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The evolution of multi - cellular eukaryotic organisms from single - celled ancestors was one of the most significant transitions in the evolution of life on earth . It enabled the emergence of larger and more complex eukaryotes that could resist predation, evolve specialized tissues and higher order biological capacit...
Intervertebral disc degeneration (idd) is a highly relevant individual and socioeconomic burden, which is associated to various morphological and functional disturbances . The gradual progression of the disease and the structural features, e.g., the degradation of proteoglycans with subsequent desiccation of the disc e...
Age - related macular degeneration (amd) is the leading cause of blindness for individuals aged 60 years or older . An estimated 11 million people in the united states suffer with amd, and this number is expected to increase to 22 million individuals by 2050 because of the projected demographic expansion of the aging p...
The dentigerous cyst initially is always associated with the crown of an impacted, embedded, or unerupted tooth . It develops around the crown of the unerupted tooth by the expansion of the follicle when fluid collects or space occurs between the reduced enamel epithelium and the enamel of an impacted tooth . The propo...
A distinct phenotype within this group is cerebellar ataxia associated with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism; this association has been found in two diseases, gordon holmes (ghs) and boucher neuhauser syndromes . Ghs (mim 212840) is a rare phenotype, first described in 1907 by holmes, and comprises adolescence or early ad...
In malaria endemic areas, factors such as poverty and poor environmental sanitation allow survival and proliferation of malaria vector [1, 2]. The emergence and rapid spread of resistance both of the malaria vector (female anopheles mosquito) to insecticides and of the pathogenic plasmodia to antimalarial drugs are the...
In recent years, various thermoplastic materials have been developed for the fabrication of no - clasp removable prostheses and complete dentures . The flexural and impact strength of polyamide polymers are higher than those of heat - cured denture base materials.12345 nevertheless, the repair strength of auto - polyme...
Functional gastrointestinal disorder (fgid) is one of the commonest digestive disease entities, which is characterized by recurrent gastrointestinal symptoms with no identifiable organic pathology . In recent years, a bio - psycho - social pathophysiological model has been implicated for the pathogenesis of fgid, which...
Stroke is characterized by a sudden, non - convulsive, focal neurological deficit caused by a brain lesion stemming from a non - traumatic vascular mechanism due to arterial or venous embolism leading to cerebral ischemia or hemorrhage2 . The most common manifestations of stroke are sensory, cognitive and motor impairm...
As an auditory rehabilitation device, the auditory brainstem implant (abi) has been used to treat deafness in individuals with neurofibromatosis type 2 since the first device was implanted in 1979 . In the following years, progressively more effective multichannel abis have been developed to palliate the deficits due t...
Many fungi have yet to be collected and named, and it appears that the number of undescribed species is at least 1.4 million and probably as many as 3 million (hawksworth 2012a). It is anticipated that many of these species are to be found in the tropics, and this poses particular constraints to their formal descriptio...
The global pharmaceutical industry has grown at a tremendous pace reaching up to $956 billion and is expected to rise to nearly $1.2 trillion in 2016, representing a compound annual growth rate of 36 percent the world over (1). With this aggressive growth and ever increasing competition the marketing strategies of phar...
Pituitary adenomas (pas) are nonmetastasizing neoplasm which consist adenohypophysial cells . Although they usually occur in the sella - turcica, they may occasionally be ectopic . They are relatively common benign neoplasms with different clinical features . According to the who classification in 2004, endocrine pitui...
The study was approved by the danish data protection agency (2007 - 58 - 0015/local j.nr . Register - based studies in which persons cannot be identified do not need ethics approval in denmark . All danish citizens are medically covered by a tax - financed system that provides each citizen with equal health care free o...
Many adolescents often lack strong and stable relationships with their parents or other adults which are necessary to openly discuss reproductive health concerns . Therefore, many teenagers do not have access to reliable information regarding their rh needs . In most cultures, parents and family members are an influent...
Increasing data support a role of gut microbiota and dietary ingestion of phosphatidylcholine (pc or lecithin) in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.1, 2 pc is the major dietary source of choline, which often is found in the western diet, such as red meat, eggs, and meat products . Production of trimethylamine noxide ...
