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Human enteroviruses (hevs) are a large family of human pathogens belonging to the picornaviridae family, and these viruses can cause a variety of diseases . Hevs are classified into four groups, species a (hev - a) to species d (hev - d). Hev - a is composed of at least 16 members of different serotypes: coxsackievirus...
Worldwide, the incidence and prevalence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) are on the rise . Neurologic manifestations are particularly common in individuals with aids, and ear, nose, and throat manifestations are frequently the earliest symptoms of immunodeficiency . Such manifestations are caused either by ...
Perchlorate ion (clo4) is considered as one of the important environmental contaminants with potential harmful effects on human health . Perchlorate has been used industrially as oxidants in aerospace fuels and explosives, road flares, pyrotechnics, and solid rocket propellant . Hypochlorite water disinfection products...
A common experience of practicing physicians is that only a subgroup of patients with a specific disease can derive substantial benefit from a particular therapy . It is rare for a drug or treatment option to be safe or effective for everyone . The inherent variability in treatment response among individuals has a sign...
Unlike germ cells and certain tissue stem cells, most, if not all, normal human somatic cells stop dividing permanently after a finite number of cell divisions in culture and enter a state of stable cell cycle arrest termed cellular (or replicative) senescence.1, 2 senescent cells are essentially irreversibly arrested ...
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (hht) is an autosomal dominant disorder, which affects various internal organs and has a tendency for bleeding . It has a classic triad of mucocutaneous telangiectasias, recurrent hemorrhages and positive familial history of first - degree relative . A 44-year - old woman came with...
Graves' thyrotoxicosis, an autoimmune thyroid disorder affecting about 0.5% of the population, is the most common cause of diffuse toxic goiter . It accounts for 60 to 80% of patients with hyperthyroidism and shows a female preponderance with a female: male ratio of 10: 1 . The three distinct treatment modalities (anti...
The development of low - cost portable instruments for rapidly analyzing genetic assays would significantly advance the level of medical services globally . The polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification and the capillary electrophoretic (ce) techniques are often adopted for genetic analysis . A complex system that ...
Glaucoma, characterized by progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (rgcs), is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide . It is a multifactorial disease, although elevated intraocular pressure (iop) remains the only proven therapeutic target . In glaucoma and many other ocular conditions, rgc death can occur ...
The global prevalence of urinary stones has been estimated to be between 2% and 20% and has risen during the last 2 decades ., diagnoses of ureteral stones mainly depend on comprehensive physical examination and radiological imaging studies, including kidney - ureter - bladder (kub) films, intravenous urography (ivu), ...
Posture involves muscle activation that, controlled by the central nervous system (cns), leads to postural adjustments1 . Postural adjustments are the result of a complex system of mechanisms that are controlled by multisensory inputs (visual, vestibular, and somatosensory) integrated in the cns . Through mechanisms of...
Brain atrophy mediates a substantial portion of the association between t2 dm and cognitive dysfunction . Cerebrovascular disease, particularly disease of small cerebral vessels, has been postulated as a potential pathway leading to t2dm - related brain atrophy, possibly via inflammation and oxidative stress, advanced ...
To screen it employees by a questionnaire that include details of health illnesses, family history of illness, diet, lifestyle, exercise and yoga activities and health checkup reports.to assess the severity of stress using holmes and rahe stress scale scoring which would measure stress with the number of life change un...
Toothpick ingestion is a rare event, but it is a medical emergency because it represents a potentially life - threatening event (1). Unfortunately, the detectability of an ingested toothpick on imaging studies is not sufficient . We herein describe a case of small bowel obstruction caused by an accidentally swallowed t...
One barrier to evaluating the effectiveness of ipm programs is the difficulty in accurately measuring pesticide use . Pesticide use is often estimated based on pesticide sales and other data . At the federal level, estimated pounds of active ingredient applied nationwide have declined from a high in the early 1980s, an...
Ayurvedic drugs fall under the purview of the drugs and cosmetics act, 1940 and labels on ayurvedic drug containers need to comply with the requirements specified in this act (part xvii, 161). The present survey was conducted to evaluate whether ayurvedic drug labels were in compliance with the drugs and cosmetics act,...
Cancer, the third leading cause of death and the second most important group of chronic non - communicable diseases, is one of the main challenges faced by iran's health care system.1 cancer affects an individual's mind, body, and family leading to a change in the patients' entire lives.2 cervical cancer is the second ...
