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Osteosarcoma (os) is a common histological form of bone cancer, which is most prevalent in children and adolescents . It was reported that os was the eighth most common childhood cancer, accounting for about 20% of all primary bone cancers and 2.4% of all malignancies in pediatric patients . Symptoms include pain at ni...
For thousands of years, ginseng (panax ginseng meyer) has been known to be a medicinal plant, showing a variety of effects on the human body and is a substance that helps maintain homeostasis in the living body through an " adaptogen effect " . In recent years the reported medicinal effects have been being supported by...
Diabetes mellitus is associated with aggressive vascular abnormalities in human subjects, and atherosclerosis is regarded as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients . Microalbuminuria has a strong prediction of both the development of diabetic nephropathy and subsequent atherosclerotic vascula...
Digital radiograph or radiovisiography was first described in 1987 and was commercially introduced by trophy radiologie in collaboration with mouyen12 in 1993 . Three systems are employed for radiovisiography: the ccd sensor (charge - coupled device), cmos sensor (complementary metallic oxide sensor), and psps (psps ph...
The weissella species are gram - positive, non - spore - forming, heterofermentative, nonmotile, and irregular or coccoid rod - shaped organisms . Members of the genus weissella have been isolated from a variety of sources, such as fresh vegetables, fermented silage, meat, or meat products . Several lactic acid bacteri...
Attention - deficit / hyperactivity disorder (adhd) affects a large number of children . In the united states, rates range from 5% to 6% of school - age children (guevara et al 2002; lesesne et al 2003).the illness is characterized by a triad of symptom clusters which include inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity...
Fractures among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) have been the focus of an increasing number of studies since 2000.117 such fractures have been documented to occur more frequently than in people not infected by hiv6 and to involve longer healing times and an increased risk of infection.18 the l...
It is found in up to 40% of patients at surgery or autopsy.1) the aortic valve and its adjacent ring are more susceptible to abscess formation and paravalvular extension compared to the mitral valve.1) we report a case of staphylococcal endocarditis involving the tricuspid valve complicated by a para - aortic abscess t...
We conducted a nonconcurrent longitudinal study using secondary data analysis of electronic medical record information linked to medicare claims . We studied 3,766 medicare beneficiaries with diabetes, attributed by the centers for medicare & medicaid services (cms) to the university of michigan faculty group practice ...
Restoration of endodontically treated teeth is one of the problems in dentistry . When there are no sufficient tooth tissues and retention of the core is questionable, posts would be indicated . Some advantages of fiber posts over metal posts are improvement of esthetics, bonding to dentin, resistance to corrosion and ...
Peri - implantitis is inflammation of the peri - implant supporting tissue, which can lead to progressive loss of supporting bone, if untreated . A history of periodontitis, poor oral hygiene, and smoking are considered risk factors for peri - implant diseases . It is of paramount importance to treat periodontitis of t...
The amyloid- (a) peptide is believed to play a key pathogenic role in alzheimer s disease (ad). In vivo, a is characterized by a distribution of isoforms, mostly varying in length from 38 to 43 residues . The most prominent isoform, a40, typically occurs in a 10:1 ratio to the more amyloidogenic isoform, a42 . Knowledg...
Mammography is the primary imaging modality for the early detection of breast cancer . Despite advances in mammographic techniques (digital), mammography still has its limitations with regard to both sensitivity (65.685.5%) and specificity (87.794.3%). Mammograms are coded using the ordered categories of the american c...
Bone - density depleting disorders including osteoporosis (ops) and osteopenia (opn) are age - related disorders characterized by low bone mineral density (lbmd) and destruction of bone tissue micro - architecture, resulting in susceptibility to the pathologic fracture (1). Osteoporosis and opn are commonly expected in...
The coffee berry borer, hypothenemus hampei (ferrari) (coleoptera: curculionidae), an insect endemic to central africa, is considered to be the most serious pest of coffee throughout the world, causing hundreds of millions of dollars in losses on a yearly basis . The insect has been reported in most coffee producing co...
Five provinces in afghanistan were selected as a convenience sample (accessibility) that included both affected and unaffected areas . Two accessible districts in each province were randomly selected by using a random number generator . Random transects were used to select 10 households per village . To give an approxi...
Determinar os pontos de corte de resposta ao broncodilatador do vef1, vef0,75, vef0,5 e fef25 - 75% em crianas pr - escolares saudveis e gerar valores de referncia para o vef0,75 . Foi realizado um estudo transversal de base comunitria em crianas de 3 - 5 anos de idade . Foram definidos os pontos de corte dessa respost...
