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As a rule, human teeth are subjected by compressive load and friction during mastication of a food, whereas dentin, which is the hard base of a tooth, works under compression stress only . Usually, compression stress into a tooth is limited by 30 mpa, but sometimes stress can reach the level allowed ever cutting off an...
Sleep is a vital human process needed for optimal immune, cardiometabolic, and cognitive health . However, a societal trend toward less sleep and poorer quality sleep is a common feature in many developed countries [2, 3]. Whether sleep duration or quality is more important for health remains unclear, but some research...
Mice expressing transgenes for anti hen egg lysozyme (hel) igm / igd b cell antigen receptor (bcr) contain large homogeneous populations of b cells that are functionally naive . When anti - hel transgenic mice are crossed to transgenic mice expressing soluble hel, the b cells in the double - transgenic offspring are co...
Thyroid nodules are rare in children affecting 1% to 2% of the pediatric population[1, 2]. These nodules are less common in children than in adults, but are more often malignant; they are in children 26% malignant while in adults the rate of malignancy is 510%[34]. Management of these lesions tends to be more aggressiv...
Genome - wide association studies (gwas) have revolutionized the way that geneticists search for loci that affect human diseases and phenotypes . The overall success of using high density chips to interrogate common variants for common disease is a matter of debate; however, it is unarguable that many unexpected signal...
Lymphangioma is a benign form of lymphatic malformation usually resulting from blockage in regional lymph ducts . Pathologically, it exhibits protein and eosinophilic exudate inside the swollen cystic space in a thin layer surrounded by the endothelial cells . In most cases, lymphangioma develops during childhood, with...
Participants were drawn from a national institute of mental healthfunded study of risk factors for the development of ptsd in a low socioeconomic, primarily african american urban population . Participants were recruited from waiting rooms in the diabetes, gynecology, and primary care medical (nonpsychiatric) clinics a...
Bacterial endogenous endophthalmitis (bee) is a severe infection of intraocular tissues due to blood borne bacterial metastasis from other organs . Although vitrectomy, systemic antibiotics, and intraocular antibiotic injections are the mainstays of treatment, the final functional result is often poor due to diffuse ti...
Cases of keratomycosis are still considered challenging to ophthalmologists due to the difficulties in management of such cases, starting from the availability of and susceptibility to antifungal agents, to penetration of corneal tissues, as fungal pathogens tend to deeply penetrate corneal tissues and may reach the an...
Gastric cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death worldwide (1). Because the most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, where treatment options are limited precancerous lesions are often difficult to differentiate from gastric carcinomas in biopsy samples by conventional histopathologic analysis . I...
Keeping in mind the medical and surgical aspects, the nerve supply of arm is very important . The brachial plexus is the network formed by the communication between the anterior rami of the fifth to eighth cervical nerve roots and first thoracic nerve root . Almost every muscle of the upper limb is supplied by nerves d...
Work from the authors' laboratory was supported by funds from the fonds mdic, the fonds national de la recherche scientifique, the association franaise contre les myopathies, and the gene vector production network.
Health - related quality of life (hrqol) is an increasingly important outcome in both clinical trials and observational studies [14]. It is also a natural choice as an outcome for nursing interventions since interventions are often aimed at improving well - being . This is particularly true in chronic disease managemen...
Hepatic encephalopathy, also known as portosystemic encephalopathy, indicates a spectrum of neuropsychiatric changes in patients with impaired liver function, after an exclusion of other known brain disease . In a patient with chronic liver disease, acute attacks are frequently precipitated by an intercurrent problem, ...
Patients with multiple epileptiform discharges on interictal scalp electroencephalogram (eeg) can present a puzzling issue when making decisions about potential epilepsy surgery because the eeg does not always correctly locate the epilepsy foci . As magnetic resonance imaging (mri) or positron emission tomography (pet)...
Colorectal cancer (crc) was first recognized as a complication of ulcerative colitis (uc) by crohn and rosenberg in 1925 . A meta - analysis of 116 studies reported that the overall prevalence of crc in any uc patient was 3.7%, and that cumulative probabilities were 2% at 10 years, 8% at 20 years, and 18% at 30 years ....