Starting with winter semester 2003/2004, the university of cologne introduced the new degree course at the medical faculty called 4c (competence - based curriculum concept cologne),, . Apart from fulfilling the goals of the medical licensure act (approbationsordnung fr rzte), the specific profile of the 4c model is def...
Central precocious puberty (cpp) caused by hypothalamic hamartoma (hh) is a rare disease . Hypothalamic hamartomas are benign lesions, which can clinically present as cpp and/or gelastic seizures and behaviour abnormality . The cause of cpp due to hh can be due to expression of stimulatory factors like gonadotropin rel...
Fiber posts are an alternative to traditional cast post and cores and ceramic posts because they present elastic modulus similar to that of root dentin . In addition, fiber posts minimize dentin removal, preserving root structure and strength, and due to their translucency better aesthetic properties are observed . Pre...
Iqgap family proteins are large, multidomain proteins conserved from yeast to human cells . Through multiple binding partners, iqgaps regulate numerous cellular processes including adhesion, motility, signaling, exocytosis, and cytokinesis . Iqgap1 contains a calponin homology domain (chd) in the n - terminus that bind...
A clitoral index of> 35 mm (length width) is called clitoromegaly . The nerves and vessels form an extensive network around the end of corporeal bodies with an extensive network of nerves to the glans distally . The contribution of different parts of the clitoral complex to sexual sensitivity, arousal and orgasm is not...
O. ficus indica is a species of cactus that belongs to the cactaceae family, the order centrospermae, and the genus opuntia . This plant is associated with the semiarid zones of the world mainly in africa, mediterranean countries, southwestern united states, northern mexico, and other areas . In tunisia, the main studi...
, 1981; weber et al ., 1998) and content mixing (smolarsky et al ., 1977; pioneering studies used r - snare proteoliposomes bearing two fluorescent lipids, one quenching the other via fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret). Upon fusion with nonfluorescent q - snare proteoliposomes, fluorescence dequenching is se...
Autoimmune thyroid diseases (aitds) are the most popular autoimmune thyroid diseases; hyperthyroid graves' disease (gd) and hashimoto's (goitrous) thyroiditis (ht) are two common types of aitds . The association of the cytotoxic t lymphocyte - associated antigen 4 (ctla-4) gene and susceptibility to aitds has been stud...
Microvascular dysfunction, broadly defined as a state of enhanced vasoconstriction and reduced vasodilation, has been shown to play a key role in the progression of cardiometabolic - related diseases and thus it acts as an important contributor to chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia [17]. ...
Many benefits can be derived from orthodontic treatment, including improvements in a patient s dental function, aesthetics and overall self - esteem and attitude.1 however, the positive effects of orthodontic treatment can be overshadowed by demineralization of tooth enamel adjacent to fixed orthodontic appliances, thi...
The enzymatic pathways can form both b - ring and side - chain hydroxylated oxysterols depending on the enzyme and the tissue, while the nonenzymatic pathways form mainly b - ring oxysterols . By the enzymatic pathway thus, cyp46a1 (or 24-hydroxylase) leading to the formation of 24-hydroxycholesterol has been identifie...
Craniopharyngioma of childhood are commonly cystic in nature . These tumors are histologically benign, corresponding to who grade i and are usually not life threatening . Benign lesions in the brain are considered cured when amenable to surgical resection, however even gross total resection of craniopharyngioma is not ...
Corneal transplant surgery has evolved markedly in the past decades from a process of simple replacement of the whole corneal thickness as in penetrating keratoplasty to include deep lamellar keratoplasty (dalk), descemet's striping - automated endothelial keratoplasty (dsaek), and keratoprosthesis (kpro). Achieving go...
Parkinson's disease (pd) affects approximately 0.3% of the population worldwide, and from 1% to 2% of individuals are more than 60 years old . In brazil, a recent population - based cohort study showed pd to have a prevalence of 3.3% . Pd is a neurodegenerative pathology characterized by progressive degeneration of the...
Mitophagy was elicited in primary rat cortical neurons and sh - sy5y neuroblastoma cells using the complex i inhibitor rotenone (fig . The ubiquitin - fold domain of lc3 is involved in a lipidation reaction by which lc3 is covalently bound to autophagic membranes, and lc3 puncta are used as specific markers of autophag...