In many real world queueing systems, the server may be unavailable for a random period of time when there is no customer in the waiting line at a service completion instant . This random period of server absence is often called server vacation; see doshi and tian and zhang . The classical vacation scheme with bernoulli...
The recognition of noise as a serious health hazard as opposed to a nuisance is a recent development and the health effects of hazardous noise exposure are now considered to be an increasingly important public health problem . Noise exposure in the workplace is a common reality in qubec (province of canada) and worldwi...
Hyponatremia, characterized by a serum sodium level that is less than 135 meq / l, is one of the most commonly diagnosed electrolyte disorders in clinical medicine1). Although sodium deficiency leads to hyponatremia, this condition is more commonly caused by solute dilution resulting from excessive consumption of water...
However, the role played by each of several acceleration and loss mechanisms is not yet established observationally [millan and thorne, 2007]. Precipitation into the atmosphere is considered to be one of the major electron loss mechanisms, which can completely deplete the radiation belts of electrons during the main ph...
Severity of disease of hospitalized patients has increased over the past decade, and advanced techniques have allowed such patients to stay alive . It is well - known that advances in medicine and biomedical technology have created the likelihood for medical treatment to be continued beyond a point, of which it offers ...
Heart failure (hf) is a complex clinical syndrome where the ability of the heart to supply physiological perfusion to organs is impaired, either by acquired or inherited disease . The key biomarker for measuring heart failure is the left ventricular ejection fraction (lvef) but a low ejection fraction and hf are not sy...
While aortic valve replacement (avr) is the treatment of choice for several aortic valve disorders; it is important to recognize some complications post this surgical procedure . Most importantly, these include valve dehiscence, conduction abnormalities, thrombosis, infective endocarditis, fistulas, and left ventricula...
The most common organisms causing mucormycosis belong to the genera rhizopus, lichtheimia, and mucor . Physicians should maintain a high index of suspicion while encountering nonmycobacterial cavitary lesions not responding to antibiotic therapy . A 44-year - old man presented to us with the chief complaints of on and ...
Innate immune responses provide four anatomical, physiological, phagocytic, and inflammatory barriers . Among these barriers, macrophages produce proinflammatory cytokines and other signaling molecules such as interleukins (ils), tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-, and prostaglandins (pgs), all of which are essential for the...
Intestinal pseudo - obstruction is a clinical syndrome that involves bowel obstruction without any mechanical cause.1 it can be either acute or chronic and may occur in the small bowel or the colon . Chronic intestinal pseudo - obstruction (cip) usually exhibits a relapsing clinical course and may either be idiopathic ...
It s the most common solid tumor and is responsible for 15% of all cancer - related deaths in childhood . This tumor accounts for more than 7% of malignancies in patients fewer than 15 years of age . Nb tumors from these patients are often characterized by deregulation of many key signaling pathways regulating growth, ...
, it may be fatal in there is injury caused to the cardiac cavity, an intercostal artery, pulmonary vessels, or intraabdominal organs 2, 3 . In this situation, invasive management such as emergency surgery and transcatheter arterial embolization (tae) may be required 4, 5, 6 . However, if there is no severe adverse eve...
Tracheal intubation with the aid of a rigid laryngoscope, although a gold standard in securing a definitive airway, triggers adverse haemodynamic stress response . In instances when the procedure or the patient need not be subjected to endotracheal intubation, which is an invasive technique, the use of supraglottic air...
This study included 40 cases of lung adenocarcinoma treated with surgery alone or surgery and postoperative adjuvant therapy at our institute between 2000 and 2011 . Selected patients had ais, mia, or small adenocarcinoma (sad) and no other malignant tumors within five years of their diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma . ...
Uterine papillary serous carcinoma (upsc) is an uncommon but aggressive type of endometrial carcinoma with high recurrence rate and poor survival outcomes . Although upsc represents approximately 3% to 10% of the endometrial carcinomas, it accounts for almost 40% of all endometrial cancer - related death . Unfortunatel...
