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Low back pain is a very common clinical problem in spine surgery, and about 70% of all people in their lifetime will suffer from low back pain at least once . The pathological process of intervertebral disc degeneration mainly involves dehydration and fibrosis of the nucleus pulposus (np), tearing of the annulus fibros... |
Ischemia / reperfusion (i / r) injury to the liver is a major complication of hemorrhagic shock, liver resection, and transplantation . Although the sequence of events that leads to extent of hepatocellular damage after hepatic i / r is incompletely understood, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (lsecs) may loosen from... |
Bilateral gluteal compartment syndrome is a rare, but devastating clinical syndrome that results from elevated pressure in confined gluteal space that may complicate rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury (aki). The most common known etiologies leading to gluteal compartment syndrome are crush injury, prolonged immobil... |
An essential objective of genome - scale sequencing and functional genomics is to improve on the paucity of associations between genetic variations and human diseases or other phenotypic traits (such as birth weight) and the impact of epigenetic modifications . From these upstream genetic causes, the ultimate goal is t... |
Ecologists and biologists measure the biological diversity of a given region or site for several reasons but usually to study the ecological and evolutionary processes and to analyze changes in diversity, similarity, and dominance of species in a time scale . Although extensively used in community ecological studies of... |
Aldosterone system is activated in patients with chronic kidney disease (ckd), increasing the risk of cardiovascular events1 and accelerating the transition to end - stage renal failure, in addition to being closely associated with hypertension.2,3 therefore, strict blood pressure (bp) control and treatment of underlyi... |
The streptococcus pyogenes (lancefield group a streptococcus)-derived streptococcin a - ff22 (sa - ff22) was the first of the streptococcal bacteriocins to be isolated and then characterized both chemically [2, 3] and genetically [4, 5]. Prior to its complete characterization, it was already apparent that sa - ff22 was... |
Understanding metabolic activity from the underlying genotype is one of the most addressed problems in computational biology . Of particular interest is the issue of the identification of the reactions that are indispensable for an organism to survive, grow or perform a specific function in a given growth medium or, co... |
Preoperative chemoradiotherapy (crt) followed by radical surgery is widely accepted as the standard treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer . The theoretical advantages of preoperative crt include improved compliance with the crt regimen, if it is administered prior to radical surgery, a well - defined tumor targe... |
The use of glucocorticoids in the management of patients with sepsis remains controversial . In this issue of critical care forum, the dispute regarding steroid use in sepsis touches on the most basic aspects of glucocorticoid action . Trials performed in the 1970s and 1980s indicated that pharmacologic doses were harm... |
Mild traumatic brain injury (mtbi) is common among military personnel and veterans who served in operations iraqi freedom and enduring freedom (oif / oef). Among soldiers deployed in oif, 22.8% had traumatic brain injury (tbi), predominantly mtbi . While there is a general opinion that the prevalence of post - traumati... |
Anorexia nervosa (an) is characterized by a decrease in caloric intake, weight loss, amenorrhea and behavioral changes . According to morris and twaddle,1) eighty percent of an patients have cardiovascular complications, such as bradycardia, hypotension, arrhythmia and repolarization abnormalities, and ten percent of t... |
Higher education has been and continues to be one of the most important priorities in the kingdom of saudi arabia for the past 100 years . This has led to the establishment of more than 10 universities nationwide . As a result, significant development has occurred in the natural sciences, social sciences and the humani... |
Cystinosis is a metabolic disorder caused by mutations in the ctns gene, encoding the lysosomal cystine carrier cystinosin . The disease is inherited in an autosomal recessive trait and has an incidence of one case in every 100,000 to 200,000 live births . Most children present during the first year of life with genera... |
The seminal discovery of adult brain plasticity in animals and humans has hugely influenced the theories and concepts applied in neurorehabilitation research and their translation into practice, in particular with regards to movement deficits in acquired brain injury [1, 2]. This work directly translated into new and, ... |
Tversky and collaborators were among the first to show that the spontaneous spatial positioning of temporally ordered events follows the direction of reading / writing . Also overlearned sequences of items, either temporally characterized (days of the week) or nontemporally characterized (letters of the alphabet), can ... |
