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7064125	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Thai%20coup%20d%27%C3%A9tat	2006 Thai coup d'état	Over 90 percent of Thais own a television and over 50 percent own a radio. For most Thais, TV and radio are the only source of daily news and information about the coup. Less than 20 percent of the population reads daily newspapers. As of 2004 Internet users made up less than 12 percent of the population nationwide, and 26 percent in the Bangkok area. The junta imposed and maintained censorship on television from the first day of the coup onwards. However, no newspaper publications were suppressed and censorship of the Internet did not start until several days after the coup. Restrictions on broadcasting and the press The CDR demanded the cooperation of the Thai mass media and authorised the censorship of news reports that might be negative to the military. During the first 12 hours of the coup information was available only to those able to access the Internet or receive TV channels by satellites not controlled by the junta. Television censorship On the evening of Tuesday, 19 September, regular programmes on Thai television channels were replaced by video clips and music authored by the king. The next day, shortly after Sondhi's TV conference, all Thai channels were back on air under control of the ICT ministry authorised to censor information. On Thursday, 21 September 2006, the CDR summoned media executives to army headquarters and ordered them to stop carrying expressions of public opinion. This included a ban against the common practice of broadcasting viewers' text messages on a news ticker. The junta did not say whether the ban would extend to newspaper editorials or internet web boards. Thai television broadcasters did not air footage of demonstrations against the coup, including the first major protest on 22 September at Siam Square. Local cable broadcasts of CNN, BBC, CNBC, NHK, and several other foreign news channels were censored, with all footage involving former Premier Thaksin blacked out.	2.328125
7064125	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%20Thai%20coup%20d%27%C3%A9tat	2006 Thai coup d'état	Restrictions on the right to travel The military interpreted the restriction on the right to assembly as a restriction against travel, in at least one case. On the night of 25 September 100 teachers from Chiang Rai were traveling via bus to attend a social function in Chonburi Province when they were stopped by soldiers at a checkpoint. The soldiers refused to allow the two busloads of teachers to continue because they failed to provide a permit from the Chiang Rai army commander for them to move in a group larger than five people. Large groups travelling into Bangkok were required to seek authorization from their district offices. Role and position of the king It was assumed by some Thai analysts and the international media that the coup had the support of King Bhumibol Adulyadej. For some analysts, the silence of both the King and Privy Council President General Prem Tinsulanonda on the day following the coup was taken as indicating support. Remarks made earlier in 2006 by Thaksin had been widely understood as a criticism of Prem's continued influence in Thai politics. Royal endorsement is critical to establishing legitimacy for military rebellions. Every successful coup over the past 60 years has been endorsed by King Bhumibol. Previous unendorsed coups in 1981 and 1985 failed after at most a few days. For background, see King Bhumibol's role in Thai politics. On 14 July 2006, Privy Council President Prem Tinsulanonda addressed graduating cadets of the Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy, telling them that the Thai military must obey the orders of the king, not the government.	2.203125
7064218	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Secret%20River	The Secret River	The Secret River is a 2005 historical novel by Kate Grenville about an early 19th-century Englishman transported to Australia for theft. The story explores what might have happened when Europeans colonised land already inhabited by Aboriginal people. The book was shortlisted for the Booker Prize in 2006, and has been compared to Thomas Keneally's The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith and to Peter Carey's True History of the Kelly Gang for its style and historical theme. Background The Secret River was inspired by Grenville's desire to understand the history of her ancestor Solomon Wiseman, who settled on the Hawkesbury River at the area now known as Wisemans Ferry. Her inspiration to understand this came from her taking part in the 28 May 2000 Reconciliation Walk across Sydney Harbour Bridge during which she realised that she did not know much about the early interactions between the settlers and the Aboriginal people. Initially intended to be a work of non-fiction about Wiseman, the book eventually became a fictional work based on her research into Wiseman but not specifically about Wiseman himself. The novel took five years and twenty drafts to complete. The novel is dedicated to the Aboriginal people of Australia. It sparked hostility from some historians, including Australian academic Mark McKenna, who published an article in which he criticised Kate Grenville, claiming that Grenville had referred to The Secret River as a "work of history", however, he could not provide a source for the statement. It received a positive response from many Aboriginal people; Grenville has said "they recognise that the book is my act of acknowledgement, my way of saying: this is how I'm sorry". Adaptations The Secret River has been adapted for the stage by Andrew Bovell; the play was presented by the Sydney Theatre Company in January 2013 and included in the Edinburgh International Festival in August 2019.	2.265625
7064218	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Secret%20River	The Secret River	A TV adaptation was made in 2015 by Ruby Entertainment with support from the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and Screen Australia, and was aired in June of that year by ABC TV as a two-part miniseries. Plot summary The early life of William Thornhill is one of Dickensian poverty, depredation and criminality. After a childhood of poverty and petty crime in the slums of London, William Thornhill is sentenced to death for stealing wood, however, in 1806 his sentence is commuted to transportation to New South Wales for the term of his natural life. With his wife Sal and children in tow, he arrives in a harsh land that feels at first like a death sentence. However, there is a way for the convicts to buy freedom and start afresh. Thornhill then gets sent to Sydney on a boat, by himself. After 9 months, Thornhill is finally able to reunite with his family in Australia. Sal becomes Thornhill's master, and Thornhill obtains a ticket of leave one year later, after he demonstrates good behaviour. His son Willie, already five years old, is unable to recognise his father after being away from him for so long. Thornhill now also has another son, Richard, whom he calls Dick. During his first night in this new land, Thornhill encounters an Aboriginal man and struggles to communicate with him. The following weeks, Thornhill goes to work as a lighterman for Mr. King. Thornhill brings alcohol, which he got from Mr. King, back home to set up his own bar, named the "Pickled Herring." An Aboriginal man called Scabby Bill is a regular customer, entertaining the customers by dancing for money. Three years later, Thornhill quits his job and works for Thomas Blackwood, a former convict who is attempting to reconcile himself with the place and its people. Blackwood lives on the Hawkesbury River, with his boat, "the Queen". Thornhill also meets Smasher Sullivan, a man whose fear of this alien world turns into brutal depravity towards it.	2.140625
7064218	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Secret%20River	The Secret River	Thornhill soon realises that the Aboriginal people of Australia have a different concept of land ownership than the white settlers, and notices that many of the Aboriginals were stealing his corn. Thornhill realises that Blackwood has an Aboriginal wife and son. Shocked, he goes on to tell his wife about it. In order to tell them apart more easily, he gives the Aboriginal people nicknames like "Whisker Harry", "Long Bob" and "Black Dick". Thornhill is shocked to see his son Dick playing with the Aboriginal people, and beats him. As Thornhill and his family stake their claim on a patch of ground by the river, the battle lines between old and new inhabitants are drawn. Soon after, Saggity, a friend of Smasher Sullivan is killed after a raid on his farm by Aboriginal people, leading to the battle with the Aboriginal people. Blackwood tries to stop the fighting, but gets whipped by Smasher. In the battle between the settlers and the Aboriginal people many casualties are sustained on both sides. Whisker Harry kills Sullivan, while he gets shot in the stomach, and long Jack gets shot in the head. Thornhill participates in the massacre. A decade later, William Thornhill becomes the wealthiest man in the area. He builds his own house, but he always feels that something is off. He has also bought a new boat, named "Sarah", and renamed "Darkey's Creek" to "Thornhill's Point." Long Jack continued to stay at Thornhill's Point, when all the other Indigenous people had fled. Thornhill's son, Dick, leaves the family home to live with Blackwood, and Thornhill's friendship with Blackwood deteriorates, which leads Thornhill to have a sense of guilt of his actions.	2.125
7064218	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Secret%20River	The Secret River	Searching for the Secret River Grenville followed up The Secret River with a non-fiction book titled Searching for the Secret River in which she describes both the research she undertook into the history behind the book and her writing process. She chronicles how she changed from her original plan of writing a non-fiction book about her great-great-great-grandfather, Solomon Wiseman, to writing a fictional work. Use in curricula The Secret River is a text used for the Victorian Certificate of Education Year 12 English course. It is also used for the Western Australian TEE course through Secondary school. The University of Sydney distributed 9,500 copies of The Secret River to enrolling first-year students in January 2011 as part of the inaugural 'First-Year Book Club', which aims to bring students together to discuss and debate big ideas around a common theme. As a "set text" it is included in the IGCSE (Grade 9 & 10) English Literature course for 2017–19. As a text used for Close Text analysis, The Secret River is included in the Tasmanian Certificate of Education (TCE) English Level 3 course.	2.5
7064219	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Scollay	William Scollay	Colonel William Scollay (1756–1809) was an American developer and militia officer from Boston during the American Revolution who gave his name to the infamous Scollay Square. He was the only surviving son of John Scollay, a strong supporter of colonial rights and a member of Boston's Board of Selectmen in 1764. William was extremely active in the community and was named a Colonel in the Boston Regiment. The Scollays originally came from the Orkney Islands. Scollay gave his name to the area through his ventures in real estate. In 1795 William Scollay purchased a two-story house on Court Street, locally known as Scollay's Building. The name arose as the stage line's last stop was at the Scollay Building and the conductors would yell "Last stop, Scollay's Building! Everybody off." Eventually the name changed to Scollay's Square and was officially recognised by Boston in 1838. The Scollays ended their association with the square in 1868 when they sold Scollay's Building. Three years later the building was torn down. William Scollay's sister, Priscilla married Colonel Thomas Melvill, a participant in the Boston Tea Party. Thomas and Priscilla's grandson was author Herman Melville. Freemasonry Scollay was the Deputy Grand Master of the Freemasons of Massachusetts in 1795 when a box containing an assemblage of commemorative items was deposited under the corner of the Massachusetts State House on 4 July 1795 by Governor Samuel Adams, assisted by the Grand Master, Paul Revere, and Deputy Grand Master.	2.265625
7064222	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Bernard%20de%20la%20Chapelle	Saint-Bernard de la Chapelle	The transepts at the meeting of the nave and the choir are decorated with special furnishings; retables made of stone with altars dedicated to Saint Bernard (to the north) and Saint Genevieve, the defender of Paris, to the south. The Chapel of the Virgin, located behind the choir, is decorated with four painted panels, illustrating the four major events of her life; the Annunciation by the Angel Gabriel; the Visitation, the Adoration of the Shepherds at the birth of Christ, and the Assumption of Christ into heaven. Art and Decoration Stained Glass The stained glass windows are the work of the studio of Eugène-Stanislas Oudinot. He studied painting with Eugene Delacroix,, and combined techniques of painting with traditional stained glass art to produce realistic and colourful windows for many churches of the period. The choir is decorated with large stained glass windows in abstract designs. Over the triforium are large bay windows with clear glass as well as geometric designs, allowing a maximum of light to enter and to play on the bare walls and vaults. The chapels along the aisles have more traditional stained glass windows, with figures of Saints and Apostles. which form a chain around the church. These lead to the main element in the choir; a window which depicts the four Evangelists at the feet of Christ, with their symbols; a Bull for Saint Luke; a Lion for Saint Mark; an Eagle for Saint John; and an Angel for Saint Matthew. Paitning and sculpture The Organ The organ was made by the workshop of Cavaille-Coll. who built the organs for the Cathedral of Notre-Dame-de-Paris, Church of Saint-Sulpice, the royal chapel of the Basilica of Saint-Denis, the and many other prominent French and European churches. The decorative cabinet that contains the organ was made by the sculptor Henri Parfait.	2.359375
7064233	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20nanotechnology	History of nanotechnology	The history of nanotechnology traces the development of the concepts and experimental work falling under the broad category of nanotechnology. Although nanotechnology is a relatively recent development in scientific research, the development of its central concepts happened over a longer period of time. The emergence of nanotechnology in the 1980s was caused by the convergence of experimental advances such as the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 and the discovery of fullerenes in 1985, with the elucidation and popularization of a conceptual framework for the goals of nanotechnology beginning with the 1986 publication of the book Engines of Creation. The field was subject to growing public awareness and controversy in the early 2000s, with prominent debates about both its potential implications as well as the feasibility of the applications envisioned by advocates of molecular nanotechnology, and with governments moving to promote and fund research into nanotechnology. The early 2000s also saw the beginnings of commercial applications of nanotechnology, although these were limited to bulk applications of nanomaterials rather than the transformative applications envisioned by the field. Early uses of nanomaterials Carbon nanotubes have been found in pottery from Keeladi, India, dating to c. 600–300 BC, though it is not known how they formed or whether the substance containing them was employed deliberately. Cementite nanowires have been observed in Damascus steel, a material dating back to c. 900 AD, their origin and means of manufacture also unknown. Although nanoparticles are associated with modern science, they were used by artisans as far back as the ninth century in Mesopotamia for creating a glittering effect on the surface of pots.	2.609375
7064233	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20nanotechnology	History of nanotechnology	In modern times, pottery from the Middle Ages and Renaissance often retains a distinct gold- or copper-colored metallic glitter. This luster is caused by a metallic film that was applied to the transparent surface of a glazing, which contains silver and copper nanoparticles dispersed homogeneously in the glassy matrix of the ceramic glaze. These nanoparticles are created by the artisans by adding copper and silver salts and oxides together with vinegar, ochre, and clay on the surface of previously glazed pottery. The technique originated in the Muslim world. As Muslims were not allowed to use gold in artistic representations, they sought a way to create a similar effect without using real gold. The solution they found was using luster. Conceptual origins Richard Feynman The American physicist Richard Feynman lectured, "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom," at an American Physical Society meeting at Caltech on December 29, 1959, which is often held to have provided inspiration for the field of nanotechnology. Feynman had described a process by which the ability to manipulate individual atoms and molecules might be developed, using one set of precise tools to build and operate another proportionally smaller set, so on down to the needed scale. In the course of this, he noted, scaling issues would arise from the changing magnitude of various physical phenomena: gravity would become less important, surface tension and Van der Waals attraction would become more important.	2.78125
7064233	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20nanotechnology	History of nanotechnology	Japanese scientist Norio Taniguchi of Tokyo University of Science was the first to use the term "nano-technology" in a 1974 conference, to describe semiconductor processes such as thin film deposition and ion beam milling exhibiting characteristic control on the order of a nanometer. His definition was, "'Nano-technology' mainly consists of the processing of, separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or one molecule." However, the term was not used again until 1981 when Eric Drexler, who was unaware of Taniguchi's prior use of the term, published his first paper on nanotechnology in 1981. K. Eric Drexler In the 1980s the idea of nanotechnology as a deterministic, rather than stochastic, handling of individual atoms and molecules was conceptually explored in depth by K. Eric Drexler, who promoted the technological significance of nano-scale phenomena and devices through speeches and two influential books. In 1980, Drexler encountered Feynman's provocative 1959 talk "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" while preparing his initial scientific paper on the subject, “Molecular Engineering: An approach to the development of general capabilities for molecular manipulation,” published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in 1981. The term "nanotechnology" (which paralleled Taniguchi's "nano-technology") was independently applied by Drexler in his 1986 book Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology, which proposed the idea of a nanoscale "assembler" which would be able to build a copy of itself and of other items of arbitrary complexity. He also first published the term "grey goo" to describe what might happen if a hypothetical self-replicating machine, capable of independent operation, were constructed and released. Drexler's vision of nanotechnology is often called "Molecular Nanotechnology" (MNT) or "molecular manufacturing."	2.09375
7064233	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20nanotechnology	History of nanotechnology	Advances in interface and colloid science Interface and colloid science had existed for nearly a century before they became associated with nanotechnology. The first observations and size measurements of nanoparticles had been made during the first decade of the 20th century by Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, winner of the 1925 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, who made a detailed study of gold sols and other nanomaterials with sizes down to 10 nm using an ultramicroscope which was capable of visualizing particles much smaller than the light wavelength. Zsigmondy was also the first to use the term "nanometer" explicitly for characterizing particle size. In the 1920s, Irving Langmuir, winner of the 1932 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, and Katharine B. Blodgett introduced the concept of a monolayer, a layer of material one molecule thick. In the early 1950s, Derjaguin and Abrikosova conducted the first measurement of surface forces. In 1974 the process of atomic layer deposition for depositing uniform thin films one atomic layer at a time was developed and patented by Tuomo Suntola and co-workers in Finland. In another development, the synthesis and properties of semiconductor nanocrystals were studied. This led to a fast increasing number of semiconductor nanoparticles of quantum dots. Discovery of fullerenes	2.109375
7064233	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20nanotechnology	History of nanotechnology	Fullerenes were discovered in 1985 by Harry Kroto, Richard Smalley, and Robert Curl, who together won the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Smalley's research in physical chemistry investigated formation of inorganic and semiconductor clusters using pulsed molecular beams and time of flight mass spectrometry. As a consequence of this expertise, Curl introduced him to Kroto in order to investigate a question about the constituents of astronomical dust. These are carbon rich grains expelled by old stars such as R Corona Borealis. The result of this collaboration was the discovery of C60 and the fullerenes as the third allotropic form of carbon. Subsequent discoveries included the endohedral fullerenes, and the larger family of fullerenes the following year. The discovery of carbon nanotubes is largely attributed to Sumio Iijima of NEC in 1991, although carbon nanotubes have been produced and observed under a variety of conditions prior to 1991. Iijima's discovery of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in the insoluble material of arc-burned graphite rods in 1991 and Mintmire, Dunlap, and White's independent prediction that if single-walled carbon nanotubes could be made, then they would exhibit remarkable conducting properties helped create the initial buzz that is now associated with carbon nanotubes. Nanotube research accelerated greatly following the independent discoveries by Bethune at IBM and Iijima at NEC of single-walled carbon nanotubes and methods to specifically produce them by adding transition-metal catalysts to the carbon in an arc discharge.	2.4375
