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2137315
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6ttstein
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Böttstein
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Geography
Böttstein has an area, , of . Of this area, or 34.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 35.1% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 20.8% is settled (buildings or roads), or 9.2% is either rivers or lakes and or 1.5% is unproductive land.
Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 3.6% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 8.9% and transportation infrastructure made up 4.0%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other special developed areas made up 3.1% of the area while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 1.1%. Out of the forested land, 32.8% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2.3% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 22.0% is used for growing crops and 9.9% is pastures, while 2.2% is used for orchards or vine crops. Of the water in the municipality, 3.6% is in lakes and 5.5% is in rivers and streams.
The municipality is located in the Zurzach district, on the left bank of the Aare river a few kilometers from its confluence. It consists of the villages of Böttstein and Kleindöttingen and the hamlets of Eien and Burlen.
Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Or Frete Gules and is based on the coat of arms of the Counts of Böttstein.
Demographics
Böttstein has a population () of . , 39.2% of the population are foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of 1.1%. Most of the population () speaks German (80.3%), with Italian being second most common ( 6.3%) and Albanian being third ( 4.3%).
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2137340
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watcher%20%28comics%29
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Watcher (comics)
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The Watchers are a race of fictional extraterrestrials appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They are commonly depicted as all-powerful beings who watch over the fictional multiverses and the stories that take place in them, and are not allowed to interact with other characters, though they have done so on several occasions, when the situation demanded it. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, the first Watcher to appear in the comics—named Uatu—debuted in Fantastic Four #13 (April 1963).
The Watchers have been featured in several forms of media outside of comics. In the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), they first appeared in the film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (2017); Uatu (voiced by Jeffrey Wright) has a main role in the Disney+ series, What If...? (2021).
Fictional history
The Watchers are one of the oldest species in the multiverse and are committed to observing and compiling knowledge on all aspects of the universe. This policy of total non-interference came into existence due to a former, well-meant attempt by the Watchers to bestow advanced knowledge on the Prosilicans, who used the nuclear technology gained to create weapons and destroy themselves. When the Watchers returned to Prosilicus, the survivors blamed them for causing the catastrophe by giving the Prosilicans nuclear technology before they were ready for it. The Watchers then took a vow never to interfere with other civilizations.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watcher%20%28comics%29
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Watcher (comics)
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The First Race
In the aftermath of the "Empyre" storyline, when the once pacifist plant-like aliens known as the Cotati were defeated after waging a war against Earth, the Kree and Skrulls, the Unseen uses his powers to inspect the weapons used by the Cotati, to find out that its from ancient technology that predates the Elders of the Universe, the Asgardians and even the Celestials. Once he realizes that it is from the ancient "First Race", the Unseen is overwhelmed with energy as a one-eyed Uatu is brought back to life. When the Unseen demands him to say something, all Uatu can say is "There shall be...a reckoning."
After using the Cyclopedia Universum to see everything that had happened during his absence including how Nick Fury became the Unseen, Uatu released Fury from his punishment and told him that the mysterious weapons used by the Cotati were indeed created using the Watchers technology. Uatu set out to prepare for an oncoming conflict, the return of "the First War", and enlisted Fury to act as his operative.
The First War
After Uatu realized that Watcher technology from "the First War" has spread all over the universe by a group called "The Reckoning", he summoned his brothers and sister to a meeting, as they included a clause in their sacred vow that it would be permissible to interfere should the Reckoning return. However, the Badoon were observing him and destroyed the moon, with Uatu and Fury on it. This ends up being the prelude of an invasion by the Badoon to Earth. As the moon's debris start raining down on Earth, the various Earth-based teams and heroes fight off the invasion and attempt to save the planet, while the Fantastic Four journey to space and find Fury, who reveals what's happening. This leads to Reed accessing the Cyclopedia Universum, which stores the knowledge of all the Watchers to learn more about the Reckoning and the Watchers themselves.
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2137359
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald%20Doherty
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Reginald Doherty
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Reginald "Reggie" or "R. F." Frank Doherty (14 October 1872 – 29 December 1910) was a British tennis player and the older brother of tennis player Laurence Doherty. He was known in the tennis world as "R.F." rather than "Reggie". He was a four-time Wimbledon singles champion and a triple Olympic Gold medalist in doubles and mixed doubles.
Early life
Doherty was born on 14 October 1872 at Beulah Villa in Wimbledon, the oldest son of William Doherty, a printer, and his wife Catherine Ann Davis. Doherty began tennis early in life and as a boy at Westminster School showed great promise. At age 14, he won the boys' singles title at an open championship in Llandudno. Doherty was educated at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he played for the Cambridge University Lawn Tennis Club. In 1895 and 1895, he was part of the Cambridge team that beat Oxford and won the Scottish and Essex championships.
Career
Grand Slam tournaments
Doherty played in his first Wimbledon Championships in 1894 and lost in the first round to Clement Cazalet in four sets. In 1897 Doherty won his first singles Wimbledon title after beating reigning champion Harold Mahony in three straight sets (6–4, 6–4, 6–3). He successfully defended his title for the next three years (1898, 1899, 1900). In 1898 he did so by beating his brother in the Challenge Round in five sets (6–3, 6–3, 2–6, 5–7, 6–1). In 1901 he finally lost his Wimbledon crown when he was defeated in the Challenge Round by Arthur Gore in four sets (6–4, 5–7, 4–6, 4–6). He was also a runner-up at the US Championships in 1902 where he was beaten by the defending American champion William Larned in four sets (6–4, 2–6, 4–6, 6–8). Together with his brother Laurie he won eight Wimbledon Championships doubles titles and two US Championship doubles titles.
Davis Cup
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2137362
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puss%20Gets%20the%20Boot
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Puss Gets the Boot
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Puss Gets the Boot is a 1940 American animated short film and the first short in what would become the Tom and Jerry cartoon series, though neither are yet referred to by these names. It was directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera, and produced by Rudolf Ising. It is based on the Aesop's Fable, The Cat and the Mice. As was the practice of MGM shorts at the time, only Rudolf Ising is credited. It was released to theaters on February 10, 1940, by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.
In the first short, the cat is named Jasper, and appears to be a scruffy, battle-hardened street cat, more malicious than the character that Tom would develop into over time. The unnamed mouse (named Jinx during the pre-production) is similar to who would become the Jerry character, albeit slightly thinner. The basic premise is the one that would become familiar to audiences; in The Art of Hanna-Barbera, Ted Sennett sums it up as "cat stalks and chases mouse in a frenzy of mayhem and slapstick violence". Though the studio executives were unimpressed, audiences loved the film and it was nominated for an Academy Award. This short ultimately lost to The Milky Way (1940 film), a MGM short about three kittens who lost their mittens and were forced to go to bed without their dinner of milk.
Plot
A cat named Jasper takes great pleasure in tormenting a nameless mouse, who is trying to run away while he keeps grabbing the tail to keep him from running anywhere. Eventually, the mouse breaks free but goes into Jasper's mouth, narrowly escaping. Jasper then draws a hole on the wall to trick the mouse into entering it. The mouse bangs against the wall so hard that it knocks him out. Jasper revives him using water from the fish tank and picks him up. Having slowly realized the situation, the mouse punches Jasper in the eye, causing him to yelp and screech in pain. The angry cat chases the mouse and accidentally bumps into a Greek pillar, where it breaks upon falling onto him along with the flowerpot that was standing on it.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puss%20Gets%20the%20Boot
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Puss Gets the Boot
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The maid once again enters the room in frustration just as the mouse swims in Jasper's milk bowl, uses his tail as a towel and finally kicks Jasper, causing him to drop all of the dishes, creating a huge mess and framing him for making it. The mouse flees the scene and dives into his hole just as the maid hits Jasper with a broom, throws him out of the house and slams the door shut. As Jasper is dragged away, the mouse waves to him, sticks his tongue out, puts a HOME SWEET HOME sign (seen earlier in the hole on the wall trick) in front of his hole, and enters it.
Production and release
In June 1937, animator and storyman Joseph Barbera began to work for the Ising animation unit at MGM, then the largest studio in Hollywood. He learned that co-owner Louis B. Mayer wished to boost the animation department by encouraging the artists to develop some new cartoon characters, following the lack of success with its earlier cartoon series based on The Captain and the Kids comic strip. Barbera then teamed with fellow Ising unit animator and director William Hanna and pitched new ideas, among them was the concept of two "equal characters who were always in conflict with each other". An early thought involved a fox and a dog before they settled on a cat and mouse. The pair discussed their ideas with producer Fred Quimby, then the head of the short film department who, despite a lack of interest in it, gave them the green-light to produce one cartoon short.
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2137365
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfitz%20Ulfeldt
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Corfitz Ulfeldt
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Count Corfits Ulfeldt (10 July 1606 – 20 February 1664) was a Danish statesman known for his collaboration with Sweden during and after the 1657-1658 Dano-Swedish War, for which he is often considered traitorous.
Early life
Ulfeldt was the son of the chancellor Jacob Ulfeldt. He was educated abroad, concluding with one year under Cesare Cremonini at Padua. He returned to Denmark in 1629.
Rise to power
Upon his return to Denmark, Ulfeldt quickly won the favor of King Christian IV. In 1634 he was made a Knight of the Order of the Elephant, in 1636 became Councillor of State, in 1637 Governor of Copenhagen, and in 1643 Steward of the Realm.
In 1637 Ulfeldt married Leonora Christina (1621–1698) who was the daughter of the King. She had been betrothed to him since her ninth year. Ulfeldt was the most striking personality at the Danish court in all superficial accomplishments, but his character was marked by ambition, avarice and absolute lack of honor or conscience. He was largely responsible for the disasters of the Swedish war of 1643-45, and when the Treaty of Brömsebro was signed there was a violent scene between him and the King, though Ulfeldt's resignation was not accepted.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfitz%20Ulfeldt
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Corfitz Ulfeldt
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In December 1646 he was sent as ambassador extraordinary to the Hague, but the results of his embassy by no means corresponded to its costliness, and when he returned to Denmark in July 1647 he found the king profoundly irritated. Ulfeldt, supported by the Rigsråd and the nobility, who objected to Christian's fiscal policy, resisted his father-in-law, and triumphed completely. As Steward of the Realm he was the virtual ruler of Denmark during the two months which elapsed between the death of Christian IV and the election of Frederick III (6 July 1648); but the new king was by no means disposed to tolerate the outrageous usurpations of Ulfeldt and his wife, and this antagonism was still further complicated by allegations of a plot (ultimately proven to be false, but believed at the time to be true) on the part of Dina Vinhofvers, a former mistress of Ulfeldt, to poison the royal family. Dina was convicted of perjury and executed, but Ulfeldt no longer felt secure at Copenhagen, and on the day after the execution he secretly left Denmark (14 July 1651) with his family.
Treason
After living for a time in concealment at Amsterdam, Ulfeldt moved to Stralsund in Swedish Pomerania. In the Dano-Swedish War of 1657 and 1658, King Charles X Gustav of Sweden invaded Denmark, Sweden's deadliest foe at the time. In July 1657, Ulfeldt responded to the King's invitation to enter his service. Ulfeldt's purpose was twofold: humiliate his monarch and secure a personal fortune. During Charles X's march across the Belts, Ulfeldt persuaded the commandant of Nakskov (a strategically crucial fortress) to surrender to the Swedish king's forces, and did his best to convince his countrymen that resistance was useless. He even loaned the Swedish king a fortune to finance the war with money that, it is believed, was embezzled from the Danish state. Finally, as one of the Swedish negotiators at the Treaty of Taastrup, he was instrumental in assuring the humiliation of his native land.
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2137365
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corfitz%20Ulfeldt
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Corfitz Ulfeldt
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Ulfeldt's treason was rewarded by Charles X of Sweden with ennoblement as the Count of Sölvesborg in Blekinge; however a discontented Ulfeldt instead began intriguing against his new master. He was soon discovered, and in May 1659 was sentenced to death. On 7 July the Swedish regents amnestied him, and he returned to Copenhagen to try to make his peace with his lawful sovereign, who promptly imprisoned him and his wife. In the summer of 1660 they were conveyed to Hammershus in Bornholm, as prisoners of state.
Later life
Their captivity was severe to brutal and they were released in September 1661 in the most degrading conditions. The fallen magnate henceforth dreamed of nothing but revenge, and in the course of 1662, during his residence at Bruges, he offered the Danish-Norwegian crown to the Frederick William I, Elector of Brandenburg, proposing to raise a rebellion in Denmark for that purpose. Frederick William betrayed Ulfeldt's treason to Frederick III, and the Danish government at once impeached the traitor; on 24 July 1663, he and his children were degraded, his property was confiscated, and he was condemned to be beheaded and quartered.
He escaped from the country, but the sentence was actually carried out on his effigy; and a pillory was erected on the ruins of his mansion at Copenhagen. During a new flight, he died in February 1664 in a boat on the Rhine not far from Basel. The circumstances of his death and his final resting place are not known.
Legacy
To posterity Corfits Ulfeldt has stood as the prototype of a traitor in Danish history. In addition, modern historians have been liable to view him as a highly mentally unstable man whose lust for power ended in megalomania and insanity.
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2137368
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Milky%20Way%20%281940%20film%29
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The Milky Way (1940 film)
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The Milky Way is a one-reel animated cartoon short subject, produced in Technicolor and released to theatres with the film The Captain Is a Lady in 1940 by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The short (produced and directed by Rudolf Ising and co-produced by Fred Quimby with the voice of Bernice Hansen as the kittens and their mother, and musical supervision by Scott Bradley) explores the adventures of the "three little kittens who lost their mittens", as they explore a dreamland where space is made up entirely of dairy products (for example, the Milky Way is made of milk and the Moon is made of green cheese). The short won the 1940 Oscar for Best Animated Short Film, and was the first non-Disney film to do so. Other shorts nominated in 1940 included A Wild Hare by Warner Bros., introducing Bugs Bunny, and another MGM cartoon Puss Gets the Boot, with Jasper & Jinx, the prototype for Tom and Jerry. This makes 1940 the first time a Disney film wasn't even nominated for the award. It was added as a bonus feature in the Marx Bros. DVD release of Go West (1940) and Warner Archive Blu-ray release of Broadway Melody of 1940 (1940).
Plot
Three kittens, denied milk as punishment for losing their mittens after playing out in the snow, sail up into the Milky Way in a basket lifted by three helium balloons. Their space flight takes them past the Moon, the planet Mars, the Big Dipper, and the Little Dipper, until they reach their destination: the Milky Way.
Once in the Milky Way, they find it a land of natural milk springs and geysers. The kittens proceed to happily gorge themselves on milk, until they get into trouble and risk falling back down to Earth. However, it is then revealed that the whole event was imagined. Their mother comes in to their bedroom to invite them down for supper. The kittens rush excitedly into the kitchen, only to be sickened to see that their supper is milk.
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2137376
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMGN
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HMGN
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HMGN (High Mobility Group Nucleosome-binding) proteins are members of the broader class of high mobility group (HMG) chromosomal proteins that are involved in regulation of transcription, replication, recombination, and DNA repair.
HMGN1 and HMGN2 (initially designated HMG-14 and HMG-17 respectively) were discovered by E.W. Johns research group in the early 1970s. HMGN3, HMGN4, and HMGN5 were discovered later and are less abundant. HMGNs are nucleosome binding proteins that help in transcription, replication, recombination, and DNA repair. They can also alter the chromatin epigenetic landscape, helping to stabilize cell identity. There is still relatively little known about their structure and function. HMGN proteins are found in all vertebrates, and play a role in chromatin structure and histone modification. HMGNs come in long chains of amino acids, containing around 100 for HMGN1-4, and roughly 200 in HMGN5. Recent research on the HMGN family is focused on their effect on cell identity, and how reduction of HMGNs relates to induced reprogramming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs).
Function
Much of the research that has been done HMGN proteins have been done in vitro, while there is relatively little on the in vivo function and roles of HMGN proteins.
Due to these proteins being predominantly found in higher eukaryotes, the use of microorganisms and other lower eukaryotes has deemed insufficient to determine the in vivo roles of HMGN proteins. A study was done with knockout mice to see the effect if any that HMGN proteins play on a full organism level. This resulted in the mice showing increasing sensitivity to UV radiation when having less than normal levels of HMGN(2). This would indicate that HMGN might facilitate repair of UV damage. The same increase in sensitivity was observed in mice when exposed to gamma radiation, however the cellular processes that repair DNA in either case are drastically different, leading to an inconclusive state whether HMGN proteins facilitate DNA repair in vivo.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMGN
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HMGN
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HMGN1 and HMGN2 do not co-localize within living cells. This is indication of possible different roles of each HMGN.
Family
HMGN proteins are part of broader group of proteins referred to as High Mobility group chromosomal (HMG) proteins. This larger group was named this for their high electrophoretic mobility in polyacrylamide gels and is differentiated into 3 distinct but related groups, one of them being HMGN proteins. HMGN family can be further divided into specific proteins, these being HMGN1, HMGN2, HMGN3, HMGN4, and HMGN5. The overall sizes of the proteins vary to each specific one, but HMGN1-4 average 100 amino acids. Whereas the larger HMGN5 proteins are 300+ amino acids long in mice and roughly 200 in length for humans.
HMGN 1 and HMGN 2
HMGN1 and HMGN2 are among the most common of the HMGN proteins. The main purpose and function are reducing the compaction of the cellular chromatin by nucleosome binding. NMR evidence shows that reducing compaction occurs when the proteins targets the main elements that are responsible for the compactions of the chromatin. These have an expression rates that correlate to the differentiation of the cells it is present in. Areas that have experienced differentiation have reduced expression levels in comparison to undifferentiated areas, where HMGN1 and HMGN2 are highly expressed.
HMGN 3
HMGN3 has two variants, HMGN3a and HMGN3b. Unlike the HMGN1 and HMGN2 proteins, both forms of HMGN3 tend to be tissue and development specific. They are only expressed in certain tissues at specific developmental stages. There is no preference to a certain tissue given by the two variants of the HMGN3 proteins. There is equal likelihood that either be present in a certain highly expressed HMGN3 tissue. The brain and the eyes in particular are areas that HMGN3 is heavily expressed as well as in adult pancreatic islet cells. It has been shown that the loss of HMGN3 in mice has led to a mild onset of diabetes due to ineffective insulin secretion.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMGN
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HMGN
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HMGN 4
The discovery of HMGN4 was done by GenBank during a database search and identified it as a "new HMGN2 like transcript", indicating that HMGN4 is closely related to HMGN2. There has been very little research done on HMGN4 proteins. The gene associated with the production of the HMGN4 is located in a region associated with schizophrenia on chromosome 6. Until this point every kind of HMGN has been identified in the vertebrates, but HMGN4 has only been seen and identified in primates. Within humans, HMGN4 has shown high levels of expression in the thyroid, thymus and the lymph nodes.