Polyorchidism is an extremely rare congenital anomaly of the urogenital system which refers to the presence of more than two testicles . There have been 178 reports (198 cases) of polyorchidism in the english literature till date . Majority of patients are asymptomatic however some may present as painless inguinal or s... |
Laparoscopic surgery has distinct advantages over open surgery in terms of less pain, early ambulation, rapid convalescence and better cosmesis . These advantages are present both for upper abdominal surgery like donor nephrectomy and also for lower abdominal surgery like hernia repair. [15] in the scenario of kidney t... |
Bronchobiliary fistula (bbf) is defined as an abnormal communication between the biliary tree and the bronchial tract . It is a rare complication that may appear in the natural history of liver hydatid disease or after its surgical treatment [1, 2], trauma, congenital malformation [46], tumor, surgery [810], biliary li... |
Infantile hemangiomas (ih) are benign tumors in the pediatric population with an incidence of up to 10% . They are usually not present at birth but undergo a rapid proliferation within the first weeks of life . This is followed by the plateau stage and then a slow involution of the lesion such that 60% of 4-year - olds... |
This disorder affects the sexual response cycle and creates stresses and interpersonal problems including lack of sexual desire, hatred of sex, sexual arousal disorder, and orgasmic disorder . In iran, according to a national survey conducted in 2005, 31.15% of women had sexual dysfunction . There are a lot of contribu... |
Trunk stability is an essential element in the prevention of low back pain, because it prevents a compensatory movement in the lumbar region and reduces load on to the lower back1, 2 . In particular, the ability to control the trunk muscles is highly important for the protection of facet joints or intervertebral disks ... |
Fibrous dysplasia is a genetic, non - inheritable bone disease due to activating mutations of subunit of stimulatory g - protein (gs) resulting in defective osteoblast differentiation . When associated with endocrine dysfunction and/or caf - au - lait spots it is termed as mccune - albright syndrome (mas). The classica... |
Cardiovascular diseases (cvd) are the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in many countries . According to the world health organization (who), cardiovascular diseases account for 16.7 million deaths per year (1). Atherosclerosis is a condition in which an artery wall thickens as a result of the increase of to... |
Rhabdomyolysis is a syndrome of injury of skeletal muscles first described in 1941 by beall, in a victim of the london bombing (1). The injury of a skeletal muscles fibers is followed by release of myoglobin, creatine phosphokinase (ck) and lactate dehydrogenase, which are most important biochemical markers that indica... |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram - negative, nonfermentative, aerobic bacillus belonging to the family pseudomonadaceae . The organism is ubiquitous within the environment and is particularly isolated from moist areas such as water and soil . P. aeruginosa causes chronic respiratory infections in people with cystic fib... |
Bacteriocins are ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides produced by bacteria that deserve considerable interest for their use as natural and nontoxic food preservatives as well as for their potential use in human and veterinary applications, and in the animal production field . In 1976 tagg et al . Defined bact... |
High - yielding dairy cows have to face immense metabolic challenges throughout the gestation - lactation cycles in their productive lives . The metabolism of dairy cows experiences tremendous alterations around parturition, which involve complex control and feedback regulations of reproductive hormones, of insulin as ... |
Antibiotic resistance is a critical public health problem around the world, especially the spread of multi - drug - resistant organisms (mdro), and has led to increased infected patient mortality . The number of reported cases of mdro nearly quadrupled in the past decade and the world health organization has declared t... |
Neck surgery is one of the newest and most interesting application of minimally invasive surgery technique in thyroid surgery, particularly with regard to eliminating the unattractive scars [1, 2]. It is well known that conventional thyroidectomy allows for prompt postoperative recovery . In some clinical settings, fin... |
Twelve patients (four women and eight men, median age: 60, age range: 54 to 78 years) that had acute hemispheric stroke presenting within six hours from the onset of symptoms were prospectively recruited as study subjects at our stroke center from 1999 to 2001 . The inclusion criteria were as follows: 1) the onset of s... |
The patient was a 68-year - old man with a history of type ii diabetes mellitus, peripheral neuropathy, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on home oxygen, bipolar depression, and gastroesophageal reflux who presented with shortness of breath and cough for 2 weeks . He had noted a decrease in exercise t... |
Health - care workers (hcws) are at increased risk of acquiring infections with blood borne pathogens because of occupational exposure to blood and other body fluids . The human immunodefienciency virus (hiv) the incidence of all injuries with potential to transmit these infections varies between occupational groups bu... |