The objective of root canal treatment is thorough cleaning and shaping of all the pulp spaces to be filled with an inert filling material . A major cause of failure of the root canal treatment is the inability to locate, debride, or adequately fill all canals of the root canal system . A successful root canal treatment...
This project was developed for the second semester of a two - semester, two - credit introductory organic chemistry laboratory course sequence for chemistry and related majors; the project was first implemented in spring 2012 and successfully improved for spring 2013 . The course is separate from the pre- or co - requi...
Cardiovascular disease (cvd) is the leading cause of death among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (t2 dm) even with earlier detection and treatment of t2 dm as has occurred during the past decade . This patient population has a 2- to 3-fold higher risk of cvd relative to their nondiabetic counterparts . Yet, the ...
A 3-year - old girl was admitted to our hospital with unexplained fever and paroxysmal abdominal pain that had persisted for three days . Her body temperature at the time of admission was 39.5. physical examination showed abdominal tension, though there was no obvious tenderness and rebound tenderness . The blood plate...
Polymyalgia rheumatica (pmr) and giant cell arteritis (gca) are common inflammatory conditions that almost exclusively affect patients older than 50 years . 1826% of patients with pmr have gca while 2753% of patients with gca have also pmr at the same time . Pmr primarily presents with stiffness and pain in the proxima...
The world health organization defines abc as an expansive osteolytic lesion consisting of blood - filled spaces and channels divided by connective tissue septa that contains osteoid - like tissue and osteoclast - like giant cells . Abc commonly occur in the long bones (50%), vertebral column (20%), but in maxillofacial...
Ceftriaxone sodium is a long acting, broad - spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic for parenteral use . It exerts in vitro activity against a wide range of gram - negative and gram - positive microorganisms . It is highly stable to most beta - lactamases, both penicillinases and cephalosporinases, of gram - positive and gr...
Chiral alcohols occur as natural products and frequently as intermediates in the synthesis of chiral molecules, most of them in the field of synthetic pharmaceuticals possessing chiral centres [13]. In pharmacy the use of enantiopure new drugs will certainly increase due to the often well - documented different biologi...
Cardiovascular disease (cvd) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the united states . It kills one american every 38 seconds and accounts for 1 of every 2.9 deaths, more deaths than any other major cause of death . The 2006 overall death rate due to cvd was 262.5, but the rate increases substantially with a...
Superior mesenteric artery (sma) syndrome is a rare disorder, recognized as weight loss, nausea, vomiting, and post - prandial pain due to compression and partial obstruction of the third portion of the duodenum by the sma . If conservative treatment fails, then laparotomy with duodenojejunostomy or lysis of the ligame...
Overwhelming evidence proved that the formation and accumulation of advanced glycation end products (ages) progress in a normal aging process and at an accelerated rate under diabetes [1, 2]; an increase in the steady - state levels of highly reactive dicarbonylic compounds may lead to the formation of ages, while an i...
While developed countries have seen increasing incidence rates over the past several decades, developing countries have begun to experience the rising trend of cancer incidence and mortality . Breast and cervical cancers are the most common cancers in women and lung cancer is the most common cancer in men in developing...
Obesity is a leading risk factor for many adverse health outcomes including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, coronary heart disease, and certain types of cancer . The prevalence of adult obesity in the us had doubled from 19761980 to 1999 - 2000 . In 2009 us ranked the highest in adult obesity prevalence am...
It has been a decade since the spotlight on preventable medical errors first brought much needed attention to the culture of safety in health care organizations . A culture of safety has been defined as the shared values and patterns of behavior that determine the degree to which all organizational members direct their...
Endoscopic techniques that allow visualization of the airways of patients with pulmonary maladies have become a mainstay of medical treatment . Since the invention of the rigid bronchoscope in 1897 by gustav killian, along with its refinement by chevalier jackson in the early 20 century, and shigeto ikeda's introductio...
Iron deficiency is the leading single nutrient deficiency in the world . Fifty percent of pregnant women in developing countries are anemic mostly due to iron deficiency . It is the only micronutrient deficiency which is also significantly prevalent in high income countries.1 maternal iron deficiency during pregnancy i...