HMGN 5
The most recent addition to the HMGN protein family is of HMGN5. It is larger than the previous HMGNs, containing 300+ amino acids, due to a long C-terminal domain that varies with species, explaining why mice and humans have a different size of HMGN5. Its biological function is unknown but has shown expression in placental development. There have also been cases where HMGN5 was present in human tumors including, prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, etc. For this reason, it is thought that HMGN5 might have some link to cancer and might be a potential target for cancer therapy in the future.
Binding of HMGN proteins to chromatin
The location of HMGN during mitosis is the subject of several studies. It is very difficult to date their intra-nuclear organization during the various stages of cell cycle. There is a superfamily of abundance and ubiquitous nuclear proteins that bind to chromatin without any known DNA sequence, which is composed of HMGA, HMBG, and HMGN families. HMGA is associated with chromatin throughout the cell cycle, located in the scaffold of the metaphase chromosome. Both HMGB and HMGN are associated with the mitotic chromosome. The interactions of all HMGs with chromatin is highly dynamic, proteins move constantly throughout the nucleus.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMGN
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HMGN
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This is described as functional compensation since both HMGN1 and HMGN2 are only slightly different in terms of protein structure and essentially do the same thing. They have largely the same affinity for nucleosomal binding sites. That means a lot of times if HMGN1 is absent, HMGN2 can fill in and vis versa. Using ChIP-seq it was found in mice chromosomes there were 16.5K sites were both HMGN1&2 could bind, 14.6K sites that had HMGN1 preference and only 6.4K sites that had HMGN2 preference. Differences in HMGN1 and HMGN2 activity are pronounced in the brain, thymus, liver, and spleen suggesting HMGN variants also have specialized roles in addition to their overlapping functionality.
Eye development
This overlapping functionality may seem redundant or even deleterious, however these proteins are integral to various cellular processes, especially differentiation and embryogenesis as it provides a means for dynamic chromatin modeling. For example, in mice embryo, during ocular development HMGN1,2&3. HMGN1 expression is elevated during initial stages of eye development in progenitor cells, but is decreased in newly formed and fated cells, such as lens fiber cells. HMGN2 in contrast stays elevated in both embryonic and adult eye cells. HMGN3 was found to be especially elevated at 2 weeks (for an adult mouse) in the inner nuclear and ganglion cells. This shows there is an uneven distribution of HMGNs in pre-fated and adult cells.
Brain / CNS development
In human brain development HMGNs have been shown to be a critical component of neural differentiation and are elevated in neural stem cells (neural progenitor cells). For example, in a knock down study, loss of HMGN1,2&3 resulted in lower population of astrocyte cells and higher population of neural progenitor cells.
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2137392
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques%20H%C3%A9bert%20%28Canadian%20politician%29
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Jacques Hébert (Canadian politician)
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Jacques Hébert, (June 21, 1923 – December 6, 2007) was a Canadian author, journalist, publisher, Senator and world traveller who visited more than 130 countries.
History
Born in Montreal, Quebec, Jacques Hébert began attending Saint Dunstan's University in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island at age 16. He served as a journalist for the newspaper Le Devoir from 1951 to 1953 and created the publishing companies Éditions de l'Homme in 1958 and Éditions du Jour in 1961.
He was a reporter during the Wilbert Coffin trial in 1954 and he later published two books on the subject: Coffin était innocent (1958) and J'accuse les assassins de Coffin (1963). The latter book caused such controversy that the provincial government established a Commission of Inquiry into the case.
Hébert was a close friend of Pierre Trudeau and travelled with him to the People's Republic of China in 1960 in the midst of the Great Leap Forward. The two met both Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai and recorded their observations in the book Deux innocents en Chine rouge (1961). The book was published in English as Two Innocents in Red China in 1968. A Chinese-language version was published in China in 2005 - Hébert attended the launch in Shanghai with Alexandre Trudeau.
In 1971, Hébert founded Canada World Youth, an organization that expands "the role of youth in developing their communities and promoting world peace".
He was appointed to the Senate on April 20, 1983, representing the senatorial division of Wellington, Quebec, and retired at the mandatory age of 75 in 1998. From 1991 to 1993 he was the Opposition Whip in the Senate and from 1993 to 1998 he was the Government Whip in the Senate.
In 1986, he went on a hunger strike for 21 days to protest a decision by the Progressive Conservative government to end the Katimavik program for Canadian youth, which he created in 1977.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinji%20Mikami
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Shinji Mikami
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His application was rejected at the screening process, then approved one week later. He joined Capcom in 1990 as a junior game designer, Mikami and fellow new hires were sent to a warehouse and ordered to "think hard about game design", then left unsupervised for the entire day. After a few months of just doing that, he was suddenly placed on a team and given a leadership position despite knowing nothing about game development.
His first title, a quiz game for the Game Boy titled Capcom Quiz: Hatena? no Daibōken, was made in three months. His three subsequent releases were all based on Disney-licensed properties: Who Framed Roger Rabbit for the Game Boy, and Aladdin and Goof Troop for the Super NES. Aladdin was his first hit, selling over 1.75 million units worldwide. Mikami also worked on Super Lap, an unreleased F1 racing game for the Game Boy that was scheduled to be released in 1992, but was canceled after eight months of development.
Mikami learned by observing his seniors; whenever he showed them his game design documents, they called his work "uninteresting" without giving any advice. He found this environment comfortable, since it engendered independence and freedom of thought. To Mikami, the art of game making was instilled in him by Tokuro Fujiwara.
Resident Evil (1993–1996)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snip-snap-snorum
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Snip-snap-snorum
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Snip-snap-snorum, or snip-snap-snorem (sometimes unhyphenated), is a matching-type card game, mostly played by children, and has several variants. The game dates to at least the 17th century in Franconia, and probably derives from a more ancient drinking and gambling game. References to "snip, snap, snorum", which seems to be the original English spelling, go back to at least 1755.
History
The game is mentioned in a Franconian publication as early as 1650 under the name 'Schnip, Schnap, Schnurr und Schnepepperling. A 1755 edition of The Connoisseur newspaper mentions snip-snap-snorum being played in Wiltshire, the author recounting a visit where a group of "country girls and cherry-cheeked bumkins" played the game around a large table as part of a Christmas tradition, along with the card game Pope Joan. The game is mentioned in Christopher Smart's 1767 translation of the works of Horace, where he adds a footnote to his translated text "After this fare we had a play, To take our glass in turn, or pay", noting that he regards this as "a game like snip, snap, snorum." The game is mentioned by the English novelist Frances Burney in 1782.
The game appears, as Chnif Chnof Chnorum, in 1782 and 1790 in France. Vilmar describes it as a children's game popular in the early 19th century in Germany, the original and proper name of which was Schnipp, Schnapp, Schnorum, Apostelorum although the last word, which means "of the apostles" became corrupted to the meaningless word, "Basalorum". Five villages in 19th-century Sweden were named after the Swedish equivalent, Snipp, snapp, snorum, hej basalorum: Snipp, Snapp, Snorum, Hej and Basalorum.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snip-snap-snorum
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Snip-snap-snorum
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The game
There are several methods of playing the game, but in the most common a full whist pack is used and any number of players may take part. The pack is dealt, one card at a time, and the eldest hand places upon the table any card of his choosing. Each player in his turn then tries to match the card played just before his; playing it while saying one of the prescribed words: "Snip!", "Snap!" or "Snorem!" in sequence. Thus, if a king is played, the next player lays down another king (if one is in-hand) calling out "Snip!". The next player may lay down the third king if available, saying "Snap!", and the next the fourth king with the word "Snorem!". A player not being able to pair the card played may not discard, and the holder of snorem has the privilege of beginning the next round. The player who gets rid of all cards in-hand first wins a counter from the other players for each card still held by them.
Variations
Earl of Coventry
The game is recorded as early as 1821 being played in Suffolk, England, as Mayor of Coventry. Normally called Earl of Coventry, it is just the same as Snip-Snap-Snorum, but played without counters for a simple win. The leader says "There's as good a 6 can be" (if they had played a six). The second player says "There's a 6 as good as he", the third "There's the best of all the three", and the fourth "And there's the Earl of Coventry". Optionally, players may be required to make a different rhyming statement every time they play a fourth card.
Jig
A related game called jig is somewhat a cross between snip-snap and stops, in that the aim of succeeding players is not to match rank but to play the next higher card of the same suit, from ace low to king high.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve%20Collins
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Steve Collins
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Stephen Collins (born 21 July 1964) is an Irish former professional boxer who competed from 1986 to 1997. Known as the Celtic Warrior, Collins is the most successful male Irish boxer in recent professional boxing history, having held the WBO middleweight and super-middleweight titles simultaneously and never losing a fight as champion.
Collins's first nineteen professional fights all took place in the United States. In 1988 he won the Irish middleweight title, and the regional American USBA middleweight title the following year, defending the latter successfully in Atlantic City and Las Vegas. In his first two world championship challenges, both for the WBA middleweight title, Collins lost a close decision to Mike McCallum in 1990 and a majority decision to Reggie Johnson in 1992. He also challenged unsuccessfully for the European middleweight title later in 1992, losing a controversial decision to Sumbu Kalambay in Italy.
It was not until Collins reached his early 30s that he fulfilled his potential, becoming WBO middleweight champion in his third world title attempt with a fifth-round TKO victory over Chris Pyatt in 1994, before then moving up in weight to defeat the undefeated Chris Eubank and claim the WBO super-middleweight title in 1995. More success followed, as Collins successfully defended his title by winning the rematch against Eubank later in the year. Collins successfully defended his title another six times before pulling out of a proposed fight in October 1997 against rising Welsh star, Joe Calzaghe, and retiring from the sport, with Collins frustrated by his inability to get a fight against the pound for pound number one boxer of the time, Roy Jones Jr., who was then fighting in the light-heavyweight division.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary%20Board%20of%20Education
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Calgary Board of Education
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Calgary School District No. 19 or the Calgary Board of Education (CBE) is the public school board in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. As a public system, the CBE is required to accept any students who meet age and residency requirements, regardless of religion. Calgary Board of Education (CBE) was founded in 1885 as the Calgary Protestant Public School District No. 19.
Size
The CBE is the largest school board in Alberta, and over twice the size of the other major school district board in Calgary, the Calgary Catholic School District (CCSD), which teaches mainly Catholic students. The other two districts based in the city, both Francophone, are a fraction of the size of the CBE with only a handful of schools each. In land area, the CBE is the smallest of the four Calgary districts, as its territory is limited to the municipal limits of Calgary (although its area is only slightly smaller than that of the CCSD). As the city limits have expanded, the CBE boundary has remained in sync. All CBE land overlaps the other three districts.
The CBE operates 251 schools in grades K-12. Total student enrolment is around 138,000 students. For context, that is larger than the entire population of Red Deer, Alberta. The operating budget is $1.62 billion for the 2024/25 school year, which has increased by $120 million from the 2023/24 school year.
Governance
A group of seven elected trustees govern the CBE. Each trustee represents two wards in the city. They are elected every four years, in the regular municipal election. In the election, Calgary voters can only vote for a trustee to one (not both) of the two main school boards. The last election was in October 2021. Trustee Patricia Bolger was elected Chair of the Board of Trustees by her fellow Trustees in June 2024 at an organizational meeting to confirm committee appointments for the following year. The public (CBE) and Catholic (CCSD) systems operate independently of each other, and are both under the direct authority of the provincial government of Alberta.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary%20Board%20of%20Education
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Calgary Board of Education
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Board history
Taxing powers were stripped from boards by the Government of Alberta back in the 1990s.
The CBE Board of Trustees was dismissed by the Government of Alberta in 1999, when Danielle Smith was the Chair of the Board of Trustees. It was dismissed after being deemed dysfunctional by the province. An election was held in 1999 to replace the Board.
Long-serving Trustee and Chair of the Board, Pat Cochrane declined to run in the 2013 municipal elections. Cochrane was first elected in 1999 and has devoted much effort and time to the causes of Public Education. Fellow trustee George Lane was defeated by a wide margin in Wards 6 & 7.
For several election cycles, among the many candidates running on a platform of strengthening the CBE, there have also been candidates running on a platform of taking down the CBE and weakening the public education system to increase government funding for private options (which include private schools and charter schools). Some of these candidates have run as individuals and some have run as part of a slate of candidates. In the 2017 election, two members of the Students Count slate were elected and one, Lisa Davis, resigned before her term was ended and co-founded a charter school shortly after that duplicates existing CBE offerings. In the 2021 election, the take-down-the-CBE slate was called "Take Back the CBE". None of the candidates running on a platform of weakening the CBE were elected in the 2021 election.
Special programs
The CBE operates a number of special programs, usually, but not always operated out of regular schools (with regular instruction).
The CBE operates an adult and continuing education program through Chinook Learning Services. It offers High School Upgrading, Continuing Education and adult English as a Second Language (ESL) programs.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary%20Board%20of%20Education
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Calgary Board of Education
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The Louise Dean Centre is a school specifically designed for female students who become pregnant before completing high school. It provides daycare for the children, flexible schedules for the students, and special counseling.
The CBE's Gifted and Talented Education (GATE) program assists qualified students with more advanced instruction. GATE compacts and accelerates the typical curriculum. It also provides extra experts and mentors. Currently, nine CBE schools offer the GATE program.
In 2003, the CBE opened the board's only all-female school, Alice Jamieson Girls' Academy. In the same year, over the board's objections, the Calgary Girls' School (CGS) public charter school was also opened; but as a charter school, CGS is run independently of the CBE. Both schools teach grades 4-9, and are founded on the premise that girls learn differently from boys, and will under-perform for social reasons when in the presence of male peers.
In 2011, the CBE opened the board's first all-male alternative program, based in the Sir James Lougheed School. The program teaches grades K-5, and similar to the all-girls schools - the program is founded on the premise that boys learn differently from girls, and they may behave differently in order to meet "macho" expectations, and that they require a more active, hands-on teaching style.
French as the primary language of instruction
The board also operates a French immersion program in a limited number of schools. The program is geared mainly toward English-speaking families who wish their children to become fully fluent in French. It offers early and late immersion programs.
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2137458
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelers%20Rest%20%28Toccoa%2C%20Georgia%29
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Travelers Rest (Toccoa, Georgia)
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Travelers Rest State Historic Site is a state-run historic site near Toccoa, Georgia, United States. Its centerpiece is Traveler's Rest, an early tavern and inn. It was designated a National Historic Landmark on January 29, 1964, for its architecture as a well-preserved 19th-century tavern, and for its role in the early settlement of northeastern Georgia by European Americans.
Description and history
Travelers Rest is about 6 miles (10 km) east of Toccoa, Georgia, near the Tugaloo River, on Riverdale Road just north of United States Route 123. It was built upon historic Cherokee land close to the former Cherokee town of Tugaloo, which is now inundated by Lake Hartwell.
The state granted the land to Major Jesse Walton in 1785 in lieu of payment for his service in the Revolutionary War. Walton, a veteran and political leader, was killed by Cherokee near here in 1789, who resisted encroachment by European Americans.
The Walton family sold the land to James Rutherford Wyly, who built the main part of the house between 1816 and 1825. Wyly opened the house as an inn for travelers on the newly constructed Unicoi Turnpike. Devereaux Jarrett bought the house on August 21, 1838, and made it the headquarters of his vast, plantation, which he developed with enslaved labor for the cultivation of cotton as a commodity crop. Jarrett also added to the original structure and opened the tavern/inn to the public.
Due to the growing population and increased through traffic, the structure served as an inn, trading post, and post office. While the ten-room house was serving the public, it entertained many illustrious travelers. The Jarrett account books, which doubled as hotel registers, include the name of George William Featherstonhaugh, an English scientist and author.
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2137463
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakun%2C%20Benguet
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Bakun, Benguet
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Bakun, officially the Municipality of Bakun, (; ), is a municipality in the province of Benguet, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 14,535 people.
History
During the Spanish Period, Bakun was a rancheria of the Commandancia Politico-Militar de Amburayan. Ampusongan (currently a barangay of Bakun) was a rancheria of the Commandancia Politico Militar de Tiagan, Distrito de Benguet.
When the United States took control of the Philippines, the American Congress issued Act No. 48 in November 1900, placing Bakun under the province of Amburayan, and Ampusongan under the province of Benguet. On August 13, 1908, Benguet became a subprovince of the newly established Mountain Province with the enactment of Act No. 1876, and the municipal districts of Bakun and Ampusongan became part of the subprovince.
In 1917, the Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes recommended that the western border of the Mountain Province be pushed eastward, such that the entire subprovince of Amburayan and large slices of Lepanto and Benguet would be made part of Ilocos Sur and La Union. In early 1937, Ampusongan was merged with Bakun, the latter carrying the name of the township while the former became a barangay. The issuance of Republic Act No. 4695 in 1966 included Bakun as a regular municipality in the newly created province of Benguet.
Geography
Bakun is located at , at the northwestern tip of Benguet. It is bounded by Mankayan on the east, Buguias on the southeast, Kibungan on the south, Sugpon on the south-west, Alilem on the north-west, and Cervantes on the north.
According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of constituting of the total area of Benguet.
Bakun is from Manila, from La Trinidad, from Baguio, from Buguias, and from Atok.
Barangays
Bakun is politically subdivided into 7 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.
Climate
Demographics
In the 2020 census, Bakun had a population of 14,535. The population density was .
Economy
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2137465
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buguias
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Buguias
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Buguias, officially the Municipality of Buguias, (; ), is a municipality in the province of Benguet, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 44,877 people. The municipality is home to the mummy of Apo Anno, one of the most revered and important folk hero in Benguet prior to Spanish arrival.
Etymology
According to folklore, Buguias got its name from the word bugas (or begas) which means "rice".
Another version of its origin would be an Igorot settlement during the pre-Spanish time called Bogey-yas, which was modernized and spelled as Buguias by Spanish authorities.
History
Pre-colonial era
Nabalicong village in Barangay Natubleng was the center of the area's cultural and political domains prior to Spanish colonization. In the 12th century, a folk hero, known as Apo Anno, lived with the people of the area and was a spiritual leader, hunter, and demigod. The people believed Apo Anno was a son of a Benguet goddess. His body was filled with tattoos, symbolizing his high status in the community. During his protectorate of the domain, prosperity spurred. He died before the arrival of the Spaniards, and thus, was given mummification and death rites in the traditional way.
Spanish period
The arrival of Spanish colonizers in Buguias were primarily due to the construction of Spanish trails leading to the mountain region. Buguias and Loo were two separate rancherias during the Spanish Regime.
American period
During the American rule, Buguias was established as one of the 19 townships of the province of Benguet, upon the issuance of Act No. 48 by the Philippine Commission on November 22, 1900.
On November 23, 1900, the township of Loo was abolished and integrated into the township of Buguias with the issuance of Act No. 49. On August 13, 1908, Benguet was established as a sub-province of the newly created Mountain Province with the enactment of Act No. 1876. As a result, six townships of Benguet were abolished, but Buguias remained a constituent town of Benguet sub-province.