7064233	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20nanotechnology	History of nanotechnology	The National Nanotechnology Initiative is a United States federal nanotechnology research and development program. “The NNI serves as the central point of communication, cooperation, and collaboration for all Federal agencies engaged in nanotechnology research, bringing together the expertise needed to advance this broad and complex field." Its goals are to advance a world-class nanotechnology research and development (R&D) program, foster the transfer of new technologies into products for commercial and public benefit, develop and sustain educational resources, a skilled workforce, and the supporting infrastructure and tools to advance nanotechnology, and support responsible development of nanotechnology. The initiative was spearheaded by Mihail Roco, who formally proposed the National Nanotechnology Initiative to the Office of Science and Technology Policy during the Clinton administration in 1999, and was a key architect in its development. He is currently the Senior Advisor for Nanotechnology at the National Science Foundation, as well as the founding chair of the National Science and Technology Council subcommittee on Nanoscale Science, Engineering and Technology. President Bill Clinton advocated nanotechnology development. In a 21 January 2000 speech at the California Institute of Technology, Clinton said, "Some of our research goals may take twenty or more years to achieve, but that is precisely why there is an important role for the federal government." Feynman's stature and concept of atomically precise fabrication played a role in securing funding for nanotechnology research, as mentioned in President Clinton's speech:	2.5625
7064233	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20nanotechnology	History of nanotechnology	President George W. Bush further increased funding for nanotechnology. On December 3, 2003, Bush signed into law the 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act, which authorizes expenditures for five of the participating agencies totaling US$3.63 billion over four years. The NNI budget supplement for Fiscal Year 2009 provides $1.5 billion to the NNI, reflecting steady growth in the nanotechnology investment. Growing public awareness and controversy "Why the future doesn't need us" "Why the future doesn't need us" is an article written by Bill Joy, then Chief Scientist at Sun Microsystems, in the April 2000 issue of Wired magazine. In the article, he argues that "Our most powerful 21st-century technologies — robotics, genetic engineering, and nanotech — are threatening to make humans an endangered species." Joy argues that developing technologies provide a much greater danger to humanity than any technology before it has ever presented. In particular, he focuses on genetics, nanotechnology and robotics. He argues that 20th-century technologies of destruction, such as the nuclear bomb, were limited to large governments, due to the complexity and cost of such devices, as well as the difficulty in acquiring the required materials. He also voices concern about increasing computer power. His worry is that computers will eventually become more intelligent than we are, leading to such dystopian scenarios as robot rebellion. He notably quotes the Unabomber on this topic. After the publication of the article, Bill Joy suggested assessing technologies to gauge their implicit dangers, as well as having scientists refuse to work on technologies that have the potential to cause harm.	2.390625
7064233	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20nanotechnology	History of nanotechnology	Smalley criticized Drexler's work on nanotechnology as naive, arguing that chemistry is extremely complicated, reactions are hard to control, and that a universal assembler is science fiction. Smalley believed that such assemblers were not physically possible and introduced scientific objections to them. His two principal technical objections, which he had termed the “fat fingers problem" and the "sticky fingers problem”, argued against the feasibility of molecular assemblers being able to precisely select and place individual atoms. He also believed that Drexler's speculations about apocalyptic dangers of molecular assemblers threaten the public support for development of nanotechnology. Smalley first argued that "fat fingers" made MNT impossible. He later argued that nanomachines would have to resemble chemical enzymes more than Drexler's assemblers and could only work in water. He believed these would exclude the possibility of "molecular assemblers" that worked by precision picking and placing of individual atoms. Also, Smalley argued that nearly all of modern chemistry involves reactions that take place in a solvent (usually water), because the small molecules of a solvent contribute many things, such as lowering binding energies for transition states. Since nearly all known chemistry requires a solvent, Smalley felt that Drexler's proposal to use a high vacuum environment was not feasible. Smalley also believed that Drexler's speculations about apocalyptic dangers of self-replicating machines that have been equated with "molecular assemblers" would threaten the public support for development of nanotechnology. To address the debate between Drexler and Smalley regarding molecular assemblers, Chemical & Engineering News published a point-counterpoint consisting of an exchange of letters that addressed the issues.	2.21875
7064233	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20nanotechnology	History of nanotechnology	The Royal Society and Royal Academy of Engineering's 2004 report on the implications of nanoscience and nanotechnologies was inspired by Prince Charles' concerns about nanotechnology, including molecular manufacturing. However, the report spent almost no time on molecular manufacturing. In fact, the word "Drexler" appears only once in the body of the report (in passing), and "molecular manufacturing" or "molecular nanotechnology" not at all. The report covers various risks of nanoscale technologies, such as nanoparticle toxicology. It also provides a useful overview of several nanoscale fields. The report contains an annex (appendix) on grey goo, which cites a weaker variation of Richard Smalley's contested argument against molecular manufacturing. It concludes that there is no evidence that autonomous, self replicating nanomachines will be developed in the foreseeable future, and suggests that regulators should be more concerned with issues of nanoparticle toxicology. Initial commercial applications The early 2000s saw the beginnings of the use of nanotechnology in commercial products, although most applications are limited to the bulk use of passive nanomaterials. Examples include titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles in sunscreen, cosmetics and some food products; silver nanoparticles in food packaging, clothing, disinfectants and household appliances such as Silver Nano; carbon nanotubes for stain-resistant textiles; and cerium oxide as a fuel catalyst. As of March 10, 2011, the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies estimated that over 1300 manufacturer-identified nanotech products are publicly available, with new ones hitting the market at a pace of 3–4 per week.	2.03125
7064233	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20nanotechnology	History of nanotechnology	The National Science Foundation funded researcher David Berube to study the field of nanotechnology. His findings are published in the monograph Nano-Hype: The Truth Behind the Nanotechnology Buzz. This study concludes that much of what is sold as “nanotechnology” is in fact a recasting of straightforward materials science, which is leading to a “nanotech industry built solely on selling nanotubes, nanowires, and the like” which will “end up with a few suppliers selling low margin products in huge volumes." Further applications which require actual manipulation or arrangement of nanoscale components await further research. Though technologies branded with the term 'nano' are sometimes little related to and fall far short of the most ambitious and transformative technological goals of the sort in molecular manufacturing proposals, the term still connotes such ideas. According to Berube, there may be a danger that a "nano bubble" will form, or is forming already, from the use of the term by scientists and entrepreneurs to garner funding, regardless of interest in the transformative possibilities of more ambitious and far-sighted work. Invention of ionizable cationic lipids at the turn of the 21st century allowed subsequent development of solid lipid nanoparticles, which in the 2020s became the most successful and well-known non-viral nanoparticle drug delivery system due to their use in several mRNA vaccines during the COVID-19 pandemic.	1.976563
7064289	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitellogenesis	Vitellogenesis	Vitellogenesis is the process of yolk protein formation in the oocytes during sexual maturation. The term vitellogenesis comes from the Latin vitellus ("egg yolk"). Yolk proteins, such as Lipovitellin and Phosvitin, provides maturing oocytes with the metabolic energy required for development. Vitellogenins are the precursor proteins that lead to yolk protein accumulation in the oocyte. In vertebrates, estrogen and vitellogenin production have a positive correlation. When estrogen production in the ovary is increased via the activation of the hypothalmo-pituitary axis it leads to heightened vitellogenin production in the liver. Vitellogenin production in the liver is the first step of vitellogenesis. Once Vitellogenins are released into the blood stream where they are then transported to the growing oocyte where they lead to yolk protein production. The transport of vitellogenins into the maturing oocyte is done via endocytosis mediated by a receptor which is a low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). Yolk is a lipoprotein composed of proteins, phospholipids and neutral fats along with a small amount of glycogen. The yolk is synthesised in the liver of the female parent in soluble form. Through circulation it is transported to the follicle cells that surround the maturing ovum, and is deposited in the form of yolk platelets and granules in the ooplasm. The mitochondria and Golgi complex are said to bring about the conversion of the soluble form of yolk into insoluble granules or platelets.	2.859375
7064380	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verordnung%20%C3%BCber%20den%20Bau%20und%20Betrieb%20der%20Stra%C3%9Fenbahnen	Verordnung über den Bau und Betrieb der Straßenbahnen	The § 16 BOStrab defines the legal types of trackbed: Street running trackbed (""): These tramways are running directly along public streets, without any separation which makes them subject to rules of the road as automobiles. As such the streetcars need to be equipped with mirrors and blinkers. Exclusive Trackbed (""): The tramway is part of the urban traffic structure but its railroads are separated from other traffic by an embankment, trees or curbs giving them an exclusive right of way. There may be railroad crossings marked with signs or traffic lights that regulate the access. Independent Trackbed (""): The railway is independent of the urban traffic structure which in most cases has the railroad trackbed grade-separated in the city. The law allows level crossing as they are common outside of the city centre. If the tramway is street running or the crossings of the exclusive trackbed do not fit in the scope of § 20 BOStrab then tramways are limited to a maximum length of and a maximum width of . Current eligibility criteria define that federal funding for railroads is only permitted for sections that have a trackbed that is at least exclusive.	2.1875
7064416	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel%20Price%20Escalator	Fuel Price Escalator	The Fuel Price Escalator (later Fuel Duty Stabiliser), a fuel duty policy in the United Kingdom ahead of inflation, was introduced in March 1993 as a measure to stem the increase in pollution from road transport and cut the need for new road building at a time of major road protests, at Twyford Down and other locations. Set initially at 3% above inflation it was increased in two stages to 6% before being suspended and then, in 2011, replaced by a 'fuel duty stabiliser' (also known as the 'fuel price stabiliser' and 'fair fuel stabiliser') following further increases in the price of oil. History Fuel Price Escalator At a time of rapidly rising concerns about the effect of road transport on the environment, and in particular from the program of road building which had resulted in major road protests, at Twyford Down and other locations, the Conservatives under John Major introduced a 'Fuel Price Escalator' in March 1993 set initially at 3% ahead of inflation per year, increased to 5% later in the same year, and then increased again to 6% in 1997 by the Blair ministry after Labour won power. The last rise due to the escalator took place following the budget on 9 March 1999 at a time of rapidly increasing oil prices. In 2000 at a time of rising protests at the cost of fuel Gordon Brown announced that the prices would only be increased by inflation due to the high price of oil. Fuel Duty Stabiliser Increases were deferred for a number of budgets and then in 2011, at a time of rapidly increasing oil prices, George Osborne cut 1p from the tax, increased the Petroleum Revenue Tax to raise at additional £2bn from North Sea oil firms, and announced that the escalator would be replaced with a 'fuel price stabiliser'. but would rise if oil prices fell below $75 per barrel.	2.1875
7064603	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norskedalen	Norskedalen	Norskedalen Nature and Heritage Center is a non-profit organization dedicated to preserving, interpreting, and sharing the Coulee Region's natural environment and cultural heritage. It is near Coon Valley, in La Crosse, and Vernon counties, Wisconsin, United States. History The center began in 1977 as an outdoor laboratory and arboretum when Alf and Carroll Gundersen donated to the University of Wisconsin–La Crosse Foundation. Since then, Norskedalen has grown to include over , with of trails, restored pioneer log buildings from Norwegian immigrants of the late 1800s, and museums with exhibits featuring the natural and cultural heritages of the area. Site Norskedalen includes two sites. The main site is three miles (5 km) north of Coon Valley, Wisconsin and open year-round. With within Poplar Coulee of the Town of Washington in La Crosse County, it contains the Bekkum Homestead, a re-creation of a typical pioneer farm at the turn of the century; the Thrune Visitor center with displays of pioneer and Norwegian immigrant artifacts; the Helga Gundersen Arboretum; and the Paulsen Rental Cabin. The Helga Gundersen Arboretum is home to a bronze sculpture, Zerogee II, by sculptor Paul Granlund. The buildings of the Bekkum Homestead are furnished with artifacts of that time period and open for guided tours from May through October. The other site, Norskedalen Heritage Site, was formerly the Skumsrud Heritage Farm. It is west of Coon Valley, Wisconsin. A seasonal open-air museum that contains more than 11 historical buildings, it includes the 1853 Skumsrud Cabin, (listed on the National Register of Historic Places), and the Erickson School, the first schoolhouse of the area. Each building illustrates a slightly different construction style.	2.5
7064642	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southdown%20Motor%20Services	Southdown Motor Services	Southdown benefited from the establishment of the London Passenger Transport Board in 1933, gaining services previously operated by East Surrey and Autocar in the Weald south of East Grinstead and Crawley. This also extended the company's eastern boundary to Heathfield. Southdown became associated with BET following the division of Tilling and BET in 1942. The war was a difficult time in many ways for the company, although the casualties from enemy action remained low. Southdown's assistant traffic manager devised a scheme to overcome delays caused by the blackout on country routes by extending journey times on evening services, ensuring that connections would be maintained. In 1946, a co-ordination agreement with Portsmouth Corporation was reached, splitting mileage and receipts on a 57:43 share, Southdown being the minority. This often had the result, at the end of the year, that buses from one operator would be put onto routes of the other to balance the mileage. The driver/conductor would not change, thereby working on a 'foreign' vehicle. This replaced an earlier agreement dating from 1931 involving protective fares on Southdown routes within the city. The co-ordination of services, dubbed Portsmouth Area Joint Transport Services, lasted until deregulation in 1986. After the war, Southdown started its first overseas tours with a 17-day tour to France and Switzerland in 1950, operated by Leyland Tiger number 1223. This coach was transferred to Ulster in 1951 where it became the first to operate a programme of Irish tours for the company. 1950 also saw the introduction of scenic open top services from Brighton to Devil's Dyke and Eastbourne to Beachy Head, operated by decapitated war time Guys.	1.96875
7064668	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island%20in%20the%20Sea%20of%20Time	Island in the Sea of Time	As the truth of what has happened sinks in, panic grips the island. Chief of Police Jared Cofflin is given emergency powers and begins organizing the people to produce food for the island so they can feed themselves. Meanwhile, Captain Marian Alston takes the Eagle to Great Britain, with ancient Greek speaking classics historian Ian Arnstein and Lithuanian-speaking Doreen Rosenthal as interpreters, where they trade Nantucket-made goods with the Iraiina for grain. (The Lithuanian language in its modern version possesses identifiable links to proto-Indo-European.) The Iraiina, whose name translates as "noble ones", are a "Sun People" tribe that has been steadily invading Britain. As a gift, the Iraiina chief gives Alston a slave, Swindapa, a captured female "Earth People" warrior. Swindapa is freed and decides to stay with Alston. The Eagle leaves for Nantucket, but takes with them Isketerol, a wily Tartessian merchant who hopes to learn from the Americans. While the people of Nantucket work for their survival, the ambitious and ruthless Lieutenant William Walker of the Eagle decides that with modern technology he could become a king. With the help of Isketerol and others, Walker convinces some naive environmentalists to steal a ship and kidnap Cofflin's wife, so they can give the benefits of modern culture to Native Americans. Meanwhile, Walker and Isketerol steal another ship and return to Britain to recruit soldiers for their eventual takeover of Greece. Alston decides to rescue Cofflin's wife and saves her after defeating an Olmec army. The Olmecs proceed to kill the modern Americans who sought to help them.	2.1875
7064687	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil%20War%20Museum%20%28Bardstown%29	Civil War Museum (Bardstown)	The Civil War Museum in Bardstown, Kentucky, is a collection of five attractions along what is called "Museum Row". It was established in 1996 by Dr. Henry Spalding. The leading attraction is the Civil War Museum, which is the fourth largest American Civil War museum and is dedicated to the Western Theater of the war. The main building was originally the icehouse and waterworks of Bardstown, and is . The four attractions are: Civil War Museum of the Western Theater: organized by chronology and geography. It is the largest collection of Civil War Artifacts of the Western Theater in America. A notable exhibit is the flag of the 2nd Kentucky Cavalry, which was captured when John Hunt Morgan was captured after his Raid ended in Ohio. Pioneer Village: Commonly called the "Civil War Village", it features buildings built in Nelson County, Kentucky, from 1776 to 1820. Women's Civil War Museum: Opened in 1999, it is the only museum that looks into the role of women during the American Civil War. It is in the historic (c1840) Wright Talbott House. Hal Moore Military Museum: Honors those who came from the middle of the United States who fought for freedom from the first Revolutionary War to Operation Desert Storm.	2.765625
7064725	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Wheel%20of%20Time%20Roleplaying%20Game	The Wheel of Time Roleplaying Game	Backgrounds and character classes The game does not use different races, as in the novels there are only two sentient, naturally-evolved species, namely humans and Ogier (optional rules for playing an Ogier are provided). Instead, different backgrounds are provided which serve a similar function. These are Aiel, Atha'an Miere (Sea Folk), Borderlander, Cairhienin, Domani, Ebou Dari, Illianer, Midlander (principally a native of Andor but also Far Madding, Ghealdan, Murandy, Amadicia and northern Altara), Tar Valoner, Taraboner and Tairen. The standard D&D character classes have been replaced by new ones: algai'd'siswai (Aiel spear-carrier), Armsman (soldier), Initiate (in the Aes Sedai or other-culture counterparts, or Asha'man), Noble, Wanderer, Wilder (untrained user of the One Power) or Woodsman (similar to a D&D Ranger). It is also possible to multiclass (having different levels in different classes). The Wheel of Time Roleplaying Game also shares D&D 3rd Edition's use of prestige classes, which add additional abilities to the existing classes. The prestige classes used in the Wheel of Time Roleplaying Game are: Aes Sedai, Asha'man, Blademaster, Commander (military officer), Gleeman, Thief-Taker, Warder, Windfinder, Wise One and Wolfbrother. Feats and skills The use of Feats and Skills is similar to D&D 3rd Edition. However, specialist feats allowing the use of the One Power also exist. There are also special 'Lost Ability' Feats that can be used to replicate abilities in the books, such as talking to wolves (like Perrin Aybara and Elyas Machera), viewing the future (like Min Farshaw), dreamwalking, foretelling, and the ability to 'sniff' out violence (as Hurin, in The Great Hunt).	2.65625