They may present with bilateral aml at an early age in patients who have tuberous sclerosis, vonhippel - lindau syndrome and neurofibromatosis type 1 (phakomatosis). With this in mind, we present a case which was initially diagnosed as a wilms tumor but was finally found to be a renal aml in a child without underlying ...
Syncope is a very common symptom and it represents an important public health problem because it leads to traumatic lesions, worsens quality of life; it is one of the most common causes of inability and it is associated with elevated health care costs (1, 17). Syncope is defined as a sudden and transitory loss of consc...
All families were identified through the gliogene consortium, and the exclusions were based on reported information obtained from the questionnaire in which we asked about the clinical criteria used for these hereditary conditions . We excluded all families with a reported or confirmed diagnosis of neurofibromatosis i,...
Modification of the efficacy of synaptic transmission, or synaptic plasticity, is widely considered as the basis of activity - dependent neuronal development and learning (feldman and brecht, 2005). A well - characterized form of synaptic plasticity is the potentiation and depression of synaptic transmission occurring ...
Microleakage is one of the most important reasons for the secondary decay, inflammation, and necrosis of the pulp . In resin composite restorations, microleakage occurs between cavity wall and restorative materials usually due to the polymerization shrinkage . Composition of the bonding agents is one of the most import...
Multiple anatomical defects are believed to contribute to involutional entropion, and numerous surgical techniques have been described to correct them . The three anatomic factors most consistently described in the literature as requiring attention are lower lid retractor disinsertion, horizontal lid laxity, and orbicu...
. They account for 2% to 5% of all primary intracranial neoplasms and 5.6% to 13% of intracranial tumors in children17). They are classified as intracranial tumors of benign or unspecified behavior by pediatric cancer registries8). Current treatment strategies for craniopharyngiomas include cystic drainage, intratumora...
Autoimmune hepatitis (aih) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by progressive destruction of the hepatic parenchyma . The disease displays female predominance and is considered rare in childhood, although it may occur in very young children . The hallmark of the disease is the presence of circulating autoan...
Both asthma and copd are airway diseases characterized by impaired airflow in the respiratory tract, chronic airway inflammation, as well as symptoms such as coughing, dyspnea, and wheezing . Intensive studies focused on the pathogenesis of these conditions implicate, among others, the group of phospholipases a2, which...
Signal transducing adaptor proteins are a group of intracellular and transmembrane molecules which are crucial supplementary factors of signaling pathways . They mediate interactions between different molecules and contribute to the formation of signaling complexes . Adaptor proteins lack enzymatic activity and interac...
Linear psoriasis is a rare form of psoriasis, characterized by a linear distribution of the psoriatic lesions along blaschko's lines . The pathogenesis of linear psoriasis is not clear, but it could be explained by the well - established concept of genetic mosaicism . A 56-year - old previously healthy woman presented ...
A 50-year - old female occupational therapist with a history of laparoscopic anterior resection 4 years previously for a t1 n0 m0 recto - sigmoid adenocarcinoma was found to have an elevated serum carcinoembryonic antigen (cea) of 415.0 g / l on surveillance blood testing . A computed tomography (ct) scan demonstrated ...
Malignant tumors which originated from mesenchymal tissue, has occurred very rarely in the breast . The metaplastic carcinomas which have characterized by a combination of mesenchymal and epithelial components would be uncommon malignancies of the breast . The chondrosarcoma has been a typical example of these rarest t...
Myoepithelioma is a benign tumor that can originate from any secretory system throughout the body . In the salivary gland, myoepithelioma is rare, accounting for 1% of all salivary gland tumors . Although myoepithelioma of the salivary gland originates most frequently in the parotid gland, myoepithelioma of the accesso...
A total of 2,634 fecal and intestinal samples were collected from pigs exhibiting diarrhea from 569 swine farms in all 9 provinces of south korea, during january 1december 31, 2008; age groups of the pigs are defined in the table . All samples were processed as 10% (vol / vol) suspensions with phosphate - buffered sali...
In clinical practice, one may encounter female patients with infertility which may be attributed to primary or secondary causes . In the group of primary infertility, congenital anomalies form relatively small but significant group . Mayer - rokitansky - kuster - hauser syndrome (mrkh) is characterized by congenital ab...
Eye movement assessment potentially provides a valuable window into the human central nervous system function and may help to obtain insights into the structure of complex forms of human behavior including attentional control [1, 2]. Furthermore, the study of oculomotor control in pathological conditions offers insight...