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2137467
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabayan%2C%20Benguet
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Kabayan, Benguet
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Kabayan, officially the Municipality of Kabayan (; ), is a municipality in the province of Benguet, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 15,806 people.
Kabayan is the site of centuries-old Ibaloi mummies buried inside caves scattered around its villages.
The third highest mountain in the Philippines, Mount Pulag, is located in the territorial boundary of the vegetable farming town.
Etymology
The name Kabayan was derived from the term Kaba-ayan, from the Ibaloi word ba-ay, a root crop vine thriving in the place. Most of the early Ibaloi settlements, in the area, which include Eddet and Duacan, were named after grasses in the heavily forested area.
History
Pre-colonial period
The first Ibaloi settlers in Benguet arrived at Imbose (or Embosi), located in present-day Kabayan.
Mummification of the dead was practiced long before Spanish colonizers reached the place.
Spanish period
In the late 1800s, Spanish colonizers reached Kabayan via trails constructed throughout the mountain region. Organized into three rancherias, namely Adaoay, Kabayan, and Lutab (or Dutab), Kabayan was registered under the comandancia politico-militar of Benguet in 1846. Lutab (currently barangay Poblacion or Kabayan Central) was later integrated into the Kabayan rancheria.
The practice of mummification of the dead would be discouraged by the Spaniards, until it would die out.
American period
During the American rule, Kabayan and Adaoay were established as two of the 19 townships of the province of Benguet, upon the issuance of Act No. 48 by the Philippine Commission on November 22, 1900.
On August 13, 1908, Benguet would be established with the enactment of Act No. 1876 as a sub-province of the newly created Mountain Province. Six townships of Benguet were later abolished, including Adaoay, which was integrated into the township of Kabayan.
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2137471
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibungan
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Kibungan
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Kibungan, officially the Municipality of Kibungan (; ), is a municipality in the province of Benguet, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 17,051 people.
Geography
Kibungan is at the northwestern section of Benguet. It is bounded by Bakun on the north, Buguias on the mid-east, Kabayan on the southeast, Atok and Kapangan on the south, and Sugpon on the mid-west.
According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of constituting of the total area of Benguet.
Kibungan has seven barangays namely; Sagpat, Poblacion, Palina, Tacadang, Madaymen, Badeo, and Lubo. Barangay Sagpat and Lubo produces sayote as their main crop, sayote was tagged the "hanging gold". Barangay Madaymen and Palina also produces varieties of vegetables like cabbage, potatoes, carrots, and more. Barangay Tacadang and Badeo is not accessible by vehicle because of the rocky mountains and its hard to construct road.
Kibungan is known in the province of Benguet as the town with unique mountains often mistaken to resemble those of Switzerland. Deep ravines and cliffs separate and isolate many sitios and some barangays. Although some plateaus, hills and small valleys can be seen in the locality, Kibungan is dominantly mountainous.
The municipality is within a cool highland mountainous zone with elevations at more than above sea level. During its coolest months of December to January, Barangay Madaymen experiences chilling temperature of , causing the famous Frost of Madaymen.
The municipality is located north of Baguio, from La Trinidad, and from Manila.
Barangays
Kibungan is politically subdivided into 7 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.
Climate
Demographics
In the 2020 census, Kibungan had a population of 17,051. The population density was .
Economy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mankayan
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Mankayan
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Mankayan, officially the Municipality of Mankayan (; ), is a municipality in the province of Benguet, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 37,233 people.
The municipality is known as a mining town, being the location of several mines, including the Lepanto Consolidated Mining Company.
Etymology
The name "Mankayan" is derived from Nancayan, the Hispanic term of the native name of the place, Nangkayang (which means "high up in the mountain").
History
Pre-colonial period
Nangkayang was once a heavily forested area. The natives of the surrounding settlements of Panat and Bag-ongan mined gold through the labon system, after its reported discovery in a river. Copper was later discovered by the end of the 16th century in Kamangga-an (location of present-day Lepanto).
Spanish period
By the 1800s, the Spanish colonial government sent expeditions to survey the mines. On February 3, 1850, an expedition led by engineer Don Antonio Hernandez confirmed the presence of copper in Mankayan.
In 1852, Lepanto was established by the Spanish as a comandancia politico-militar, composed of several rancherias which included Mankayan.
Seven different mines were discovered in the Mankayan-Suyoc region during Admiral Pedro Durán de Monforte's 1667 expedition, and Simón de Anda's administration (1770–1776) mentioned Igorot copperware. In 1833, Galvey sent ore samples from Gambang ("copper"), Suyoc, and Mankayan, to the governor. The first Spanish mining claim on the Cordillera was made by Tomás Balbas y Castro on 26 March 1856, and established a mining company called the Sociedad Minero-Metalurgica Cantabro Filipino de Mancayan. The company ceased operations in 1875.
American period
Under the American rule, Mankayan remained under the jurisdiction of Lepanto, and later Lepanto-Bontoc until the latter's dissolution. Mankayan was later annexed to the sub-province of Benguet as a municipal district in 1913.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba%2C%20Benguet
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Tuba, Benguet
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Tuba, officially the Municipality of Tuba, (; ), is a municipality in the province of Benguet, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 48,312 people.
Tuba is known as the "Gateway to Baguio", as the Asin–Nangalisan–San Pascual Road, Ben Palispis Highway or Marcos Highway, Kennon Road and Naguilian Road, four access highways of the adjacent city of Baguio, traverse the municipality.
History
Tuba was originally a barrio of the township of Baguio in the early 1900s under the American Occupation of the Philippines.
It was separated from Baguio upon the latter's conversion into a chartered city on September 1, 1909, and became part of the township of Twin Peaks in Benguet.
Twin Peaks was abolished as a township on December 11, 1911, with the issuance of Executive Order No. 77 by American Governor General William Cameron Forbes, creating the township of Tuba.
On June 25, 1963, President Diosdado Macapagal issued Executive Order No. 42 and by operation of Section 2 of Republic Act No. 1515, the municipal District of Tuba was converted into a regular municipality.
Geography
Tuba is at the south-western tip of both Benguet and the Central Cordillera Mountain Range. South of the municipality lies the province of Pangasinan and to the west lies the Ilocos rolling hills of the province of La Union. It is bordered on the north by Sablan and La Trinidad; east by Baguio and Itogon; and south by Sison and San Manuel.
Tuba is from Baguio, from the provincial capital La Trinidad, and from Manila.
According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the municipality has a land area of constituting of the total area of Benguet.
The municipality's urban area comprises the barangays of Poblacion and Camp 3, having a composite land area of , or 19.31% of the total land area.
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2137484
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chao%20Gai
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Chao Gai
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Chao Gai, nicknamed "Pagoda-Shifting Heavenly King", is a fictional character in Water Margin, one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. He is not one of the 108 Stars of Destiny because he dies before the Grand Assembly of the 108 Stars. However, after his death, he serves as a spiritual guardian of the outlaws, who from time to time dedicate ceremonial sacrifices to him.
Background
Chao Gai earned his nickname "Pagoda-Shifting Heavenly King" after carrying a pagoda miniature from the west side of a creek to the east, where his village stood, to deter malevolent spirits. His fellows commonly refer to him as "Heavenly King Chao" (). Born in a wealthy family, he serves as the baozheng (保正; a chief of a village with 500 households) of Dongxi Village (東溪村; "Eastern Creek Village") in Yuncheng County, Shandong. Apart from having a wide network of friends and acquaintances throughout the jianghu, he also maintains close friendships with the local chief constables Zhu Tong and Lei Heng.
Robbing the convoy of birthday gifts
When Chao Gai's friend Liu Tang receives news that a convoy escorting some birthday gifts for the Imperial Tutor Cai Jing will be passing by Dongxi Village, he wants to rob the convoy and plans to get Chao Gai to help him. During his journey to Dongxi Village, he gets drunk and falls asleep in a rundown temple. Lei Heng, who passes by the temple, suspects that Liu Tang is a fugitive so he arrests him. Along the way back to the county office, Lei Heng decides to visit Chao Gai and take a break at Dongxi Village. While Lei Heng is enjoying the village's hospitality, Chao Gai surreptitiously meets Liu Tang and finds out what happened. He then lies to Lei Heng that Liu Tang is a distant relative and gets Lei Heng to release Liu Tang.
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2137485
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%20Heinrich%20Springer
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Anton Heinrich Springer
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Anton Heinrich Springer (13 July 182531 May 1891) was a German art historian and writer.
Early life
Springer was born in Prague, where he studied philosophy and history at Charles University, earning a Ph.D. Taking an interest in art, he made several educational journeys, travelling to Munich, Dresden and Berlin, and spent some months in Italy. After his Ph.D. he addressed himself to art history. He wrote a second Ph.D. thesis on Hegel's theory of history in Tübingen, where he also was involved in the political activities of the Revolution of 1848.
Work
He settled at Tübingen, but in 1848 returned to Prague and began to lecture at the university on the history of the revolutionary epoch. The liberal tone of these lectures brought him into disfavour with the ruling authorities, and in 1849 he left Bohemia and passed some time in England, France and the Netherlands. In 1852 he settled at Bonn, where he was lecturer and professor (from 1860) for art history. In 1872 he went to the University of Strasbourg, and in 1873 to Leipzig University, where he became Professor for Medieval and Modern Art at the newly founded Institute for Art History.
As a journalist and a publicist Springer advocated the federal union of the states ruled by the Austrian emperor, and asserted the right of Prussia to the headship of Germany; during the Crimean War he favored the emancipation of the small states in southeast Europe from Turkish supremacy. After many years of feeble health, he died at Leipzig on 31 May 1891.
A fiery personality, he disparaged the art historian Herman Grimm, whom, according to Kessler, he attacked from the lectern as a writer of dime novels for wealthy readers. Likewise he berated the art historian Hermann Knackfuß as "Hermann Knackwurst." Jacob Burckhardt, fully cognizant of Springer's enmity toward him, reportedly gave Springer's student Gustav Pauli a rough reception when Pauli applied to study under him in Basel.
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2137485
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%20Heinrich%20Springer
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Anton Heinrich Springer
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Springer played an important role in establishing art history as an academic subject. He rejected the more literary or impressionistic approaches of his colleagues like Herman Grimm or Hermann Knackfuß. Among his own works are several treatises on occidental art: a Compendium on the Architecture of the Christian Middle Ages (1854), a Handbook on Art History (1855), a History of Fine Arts in the 19th Century (1858), Iconographical Studies (1860), a work on Contemporary Fine Arts (1875), books on Raphael and Michelangelo (1878) and (posthumously) a book on Albrecht Dürer (1892).
Bibliography
His historical works include his Geschichte Österreichs seit dem Wiener Frieden (Leipzig, 1863–1865), which was translated into Czech (Prague, 1867), as well as: Geschichte des Revolutionszeitalters (Prague, 1849); Österreich nach der Revolution (Prague, 1850); Österreich, Preussen und Deutschland (Prague, 1851); Paris im 18. Jahrhundert (Leipzig, 1856); and Protokolle des Verfassungs-Ausschusses im Oesterreichischen Reichstage 1848–1849 (Leipzig, 1885).
His principal works on art are: Leitfaden der Baukunst des christlichen Mittelalters (Bonn, 1854); the valuable Handbuch der Kunstgeschichte (7th ed., Leipzig, 1906), a revised edition of his Grundzüge der Kunstgeschichte (Leipzig, 1887–1888); Geschichte der bildenden Künste im 14. Jahrhundert (Leipzig, 1858); Bilder aus der neueren Kunstgeschichte (Bonn 1867, and again 1886); Raffael und Michelangelo (Leipzig, 1877 and 1885); and Die Kunst des 14. Jahrhunderts (Leipzig 1880–1881). Springer wrote two biographies: Friedrich Christoph Dahlmann (Leipzig, 1870–1872), and Albrecht Dürer (Berlin, 1892); and was responsible for the German edition of Crowe and Cavalcaselle's Lives of the Early Flemish Painters, which was published at Leipzig in 1875. His book of reminiscences, Aus meinem Leben (Berlin, 1892), containing contributions by Gustav Freytag and Hubert Janitschek, was edited by his son Jaro Springer (born 1856), who is also known as a writer on art.
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2137518
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia%2C%20Bukidnon
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Valencia, Bukidnon
|
Valencia, officially the City of Valencia (; ), is a component city in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 216,546 people. The city is applying for a Highly Urbanized City (HUC).
Valencia attained its city status after the ratification of Republic Act No. 8985 on January 12, 2001. The city is the most populous among all cities and municipalities, and the 6th largest in terms of area in the province of Bukidnon. It is also the most populous inland/landlocked city in Mindanao. It is the third largest city in Northern Mindanao in terms of population, after Cagayan de Oro and Iligan respectively. The city serves as the center of trade and commerce in the province of Bukidnon.
History
Origins
The territory that now comprises the city of Valencia is combined from thirteen barangays of Malaybalay.
The earliest inhabitants in the area, presently comprising part of the Poblacion, were Bukidnon natives who founded a settlement along the banks of Pulangi River and the confluence of the Dumanggas River. The pioneers were led by Darwin Dumanggas Manangkila together with the families of the Binalhays, Laugas, Dongogans, Gua-ans, Lanayans, and the Arenzos. The first site of the settlement was a sitio named "Panglibatuhan" because the area was thickly forested by tree species called by the natives as "Malibato trees".
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2137518
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia%2C%20Bukidnon
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Valencia, Bukidnon
|
In 1911, a one-room barrio school was opened, and its first teacher was the late Leon Galorport. The school site is approximately the present location of the Poblacion Barangay High School. Galorport, who came from his hometown, Valencia, Bohol named the school "Valencia School". When the sitio became a barrio of Malaybalay, the residents agreed to name it "Valencia". Finally, when the southern portion of Malaybalay was separated as a new municipality, the petitioners agreed to name the municipality as "Valencia". However, the use of the name "Valencia" is already seen in Spanish documents in 1893 or even earlier which places it under the jurisdiction of Linabo or Sevilla (now Mailag) in the Province of Misamis.
The rich natural resources found in the territory eventually attracted Christian settlers from the highly populated coastal areas of Mindanao, Visayas and Luzon islands.
Political birth
Teodoro Pepito led a petition by residents to convert barrio Valencia into a full-fledged municipality. The petition was forwarded to the Provincial Board of the Bukidnon province for consideration. The Provincial Board passed a resolution approving the creation of the Municipality of Valencia, which it forwarded to the Office of the President of the Philippines.
By virtue of the provisions of Executive Order No. 360, the municipality of Valencia was formally born on October 11, 1959. The barrios of Bagontaas, Cawayanon, Guinoyuran, Laligan, Lilingayon, Lumbayao, Lurugan, Maapag, Mailag, San Isidro, Sugod, Tongantongan, and Valencia, together with their respective sittios, were separated from then the Municipality of Malaybalay to form the Municipality of Valencia. Later, some sitios of the original barrios became regular barangays, resulting to the present 31 barangays of Valencia City.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia%2C%20Bukidnon
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Valencia, Bukidnon
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On August 10, 1960, Teodoro N. Pepito and Ernesto Garcia were appointed by President Carlos P. Garcia as mayor and vice-mayor of the municipality, respectively. On May 19, 1961, Pepito's and Garcia's appointments were extended by President Garcia. Upon the election of President Diosdado Macapagal in November 1961, President Garcia's appointees were recalled; President Macapagal appointed Lucilo Alkuino as the new ad interim mayor and Solomon Gao-ay as the new ad interim vice-mayor. These appointments were extended by Macapagal on June 6, 1962, and lasted until the first general elections were held in 1963. Thus, between 1962 and 1963, two sets of municipal officials have served the municipality of Valencia—albeit one set was acting in a de facto capacity. The controversy between the two different appointments was brought to court and later, eventually reached the Supreme Court. In a decision dated May 31, 1965, two years after the first general election was held, the said high court declared, in a quo warranto petition, that Pepito's and Garcia's tenure after Macapagal's appointment were not legally recognized.
During the regular local election in November 1963, Pepito won and became the first elected mayor, with Ernesto Garcia as the vice mayor. Mayor Pepito was re-elected in 1967 and again in 1971. However, before his term expired in 1975, martial law was declared by President Ferdinand Marcos in 1972 and elections for local officials were suspended. Mayor Pepito continued to hold office as mayor until 1978, when he retired from government service. The vice mayor, Absalon Catarata, succeeded as municipal mayor until 1979, when President Ferdinand Marcos appointed Santiago Dablio as acting mayor of Valencia.
In 1980 local elections, Absalon Catarata was elected municipal mayor, with Romulo Makalood as vice mayor together with all the councilors in the opposition ticket. In February 1986, the People Power Revolution in Manila took place and Corazon Aquino became the President of the Republic.
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2137518
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia%2C%20Bukidnon
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Valencia, Bukidnon
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There are no seaports in the city because the place is landlocked. The nearest airports and seaports are in Cagayan de Oro and Davao City.
Topography
The city's topography is characterized as flat to undulating hills with extensive plateaus and mountainous areas and cliffs on both eastern and western portions bounding the municipality of San Fernando on the east and the municipality of Talakag on the west. Its highest point is Mount Kalatungan in the Kalatungan Mountain Range rising above 1,000 meters and above 50 percent slopes. These cover 25.72 percent of the total city area and major portions of Barangay of Lourdes, Guinoyuran and Lilingayon.
Elevation
The city's average elevation is 300 meters above sea level. Elevation above 1,000 meters has a bigger area coverage with 28.93 percent of the total city area or 18,262.79 hectares, while elevation below 300 meters covers only 7.0 percent of total city area or 4,419.78 hectares. Elevation ranges from 300 to 500 meters cover an area of 27,591.10 hectares or 43.70 percent of the total city area. Five hundred to 1,000 meter elevation covers an area of 18,262.79 hectares or 28.93 percent of total city area.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia%2C%20Bukidnon
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Valencia, Bukidnon
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Other places in the urban area of the city are referred by their building/establishment names, streets, and Purok.
Demographics
According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 216,546 people, with a density of . In addition, Valencia's Barangay Poblacion is the largest barangay in the province and third largest in the region according to population.
Immigration of Christian settlers to the area started in the middle 1930s. During the Second World War, the continued migration of Christian settlers further increased the population of the area from 13,898 in 1960 to 64,541 in 1975. The population grew to 181,556 in 2010.
Religion
The city has several sects, namely: Seventh-Day Adventist Church, Church of Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Jehovah's Witnesses, Iglesia Ni Cristo, United Church of Christ in the Philippines, Iglesia sa Dios Espiritu Santo, United Methodist Church, several Baptist and Pentecostal congregations, and many others. Valencia also has 5 Islamic mosques around the city.
There are eight Roman Catholic Parishes in the city:
The parishes are under the pastoral administration of Roman Catholic Diocese of Malaybalay.