Oxidative stress is thought to be a phenomenon that induces various health disturbances and diseases by enhancing oxidation of biologically important molecules in vivo . Oxidation reactions by reactive oxygen species (ros) are regarded as a trigger of the oxidative stress . Several enzymes like superoxide dismutase (so...
For many years, c - peptide was thought to be merely a derivate of insulin synthesis . C - peptide is co - secreted with insulin, but the half - life of c - peptide is about 10 times longer than that of insulin (1). Hence, serum c - peptide is used as a substitute marker for monitoring endogenous insulin production (2,...
The use of the left internal mammary artery (lima) is associated with the best long - term patency of coronary artery bypass surgery, because this conduit is spared from atherosclerosis . However, this is not true for the proximal (inflow) part of this ideal conduit, the subclavian artery, where atherosclerotic stenosi...
Phytophotodermatitis connotes phototoxic reactions consisting of erythema (with or without blistering) and delayed hyperpigmentation . It is entirely independent of the immune system; that is, phytophotodermatitis can occurs in any individual and does not require prior sensitization . The ingredients needed to produce ...
Dopamine (da) is a monoamine that is best known for its neurotransmitter function, and like other neurotransmitters, its effects are not limited to the central nervous system (cns). Several studies support the notion that da is a coregulator of the immune system (is) [17], tissues and organs, such as adipose tissue and...
Expenditures for physician services are a large and growing component of total health care expenditures . In 1980, physician - service expenditures were $41.9 billion . By 1988, those expenditures had risen 151 percent to $105.1 billion (office of national cost estimates, 1990). The ratio of physician expenditures to h...
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13555 - 015 - 0074 - 5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users . Suppressor of fused (sufu), an integral component of the hedgehog (hh) signaling pathway, functions as a tumor suppressor gene . A man with metastatic merkel cell carcinoma ...
Human infections due to intestinal parasites caused by helminths and protozoa are among the most prevalent infections in developing and tropical countries causing a significant morbidity and mortality . Human intestinal helminths include the nematodes (roundworms), the trematodes (flukes), and the cestodes (tapeworms)....
Benign essential blepharospasm (beb) is thought to be due to overexcitement of the neurons in the brain stem that results from the organic dysfunction of the basal ganglia, characterized by involuntary overcontraction of the orbicularis oculi.13 beb typically has an onset in the sixth decade, and it is more common in w...
Hrthle cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland (hctc) is a rare type of differentiated thyroid cancer, which accounts for around 3% of all thyroid malignancies [1, 2]. There are only a limited number of publications in the literature about prognostic factors in patients with hctc [115]. According to the world health organi...
The open reading frame for lsd1 was amplified from a cdna library from k562 cells using the following primers (f: gttcaagatctttatctgggaagaaggcgg, r: gaccttaattaaatgggcctcttcccttagaa). The pcr product was cloned into a tal effector compatible expression vector using paci and bamhi / bglii such that lsd1 is fused to the ...
Investigar la relacin entre los patrones del test de ferning (tfp) y el test de rotura lagrimal no invasivo (nibut) en sujetos asiticos normales . Se incluy a ciento cuarenta y cinco adultos, sin trastornos en la superficie ocular . Se recolectaron lgrimas utilizando un tubo capilar, dejndose secar a temperatura ambien...
The development of resistance is a major clinical problem with current anticancer drugs . Multitargeting by using a combination of drugs provides a potential strategy to overcome resistance . We are exploring the concept of redox synergism for combination therapy, a strategy that could additionally lower the doses of m...
The hepatitis c virus (hcv) belongs to the family of flaviviridae and is the sole member of the genus hepacivirus (1, 2). Globally, it is estimated that 130 - 150 million people are chronically infected with hcv (3). In humans, hcv causes acute and chronic hepatitis (4) and can progress to more serious diseases includi...
Biological systems are inherently stochastic, uncertain, and fuzzy . Therefore, research in bioinformatics and computational biology, where computer technologies are applied to manage and analyze biological data and make computational models, is faced with a great deal of uncertainty . For instance, growth and developm...
In the current turbulent and uncertain economic times, organizations need to be more agile and competitive . Today's businesses not only must meet global competitive threats; however, they also need to do so while complying with ever - increasing government, industry, and internal regulatory requirements . Meeting thes...
Iminosugars are central structural motifs of small molecules that act by inhibition of glycosidases or glycosyltransferases . Their strong inhibitory activity is attributed to electrostatic binding interactions of the protonated nitrogen under physiological conditions and to their oxocarbenium - ion - like structure th...