7064725	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Wheel%20of%20Time%20Roleplaying%20Game	The Wheel of Time Roleplaying Game	Other sections There is a chapter discussing equipment and weaponry, a further chapter discussing how to run and play Wheel of Time Roleplaying Game adventures, and notes on using characters from the series as non-player characters. There is also an extensive chapter discussing rules for the use of the One Power (including how to handle male channellers and the threat of madness). Setting and background information There is a lengthy section about the setting and history of The Wheel of Time, much of which comes from the novels and The World of Robert Jordan's The Wheel of Time. However, there is information included which is unique to this product, including the exact circumstances under which countries such as the Borderlands, Cairhien, Illian, Tarabon, and Tear were founded during the War of the Hundred Years. Maps The book features re-drawn, full-color, and larger-scaled maps of the cities of Ebou Dar, Caemlyn, Cairhien, and Tar Valon. Maps of these cities previously appeared in the novels. The maps of Tanchico and Far Madding from the books are not reprinted. Of greater interest are the never-before-seen maps of the capital cities of Tear and Illian. There is also another map of the main continent, similar to the one found in the hardcovers of the later novels. Introductory adventure There is an adventure called 'What Follows in Shadow', set during the events of The Eye of the World, which features the adventuring party running afoul of Padan Fain during the procession of Logain Ablar through the city. The adventure ends with the adventurers lost in the Ways, ready for the events of The Prophecies of the Dragon adventure book.	2.421875
7064792	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20finta%20giardiniera	La finta giardiniera	("The Pretend Garden-Girl"), K. 196, is an Italian-language opera by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Mozart wrote it in Munich in January 1775 when he was 18 years old and it received its first performance on 13 January at the in Munich. There is debate over the authorship of the libretto, written for Anfossi's opera the year before. It is often ascribed to Calzabigi, but some musicologists now attribute it to Giuseppe Petrosellini, though again it is questioned whether it is in the latter's style. In 1780 Mozart converted the opera into a German Singspiel called Die Gärtnerin aus Liebe (also Die verstellte Gärtnerin), which involved rewriting some of the music. Until a copy of the complete Italian version was found in the 1970s, the German translation was the only known complete score. Roles Synopsis Time: 18th century Place: Podestà's estate in Lagonero, near Milan Summary: The story follows Count Belfiore and the Marchioness Violante Onesti, who were lovers before Belfiore stabbed Violante in a fit of rage. The story begins with the revived Violante and her servant Roberto disguised as "Sandrina" and "Nardo," and quietly working in the mansion of the town Podestà. Violante discovers that Belfiore has become engaged to Arminda, the niece of the Podestà, and when Belfiore confesses his lingering love for Violante, Arminda jealously conspires to abduct the other woman. When Violante is found, she and Belfiore lose their minds and believe themselves to be Greek gods. When they regain their senses Violante forgives the Count and they fly to each other's arms. Arminda returns to Cavalier Ramiro, her spurned suitor, and Roberto finds love with Serpetta, another servant of the Podestà. Act 1 A garden with a wide staircase leading to the mansion of the Podestà.	2.21875
7064795	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%20Country%20Bus%20Services	London Country Bus Services	London Country Bus Services was a bus company that operated in South East England from 1970 until 1986, when it was split up and later sold as part of the bus deregulation programme. History From 1933, London Passenger Transport Board ran public transport services across the London Passenger Transport Area, with an approximate radius of from Charing Cross, extending beyond the boundaries of what later officially became Greater London, to Baldock in the North, Brentwood in the East, Horsham in the South and High Wycombe in the West. Formation In the late 1960s, it was decided that the responsibilities of the London Transport Board were to be shrunk to the area controlled by the Greater London Council (GLC). London Transport's green Country Area buses and Green Line cross-London express coaches would be passed to the National Bus Company (NBC), with the red Central Area buses passing from the London Transport Board to a new London Transport Executive, controlled by the GLC. London Country Bus Services Ltd was incorporated on 9 October 1968 as a subsidiary of the nationalised Transport Holding Company in anticipation of the Transport (London) Act 1969, which took effect on 1 January 1970. The company had a nominal share capital of £100 of which only £2 was paid up. The original subscribers were J D Tattersall and E M Walker, both employees of the Transport Holding Company. The company's paid up capital remained the same throughout its existence. London Country's territory was likened to a circle around London with a hole in the middle, operating in Bedfordshire, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Kent, Surrey and Sussex. The company was NBC's biggest subsidiary, starting life with 1,267 buses and coaches. The fleet was very elderly, being mainly 484 AEC Regent III RT double-deckers and 413 AEC Regal IV RF single-deckers, with eight Daimler Fleetlines, three Leyland Atlanteans, 209 AEC Routemasters, 14 AEC Reliances and 109 AEC Merlins.	1.9375
7064820	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20B.%20Alexander%20High%20School	John B. Alexander High School	John B. Alexander High School is a secondary school in Laredo, Texas, United States and a part of the United Independent School District. The high school was established in 1994 to alleviate overcrowding at United High School in northern sector of Laredo. Freshman students are housed in a separate building at 4601 Victory Drive. The mascot for Alexander High School is a Bulldog. Magnet school John B. Alexander High School also houses John B. Alexander High School Health Science Magnet School, a magnet school that focuses on health science education. Fine arts programs John B. Alexander High School has four fine arts programs: orchestra (John B. Alexander Orchestra), mariachi (Mariachi Monumental de Oro), choir (John B. Alexander Choir), and band (John B. Alexander Band) programs. The John B. Alexander Outdoor Performance Ensemble is a two-time South Texas Regional Grand Champion and Area G champion. Notable alumni Kaleb Canales, Class of 1996, assistant coach of the Dallas Mavericks of the National Basketball Association Roxanne Perez, Class of 2020, Professional Wrestler, WWE	2.109375
7064841	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twynham%20School	Twynham School	Twynham School (formerly Twynham Comprehensive School) is a coeducational secondary school and sixth form located in Christchurch, Dorset, England and has a school roll of approximately 1,700 students in years 7 to 13 (ages 11 to 18). It has Leading Edge, Training School and Academy Statuses. Twynham is part of the Twynham Learning Multi-Academy Trust, comprising six primary and secondary schools local to Christchurch. School history The school opened in 1930 as a senior school, later becoming a secondary modern school and finally a comprehensive in 1969. The school doubled in size during the 1990s and is one of the largest schools in Dorset. In May 2011 Twynham converted into an academy. It has previously held the Technology College and Music College Statuses. Facilities Twynham has 11 science labs. The technology block has two cookery rooms, one textiles room, three resistant material rooms and one graphics room, in addition to an IT room. In addition, there is an English Block, Maths Block, Drama Block, Music & Arts Block and the main hall, sports hall, changing facilities and the main block with ordinary classrooms. ICT at Twynham Twynham has nine computer rooms and offers two courses at GCSE level: Computing (Software Development (mainly in Visual Basic)) European Computer Driving Licence from 2014–present Twynham also offers a BTEC in Creative Digital Media. Extra curricular activities Extra curricular activities include sports, music and drama. Notable former pupils Leo Harrison (1922–2016), first-class cricketer Jamie Redknapp, pundit and retired footballer Neil Moss, coach and retired footballer	2.5
7064853	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moe%20Herscovitch	Moe Herscovitch	Moe 'Montgomery' Hart Herscovitch (27 October 1897 – 22 July 1969) who after taking up boxing during his WWI Canadian Army service with considerable success, won a bronze medal at the 1920 Summer Olympics for Canada in Antwerp as a Middleweight. Hersovitch began his athletic career in 1913 as a prominent rugby player at fullback or flying wing for the Montreal Football Club, of the Inter-Provincial Rugby Union. After the Olympics, around 1921, he began in earnest a successful, and lucrative but relatively brief professional boxing career as a middleweight, which ended around 1924. He would later coach boxing and rugby and serve as an insurance broker beginning around 1924, later establishing his own company, Herscovitch and Sons in Montreal. Early life Born in Romania or Canada (sources differ) to Jewish parents, Vetra 'William' and Anna Herscovitch, his parents emigrated to Montréal, Canada, where he grew up in the rough section of Griffintown, Southwest of downtown, an area that was home to a number of Irish immigrants. He anglicized his given name to 'Montgomery,' but was known to everyone as 'Moe.' Around nineteen, at the time of his WWI enlistment in 1916, he was living at 1906A, St. Urbain, Montréal, Quebec, in the Griffintown area, according to his enlistment papers. Montreal's St. Urbain Street, at the turn of the century, was home to many Eastern European Jewish immigrants, though industrialization had caused portions of it to become run down, and it could still be a challenging environment, situated not far from a number of other ethnic communities.	2.234375
7064853	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moe%20Herscovitch	Moe Herscovitch	Although somewhat short in stature at 5' 6", Herscovitch was incredibly athletic, and had blue eyes, and dark brown hair, somewhat atypical for his Eastern European Jewish ancestry. He was a standout playing football for High School of Montreal and in his Senior year was recruited to play for the Montreal Football Club in what would be known as the Big Four League of the Inter-Provincial Rugby Union. He played football with the Montreal Club until 1915 when it was disbanded due to the increasing hostilities of World War I. It would be reorganized after the war and he would play for the new team after returning from the service in 1919. Service in WWI Eager to do his part in WWI, Herscovitch joined the 66th Battery, Canadian Expeditionary Forces as a "gunner" or private on May 8, 1916, having previously served with The Canadian Grenadier Guards. He served in England and later France and received a wound in June 1918. While posted overseas, he received training in and took up the sport of boxing, winning a number of competitions, including the Aldershot welterweight division. He was discharged from active service in October 1918, not long before the Armistice and was given leave to Paris. He was in a number of boxing tournaments and fought in Brussels, Belgium in March 1919. In April of 1919, he returned to England and was assigned for a period to the Canadian Army Gym Staff. Completing his service, he left for Canada on August 7, 1919 aboard Her Majesty's Transport Coronia.	2.328125
7064853	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moe%20Herscovitch	Moe Herscovitch	Herscovitch began boxing professionally in earnest in early 1921, and defeated Olympic gold medalist Bert Schneider on 18 May 1921. He spent the next few years fighting in Canada and New York City, putting together an inconsistent record and boxing around 24 bouts. Around 1921-22, he claimed the Canadian Welterweight Championship Title, particularly during his First Round knockout win against Harlem Jimmy Kelly in New York on February 22, 1922. Against what was often stiff competition he had a career record of 9 wins, 14 losses and a draw. He beat Art Prud'homme on 8 November 1922 in a seventh-round knockout. Moe suffered a difficult loss in his highly publicized fight against welterweight world titleholder Mickey Walker on 21 December 1923 in Toronto, in which Herscovitch was again billed as the Canadian welterweight champion. Walker won with a sixth round knockout, putting Herscovitch on the mat around five times. Other well-known boxers he faced included Eddie Shevlin, and Jimmy O'Gatty, to whom he lost, while defeating Harlem Jimmy Kelly, and "Irish" Patsy Cline decisively in first round knockouts. Life after boxing Herscovitch retired from boxing in the summer of 1924, and began volunteering as a boxing coach at the Montreal YMHA. He began a career as an insurance broker with Sun Life around 1924, and continued in the business throughout his life. He coached football at Montreal High Montefiore, Knights of Columbus, and the Rockland Club, the intermediate champs in 1937. In 1940, he served as President of the Rockland Football (Rugby) Club.	2.234375
7064878	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmel%20College%2C%20Darlington	Carmel College, Darlington	Tony Blair paid his last school visit as Prime Minister in 2007 at Carmel before he resigned, officially opening the new "Newton" building housing the Physics, Chemistry and Biology Departments, including 8 laboratories. The campus went through a further transformation in the school year 2012/2013 involving the full reconstruction of the schools "Upper" dining hall with new classrooms placed above which were required due to the schools recent expansion to 8 "form" groups per year-group. The new dining Hall included new flat-screen televisions and a new glass wall between the dining hall and the lower floor of the schools library. The upgrade also included the replacement of the roof on the school library and reception building and a major refurbishment of the schools Gym located near to the Music Department and the Science "Newton" Block. On 1 November 2011, Carmel RC College was officially closed, and Carmel College: A Catholic Academy was opened, as the school converted to an academy on this date. The school was named in July 2019 as a computing hub for the National Centre for Computing Education. In 2021 a multimillion pound development project was initiated, creating a new building over the old stable and connected to the sports hall to create a new sixth form centre which consists of study areas and a fitness centre alongside a production suite overlooking the sports hall. The project was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, however was opened in mid 2022. Academic performance The GCSE exam results of 2012 were the best to date, having 100% of students getting at least 5 A-C GCSE certificates (95% including English and Mathematics). The A-level pass rate was 99% at A2, with 52% achieving the highest grades of A, A or B. The average point score was of 1030 points per student.	1.945313
7064918	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20hard%20disk%20drives	History of hard disk drives	In 1953, IBM recognized the immediate application for what it termed a "Random Access File" having high capacity and rapid random access at a relatively low cost. After considering technologies such as wire matrices, rod arrays, drums, drum arrays, etc., the engineers at IBM's San Jose California laboratory invented the hard disk drive. The disk drive created a new level in the computer data hierarchy, then termed Random Access Storage but today known as secondary storage, less expensive and slower than main memory (then typically drums and later core memory) but faster and more expensive than tape drives. The commercial usage of hard disk drives (HDD) began in 1957, with the shipment of a production IBM 305 RAMAC system including IBM Model 350 disk storage. US Patent 3,503,060 issued March 24, 1970, and arising from the IBM RAMAC program is generally considered to be the fundamental patent for disk drives. Each generation of disk drives replaced larger, more sensitive and more cumbersome devices. The earliest drives were usable only in the protected environment of a data center. Later generations progressively reached factories, offices and homes, eventually becoming ubiquitous. Disk media diameter was initially 24 inches, but over time it has been reduced to today's 3.5-inch and 2.5-inch standard sizes. Drives with the larger 24-inch- and 14-inch-diameter media were typically mounted in standalone boxes (resembling washing machines) or large equipment rack enclosures. Individual drives often required high-current AC power due to the large motors required to spin the large disks. Drives with smaller media generally conformed to de facto standard form factors. The capacity of hard drives has grown exponentially over time. When hard drives became available for personal computers, they offered 5-megabyte capacity. During the mid-1990s the typical hard disk drive for a PC had a capacity in the range of 500 megabyte to 1 gigabyte. hard disk drives up to 32 TB were available.	2.65625
7064918	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20hard%20disk%20drives	History of hard disk drives	Manufacturing history Manufacturing began in California's Silicon Valley in 1957 with IBM's production shipment of the first HDD, the IBM RAMAC 350. The industry grew slowly at first with three additional companies in the market by 1964: Anelex, Bryant Computer Products and Data Products. The industry grew rapidly in the late 1960s and again in the 1980s reaching a peak of 75 manufacturers in 1984. There have been at least 221 companies manufacturing hard disk drives but most of that industry has vanished through bankruptcy or mergers and acquisitions. Surviving manufacturers are Seagate, Toshiba and Western Digital (WD) with Toshiba as the senior participant having entered the market in 1977, twenty years after IBM started the market. From beginning and into the early 1980s manufacturing was mainly by US firms in the United States at locations such as Silicon Valley, Los Angeles, Minnesota and Oklahoma City. In the 1980s US firms, beginning with Seagate, began to shift production to Singapore and then other locations in southeast Asia. In a span of seven years, 1983 to 1990, Singapore became the single largest location of HDD production, amounting to 55% of worldwide production. Japanese HDD companies later also moved their production to southeast Asia. Today the three remaining firms all produce their units in the Pacific Rim. By the 1990s the dollar value of magnetic recording devices produced by companies located in California's "Silicon Valley" exceeded the dollar value of semiconductor devices produced there leading some to suggest that a more appropriate name for this area would be "Iron Oxide Valley," after the magnetic material coating the disks. All three remaining firms still have significant activities in Silicon Valley, but no HDD manufacturing. Western Digital still manufactures its read-write head wafers in Fremont CA.	2.234375
7065071	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South%20London%20Botanical%20Institute	South London Botanical Institute	The South London Botanical Institute (SLBI) is an institution for the popularization of botany. It was founded in 1910 by Allan Octavian Hume, a former civil servant for the British Raj in India. After returning from India to England in 1894, and after giving up ornithology, and turning vegetarian, Hume took an interest in British and European botany, and horticulture, which eventually led him to create the Institute in a large Victorian house in Norwood Road, Tulse Hill, South London, to provide an environment where anyone interested in plants, whether amateur or professional, could meet to develop their knowledge of botany. The Institute has changed little since its founding, and is of interest to historians as well as botanists. It contains the original library with an extensive collection of botanical books, monographs and journals and herbarium with a collection of dried, pressed plants from Britain and Europe, mounted on sheets accompanied by collecting details, to help members name or identify plants correctly. The lecture room was renovated and restored in 2015, including wallpaper with plant motifs designed by Augusta Ackerman. Further large-scale repairs of the building undertaken in 2023-24 because of subsidence. There is an active programme of talks, practical courses, and field excursions. It maintains a small botanic garden containing examples of over 500 species. This was restored and re-developed by the Institute's honorary Director, Frank Hatton Brightman and his wife Janice in the 1980s and became a member of the National Gardens Scheme.	2.40625