Sewage epidemiology, has been applied in order to estimate the dtr mass load level of illicit drugs recommended by emcdda . This method proposed by daughton and thernes (1) was first implemented by the zucatto research group (24) to estimate the dtr mass load level of cocaine in some italian cities, based on the analys...
Thyroid nodules are commonly found and they pose one of the most common clinical problems for primary physicians and specialists . Clinically palpable nodules are found in 510% of the normal population and nonclinically palpable nodules such as those found incidentally on ultrasound (us) occur in up to 67% [13]. With t...
Clearly there are educators who relish this role and are strongly opposed to moving away from it . Yet, educational research and new innovative technologies are suggesting that lecture - based classes may no longer be the most effective teaching method for many situations, especially clinical practice . In a lecture, t...
A 79-year - old female caucasian patient was admitted to our hospital because of a progressive atactic gait disorder ., she had suffered from an acute cardiac insufficiency of unknown origin . An atrial fibrillation and a few weeks prior to her admission to our hospital, the patient had developed a peripheral facial pa...
The presence of chronic kidney disease (ckd) enhances the likelihood of cardiovascular disease (cvd) hospitalizations and death . Even modest kidney function impairment is associated with a significant increase in cardiovascular risk . The relationship of traditional factors for cvd such hypertension, diabetes, and pro...
Thymoma is a neoplasm usually arising in the mediastinum and exhibits differentiation towards the thymic epithelium . Thymoma metastases are usually confined to the thoracic organs and extrathoracic metastases are extremely rare . We present a case of thymoma metastasis to the skeletal muscle, a rare presentation with ...
Dental plaque is a requisite etiologic factor in the inception and development of caries and periodontal diseases . Showed the essential role of dental plaque to the etiology of gingivitis and removal of plaque can reverse this process . However, controlling plaque accumulation for preventing gingivitis and/or periodon...
Cardiovascular disease (cvd) is the leading cause of death in the us (32.3% of deaths in 2009) and accounts for 17% of national health expenditures.1,2 coronary heart disease (chd) is one of the main manifestations of cvd . In 2011, there were approximately 26.5 million adults diagnosed with heart disease in the us.3 a...
Levodopa has remained the gold standard treatment for the characteristic motor symptoms of parkinson s disease (pd) for over 30 years.1 when administered with a dopamine decarboxylase inhibitor (ddci), levodopa is still the most effective treatment for the cardinal motor symptoms of pd.2 its effects are quick and it is...
Endoscopic sphincterotomy (est) and stone extraction are safe and effective procedures for the treatment of bile duct stones 1 2 but bile duct stone recurrence after est is a major problem 3 because there are no effective therapies to prevent a recurrence of bile duct stones, some patients need repeated endoscopic trea...
Secondary syphilis presents with generalized lesions on the skin and mucous membranes, primarily macules and then progressing to papules . When the papules become hypertrophic and coalesced on macerated skin or mucous membranes, they are called condyloma lata, which more commonly occur around the anus and vulva . We re...
Sc of extraocular origin in the head is considered less locally aggressive and rarely tends to develop metastases as compared to ocular sc . Approximately 25% of sebaceous carcinomas arise in extraocular sites, most commonly on the head and neck . So far only few cases of extra orbital sebaceous carcinoma are reported ...
Primary epiploic appendagitis (pea) is a rare cause of abdominal acute or subacute complaints . Diagnosis of pea is made with ultrasonography (us) or when computed tomography (ct) reveals a characteristic lesion . In one patient pea was first seen with us and confirmed with contrast enhanced ct, and in the second patie...
Since 1961, denmark has had a system of payment by prospective estimation, by which about one - half of the income of the average general practitioner (gp) comes from capitation for patients on his or her list, and about one - half from fees for consultations and a set of mainly diagnostic and curative services . In co...
Although the overall incidence of breast cancer is rising worldwide, the mortality rate has been decreasing in the united states . The improved survival rate is likely to be a result of the success in early detection and better treatment in patients with positive estrogen receptors (er), progesterone receptors (pr), or...
Social networks, which refer to the web of social relationships that surround individuals, have been associated with the spread of health behavior change [13]. Social networks function to provide social capital, social influence, companionship, and social support and thus may foster the contagion of healthy behaviors ....