Aldo - keto reductase 1c3, also known as type 5 17-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, is a critical enzyme in androgen biosynthesis within the prostate and has been implicated in the development of castrate - resistant prostate cancer (crpc). Crpc is characterized by the intratumoral reactivation of androgen receptor signal...
Previous reports indicate that the number of patients undergoing cholecystectomy has increased since the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (lc). Few studies have specifically looked at the incidence of chronic acalculous biliary disease, preoperative evaluation, or the patient demographics in these cases . T...
Mucin - type o - glycosylation is the most common type of o - glycosylation . Besides mammals it has been found in insects, snails, worms, and various parasites [1, 2]. The initiating enzymes of this type of glycosylation are members of an evolutionarily conserved family of udp - galnac: polypeptide galnac transferases...
A recent epidemiological study showed that the incidence of mitral regurgitation (mr) has been increasing.1) in addition, the prognosis of severe mr is known to be very poor2) and the only treatment modality is surgical correction.3) as the conventional mitral valve replacement (mvr) might cause loss of annulo - ventri...
Cow's milk protein allergy (cmpa) results from allergy to -lactoglobulin in cow's milk . Children usually present during the weaning period with vomiting, abdominal distension, bleeding per rectum or dysentery due to allergic proctitis, proctocolitis and enterocolitis . Failure to thrive, watery diarrhea and constipati...
Both instructive and permissive signals are needed to guide development and plasticity of neural circuits [17]. Instructive signals contain specific information about how a network should be configured to function properly . Permissive signals do not tell a network how to change but must be present for plasticity to oc...
Recent studies have considered steroids as a risk factor for acute central serous chorioretinopathy (csc). Steroids increase the development of csc by impeding the healing of rpe injury and increasing the permeability of the choriocapillaris . In most csc patients, local serous retinal detachment occurs in the neurosen...
Repeated assessment of the abundance and diversity of phytophagous and entomophagous arthropods in crops is needed for ecological studies of population dynamics and species interactions, including the study of biological control . Rice is a major staple food, with a high potential for biocontrol by entomophagous arthro...
A 65-year - old female patient presented with a complaint of swelling over the left side of the cheek for the past 6 months . Patient gave a history of the extraction of a left back tooth due to mobility 3 months back, followed by progressive increase in the size of the lesion accompanied by a dull pain and burning sen...
It is well established that the luteal phase is defective during stimulated in vitro fertilization (ivf) cycles due to a low progesterone production by the corpus lutea.1 this phenomenon is probably due to the supraphysiological concentrations of estradiol produced by the numerous corpus lutea during the early luteal p...
We report a case in which aripiprazole acted as a possible tic inducer during treatment of schizophrenia, although there have been several studies on the successful use of aripiprazole for the treatment of tic disorder in children and adolescents.1 this is probably the first such reported case, to our knowledge, in an ...
Basidiomycete fungi are attracting increased interest because of their plant pathogenic properties, along with an ability to produce enzymes, in particular glycoside hydrolases, which can degrade recalcitrant carbon sources, thereby increasing the range of substrates available for bioethanol production . Although the g...
Clinical diagnosis of fibromyalgia syndrome (fms) is based on many accompanying subjective symptoms such as fatigue, sleep disorders, stiffness, irritable bowel syndrome, depression, and anxiety, in addition to chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain1 . According to the american college of rheumatology (acr) 1990 class...
Expression in e. coli, purification, and liposome reconstitution of clc - ec1 (swiss - prot i d p37019) were performed as described14, as were cl and h flux assays, except that we used lipid mixtures of egg phosphatidylcholine and 1-palmitoyl, 2-oleoyl phosphatidylyglycerol, 3/1 weight ratio . Ion flux rates in these l...
A 74-year - old female patient visited our department due to pain in the left lower limbs for 6 months . The patient complained of a continuous dull pain along the left 5 lumbar vertebral (l5) and 1 sacral vertebral (s1) dermatomes . The pain level was 9 on the numeric rating scale (nrs) from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst p...
Fungal meningitis is a rare cause of meningitis and results from the spread of fungi to the cerebrospinal fluid (csf). The most common causes of fungal meningitis include, cryptococcus neoformans, histoplasma capsulatum, blastomyces dermatitidis, and coccidioides immitis / posadasii . Hiv / aids, solid organ transplant...