7065106	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Year-ending	Year-ending	Year-ending (or "12-months-ending") is a 12-month period used for financial and other seasonal reporting. In the context of finance, "Year-ending" is often provided in monthly financial statements detailing the performance of a business entity. Providing current "Year-ending" results, as well as "Year-Ending" results for one or more past years as of the same date, allows owners, managers, investors, and other stakeholders to compare the company's current performance to past periods and annual figures. Related terms In contrast to Year-To-Date, the Year-Ending summaries give a better understanding performance by including the seasonal performance. For example, a sales figure for "Year Ending July 2006" would include the holiday sales from December 2005, while extrapolating from a July Year-To-Date sales figure would underestimate annual sales. In contrast to Year-on-Year or Year Over Year figures, which compare similar periods during other years, (for example December 2004 to December 2005), Year-ending is less volatile and are directly comparable to annual figures.	2.421875
7065120	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation%20Boulevard	Citation Boulevard	Citation Boulevard, a four-lane divided highway, currently extends from just west of US 25 (Georgetown Road) at the Norfolk Southern Railway to KY 922 (Newtown Pike) in Lexington, Kentucky. Known as Phase I, it was completed in 2001 and included a bridge over Cane Run. Phase II extends southwest from the Norfolk Southern Railway to US 421 (Leestown Road) at Alexandria Drive and includes a span over the railroad. The highway west of Newtown Pike was constructed by the Kentucky Transportation Cabinet. An extension east of KY 922 (Newtown Pike) was not originally planned. However, Newtown Springs, a new development project taking place east of KY 922 and the eastern terminus of Citation Boulevard, incorporated an extension of the route east towards KY 353 (Russell Cave Road). It is being constructed as a two-lane road with curbs and sidewalks. Citation Boulevard was originally named Secretariat Boulevard after Secretariat, a famous race horse. The owner, however, disapproved the title, so Citation was chosen out of a draw at the Kentucky Horse Park. Citation, a bay colt bred at the Calumet Farm, won the 1948 Triple Crown and raced for seven years and was also the first horse to earn $1 million. The section from US 421 to KY 922 was designated as Kentucky Route 1878 on March 16, 2018. The original KY 1878 ran from KY 1098 east of Wilstacy in Breathitt County northeast via Press Howard Fork Road; that one was removed on June 25, 1985, and given to Breathitt County. Citation Boulevard extension	2.234375
7065187	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy%20of%20Pomerelia	Duchy of Pomerelia	The Duchy of Pomerelia, also known as the Duchy of Eastern Pomerania, and Gdańsk Pomerania was a duchy centred on Pomerelia, with Gdańsk as its capital. The duchy was formed after gaining independence from the Kingdom of Poland in the 11th century, following the death of Bolesław I the Brave in 1025. The duchy was then integrated back into Poland in 1046 or 1048 by Casimir I the Restorer, and its land remained under Polish rule until around 1060, when the duchy was restored. In 1119, the duchy was again conquered by Poland and became its fiefdom, being ruled by stewards under the rule of the King of Poland. In 1210, it briefly became a fiefdom of Denmark under the rule of Valdemar II, until it was reconquered the next year by the king of Poland, Leszek the White. In 1227, the duchy gained independence from Poland, whereupon it was divided into the Duchy of Gdańsk and the Duchy of Świecie and Lubiszewo. Pomerelia united again in 1270 from the duchies of Gdańsk and Świecie, remaining independent until 1294, when Przemysł II, king of Poland, became its duke, making it again dependent on Poland. In 1308, the city of Gdańsk was occupied by the Margraviate of Brandenburg. After this event, the whole duchy was conquered by the State of the Teutonic Order. History As part of Poland In the tenth century, Pomerelia was already settled by West-Slavic Pomeranians. The area was conquered and incorporated into early medieval Poland either by Duke Mieszko I – the first historical Polish ruler - in the second half of the tenth century or even earlier, by his father, in the 940s or 950s – the date of incorporation is unknown. Mieszko founded Gdańsk to control the mouth of the Vistula between 970 and 980. According to Józef Spors, despite some cultural differences, the inhabitants of the whole of Pomerania had very close ties with residents of other Piast provinces, from which Pomerelia was separated by large stretches of woodlands and swamps.	2.8125
7065187	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy%20of%20Pomerelia	Duchy of Pomerelia	The Piasts introduced Christianity to pagan Pomerelia, though it is disputed to what extent the conversion materialized. In the eleventh century the region had loosened its close connections with the kingdom of Poland and subsequently for some years formed an independent duchy. Most scholars suggest that Pomerelia was still part of Poland during the reign of king Bolesław I of Poland and his son Mieszko II Lambert. However, there are also different opinions e.g. Peter Oliver Loew suggests the Slavs in Pomerelia severed their ties with the Piasts and reverted the Piasts' introduction of Christianity already in the first years of the 11th century. The exact date of separation is unknown, however. It was suggested that the inhabitants of Pomerelia participated in the Pagan reaction in Poland, actively supported Miecław who intended to detach Masovia from the power of the rulers of Poland, but after the defeat of Miecław in 1047 accepted the rule of duke Casimir I the Restorer and that the province remained a part of Poland till the 1060s, when Pomerelian troops took part in the expedition of the Polish king Bolesław II the Generous against Bohemia in 1061 or 1068. Duke Bolesław suffered a defeat during the siege of Hradec and had to retreat to Poland. Soon after Pomerelia separated from his realm. A campaign by Piast duke Władysław I Herman to conquer Pomerelia in 1090–91 was unsuccessful, but resulted in the burning of many Pomerelian forts during the retreat.	2.578125
7065187	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy%20of%20Pomerelia	Duchy of Pomerelia	In 1116, direct control over Pomerelia was reestablished by Bolesław III Wrymouth of Poland, who by 1122 had also conquered the central and western parts of Pomerania. While the latter regions (forming the Duchy of Pomerania) regained independence quickly, Pomerelia remained within the Polish realm. It was administered by governors of a local dynasty, the Samborides, and subordinated to the bishopric of Włocławek. In 1138, following the death of Bolesław III, Poland was fragmented into several semi-independent principalities. The principes in Pomerelia gradually gained more local power, evolving into semi-independent entities, much like other fragmented Polish territories, with the difference that the other parts of the realm were governed by Piast descendants of Bolesław III. The Christian centre became Oliva Abbey near Gdańsk. Two Samborides administering Pomerelia in the 12th century are known by name: Sobieslaw I and his son, Sambor I. Danish conquest and independence In 1210, king Valdemar II of Denmark invaded Pomerelia, whose princeps Mestwin I became his vassal. The Danish suzerainty did not last long, however. Mestwin had already gained more independence from Poland and expanded southward, and his son Swietopelk II, who succeeded him in 1217, gained full independence in 1227.	2.859375
7065187	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy%20of%20Pomerelia	Duchy of Pomerelia	Swietopelk II, who styled himself dux. since 1227, chartered the town of Gdańsk with Lübeck law and invited the Dominican Order. His conflicts with the Teutonic Order, who had become his eastern neighbor in 1230, were settled in 1253 by exempting the order from the Vistula dues. With Swietopelk II's death in 1266, the rule of his realm passed to his sons Wartislaw and Mestwin II. These brothers initiated another civil war, with Mestwin II allying with and pledging allegiance to the Brandenburg margraves (Treaty of Arnswalde/Choszczno 1269). The margraves, who in the 1269 treaty also gained the land of Białogard, were also supposed to help Mestwin II securing the lands of Schlawe (Sławno) and Stolp (Słupsk), which after Swietopelk II's death were in part taken over by Barnim III. With the margraves' aid, Mestwin II succeeded in expelling Wartislaw from Gdansk in 1270/71. The lands of Schlawe/Slawno, however, were taken over by Mestwin II's nephew Wizlaw II, prince of Rügen in 1269/70, who founded the town of Rügenwalde (now Darlowo) near the fort of Dirlow. In 1273, Mestwin found himself in open conflict against the margraves who refused to remove their troops from Gdańsk, Mestwin's possession, which he had been forced to temporarily lease to them during his struggles against Wartisław and Sambor. Since the lease had now expired, through this action, the Margrave Conrad broke the Treaty of Arnswalde/Choszczno and subsequent agreements. His aim was to capture as much of Mestwin's Pomerelia as possible. Mestwin, unable to dislodge the Brandenburgian troops himself called in the aid of Bolesław the Pious, whose troops took the city with a direct attack. The war against Brandenburg ended in 1273 with a treaty (possibly signed at Drawno Bridge), in which Brandenburg returned Gdańsk to Mestwin while he paid feudal homage to the margraves for the lands of Schlawe (Sławno) and Stolp (Słupsk).	2.359375
7065191	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo%20Rivera%20y%20Damas	Arturo Rivera y Damas	Arturo Rivera y Damas (30 September 1923 – 26 November 1994) was the ninth Bishop and fifth Archbishop of San Salvador, El Salvador. Msgr. Rivera's term as archbishop (1983–1994) coincided with the Salvadoran Civil War. He was the immediate successor of Archbishop Óscar Romero. During Romero's archbishopric (1977–1980), Rivera was Romero's key ally. He had been the auxiliary of Romero's long-reigning predecessor, Luis Chávez y González (1938–1977). He was also a friend of Mother Teresa, who stayed at his family home on her visit to El Salvador Biography Rivera was born in San Esteban Catarina, El Salvador, on 30 September 1923. He was ordained a Priest of the order of Salesians of Don Bosco on 19 September 1953. "I joined the Salesians", Rivera told the National Catholic Reporter, "because I wanted to work with the poor, and back then they were the ones who were doing that." He was appointed to his first tour as Auxiliary Bishop of San Salvador on 30 July 1960. At the same time, he was appointed Titular Bishop of Legia. In light of the social foment that began in the archdiocese in the 1970s, Rivera supported the controversial pastoral work undertaken by Father Rutilio Grande in the rural outskirts of San Salvador. According to Jesuit academic Rodolfo Cardenal, Rivera "supported the pastoral and theological innovations" being carried out by the Jesuits. However, the Church hierarchy apparently disapproved because, when Archbishop Chávez retired in 1977, they overlooked Rivera, Chávez' auxiliary, and selected the more conservative Óscar Romero as Archbishop of San Salvador, to the liberals' dismay. By that time, Rivera had been tarred as a "red bishop" because of his activism.	2.421875
7065191	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo%20Rivera%20y%20Damas	Arturo Rivera y Damas	In September 1977, Rivera was appointed Bishop of Santiago de María—filling Óscar Romero's old post. During Romero's stormy tenure as archbishop, Rivera was often Romero's lone ally in the Salvadoran Bishops' Conference, which became divided over Romero's leadership. The bishops were split between a conservative sector, allegedly aligned to traditional institutions of power in Salvadoran society, and progressive groups influenced by the reformist doctrines of the Second Vatican Council and the Medellín Bishops Conference of 1968. Msgr. Rivera attended both influential synods. After Romero's assassination on 24 March 1980, Rivera was named apostolic administrator of the archdiocese, but not archbishop—in what his friends saw as one more Vatican slight—until February 1983. Rivera's tenure was a delicate time, during which he sought to avoid Romero's fate, while still denouncing injustices and crimes of war in emphatic terms. The Church under Rivera played a role as monitor of the peace process alongside the United Nations. In 1989, Archbishop Rivera presided over one of the darkest moments in the Civil War period, when the Jesuit staff of the Central American University of San Salvador Universidad Centroamericana "José Simeón Cañas" were massacred in assassinations that harkened back to murders at the inception of the war, such as the Romero assassination. Rivera reportedly told Alfredo Cristiani, the President of El Salvador to post soldiers outside his offices. "Don't get me wrong", Rivera then told the president. "It's not that I trust the soldiers. But if I'm killed, I want it clear who did it." The UCA massacre put pressure on the government to end the war and sign a peace deal. Rivera moderated the negotiations of the final Peace Accords signed between the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (FMLN) and the Salvadoran government in 1992. In the final years of his ministry, Rivera eagerly instituted a canonization process for his martyred predecessor.	2.328125
7065234	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hani%20language	Hani language	The Hani language (Hani: or ; ; ) is a language of the Loloish (Yi) branch of the Tibeto-Burman linguistic group spoken in China, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam by the Hani people. Distribution In China, Hani is spoken mostly in areas to the east of the Mekong River in south-central Yunnan province, mostly in Pu'er and Honghe prefectures, as well as in parts of other surrounding prefectures. Hani is also spoken in Lai Châu and Lào Cai provinces of northwestern Vietnam and in Phongsaly Province of Laos along the border with Yunnan. Edmondson (2002) reports that the Hani of Vietnam are distributed in two provinces of northwestern Vietnam where two distinct dialects are found, one east of Muong Te and the other to the west. The Hani of Vietnam claim to be able to communicate in the Hani language with ethnic Hani from different areas of Vietnam despite significant geographical barriers. Edmondson (2002) reports that the different Hani speech varieties in Vietnam differ mostly in lexicon. Phonology Hani has three main tones and two types of short vowels. Consonants Vowels Vowel length in Hani is also distinctive. Orthography Oral tradition tells of an ancient written script for Hani but says it was lost when the Hani migrated from Sichuan. In China, Standard Hani, which is based on the Lüchun County dialect, is written using a Latin-based script developed by the Chinese government during the 1950s. As with the Latin-based scripts of the Zhuang, Hmong and Iu Mien languages, it uses final consonant letters to represent tone. Consonants in Hani orthography are pronounced the same as in pinyin, with two additional digraphs for voiced fricatives in Hani. The IPA equivalents for letters in Hani orthography are provided below. The vowels in Hani orthography are as follows. After vowels, -v is used to mark tense vowels. There are four tones, which are marked by letters at the ends of words, or not at all for the mid-level [33]. Numerical Chao tones are provided below. Sample text	2.828125
7065238	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibandronic%20acid	Ibandronic acid	Ibandronic acid is a bisphosphonate medication used in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and metastasis-associated skeletal fractures in people with cancer. It may also be used to treat hypercalcemia (elevated blood calcium levels). It is typically formulated as its sodium salt ibandronate sodium. It was patented in 1986 by Boehringer Mannheim and approved for medical use in 1996. Medical uses Ibandronate is indicated for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women. In May 2003, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ibandronate as a daily treatment for post-menopausal osteoporosis. The basis for this approval was a three-year, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial women with post-menopausal osteoporosis. Each participant also received daily oral doses of calcium and 400IUs [international units] of vitamin D. At the study's conclusion, both doses significantly reduced the occurrence risk of new vertebral fractures by 50–52 percent when compared to the effects of the placebo drug. Ibandronate is efficacious for the prevention of metastasis-related bone fractures in multiple myeloma, breast cancer, and certain other cancers. Adverse effects In 2008, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a communication warning of the possibility of severe and sometimes incapacitating bone, joint or muscle pain. A study conducted by the American Society of Bone and Mineral Research concluded that long-term use of bisphosphonates, including Boniva, may increase the risk of a rare but serious fracture of the femur. The drug also has been associated with osteonecrosis of the jaw, a relatively rare but serious condition. Pharmacology	2.1875
7065349	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%20Fantasque-class%20destroyer	Le Fantasque-class destroyer	Modifications In late 1936 the Mle 1929 computers were upgraded and the high-angle rangefinders amidships were replaced by OPL J4.1935 models during 1937. In December 1938 and April 1939, the Hotchkiss machine guns were transferred to newly built platforms on each side of the bridge and the OPL Mle J.1930 rangefinders formerly positioned amidships were installed on the bridge to control them. Development of the originally intended twin-gun mounts for the automatic 70-caliber Canon de 37 mm Modèle 1935 AA guns was completed three years late and they replaced the single-gun mounts between January and May 1940. Beginning in September the ships still in French hands were equipped with one or two Browning 13.2-millimeter anti-aircraft machine guns mounted on the quarterdeck. In 1941–1942 the quarterdeck guns were transferred to positions forward of the bridge and the Hotchkiss machine guns were repositioned on new platforms on the center superstructure. The ships had the aft superstructure remodeled at the same time to create a platform atop the aft ammunition hoists and platforms on each side for 37 mm guns. The twin-gun mounts was repositioned on the upper platform and one of the lower platforms while the other one was occupied by a single mount as there was a shortage of twin-gun mounts. After the war began in September 1939, the depth-charge stowage aboard the Le Fantasques increased to 48. In addition the mine rails were replaced by a pair of rails for depth charges. Each rail could accommodate 3 depth charges and 15 more were stored in the magazine. In 1942 the four undamaged ships still under Vichy French control were given Alpha-2 sonar systems in cases. Based on the British Type 128 Asdic system, they could not be installed until the hull was modified to accommodate the required flexible underwater dome which was scheduled for the following year.	2.453125
7065350	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Transsexual%20Empire	The Transsexual Empire	The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male is a 1979 book about transgender people by American radical feminist author and activist Janice Raymond. The book is derived from Raymond's dissertation, which was produced under the supervision of the feminist theologian Mary Daly. It has been criticized by LGBT and feminist writers as transphobic and dehumanizing. Summary Raymond investigates the role of transgender people in society—particularly psychological and surgical approaches to treatment of transgender people—and argues that transgender identity reifies traditional gender stereotypes. Raymond also writes about the ways in which the medical-psychiatric complex medicalizes gender identity and about the social and political context that has helped spawn gender-affirming treatment and surgery as normal and therapeutic medicine. Raymond maintains that the notion of transgender identity is based on the "patriarchal myths" of "male mothering" and "making of woman according to man's image". She claims this is done in order "to colonize feminist identification, culture, politics and sexuality", adding, "All transsexuals rape women's bodies by reducing the real female form to an artifact, appropriating this body for themselves... Transsexuals merely cut off the most obvious means of invading women, so that they seem non-invasive." Publication history In 1979, the first edition of The Transsexual Empire was published by Beacon Press, a nonprofit publisher in Boston run by the Unitarian Universalist Association. In 1980, the book was published in the United Kingdom by The Women's Press. In 1994, a second edition was published by Teachers College Press.	1.929688
7065368	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland%20women%27s%20national%20football%20team	Switzerland women's national football team	The Switzerland women's national football team represents Switzerland in international women's football. Playing their first match in 1972, Switzerland did not enter their first major tournament until 2015, playing the World Cup, and then managed to qualify for Euro 2017, Euro 2022 and the 2023 World Cup in Australia and New Zealand. History Switzerland qualified for the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup in Canada by winning their qualifying group. It was the first time that Switzerland participated in a women's World Cup, and the first time both the men's team and women's team qualified for a World Cup simultaneously. At the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup, Switzerland was drawn into Group C with Japan, Cameroon and Ecuador. They secured a 10–1 victory over Ecuador, but lost 1–0 to Japan and 2–1 to Cameroon. Switzerland finished third in their group, but they were one of the top four third-place finishers and advanced to the knockout round. In the Round of 16, Switzerland lost 1–0 to the hosts, Team Canada and were eliminated. Switzerland qualified for the European Championship for the first time in 2017. They were placed in Group C alongside France, Austria and Iceland. They lost to Austria 1–0, but then rebounded to beat Iceland 2–1. Switzerland went into their final group match against France needing a win in order to advance to the knockout stage. Switzerland led for much of the match after Ana-Maria Crnogorčević scored in the 19th minute, but Camille Abily scored the equalizer for France in the 76th minute while the Blues were playing at a numerical disadvantage, and the match ended in a 1–1 draw, as a result Switzerland finished third in their group and did not advance.	2.0625