Melanoma causes almost 80% of all skin cancer deaths and its incidence is increasing worldwide 1,2 . In spain, both melanoma incidence (5.2 cases per 100 000 inhabitants / year) and lethality are increasing 3,4 . Little has changed in the last 20 years in the adjuvant treatment of completely resected melanoma . Patient... |
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and physical disability among adults, with one - quarter to half of stroke survivors being left with complete or partial dependence on others . Stem cell therapy is an emerging paradigm in the field of stroke treatment, and is considered a potential regenerative strategy for... |
Helicobacter pylori (hp) infections are very common worldwide, affecting approximately 50% of the world's population, and are more common especially in developing countries . Although the findings of various studies are inconsistent, the presence of h. pylori is found to be higher in diabetic patients compared to nondi... |
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death worldwide in both men and women, accounting for 1.2 million deaths per year . Despite recent advances in surgery, irradiation, and chemotherapy, immunotherapy is an attractive candidate because the generation of specific antitumor immune responses through the identif... |
Is based on a positive temporal artery biopsy result . In approximately 10% of patients, in whom the biopsy is falsely negative the diagnosis can be based on the clinical features . Posterior vasculitis associated with low - grade uveitis is uncommon as a presenting feature of gca . A 70-year - old man was referred to ... |
Chronic inflammation, in which large amounts of reactive oxygen / nitrogen species (ros / rns) and cytokines are produced, is a well - recognized cause of cancer . Epidemiologic and animal studies have indicated chronic inflammation including urinary tract infections to be involved in the development of bladder cancer ... |
Hydrogen - bonded organic pigments are industrially applied in the form of microcrystalline powders to colorize textiles, food, cosmetics, plastics, or cars . An example of such a pigment is natural indigo, which is known since ancient times and is still the most mass - produced colorant worldwide . Nowadays, indigo is... |
Skin diseases are a major health problem affecting a high proportion of the population in india . Skin diseases can place a heavy emotional and psychological burden on patients that may be far worse than the physical impact . Increased consciousness especially among the youth of their body and beauty further aggravates... |
The bone tissue forms cartilages and the skeletal system, supports and adheres muscles with its mechanical functions, protects organic system and bone marrows and preserve them to maintain the homeostasis of calcium and phosphoric ions . The bone tissue consists of various cells including collagen, cytoplasmic matrix l... |
Central and peripheral nervous system disorders associated with paraneoplastic antibodies are relatively common oncological phenomena but occur in only 0.51% of the patients with renal cell carcinoma (rcc). In the peripheral nervous system, paraneoplastic antibodies have been associated with impairment along the entire... |
Study noh306 was a phase 3, multicenter, randomized, placebo - controlled, double - blind, parallel - group trial (clinicaltrials.gov identifier: nct01176240). Patients were randomized 1:1 in a double - blind fashion to droxidopa or placebo titration (up to 2 weeks), followed by 8 weeks of maintenance treatment at each... |
The extension of a renal staghorn stone could be into a few calyces or it may involve all the calyces . The standard of care for renal staghorn stones is percutaneous nephrolithotomy (pcnl) monotherapy . The distribution of staghorn stone burden in the pelvi calyceal system (pcs) is an important determinant of the comp... |
The etiology of aga involves several factors, including genetics, androgens, age and nutrition . Some evidence suggests that the digit - length ratio of the index and ring finger (2d:4d) is an indicator of prenatal exposure to sex hormones, with a lower 2d:4d being suggestive of a greater androgen exposure . Digit - le... |
Female genital mutilation (fgm) refers to all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external genitalia or other injury to the genital organs, for non - medical reasons . According to the who classification, there are four types of fgm: type i, partial or total removal of the clitoris and/or the prepuce (... |
Good glycemic control is associated with beneficial outcomes in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (t1 dm), but it has always been a challenge . The diabetes control and complications trial (dcct) and the follow - up epidemiology of diabetes intervention and complications study (edic) confirmed that intensive insul... |
Recent epidemiological studies indicate that office workers often experience neck and shoulder pain1, 2 . Although workers with these types of work - related musculoskeletal disorders (wrmsds) recover with time through rest, the rate of reoccurrence is as high as 60%2, 3 . The causes of neck pain include abnormal neck ... |