Economy
Commerce and trade
Valencia City is the center of trade and commerce in Bukidnon due to its central location in the heart of Mindanao and its rapid economic growth. The city is noted for its Valencia Rice, a variety of rice.
Some of the prominent retail stores in the city include Alkuino Emporium, Fiesta Shopping Center, Gaisano Valencia, NVM Mall, Puregold, Plaza Villahermosa, Roy Plaza, Robinsons Supermarket, Trendline, and Unitop. Soon-to-open include such stores as NVM Mall-Guinoyuran Road and Robinsons Place Valencia, the second Robinsons Place brand in Northern Mindanao after Iligan. Commercial establishments owned by Maranao, Chinese, and Korean immigrants are also found in the city.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre%20Daily%20Times
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Centre Daily Times
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The Centre Daily Times is a daily newspaper located in State College, Pennsylvania. It is the hometown newspaper for State College and the Pennsylvania State University, with more than 45,000 students attending the main campus.
History
The newspaper was founded on May 12, 1898, as the weekly State College Times. In 1901, the paper changed ownership and The Times Printing & Publishing Company was formed. Two years later, the company name was changed to Nittany Printing & Publishing.
The Aikens family, led by Dr. Charles T. Aikens, acquired the paper in 1914. Charles' son, Claude G. Aikens, became publisher five years later. Under his leadership, circulation continued to grow and the paper became a daily in 1934. At that time, the publication took on its current Centre Daily Times name. In 1966, Claude's son Charles T. Aikens II took over as publisher. In 1973, the newspaper's headquarters and production facilities were moved from downtown State College to a new location on East College Avenue.
The paper was sold to Knight Ridder in 1979. Under Knight Ridder, a Saturday morning edition was added in 1980 and a Sunday edition was launched in 1982. The Centre Daily Times became a morning paper in 1986.
The McClatchy Company purchased Knight Ridder in 2006, thereby acquiring the Centre Daily Times. In 2019, the Saturday print edition was eliminated. On February 13, 2020, The McClatchy Company and 54 affiliated companies filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. The company cited pension obligations and excessive debt as the primary reasons for the filing.
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2137536
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Wade%20Dudley
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William Wade Dudley
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William Wade Dudley (August 27, 1842 – December 15, 1909) was an American lawyer, politician, and Union Army officer in the American Civil War. He was United States Commissioner of Pensions under presidents James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur, and was Treasurer of the Republican National Committee. He was wounded and lost his leg at Gettysburg.
Early life
William Wade Dudley was born in Weathersfield Bow, Vermont, the son of Reverend John Dudley, a well-known Congregational minister whose sermons were widely reprinted. Reverend Wade was a graduate of Yale Seminary, a sometime missionary to the Choctaw Indians, and a descendant of William Dudley, one of the earliest settlers of Guilford, Connecticut, in 1639. Dudley's mother was Abigail Wade, a granddaughter of Col. Nathaniel Wade, a staff officer to General George Washington during the Revolutionary War.
Civil War and following
After studying at Phillips Academy, Danville, in Vermont, and at Russell Military Academy in New Haven, Connecticut, he joined the Union Army as captain of the Richmond City Greys—volunteers for service in the American Civil War. Dudley's company was incorporated into the 19th Indiana Volunteer Regiment of the famed Iron Brigade of the Army of the Potomac. During the Second Battle of Bull Run, Dudley captured a Lt Cosson who was wearing spurs that had been a gift from Robert A Toombs; Dudley wore the spurs but promised that he was captured he would return them to Cosson. At age 19, at the Battle of Antietam, he took command of the regiment after the death of Lieutenant Colonel Alois O. Bachman. Following the battle, Dudley was quickly promoted to Major (September 18, 1862), and then Lieutenant Colonel (October 6, 1862).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Wade%20Dudley
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William Wade Dudley
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After losing 79 percent of his men at the Battle of Gettysburg, and having his right leg amputated on the field, he served as an army inspector and judge advocate and captain in the Veteran Reserve Corps. For gallantry in battle, he was awarded an honorary brevet to Brigadier General of Volunteers on March 13, 1865.
Following the end of the war he became a civilian lawyer in 1870, then the U.S. marshal for Indiana in 1879, commissioner of pensions under appointment of Presidents James Garfield and Chester A. Arthur in 1881. In 1888 he was appointed Treasurer of the Republican National Committee. He returned to practicing law in 1887.
1888 election controversy
In 1888 having been made Treasurer of the Republican National Committee, Dudley was involved in the 1888 elections and one of the most intense political campaigns in decades, with Indiana dead even between the Democratic incumbent president, Grover Cleveland, and the Republican challenger, Benjamin Harrison.
Although this job did not strictly involve him in state politics, Dudley wrote a circular letter to Indiana's county chairmen, telling them to "Divide the floaters into blocs of five, and put a trusted man with the necessary funds in charge of these five, and make them responsible that none get away and that all vote our ticket," and promising adequate funding for this.
Unfortunately for the Republicans, the Democrats managed to get hold of the letter and they distributed hundreds of thousands of copies in the last days of the campaign. Given Dudley's unsavory reputation, few people believed his denials.
The attack on "blocs of five" with the suggestion that pious General Benjamin Harrison was trying to buy the election enlivened the Democratic campaign and stimulated the nationwide movement to replace ballots printed and distributed by the parties with the secret "Australian ballot". Benjamin Harrison's electoral votes topped Cleveland's to win the election. However, Dudley's reputation was destroyed, and he ultimately retired.
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2137549
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baungon
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Baungon
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Geography
Baungon is located in the northern part of Bukidnon, about north of Malaybalay City via Cagayan de Oro, which is about from Imbatug, the town's poblacion. It is bounded on the north-east by the Libona, at the south by the Lantapan, and on the west by Talakag. It has a land area of 328.34 square kilometres based on the cadastral survey made by the DENR.
Climate
Typical of the province environmental condition, Baungon belongs to the third type of climate which is relatively dry from March to April and wet from May to December. In 1997, the heaviest rainfall was recorded in January with . April has the lowest amount of rainfall with . The average temperature is and the average humidity is 82.2%.
Topography
The bigger part of Baungon is located over plateau, the terrain of which is generally flat with slowly rising mountains and some canyons with a highest slope of 30%. In some parts, however, the terrain is strongly sloping to severely eroded. It has three (3) large rivers, namely; Bobonawan in the north, Tumalaong at the south, and Kalawaig at the west. These rivers and its tributaries serve as natural drainage system.
Near the airport, one can find Kabula River, a favorite site for water rafting.
Flora
Baungon is home to two of the world's rarest flowers: Rafflesia and Amorphophallus paeoniifolius. The Rafflesia that grows in Baungon was identified by one botanist, Ulysses Ferreras, as Rafflesia schadenbergiana, which was thought to be extinct. Such Rafflesia was last seen by the German Alex Schandenberg on Mount Apo in the year 1881, but found again in Bukidnon after 126 years. This Rafflesia is called by locals as "Kolon Busaw" and grows well in its soil.
Barangays
Baungon is politically subdivided into 16 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.
Demographics
In the 2020 census, the population of Baungon was 37,111 people, with a density of .
Economy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabanglasan
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Cabanglasan
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Cabanglasan, officially the Municipality of Cabanglasan (Binukid and Higaonon: Bánuwa ta Kabanglasán; ; ), is a municipality in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 36,286 people.
History
The town was once a Barangay of the capital town, Malaybalay. It was named after a Banglas tree, endemic tree species that inhabit and grow abundantly and distinctively only on this portion of the upper Pulangui. Banglas is hardwood that usually grows in the rocky portion of the Bobunawan riverbanks. Kabanglasan literally means a place that has plenty of Banglas.
Cabanglasan was created as a separate municipality from Malaybalay on August 13, 1979, by virtue of Republic Act 6489.
The movement for the separation of Cabanglasan from his mother municipality (Malaybalay) began in the early 1960s when the people of Pulangi region petitioned for secession. This prompted the passage of House Bill No. 2789 in Congress by the then-Congressman Cesar M. Fortich. The bill was enacted into law without executive approval under Republic Act 6489 but its implementation was delayed due to the declaration of martial law.
Due to the persistence of the residents as spearheaded by Datu Maliwanag (Saturnino P. Linsagan), then President Ferdinand E. Marcos referred the matter to the mother municipality, Malaybalay. A plebiscite was then held wherein the majority voted for the implementation of RA 6489. On August 13, 1979, (by virtue of Batas Pambansa Blg. 17) the first set of municipal officials headed by Mayor Saturnino P. Linsagan aka Datu Maliwanag to his tribesmen, took their oath and held their first session.
Geography
Cabanglasan is geographically located between east longitude 125 degrees 27 minutes and north latitude 8 degrees and 3 minutes. It is located at the eastern part of the province of Bukidnon, bounded in the north and west by the City of Malaybalay and the south by the Municipality of San Fernando, and in the east by the province of Agusan del Sur.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabanglasan
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Cabanglasan
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The whole stretch of the national highway (21.61 km) is still gravel-paved. Of the 15.065 km of municipal road, 4% per cent has already been converted to concrete pavement, 9% is gravel-paved, and the rest is still earth-paved. The aggregate length of barangay roads in the municipality has been recorded at 287.409 km. Nearly 41 per cent (117.603) of this is gravel-paved, a little over half (56%) of the total length is still unpaved while only less than one per cent (1%) has been concreted. It can also be noted that earth-paved roads – especially roads going to the interior sitios are not passable during the rainy season.
Bridges link gaps between rivers. For areas which are not regular routes of land transportation but are bounded by rivers, hanging footbridges were constructed.
Communication
Postal services of the municipality are being provided by the Bureau of Post which is staffed by a Postmaster. Being understaffed, the postmaster also served as the municipality's letter carrier.
For telecommunication, the provincial government had installed a single-sideband radio in the municipality. This is actually part of the Provincial Radio Communication Network. Through this system, the municipality is able to reach out to other parts of the province directly or via relay stations. This is being complemented by handheld radios in some barangays which the municipality used for transmitting messages to these areas. Cabanglasan's populace is also kept abreast of recent information which is of regional and/or national significance through two Television channels which signal covered the municipality. These are the ABS-CBN (Channel 2) and GMA (Channel 12). AM and FM Band radio Stations from Malaybalay, Valencia, Cagayan and Davao also reached the municipality. Print media on the other hand only include a local newspaper (Bukidnon Newswatch) which has a weekly circulation.
Water systems
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabanglasan
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Cabanglasan
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Springs, rivers and deep wells are the sources of water supply used for both domestic water supply and irrigation needs. Deep wells and springs are commonly used as potable water supply. Local government, congressional initiatives, and regional and senatorial funds are used to develop these sources. The municipal government's ardent thrust to provide basic services to its constituents can be well manifested by its current pursuit to develop a level III type of water system through funding from the World Bank. The municipal government had entered into a loan agreement with the bank to develop a system that will provide for an individual pipe connection for each household within the barangays of Poblacion and Iba. Data shows that Level I and Level II types of systems are the most prevalent type of water supply in the municipality. Level I water system is currently serving 7.17% of the total households. Likewise, Level II is providing water for 47.39% of all households, while Level III only served 3.62% of the total. The rest (41.82%) still remained un-served by a water supply system
Health services
The health service in the Municipality of Cabanglasan is catered by the Municipal Health Office (MHO) and one private lying-in clinic. The former handles the public health services and some clinical services while the latter serves most of the clinical cases. The MHO is located at Poblacion and the nine Barangay Health Stations are located in the different barangays. These serve as channels for providing basic health services to the general populace. The office is staffed by one medical doctor, one dentist, one DOH-nurse, four permanent Rural Health Midwives (RHMs), five Job Order RHMs, one Rural Sanitary Inspector (RSI), and one dental aid. The health personnel is augmented by 175 Barangay Health Workers (BHW) 38 “hilots” and other health-oriented NGOs such as BIDANI, MAP, and the German Rolling Clinic.
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2137552
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damulog
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Damulog
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Damulog, officially the Municipality of Damulog (; ), is a municipality in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 39,322 people.
History
Historically, the first settlers of Damulog were the Manobos. They are the indigenous people of the place. Testimonials of the old folks disclosed that the name of the place was “Ramulog” meaning a place to take a bath. A river at the town proper is a place where the Manobos take a bath. It also became a place of gathering where the men were fishing nearby, their wives washed clothes and the children are either swimming or gathering shells. Over time, “Ramulog” changed to “Damulog” due to assimilation of the Manobos and the new settlers. The river is now called Damulog River.
The opening of the Sayre Highway in 1953 opened Damulog into external trade. Manobos and Maguindanaons from nearby Cotabato gathered abaca from the forests and sell it to the traders. The traders processed the abaca into raw fiber and resell it in Cagayan de Oro process these into fiber. More immigrants from the Visayas came and started to acquire farm lots. Slowly, the new settlers soon dominated trade and business.
Damulog celebrates its Araw ng Damulog every 16th day of August with exhilarating activities that comprehends every walk of life. The municipality celebrates its town fiesta every 7th day of October of the year in honor of Our Lady of the Holy Rosary. In line are different activities that draw many expectators from other municipalities and neighboring towns.
Political development
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damulog
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Damulog
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Barangays
Damulog is politically subdivided into 17 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.
Climate
Demographics
In the 2020 census, the population of Damulog, Bukidnon, was 39,322 people, with a density of .
Economy
Infrastructure
Transportation
Damulog is accessible by land transportation. The existing land transportation in the city consists of multicabs from nearby towns, single motorcycles, buses from Cagayan de Oro and General Santos, tricycles, and private vehicles facilitate the movement of people and goods to and from all places in the town. Traveling from the Poblacion is mainly by land through all kinds of vehicles.
Damulog is traversed by Sayre Highway. This is from barangay Sampagar in the north to Old Damulog, Poblacion, Pocopoco, Macapari to Omonay in the south. There is concrete road from Poblacion to Kinapat, then all-weather road from Kinapat to Kiraon, then again concrete from Kiraon to Old Damulog forming a complete loop with the Sayre Highway. Another loop is the Sayre Highway in Pocopoco to Kinapat to Poblacion. The third loop is the Poblacion to Doncilyon to Old Damulog.
Most of these roads were built with grants from Asian Development Bank under the ARC Program. The Poblacion to Kinapat concrete road is also a part of the program.
Barangays Old Damulog and Macapari has covered courts. All 17 barangays have their respective office building, health center, Tanod outpost and complete school buildings.
Water
To focus on other development concerns, the local government spun off its water service creating the Damulog Water System. The spinning-off was a part of the grant in 2013 from the SALINTUBIG program of the Department of Health. Before 2013, the water system provides running water for 2 hours every 2 days. Water was so scarce that water cannot reached households away from the transmission line. The new system now provides 24 hour service which is managed by the water district.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangcagan
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Dangcagan
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Dangcagan, officially the Municipality of Dangcagan (; ), is a municipality in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 26,076 people, making it the least populated municipality in the province.
History
Dangcagan used to be an abode of the Manobos under the leadership of Datu Dangaan (meaning “to praise”), a prominent chieftain ruler known for his courage and affluence. The place was then a little Sitio of Maramag. As the Christian settlers from Luzon & Visayas began to flock and settle in the area, Datu Dangaan followers ran and hid their families in the forest and returned to their home only when they knew the settlers were not around.
This leads the settler to call the “Dagandagan”. It took ample time for the settler to befriend the natives. When the natives and the Christian settlers finally united, they made representation to the Municipal Government of Maramag to form a regular barrio within the territory of Datu Dangaan. They agreed to call the barrio Dangcagan in honor of the natives.
The first set of officers was headed by Mayor Vicente Cabiling, originally appointed to the position in 1961 and was elected and served for ten (10) consecutive years, he constructed the old Municipal Hall on top of the hill in the poblacion. And from 1972 until March 1986 Mayor Fruto Ll. Dandasan assumed the office. During his time he constructed new roads and maintained the barangay road network of Dangcagan
In 1992, Mayor Norberta B. Dandasan assumed as Municipal Mayor until June 1995. She pursued the programs and projects that were initiated by her late husband and other predecessors. The municipal gymnasium was completed.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangcagan
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Dangcagan
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In the May 1995 election, Roberto Cabunoc took over the mayorship of the town and implemented the road concreting projects, beautification of the municipal plaza, installation of water system, construction of the new municipal hall and completion of different barangay projects. After three terms of Mayor Cabunoc, Mayor Edilberto F. Ayuban followed with 3 consecutive terms.
In the mayoral election of 2013, Mayor Fruto B. Dandasan who used to be one of the town's elected councilor, became the town vice mayor for two consecutive terms and now elected as the municipal mayor of the town.
Geography
Dangcagan is located in the southern part of the province. It is from the provincial capital, Malaybalay City, and from regional center, Cagayan de Oro, which is the main outlet for its agricultural products. The town is sandwiched by municipality of Kitaotao in the northern and eastern part, by Kibawe, in its southern part and by Kadingilan on its western part. The Pulangi River and Muleta River serves as its natural boundary with Kitaotao (eastern side) and Kadingilan (western side), respectively.
The municipality has an aggregate land area of more or less .
Climate
It has distinct dry and wet season; the wettest month is usually September and the driest month is March.
Soil and topography
It has a fertile soil ranging from clay to sandy loam. Its topography is 70% flat and 30% rolling, which is suitable for agricultural crops such as corn, rice and other commercial crops like coconut, coffee, cacao, rubber, banana and sugar cane.
Barangays
Dangcagan is politically subdivided into 14 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.
Demographics
In the 2020 census, the population of Dangcagan was 26,076 people, with a density of .
Languages and dialects
The majority of the municipality's inhabitants speak Cebuano, although some inhabitants also speak the Hiligaynon/Ilonggo language and many still speak Binukid (Manobo language).
Economy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Carlos%2C%20Bukidnon
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Don Carlos, Bukidnon
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The first popular Spanish stranger who approached Datu ‘Mangginayun’ Antonio Sr. was Tomás Sandoval. He requested a parcel of land that he intend to borrow and to till, the datu conceded to his request. As part of the agreement, Tomás was to give the part of his harvest as a share to the datu. Several years later, another Spaniard by the name of "Elizalde" came and, like Tomás, requested the datu for lands to establish ranches. The lands lent by the datu to Elizalde were: lands in Pantil-pantilan, Migtutugop, the lands along the Mulita river, the today-famous Squash Mountain, and the Tugas Falls. As the agricultural ventures of these two Spaniards flourished, Cebuanos (referred by the Lumads, or natives, as "Dumagats") and other Spaniards who came from Cagayan de Misamis and other coastal towns of Misamis were encouraged to settle and populate the area that comprises the present-day Don Carlos.