7065383	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mateo%20de%20la%20Mata%20Ponce%20de%20Le%C3%B3n	Mateo de la Mata Ponce de León	Mateo de la Mata Ponce de León (sometimes Mateo de la Mata y Ponce de León) (b. Requena, Valencia, Spain – d. November 16, 1720, Lima) was a Spanish colonial official in Peru. He was president of the Audiencia of Quito from 1691 to 1699. (Quito was then part of the Viceroyalty of Peru.) From March 2 to August 15, 1716, he served as interim viceroy of Peru. Early career Mateo de la Mata was born in Requena in eastern Spain. His parents were Mateo de Cuenca Mata and Isabel Ponce de León Iranzú. He studied at San Ildefonso de Alcalá for eight years. He earned a bachelor's degree in canon law from the University of Salamanca and a licentiate from the University of Osuna. He was a knight of the military Order of Calatrava. He was an oidor (judge) in the Audiencia of Santa Fe de Bogotá (also part of the Viceroyalty of Peru), beginning in August 1674. On October 31, 1680, he was promoted to criminal alcalde in Lima. During this time he married Luisa de Céspedes, a native of Lima and daughter of Juan Antonio de Céspedes y Toledo, knight of the Order of Santiago, and María de Arcos y Aguilar, a native of Lima. From January 26, 1687, he was an oidor in the Audiencia of Lima. As president of the Audiencia of Quito Mata Ponce de León was named president of the Audiencia of Quito by a decree dated October 27, 1689, but he did not occupy the position until January 10, 1691. He governed until 1699. By this point he was a lawyer and oidor in Lima, with much experience in public administration. As was the custom in the Audiencia of Quito, for the first two years of his administration he was also visitador general (inspector).	2.078125
7065408	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invergowrie	Invergowrie	Invergowrie () is a village on the northwest bank of the Firth of Tay to the west of Dundee. Historically part of Perthshire, it was formerly incorporated as part of the city of Dundee, but is now administered as part of Perth and Kinross. History The old parish church, a roofless 16th century building currently in poor condition, survives on a mound in the old kirkyard, by the Gowrie Burn. This site was formerly close to the sea; much land has been reclaimed from the Firth of Tay in recent times, and it is now some way inland. This was an early Christian site, dedicated to St Curetán. An artistically important and well-preserved cross-slab carved on five faces from this site is on display in the Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh. Dating from the early 9th century, the front shows a cross decorated with interlace, the back three stylised clerics, one holding an object which may be a charter with appended seal, above two dragon-like creatures. This cross-slab was formerly built into a window of the medieval church, along with another smaller, damaged example, also now in Edinburgh (not on display). The village was formerly part of the estate of Mylnefield. The quarry at Invergowrie supplied important sites around the UK, stone being included in the base of Nelson's column and St Katherine's Docks in London. The quarry workers hit a spring at the beginning of the 20th century and the quarry filled with water. The former quarry can be seen as you leave Invergowrie station by train heading to Perth and now looks like a large lake. Until 1967, the main source of work in the village was a paper mill. The legend of the Gows o' Gowrie, stones supposed thrown by the devil around Invergowrie. The prophecy comes from a verse by Thomas the Rhymer (circa 1280). "When the Yowes o' Gowrie come to land,The Day o' Judgement's near at hand"	2.125
7065408	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invergowrie	Invergowrie	Where the stones are, if they exist, has not been quite agreed. There is a "Deil's stone" at Greystanes, behind the Hilton hotel, surrounded by a Victorian fence. There is also a lump of rock which used to be called "the Paddock Stone" or the "Fairy Stone" in the wood situated on the Waterside road, near the quarry. It was said another stone was left in Invergowrie Bay, but that is now covered in silt and not visible. The Parish of Longforgan, by Adam Phillips, contains several paragraphs on the subject. The stones are of course glacial deposits. There was also the large Victorian house called "The Gows", now part of the Invergowrie Technology Park. On 22 October 1979 a rail crash occurred after a warning signal was ignored resulting in the death of five people and 50 injuries. Geography Invergowrie is located on the northwest bank of the Firth of Tay, with the Invergowrie Bay located just to the east and south of the village. The village is included in the Dundee 'settlement' (contiguous built-up area defined by populated postcodes) along with Monifieth on the east side of the city, which similarly to Invergowrie was previously administered as part of Dundee but is now in another local authority area: Angus. Climate The Mylnefield weather station was owned by the Met Office and is located in Invergowrie. Transport The A85 road runs to the northeast of Invergowrie, while the A90 road runs to the north and northwest of the village. ScotRail manages Invergowrie railway station and provides a roughly hourly train service on the Glasgow–Dundee line. Some eastbound services continue to Arbroath. Frequent bus services connect Invergowrie to Dundee, Perth and Fife. Stagecoach Strathtay operate services to Perth, Dundee City Centre and Kirkcaldy. Dundee Airport is situated east of the village, providing flights to London City and Belfast City airports.	2.359375
7065479	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen%20Jiongming	Chen Jiongming	As the East River region was becoming more disorderly, the Governor-General (Zongdu) in Guangzhou gave the magistrate in Huizhou the power to execute prisoners without trial at the scene of the crime, leading to the arrest and execution of everyone in sight when the magistrate heard of a disturbance, once arresting a 13-year-old boy, of which his release was appealed successfully, but to no avail as the villagers discovered he had been executed the day before the appeal went through. Due to this misconduct, the local gentry pleaded to remove the magistrate, but the position of lead petitioner was not taken up by anyone initially, due to the risk of execution if the Governor-General proved the accusations to be false. Therefore, Chen was asked to take up the position for a reward of 1000 US Dollars. He replied, saying that he would first look into the matter himself. He collected evidence and interviewed witnesses, and went to Guangzhou to confront the Governor-General, successfully defending the petition and impeaching the magistrate, later donating his monetary reward at the Huizhou Fraternal Association in Guangzhou, explaining that he would not have done it for money as he was a citizen from the East River region. During his vacation from the Academy in February 1908, at the shrine to Wen Tianxiang in Haifeng, Chen persuaded over 30 men to swear their support for the National Revolution. Chen Jiongming returned home from the Academy in 1908, establishing the Haifeng Self-Government Gazette (Haifeng Zizhibao) in early 1909, where he was the editor-in-chief. Before Chen's gazette, the people of Haifeng were already readers of revolutionary literature. According to Chen Qiyou, "Secret revolutionary literature, such as Zou Rong's The Revolutionary Army, was read widely among young intellectuals".	2.109375
7065515	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavelanet	Lavelanet	Lavelanet (; L'Avelhanet in the Languedocian dialect of Occitan) is a commune in the Ariège department in the Occitanie region in southwestern France. History Prehistory and Antiquity The Roman character of the subsurface constructions of the two towers of the ancient feudal castle of Lavelanet give Lavelanet a very ancient origin. A town must have existed before the Roman conquest because the Romans considered it appropriate to build fortifications in the gorge of the river Touyre. The name of the fortified castle "Castelsarrasin" also recalls the stay of the Moors in this area (this information being based on hypotheses). The appearance of the first “drapery fullers” follows the arrival of the Phoenicians in the region; in fact for commercial purposes they teach the "natives" the art of textiles and the use of fuller's earth which abounds near Lavelanet, in exchange for gold, silver, resin, and the areas furs. In 213, the emperor Caracalla had cargoes of cloth transported to Rome from Lavelanet. Middle Ages The primitive town of Lavelanet was located in the town of Bensa, a priory founded by the monks of Saint-Sernin of Toulouse in 9th century. The church of Bensa would be made up of two churches, one Carolingian from the 9th century, the other Romanesque from the 11th century. Due to the lack of writings, it is therefore a landmark in time for the primitive town of Lavelanet. In fact the first church was not large enough for the population, it was enlarged, today forming only one church called Saint-Sernin de Bensa à Lavelanet. The town of Lavelanet will appear at the foot of the fortified castle or "Castrum" named "Castelsarrasin", a castle that belonged to the Count of Foix. This castle was demolished in 1964.	2.671875
7065515	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavelanet	Lavelanet	Throughout the period of the Middle Ages and the modern era, the country of Olmes had a powerful corporation of clothier trimmers. The wool is worked in small spinning mills powered by the water of the river Touyre; weaving is done at home in the surrounding towns and countryside. Carts transported products to the fairs of Carcassonne, Toulouse, Bordeaux and Beaucaire, but the slowness of communications at the time and the distance from points of consumption prevents this industry from evolving. In 1204, the mother of Raimond de Péreille, defender of Montségur and co-lord of Lavelanet, established a community of Cathars women there. The town of Lavelanet was born at the foot of the Castrum "Castelsarrasin". The current remains do not allow us to deduce either its size or its importance. Even if some wanted to see it as a real fortress, Lavelanet was probably a Castrum, that is to say a fortified village around a fortified house This castle or Castrum was the property of the county of Foix. The county of Foix corresponded approximately to the Ariège basin and included two regions separated by the limestone barrier of the massif Plantaurel. It stood out for the individualism of its population, very attached to its counts, its freedoms and to Catharism which was very established in country of the Olmes. The Albigensian Crusade of Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester, a period which at the behest of Pope Innocent III and the Kingdom of France launching a crusade against the Cathar heresy, which was terrible for the region. In particular, the army of Simon de Montfort seized Béziers and massacred the entire population. Carcassonne in turn suffered a siege before being taken. During the years 1210 and 1211, the towns of Minerve, Termes and Puivert were taken by the crusaders. The castle, Castrum "Castelsarrasin" did not resist and was destroyed in 1212.	2.9375
7065536	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BClf%C3%B6ldi%20Magyar%20Cserk%C3%A9szsz%C3%B6vets%C3%A9g	Külföldi Magyar Cserkészszövetség	Külföldi Magyar Cserkészszövetség (Hungarian Scout Association in Exteris) is a Scouts-in-Exile organization created for youth of Hungarian descent. Scouting makes it possible for young men and women to learn more about their Hungarian heritage, language and culture. The organization is dedicated to carrying out its obligations at four levels: God, their adopted countries, their fellow man and the Hungarian nation. The Boy Scout and Girl Scout units meet in conjunction with Hungarian weekend schools, which in many instances they also operate. History At the end of World War II in 1945 and during subsequent years, Scout groups were organized by Hungarian refugees in Austria and Germany. As a young Scoutmaster during 1945, Gábor Bodnár (b. 1920) worked with several Scout friends to organize troops in refugee camps in Germany. They were referred to collectively as the Hontalan Sasok or "Homeless Eagles". Bodnár led the Külföldi Magyar Cserkészszövetség from its founding in 1945 until his death in the early 1990s. These groups from the Displaced Persons camps joined together to form the Pál Teleki Scout Association. After the start of the Cold War and the rise of the Iron Curtain, which closed the borders of Hungary in 1948, the Communist government officially disbanded Scouting within Hungary's borders. To help preserve the traditions of Hungarian Scouting, the Pál Teleki Scout Association changed its name to that of the now-banned national Hungarian Boy Scout association, Magyar Cserkészszövetség.	2.53125
7065536	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BClf%C3%B6ldi%20Magyar%20Cserk%C3%A9szsz%C3%B6vets%C3%A9g	Külföldi Magyar Cserkészszövetség	In the late 1940s and early 1950s, the refugees from World War II and the new Communist regimes in Eastern Europe were unable to return to their native country. Many emigrated to various countries. The first overseas troop was founded in 1950 in Rio de Janeiro, although it has since disbanded. Three troops founded in Caracas, Venezuela, were still active in 2009. Along with Brazil and Venezuela, troops were founded in the United States, Canada, Australia, and other countries. The organization grew from about 1,000 members in the early 1950s to over 6,000 members in the late 1970s. The Hungarian Scouts-in-Exile were members of the Displaced Persons Scout Division of the Boy Scouts International Bureau, Council of Scout Associations in Exile and founding members of the Associated International Scout and Guide Organizations in 1976. The Magyar Cserkészszövetség-in Exile helped to restart Scouting in Hungary. Among them was Dr. Béla H. Bánáthy, a long-standing member of the Hungarian Scout Association Abroad. Bánáthy had attended the 4th World Scout Jamboree held at Gödöllő in 1933. He later became personal friends with General Kisbarnaki Ferenc Farkas. General Farkas became Chief Scout of Hungary after Prime Minister Pál Teleki committed suicide on the eve of Hungary's forced entry into World War II. Bánáthy was also Director of Leadership Development of the Magyar Cserkészszövetség for young men 18–24 years old at the Royal Ludovika Akademia during World War II. In 1992 Bánáthy traveled from the United States to Hungary following its renewed freedom to help restart the Hungarian Scout Association.	2.578125
7065536	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BClf%C3%B6ldi%20Magyar%20Cserk%C3%A9szsz%C3%B6vets%C3%A9g	Külföldi Magyar Cserkészszövetség	With the introduction of democracy to Hungary in 1989, Külföldi Magyar Cserkészszövetség returned the Association's original seal to Hungary and to the newly reorganized Hungarian Scout Association. The organization maintains close relationships with the reconstituted Magyar Cserkészszövetség in Hungary, and with independent Hungarian Scout Associations organized in areas of significant Hungarian minority populations in neighboring Slovakia, Croatia, Subcarpathian Ukraine, Romania, and Serbia. These areas had been part of Hungary prior to World War I and the Treaty of Trianon, which carved Hungary up into a much smaller nation. Since the advent of democracy in these countries, Külföldi Magyar Cserkészszövetség has trained almost 500 Scoutmasters and assistant Scoutmasters for these brother associations. The World Organization of the Scout Movement maintains ties and provides support to the reemerging Scouting movements in the countries of their birth. In 1995 Külföldi Magyar Cserkészszövetség held several 50th-anniversary celebrations, sponsoring Jamborees in Fillmore, New York, Germany, and near Melbourne, Australia. The South American troops held a Jamboree late in 1996. Structure In 1997, the Külföldi Magyar Cserkészszövetség had about 4,500 Scouts in 70 troops spread among five active districts worldwide: I) Europe, including Austria, Switzerland, Germany, Sweden, and Great Britain; II) South America, specifically Brazil and Argentina; III) The United States and Venezuela; IV) Australia; and V) Canada.	2.46875
7065541	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltrami%2C%20Minneapolis	Beltrami, Minneapolis	Beltrami is a neighborhood in the Northeast community in Minneapolis. Its boundaries are Broadway Street NE to the north, Interstate 35W to the east, East Hennepin Avenue to the south, and Central Avenue and Harrison Street NE to the west. Beltrami neighborhood and park are named after Giacomo Constantino Beltrami, an early 19th-century Italian jurist, scholar and explorer. Beltrami covers an area of 0.267 square miles, and has a population of approximately 1,312. Beltrami is located in City Council Ward 3, currently represented by council member Michael Rainville. In 2023, the Beltrami and Northeast Park neighborhood associations voted to merge into the new Lower Northeast Neighborhoods Association. The two associations sought the merger to combine resources. Financial assistance from the city of Minneapolis had been declining. The nearby neighborhood associations of Logan Park and St. Anthony East declined to join the merged organization. Demographics Beltrami's ethnic makeup has changed since 1980. Every ethnic group except whites saw an increase in population between 1980 and 2000. White residents, who made up 92 percent of the neighborhood population in 1980, made up 61 percent in 2000. While there were 141 fewer white residents in 2000 than in 1980, there were 143 more black residents. The black population increased from a fraction of a percent in 1980 to 11 percent in 2000. The percentages for Hispanic and Asian populations also grew during this time, from 2 percent and 1 percent respectively to 10 percent each. In 1999, 24 percent of Beltrami residents lived below the poverty level, compared to 17 percent of Minneapolis residents.	2.0625
7065595	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario%20Comensoli	Mario Comensoli	Mario Pasquale Comensoli (15 April 1922 – 2 June 1993) was a Swiss painter. He is considered as leading figure of the realist movement, depicting the social evolution of post-World War II Switzerland with key themes ranging from Italian immigrants to the 1968 social unrest, the Disco years and the hopelessness of the 'No Future' youth. Biography Mario Comensoli was born into an Italian immigrant family and grew up in Molino Nuovo. After leaving school, he scraped a living by taking on odd jobs and selling portrait and landscape paintings to tourists. In 1943, when the Municipal Museum of Art (Museo civico di belle arti) in Lugano acquired his landscape painting Piccolo Paesaggio, Comensoli obtained a scholarship from the Fondazione Torricelli, which enabled him to attend classes at the Zurich School of Arts and Crafts and lectures at the Federal Institute of Technology Zurich. In 1944 he met his future wife, Hélène Frei, who died in 1994, and the two married in Basela year later. During his stays in Paris Comensoli became acquainted with Joan Miró, Pablo Picasso, Fernand Léger and the brothers Alberto Giacometti and Diego Giacometti. In 1953 Mario Comensoli was invited by the Zurich Art Society to exhibit 65 works of art at Zurich’s Helmhaus Museum. The oil paintings, drawings and sculptures essentially summarised his experiences gathered in Paris. Although critics appreciated his post-Cubist works, Comensoli changed his artistic style following a polemical attack in the Parisian weekly newspaper Les lettres françaises and under the influence of some left-wing intellectuals. This gave rise to Comensoli's pictorial cycle Lavoratori in blu (Workers in blue), a series of oil paintings that consistently focused on craftsmen from the south who had immigrated to Switzerland in the 1950s in search of work, whom the painter depicted in blue working clothes and in everyday situations.	2.390625
7065627	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottineau%2C%20Minneapolis	Bottineau, Minneapolis	Bottineau is a neighborhood in the Northeast community of Minneapolis. It is one of ten neighborhoods in Ward 1 of Minneapolis, currently represented by Council President Elliott Payne. Location and characteristics Bottineau's boundaries are Lowry Avenue NE to the north, University Avenue NE to the east, 16th and 17th Avenues NE to the south, and the Mississippi River to the west. The neighborhood is named for its founder, Minnesota frontiersman Pierre Bottineau, who purchased land in the area in 1845. The neighborhood's location along the Mississippi River made it an ideal site for industry including grain mills, lumber mills and breweries. During the late 1800s and early 1900s the neighborhood became more residential (aided by an expansion of the city's streetcar system up 2nd Street NE). Bottineau suffered somewhat during the white flight of the 1950s and 1960s as many of the neighborhood's small businesses closed and single family homes were converted into multiple unit rental properties. Beginning in the 1980s, artists began to move to the neighborhood and converted formerly industrial spaces into studios. Today the neighborhood is a mixture of housing, studios/offices, and small businesses and is considered part of the Northeast Minneapolis Arts District. Landmarks Bottineau is home to three city parks: Bottineau Park, Edgewater Park and Gluek Park. Two charter schools are located in the neighborhood: New Visions School (K-8) and Menlo Park Academy (10-12). Many businesses are situated along University Avenue and Lowry Avenue. The neighborhood's California Building was one of the first buildings in the area to be converted into artist spaces and remains so today. Transportation Bottineau is served by Metro Transit bus routes 11 (2nd Street NE) and 32 (Lowry Avenue). 22nd Avenue NE is a bicycle boulevard and a short separated bike path runs along 18th Ave NE.	2.046875