Discovery of an indeterminate pulmonary nodule mandates prompt, expedient evaluation by the primary care physician or specialist . Unless the nodule is known to be a long - standing, stable finding from previous radiographic studies, accurate tissue diagnosis is needed to guide the patient's further therapy . Diagnosis... |
Between february 1998 and march 2001, a total of 286 consecutive patients with histopathologically proven rectal adenocarcinoma underwent preoperative mr imaging for the local staging of tumors, as well as for the detection of hepatic metastases . One investigator (j.s.l .) Reviewed all the pertinent imaging reports an... |
Mental health is an ignored subject in the field of medicine and in the area of public health, and less 1% health budget is spent on mental health problems in developing countries (1). This neglect accounts for students lack of interest in psychiatry and fewer medical students consider psychiatry as a career choice (2)... |
Rna / dna aptamers, which are specific for a broad spectrum of targets, can be artificially created by systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (selex) methods [1, 2]. Large - scale chemical synthesis of rna / dna aptamers is possible, and synthesizing them is less expensive than producing antibodies; ... |
It is well established that stroke survivors have low levels of physical fitness and muscle strength that impact on their ability to perform everyday activities and affect their independence and community participation . Physical inactivity after stroke has many negative sequelae that may impact upon potential reorgani... |
A fundamental property of any substance is its heat capacity (cp) and its measurement is required for various investigations in physics, chemistry, material research and earth sciences . Dating back to the early 1900s, the standard and most accurate method for measuring low - temperature heat capacities is low - temper... |
Inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) includes a heterogeneous group of immunologically mediated inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract (git) with or without extraintestinal manifestations . Major members of this group are crohn's disease (cd) and ulcerative colitis (uc). Crohn's disease can directly involve ... |
Taiwan's health department reported that cerebrovascular disease remained the top 3 leading causes of death in recent 10 years . Among the stroke population, af - related ischemic strokes are generally more disabling and more often fatal than other ischemic stroke subtypes, thus represents a major healthcare burden . F... |
It is critical to treat perianal abscess with a proper selection of antibiotics as well as surgical drainage . Along with these treatments various aerobic / anaerobic strains might be responsible for perianal abscess . According to a recent study in taiwan, escherichia coli was the major pathogen responsible for perian... |
Heat exposure in the working environments is an important part of occupational health that often ignored (1, 2). Exposure to heat can cause many adverse health effects such as death due to heat stroke, damage to major organs, and physiological functions (3). The people living in the big cities feel more heat exposure d... |
Neuromyelitis optica (nmo) was described by eugne devic in 1894 and it is known since then as devic s nmo (devic s disease). It is uncommon heterogeneous inflammatory demyelinating neuro - immunological disease of the central nervous system (cns) that can occur idiopathically or in conjunction with other systemic disea... |
The efficacy and safety of drotrecogin alfa activated (drotaa) (recombinant human activated protein c) was assessed in children with severe sepsis in the researching severe sepsis and organ dysfunction in children: a global perspective (resolve) study . In this double - blind, randomised, placebo - controlled, multicen... |
Earlier studies have shown that negative emotions precede heart attacks and that depression is a risk factor for the development of coronary heart disease . A 21 year follow - up study by barefoot et al . The thickness of the common carotid artery intima - media (imt) measured by ultrasound is a marker of preclinical a... |
Percutaneous coronary intervention (pci) is commonly used in patients with coronary heart disease (chd) for revascularizing culprit vessels and for restoring myocardial blood supply . However, myocardial infarction (mi) during coronary intervention occurs in 1040% of cases and is often associated with even worse outcom... |
Psoriasis is a common skin disorder of major economic burden that is associated with a series of comorbidities . The typical lesions of psoriasis are raised erythematous scaly plaques whose edges are sharply marginated . Lesions tend to be circular or oval, but occasionally exhibit circinate and geographic outlines . T... |
Gorlin - goltz syndrome also known as nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome was first reported in 1894 but delineated by gorlin and goltz in 1960, as a classical triad composed of multiple basal cell carcinoma, keratocystic odontogenic tumors in the jaws and bifid ribs . A spectrum of other neurological, ophthalmic, end... |