There are a variety of options for patients with severe cardiomyopathy being evaluated for surgical therapy . These include cardiac resynchronization therapy, surgical coronary revascularization, valve repair or replacement, implantation of ventricular assist devices and heart transplantation . One of the most challeng...
Uncontrolled intraoperative bleeding is a dangerous complication that can hinder both the surgeon s ability to complete the procedure and the patient s ability to recover.1 blood that remains intra - abdominally after surgery not only increases the extent and severity of postoperative intestinal adhesions, but also ser...
Most adults with type 2 diabetes experience accelerated musculoskeletal aging and a higher prevalence of frailty than people without diabetes of a comparable age [1, 2]. This leads to a greater risk of falls and fractures, greater healthcare expenditures, and increased morbidity and mortality . Skeletal muscle atrophy ...
Foreign bodies in the external auditory canal are common in both adults and children . Removal of the foreign body requires skill, but is usually successfully performed in the emergency department . We report a case of a child with a bullet in ear canal which was pushed into the middle ear during an attempt to remove i...
Fever is the most appreciated manifestation of disease.1 although nonspecific, it may indicate the presence of a spectrum of illnesses ranging from a self - limiting viral syndrome to life - threatening bacterial disease of malignancy.2 fever is one of the most frequent complaints encountered in an emergency department...
Nocardiosis is caused by nocardia, a group of strictly aerobic, partially acid - fast, branching, often beaded, filamentous, and weakly gram positive bacteria that typically fragment into nonmotile rod- or coccoid - shaped elements . Nocardiosis may be localized or disseminated infection, and the usual modes of transmi...
It is known to have caused an estimated 655,000 deaths in 2010, mainly due to plasmodium falciparum infection . These fatalities usually occurred in patients with severe complications of malaria, such as severe acute lung injury or adult respiratory distress syndrome (ards), cerebral malaria, hemoglobinuria, abnormalit...
Chronic kidney disease (ckd) is a major public health concern affecting nearly 20 million people in the united states alone . Patients with ckd are at greater risk of cardiovascular disease- (cvd-) related morbidity and mortality than individuals without ckd with similar cardiovascular risk factors and tend to die befo...
,, nevertheless, some literatures reported serious under - usage of omt in appropriate candidates after hospital discharge ., most of existing evidence about secondary prevention drugs was examined single drug effect but not combined effect and was from pre - reperfusion era . In contemporary era of increasing implemen...
India is estimated to have 61.3 million diabetics, which is projected to cross 100 million by the year 2030 . Along with the rising prevalence of diabetes, an increase in its complications is expected . Diabetes along with its complications is expected to result in increasing morbidity, mortality and health expenditure...
Although many important discoveries have been made in the study of cognition, neuroscience, and mental illness, there is growing frustration with the rate of translation of these efforts into understanding of etiological foundations and new treatments . One important contributing factor to the slow rate of progress is ...
Ameloblastoma is a neoplasm of odontogenic epithelium, and represents 11 - 13% of all odontogenic tumors . It is a persistent and locally invasive tumor that has aggressive but benign growth characteristics . There are three different clinicoradiographic types: the conventional solid / multicystic intra - osseous amelo...
Since the birth of louise brown in 1978, over five million babies have been born worldwide using in vitro fertilization (ivf). The number of in vitro fertilization cycles has increased rapidly; in 2006, 458,759 cycles were reported in 32 european countries, 99,199 cycles in the usa and 50,275 cycles in australia and ne...
Live sea urchins (strongylocentrotus purpuratus) were purchased from monterey abalone co. (monterey, ca). Spawning was induced by the injection of 1 - 2 ml of 0.5 m kcl into the perivisceral cavity . Sperm samples were collected from adult male sea urchins and divided to prepare three different types of sample: (part a...
Spontaneous regression of cutaneous tumors has been documented previously, but reports of partial spontaneous regression of basal cell carcinoma (bcc) are rare . A number of factors are known to contribute to the development of bcc . Recently, the role of immunological factors and angiogenic factors in bcc has been inv...
It has a similar mortality rate as lower extremity ulceration and a twofold higher rate of major amputation compared to those without cn . The combination of foot ulcer and cn increases the risk of amputation 12-fold . The increased mortality risk associated with cn appears to be independent of foot ulcer and other com...