7065636	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipefitter	Pipefitter	A pipefitter or steamfitter is a tradesman who installs, assembles, fabricates, maintains, and repairs mechanical piping systems. Pipefitters usually begin as helpers or apprentices. Journeyman pipefitters deal with industrial/commercial/marine piping and heating/cooling systems. Typical industrial process pipe is under high pressure, which requires metals such as carbon steel, stainless steel, and many different alloy metals fused together through precise cutting, threading, grooving, bending, and welding. A plumber concentrates on lower pressure piping systems for sewage and potable tap water in the industrial, commercial, institutional, or residential atmosphere. Utility piping typically consists of copper, PVC, CPVC, polyethylene, and galvanized pipe, which is typically glued, soldered, or threaded. Other types of piping systems include steam, ventilation, hydraulics, chemicals, fuel, and oil. In Canada, pipefitting is classified as a compulsory trade, and carries a voluntary "red seal" inter-provincial standards endorsement. Pipefitter apprenticeships are controlled and regulated provincially, and in some cases allow for advance standing in similar trades upon completion. In the United States, many states require pipefitters to be licensed. Requirements differ from state to state, but most include a four- to five-year apprenticeship. Union pipefitters are required to pass an apprenticeship test (often called a "turn-out exam") before becoming a licensed journeyman. Others can be certified by NCCER (formerly the National Center for Construction Education and Research). Occupational summary Pipefitters install, assemble, fabricate, maintain, repair, and troubleshoot pipe carrying fuel, chemicals, water, steam, and air in heating, cooling, lubricating, and various other process piping systems. Pipefitters are employed in the maintenance departments of power stations, refineries, offshore installations, factories, and similar establishments, by pipefitting contractors. Scope of work	2.5
7065666	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20College	Roman College	The Roman College (, ) was a school established by St. Ignatius of Loyola in 1551, just 11 years after he founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). It quickly grew to include classes from elementary school through university level and moved to several successive locations to accommodate its burgeoning student population. With the patronage of Pope Gregory XIII, the final seat of the Roman College was built in 1584 near the center of Rome's most historic Pigna district, on what today is called Piazza del Collegio Romano, adding the church of St. Ignatius in 1626, and a renowned observatory in 1787. The college remained at this location for 286 years until the revolutionary Capture of Rome in 1870. In 1873, the remaining philosophical and theological faculties of the Roman College moved to new quarters and formed the Gregorian University, named after the College's patron. Though taken over by the Italian government, the original buildings on a full square block memorialize the early commitment of the Jesuits to education. Currently, its eastern wing houses the headquarters of the Ministry of Heritage and Culture (with entrance on Via del Collegio Romano) and the wing overlooking the square is home to the high school Ennio Quirino Visconti.	2.421875
7065666	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20College	Roman College	Origins The first university founded by the Jesuits was the College of Messina in 1548. Then in 1551, to make up for the shortage of public schools in Rome and to provide for better training of both religious and secular clergy during the Counter-Reformation period, the Roman College was founded, open only to men. The funding came from Francis Borgia, 4th Duke of Gandía. He had been a professed member of the Society of Jesus since 1548 but secretly; he retained his rank while attending to his obligations and settling his children. In 1551 the Collegio Romano was a small, rented building at the base of the Capitoline Hill, on today's Piazza d'Aracoeli. Jesuit Fr. Polanco wrote of teaching Latin and Greek and later Hebrew: "Christian doctrine is taught. Above the door of the school a sign says: a free school of grammar, humanism, and Christian doctrine." Jesuits were the first pupils: Edmond Auger (French), Emmanuel Gomez (Portuguese), John Egnazi (Florence), and Emerio de Bonis (Mantua). Within its first year the building could not accommodate the influx of students and Ignatius sought a larger facility. Without leaving the center of Rome, in September 1551 he rented a building on Via del Gesù behind the ancient church of Santo Stefano del Cacco. This second home of the Roman College was called the House of Frangipani after the famous family which owned it. The building was later demolished. This then was the second home of the Roman College. Roman College to Gregorian University Despite the cost, Ignatius wanted to begin teaching philosophy and theology in the school year 1553–1554. This increased the student body, both of Jesuits and externs. In 1555, the financial conditions became such that the students had to be distributed among the various colleges of the Society in Italy.	2.484375
7065666	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20College	Roman College	On 17 January 1556 Pope Paul IV, seeing the great good that the Collegio Romano was for the young, gave it the privilege of conferring degrees in philosophy and theology with all the privileges of other universities. At this time also Ignatius founded the print shop which over the years introduced new typefaces, becoming the model in the business. Due to flood damage in that part of the House of Frangipani, and because of the growing number of students, the Roman College in 1558 moved to the house of Giovan Battista Salviati, that connected to the back of the church of Santa Maria in Via Lata, on the east side of today's Piazza del Collegio Romano. Jesuit theologian Francisco de Toledo was a professor at the college at this time. Four years later, the Roman College became too small for the growing number of students and larger premises were sought. The building was demolished when Salviati built the new Roman College, since he wanted to enlarge the square for the Roman College. In 1560, Vittoria della Tolfa, Marchesa della Valle, a relative of Paul IV, donated an entire city block and its existing buildings to the Society of Jesus in memory of her late husband the Marchese della Guardia Camillo. This remained the site of the Roman College until the takeover of its buildings by the Italian government in 1870. Ignatius of Loyola had died on 31 July 1556 and was succeeded by Fr. James P. Laynez, an original companion of Ignatius and a papal theologian during the three periods of the Council of Trent.	2.375
7065666	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20College	Roman College	The Jesuits were particularly drawn to astronomy and had a large observatory tower and scientific laboratories constructed on the roof of the annexed church, in 1787. The building of the college consists of two large, colonnaded courtyards and large classrooms. The Library of the Roman College, the most notable of Rome, was removed in 1873 and merged into the Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele II. In 1773, with the suppression of the Society of Jesus, the Jesuits entrusted the college to the secular clergy. It was seriously damaged during the French occupation of Rome. After the restoration of the Jesuits, Pope Leo XII on 17 May 1824, with the brief Cum Fine, ordered the restitution of the Roman College with the outbuildings and church of St. Ignatius to the Society of Jesus. Leo himself was present for the inauguration of the new academic year on 2 November 1824. Fr. Giovanni Perrone was among the distinguished faculty of theology of that time. With the reopening of the Roman College the famous astronomical observatory was restored and enlarged. The Jesuits experienced a setback during the Roman Republic, when on 29 March 1848 they were expelled and their building became a Roman seminary. The following year the building was occupied and heavily damaged by the revolutionaries who burned a wing of the college. On 7 August 1849 the French arrived to liberate Rome. On 3 March 1850 the Roman seminary was returned and classes resumed. Twenty years later on 20 September 1870, with the occupation troops of Savoy in Rome, the college was used as a barracks for sharpshooters; classrooms were used for a technical school and high school. On 6 November 1870 the college was closed and the symbol of the Society of Jesus was chiseled from the doors; until then both the Jacobins and Mazzini had spared it.	2.640625
7065809	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Plains%20of%20Abraham	The Plains of Abraham	The Plains of Abraham is a 1928 novel by James Oliver Curwood. Plot During the last half of the eighteenth century, in what was then New France (now part of Canada), Daniel "James" Bulain, son of a French habitant and of an English schoolmaster's daughter sees his world turned upside-down as his family and the people of the neighbouring seigneurie are massacred by a war party of Mohawks. In his escape into the wilderness he is united with the unrequited love of his childhood, Toinette Tonteur, daughter of the local seigneur, when they are captured by a war party of Senecas, brought to their hidden village far to the west in the wilderness and eventually adopted into their tribe. In the spring following their first winter with the tribe, believing that Toinette, now his wife, has been killed while he was absent from the village, James escapes and joins the French forces under Montcalm and three years later is gravely wounded at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham at Quebec. Cared for by the nuns of the General Hospital, James rises from unconsciousness almost a month later and is reunited with his wife and discovers he has an infant son, after wandering about the battle-scarred town obsessed with finding the three-legged dog he saw pass between the French and English lines just before the battle, which so resembled his own Odd ("Odds and ends"), whom he had last seen in the Seneca village with his wife.	1.914063
7065827	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%27s%2011th%20congressional%20district	Virginia's 11th congressional district	Virginia's 11th congressional district is a U.S. congressional district in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Situated in the Northern Virginia suburbs of Washington, D.C., the district comprises most of Fairfax County and the entirety of Fairfax City. The district is represented by Democrat Gerry Connolly. The Hill newspaper quotes census data to conclude that Virginia's 11th district was the wealthiest congressional district in the nation from 2003 to 2013. The article attributed the wealth to the many lobbyists and two-career couples in Northern Virginia. The district last existed in what is now West Virginia's 1st district and was held by Jacob B. Blair before the events of the U.S. Civil War. Virginia did not have an 11th district until it was re-created after the 1990 United States census from portions of the old 8th and 10th districts because of explosive growth in Northern Virginia. It was intended to be a "fair fight" district; indeed, it encompassed most of the more Democratic portions of the old 10th district and the more Republican portions of the old 8th district. George W. Bush only narrowly defeated John Kerry here in 2004, while Democratic Governor Tim Kaine and Democratic Senator Jim Webb both carried this district, in 2005 and 2006 respectively. In 2008, Barack Obama won this district over Republican Senator John McCain. Democrat Leslie L. Byrne briefly held the seat for the first election cycle of the new district, but was quickly defeated in 1994 by Republican Tom Davis. Davis established a secure hold on the district during his tenure (1995–2008), but Democrat Gerald Connolly won it when Davis stepped down.	2.046875
7065840	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%20Abdel%20Raziq	Ali Abdel Raziq	Ali Abdel Raziq () (1888–1966) was an Egyptian scholar of Islam, judge and government minister. His writings, some controversial, debated the role of religion and Islamic history in 20th-century politics and government. While the implication of his arguments still remain a point of debate, his 1925 book Islam and the Foundations of Governance argued against a role for religion in politics or the political prescriptive value of religious texts. He argued that Islamic texts were and should remain neutral in political debate and civil institution building. He attended Oxford University, and he was a scholar and jurist at Al-Azhar, Cairo. Biography Ali Abdel Raziq was born in Minya Governorate in 1888 to a well-off family. His father, Hassan Abdel Raziq, was of Arab origin. He was a large farm-owner and was, in 1907, among the founders of the Umma Party. Ali Abdel Raziq's mother was of North African origin. His brother, Mustafa Abd al-Rizq, a well known philosopher, studied at Al-Azhar University under the famous reformer Muhammad Abduh. He later received his 'alim degree from Al-Azhar in 1911. In 1912, he traveled to Oxford University to study economics and political science, but he returned to Cairo at the outbreak of the First World War. Back at Al-Azhar in 1915, he became a qadi (religious judge) in Mansoura. Ali became famous for his book Islam and the Foundations of Governance (Al-Islam Wa Usul Al-Hukm), published in 1925, and Consensus and Islamic Law (Al-Ijma´ Fi Ash-Shari´ah Al-Islamiyyah), published in 1947. Following popular debate about his 1925 book, Al-Azhar stripped him of his office, but he got it back in the 1940s. Ali, his father and his brother remained close to the Liberal Constitutional Party. He eventually became a government minister and lost his position as scholar and jurist at Al-Azhar. He twice served as Minister of Endowments, one of the three highest positions in religious administration, beside the Rector of Al-Azhar and the Grand Mufti. He died in 1966.	2.734375
7065840	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%20Abdel%20Raziq	Ali Abdel Raziq	Work The argument of his 1925 book has been summarized as "Islam does not advocate a specific form of government". He focused his criticism both at those who use religious law as contemporary political proscription and at the history of rulers claiming legitimacy by the caliphate. The focus of this debate was Turkish leader Mustafa Kemal's abolition of the caliphate in 1924, and the response of some Arab Muslim scholars that it was incumbent upon Arabs, in particular, to reinstate the caliphate in Arab lands. He wrote that past rulers spread the notion of religious justification for the caliphate "so that they could use religion as a shield protecting their thrones against the attacks of rebels". The journalistic and academic debate that his book set off projected him into fame. The thesis Islam and the Foundations of Governance (Al-Islam Wa Usul Al-Hukm) was published recently by Hamed, the grandson of Abdel Raziq, with a familial introduction. He remains controversial, and his specific arguments are part of a longer tradition of jurisprudence and scripture. His work has since been both praised and condemned, as a precursor of secularist philosophy in Muslim societies. It has been criticized as having drawn on the works of Orientalist western writers. Secularism He was regarded as the intellectual father of Islamic secularism (the separation of state and religion, not the secularization of society). Its controversial standpoints regarding the necessity of the caliphate and religious government made the book trigger an intellectual and political battle in Egypt. In essence, it claims that the Muslims may agree on any kind of government, religious or worldly, as long as it serves the interest and common welfare of their society.	2.03125
7065840	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%20Abdel%20Raziq	Ali Abdel Raziq	Criticism Syrian Islamic theologian Muhammad Rashid Rida (d. 1935) was one of the most fierce critics of 'Ali Abd al-Raziq and his ideas. Rida described the reaction to his controversial work al-Islam wa 'usul al-hukm [Islam and the Foundations of Political Power] to the "sudden arrival of the Day of Judgment". Through Al-Manar, Rashid Rida charged 'Abd al-Raziq with blasphemy and Kufr (disbelief) that no batini, Mu'tazili, or Jahmi have ever uttered before. Excommunicating 'Ali Abd al-Raziq as an apostate (murtad), Rida praised the Azhari court verdict stripping Abd al-Raziq of his scholarly titles as a "great manifest victory for the believers over the atheists". Rida condemned the work as “.. a destruction and uprooting of the Islamic regime and its legislation; a tearing apart of its community, and a complete endorsement of disobedience of Allah and His messenger and all religious rules pertaining to the secular order, whether personal, political, civil or criminal... it considers ignorant all generations of Muslims: The Companions, Successors, Imams, Mujtahids, Hadith scholars, and theologians. All in all, it calls for taking a path other than that of the believers, one at a conflict with Islam as it is understood by Muslims from the first generations to the present.”	2.046875
7065864	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Morse	Christopher Morse	Christopher Ludwig Morse (born 1935) is an American Christian theologian. He is Dietrich Bonhoeffer Professor of Theology and Ethics at Union Theological Seminary in New York City. Early life and education Born in 1935 and raised in Virginia, Morse received a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy from Randolph–Macon College, a degree from Yale Divinity School, and Master of Sacred Theology and Doctor of Philosophy degrees from Union Theological Seminary. He is an ordained elder in the United Methodist Church. Viewpoints Morse's areas of scholarly concentration are dogmatics and ethics. He teaches extensively on the great systematic and dogmatic theologians, especially John Calvin, Karl Barth, Thomas Aquinas, and Friedrich Schleiermacher. Prominent in his main work, Not Every Spirit, is the notion of "faithful disbelief", a reference to 1 John 4:1. Essentially, Morse stands the older dogmatic traditions on their head. While most theologians argue for what Christians should believe, Morse argues for what people of faith should not believe, but rather actively "disbelieve". Some examples of Morse's "Christian Disbeliefs" are:	2.203125
7065940	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerta	Beerta	Beerta (; ) is a village and former municipality with a population of 2,205 in the municipality of Oldambt in the province of Groningen in the Netherlands. In the 20th century, Beerta was a communist stronghold. In 1933, the municipal council was dismissed by the government, and was ruled by a until 1935. Between 1982 and 1990, Beerta was the only municipality with a communist mayor. Etymology Beerta means "place with houses" (English: neighboorhood; Frisian: buorren) The name was sometimes explained as relating to the 12th century which was lost in a flood, however the monastery has been excavated in Hesel, East Frisia, Germany, in 1988. History The Dollart is a bay in the Wadden Sea which was gradually expanding in size. Around 1600, it peaked at around . Beerta was located on higher ground, and became a peninsula in the bay. The village dates from the 11th century. The expanding Dollart implied that parts of Beerta were moved to higher ground. The Saint Bartholomew Church dates from between 1506 and 1508, and was partially constructed using material of a 1462 church. The poldering of the Dollart resulted in a large areas of cultivated land, and in the mid-19th century, Beerta became a prosperous village with an elite of rich farmers. In 1840, it was home to 3,189 people. The disparity in wealth resulted in the emergence of communists. In 1919, the first communists were elected to the municipal council. Beerta was a separate municipality until 1990, when it merged with Finsterwolde and Nieuweschans to form a new municipality that was initially also called Beerta, but was renamed Reiderland one year later. In 2010, Reiderland merged into the new municipality of Oldambt.	2.15625
7065991	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood%20absence%20epilepsy	Childhood absence epilepsy	Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE), formerly known as pyknolepsy, is an idiopathic generalized epilepsy which occurs in otherwise normal children. The age of onset is between 4–10 years with peak age between 5–7 years. Children have absence seizures which although brief (~4–20 seconds), they occur frequently, sometimes in the hundreds per day. The absence seizures of CAE involve abrupt and severe impairment of consciousness. Mild automatisms are frequent, but major motor involvement early in the course excludes this diagnosis. The EEG demonstrates characteristic "typical 3Hz spike-wave" discharges. The presence of any other seizure type at time of diagnosis rules out the diagnose of CAE. Prognosis is usually good in well-defined cases of CAE with most patients "growing out" of their epilepsy. Signs and symptoms In CAE, there is only one seizure type observed at time of diagnosis: typical absence seizure. Typical absence seizure is a generalized onset seizure characterized by an abrupt arrest of the activity associated with an awareness impairment. A typical absences seizure usually last between 10 and 30 seconds. Mild automatisms could be seen during the course of the absence and stop with the end of the absence seizure. When an EEG is recorded during the typical absence seizure, a 3 Hz spike-and-wave discharges is recorded starting with the start of the arrest of the activity. At the end of the discharge, the patient resumes its activity. Causes CAE is a complex polygenic disorder. Particularly in the Han Chinese population there is association between mutations in CACNA1H and CAE. These mutations cause increased channel activity and associated increased neuronal excitability. Seizures are believed to originate in the thalamus, where there is an abundance of T-type calcium channels such as those encoded by CACNA1H.	2.75