Since the first identification of carbon nanotubes (cnts), many different microstructure cnts, such as single - walled cnts, double - walled cnts, zigzag cnts, bamboo - like cnts [6 - 8], and y - shaped cnts [9 - 16], have been reported . Much research has been focused on y - shaped cnts for their potential application...
The treatment of patients with locally advanced laryngeal cancer (lalc) includes three basic methods of therapy: surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy used alone or in combination in different time sequences . The effectiveness of definitive radiotherapy alone in lalc patients is controversial, 5-year survival rates r...
Group b streptococcus (gbs) has been shown to cause significant neonatal morbidity, and current national guidelines recommend antenatal screening be performed on all pregnant women between 35 to 37 weeks gestation . Current culture methods for gbs require 48 hours for identification, and if antibiotic sensitivity is ne...
One of them, the sclerophyllous matorral, located between the andean premountains and the coastal range of central chile extends between 30 and 38s . This semiarid ecosystem is characterized by a mediterranean climate with dry summers and rainy winters (gajardo, 1994) and by a shrubland plant community of hardleaved pl...
Peritoneal eosinophilia is the presence of> 10% of the white blood cell (wbc) differential in dialysate being eosinophils (table 1). It is typically associated with sterile (idiopathic) peritonitis and culture - positive microbial peritonitis . Since microbial peritonitis accompanied by dialysate eosinophilia is unusua...
Soft tissue fixation strength has been shown to be proportional to the number of suture anchors, which when focusing on arthroscopic capsular shift and glenoid labrum repair means stronger repairs require a greater number of fixation points . For shoulder arthroscopy, the suture anchor has become the most commonly util...
A 10-year - old boy (height, 120 cm; weight, 20 kg) presented with an 8-year history of arteriovenous malformation (avm) involving the right lower limb . He had been started on sclerotherapy 4 years earlier because of leg length discrepancy causing gait disturbance . However, this treatment was stopped because there wa...
Because almost all proteins in eukaryotic cells are synthesized by cytosolic ribosomes, protein translocation across membranes is critical for organelle biogenesis . The invention of organelle - specific targeting systems in the cytosol was instrumental to facilitate correct translocation events and to avoid mistargeti...
Although the exact pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) is unknown, several drugs cause drug - induced lupus erythematosus (dile) (1). Dile is a rare disease that is diagnosed when the following features are present: 1) exposure to a drug suspected to induce dile; 2) no history of sle prior to drug therap...
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (arvd) is a rare hereditary progressive cardiomyopathy characterized by right ventricular dysfunction, ventricular arrhythmia, and increased risk of sudden cardiac death 1 . Thromboembolic events with an annual incidence of 0.5/100 patients are possible complications, but sign...
The world population is getting older and poland has joined the group of countries known as demographically old. Polish central statistical office data indicate that the pace of aging is fast and by 2030 the percentage of people over age 65 will increase to 21.1% (1). Declining birth rate and increasing life expectancy...
Interstitial cystitis / painful bladder syndrome (ic / pbs) was defined by the society for urodynamics and female urology as an unpleasant sensation (pain, pressure, and discomfort) perceived to be related to the urinary bladder, associated with the lower urinary tract symptoms for more than 6 weeks duration, in the ab...
For the first time in human history, the number of overweight people rivals the number of underweight people . As quoted by the world watch institute in 2004 . Both problems have serious consequences when started in childhood as there is a long period of exposure before they reach adulthood . Childhood obesity is stron...
Cd20, a hydrophobic transmembrane protein with a molecular weight of approximately 35 kd, is expressed on pre b and mature b lymphocytes and b - cell lymphoma . Rituximab (rx) is a chimeric anti - human cd20 antibody, and approved for the use in treatment of b - cell lymphomas and immune - related diseases such as rheu...
Catheter - based cryoablation (cryo) has proven to be an effective, safe and versatile tool for arrhythmia treatment . Despite several advantages, it still requires relatively long procedure times compared to radiofrequency energy (rf) catheter ablation . Historically, lesion formation during cryo is subject to several...