Juxtafacet cysts (jfcs) are uncommon intraspinal, extradural lesions that arise from the facet joints . Jfcs can be further distinguished as either synovial cysts, if histology confirms the presence of a synovial lining membrane, or alternatively as a ganglion cyst, if no such membrane is present . However, few differe...
Hypertrophy of the inferior olivary nucleus (ion) is an interesting phenomenon as it reflects a secondary response to an interruption of afferent connections resulting in increased and abnormally synchronized neuronal activity (best and regehr, 2009; shaikh et al ., 2010). Herein we report on a patient with hypertrophy...
Carbapenem resistant gram - negative bacteria (gnb) such as enterobacteriaceae (cre) (including escherichia coli [crec] and klebsiella pneumoniae [crkp]), pseudomonas aeruginosa (crpa) and acinetobacter baumanni (crab) are important emerging causes of nosocomial blood stream infections and carry significant mortality ....
Mass amounts of high - throughput sequenced dna are being produced as a result of metagenomics projects, and new tools are needed to identify the taxonomic content of these environmental samples . Currently, biologists have two main goals: (1) classify as many organisms as possible, and (2) assess the genes and functio...
Although traditionally malignant melanoma has been considered a tumor of the caucasians, recently, an increasing incidence is being noted in india . We present here a case of malignant melanoma, resembling a vascular tumor; the first of its kind from the indian subcontinent . A 40-year - old gentleman presented to us w...
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (lch) is a rare disease affecting predominantly children and young adults but can be found in any age group . The disorder is characterized by abnormal, clonal proliferation and accumulation of antigen - presenting dendritic cells, the langerhans cells (lcs), associated with immunosurveill...
The femoral approach is still the most commonly used route for diagnostic cardiac catheterizations and percutaneous coronary interventions . At the end of the procedure the femoral artery is usually compressed manually to control bleeding until hemostasis is achieved . Local vascular complications such as bleeding and ...
An 18-year - old male presented with a complaint of chest discomfort, exertional dyspnea, and an intractable dry cough . Chest radiography revealed a mass like lesion in left upper mediastinum and trachea deviated to the right - side . Multi detector computed tomography (mdct) revealed a 12 9 15 cm sized heterogenously...
Endometriosis is one of the most common gynecological diseases and is defined as a benign and proliferative chronic disorder characterized by the ectopic presence and growth of functional endometrial tissue, glands and stroma, outside the uterine cavity.14 endometriosis affects ~10% of women in reproductive age and up ...
In 1978 when the nobel prize in physiology and medicine was awarded jointly to a german, werner arber, and the two americans, daniel nathans and hamilton o. smith, " for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics, " public health laboratories in europe were essentially ...
The vast majority of mitochondrial genomes contain seven genes that form the membrane domain of complex i, which are labeled nd1 to nd6 plus nd4l (table 1). All these genes encode very hydrophobic subunits that are co - translationally inserted into the mitochondrial membrane with multiple transmembrane stretches (tms,...
Cryptorchidism (undescended testis) is the most common congenital malformation in newborn boys, occurring in approximately 3% of full - term infants . In most cases, the undescended testes seen after birth descend normally within a few months, and only 1% of patients with a persisting cryptorchid condition require medi...
Completion of a pregnancy invokes two potentially opposing effects on the mother s subsequent risk of breast cancer, hence the dual effect of pregnancy . Most familiar in breast cancer risk tables is the association of parity with a lifetime reduction in breast cancer risk . However, studies of breast cancer incidence ...
The gingiva is often the site of localized growths that are considered to be reactive rather than neoplastic in nature . Many of these lesions are difficult to be identified clinically and can be identified as specific entity only on the basis of typical and consistent histomorphology . Pyogenic granuloma (pg) or granu...
Concerns have been raised that general deveopments may not necessarily reduce such inequalities and therefore regular data monitoring is required . A key challenge for equality evaluation and monitoring, mainly in developing countries, is assessing the socioeconomic status (ses). Measuring household economic status in ...
In the search for new agents to protect the lung from injury, kuklin and colleagues report that tezosentan, a non - selective endothelin-1 receptor antagonist, reduces pulmonary edema in endotoxemic sheep, in parallel with a prevention of protein kinase c- activation . Acute lung injury (ali) and its more severe form, ...
The number of patients undergoing chemotherapy grows year by year . Despite their efficacy in controlling the cancer, chemotherapy drugs are not inert, and they cause damage to the human body regarding nail involvement, diverse clinical features can be observed, according to the structure affected and the severity of t...