The integration of semiconductor quantum dots (qd) as active elements in new quantum optoelectronic devices [1 - 4] requires a precise control in their shape, size and location over the substrate . In this direction, one of them is the use of patterned substrates [5 - 9], in which good results on the growth selectivity...
Maggot therapy is categorised as a debridement for chronic infectious wounds using disinfected live maggots for medical use (herein referred to as maggots). Since the 1930s, maggot debridement therapy (mdt) has been conducted mainly in north america . In japan, first conducted mdt in 2004 and reported the healing of an...
Acute pyelonephritis complicates 1 - 2% of all pregnancies, making it one of the most common medical complications of pregnancy . Escherichia coli remains the most common pathogen isolated in acute antepartum pyelonephritis, and ampicillin has been a mainstay of treatment for antepartum pyelonephritis because of effica...
Cranial irradiation has been widely used as a therapeutic method treating a wide variety of lesions, particularly neoplasms . Though radiation therapy of central nervous system is usually well - tolerated, it does occasionally cause clinically significant long - term toxicity such as late delayed radiation necrosis and...
Persistent urogenital sinus (ugs) is a complex, challenging, and controversial pathology for the pediatric surgeon . It consists of a persistent communication of the genital and urinary tract with the urethra and vagina joined in a single common channel (cc), with the ugs reaching the perineum.1 it can be an isolated a...
With advances in health care and increasing life expectancy, the population of older adults is increasing in most countries . It is estimated that the population aged 60 years and above will rise from 287 million in 2013 to 417 million in 2050 in the developed world, and from 554 million to 1.6 billion in developing co...
Pathophysiological cycles of denervation and impaired reinnervation, the loss of entire motor units, unloading due to prolonged periods of disuse, and excitation - contraction uncoupling may trigger a substantial loss in skeletal muscle mass and function . Although considerable interindividual differences exist in the ...
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common diseases, with 346 million affected individuals worldwide in 2012 and represents the seventh leading cause of death in the united states . More than twenty percent of patients with type 2 diabetes develop diabetic nephropathy . Moreover, clinical studies reported a high preva...
A key and dominant feature of human cancer, including breast cancer, is the heterogeneity evident in the disease . This presents a problem in both understanding the mechanisms of progression and in developing therapeutic options . The development of human breast cancer results in tumors with a wide array of morphologic...
Based on a study which has conducted in iran, the subjects experienced the drug use before they were 14 years of age in the 1 time . It seems that drug abuse among youth is spending a progressive trend in the country . Hence, finding new ways to deal with this problem is one of the main priorities of iranian government...
Malignant glaucoma is a rare but serious condition of secondary angle closure mostly seen after filtration surgery, but it may also occur spontaneously.1 it has also been described after laser iridotomy,2 laser capsulotomy,3 cataract surgery,4 topical miotic therapy,5 and blunt trauma.6 some basic mechanisms of ciliole...
Abdominal tb, a common clinical entity in indian sub - continent can infect the gastrointestinal tract, peritoneum, mesentery, lymph nodes, liver, spleen and pancreas . Hepatic tb is usually associated with miliary tb or active pulmonary tb . However, isolated liver tb in the absence of miliary tb is very rare restrict...
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (pdac) is associated with the worst prognosis of all gastrointestinal malignancies, mainly due to late and unspecific symptoms, an aggressive tumor biology, and resistance to most therapies ., these patients were subjected to primary resection; however, new data suggest that this group ...
Mycobacterium marinum, a slow - growing mycobacterium, is considered the most common cause of mycobacterial skin infections . The overall incidence is estimated to be 0.27 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, and this number has increased in recent years.1 although mycobacterial infections are more prevalent in immunocomprom...
Primary hyperparathyroidism is rarely a part of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (men-1) syndrome with familial occurrence . The genetic background of this syndrome offers a unique opportunity to review a pathomechanism of tumourigenesis that may be also operative in some sporadic tumours . The classic clinical mani...
An estimated 4.4% of adults in the united states are affected by attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd) 1, which is characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity at all ages 2 . Atomoxetine (atx) is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor indicated for the treatme...
