown, Joseph Black and Robert Jameson. Writing career	2.0625
7061857	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Dick%20%28scientist%29	Thomas Dick (scientist)	On leaving Methven, Dick spent another decade as a teacher in Perth. During this interval he made his first independent appearance as an author. The Christian Philosopher, or the Connexion of Science and Philosophy with Religion, was published first during 1823. Several new editions were published during the next few years, the eighth edition being published in Glasgow during 1842. Its success determined the author's vocation to literature. He finally gave up school teaching in 1827, and built himself a small cottage, fitted up with an observatory and library, on a hill overlooking the Tay at Broughty Ferry, near Dundee. Here he wrote a number of works, scientific, philosophical, and religious, which acquired prompt and wide popularity both in the United Kingdom and the United States, and which are available on the internet and in print. Dick believed in the plurality of worlds or cosmic pluralism, that every planet in the Solar System was inhabited. In his book Celestial scenery, or, The Wonders of the planetary system displayed, among many other topics he computed that the Solar System contained 21,894,974,404,480 (21+ trillion) inhabitants. This was done using the surface area of each planet and the population density of England. One of his articles that speculated about the possibility of communication with lunar inhabitants inspired the Great Moon Hoax.	2.109375
7061857	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Dick%20%28scientist%29	Thomas Dick (scientist)	Despite the success of his books, however, Dick made such loose bargains with his publishers, that he derived little profits from them, and his poverty was relieved in 1847 by a pension of 50 pounds a year, and by a local subscription of 20 or 30 pounds. He died at the age of eighty-two, on 29 July 1857, and was buried at Broughty Ferry. Influence and legacy Thomas Dick's books enabled the advances made by the Scottish Enlightenment in the previous century to flourish alongside Victorian moral and religious thinking. They influenced many scientists, engineers, politicians, writers and thinkers. For instance David Livingstone, who inspired health care, education and the end of slavery in central Africa, regarded Dick's Philosophy of a Future State as his most important influence after the Bible. In 1851, Mr. Thomas met William Wells Brown, who later would describe Dick as "an abolitionist... who is willing that the world should know that he hates the "peculiar institution" [of slavery]". Asteroid (9855) is named after Thomas Dick.	2.390625

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.