Granuloma annulare (ga) was first described in 1895 by colcott - fox who reported an 11-year - old girl with a ring eruption of the fingers . The condition is a benign, usually self - limited granulomatous disease of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue . Clinically, the condition is characterized by asymptomatic, flesh ...
Copd is a heterogeneous condition, with pathophysiological abnormalities that vary in severity between patients.1 small airway inflammation is a common feature of copd,2 causing a reduction of the cross - sectional area of the small airway lumen . Small airway narrowing and collapse can cause gas trapping on expiration...
Immunopathology is associated with the most common life - threatening disorders, including atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and chronic inflammation . A number of diseases, such as lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, or hiv infections, are characterized by pronounced immunopathologies...
Despite many potential health benefits of cycling14 as an active transportation mode, safety concerns deter people from cycling in north america.5 injury data from the usa suggest these concerns are valid: beck et al6 found that cyclists there were at greater risk of both fatal and non - fatal injuries than motor vehic...
Cf patients at the um cf center are routinely seen at quarterly intervals, and their clinical and laboratory data are recorded in the cf database . Annual ogtt screening starts at 6 years of age for pancreatic - insufficient patients not already on insulin treatment for diabetes . Clinical data were retrieved from pati...
Surgical outcomes from 430 dsek cases performed by a single surgeon in a tertiary eye hospital were compiled and analyzed retrospectively to assess the rate and types of complications with their management . Skb) had undertaken wet - lab and skill transfer courses from accomplished dsek surgeons abroad before starting ...
On february 13, 1996, a 7-year - old boy from doihue in administrative region vi was admitted to the hospital clnico fusat of rancagua in the region (figure 1) with a 2-day history of adynamia and dizziness . On admission,, progressive paralysis developed that evolved to respiratory failure; the boy was connected to a ...
Thyroid cancer, the most common type of endocrine malignancy, is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide and accounts for more deaths than all other endocrine cancers combined.1 in the united states, the yearly incidence rate has nearly tripled from 4.9 per 100,000 in 1975 to 14.3 per 100,000 in 2009.2 similarly, fro...
Hiv replication requires the successful orchestration of reverse transcription, nuclear entry, and integration while avoiding various antiviral factors and innate immune sensors during early steps of infection (malim and bieniasz, 2012). Recognition of hiv by innate immune sensors induces the production of type i inter...
A 39-year - old man visited our clinic with a 2-week history of whitening of the eyelashes of his left lower lid . The patient reported that this started with 1 to 2 lashes on the central part of his eyelid and that adjacent eyelashes subsequently became involved over the next few days . Otherwise the patient was in ex...
Upon activation by donor alloantigens, recipient naive t cells can differentiate into a variety of graft - destructive, effector t cell or graft - protective, regulatory t cell (treg) phenotypes . These t - cell commitments are determined largely by the texture of the innate immune milieu in which t - cell activation o...
Faithful dna replication is crucial for genomic maintenance . When replication is perturbed, cells activate stress response networks that connect the detection of replication - blocking lesions with dna damage tolerance (ddt) and repair pathways, chromatin modifications, cell - cycle control, and various other changes ...
Dental caries is a multifactorial infectious disease, related to biofilm accumulation on dental surface16 and frequent consumption of fermentable carbohydrates2 . By the fermentation of dietary carbohydrates, the bacteria in the dental biofilm produce acids that decrease the ph and increase the biofilm potential in pro...
Presented herein is a case in which an aberrant right hepatic artery (rha) passes anterior to the infundibulum and fundus of the gallbladder and courses to an unusually anterior hepatic entry . A 54-year - old female with a history of biliary colic was scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy . Laparoscopic dissectio...
Vitamin d deficiency, a pandemic health problem, is a major cause of rickets in infants and toddlers and of osteopenia in adolescents [16]. The production of vitamin d in the skin depends on sunshine exposure, latitude, skin - covering clothes, the use of sun block, and skin pigmentation . Although the mediterranean re...
Neuroimaging research has consolidated its position as the major approach to investigate the human brain in vivo and has contributed to the improvement of knowledge about the biological basis of psychosis, especially schizophrenia . Schizophrenia is generally accepted as a neurodevelopmental disorder in which the most ...