7065991	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood%20absence%20epilepsy	Childhood absence epilepsy	Pathophysiology The pathophysiology of absence seizures has been linked to oscillatory thalamic-cortical potentials, calcium currents, and the interaction of GABAergic neurons. It seems clear that the pathophysiology of absence seizures differs from other epilepsies which may, in part, explain the unique efficacy of ethosuximide in this syndrome. Multiple genetic regions have been associated with CAE and no diagnostic clinical genetic tests have yet been developed for this disorder. Diagnosis Diagnosis is made upon history of absence seizures during early childhood and the observation of ~3 Hz spike-and-wave discharges on an EEG. The new classification of the epilepsy syndrome provides mandatory and exclusionary criteria, as well as some points that signs that should be considered as alerts Management There are evidenced based data for the treatment of CAE. A randomized controlled trial including 453 children showed that valproate and ethosuximide had similar absence-free rate after 16 weeks of treatment. In addition, ethosuximide did not increase attentional deficit while valproate increased the incidence of attention deficit. In addition, a prospective cohort of CAE found that ethosuximide was associated with a better rate of complete remission (hazard ratio 2.5 (CI95:1.1-6.0) in a multivariate analysis . Based on these 2 studies, the use of ethosuximide as a first-line treatment for CAE should be recommended. Valproate would be proposed if ethosuximide does not provide full absence control. Epidemiology The prevalence of this childhood epilepsy syndrome is 10% or less.. Very few of these people will likely have mutations in CACNA1H or GABRG2.	2.234375
7066030	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellingwolde	Bellingwolde	Bellingwolde (; Gronings: Bennewolle) is a village with a population of 2,655 people in the municipality Westerwolde in the Netherlands. It is situated in the southeast of the region Oldambt, in the north of the region Westerwolde, and in the east of the province Groningen, at the border with Germany. The settlement dates back to the 11th century. It flooded multiple times until the 16th century. In the 18th and 19th century agriculture prospered and large farmhouses were built. It was a separate municipality until it merged with Wedde into Bellingwedde in 1968. Bellingwolde has a state protected village area with several monumental farmhouses. Other attractions are the Magnus Church, the Law House, Veldkamp's Mill, and Museum de Oude Wolden. There are four primary schools and a secondary school in the village. History The origins of Bellingwolde, which was built on a sand ridge dividing the clay and peat ground, are in the 11th century. The settlement flooded many times until parts of the Dollard were impoldered in the 16th century. The agricultural settlement started to prosper in the 18th century. Large farmhouses were built in the 19th century. Bellingwolde was a separate municipality until 1 September 1968, when it was merged with Wedde to form the new municipality Bellingwedde. The former municipality contained the villages of Bellingwolde, Oudeschans, and Vriescheloo, and the hamlets of Klein-Ulsda and Rhederbrug. Bellingwolde became part of the new municipality of Westerwolde in 2018, when the municipalities of Bellingwedde and Vlagtwedde merged. Geography Bellingwolde is located in the northeast of the municipality Westerwolde in the east of the province Groningen in the northeast of the Netherlands. The village is in the southeast of the region Oldambt and in the north of the region Westerwolde, situated between the river Westerwoldse Aa in the west and the canal B.L. Tijdenskanaal in the east.	2.09375
7066030	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellingwolde	Bellingwolde	The nearest city Winschoten is to the west. In between Winschoten and Bellingwolde is the village Blijham. In the northwest it is close to the village Oudeschans, which used to be called Bellingwolderschans (Sconce of Bellingwolde). In the south Bellingwolde is connected with the village Vriescheloo and the hamlet Rhederbrug. Bellingwolde is at the border of the Netherlands and Germany. The nearest German city is Papenburg, to the east, and the closest village is Wymeer. Bellingwolde is an administrative district () and neighbourhood (). The Bellingwolde district has a total area of of which is land and is water. It is one of three districts in the municipality of Bellingwedde, the other two being Oost and Blijham. The Bellingwolde district contains the neighbourhoods Bellingwolde, Vriescheloo, Rhederbrug (western part), Oudeschans, Klein-Ulsda, and some scattered houses. The Bellingwolde neighbourhood has a total area of of which is land and is water. Demography In 2015, the Bellingwolde neighborhood had a total population of 2,400, of which 1,230 were men and 1,170 are women. The population density was . Of the total population 43% was unmarried, 42% was married, 8% was widowed, and 7% was divorced. The district had 1,130 households, 37% were single-person households, 32% were multi-person households without children, and 30% were multi-person households with children. 20% of the total population was allochtoon, a person with at least one parent born outside the Netherlands. This percentage is divided into 10% Western allochtonen and 10% non-Western allochtonen. There is an asylum seekers' center () in Bellingwolde, where refugees from Syria and other countries are housed pending the outcome of their asylum procedures. In 2015, the Bellingwolde district had a total population of 4,205 and a population density of . Culture	1.984375
7066030	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellingwolde	Bellingwolde	Since 2009, Bellingwolde has a state protected village area (Dutch: beschermd dorpsgezicht) with many monumental buildings among which are the Magnus Church (16th century), the Law House (17th century), the Veldkamp's Mill (19th century), and about twenty farmhouses. The Museum de Oude Wolden is a regional museum about the art and history of Oldambt and Westerwolde. It has a permanent exhibition of paintings by magic realist Lodewijk Bruckman and temporary exhibitions. There is a public library, which is opened three days per week. Infrastructure The provincial road N969 connects Bellingwolde to Blijham in the west and Rhederbrug and the German border in the southeast. The provincial road N973 connects Bellingwolde to Vriescheloo and Wedde in the southwest, but is discontinued as a numbered road in northeastern direction. The nearest highway is the A7 (E22) with its nearest exit at Oudeschans just north of Bellingwolde. The nearest railway is the Harlingen–Nieuweschans railway north of Bellingwolde, with its nearest stations in Winschoten and Bad Nieuweschans. There are two bus lines, operated by Qbuzz, passing through Bellingwolde and connecting it to nearby settlements and the two railway stations: Line 12: Winschoten – Blijham – Bellingwolde – Blijham – Winschoten Line 811: Bad Nieuweschans – Klein-Ulsda – Oudeschans – Bellingwolde – Vriescheloo – Veelerveen – Vlagtwedde Education There are three primary schools located in Bellingwolde. The two public schools are Oosterschool and Westerschool. The Protestant school is De Wegwijzer. The secondary school Dollard College has a location with 170 students in Bellingwolde. At this school location, the students can do the first two years of vmbo, havo, and vwo, and the final two years of the vmbo theoretical program. There are no institutions for tertiary education located in Bellingwolde. Notable people Jan Mulder (born 1945), footballer, writer, and commentator Lou Ottens (1926–2021), a Dutch engineer, inventor of the cassette tape	2.15625
7066094	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen%20Speedway	Evergreen Speedway	History The land was originally the Snohomish County poor farm, which was established in 1893. In 1949 the county allowed the Evergreen State Fair to use a portion of the land. In 1950 the county allowed the fair to use more land upon which a horse track was built. In 1954 Jimmie Collier convinced Snohomish County officials to allow him to convert the track for use in racing his Ford Model T roadster. The fair board, led by manager Bob Follis, promoted racing events over the Memorial Day and July 4 holidays in 1955. Poor weather hampered the events and after losing much money the fair board contracted with Gents Enterprises out of Seattle to promote events in 1956. Those events were discontinued in July 1956. The track continued with equestrian events over the next few years, but auto racing was not. In 1962 Dick Norton signed a ten-year contract to promote events on the track. After signing the contract, he planned on running a few end of the season events on the dirt but was unable to do so. The track was paved in the early 1963 and the first events were held over the Memorial Day weekend. An inner 1/5th mile track and the figure eight track was paved in 1966 and in 1967 the original bleachers were demolished and the current grandstands built. Through the years the track played host to a wide variety of racing events including Sprint Cars, Roadsters, Midgets, Figure Eights, Foreign Stock, Modified, Hobby Stocks, Jalopies, Limited Sportsmen, Demolition, Grand National, Winston West, NASCAR Northwest Tour, Super Stocks, Mini Stocks, Stinger-8, Hornets and Bombers. Evergreen Speedway also hosted the "500," the richest and most prestigious race in the west. The NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series ran an event at Evergreen Speedway once per year from 1995 to 2000.	2.265625
7066185	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syd%20Thrift	Syd Thrift	Baltimore Orioles Thrift was put in charge of the minor league operations of the Baltimore Orioles upon his appointment as the team's director of player development thirteen days later on October 31, 1994. He succeeded Doug Melvin who had left the Orioles earlier that month to become general manager of the Texas Rangers. He was promoted to vice president of baseball operations on December 21, 1999, succeeding Frank Wren who had been relieved of his general manager duties two months prior. Wren had alleged that Thrift used his influence with team owner Peter Angelos to get him fired. Thrift's time with the Orioles ended on December 4, 2002, when both Jim Beattie and Mike Flanagan assumed his duties. By then, the Orioles had its fifth straight losing season, its top three minor-league affiliates finished a combined 109 games below .500 and the Rochester Red Wings ended a 42-year affiliation. Legacy With his Virginia drawl, garrulous nature and endless supply of stories, Thrift brought a fresh eye to evaluating talent and building teams. Rickey Henderson, Frank White, Al Oliver and Bobby Bonilla were among the notable players originally scouted or signed by Thrift. In 2015, Syd Thrift Athletic Complex at the Middlesex High School was opened in his honor. Retirement After retiring from baseball in 2004, he settled in Kilmarnock, Virginia, and was the co-host of a syndicated radio program sponsored by Major League Baseball. He was honored by The Sporting News as one of the best teachers in baseball. He received an honorary doctorate of laws by Randolph-Macon College and their Distinguished Alumnus Award. In 1995 he was presented with the Edwin Rommel Award for his years of contribution to the sport of baseball. In 1996 he was inducted into the Middle Atlantic Major League Baseball Scouts Hall of Fame. And in 1998 he was inducted into the Virginia Sports Hall of Fame and the Randolph-Macon College Athletic Hall of Fame.	1.96875
7066188	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia%27s%2010th%20congressional%20district	Virginia's 10th congressional district	Virginia's 10th congressional district is a U.S. congressional district in the Commonwealth of Virginia. It is represented by Democrat Suhas Subramanyam, who was first elected in 2024. Geography The district includes all of Rappahannock County, Fauquier County, and Loudoun County, parts of Fairfax County and Prince William County, as well as the independent cities of Manassas and Manassas Park. The district closely matches Virginia's voting patterns in statewide races. History Beginning when it was re-created in 1952, the 10th district was in Republican hands for 60 of 66 years, including long stints in office by Joel Broyhill (1953–74) and Frank Wolf (1981–2014). Barbara Comstock, a former aide to Wolf, succeeded him after the 2014 election. Wexton defeated Comstock in the 2018 midterms, becoming only the second Democrat to win the district. The modern 10th congressional district was formed in 1952. For the next two decades, it consisted of Arlington, Alexandria, and most of Fairfax County. As a result of redistricting following the 1970 census, it lost Alexandria and was pushed westward to take in Loudoun County. Virginia's 10th congressional district used to be a Republican stronghold, having once voted by double-digit margins for Republican candidates. In 2000, ten-term incumbent Republican Congressman Frank Wolf won over 80% of the vote and did not face a Democratic opponent. Two years later, Wolf defeated his Democratic challenger John Stevens by 43 points. In 2004, President George W. Bush won the district by 11 points. In recent years, the district has become much friendlier to Democrats due to population growth in the Washington, D.C. suburbs. In 2012, Mitt Romney narrowly carried the district by a point, while in 2016, Hillary Clinton won the district by 10 points.	2.34375
7066200	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact%20binary%20%28small%20Solar%20System%20body%29	Contact binary (small Solar System body)	A contact binary is a small Solar System body, such as a minor planet or comet, that is composed of two bodies that have gravitated toward each other until they touch, resulting in a bilobated, peanut-like overall shape. Contact binaries are distinct from true binary systems such as binary asteroids where both components are separated. The term is also used for stellar contact binaries. An example of a contact binary is the Kuiper belt object 486958 Arrokoth, which was imaged by the New Horizons spacecraft during its flyby in January 2019. History The existence of contact binary asteroids was first speculated by planetary scientist Allan F. Cook in 1971, who sought for potential explanations for the extremely elongated shape of the Jupiter trojan asteroid 624 Hektor, whose longest axis measures roughly across and is twice as long as its shorter axes according to light curve measurements. Astronomers William K. Hartmann and Dale P. Cruikshank performed further investigation into Cook's contact binary hypothesis in 1978 and found it to be a plausible explanation for Hektor's elongated shape. They argued that since Hektor is the largest Jupiter trojan, its elongated shape could not have originated from the fragmentation of a larger asteroid. Rather, Hektor is more likely a "compound asteroid" consisting of two similarly-sized primitive asteroids, or planetesimals, that are in contact with each other as a result of a very low-speed collision. Hartmann theorized in 1979 that Jupiter trojan planetesimals formed close together with similar motions in Jupiter's Lagrange points, which allowed for low-speed collisions between planetesimals to take place and form contact binaries. The hypothesis of Hektor's contact binary nature contributed to the growing evidence of the existence of binary asteroids and asteroid satellites, which were not discovered until the Galileo spacecraft's flyby of 243 Ida and Dactyl 1993.	2.984375
7066200	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact%20binary%20%28small%20Solar%20System%20body%29	Contact binary (small Solar System body)	Until 1989, contact binary asteroids had only been inferred from the high-amplitude U-shape of their light curves. The first visually confirmed contact binary was the near-Earth asteroid 4769 Castalia (formerly 1989 PB), whose double-lobed shape was revealed in high-resolution delay-Doppler radar imaging by the Arecibo Observatory and Goldstone Solar System Radar in August 1989. These radar observations were led by Steven J. Ostro and his team of radar astronomers, who published the results in 1990. In 1994, Ostro and his colleague R. Scott Hudson developed and published a three-dimensional shape model of Castalia reconstructed from the 1989 radar images, providing the first radar shape model of a contact binary asteroid. In 1992, the Kuiper belt was discovered and astronomers subsequently began observing and measuring light curves of Kuiper belt objects (KBOs) to determine their shapes and rotational properties. In 2002–2003, then-graduate student Scott S. Sheppard and his advisor David C. Jewitt observed the KBO and plutino with the University of Hawaiʻi's 2.24-m telescope at Mauna Kea, as part of a survey dedicated to measuring the light curves of KBOs. With their results published in 2004, they discovered that exhibits a large, U-shaped light curve amplitude characteristic of contact binaries, providing the first evidence of contact binary KBOs. Sheppard and Jewitt identified additional contact binary candidates from other KBOs known to exhibit large light curve amplitudes, hinting that contact binaries are abundant in the Kuiper belt.	2.59375
7066200	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact%20binary%20%28small%20Solar%20System%20body%29	Contact binary (small Solar System body)	High-mass ratio and doubly-synchronous binary systems such as 69230 Hermes are plausible sources for contact binaries in the NEA population, since they are subject to the binary YORP effect, which acts over timescales of 1,000–10,000 years to either contract the components' orbits until they contact, or expand their orbits until they become gravitationally detached asteroid pairs. The origin of contact binaries from doubly-synchronous binaries in the NEA population is evident from the fact that very few doubly-synchronous binary NEAs are known, whereas contact binary NEAs are much more common. For doubly-synchronous binary systems with -diameter components, the tangential and radial impact velocities when they collide are less than , which are low enough to not disrupt the shapes of the two bodies. In 2007, Daniel J. Scheeres proposed that contact binary asteroids in the NEA population can undergo rotational fissioning after being rotationally accelerated by the YORP effect. Depending on the relative sizes and shapes of the fissioned components, there are three possible evolutionary pathways for contact binary NEAs. Firstly, if the primary component is elongated and dominates the mass of the system, the secondary will either escape the system or collide with the primary since the orbits of the fissioned components are unstable. Secondly, if the primary component is elongated and accounts for roughly half of the system's mass, the secondary can temporarily orbit the primary before it will collide with the primary, reforming the contact binary but with a different distribution of the system mass. Thirdly, if the primary is spheroidal and dominates the mass of the system, the fissioned components can remain in long-lasting orbits as a stable binary system. As shown by these cases, it is unlikely that fissioned contact binaries can form stable binaries.	2.140625
7066200	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact%20binary%20%28small%20Solar%20System%20body%29	Contact binary (small Solar System body)	In 2011, Seth A. Jacobson and Scheeres expanded upon their 2007 theory of binary fission and proposed that NEAs can go through repeated cycles of fissioning and reimpacting through the YORP effect. Trans-Neptunian objects In the trans-Neptunian region and especially the Kuiper belt, binary systems are thought to have formed from the direct collapse of gas and dust from the surrounding protoplanetary nebula due to streaming instability. Through impacts and gravitational perturbations by the outer planets, the mutual orbits of binary trans-Neptunian objects contract and eventually destabilize to form contact binaries. Geophysical properties Impacts on one of the lobes of contact binary rubble pile asteroids do not cause significant disruption to the asteroid as the shockwave produced by the impact is damped by the asteroid's rubble pile structure and then blocked by the discontinuity between the two lobes. Occurrence Near-Earth asteroids In 2022, Anne Virkki and colleagues published an analysis of 191 near-Earth asteroids (NEAs) that were observed by the Arecibo Observatory radar from December 2017–2019. From this sample, they found that 10 out of the 33 (~30%) NEAs larger than in diameter were contact binaries, which is double the previously estimated percentage of 14% for contact binaries of this diameter in the NEA population. Although the sample size is small and therefore not statistically significant, it could imply that contact binaries could be more common than previously thought.	2.765625
7066200	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact%20binary%20%28small%20Solar%20System%20body%29	Contact binary (small Solar System body)	Kuiper belt In 2015–2019, Audrey Thirouin and Scott Sheppard performed a survey of KBOs from the plutino (2:3 Neptune resonance) and cold classical (low inclination and eccentricity) populations with the Lowell Discovery Telescope and Magellan-Baade Telescope. They found that 40–50% of the population of plutinos smaller than in diameter (H ≥ 6) are contact binaries consisting of nearly equal-mass components, whereas at least 10–25% of the population of cold classical KBOs of the same size range are contact binaries. The differing contact binary fractions of these two populations imply they underwent different formation and evolution mechanisms. Thirouin and Sheppard continued their survey of KBOs in 2019–2021, focusing on the twotino population in the 1:2 orbital resonance with Neptune. They found that 7–14% of twotinos are contact binaries, which is relatively low albeit similar to the contact binary fraction of the cold classical population. Thirouin and Sheppard noted that the twotinos' contact binary fraction is consistent with predictions by David Nesvorný and David Vokrouhlický in 2019, who suggested that 10–30% of dynamically excited and resonant Kuiper belt populations are contact binaries. 486958 Arrokoth is the first confirmed example of a contact binary KBO, seen through stellar occultations in 2018 and spacecraft imaging in 2019. A stellar occultation by the KBO 19521 Chaos on 29 March 2023 revealed that it had an apparently bilobate shape across, which could potentially make it the largest known contact binary object in the Solar System. However, the bilobate shape seen in the occultation could well be two binary components transiting each other during the event; this is supported by the smaller-than-expected size of Chaos measured in the occultation. Comets	2.34375