We set up a double - blind, randomised study that administered either chloroquine or placebo (starch) to patients suspected of having dengue disease . Patients were included in the study if they presented with dengue - related symptoms, such as fever and at least two other symptoms, such as headache, retro - orbital pa... |
Erlotinib is a selective epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor (egfri) utilized in the treatment of solid tumors . Cutaneous side effects, including changes in hair texture and alopecia, have been reported . In this case report, we observed a new finding of loose anagen hairs and pili torti in two patients treated... |
With an ever - increasing life expectancy, the population of the elderly is constantly growing . Cardiovascular disease (cad) remains the biggest cause of morbidity and mortality in this age group.1) because age itself is a definite high risk factor in cad adverse outcomes, those of extreme chronological age are often ... |
Parkinson's disease (pd) is a disabling neurodegenerative disorder, estimated to affect over 10 million people worldwide and over 1 million people in the united states . With the number of americans over 65 rapidly increasing, it is inevitable that there will be a drastic rise in pd cases over the next 20 years . Pd pr... |
To report the role of healon5 injection combined with medications in patient with malignant glaucoma after trabeculectomy with unplanned zonulectomy . Two days after trabeculectomy with unplanned zonulectomy for neovascular glaucoma in an eye with diabetic retinopathy, a patient developed malignant glaucoma due to the ... |
Over time theoretical advances and critical investigation have expanded our knowledge of how to manage patients . Clinical practise is constantly changing, whether due to a single signature study or an increasing body of evidence - but are physicians aware of this information, and do they have the tools to allow them t... |
Seizures are the most common pediatric neurological disorder . Of the roughly 150,000 children who experience a first - time seizure, it has been estimated that 30,000 will suffer from epilepsy [1, 2]. The terms seizure and convulsion are commonly used interchangeably, but for the purposes of this report we will simply... |
Although effective preventive and therapeutic measures have been developed for most parasitic helminths, cystic echinococcosis (ce) infection is still very common in the developing world today . Ce, a widely chronic endemic helminthic disease caused by infection with metacestodes (larval stage) of the tapeworm echinoco... |
Laser refractive surgery (lrs) is one of the most common surgeries performed worldwide.1 almost one million patients undergo corneal refractive surgery each year in the united states.2 lrs has proven to be safe with excellent outcomes and high patient satisfaction.3 as the successful outcomes of lrs are highlighted in ... |
Public training in the use of automated external defibrillators (aeds) to treat out - of - hospital cardiac arrests has been receiving increased attention . The incidence of cardiac arrests and ventricular fibrillation as its cause has been well reported . Overall survival from out - of - hospital cardiac arrest has re... |
Human beings have long been trying to cope cancer, but statistics show that cancer is still affecting people of all age groups, especially those older than 65, and mostly men and those belonging to industrial communities . In iran, cancer is the third leading cause of death by 12%, as reported by the world health organ... |
Why do we need animal models for neurotropic viral studies? Some day, human functional neuroimaging may provide consistent reliable experimentation in our species, or genetic biomarkers may have predictive validity for disease course or vulnerability . However, until detailed neuroanatomical, molecular and cellular cha... |
Acute pancreatitis is a localized pathological condition of the pancreatic gland that involves a systemic inflammatory response . This is the consequence of an imbalance between pro - inflammatory mediators and anti - inflammatory mechanisms produced through an excess of pro - inflammatory mediators . It was demonstrat... |
Twenty - seven obese patients with insulin - dependent type 2 diabetes mellitus (14 men and 13 women) were included (mean sem: age: 55 2 years, bmi: 37.2 0.9 kg / m, hba1c: 7.8 0.2%). At baseline patients used 82 11 units of insulin per day with or without concomitant use of metformin and/or sulfonyl ureum derivates . ... |
Soda pop drinks are carbonated non - alcoholic soft drinks with a sweet bubbly refreshing taste . They are commonly referred to as soda pop and contain mainly water, sugar and chemicals in the form of colorings, flavors, preservatives and sweeteners . For instance, the average australian and about 63% of irish children... |
Drug - resistant cells may express one or more energy - dependent transporters like the multidrug resistance gene (mdr1) which detect and eject anticancer drugs from cells [1, 2]. Mechanisms including secondary mutations in drug targets or parallel pathways, insensitivity to drug - induced apoptosis [3, 4], and inducti... |
The application of fine needle aspiration cytology (fnac) in the diagnosis of palpable breast masses was first introduced by martin and ellis in 1930 and since then has been established as an important tool in the evaluation of breast lesions . Fnac is a simple, cost - effective, less traumatic, sensitive, and rapid di... |