Although the industrial production of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs) has been banned worldwide under the stockholm convention, pcbs still represent a significant environmental and human health concern . Specifically, pcbs continue to be released into the environment from building materials and other sites of pcb use ...
Lung cancer is the most common cause of metastasis to the central nervous system (1). The brain is also one of the most commonly involved organs in metastases from non - small cell lung cancer (nsclc) (2). Unfortunately, once metastatic brain disease become clinically apparent, the cancer usually has already disseminat...
. Clinical features of the disease vary from asymptomatic to symptomatic lymphadenopathy accompanied by fever, malaise and/or weight loss . Based on the histological findings cd is divided into two variants the hyaline vascular variant (hvv) and the plasma cell variant (pcv). When disease location is considered, cd can...
Trichotillomania is a common impulse control disorder seen in both children and adults characterized by the intense urge to pull out one's hair which then results in hair loss over the scalp, eyebrows, and/or pubic areas . Pulling is often caused or preceded by stress and anxiety which is then relieved after the hair p...
Regional anesthesia is the recommended technique for upper and lower limb surgeries with better postoperative profile . Considerable research has been conducted over years in order to determine the ideal local anesthetic (la) drug . An ideal drug should have a fast sensory onset, differential offset, with an earlier of...
The first case of hiv was reported in nepal in 1988, thereafter, there was a trend for increasing numbers of infections being recorded among specific groups of the population and in the low - risk general population for 20 years . Although nepal's hiv control programme has achieved some progress in reducing the inciden...
The term acute coronary syndrome (acs) encompasses a range of thrombotic coronary artery diseases, including unstable angina (ua), and both st segment elevation (stemi) and non - st segment elevation myocardial infarction (nstemi), mostly induced by local coronary thrombosis as an acute complication of atherosclerosis ...
General physical examination at age 15 years showed: height 113 cm (<3 percentile), weight 10 kg (<3 percentile), and head circumference 48 cm . He was apparently well up to the age of 18 months, later he developed failure to thrive, loss of hair, prominent eyes and joints, and senile appearance . Systemic examination ...
Osteonecrosis of the knee, first reported by ahlback et al.1) is characterized by severe pain of sudden onset on the medial side of the knee . The etiology of osteonecrosis has not yet been clearly elucidated, but possible causative factors include sickle cell anemia, gaucher disease, caisson disease, corticosteroid tr...
Consumers interest in the relationship between diet and health has increased the demand for information about the specific health characteristics of food . It is well known that food can contain ingredients that may have physiological benefits and/or reduce the risk of chronic disease, or even represent significant ris...
In postmortem studies, dementia with lewy bodies (dlb) accounts for 1020% of all cases of dementia and can therefore be regarded as the second most common cause of dementia after alzheimer's disease (ad). For a definite diagnosis, autopsy is required . However, confirmation of the diagnosis during the patient's lifetim...
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) has improved the prognosis of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection by significantly reducing related morbidity and mortality.1,2 early treatment protocols, many of which are still recommended, contain two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nrt...
The vagina and cervix are the first lines of physical and immunological defense against sexually transmitted pathogens [1, 2]. The presence of potentially pathogenic microorganisms, including protozoans, yeast, bacteria, and viruses, initiate the immune response and result in increased vaginal secretion of immune stimu...
Exaggerated innate immune / inflammatory responses in the brain are now thought to be a common core in the etiology of numerous psychiatric disorders such as depression, ptsd and bipolar disorder (jones and thomsen, 2013). Seemingly unrelated to neuroinflammation, the experience of life stressors is a predisposing fact...
In this study of human infections by snv in boulder county, colorado, we identified 2 patients who had trapped rodents for ecologic studies . On june 14, 2005, a 24-year - old man was admitted to boulder community hospital with fatigue, headache, fever, and thrombocytopenia (70,000 platelets/l) but without cardiorespir...
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (ttp) is a rare acquired or congenital disorder with an annual incidence of six cases per million (1). Its pathogenesis involves an imbalance between von willebrand factor (vwf) multimers and adamts13 . If there is a gene mutation existing congenitally leading to absent or severely d...