7066200	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact%20binary%20%28small%20Solar%20System%20body%29	Contact binary (small Solar System body)	Irregular moons The Cassini spacecraft observed several irregular moons of Saturn at various phase angles while in it was orbit around Saturn from 2004–2017, which allowed for the determination of rotation periods and shapes of the Saturnian irregular moons. In 2018–2019, researchers Tilmann Denk and Stefan Mottola investigated Cassinis irregular moon observations and found that Kiviuq, Erriapus, Bestla, and Bebhionn exhibited exceptionally large light curve amplitudes that may indicate contact binary shapes, or potentially binary (or subsatellite) systems. In particular, the light curve amplitude of Kiviuq is the largest of the irregular moons observed by Cassini, which makes it the most likely candidate for a contact binary or binary moon. Considering that the irregular moons have most likely undergone or were formed by disruptive collisions in the past, it is possible that the fragments of disrupted irregular moons could remain gravitationally bound in orbit around each other, forming a binary system that would eventually become a contact binary. Examples Comet Churyumov–Gerasimenko and Comet Tuttle are most likely contact binaries, while asteroids suspected of being contact binaries include the unusually elongated 624 Hektor and the bilobated 216 Kleopatra and 4769 Castalia. 25143 Itokawa, which was photographed by the Hayabusa probe, also appears to be a contact binary which has resulted in an elongated, bent body. Asteroid 4179 Toutatis with its elongated shape, as photographed by Chang'e-2, is a contact binary candidate as well. Among the distant minor planets, the icy Kuiper belt object Arrokoth was confirmed to be a contact binary when the New Horizons spacecraft flew past in 2019. The small main-belt asteroid 152830 Dinkinesh was confirmed to have the first known contact binary satellite after the Lucy probe flew by it on November 1, 2023.	2.6875
7066242	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty%20of%20Vienna%20%281725%29	Treaty of Vienna (1725)	Spanish concessions in Livorno and Elba King Philip V agreed to establish Livorno as a free port accessible to both parties. The Sicilian segment of the island of Elba, including the township of Porto Logone, was to be ceded to the future heir to the Tuscan throne upon their ascension. Spanish recognition of the Pragmatic Sanction Charles VI achieved a significant victory when Philip V accepted his Pragmatic Sanction of 1713. Charles agreed to renounce his claim to the Spanish throne and committed to safeguarding the Spanish succession, while Philip endorsed the Austrian succession. The Spanish acknowledgment of the Sanction strengthened Charles's efforts to secure the Austrian succession for his daughter, Maria Theresa. Commerce Provision Ostend East India Company The most important commercial clause in the treaty was the recognition of the Ostend East India Company. Philip V granted the Company permission to dock and resupply in Spanish territories worldwide, provided that the vessels presented the necessary documentation. The Ostend Company received trading privileges equal to those of the United Provinces. Defensive Provisions Austro-Spanish alliance The last of the three treaties created in Vienna was the defensive military alliance between the Habsburgs and Spain. After Spain's defeat in the War of the Quadruple Alliance (1717-1720) and its weakening during the War of the Spanish Succession (1700-1714), the balance of power in Europe needed to be restored. The Habsburgs hoped that promoting peace and establishing a new relationship with Spain would help to reconfigure control. In case of aggression by a foreign power, both the army and navy would provide support. Restitution of Gibraltar and Port Mahon During the War of the Spanish Succession, Britain annexed Gibraltar and Port Mahon. Spain later attempted to regain control of these territories. Austria, choosing financial support over military intervention, acted as a mediator between Spain and Britain in case of war.	2.5625
7066264	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True%20Monster%20Stories	True Monster Stories	True Monster Stories, written by Terry Deary, is the first of the non-fiction True Stories Series of books. It was published in 1992 by Hippo Books from Scholastic. Overview The book details strange but apparently "true" encounters with a variety of monsters. The book is divided into eight sections; ranging from wild-men, to bigfoot/sasquatch, through to sea creatures (including Loch Ness Monster), vampires and werewolves. Each section opens with an introduction into that particular set of monsters/creatures. Accounts and brief details then follow of supposed encounters, and each account then ends with a fact file. These fact files present a brief analysis of the events in the accounts, and then present miscellaneous related facts from other similar events. The book is written so as to let the reader decide for themselves whether they believe the events therein to be true or not. Audience As with all the True Stores books, it was aimed at an 11+ market, but found popularity with adults and youngsters alike.	2.65625
7066267	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism%20in%20Ukraine	Anarchism in Ukraine	Anarchism in Ukraine has its roots in the democratic and egalitarian organization of the Zaporozhian Cossacks, who inhabited the region up until the 18th century. Philosophical anarchism first emerged from the radical movement during the Ukrainian national revival, finding a literary expression in the works of Mykhailo Drahomanov, who was himself inspired by the libertarian socialism of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. The spread of populist ideas by the Narodniks also lay the groundwork for the adoption of anarchism by Ukraine's working classes, gaining notable circulation in the Jewish communities of the Pale of Settlement. By the outbreak of the 1905 Revolution, a specifically anarchist movement had risen to prominence in Ukraine. The ideas of anarcho-communism, anarcho-syndicalism and individualist anarchism all took root in Ukrainian revolutionary circles, with syndicalism itself developing a notably strong hold in Odesa, while acts of anarchist terrorism by cells such as the Black Banner became more commonplace. After the revolution was suppressed, Ukrainian anarchism began to reorganize itself, culminating in the outburst following the February Revolution, when Nestor Makhno returned to the country and began to organize among the peasantry. Ukraine became a stronghold of anarchism during the revolutionary period, acting as a counterweight to Ukrainian nationalism, Russian imperialism and Bolshevism. The Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine (RIAU), led by Makhno, carved out an anarchist territory in the south-east of the country, centered in the former cossack lands of Zaporizhzhia. By 1921, the Ukrainian anarchist movement was defeated by the Bolsheviks, who established the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in its place.	2.59375
7066267	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism%20in%20Ukraine	Anarchism in Ukraine	The most prominent of the hromadas was the one in Kyiv, founded in 1859 by populist students of the Lavrovist tendency, who emphasised the education of the peasantry and rejected revolutionary agitation. It was banned by 1863 but renewed its educational activities in 1869, spearheaded by a new generation of students led by Volodymyr Antonovych, Pavlo Chubynsky and Mykhailo Drahomanov. Continuing the democratic-federalist tradition from the Decembrists and the Brotherhoods, Mykhailo Drahomanov blended together elements from liberal democracy, agrarian socialism and Ukrainian nationalism, envisioning the final goal of the democratic-federalist movement to be the achievement of anarchy, as inspired by the works of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. Having coined the slogan "Cosmopolitanism in the ideas and the ends, nationality in the ground and the forms," Drahomanov rejected separatism due to his philosophical anarchist opposition to nation states. Viewing national liberation as "inseparable from social emancipation", he instead encouraged for the Hromada to concentrate on building a bottom-up form of democracy of small communities organized on a federative basis.	1.96875
7066267	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism%20in%20Ukraine	Anarchism in Ukraine	In 1874, the Narodniks' "Going to the People" campaign culminated in a number of Ukrainian revolutionary anarchists (buntars), led by Yakov Stefanovich, organizing a peasant revolt in Chyhyryn, before being suppressed by Russian authorities. Alexander II subsequently issued the Ems Ukaz which banned the use of the Ukrainian language, resulting in the repression of the hromadas and Drahomanov's flight into exile in Geneva, where he established the Geneva Circle, the first Ukrainian socialist organisation. Drahomanov's socialist tendencies brought him into conflict with more moderate members of the Hromada, as well as the "chauvinist" and "dictatorial" Russian revolutionaries, leaving him isolated from many of his contemporaries by 1886. In Galicia, which Drahomanov had placed at the center of the Ukrainian national struggle due to its constitutionalism, Drahomanov's disciple Ivan Franko found himself persecuted by the Austrian authorities and ostracised by local religious conservatives, due to his staunch anti-clericalism. Nonetheless, in 1890 Franko was able to found the Ukrainian Radical Party (URP), which engaged in a number of activities including the convocation of popular assemblies, the establishment of cooperatives and the education of the peasantry. In 1895, members of the URP were elected to the Galician Diet and the Austrian parliament, by which point its party congresses were beginning to call for Ukrainian independence and endorsed a number of strikes by agricultural workers. Drahomanov's death that same year accelerated a split in the organization, between orthodox radicals that stayed loyal to Drahomanov's platform, younger social democrats that had gravitated towards Marxism and nationalists who were no longer comfortable with the party's socialist line. By losing the latter two factions, the URP took on a definitively agrarian socialist platform and grew to become the second-largest of the Ukrainian political parties in Galicia.	2.203125
7066267	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism%20in%20Ukraine	Anarchism in Ukraine	1905 Revolution Ukrainian Jews in the Pale of Settlement had been extended a number of rights during the reign of Alexander II, but following his assassination by People's Will, a wave of pogroms broke out and the new government of Alexander III implemented the May Laws, which persecuted Jews living in the Pale. In 1903, a strike in Odesa rapidly escalated into a nationwide Ukrainian general strike, with the heavy industry centers of Kyiv, Kharkiv, Mykolaiv and Katerynoslav all experiencing mass industrial action. The Minister of Interior Vyacheslav von Plehve responded to the strike wave by propagating a number of antisemitic and anti-communist conspiracy theories about the labour movement, which resulted in another wave of pogroms breaking out in Ukraine. The living conditions of Pale nourished the growth of the Ukrainian anarchist movement, which grew particularly strong in Jewish towns, where workers' circles began to educate themselves on a number of radical ideas. Dissatisfied with the existing socialist parties, activists of the General Jewish Labour Bund, Socialist Revolutionary Party and Revolutionary Ukrainian Party all deserted party politics for anarchism. The Bread and Freedom group in London organized the distribution of anarchist literature, including the Yiddish language journals Arbeter Fraynd and Germinal, throughout much of the Pale, reaching as far as the anarchist groups in Odesa and Nizhyn.	2.734375
7066267	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism%20in%20Ukraine	Anarchism in Ukraine	In July, attempts were made to unify the revolutionary anarchist movement, with an anarchist conference in Kharkiv discussing the revolutionary role of factory committees versus trade unions and how they could convert the world war into a world revolution. They also established an "Anarchist Information Bureau" to organize a national conference and gauge the movement's strength throughout the country. It was around this time that the Ukrainian revolutionary anarchist Nestor Makhno returned to his native Huliaipole, where he became involved as a union organizer among the local peasants. By August 1917, Makhno had been elected as the Chairman of the local Soviet, a position from which he organized an armed peasant band to expropriate the large privately held estates and redistribute those lands equally to the whole peasantry. As the year went on, more anarchist political prisoners were released from prison and returned from exile, which brought a number of intellectuals into the movement. By the turn of 1918, further anarchist conferences had been held in Donbas, Kharkiv and Katerynoslav, resulting in the foundation of the newspaper Golos Anarkhista and the election of a Donbas Anarchist Bureau. The Bureau then organized a series of political lectures in Ukraine, inviting anarchist intellectuals such as Juda Grossman, Nikolai Rogdaev and Peter Arshinov. It was at this time that Volin returned to Ukraine and began work for the People's Commissariat for Education in Kharkiv, even getting so far as to turn down an appointment that would have made him the Ukrainian Commissar for Education.	2.171875
7066267	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism%20in%20Ukraine	Anarchism in Ukraine	The region of Zaporizhzhia, with Huliaipole at its center, was transformed into a libertarian society, free of any political authority. By the turn of 1919, the Makhnovists were holding Regional Congresses of Peasants, Workers, and Insurgents, which discussed the economic, political and military issues affecting the Makhnovshchina. Focus was paid particularly to the issue of defense, calling for a "voluntary mobilization" of people into the Insurgent Army and electing a Regional Military-Revolutionary Council to oversee the election of non-partisan "free soviets" and the establishment of anarchist communes. Each commune had a little over 100 members and were organized along egalitarian lines with mutual aid as an organizing principle. The distribution of resources to the communes was overseen by the regional congresses, which organized the allotment of livestock, farming tools and land to each commune based on their individual abilities and needs. Makhno had himself assumed authority over the Insurgent Army, introducing the military discipline of the Zaporizhian Cossacks and appointing his own key officers, although the majority of the army's officers were elected by their own insurgent detachments. The Nabat, for its part, established a Cultural-Educational Commission for the purpose of providing free democratic education to Ukrainians, inspired by the Ferrer movement. Ukrainian Jews held a number of important positions in the Makhnovschina, with the majority fighting in the Insurgent Army, often in specifically Jewish detachments. Antisemitism was punished severely by the Makhnovists, with one insurgent commander being shot for raiding a Jewish town and another executed for displaying an antisemitic poster.	2.46875
7066267	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism%20in%20Ukraine	Anarchism in Ukraine	The Makhnovists remained on good terms with the Bolsheviks at this time. When famine threatened Petrograd and Moscow, Huliaipole's Ukrainian peasants exported large amounts of grain to the Russian cities, while Makhno himself was cast as a "courageous partisan" by the Soviet press. By March 1919, the Insurgent Army had even been absorbed into the Red Army, becoming the 7th Ukrainian Soviet Division, subject to the orders of the Revolutionary Military Council. The Ukrainian Front of the Red Army, although commanded by Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko, was largely made up of Ukrainian peasants led by the atamans Nestor Makhno and Nykyfor Hryhoriv. Considering themselves inheritors of the Zaporozhian Host, the peasantry were less committed to Bolshevism than they were to their liberation from "all those they considered their oppressors". Hostilities within the Front grew over time, as the Bolshevik leadership developed a distaste for the peasant base and began to reign in the autonomy of the "free soviets". After Makhnovists accused the Bolsheviks of monopolizing the Revolution, Pavel Dybenko declared the Ukrainian anarchists to be "counterrevolutionary" and attempted to ban their congresses, which they held anyway. The Soviet press subsequently turned on the anarchists, decrying them as "kulaks" and "bandits". The Cheka also attempted to assassinate Nestor Makhno, but the two agents sent were caught and killed. When the anarchists held another congress, this time even inviting soldiers of the Red Army, the Military Commissar Leon Trotsky responded with another ban and declared Makhno to be an outlaw. Huliaipole's libertarian experiment was attacked first by Red Army, which forcibly dissolved the town's communes, and again by Anton Denikin's Armed Forces of South Russia, which liquidated its soviets. With peasants increasingly being brought into opposition against the Bolsheviks, by May 1919, both Makhno and Hryhoriv had deserted the Ukrainian Soviet Army.	2.203125
7066267	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism%20in%20Ukraine	Anarchism in Ukraine	The Makhnovists resolved to defend their territory against both the Red and the White armies, with Trotsky again declaring Makhno an outlaw and the Makhnovists producing propaganda to persuade Red Army soldiers not to take up arms against them. The Makhnovists led the Red Army offensive into a protracted guerrilla war, causing great losses on both sides. The deaths were exacerbated by a typhus epidemic, which even struck Volin, resulting him in being captured by the Bolsheviks. But in October 1920, Pyotr Wrangel launched an offensive from Crimea, causing the Makhnovists to once again sign a truce with the Bolsheviks, on the conditions of their autonomy, the amnesty of all anarchist political prisoners and the right to freedom of speech. Upon recovery, Volin was released and returned to Kharkiv, where he resumed work for the Nabat and set about preparing for the slated All-Russian Anarchist Congress. Within the month, the Bolsheviks had reneged on the agreement. Following Wrangel's evacuation of the Crimea, the Makhnovist commanders were immediately shot by the Bolsheviks, Huliaipole was subsequently attacked by the Red Army and members of anarchist organizations throughout Ukraine were arrested by the Cheka. The remnants Insurgent Army retreated to Romania, with Makhno himself eventually making his way into exile in Paris. The power vacuum in Ukraine was definitively filled with the establishment of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, with the Red Army taking control of the Dnieper River basin by the end of 1921. Any remaining remnants of anarchism in Ukraine were suppressed, with many anarchists being imprisoned in the Gulag, and the New Economic Policy was implemented, transforming the Ukrainian SSR into a state-capitalist economy.	2.234375
7066267	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism%20in%20Ukraine	Anarchism in Ukraine	Following the dissolution of the Ukrainian People's Republic, many Ukrainian nationalist exiles experienced a sharp turn to right-wing politics, with a number even blaming Mykhailo Drahomanov's anarchist ideas for the Ukrainian defeat in the war of independence. During the war, antisemitic pogroms had caused the murder of tens of thousands of Jewish people, committed by all sides of the conflict. But it was Symon Petliura that was largely held responsible for the outbreak of violence, due to his position as chairman of the Ukrainian Directorate. While in exile in France, Petliura was assassinated by the Ukrainian Jewish anarchist Sholem Schwarzbard, who after a short trial was acquitted on all charges. Meanwhile, the exiled anarcho-communists began to have their own disagreements in their analysis of the revolution. In order to rectify what he perceived to be a generalized state of disorganization within the anarchist movement, Peter Arshinov founded the organizational tendency of platformism, which found the approval of Nestor Makhno. Volin and Mollie Fleshin were among those that led the split of the synthesis faction over this proposal, considering the aims of "the Platform" to be the creation of an anarchist vanguard party and the establishment of a state. Arshinov retorted that his Platform did not conflict with anarchism, but in fact advocated for decentralization and anti-authoritarian practices. Makhno also accused Volin of being an agent provacateur for the Bolsheviks, which only drew the rest of the exiled anarchist movement into conflict against platformism, with Alexander Berkman himself denouncing Arshinov as a Bolshevik. This accusation became reality in 1930, when Arshinov returned to the Soviet Union and joined the Communist Party. Arshinov would later disappear during the Great Purge, while Makhno and Volin both succumbed to tuberculosis in their Parisian exile.	1.90625

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