Although total penile amputation is an uncommon injury, it requires the best method of repair for its unique urinary, sexual and psychological role in the life of a male . Penile amputation can be accidental, iatrogenic or self - inflicted (klingsor syndrome). An epidemic of penile amputation was seen in 1970 in thaila...
The promotion of physical activity (pa) is a major public health initiative in many countries due to its protective effect on numerous major health problems, including canada and the us where public health bodies recommend 30 to 60 minutes of moderate - to - vigorous activities per day . However, there has long been a ...
Average life expectancy increased dramatically from 50 years old in the early 1900s to 80 years old in 20081 . However, in line with increased life expectancy, as humans age, their lung elasticity, diaphragm movement, and chest expansion decrease, and their respiratory muscles weaken . Physical therapeutic approaches f...
While the development of advanced diabetic nephropathy is marked clinically by proteinuria which subsequently leads to renal failure, it had been reported that low glomerular filtration rate is already present in a substantial proportion of type 2 diabetic patients even though they were microalbuminuric or even normoal...
Oral malodor is primarily associated with the condition of the oral cavity, including the oral hygiene level and periodontal condition [24] and is mainly the result of the microbial metabolism of amino acids in local debris . Many of the major compounds that contribute to oral malodor are volatile sulfur compounds (vsc...
Jejunal diverticulosis is a rare entity accounting for 0.5 - 2.3% of all small bowel contrast studies, 0.3 - 4.5% of autopsies, and 2.3% of enteroclysis . Patients present with non - specific symptoms of chronic abdominal pain, distension, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and malabsorption . We report a case of multiple jeju...
Human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients with cd4 cell counts below 50 /l are at high risk of cytomegalovirus (cmv)-induced end - organ damage (1). Cmv disease mainly occurs as a result of the reactivation of the latent virus in an immunocompromised host . However, in rare occasions, it may occur during pri...
Anti - glomerular basement membrane disease (anti - gbm) is a rare autoimmune disease causing a pattern of glomerulonephritis and pulmonary hemorrhage . The disease is defined by the presence of autoantibodies directed at specific antigenic targets within the glomerular and/or pulmonary basement membrane 1 . First desc...
The etiology of rheumatoid arthritis (ra) has still remained unclear and the disease is a substantial public health concern with its increasing costs, morbidity and disability . In this the results of the researches showed that ra is an autoimmune disease in which the pathological immune reaction is initiated by the pr...
Liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension is characterized by several systemic and splanchnic hemodynamic changes . Within the splanchnic and systemic circulation, there is increased cardiac output and hyperdynamic circulation that contribute to increased flow into the portal circulation, thereby perpetuating portal hyp...
Dental caries is defined as infectious bacterial disease that results in destruction of the calcified tissue of the teeth (1). One of the bacteria attributed to dental caries is streptococcus mutans, with eight serotypes that are part of the normal flora in oral cavity . The two species responsible for the initiation o...
Diabetes mellitus (dm) is a major public health concern . The prevalence of dm in the us has more than doubled over the past decade, and dm is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease.1 in addition to being at increased risk of developing coronary heart disease, patients with diabetes experience higher hospital m...
Obesity, one of the most significant health risks of modern society, is now recognized as a chronic disease with a multifactorial etiology . It has reached an alarming stage, current figures in new delhi indicate that every second person fulfils the criteria of obesity or has excess abdominal fat . Besides being a risk...
Epidermoid cyst, also called " pearly tumor " because of the smooth, glistening, white capsule, is a rare, and slow growing benign tumor, which represents less than 1% of all intraspinal tumors2,10). Most intraspinal epidermoid tumors are intradural extramedullary and their origin may be congenital or acquired . Congen...
Apligraf (organogenesis, canton, ma), a tissue - engineered biological dressing, was the first composite tissue analog of any kind to become commercially available . It was initially approved by the us food and drug administration (fda) in 1998 for the treatment of venous ulcers greater than one - month duration that h...
In 1901, a german surgeon, kelling, reported his views of the abdominal viscera after filling a dog's abdomen with air and inserting a cystoscope . Since then, several innovative advancements have been made in the field of laparoscopic surgery . It has also accelerated the introduction of endoscopic and laparoscopic pr...
Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (cais), or testicular feminization, is a rare x - linked recessive disease characterized by variable defects in virilization of individuals with male karyotype (46,xy) and an absence of sex chromatin . Cais is caused by mutations in the androgen receptor gene, resulting in impai...