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (osas) is a syndrome which is characterized by recurrent partial or complete upper airway obstruction during sleep . Osas is a common sleep disorder that can be seen in both sexes and all races, ages, socioeconomic statuses, and ethnic groups . According to the data reported in the unit...
Intrauterine growth restriction (iugr) is a common diagnosis in obstetrics and carries an increased risk of perinatal mortality and morbidity . We present a case of early onset iugr related to an excessive long umbilical cord (eluc), without any other abnormalities . A 22-yearold woman visited our hospital for the pren...
All living cells have proteins in their cell membrane(s), generally referred to as transport proteins, that play crucial roles in fundamental processes such as the uptake of nutrients, the efflux of toxic and other compounds and in ion homeostasis . Transport proteins can be simple channels or pores created in the memb...
Plasticity in different regions of the central nervous system underlies a diverse set of behaviours and pathologies . At excitatory synapses, the scaffolding molecule postsynaptic density 95 (psd95) assembles signalling complexes with glutamate receptors and couples them to intracellular pathways mediating synaptic and...
The potential of big data in health care research is being realized with the development of large networks including the food and drug administration s (fda) sentinel and the patient - centered outcomes research institute s (pcori) national patient - centered clinical research network (pcornet) that connect data for mo...
Polymyositis (pm) and dermatomyositis (dm) are chronic inflammatory conditions characterized by muscle weakness, characteristic skin rashes in dm, and in about 85% of cases interstitial lung disease [1, 2]. Medical treatment consists of high - dose glucocorticoids, immunosuppressive treatment, and exercise [1, 3]. Alth...
Methanol is a toxic alcohol, which is widely used as a solvent and to denature ethanol . Almost all cases of acute methanol toxicity result from ingestion . Rarely, poisoning follows inhalation or dermal absorption . Ingestion of as little as 30 ml of pure methanol has caused permanent blindness and 30 - 240 ml is pote...
Periodontitis is a chronic infectious condition of the supporting tissues of the teeth that is caused by a complex variety of anaerobic, gram - negative bacteria . Periodontal destruction probably results from the action of various toxic products released from specific pathogenic subgingival plaque bacteria, as well as...
Gastric cancer is one of the most common epithelial malignancies and the secondary leading cause of cancer - related death in the world . There are about 952,000 new gastric cancer cases each year world - wide, 47% of which are in china . Gastric cancer is ranked second in the incidence of malignant tumors in china, an...
Several studies have demonstrated that cardiovascular diseases (cvd) begin early in childhood and atherosclerotic changes may occur early in the life of children with lipid abnormalities.1,2 metabolic syndrome (mes) clusters consist of obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, hyperinsuline...
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (ttp) is a life threatening disease characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, neurological disturbances, and renal failure . These symptoms are related to the presence of von willebrand factor (vwf) - rich platelet thrombi in the arterioles and capillaries...
Publication and distribution of a scientific paper is the result of several months of planning and conducting a project . In a scientific attempt, which is followed by an intensive interest, the task should be done honestly, correctly, and purposefully, and the results should be reported properly and without any bias, ...
Institutional review board approval from the johns hopkins university school of medicine was obtained for all autopsy eyes used in this study . Clinical characteristics of previously untreated psr and control eyes are described in supplementary table s1 . Human eyes were provided by the medical eye bank of maryland, ba...
Obesity abets several life style diseases such as diabetes type ii, atherosclerosis, or impaired wound healing . These adverse effects can be avoided or, if already present, reduced by physical activity . Exercise training and increased catecholamine levels affect adipocyte metabolism, on one hand by influencing insuli...
Tb cases from all 50 states and the district of columbia were recorded in the us national tb surveillance system (ntbss). Report forms collected standard information at the time of diagnosis, including country of origin, age at diagnosis, and years since arrival in the united states (centers for disease control and pre...
Evolutionary events are, in general, dependent on spatial and temporal factors that initiate or drive changes in a biological entity . Bacteria are well studied for their response to extracellular factors in the human body forcing them to choose between acute and chronic mode of infections . Highly virulent strains of ...
Recently, with the development of endoscopic equipment and technology, thyroid surgery has evolved towards minimal incisions and endoscopic approaches . Endoscopic surgery can provide better functional and cosmetic results and rapid wound healing . At present, the endoscopic surgery is appropriate for thyroid benign le...