Controversial issues in the management of inguinal hernia in premature infants, include timing of repair, the need for contralateral inguinal exploration and the minimum postconceptional age (pca) for day surgery repair . Optimal timing for inguinal hernia repair (hr) in a premature infant in the neonatal intensive car... |
A 45-year - old man presented with a history of blurred vision in his right eye since past 15 days . Fundus examination showed multiple cotton wool spots inferior to the papillomacular bundle, extending toward macula with retinal hemorrhages temporal to macula [fig . 1]. Color fundus photo showing numerous soft exudate... |
The structure of chromatin, the complex of proteins and dna through which dna is packaged, is regulated by the post - translational modification of histone tails and the action of chromatin remodeling complexes such as the switch / sucrose nonfermenting (swi / snf) complex . The multisubunit swi / snf complex is based ... |
There is no reliable index of cognitive / global functioning such as intelligence quotient (iq) in children with autism . It has been reported that iq and not the severity of autism related behaviors is a better predictor of outcome in children with autism . The nature of difficulties associated with autism (e.g., diff... |
Walker warburg syndrome (wws) is a rare congenital disorder, characterized by muscular dystrophy combined with brain and eye abnormalities and other facultative malformations 1 . Muscular dystrophy might be associated with malignant hyperthermia (mh) or rhabdomyolysis and may cause postoperative respiratory complicatio... |
Prevalence of hypertension and obesity is increasing around the world, and data from nhanes iii show that hypertension increases parallel to a rising body mass index . An increase in abdominal obesity, also when only moderate overweight exits or even if there is no overweight, plays a key role on cardiometabolic diseas... |
Infection with dengue virus (denv) causes dengue and severe dengue (formerly dengue fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever). Denv is an enveloped virus, and its genome consists of a positive polarity, single - stranded rna of around 11 kb that encodes ten proteins . Denv can replicate in several types of cells, including ... |
Pseudomonas sp . Is ubiquitously present worldwide of which pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major nosocomial pathogen, which survives in moist environments and colonizes the respiratory tract of mechanically ventilated patients . Multidrug - resistant (mdr) p. aeruginosa is especially associated with increased mortality be... |
Low birth weight (lbw), defined as weighing less than 2,500 g at birth, has known adverse effects including higher incidences of mortalities and chronic diseases with long - term consequences, increased hospital costs, and impaired growth, and is considered as an important outcome of birth and pregnancy . A total of 15... |
Salmonellosis is a major foodborne illness and life - threatening problem worldwide caused by various serovars of salmonella among which salmonella typhimurium is one of the most important serovars . In developing countries like india where the hygienic conditions are not very good salmonelloses have became major probl... |
Beta thalassemia major, also called cooley disease, is a severe transfusion - dependent anaemia which often causes infertility due to the iron deposits in endocrine organs following multiple blood transfusions, needed to care this illness . Gonadal function is impaired in the majority of the patients affected by the ho... |
Despite the reduction in mortality from cardiovascular diseases over the past decade, these disorders are the leading cause of mortality or disability of individuals . Generally speaking, in patients with chronic coronary heart problems, curing the disease is deemed as an unrealistic and unattainable goal, since it is ... |
According to the international association of the study of pain, pain can be defined as a disagreeable sensorial and emotional sensation associated with real or potential tissue damage.1 its duration can be classified as acute or chronic, although it is sometimes difficult to distinguish between the two in clinical pra... |
Rhinosporidiosis is a chronic granulomatous infective disorder caused by rhinosporidium seeberi, whose taxonomy is still debated . The first case was described as nasal polyp by guillermo seeber from buenos aires in 1900 . The causative organism was considered as a fungus, and asworth in 1923 described its life cycle e... |
Conventional imaging modalities, including magnetic resonance (mr), are primarily based on anatomical, functional or metabolic properties to study (patho)physiology . Molecular imaging is a rapidly evolving field of research, aiming to image and quantify molecular and cellular targets in vivo . Molecular imaging can be... |
Nowadays, despite numerous advancements in pediatric care, many needed interventions to treat the diseases remain traumatic, painful, and disturbing . Millions of people undergo surgery each year . Pain is not often thoroughly treated and the clients often suffer from pain after a disease or due to lack of pain managem... |
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