Census registry for the settlers of Minduso was only located at Ramag (Manobo for ‘breakfast’), which has a fully established local government facilities and would later be known as Maramag. Antonio Sr.'s son, Datu ‘Mangginayun’ Antonio Sagandilan Jr. was born on March 17, 1917, at Miuvan (now Barangay Sinangguyan) and had his birth registered at Maramag. Antonio Jr. was drafted into the USAFFE before World War II and completed his training with the rank of corporal. However, he was called upon to fight on the outbreak of war, and his family did nothing about it.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Carlos%2C%20Bukidnon
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Don Carlos, Bukidnon
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When the war ended, Antonio Jr. succeeded his father in the leadership of his tribe as a datu in 1946. He was first a tribal councilor, and later became a barangay captain of the whole of Minduso. During his time of service, Señora Remedios ‘Meding’ Fortich de Ozamiz personally visited Antonio Jr. and she petitioned the name change of Miuvan (which is now Barangay Sinangguyan) to ‘Don Carlos’ in her husband's memory, Don Carlos Azcona Fortich, and as a gratitude for living in the land which the Sagandilans flourished. At first, the datu declined, as the flourishing enclave has significance for their patrimony. Eventually, under Republic Act No. 4800, Minduso and other neighboring villages and barangays were clustered to form the municipality of Don Carlos in 1966.
Political Background
The political history of Don Carlos, Bukidnon is marked by its evolution from a remote settlement into a recognized municipality. Initially, the area was part of extensive cattle ranches owned by prominent families such as the Elizaldes, Guingonas, and Roceses before World War II. With the country's independence in 1946, significant changes began to shape the region’s political landscape.
The relocation of the Bukidnon Lumber Company, jointly owned by Howard Denison and the Fortich family, to a site near Lake Pinamaloy marked the beginning of increased settlement in the area. The sawmill attracted a steady stream of immigrants seeking opportunities as workers, merchants, and farmers. The establishment of makeshift housing near the sawmill led to the formation of a community. Due to the challenging road conditions, characterized by knee-deep mud, the area was aptly named "Menduso," derived from the Visayan term "duso," meaning "push."
In January 1953, the barrio of Menduso celebrated its inaugural Barrio Fiesta in honor of the Holy Child, later becoming the patron saint of the area. Shortly thereafter, the barrio’s name was changed to Don Carlos in tribute to the late Congressman Carlos Fortich.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Carlos%2C%20Bukidnon
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Don Carlos, Bukidnon
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The transition to municipality status began with the issuance of Executive Order No. 161 by President Diosdado Macapagal on August 17, 1965. This order officially created the Municipality of Don Carlos, separating it from Maramag. The newly formed municipality included various barrios such as Don Carlos Norte, Don Carlos Sur, Sinangguyan, and several others.
The official recognition of Don Carlos as a municipality was further cemented by Republic Act No. 4800, enacted on June 18, 1966. This legislation delineated the municipality’s boundaries and established its administrative framework. The first general elections for municipal officials were held in 1967, with Honorable Teodolo M. Palma, Sr. serving as the first mayor.
The boundaries of Don Carlos were clearly defined, including northern, southern, eastern, and western limits based on local geographic landmarks and rivers. This structured approach ensured that the new municipality could manage its administrative functions and resources effectively.
The establishment of Don Carlos was characterized by its phased development of barangays. The legal basis for the creation of these barangays involved various national laws and provincial ordinances, reflecting the municipality’s need to accommodate its growing population and administrative requirements.
Don Carlos has since developed a robust political and administrative framework, with a history of dedicated local leadership. The municipality continues to evolve, guided by its foundational legislation and the ongoing commitment of its elected officials.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%20Carlos%2C%20Bukidnon
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Don Carlos, Bukidnon
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Don Carlos is situated in the southern part of the province. It is located south of the City of Malaybalay, from Cagayan de Oro, from the Cotabato City, from Davao City, and from south of Manila. The town is bounded by the municipalities of Maramag in the north, Kitaotao in the south, Quezon in the east, Pangantucan and Kadingilan in the west. The town is known for its famous landmark, Lake Pinamaloy.
Soil type
There are 3 types of soil that cover the municipality. These soils, which are generally clay, are Kidapawan Clay, Adtuyon Clay and Macolod Clay.
Topography
The terrain of the municipality of Don Carlos is generally flat except the mountain range on the eastern part of the municipality. The highest elevation is above sea level and the lowest elevation is below sea level.
Slope
Flat to gently sloping areas ranging in slope from 0-8% is the most prevalent terrain in the municipality, which covers 198.96 km2 (93.09%) of the total land area of the municipality. Moderately sloping to undulating lands ranging in slope from 8-18% occupies approximately 7.65 km2. Rolling to moderately steep lands, sloping from 18 to 30%, covers 4.19 km2 of land. Areas with slope above 30% covers 2920.09 km2.
Climate
The municipality's climate falls under the third type. Climate under this type experiences rainy season in the months of April to September. The latest data from the DA shows that the months July to November registered the highest average annual rainfall that reached its peak in the month of July at .
Barangays
Don Carlos is politically subdivided into 29 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.
Demographics
In the 2020 census, the population of Don Carlos, Bukidnon, was 69,273 people, with a density of .
Economy
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Don Carlos, Bukidnon
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Commerce and trade
Commercial activities in the municipality of Don Carlos pass through a network of various commercial establishments that scatter all over the municipality. Sari-sari stores dominate these establishments with heavy concentration in barangay centers, especially in barangay Don Carlos Sur.
Based on CY 2000 records of the Municipal Treasurer's Office (MTO), the municipality of Don Carlos had a total of 350 commercial establishments, majority of these commercial establishments are engaged in retailing, merchandising, food and beverage, catering and servicing.
Agriculture
Don Carlos is an agricultural municipality. It is endowed with vast tracts of fertile agricultural lands coupled with a favorable climate. Many people in the area are greatly dependent on the produce of the land. Being the main source of income of the municipality, agriculture utilizes about 149.5894 km2 of land, representing 70% of the total land area of the municipality for the production of various crops.
In terms of production, in the year 1998, rice yielded 3,156.60 metric tons both in irrigated and rainfed farms. White and yellow corn production accounted to 39,086.10 metric tons covering 66.98 km2 representing 11.78% to agricultural area. sugarcane production as second major crop next to corn, covers a physical area of 50 km2 representing 33.42% with a total production of 21,000 metric tons.
The cash crops include leafy green vegetables, fruits, legumes and root crops. Coconut, sugarcane, banana, jackfruit, cacao and rubber comprise the commercial crops. Commercial crops cover 24.4194 km2 and has a total production 2,523.75 metric tons.
Tourism
The Municipality of Don Carlos is naturally endowed with sites which have been seen with strong potentials to be tourist destinations. These are the uncommercialized Lake Pinamaloy in Barangay Pinamaloy; the Sinangguyan and Kahulugan Waterfalls in Barangay Sinangguyan; and the Linking Caves and Spring in Barangay San Antonio East.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadingilan
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Kadingilan
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Kadingilan, officially the Municipality of Kadingilan (; ), is a municipality in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 33,735 people.
History
Cultural history
During the earlier times, there was a certain ethnic group headed by its chieftain named Datu Mandaganasa. He was then looking for a place located between two rivers as the possible home for his tribe, Kampong. They found vast tracts of land located between the Iniawan and Pinalpalan Rivers and decided to make the place as their territorial domain. As time passed by, the place got its name, Kadingilan from the corrupted native words Kadiay (which means "ours") and Matingilan (which means "temporary").
The growth and development of Kadingilan began after World War II. Migrants from all over the country flocked into its fertile lands. The original occupants were slowly replaced by Cebuanos, Boholanos, Warays and Igorots/Ifugaos. The original inhabitants were eventually eased-out by the influx of incoming Dumagats (a general term used for Christians).
Political history
When Bukidnon was created as a separate province from Agusan del Norte, Kadingilan became a barrio of Maramag since 1945. It existed as such until Kibawe was created as a regular municipality on July 1, 1956. Kadingilan was then taken from Maramag and became one of the regular barrios of Kibawe.
On August 16, 1971, Kadingilan was created as a municipality of Bukidnon pursuant to Republic Act 6368.).
The first set of Municipal Officials who pioneered the development of Kadingilan were:
Bernardino L. Mejorada - Mayor
Epifanio Q. Ramirez - Vice Mayor
Clemente H. Edullantes - Councilor
Pedro T. Guiritan - Councilor
Agapito Cornell - Councilor
Rodulfo Quilaton - Councilor
Melecio Grafil - Councilor
Emelio Ibonia - Councilor
Ireneo Corona - Councilor
Ariston Ado - Councilor
Geography
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Kadingilan
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Kadingilan lies within grid coordinates from 7O 20’ 31” north longitude and from 124O 49’ to 125O 2’ east latitude. Kadingilan is located along the south-western border of the province of Bukidnon. It is bounded on the north by the municipality of Don Carlos; north-east by the municipality of Dancagan; east by the municipality of Kibawe; southeast by the municipality of Damulog and on the south and south-west by the province of North Cotabato and on the west by the province of Lanao del Sur and north-west by the municipality of Pangantucan.
Barangays
Kadingilan is politically subdivided into 17 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.
Topography
The topography of the municipality is characterized as rugged terrain with rolling, hilly and mountainous portions. These hills and mountains are dissected by rivers and creeks, such as the Muleta River on the eastern part which serves as the common natural boundary with the municipalities of Damulog, Dancagan and Kibawe. The Maridugao and Kidanggin Rivers at the southern portion separates Kadingilan from the municipality of Pangantucan and the province of Lanao del Sur.
Climate
The climate of the municipality belongs to type C agro-climatic zone. This zone is the most extensive and covers most of the present and potential agricultural area in the province. Relatively low rainfall is due to rain shadow effect of the mountainous belt on the eastern side of Bukidnon. Rainfall distribution is likely to vary in the southern part of the province because of the presence of adjoining hills and mountain ranges. The heaviest rainfall occurs during the months of May to September.
Elevation
About fifty two percent of the total land area has an elevation of 300–400 meters above sea level while forty percent is between 0–30 m. asl. Only hundred fifty hectares are within the elevation of 500 meters and above and these are mostly found within the Payao and Matampay hills.
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Kadingilan
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Slope
Twenty six percent of the total land area of the municipality has slope of 18-30% which is described as rolling to hilly. These are areas classified as timberland within the barangays of Cabadiangan and Mabuhay. Twenty-four percent has a slope category of 3-8%, characterized as sloping to undulating. Only about fifteen percent or a total of 2,628 hectares fall under the slope range of 0-3% (level to gently sloping covering more than thirty six percent of the total alienable and disposable lands.
Soil
The soil type of Kadingilan is predominantly Kidapawan clay. It is characterized as light brown to dark brown in color, hard when dry; plastic and sticky when moist and wet and has fair organic matter content.
Drainage/Hydrology
There are two type of drainage identified: internal and external. The former is mainly influenced by soil texture which is the removal of excess water within the soil profile. The latter is influenced by slope and physiographic position, refers to the removal of surface water. Usually when a soil is poorly drained externally, it is also poorly drained internally. Generally, all upland soils like the Kadingilan soils, on the account of their physiographic position are well drained internally and externally. The proposed Maridugao River Irrigation Project, is projected to irrigate 6,000 hectares of ricefields covering the barangays of Baroy, Poblacion, Sibonga, Kibogtok, Salvacion, Malinao, Husayan and portion of Pay-as.
Mineral Resources
The municipality has volcanic sedimentary and metamorphic rock origin. One identified rock type is limestone (cord/line limestone, N,Ls) characterized as light cream to cream in color, partly fragmental, calcareous formation including reef limestone, bio-clastic limestone and calcasenite. The other type is sandstone and shale (N1) which is light brown and gray in color, thick transgressive marine deposits, and largely massive sandstone layers imbedded with siltstone and shale strata.
Demographics
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Kadingilan
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In the 2020 census, the population of Kadingilan was 33,735 people, with a density of .
Population growth
The period from 1975 to 1980 had a population growth of 3.98%. However, the next 10 years registered a population growth on only 1.48% due to disturbances of peace and order which caused out-migration. The 1995 census showed a growth rate of 1.76 percent, slightly higher than the 1990 count. The 1995 data also showed that four barangays - Baroy, Matampay, Pinamangguan and San Andres - experienced a decrease in population. This was due to migration of people to urban areas in search of better opportunities.
Population density
The population density of Kadingilan stood at 147 person per square kilometer in the 1995 census of population. This manifested a slight increase of 8.16 percent over that of the 1990 count which was pegged at 135 persons per square kilometer. Like most other parts of the province, the Poblacion is the most densely populated barangay. The 1995 count revealed the population density of the Poblacion at 598 persons per square kilometer or roughly 6 persons for every hectare of land. Barangays Malinao and Kibalagon followed with a population density of nearly 3 persons per hectare. The most sparsely populated barangay on the other hand is Matampay with only about 86 persons per square kilometer or only about 1 person per one hectare of land.
Languages
The people living in the municipality of Kadingilan are of diverse ethnic origins. Despite the situation, the Cebuano language is still generally the main language spoken by nearly 83 percent of the population. Boholano - a language native to the island of Bohol is also spoken by about 8 percent of the total population. It can also be observed that Manobo - a language spoken by the lumads - is used by nearly 5 percent of Kadingilan's population as of the 1995 census.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibawe
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Kibawe
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Kibawe, officially the Municipality of Kibawe (; ), is a municipality in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 41,897 people.
History
In the early days of the American regime, Kibawe was populated by a tribe of Mamadas people. The Mamadas people were nomadic by nature and subsisted on hunting and forest products. They maintained small plots of corn, camote and gabi in places where they built their temporary shelters. They practised a feudal type of government and were responsible only to their datus who governed as their political chieftain, judge, religious leader and armed-forces chief. The most famous among the “datus” was Datu Mambantayao. Datu Mambantayao's bravery and love for his subjects were unexcelled and remain in the hearts and minds of the people to this day. One of the historic events of his life as a datu was the capturing of a lady whom he loved. She was abducted by a tribe from Bugcaon, Malaybalay, Bukidnon, seventy kilometers away from Kibawe. Datu Mambantayao, along with his armed trained warriors marched to Bugcaon, which they attacked heavily, plundering and killing the Bugcaons’ chieftain for the recovery of the lady who he later married. Datu Mambantayao named this place Kibawe from the word “Guibawe” meaning recovery.
Bukidnon was eventually created as a separate province from Agusan. Kibawe became a barrio of Maramag. It now occupied the southern portion of Bukidnon, bounded on the north by Maramag, on the south by Carmen, Cotabato, on the east by Magpet, Cotabato and on the west by Lanao Sur. It covered the present areas of the mother municipality of Kibawe, the daughter municipalities of Dangcagan, Damulog and Kadingilan and grand daughter municipality of Kitaotao, with a land area of approximately
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Kibawe
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Kibawe became a municipal district in 1931 and then became a regular municipality on July 1, 1956 under Executive Order 272 issued by then vice president, later president of the Philippines, Carlos P. Garcia. Later on, barrio Dangcagan separated into a regular municipality. The growth and development of the municipality served high after the Second World War as immigrants from all over the country (mainly from Visayas and Mindanao) came flocking into the fertile valleys and low mountains of the community.
The original populace of the town, the Manobos, have practically been replaced by the above-mentioned lowlanders. To date, only a few Manobos remain in the interior barrios. In the year 1972, the big barrios of Damulog and Kadingilan were created into separate municipalities. Thus, Kibawe retained the land area of . The Kibaweños of today are people of diverse ethnic origin including the autochthonous Manobos and Bukidnon Lumad tribes, as well as the immigrant Cebuanos, Boholanos, Ilonggos, Negrenses and Warays. All are hardworking, friendly, peace-loving and law-abiding. Together, they work towards a common goal - the socio-economic advancement and amelioration of their lives as a whole.
Geography
Kibawe is a rich land at the center of Mindanao, located in southern Bukidnon. It is bounded in the north by the municipality of Dangcagan, on the south by the municipality of Damulog, on the east by the municipality of Magpet, North Cotabato, and on the west by the municipality of Kadingilan with Muleta River serving as a natural boundary. It has a total land area of , with an approximate land elevation of above sea level.
Barangays
Kibawe is politically subdivided into 23 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.
Topography
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitaotao
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Kitaotao
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Geography
Kitaotao is situated in the southern part of Bukidnon. It lies in the 124°24’ east longitude and 7°40’ to 7°39 south longitude. It is bounded in the north by the municipalities of Don Carlos, Quezon and San Fernando; and the municipalities of Kadingilan, Dangcagan, and Kibawe in the west; and then the province of North Cotabato in the south and Davao City in the east.
Barangays
Kitaotao is politically subdivided into 35 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.
Topography
The area along the Sayre Highway is a plateau while the eastern portion including the Upper Pulangi region is mostly rolling hills with varying mountain slopes.
There are several mountains along the North Cotabato-Davao del Norte Border. Foremost of them are Mt. Sinaka, Mt. Malambo, Mt. Molawit, Mt. Makaayat, Mt. Kibinaton, Mt. Mahanao, Mt. Sumalili, Mt. Zita, and Mt. Kibanda which serve as the sanctuaries of the rare Philippine wildlife. It featured also the numerous waterfalls such as Sumalili, Kinanoran, Matigol and Lalapoy Falls which can be found in the Upper Pulangi region.
Drainage is generally directed southwards where the principal rivers: Pulangi, Muleta, Kulaman, Rawari, Zita, and Salog River.
Climate
Demographics
In the 2020 census, the population of Kitaotao was 53,796 people, with a density of .
Economy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libona
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Libona
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Libona, officially the Municipality of Libona (Bukid and Higaonon: Banuwa ta Libona; ; ), is a municipality in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 48,965 people.
Libona is situated in the northern part of the province and is approximately 103 kilometers from Malaybalay, the capital city of Bukidnon. The municipality can be reached from Cagayan de Oro, the major trade center of Northern Mindanao, through a 52 kilometer-route passing Barangay Alae of Manolo Fortich, or through a 32 kilometer road northward passing Barangay Indahag, Cagayan de Oro.
History
According to folk history, gold had flourished in the locality that prompted people from the neighboring towns flocked into this place in their quest for the golden fame and fortune. It was said that on January 17, 1817, A Spanish soldier who was on patrol was tasked to write down the names of the places he would come across within the course of his mission. He happened to pass by a group of men who were digging gold on one of the gold mines. Talking in Spanish, the soldier inquired about the name of the place. The natives, who did not understand the language, thought the soldier was asking them how many gold ores they have already gathered. In response, the natives answered "libo na", meaning a thousand already. The Spanish soldier jotted the word "Libona" in his logbook believing it was the name of the locality.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malitbog%2C%20Bukidnon
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Malitbog, Bukidnon
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Malitbog, officially the Municipality of Malitbog (Bukid and Higaonon: Banuwa ta Malitbog; ; ), is a municipality in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 26,741 people.
History
The pioneers of the municipality were a group of Bukidnon tribe who has a small settlement along a spring called Abo-on.
As their number increased, they began to call the entire area as Abo-on. However, there were divergent opinions to have this name because Abo-on refer only to a small cluster of settlers in the area.