It enhances masticatory function, aesthetic, and phonetic properties and particularly improves the quality of life . Candida albicans is the most common causative pathogen of oral candidiasis, the disease associated with fungal infection . Denture - induced stomatitis is one form of candidiasis.1 daily denture brushing...
Cullen's sign, ecchymosis of the subcutaneous periumbilical tissue was often described in association with ruptured ectopic pregnancy or acute pancreatitis until 1922, when stemnberg described its association with malignancy (adenocarcinoma of the liver). Since then, cullen's sign associated with other malignancies inv...
The rapidly emerging field of proteogenomics utilizes large - scale genomic or transcriptomic data combined with mass - spectrometry (ms)-based proteomics data to identify peptides corresponding to novel proteoforms arising from genome reorganization, mutations, or transcriptional splicing . Proteogenomic discoveries a...
The population of elderly individuals in the united states is increasing . Between 2000 and 2010 the population of women aged 65 and over increased by 11.3% with those 70 and over increasing by 6.4% . According to the surveillance epidemiology and end results (seers) database, from 2000 to 2009 the median age for breas...
Alzheimer s disease (ad) is the most common form of dementia and accounts for 6080% of the cases . In the united states, ad is the sixth leading cause of death and predicted to grow with the increasing life expectancy . Prevailing evidence suggests that amyloid (a) peptides are cytotoxic to cells and play a role in the...
Thermal therapeutics have several advantages over conventional techniques, being minimally invasive and relatively simple to perform, and having the potential to treat tumors embedded in vital regions where surgical resection is not feasible.1 simple heating techniques have severe limitations in discriminating between ...
Cp is a platinum compound, which is accompanied by decrease in glomerular filtration rate (gfr), increase in blood urea nitrogen (bun) and serum levels of creatinine, and tubular injury [13]. However, some studies documented that administration of cp increases the serum level of no [8, 9], and on the other hand, increa...
Salivary duct carcinoma is a rare tumor accounting for 1% to 3% of all malignant salivary gland tumors . Initially, a group of malignant salivary gland tumors characterized by ductal formations and central necrosis was first describe[d by kleinsasser et al . In 1968 . Then, a few cases have been reported in the literat...
Carotenoids act as quenchers of oxygen free radicals, blockers of blue - light damage, and inhibitors of lipid peroxidation . Intense exposure to ultraviolet radiation and high oxygen tension render the cornea particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage . The role of oxidative stress has been studied in the corneal dis...
Kinases and phosphatases are the key components of signaling cascades regulating metabolic processes such as cell survival, proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and cell motility [14]. Aberrant expression and activities of these enzymes have been reported to lead to the development of several cancers including me...
A 41-year - old male patient received conservative treatment on his left wrist and hand for 3 months due to pain developed by a motor vehicular accident 6 months prior to his visit . Since he did not see any improvement from the conservative treatment, he had a wrist arthroscopy performed at a private clinic . The pain...
Rna performs many essential roles in living cells, including the transmission of genetic information between dna and proteins, regulation of many processes and catalysis . In each of these cases, the sequence of the mature functional rna is quite often different from that of the primary transcript, due to a combination...
Physicians in developing countries come across situations where such issues are raised with increasing frequency . The issue of euthanasia has been debated all over the world and attempts to legalize it have been defeated most of the times . Controversy continues regarding its practice on ethical, moral, social and rel...
As the number of people affected by food allergies increases worldwide, with its prevalence estimated to be between 1 and 8% of the world s population, hazelnut (corylus avellana) continues to lead as one of the most common allergen sources . Currently (june 2015), 10 allergens from c. avellana are registered with the ...
This rct compared the efficacy of the latinos en control intervention to that of an enhanced usual - care condition (detailed methods described previously). The study was approved by the institutional review boards of the university of massachusetts and baystate medical center . Eligibility criteria were as follows: la...
Macrodystrophia lipomatosa (mdl) is an unusual form of local hypertrophy also called local gigantism . There is marked increase in all mesenchymal elements such as bone, tendons, nerves, vessels, and particularly fibro - adipose tissue . We report a case of mdl, with altered soft tissue growth resulting from an earlier...