Records were collected between november 2004 and february 2010, from 197 client - owned dogs with documented pulmonary edema . We evaluated the records of the first onset of pulmonary edema (dyspnea, cough and tachypnea) in dogs with mitral regurgitation, retrospectively . Dogs were included, if they had been diagnosed...
The -adrenergic receptor (-ar) plays an essential role in normal physiologic functions and consists of catecholamines and their corresponding receptors, including the - and -ar families . The sympathetic nervous system regulates the body's fight or flee response through the -adrenergic pathway . Increasing evidence sug...
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (pnh) is an acquired clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder characterized by a variety of clinical manifestations, including the classic triad of chronic intravascular hemolysis, thrombotic events, and bone - marrow (bm) failure . Somatic mutation of x - linked gene pig - a in hemat...
Copd is associated with significant morbidity and health care costs, and though current pharmacologic treatments have modest benefits, adjunctive pulmonary rehabilitation (pr) has been shown to substantially impact patient outcomes.1,2 the minimum recommended duration of therapy for pr is 8 weeks, and successful comple...
Treatment involves excision of the accessory urethra usually through a suprapubic open approach . We report a novel use of extra peritoneal pelvic laparoscopic approach to disconnect accessory urethra from normal urethra in complete urethral duplication . A 10-year - old boy presented with stress incontinence, splaying...
The viral genome is represented by a positive - sense single - stranded rna of about 7.2 kb that contains three partially overlapping open reading frames (orfs). Orf1 encodes a non - structural protein with different enzymatic activities (rna - dependent rna polymerase, rna helicase, and protease), orf-2 encodes the ca...
The progressive loss of height in a motion segment coupled with subluxation of the facet joints leads to changes in biomechanical forces and hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum and spondylophyte formation around the facet joints . Together the combination of a loss of height in the intervertebral space and the apposit...
Shivering, a common post - anaesthesia occurrence is defined as an involuntary, repetitive activity of skeletal muscles . The incidence of shivering has been found to be quite high, approximately 40 - 50% in different studies . Shivering also increases intraocular and intracranial pressure, and may contribute to increa...
Understanding major adverse events and patient - reported outcomes (pros) after acute myocardial infarction (ami) is fundamental to improving the quality and effectiveness of health care . With the emergence of validated instruments to measure health status, physical function, and other pros, several observational stud...
Type 2 diabetes (t2d) mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease with epidemic proportions . Its global prevalence was estimated to be 6.4% worldwide (285 million adults in 2010) and is predicted to rise to approximately 7.7% (439 million) by 2030 . T2d is a multifactorial disorder resulting from an interaction between ge...
A total of 897 clinical specimens were collected from february 2007 to january 2008 and transported to the national influenza center . Two hundred and two samples belonged to children under the age of six from 897 specimens, described above, were selected . Then they were tested for influenza virus types and subtypes b...
Sino - nasal undifferentiated carcinoma (snuc) is a rare malignancy first described by frierson et al ., as an aggressive neoplasm that was clinico - pathologically distinct from other poorly differentiated malignancies of the nasal cavity and sinuses . Snuc is believed to originate from schneiderian epithelium or from...
Lichen striatus (ls) is an uncommon, asymptomatic, self - limiting dermatosis which lasts an average of nine months and usually occurs in children, although it is also rarely seen in adults . It often arises without a clear trigger, but some cases would appear to be related to several possible precipitating events such...
Gastrinomas are neuroendocrine tumors (net), primarily located in the duodenum or pancreas . Gastrin overproduction causes the zollinger - ellison syndrome, which includes ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract, mainly the jejunum, resulting in abdominal pain and diarrhea . The incidence of gastrinomas is 0.52 per mi...
Mucinous cystic tumors of the ovary rarely contain one or more solid mural nodules in which the histological features differ markedly from the background of benign, borderline or malignant mucinous neoplasms . Four varieties of mural nodules have been described, including true sarcomas, sarcoma - like mural nodules (sl...