The name was then changed to Malitbog, on the account of Malitbog River transversing their settlement and likewise the principal source of fishing, the native's favorite livelihood. Their seat of government near the Malitbog River was also another consideration.
By virtue of Executive No. 42, dated June 25, 1963, Malitbog became a 5th Class municipality by operation of the provision of Section 2 of Republic Act 1515 and considered a regular municipality pursuant to Republic Act 23 and 88 duly signed by President Diosdado Macapagal.
Geography
Malitbog is located at the northernmost part of the province, between parallel 8°25'35" and 8°36'8" North Latitude and Meridians 124°49'39" and 125°11'39" East Longitude. Malitbog is a land locked municipality bounded on north by the municipality of Claveria and on the western side by Tagoloan - both of which are part of Misamis Oriental. Bounding it on its southern part are the municipalities of Manolo Fortich and Impasugong of Bukidnon Province while on its eastern side is the municipality of Esperanza, Agusan del Sur.
The municipality is about from the regional capital, Cagayan de Oro, and about 2½ hours ride from the provincial capital, Malaybalay City. It is reachable via Tagoloan and is approximately 2 hours ride from the City of Cagayan de Oro through secondary and road type (gravel and concrete pavement).
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Malitbog, Bukidnon
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Cultivated Area developed for agricultural endeavors and areas settled in by people covers an estimated area of 162.24 km2 or 27.88 percent of the total land area of Malitbog. Alienable and Disposable Lands is within this cultivated area having an area of only 76.70 km2. These A&D Lands are intended for settlements and agricultural development and can be found in the north and north-western side of Malitbog. All barangays of Malitbog have A&D lands, though these are particularly small with barangay Siloo, Sampiano and Santa Inez. The total cultivated area minus the A&D lands will have a difference of 85.54 km2 or 14.70 percent of the total land area of Malitbog. This area is within forest land can be found also in all barangays.
Grassland on the other hand covers most part of barangay Sampiano and Siloo with small patches dots of barangay San Luis. Grassland category is within forest land having an estimated area of 80.88 km2 or 13.90 percent of the total land area of Malitbog.
Demographics
In the 2020 census, the population of Malitbog, Bukidnon, was 26,741 people, with a density of .
Economy
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manolo%20Fortich
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Manolo Fortich
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Manolo Fortich, officially the Municipality of Manolo Fortich (Bukid and Higaonon: Banuwa ta Manolo Fortich; ; ), is a municipality in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 113,200 people.
Manolo Fortich used to be known as Maluko; it was renamed in 1957. Maluko also happens to be the name of one of the municipality's barangay.
History
Before the coming of the Spaniards, the term "Bukidnon" referred to as the semi-sedentary Indigenous inhabitants of the high plateaus and rugged mountain ranges of central Mindanao. The more prominent of these peoples were the Manobo people who were the earliest settlers of this region. Located on the northern part of Bukidnon, is the Municipality of Manolo Fortich.
The great pre-historic Asiatic migration was believed to have brought the early settlers of Bukidnon. It was theorized that they came from places of what is now known as Indonesia. Traveling by the sea, these migrants reached the gulf of Davao where some ventured further to areas of what is now known as Bukidnon and Misamis Oriental. The Asiatic beginnings of these people can be seen from their oral tradition and folktales, like the "Kalikat Hu Mga Elaw Dini Ta Mindanao" (Origin of the People of Mindanao). This folktale revolved on the story of two brothers from Asia "who crossed the seas" in their long journey "towards the east" which refers to the islands of the Philippines. The brothers reportedly landed in the island of Mindanao. With the region experiencing a drought, one of the brothers was forced to venture Northward in order to survive. He did this by following a dried up river to its almost dried up source, a lake. He settled and inter-married with the local inhabitants in the upstream of what is now known as Pulangi River. He and his family were considered as the ancestors of the present Bukidnons.
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Manolo Fortich
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During the pre-historic era, the Bukidnons, also called Monteses or mountain-people, had settled in the area of what is now the Province of Bukidnon. These people have remained traditional till 1860 preserving most of their customs and traditions. Furthermore, these people had not been significantly influenced by the Spanish colonizers because of their isolation. The rugged mountain ranges and high plateaus which serve as home to these people presented an overwhelming obstacle to these colonizers. The Bukidnons undoubtedly have links to the culture predominant in the Southeast Asian region as evidenced by the similar customs and traditions. Their presence here can be traced to the early migration of these Asians throughout the region. Today, the surviving tribes inhabiting the mountains of Bukidnon still bear the culture they have inherited from their ancestors.
Manolo Fortich is named after Don Manuel "Manolo" González Fortich, a provincial resident of Barrio Damilag who became the first governor (1907-1914) of the Sub-province of Bukidnon. Don Manuel Fortich was born on November 27, 1879, in San Nicolas (now Barangay Basak San Nicolas), Cebu City. A Philippine Constabulary officer, he served as a guide to Dean C. Worcester while on expedition to Bukidnon. Upon retirement from government service in 1920, he established ranches in Maluko and Maramag, and acquired 3,000 cows. He died on January 15, 1943, at the age of 64.
The original name of the town was Maluko, and was headed by Santiago Mambinonsad who was appointed as Alcalde de Barrio from 1922 to 1924. It was during the term of Ciriaco Asilan as Presidente del Barrio from 1926 to 1928, that the seat of municipal government was permanently transferred to Tangkulan. Mateo Gumaling was the first appointed municipal mayor of Maluko and in 1940 Margarito Cabang became the first elected Mayor.
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Manolo Fortich
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World War II
Manolo Fortich was captured by Japanese forces of the Kawamura Detachment of the IJA 5th Division attacking from Cagayan on May 6, 1942. They advance further eastward two days later.
Post-war
Maluko was then renamed to Manolo Fortich by virtue of Republic Act No. 1720 on June 21, 1957.
Geography
The municipality of Manolo Fortich has a total area of , accounting 6.1% of the total land area of the province of Bukidnon.
Manolo Fortich is situated in the northern part of the province of Bukidnon. It is about 40 minutes away from the bustling commercial center of Cagayan de Oro.
It is bounded in the north by Cagayan de Oro and the municipality of Malitbog. In the east by the municipality of Sumilao, in the west by the municipality of Libona and Baungon and in the south by the rugged ranges of Mount Kitanglad.
Barangays
Manolo Fortich is politically subdivided into 22 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.
Climate
The climate is classified as belonging to type IV or Intermediate. It is characterized by a moderate dry season with average rainfall of about . Its temperature is relatively cool and humid making the place suitable for production of any kind of crops. Production of high valued crops, which include vegetables, cut flowers and ornamentals is a big potential in the area.
Demographics
In the 2020 census, the population of Manolo Fortich was 113,200 people, with a density of .
In the 2010 census, the population of the municipality was 91,026 people, up from 82,051 in 2007. Manolo Fortich belongs to a very low-density area which has only approximately 162 persons per square kilometre. The urban population is confined in barangays Agusan Canyon, Damilag and Tankulan.
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Manolo Fortich
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Ethnic origin
There are three major ethnic groups in Manolo Fortich and they are the Higaonon, Talaandig and the Cebuano-Bohol ethnic groups, the latter were mostly migrants from Cebu and Bohol who came to work as agricultural laborers in the plantation and orchard farms of the highland plateau, about 55% of the residents are Higaonons who are indigenous people in the area.
Languages
Cebuano, a Visayan language, is the major spoken language of the town. In the upland barangay plateau areas of Dahilayan, Guilang-guilang, Kalugmanan, Santiago and Ticala, the Higa-onons and Talaandigs speak their indigenous language called "Binukid".
Economy
While Del Monte Philippines' manufacturing plant is located in nearby Cagayan de Oro, yet its pineapple plantation is located in the municipality specifically in Camp Phillips Road, Barangay Agusan Canyon while the company's clubhouse is located at Barangay San Miguel, still in Camp Phillips Road. The Del Monte Golf Course & Country Club on the other hand is located in Sitio Cawayanon, Barangay San Miguel. Just a few meters from the golf course is the Del Monte School, still located in Sitio Cawayanon. The Cawayanon Compound also located in Sitio Cawayanon is a residential area mostly inhabited by Del Monte employees.
Infrastructure
Water/drainage systems
Manolo Fortich has three major river systems crisscrossing the upstream and downstream agricultural lands. These are the Tagoloan, Mangima and Agusan Rivers, which serve as natural boundaries and drainage of excess water and run-off from around the municipality. The other rivers of the municipality are, among others: Dicklum, Kumaykay, Guihian, Tasaon and Kulaman Rivers. The river systems also serve as sources of potable water supply for domestic use. About 26 creeks spread across nine barangays in the municipality.
Natural resources
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maramag
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Maramag
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The political history of the municipality traces back in 1916 when the late Deputy Governor Cenon R. Paulican positively declared that people from different parts of the country began settling in the area. Years later, the people informally elected a leader among them as the incipient local government started to take form. They called their leaders “Captain”. These leaders normally remained in office for as long as their political abilities and faithfulness to duty would allow; Monarchial in so many ways although an election process is in place. This system prevailed up to the Second World War.
In 1945, the first appointed Mayor was put in place to head the municipal government followed by two others. The first election for the position of the Municipal Mayor was held in 1951. The election for the members of the Barrio Council was held in 1955. From then on, ten other Municipal Mayors were either appointed or elected in the past 56 years up to the present.
Maramag was formally created as a municipality through Executive Order No. 272 issued by then President Carlos P. Garcia on July 1, 1956. The Poblacion of Maramag was formerly located in Barangay Base Camp, three kilometers away from the present Poblacion. After World War II and upon the completion of the Sayre Highway, people started to move along the highway in a linear then nodal fashion and later concentrically forming the Poblacion today, composing Barangay North and South Poblacions.
The municipal boundaries between Maramag, Pangantucan and Kibawe were established in 1935 by the then deputy Governor Cenon Paulican. Then, Maramag, with the organization of the former barangays Don Carlos and Quezon into regular municipalities, was reduced to its present area of about 58,198.98 hectares. As reported too, in the late sixties, a Memorandum of Agreement between Maramag and Valencia, Bukidnon was forged as to their common boundaries. Purportedly, the Lumbo Creek, as it flows to the Pulangi River defines the demarcation between the two municipalities.
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The current seat of the government of Maramag consists of two barangays: the North and South Poblacion. When the Central Mindanao University (CMU) is transferred to Musuan, Dologon, Maramag, Bukidnon from Managok, Malaybalay, Bukidnon, the municipality became the host of the premier agricultural school in Mindanao.
The municipality likewise served as the nodal point of the major national roads of the province to the different places of Mindanao namely: the Bukidnon–Wao (Lanao del Sur) road the Bukidnon – North Cotobato Road and the Bukidnon – Cagayan de Oro Road.
Maramag boasts its agricultural importance to the development of the province. It has the Crystal Sugar Corporation with a rated capacity of 6,000 tons per day. As of 1999, the total area planted to sugarcane was 20,500 hectares, which ranked as the number one crop. Corn ranks second with 10,800 hectares planted and rice accounts for the third major crop in the municipality with the irrigated areas reaching 4,900 hectares.
The National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR) Pulangi IV Hydroelectric Plant with a rated capacity of 255 megawatts is found in Maramag. The Power Plant contributed the Mindanao Grid.
In terms of environment, the municipality plays a vital role in the protection of the Bukidnon Watershed. Thirty percent of the land, approximately 17,340 hectares, of Maramag has been designated as forest land. These include the protected forest (10.45%), production forest (85.85%) and buffer zones (3.7%). The forest area categorized under the NIPAS is the 1,939.62 hectares within the confines of Mt. Kalatungan Range, the third highest mountain of the country.
Maramag also boasts a number of spectacular springs, which had contributed to its esteemed title, "The Land of Springs". Because of its prominence within the municipality, it attracted many tourists from near and afar to feel and indulge upon the cold and crystalline waters.
Geography
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Maramag
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Maramag, a landlocked municipality of Bukidnon, is approximately southeast of Cagayan de Oro, around south of Malaybalay City, from Davao City and from General Santos.
It is bounded on the north and north-eastern by the municipality of Valencia; on the east by the municipality of Quezon; on the south by the municipality of Don Carlos; and on the west by the municipality of Pangantucan, all within the Province of Bukidnon. It is located within the geographic coordinates of 7°41’, to 7°58’ North latitude and 124°47’ to 125°14’ East longitude.
Maramag covers a total land area of and politically divided into 20 barangays. The largest barangay is Kuya.
Barangays
Maramag is politically subdivided into 20 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.
Five barangays are categorized as urban: Base Camp, Dagumba-an, Dologon, North and South Poblacions; and fifteen as rural.
Topography
Maramag is bounded in the North-East by mountain ranges of Mount Kilakron and Mount Kalatungan. Among its important landmarks are the Adtuyon Plateau and the Musuan Peak, at the base of which lies the Central Mindanao University (CMU), a state university at Musuan, Barangay Dologon.
The municipality is well distributed in terms of slope gradients. The eastern and central sections of Maramag except in some patches are characteristically flat but undulated towards the northern and western boundaries of the area.
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Pangantucan
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Pangantucan, officially the Municipality of Pangantucan (; ), is a municipality in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 56,580 people.
History
The indigenous groups of Pangantucan are various Talaandig and Manobo tribes. It has also been settled by Dumagat (Visayans) in recent times.
The name “Pangantucan” means wisdom and strength in the Manobo languages and is said to refer to a white stallion that uprooted a bamboo stalk to warn his master, a tribal datu, of approaching raiders from other tribes.
Pangantucan was previously a barrio of Maramag. It was merged in 1931 with Adtuyon, Dominorog, Panalagsagan, Kalilangan and Barandias to form a separate municipal district. It was granted Municipal status in 1961.
Geography
Pangantucan is situated in south–western Bukidnon and located approximately south of the provincial capital Malaybalay.
Pangantucan shares borders to its south-west and south with the provinces of Lanao del Sur and Cotabato. Within Bukidnon, Kalilangan lies west of Pangantucan while on its north-west is Mount Kitanglad. Valencia is located to the north while Maramag, Don Carlos and Kadingilan are located to the east and south.
Pangantucan has a land area of , making it the ninth largest component subdivision of Bukidnon.
Pangantucan is also home to lakes Napalit and Mata, which are located at a distance of one kilometer from each other in Barangay Pigtauranan. Lake Napalit is a tectonic lake situated outside Mount Kalatungan. It has an estimated area of 36 hectares and a depth of 80 feet and also contains an islet. In between the two lakes is a marsh containing naturally bonsai-ed trees and tikog plants.
Barangays
Pangantucan is politically subdivided into 19 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.
Topography
Pangantucan is characterized by hilly and mountainous areas. To its north-west portion is Mount Kalatungan, the second highest peak in Bukidnon with an elevation of .
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Quezon, Bukidnon
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Quezon, officially the Municipality of Quezon (; ), is a municipality in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 109,624 people.
History
Early 1900s
Back in the days, this bucolic land that we now know as Quezon in the Province of Bukidnon was a vast ocean of grassy fields gently rising to verdant mountains. The nomadic Manobo tribe sparsely populated the area and lived mostly along riverbanks, around the edges of thickly-forested hills or near lush watersheds which Quezon is abundantly blessed with. Blissfully, the tribesmen foraged for most of their needs and relied mainly on the abundance of nature. For all their other needs such as salt and clothing, they traded abaca, preserved meat, and beeswax with neighboring communities within the province.
In the early 1900s, the ranching settlers arrived and raised cattle in the sprawling grasslands that stretched across the western part of Quezon.
After the Second World War, an influx of migrants from other parts of the country such as the neighboring province of Misamis Oriental and the islands of Bohol, Cebu, and Ilocos from up north began arriving in Quezon. Both Manobos and settlers lived harmoniously with each other. There was an abundance of food and the residents had everything they needed to make a living from – rice, corn, coffee, vegetables, meat, rubber, coconut, and even fiber. Whatever surplus they had they would haul in rafts across the Pulangui River in Opalon and trade them with neighboring communities. Migrants entered Quezon through the same route as there were neither roads nor bridges back then.
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The middle of the century
Quezon, then called Barangay Kiokong of the Municipality of Maramag, saw its first major economic breakthrough in the middle of the 20th century. Don Jose Fortich, one of the first ranching settlers to set up home in the area, put up the biggest rice and corn mill right in the center of Quezon’s would-be commercial district. In 1957, a bailey bridge was built over the Pulangui River, connecting Barangay Kiokong to its mother Municipality to the west and increasing the inflow of migrants even more. Foreign investors entered Quezon and pioneered the logging industry, which cleared a majority of the arable plains that became available for the expansion of farmlands. Bida Timber Corporation established the timber industry in what is now known as Barangay Dumalama.
Shortly thereafter, another logging company, NAREDICO, opened up for business. The latter is known to have had the biggest saw mill in the history of Quezon, harvesting forest resources from Salawagan, San Roque, Linabo, and Gamot, all the way to the boundary between Quezon and the Municipality of San Fernando. Logging operations lasted for so many years, until it dwindled and made way for the construction of the Bukidnon-Davao Road that opened for better economic opportunities for the residents of Quezon.
The birth of the municipality
Through the efforts of community leaders who aspired for self-sustainability and develop their own natural resources, Quezon became a Municipality in 1966. From Barangay Kiokong of the Municipality of Maramag, it was officially recognized as the Municipality of Quezon by virtue of R.A. 4802.
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The 1970s
With the construction of the Bukdinon-Davao (BuDa) Road underway, public transportation from the Municipality of Maramag to Calinan in Davao became available and migrants from Davao Region started coming in. The population reached new heights due also to the deluge of settlers from Lanao Region. The conflict between Christians and Muslims in the area forced Christians to seek safety in other places and Quezon was one of their safe havens.
In 1974, the sugar industry took root in Quezon with the construction of the first sugar mill in the province. Bukidnon Sugar Milling Company or BUSCO had its first milling season in 1976 and received sugar cane from small farmers all over the province. Its operations gave rise to other industries and provided local employment to many. The developing economy also brought forth the growth of banking and financial institutions. Traders Royal Bank (TRB) was the very first bank to have been built in Quezon and it served both big and small farmers in the locality.
The 1980s
If the 1960s through the 1970s were the golden days of Quezon, when both locals and settlers lived harmoniously with each other and people had everything they ever needed, the 1980s were its twilight; when economic progress and the peace situation was at a low ebb. About the same time that the 1987 Philippine Constitution was proclaimed in force, the locals that lived then and are still alive today look back to days of disquietude. Some disgruntled groups of individuals disturbed the status quo and spread malice in the streets. Their activities decelerated economic progress and imperiled the peace and order in the municipality.
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The turn of the 21st century
Sugarcane was the most important crop that shaped Quezon’s modern economy. For more than four decades since its inception, the sugar industry dominated Quezon’s economy and provided employment to locals, until the advent of the pineapple industry in the early 21st century. Davao Agri-Ventures Corporation, Inc. or DAVCO is the first private corporation to grow pineapples in the Municipality, followed by Del Monte Philippines, Inc. which built its fresh fruit packing house in barangay San Jose sometime in 2008.