For several decades, the global prevalence of obesity has been rising dramatically [1, 2]. Compared with some european countries, the prevalence of obesity in the united states is three times higher than in france, and one and a half times higher than in the united kingdom . Between 1980 and 2004, the prevalence of obe...
Overall, 5% to 15% of patients undergoing cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis have concomitant bile duct stones, and a small percentage of patients will develop common duct stones after cholecystectomy.1 incidence of choledocholithiasis increases with age . About 20% to 25% of patients older than age 60 with symptomatic...
Pemphigus, an autoimmune vesicobullous disease characterized by autoantibodies against distinct adhesion molecules of the epidermis, was almost fatal before the advent of corticosteroids in its management . Due to the wide variations in the presentation of the disease, various emerging therapeutic options offered for i...
When conducting a scientific research project, a considerable amount of time and effort is often expended in the process of designing effective protocols or methodology . This process comprises a larger proportion of the work load in hypothesis - free or hypothesis - generating disciplines such as bioinformatics and co...
Hierarchical data structures, with lower level units being part of (or nested under) higher level units, are inherent to most research questions in psychology . A classic example is that of children learning to read with different teaching methods . Each child (level-1 unit) is in a class, and each class (level-2 units...
Household food insecurity defined as limited or uncertain availability of food or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways, has been associated with health problems among adults and children . It is established that proper diet and feeding practices have an efficient role in ...
Management of motor fluctuations and dyskinesias is still a major challenge in the long - term treatment of patients with parkinson s disease (pd) as they affect daily life activities and in turn quality of life of patients and caregivers . Symptoms associated with the off phase not only include akinesia, rigidity, and...
The most commonly administered psychometric screening assessment for cognitive functioning is the mini - mental state examination (mmse). A large amount of medical literature has been published on the relative sensitivity of mmse in identifying overt dementia . However, its utility has been seen to have decreased when ...
Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis are two distinct processes, whereby the first represents vessel formation from differentiated precursors while the second originates from the preexisting vasculature . Capillaries formed during these processes are mainly constituted by endothelial cells which face the lumen of the vessel...
Resistant hypertension is an increasingly clinical problem that is often heterogeneous in etiology, risk factors, and comorbidities . A proportion of poorly controlled hypertensive subjects have resistant hypertension, defined as failure to achieve the goal bp <140/90 mmhg when patients adhere to an appropriate regimen...
Direct communications with bile ducts are usually asymptomatic and result in postoperative biliary fistulas, which constitute the most common morbidity (8.2 - 26%) after hydatid liver surgery.1,2 invisible bile duct orifices in cyst cavities are the main cause of postoperative biliary fistulas . Previously, the bile le...
Malaria continues its devastating impact on the health of human populations in tropical regions, with over 200 million cases of malaria and over 600 000 deaths from malaria each year . The most impacted region is sub - saharan africa, which accounts for an estimated 90% of all deaths, occurring primarily in children le...
Strains, cell lines and media - the dh5 escherichia coli strain (invitrogen, usa) was used for general propagation of plasmids and the e. coli rosetta (de3) strain was used to express the e2 protein . The km71h pichia pastoris strain (invitrogen) was used as an expression host . Huvec (atcc crl-2873) and ecv304 cells (...
The study design is cross - sectional and includes adult - onset diabetic patients, recruited between 2004 and 2007, from nine european countries: finland, odense (denmark), vienna (austria), belfast (northern ireland), dsseldorf (germany), london (u.k . ), lyon (france), rome (italy), and barcelona (spain). Each cente...
The ability to analyse and learn new information and, if necessary, modify ongoing behaviour, based on a combination of previous and recent memories, is an important factor for the survival of organisms in an ever - changing world . Creating and managing these memory traces, comprise core functions of the central nervo...
Treatment for sah has targeted mainly at preventing rebleeding of an intracranial aneurysm at an early phase that causes or aggravates early brain injury (ebi), and preventing or reversing cerebral vasospasm that is classically an important cause of delayed brain injury (dbi) (suzuki, 2015). Ebi is any kinds of acute p...