In 1987, researchers hunting for cytotoxic cell surface molecules isolated a cdna from activated cd8 t cells and called it cytotoxic t cell antigen (ctla)-4 (2). Genetic studies provided a clue that connected ctla-4 to t cell costimulation: ctla-4 and cd28 both mapped to the same chromosomal neighborhood and shared a h...
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (ais) is the most common pediatric musculoskeletal disorder that affects the spine and is characterized by a three - dimensional deformity of the spine, and altering coronal and sagittal profiles . Brace treatment is the most common non - operative intervention for the prevention of curv...
Participants were employees of the tokyo gas company that supplies natural gas to the tokyo area . All employees received annual health checkups and completed a health questionnaire in accordance with the industrial safety and health law . The participants for this study were 5,984 male employees who had participated i...
By the end of 20 century, hepatitis c virus (hcv) started to emerge as a global threat with around 170 million people infected worldwide1 . The virus is a blood borne pathogen and the high risk group includes patients undergoing blood transfusions, intravenous drug users, renal patients undergoing frequent dialysis, pe...
In mammalian cells the position of the golgi correlates with that of the microtubule (mt)-organizing center or centrosome (kupfer et al ., 1982). Disruption of normal mt cytoskeleton dynamics with antibodies or agents such as colchicine and nocodazole that cause mt depolymerization, or paclitaxel, which stabilizes mts,...
The less approach has been utilized for various indications in adults, including donor nephrectomy, simple nephrectomy, and reconstructions such ureteral reimplantation and pyeloplasty . The safety and efficacy of the standard laparoscopic approach has also been described in pediatric populations, in which studies have...
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Ovarian cancer has the highest fatality - to - case ratio of all gynecologic malignancies [1, 2]. This is attributed to the lack of early warning signs and efficacious early detection techniques [1, 3]. Another problem hindering the successful management of the disease is the paucity in prognosticators that could assis...
The management options for an anastomotic leak (al) vary from conservative management to reoperation . A major al may require esophageal diversion that leads to discarding of the native esophagus . To retain the native esophagus, a redo anastomosis with or without vascularized flaps or a conservative approach with adeq...
The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Collision cancers are malignancies in the same organ or anatomical site that comprises at least two different tumor components, with no mixed or transitional area between the two components ., it is known that the prognosis of collision cancer is very poor even after radical resection . Herein, we present a case of coe...
Urate (uric acid) is the major inert end product of purine degradation in humans and higher primates in contrast to most other mammals because of the genetic silencing of hepatic enzyme uricase, which is oxidized to water soluble allantoin1), and serum urate concentration is determined by the balance between production...
One woman is sexually assaulted in canada every minute (1). Sexual assault is any form of sexual contact without voluntary consent andthat violates a person's sense of autonomy, control and mastery over their body (2). At the university of alberta, recovery from sexual- assault- related posttraumatic stress disorder (p...
Born of the prophet muhammad s favorite daughter, fatimah, al - hasan was declared as the legitimate successor of his father, ali ibn - abi - talib (the last of the caliphs known to arab historians as orthodox), in 661 . Faced by his rival, muawiyah ibn - abi - sufyan, who had been proclaimed caliph in 660 in jerusalem...
Ecstatic experiences have been reported in every major religion, and psychologists have long advocated research in these areas [1, 2]. Neuroscience can contribute to these issues by documenting the brain activity of expert meditators, some of whom have trained to enter these states with volitional control . The type of...
Bronchodilator drugs significantly decrease airway resistance in patients with obstructive lung disease, as well as in patients with acute lung injury [2**,3**,4]. In patients with obstructive lung disease (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [copd] or asthma), these drugs are part of the standard therapy and play an...
Coronary heart disease (chd) and stroke are leading causes of death in the usa and globally . Elevated serum low - density lipoprotein (ldl) has been identified as a major risk factor for chd.1 epidemiological studies have shown a relationship between dietary cholesterol and chd risk, and early metabolic studies have s...
Extramammary paget's disease (empd) is a rare cutaneous, intraepithelial adenocarcinoma involving primarily the epidermis but occasionally extending into the underlying dermis which accounts for <1% of carcinomas in vulva and majority of the patients are postmenopausal females . It presents with a long - standing histo...