The maintenance of homeostasis is a continuous process dependent on multiple feedback mechanisms that operate around set points . For example, fluctuations in the cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance interact continuously, leading to the relative stability of the blood pressure values . Fluctuations in the...
We present a unique case of a patient presenting with abdominal pain, obstructive jaundice and upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage resulting from a ruptured cystic artery pseudoaneurysm and concomitant cholecystojejunal fistula . An 86-year - old male presented to the emergency department with a two - day history of col...
Evidence and awareness of climate change has led to an increasing need to adapt our use of land and other resources to limit risks and vulnerabilities that originate from global change (adger et al.2005; foley et al.2005). Changes in precipitation and temperature give rise to changes in the hydrology of river systems ....
Acute cholecystitis is an inflammation of the gallbladder due to obstruction of the neck or cystic duct, primarily caused by gallstones . Acute cholecystitis is characterized as a combination of local and systemic inflammation, and its treatment is dependent on the severity, although it is often treated conservatively ...
The most common adverse effects are indigestion, bleeding disorders, rash, diarrhea, and, rarely, taste disorders . Here, we report a case of clopidogrel - induced ageusia notified in sfax pharmacovigilance center on march 13, 2009 . A 46-year - old man was admitted in the department of cardiology in sfax tunisia in ja...
Measurements of nitrogen and sulfur dioxide using passive sampler over 12 months in samsun, turkey, are compared with so2 and no2 concentrations obtained from a co - located chemiluminescence analyzer . The concentrations of sulfur and nitrogen dioxide in the ambient air during the period from november 2009 to septembe...
The human gut harbors trillions of bacteria that contribute to host physiological and immunological functions such as nutrient acquisition, maintenance of the gut immune system, and protection against exogenous pathogens (123). One of the recent notable findings is the contribution of gut microbiota to the development ...
High dose rate (hdr) brachytherapy in the treatment of cervical cancer with or without external radiotherapy is an essential component of management . It has a high therapeutic index delivering a high dose to primary cervical lesion and lower doses to adjacent organs [13]. In brachytherapy, an exact knowledge of the ap...
Lumbosacral radicular pain is a common and disabling condition in adults with pathology of the bones in the distal spine, and it represents a significant quality - of - life issue.1 lower back pain is not always associated with radicular symptoms . Clinical findings of neuropathy may vary significantly, depending on th...
A 39-year - old woman, (gravida 7, para 1, [weight 67 kg, height 152 cm]) at 38 weeks of gestation, was admitted for an elective cesarean section . She had a history of self - limited palpitation, about 3 - 5 times per day . This palpitation began approximately 10 years ago and usually stopped within a few seconds, wit...
In 1908, george coats described an ocular entity characterized by unilateral retinal vascular abnormalities and retinal exudation usually in boys . Coats disease is associated with excessive production of yellowish intraretinal and subretinal exudates and can cause retinal detachment and severe visual loss . Proposed t...
Historically, presence of heterotopic gastric mucosa in the intestinal tract has never aroused particular interest among clinicians . Apart from its occurrence in the meckel s diverticulum, the condition is regarded as clinically insignificant . Gastric metaplasia in the duodenum has been described by several authors, ...
Pure gonadal dysgenesis is a condition with a normal set of chromosomes, that is, 46xx or 46xy, and the latter is better known as swyer syndrome, named after doctor swyer, who first described the anomaly in 1955 . The condition is usually diagnosed in early adolescence during the workup for the chief complaint of prima...
There have been a number of internal fixation procedures used for instability of the cervical spine . Recently, developed posterior fixation procedures have been performed in the cervical spine by using a lateral mass screw or a pedicle screw . Both of these procedures, which do not require that the lamina be used for ...
Congenital anomalies of the oval window are due to malformations of the second branchial arch, in which there is not a full connection between the stapes and otic capsule, thereby preventing the oval window from being formed normally.1) congenital anomalies of the oval window have been reported in 0.5 - 1.2% of childre...
Lasers have been used in laryngeal surgeries since 1972, when strong and jako first reported the use of carbon dioxide laser (co2) in the human larynx.1 despite initial criticism, endoscopic laser treatments have achieved universal acceptance and been successfully used in endolaryngeal microsurgery (ems).2 most of the ...
After filling, the absence of infection in the root canal system is a fundamental factor for the prognosis of endodontic treatment . To achieve this goal, the filling material should allow sealing of the root canal at both the tooth apex and the crown . In the constant search for an ideal material, root canal obturatio...

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