The turn of the century brought about significant changes to the community. Advances in information and communications technology, the modernization of agricultural practices, and improved local governance dramatically changed the way the locals lived. From the increase in the number of cellular sites, the arrival of multi-national corporations to the automation of the electoral process, the citizens of the once laidback town of Quezon gradually learned to keep up with the rest of their peers in the region.
Despite its being a first-class municipality, Quezon took some time to move forward with its development goals on account of the precarious peace situation in the area. Due in part to its mountainous topography, Quezon had been an ideal hotbed of communist movements that infiltrated the local government since the mid-1980s. The latter’s presence hampered progress and threatened the lives and properties of both local and foreign investors.
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San Fernando, Bukidnon
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San Fernando, officially the Municipality of San Fernando (; ), is a municipality in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 63,045 people.
History
The natives of Bukidnon known as Tigwahanons and Matigsalugs were the original inhabitants of this area. They settled along the fertile river valleys of the Tigwa and Salug rivers. These people were nomadic by nature and subsisted mainly by hunting and eating forest products but they also maintained small plots of corn and root crops in places where they built their temporary shelters. They have a feudal type of government headed by a political chieftain known as "datu", who also acted as their religious leader and armed forces chief.
San Fernando was formerly part of the municipalities of Maramag and Malaybalay. Pursuant to Executive Order No. 347 of President Carlos P. Garcia dated July 29, 1959, the Malaybalay barrios along the Tigua River and the Maramag barrios along the Salug River were separated from their mother towns to create the Municipality of San Fernando. During the reign of Gov. Teodoro Oblad and Cong. Cesar Fortich, a proposal was submitted to the defunct Congress for the creation of this district into municipality. On June 18, 1966, San Fernando was created into a municipality under R.A. 4789 and was named in honor of Fernando Damasco, the father of former Gov. Catalino Damasco. The first set of government was installed at Barangay Namnam, approximately 48 kilometers away from Valencia City.
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The government resettlement program for Mindanao during the 1960s and 1970s attracted immigrants from Luzon and the Visayas. The arrival of the migrants, attracted by the town's rich agricultural potential, created more settlements in the area and contributed much in the development of the area. The original occupants of the town, the Tigwahanon and the Matigsalug, were then replaced by these lowlanders or "dumagats". Only few natives remained in the lowland and the majority of them settled in the interior and mountainous areas of the municipality.
On July 27, 1970, the municipal council passed a resolution transferring the seat of government from Namnam to Barangay Halapitan.
Halapitan - The present town of Halapitan used to be an abaca farm of Victoriano Bantug who served as mayor in the 1970s. Mr. Tamin, a teacher in Namnam used to drop by at Mr. Bantug's house in present Halapitan on his way to Malaybalay, thus the word "Hapit", or drop by. Talangihon which is now Comawas was the loading dock for bamboo rafts as inhabitants sail along Tigoa River connecting Pulangui River onto Lumbayao. Mr. Bantug eventually distributed lands to newcomers and eventually the name Halapitan stayed on " Hapitanan".
Geography
San Fernando is located in the southeast portion of the province of Bukidnon. It is bounded in the north by Malaybalay City and Cabanglasan, in the east by the municipality of Talaingod, Davao del Norte in the south by Davao City and North Cotabato province; and in the west by Quezon and Valencia City.
The municipality's Poblacion is from Valencia City and from Malaybalay City.
Barangays
San Fernando is politically subdivided into 24 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.
Topography
About eighty percent of the municipality's area is mountainous. The Pantaron Mountain Range (Central Cordillera of Mindanao) forms part of the natural border between the municipality and the Davao provinces in the west while the Aga Mountains between Valencia City and Quezon.
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The Tigwa River valley occupies the northern and central parts of the municipality while the Salug River valley is found in the southern part of the municipality.
Bodies of water
The municipality has two major river systems: Tigwa River and Salug River. The Tigwa River is a tributary of the Pulangi River, which empties into the Mindanao River in Cotabato City. The Salug River is a tributary of the Davao River that empties into Davao Gulf in the south.
Climate
Demographics
In the 2020 census, the population of San Fernando, Bukidnon, was 63,045 people, with a density of .
The municipality had a total population of 50,207 people in 2010, up from 40,165 in 2000, with 71 persons per square km.
Economy
The municipality is predominantly agricultural with corn as the major product followed by rice and abaca. Rattan, banana, bamboo, vegetables and root crops are also produced in the municipality.
Government
The municipality is administered by the Municipal Mayor together with the Vice Mayor and the Sangguniang Bayan. The mayor is the local chief executive officer of the municipality while the Sangguniang Bayan (or SB) serves as the local legislative arm as mandated by the Local Government Code of the Philippines of 1991.
Under the Mayor's Office are the following offices: Municipal Planning and Development Office, Municipal Civil Registrar's Office, Municipal Engineering Office, Municipal Accounting Office, Municipal Treasurer's Office, Municipal Assessor's Office, Municipal Social Welfare and Development Office, Municipal Agriculture Office and Municipal Budget Office. These offices are mandated to deliver the basic social services to the inhabitants of the municipality.
The Sangguniang Bayan is headed by the Vice Mayor, acting as its presiding officer, and eight (8) regular Sangguniang Bayan members. They formulate laws and ordinances relevant to the municipality.
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Jamgön Ju Mipham Gyatso
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Jamgön Ju Mipham Gyatso, or Mipham Jamyang Namgyal Gyamtso (1846–1912) (also known as "Mipham the Great") was a very influential philosopher and polymath of the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism. He wrote over 32 volumes on topics such as painting, poetics, sculpture, alchemy, medicine, logic, philosophy and tantra. Mipham's works are still central to the scholastic curriculum in Nyingma monasteries today. Mipham is also considered to be one of the leading figures in the Rimé (non-sectarian) movement in Tibet.
Derivation of name
"Ju" ("holding") was Mipham's family name as his paternal clan is said to have originated as clear light deities who came to the human world holding a rope.
"Jamgön" (Skt. Mañjunātha) indicate that he was considered to be an emanation of the bodhisattva Mañjuśrī. His maternal uncle, Minister-Lama Drupchok Pema Tarjay, named him Mipham Gyamtso ("Invincible Ocean" or "Unconquerable Ocean").
In Tibetan literature, the word "mi-pham" is the standard translation of the Sanskrit "ajita", meaning "unconquered", which is a common epithet of the celestial bodhisattva Maitreya.
Biography
Early life
Mipham the Great was born to an aristocratic family in 1846 in the Derge Principality of Kham or Eastern Tibet. He was recognized as an exceptional child from a young age, memorizing texts as early as age six. By the age of ten he had already composed many texts. At twelve, he entered the monastery as an ordinary monk of the Ogmin Urgyen Mindrolling lineage at a branch monastery of the great Nyingma seat Shechen.
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When he was fifteen or sixteen, after studying the very difficult Mindrolling system of chanting for only a few days and praying to Manjushri, he is said to have completely mastered it. In an 18-month retreat he accomplished the form of Manjushri known as 'Lion of Philosophers' (Tibetan: smra ba'i seng ge), using a liturgy composed by the fifteenth Karmapa, Khakhyab Dorje. He made many medicinal pills blessed with Manjushri's mantra, and many miraculous signs were said to have been manifest. After this, it was said that he could accomplish any sutra or tantra without any effort, and no text was unknown to him. He went to many lamas to obtain the necessary lungs (oral transmissions), but he needed no study or teachings for any texts.
Teachers
Mipham was "a luminary of the nineteenth century Nyingma renaissance and Rime movement ecumenical movement, which started in the Kham region of eastern Tibet". As such he received teachings from masters of all lineages Nyingma and Sarma alike. His root gurus were Dza Patrul Rinpoche, from whom he received instruction on Shantideva's Bodhicharyavatara and Dzogchen and the renowned master Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo, from whom he received transmission of the orally transmitted or Kama and revealed or Terma lineages, and many other teachings. His other teachers included Jamgon Kongtrul Lodro Thaye; Dzogchen Khenpo Padma Vajra; Lab Kyabgon Wangchen Gyerab Dorje; Jubon Jigme Dorje; Bumsar Geshe Ngawang Jungne and Ngor Ponlop Jamyang Loter Wangpo.
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Philosophy
A key theme in Mipham's philosophical work is the unity of seemingly disparate ideas such as duality and nonduality, conceptual and nonconceptual (nirvikalpa) wisdom, rational analysis and uncontrived meditation, presence and absence, immanence and transcendence, emptiness and Buddha nature. Mimicking the Sarma schools, Mipham attempted to reconcile the view of tantra, especially Dzogchen, with sutric Madhyamaka. This was in departure with the Nyingma school which generally positioned the view of tantra as superior to the view of Madhyamaka.
For Mipam, the unity of philosophical views is ultimately resolved in the principle of coalescence (Sanskrit: yuganaddha, Tib: zung 'jug), which is the nonduality of conventional and ultimate realities, of samsara and nirvana. Unlike Tsongkhapa who held that emptiness, as an absolute negation, was the definitive reality and view, Mipham sees coalescence of gnosis and emptiness, form and emptiness, etc. as "the ultimate hermeneutical cornerstone of his interpretations".
In his many texts Mipham explores the tension and dialectic that arises between philosophical reasoning of the ordinary mind (rnam shes) which is represented by the Madhyamaka philosophy and luminous nonconceptual wisdom (ye shes), which is the focus of the teachings of Dzogchen. He attempts a synthesis of them to show that they are not incompatible perspectives and that the teachings of Dzogchen are in line with reason.
Two models of the two truths
Mipham developed a twofold model of the Buddhist two truths doctrine. The first model is the traditional Madhyamaka perspective which presents the two truths of emptiness and appearance, with emptiness representing the level of ultimate truth and appearance representing relative truth. In this model the two truths are really the same reality and are only conceptually distinct.
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In his second model of the two truths, Mipham presents an authentic truth and an inauthentic truth. Authentic experience is any perception that is in accord with reality (gnas snang mthun) and perceptions which do not are said to be inauthentic. This differs from the first model because in the first model only emptiness is ultimate while in the second model the ultimate truth is the meditative experience of unitary wisdom. Instead of just being a negation, it includes the subjective content of the cognition of wisdom as well as the objective nature of reality. In this model the ultimate truth is also reality experienced nonconceptually, without duality and reification, which in Dzogchen is termed rigpa, while the relative truth is the conceptual mind (sems).
According to Mipham these two models do not conflict. They are merely different contextually; the first relates to the analysis of experience post meditatively and the second corresponds to the experience of unity in meditative equipose. This synthesis by Mipam is ultimately a bringing together of two different perspectives in Tibetan philosophy, rangtong and shentong, which Mipam associated with the teachings of the second turning (Prajnaparamita sutras) and third turning (Yogacara and Buddha nature sutras) respectively:
The emptiness taught in the middle wheel and the exalted body and wisdom taught in the last wheel should be integrated as a unity of emptiness and appearance. Without dividing or excluding the definitive meaning subject matters of the middle and last wheels, both should be held to be the definitive meaning in the way of just this assertion by the omniscient Longchen Rapjam. - Lion's Roar, exposition of Buddha nature.
For Mipham, both of these teachings are definitive and a middle way between both of them is the best way to avoid the extremes of nihilism and essentialism.
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Astrology and divination
Mipham also wrote extensively about astrology which was, in his words, a "delightful game" that he mastered in his teens but later applied to more serious topics such as medicine; these two topics, with various texts on more or less related topics of divination, occupy perhaps 2,000 pages of his writing. An entire volume of Mipham's is devoted to Ju-thig or divination using knots, a method that might be termed "Bon" in origin, for want of a more accurate term; this may have been the legacy of his family, who were doctors for several generations. Throughout his writings there are many resources for divination, in addition to astrology, including several rituals for looking in mirrors (pra-mo), one using dice (mo), pulling different-length 'arrows' (Wylie: da dar) out of a quiver and so on, compelling a non-human "bird" to whisper future news in one's ear, and so on. In one short text he prescribes various methods of divination (all drawn, Mipham emphasizes, from Tantric scriptures and commentaries) that make use of unusual sources of augury such as: the vicariously overheard chatter of women; sudden appearance of various animals, especially birds; weather phenomena; the shape, size and color of flames in the agnihotra or fire puja; the quality of burning butter lamps, especially the size of the flame, the amount and shape of smoke that arises; and the size and shape of the carbon deposit on the wick.
When some of his scholarly rivals thought it inappropriate for a monk to devote so much time to matters of future events, Mipham wrote a short essay explaining the purpose of divination, citing sources in the Sutras and Tantras where the utility and value of divination are explained.
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Sumilao
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Sumilao, officially the Municipality of Sumilao (Bukid and Higaonon: Banuwa ta Sumilao; ; ), is a municipality in the province of Bukidnon, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 29,531 people.
Etymology
The word “Sumilao” came from a Bukidnon phrase "Kon sumilaw da”, which means “When light comes again.”
A story has been told that there lived a man named Walu who possessed supernatural powers. Many believed that he lives somewhere in Kilabong, a place near Palaopao Hill. Time came when seven “baylan” (spiritual leaders who possessed special powers), who were living at the plain below, fabricated degrading stories against Walu.
This angered him. Standing on the hill, he shouted at the top of his voice and pointed to the seven men rebuking them for their evil intentions. At this instant, bright, glaring light emitted from the tip of the pointing finger and the seven “baylan” were blinded. It was said that their eyesight will be restored when the same light will come again.
History
Oral history from the town's old-time residents stated that before the Spanish colonization, the present site of the Poblacion was already inhabited. Four big buildings housing several families were already constructed. These families were directly controlled by a settlement datu or chief. They have grouped together to protect themselves from the fierce “mangangayaw” or headhunters from the hills.
When the Spaniards came, Datu Manlomero and Opecio, with their men, fought against the invading conquistadores. Unfortunately, the natives were defeated due to the inferiority of their weapons.
So they laid down their arms and accepted the new ruler. They were baptized to the Christian religion. In the 1860s, the Recollect missionaries were already making visits to Sumilao.
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Sumilao
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When the Jesuit priests took over the missionary work in Bukidnon in the 1870s, Sumilao was already one of the rancherias of the Visita of Tagoloan. Regular missionary trips to Sumilao and Linabo were intensified by Fathers Juan Terricarbas and Eusebio Barrado. By 1887, there were 200 Christian residents of the Rancheria de Sumilao.
In January 1890, Sumilao was created into the first active mission station in Bukidnon, thus making her the nucleus of the Roman Catholic faith in the province. Mission de Sumilao assumed jurisdiction over the rancherias of Tagoloan up to Bugcaon, formerly all under the parish of Tagoloan.
Sumilao was now under the Residencia de Balingasag. The name rancheria was later changed to reduccion de Nuevo Cristianos. By 1891, Mission de Sumilao had 15 reducciones with a combined Christian population of 8, 399. The reduccion of Sumilao, however had 11, 340 inhabitants. Father Eusebio Barrado was the missionary curate during that time.
In 1893, Mission de Mailag (Mailag) was created. This reduced the number of reducciones of Mission de Sumilao. By 1894, the mission had only 4, 122 Christian inhabitants.
During the Spanish colonizations, the local datu were appointed to political positions by the missionary priests. These political leaders were under the administrative control of the higher authorities who are stationed at Misamis Oriental. Some of these local leaders were Capitanes Dalahigon, Alejo Yansao – alis Mandita, Akuman and Tao.
In 1907, the American took over the administration of Bukidnon. The town's chief was now called president. In 1914, Sumilao was one of the communities created into municipal districts of Bukidnon pursuant to Executive Order No. 10 issued by Frank Carpenter, Governor of the Department of Mindanao and Sulu on August 15, 1914.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumilao
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Sumilao
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Sumilao became a regular municipality on July 1, 1956, pursuant to Executive Order No. 272 signed by the President Carlos P. Garcia. The following were the elected and appointed officials of the municipality from its establishment up to the present.
The Sumilao Farmers' March
On December 3, 2007, 55 farmers of the Higaonon tribe from Sumilao arrived in Metro Manila, 2 months after their march through 13 provinces from Mindanao to ask the government to stop the conversion of the land they are claiming into a hog farm. They farmers petitioned the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) to issue a cease-and-desist order (CDO) on the contested 144-hectare property in Barangay (village) San Vicente, Sumilao which San Miguel Foods Inc. (SMFI) converted into a hog farm. The Supreme Court of the Philippines had earlier dismissed the farmers' rights lack of legal standing. Farmer Tuminhay stated that: “Our titles were cancelled because Norberto Quisumbing was allowed to convert his land on condition that he would implement a five-year development plan. Since he did not implement the plan, it is only proper that DAR renew the CARP process and give us back our titles.” Quisumbing's development plan for the property included the establishment of a development academy, a cultural center, an institute for livelihood science, a museum, library, golf course, a sports development complex, an agro-industrial park, forest development and support facilities, and construction of a 360-room hotel, restaurant, housing projects, inter alia. Then Atty. Leni Robredo lawyered for the Sumilao farmers and pushed for their rights against corporate greed.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumilao
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Sumilao
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On December 17, 2007, the government revoked the conversion order on the disputed 144-hectare lot in Sumilao, resulting to the return of the land ownership to the 55 members of the Higaonon tribe farmers who marched 1,700 kilometers for 2 months from Mindanao to Metro Manila. The order reads: “Wherefore premises considered and as recommended by DAR, the petition for cancellation and/or revocation of the conversion order covering 144 hectares of land…is hereby granted.” San Miguel Foods as landowner must be paid the current value of the property before the land can be distributed to the farmers.
In March 2008, San Miguel and the Sumilao farmers signed a deal returning 50 hectares to the farmers. The farmers will get a total of 144 hectares, which is equivalent in size of the original property they sought for.
Geography
Sumilao is one of the 20 municipalities of Bukidnon. It is located between latitudes 8 degrees, 11 seconds and 8 degrees, 12 seconds North and longitudes 124 degrees, 52 seconds and 125 degrees and 2 seconds East. It is bounded in the east by the Municipality of Impasugong, in the south by the municipalities of Baungon and Libona and in the north by the Municipality of Manolo Fortich.
It is particularly bounded in the east by the town of Impasugong, south by Lantapan and Talakag, west and north by Manolo Fortich.
Ten barangays comprise the municipality with Kisolon as the seat of government. It occupies an aggregate land area of 20, 445 hectares. Sumilao is traversed by the deep Kulaman Canyon which physically separates six barangays from the Poblacion and Kisolon.
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Sumilao
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Sumilao is approximately 62 kilometers from Cagayan de Oro and 29 kilometers from the provincial capital, the City of Malaybalay. It is situated between the two growth centers of the province, Manolo Fortich and the City of Malaybalay. It is accessible by land transportation and vehicles plying the Cagayan de Oro and Malaybalay/Valencia routes passing through the eight kilometer stretch of the National Sayre Highway, which traverses the municipality's area.
Land area and classification
Sumilao has an aggregate land area of is 207.49 km2 representing 2.4% of the total land area of the province. Its participation in the region is 0.7212. Of the ten barangays, Lupiagan has the largest area accounting to about 29.18% of the total land area. San Vicente is the smallest with 8.54 km2 or 4.14% of the total land area.
The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) data revealed that the information on Sumilao's total land area which is 207.49 km2 can be classified as: 155.92 km2 are considered alienable and disposable and 51.57 km2 of which are forestal/timberland.
Topography
Generally, Sumilao's physical configuration is characterized by extreme features. From the south to the central portion moving towards the north and north-western areas are mountain ranges, canyons, and high relief topography, including part of Mt. Kitanglad, the second highest mountain peak in the Philippines, and the Palaopao Mountains. In the Upper Kulaman areas, settlements sprawl between the vast stretches of pineapple plantations. Per topographic map of the municipality from NAMRIA, the average elevation of Sumilao is 600 meters above sea level.
Climate
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Sumilao
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Bukidnon province has two prevailing climate variations based on rainfall pattern existing in its northern and southern sections. The northern part where Sumilao is located falls under the third or intermediate A type. Under this type, seasons are not very pronounced; relatively dry from November to April and wet for the rest of the year, maximum rain period is not very pronounced. Specifically, the climate in the southern part of the municipality is relatively cool and humid throughout the year. These areas are along the foot of the Mt. Kitanglad while in the northern areas, rainfall is more or less evenly distributed throughout the year. Most often in these areas, heavy downpour occurs every afternoon while in the morning the sun shines. The average heaviest rainfall for the past five years occurs in June with 431.7 millimeters and the lowest in March with only 89.2 millimeters.
Barangays
Sumilao is politically subdivided into 10 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks while some have sitios.
Sumilao is politically subdivided into ten (10) barangays, six of which are traversed by the Kulaman River that separate them from the other four barangays. The ten barangays are Kisolon, Kulasi, Licoan, Lupiagan, Occasion, Poblacion, Puntian, San Roque, San Vicente and Vista Villa. Unlike any other municipalities, the seat of government in Sumilao is located at barangay Kisolon; Barangay Poblacion serves as a satellite barangay for other rural barangays.
Demographics
In the 2020 census, the population of Sumilao, Bukidnon, was 29,531 people, with a density of .
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Sumilao
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Sumilao had the lowest population in the census year 1990 and second lowest in 1995, among the 21 municipalities. However, as for population growth, it ranks the highest percent increase of 18.90% with an increase population of 2,146 between 1990 and 1995. On the census conducted by the Philippine Statistics Authority on the year 2000, the population of Sumilao increased to 17,958 brought about by in-migration of agro-industrial workers from the neighboring towns of Manolo Fortich, Impasugong, Malaybalay City and from the provinces of Misamis Oriental, Misamis Occidental, Camiguin, Bohol and other places in Luzon.
Population density
The urban barangay of Kisolon and the two urbanizable barangays of San Vicente and Poblacion and one rural barangay of Vista Villa have a density of 160 people/km2. The density appears very good and ideal noting the density against the census of 10,000 people/km2.
Economy
Sumilao is basically an agriculture-based community where most of the populace are dependents on agriculture as its main economic activity and as source of main income. Ordinary farmers are planting rice, corn and vegetables both traditional and high value crops while the large corporations, the DOLE Philippines-Skyland Division and the De Monte Philippines, Inc. are engaged in planting commercial crops of sweet lakatan variety banana and pineapple. There is also an influx of agro-industrial establishment in the area, the piggery and breeder farms but required a minimal employment only. The municipality boost of its natural and man-made attractions which when developed can be a source of income for the populace. Small cottage industries like broom making made of guiyong, ceramics and pot made of clay and hollow blocks making are gaining headway in the area.
Tourism
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Sumilao
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Alalum Falls The falls is located along the Sayre Highway and less than a kilometer distance from the Municipal Hall. Its imposing grandeur can easily be seen by travelers on motor vehicles. It is approximately high. However, due to ongoing public constructions, it may be difficult to catch a glimpse of the attraction. But the falls will be open to public again soon.
Sumalsag Cave Known as the longest cave in the first Congressional District of Bukidnon, Sumalsag Cave is located in Kilabong, Vista Villa, Sumilao, Bukidnon. It is generally wet or filled with water. The total length of Sumalsag Cave's three branches is approximately 1,859 meters. Its wide entrance, boasting of huge stalactites, opens to a spacious chamber floored with mud. From its mouth, a gigantic column that dwarfs any person standing near it can be seen. Beyond this chamber is a bigger chamber, which allegedly used to be a rebel headquarters. Remnants of the headquarters facilities can still be found. Stalagmites, stalactites and rimstones can be seen.
Lagundang Cave Lagundang Cave boasts of its entrance, a mini Niagara Falls and ponds full of crabs and fishes. It is a wonder how crabs and fishes got into this cave, the only opening of which is a vertical drop. Except for treasure hunting, there has been no known activities pertaining to Lagundang Cave. Had the public known of its existence, repelling enthusiast would be thrilled therein and the fascinating rock formations inside the cave.
Mt. Palaopao Stretching along the boundary of Sumilao and Manolo Fortich from the north-east, Mt. Palaopao stands 836 feet above sea level. The top was once covered with virgin forest while the side contain several caves, rock shelters and limestones overhangs contain wooden coffin and artifacts which designs are traced back during the metal age. These places were used as burial ground in the early part of the 19th century.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talakag
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Talakag
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Datu Man-utob was such a respected ruler that all the datus under him were all in awe of him. Even the Datus of Cagayhaan (now Cagayan de Oro) ruled by Datus Abaga, Binandina and Ganza, Datus Tombalan, Mansingkatol, Manimohod, Mansihabo, Tingkayogan, Yagoma and Magoliok, all of Tagoloan and of Maguindanao and Ditsaan (now Lanao del Sur) respected and feared him.
He was so well known that even Sultan Kabungsuan (also known as Sharif Kabunsuan, the youngest brother of Sharif Alawi) and other Muslim leaders visited him at Tikalaan several times to establish good relationship during the propagation of Islam.
During this time Mindanao, tribal wars were prevalent. The inhabitants in the coastal areas could not go up to the mountains for fear of ambush and killings; neither could the inhabitants in the mountains go to the coastal areas. Thus, in response to the request of the Muslims who were already well established in Maguindanao, Lanao, Sulu and Tagoloan, Datu Man-utob acceded to the call for peace among the rulers of Mindanao. He hosted a peace treaty at Tikalaan called TAMPUDA HA APAT HA PASAGI TA PUSOD TA DAGAT (a Binukid term meaning “Peace Treaty of Four Rulers in Central Mindanao”). The terms of the treaty was specific – to achieve peace for them to live in an atmosphere of justice and tranquility. Transgressors were dealt with accordingly. Further, intermarriages between their people were encouraged.
To mark this momentous event in history, a durian tree (Durio zibethinus – Bombacaceae) which has until very recently succumbed to old age and a species of rattan were planted and a gold cross, porcelain jars, a Koran, needles and some other items that were soaked in carabao blood were buried right on top of the spot where the treaty was held. A piece of rattan was cut into pieces and each ruler was given a portion to even make the event memorable. All of these are recorded in the "Sil-Sila or Sal-sila" of the Maranaos, the Skrit of the Maguindanaos and the Halads of the Higaonons.
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2137591
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Four%20Horsemen%20of%20the%20Apocalypse%20%281921%20film%29
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The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1921 film)
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The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse is a 1921 American silent epic war film produced by Metro Pictures Corporation and directed by Rex Ingram. Based on the 1916 Spanish novel The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, by Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, it was adapted for the screen by June Mathis. The film stars Pomeroy Cannon, Josef Swickard, Bridgetta Clark, Rudolph Valentino, Wallace Beery, and Alice Terry.
Often regarded as one of the first anti-war films, it had a huge cultural impact and became the top-grossing film of 1921 by beating out Charlie Chaplin's The Kid. The film turned the little-known actor Rudolph Valentino into a superstar and associated him with the image of the Latin lover. The film also inspired a tango craze and such fashion fads as gaucho pants. The film was written by June Mathis, who, by its success, became one of the most powerful women in Hollywood of the time.
In 1995, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant." The film is now in the public domain. A DVD version was released in 2000. The film is now available for free download on the Internet Archive.
Plot
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Four%20Horsemen%20of%20the%20Apocalypse%20%281921%20film%29
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The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1921 film)
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In 1919, screenwriter June Mathis became head of the scenario department for Metro Pictures. With this position, she became one of the first female executives in film history. Holding a major belief in Spiritualism and the Book of Revelation, Mathis was determined to turn Vicente Blasco Ibáñez's novel The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse into a film. The book had been a bestseller, but most studios found it impossible to adapt to film.
Mathis's adaptation so impressed the studio that it asked for her input in director and star. For director, she chose Rex Ingram, who would clash with both her and Valentino. Mathis had seen a young actor named Rudolph Valentino in a bit part of a Clara Kimball Young film, Eyes of Youth, in 1919. Valentino had arrived in Hollywood in 1918, where he had worked in many B movies, including All Night with Carmel Myers and The Delicious Little Devil with Mae Murray. He also worked on a picture with Julian Eltinge and Virginia Rappe that would eventually become The Isle of Love. It has been suggested that Mathis might have seen him first in that film, as she was a close friend of Eltinge.
Mathis insisted that Valentino would play Julio, but studio executives were nervous with the young actor. Valentino, whose parents were French and Italian, had a distinctly-Latin look that was not used much in pictures at the time. However, Mathis got her way, and after seeing the rushes, she and Ingram decided to expand the role of Julio to showcase the talents of Valentino. Valentino had worked as a taxi dancer during his time in New York. To show off his dancing skills, the tango scene was included though it had not been part of the original story.
Alice Terry was cast as Julio's lover, Marguerite. She would marry Ingram that same year.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bostrichoidea
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Bostrichoidea
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Bostrichoidea is a superfamily of beetles. It is the type superfamily of the infraorder Bostrichiformia.
Description
The Bostrichoidea are united by the following features: modified cryptonephridism, the structure of the aedeagus in males, and the lack of a basal mandibular mola in larvae.
Aside from this, Bostrichoidea show a range of morphologies. For example, in Bostrichidae alone, the adult body shape varies from convex to flattened, the body length from , and the colour may be yellow, brown or black and sometimes has a metallic hue.
Ecology
Bostrichoids generally live in dry habitats. For example, many Bostrichidae feed on wood, though some attack monocotyledonous plants as well and Rhyzopertha dominica feeds on stored grains and cereal products. Similarly, most Ptinidae are wood-borers as larvae but some feed on other dry plant or animal material, such as stored foods, tobacco and museum specimens. Dermestidae are typically scavengers on dried organic matter with a high protein content, with some species being predators or feeding on pollen and nectar.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques%20H%C3%A9tu
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Jacques Hétu
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Jacques Hétu (August 8, 1938 – February 9, 2010) was a Canadian composer and music educator. Hétu is the most frequently performed of Canadian classical composers, both within Canada and internationally.
Education
Jacques Hétu was born in Trois-Rivières, Quebec; he began his professional training at the University of Ottawa where he was a pupil of Father Jules Martel from 1955 to 1956. In 1956 he entered the Conservatoire de musique du Québec à Montréal and studied there for five years with Melvin Berman (oboe), Isabelle Delorme (harmony), Jean Papineau-Couture (fugue), Clermont Pépin (composition and counterpoint), and Georges Savaria (piano); he also studied at the Tanglewood Music Center during the summer of 1959 with Lukas Foss.
In 1961 he won several important awards, including the first prize at the Quebec Music Festivals composition competition, a grant from the Canada Council, and the Prix d'Europe. The latter two awards enabled him to pursue studies in France at the École Normale de Musique de Paris from 1961 to 1963 with Henri Dutilleux and at the Paris Conservatory with Olivier Messiaen in 1962–1963. Dutilleux encouraged Hétu to pursue his own style in composition and not be influenced strongly by current trends.
Teaching
Hétu joined the music faculty at Laval University in 1963, remaining there through 1977. He taught music composition at the University of Montreal in 1972–1973 and 1978–1979. From 1979 to 2000, he was a professor at the Université du Québec à Montréal, notably serving as the director of that school's Music Department from 1980 to 1982 and from 1986 to 1988.
Compositions
Hétu is the most frequently performed Canadian classical composer, well known for his five symphonies, each of which was enthusiastically received by initial audiences and critics.
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Jacques Hétu
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His Variations for Piano, Op. 8, composed in 1964, display his serial-atonal style. When they were recorded by Glenn Gould in 1967 as a project for the Canadian Centennial, Hétu's name vaulted to the fore of Canadian classical music, and the composer was soon inundated with commissions for new works. Demand for his music would remain strong for the rest of his life.
Hétu's Third Symphony (1971) marked a turn in direction for his compositional technique toward a more tonal and traditional style. This work became an important success and was featured in world tours by the Canadian National Arts Centre Orchestra of Ottawa.
In 1985 he composed Missa pro trecenteismo anno, a large-scale choral setting of the Roman Catholic Mass to celebrate the 300th anniversary of Bach's birth. The work was commissioned by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation and premiered on the CBC radio network.
Hétu's Trumpet Concerto (1987), commissioned for and premiered by a Canadian soloist, was first played in the U.S. in 1992 by the New York Philharmonic under Kurt Masur, with the orchestra's Philip Smith as soloist, boosting Hétu's international profile. His Organ Concerto (2000) was premiered by Rachel Laurin with the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra conducted by Mario Bernardi in 2002. Hétu's Concerto for Two Guitars, composed in 2007, was premiered by Marc Deschennes and André Roi with the Orchestre Métropolitain conducted by Yannick Nézet-Séguin.
Also in 2007 Hétu composed Légendes, his Op. 76, for orchestra, an evocation of three Québec legends that reflects French-Canadian folk-music influences.
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Jacques Hétu
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On 3 March 2010 the Toronto Symphony Orchestra premiered the Fifth Symphony under the baton of its music director, Peter Oundjian. It is not known whether this commission, Hétu's Op. 81, was his last completed work. The final choral movement of what is a large-scale score sets the “underground” poem by Paul Éluard, Liberté, which had circulated during the French Resistance in the 1940s. World War II in France is indeed the subject of the symphony as a whole, as the quasi-programmatic titles of its four movements indicate: Prologue, L'Invasion, L'Occupation, Liberté.
Compositional style
Although Hétu studied in Paris with Dutilleux and Messiaen, he eventually reverted to include a tonal core to his compositional technique, and decided against following Pierre Boulez into serialism or atonality. Dutilleux encouraged Hétu to pursue his own style in composition and not be influenced strongly by current trends.
Hétu's Third Symphony of 1971 marked his firm return to tonal forms of music composition.
The influence of such twentieth century composers as Darius Milhaud and Béla Bartók are discernible in his work, and folk music sources and polytonality featured in his musical language. Hétu often composed in larger symphonic forms, especially symphonies, concertos, and tone poems, where the stylistic impact of late nineteenth century French composers ranging from César Franck and Ernest Chausson to Claude Debussy was apparent. These larger movements required tonal organizing principles to provide structural coherence.
Hétu's abandonment of serialism and atonality and his return to more historical musical traditions caused considerable resentment against him from the avant-garde proponents of modernism. His response was instructive for the musical community, "I handled the ostracism thanks to performers who played my music or commissioned works from me."
Honours
He was nominated for a 1989 Juno Award in the Best Classical Composition category.
In 1989, he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active%20rollover%20protection
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Active rollover protection
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An active rollover protection (ARP), is a system that recognizes impending rollover and selectively applies brakes to resist.
ARP builds on electronic stability control and its three chassis control systems already on the vehicle – anti-lock braking system, traction control and yaw control. ARP adds another function: detection of an impending rollover. Excessive lateral force, generated by excessive speed in a turn, may result in a rollover. ARP automatically responds whenever it detects a potential rollover. ARP rapidly applies the brakes with a high burst of pressure to the appropriate wheels and sometimes decreases the engine torque to interrupt the rollover before it occurs.
Rollovers can also occur when the vehicle is knocked into a stationary object such as a curb. In these so-called "trip events", a vehicle hit from the side but kept from moving laterally by a curb would produce a moment about the center of gravity sufficient to produce a rollover. To counteract this, rollover stability systems have begun to incorporate an active suspension system in rollover protection. To accomplish this, the onboard computer uses data from the inertial measurement unit (IMU) to determine when a vehicle is in a rollover condition independent of yaw rate and vehicle speed. When the computer determines that the vehicle is at risk of rollover, it calculates the direction of roll and activates the active suspension system. The force produced in the suspension creates a moment (torque) opposite to that created by the lateral force, and keeps the vehicle safe.
Other uses
The phrase is also used for active roll over bars for convertible cars, such as the Volkswagen Beetle, which can detect potential roll-over situations and automatically raises rollover bars hidden in the rear head restraints in a fraction of a second.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauson%E2%80%93Khand%20reaction
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Pauson–Khand reaction
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The Pauson–Khand (PK) reaction is a chemical reaction, described as a [2+2+1] cycloaddition. In it, an alkyne, an alkene, and carbon monoxide combine into a α,β-cyclopentenone in the presence of a metal-carbonyl catalyst
Ihsan Ullah Khand (1935–1980) discovered the reaction around 1970, while working as a postdoctoral associate with Peter Ludwig Pauson (1925–2013) at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow. Pauson and Khand's initial findings were intermolecular in nature, but the reaction has poor selectivity. Some modern applications instead apply the reaction for intramolecular ends.
The traditional reaction requires a stoichiometric amounts of dicobalt octacarbonyl, stabilized by a carbon monoxide atmosphere. Catalytic metal quantities, enhanced reactivity and yield, or stereoinduction are all possible with the right chiral auxiliaries, choice of transition metal (Ti, Mo, W, Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Ir and Pd), and additives.
Mechanism
While the mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated, Magnus' 1985 explanation is widely accepted for both mono- and dinuclear catalysts, and was corroborated by computational studies published by Nakamura and Yamanaka in 2001. The reaction starts with dicobalt hexacarbonyl acetylene complex. Binding of an alkene gives a metallacyclopentene complex. CO then migratorily inserts into an M-C bond. Reductive elimination delivers the cyclopentenone. Typically, the dissociation of carbon monoxide from the organometallic complex is rate limiting.
Selectivity
The reaction works with both terminal and internal alkynes, although internal alkynes tend to give lower yields. The order of reactivity for the alkene is(strained cyclic) > (terminal) > (disubstituted) > (trisubstituted). Tetrasubstituted alkenes and alkenes with strongly electron-withdrawing groups are unsuitable.
With unsymmetrical alkenes or alkynes, the reaction is rarely regioselective, although some patterns can be observed.
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