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The first world health organization s global report (2016) about diabetes shows that the number of adults with diabetes, almost from 1980 to 2014, has quadrupled . So that the number of people with diabetes increased from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014.this significant increase is greatly due to increase in...
The study population consisted of 13 clinically symptom - free and orthodontically untreated angle's class i female subjects with the mean age of 18 years (ranges from 17 years to 20 years). No history or clinical symptoms of tmdno asymmetry of the mandibleno history of orthodontic treatmentno previous trauma to the fa...
A 64-year - old man with squamous cell lung cancer (t4n2m0, stage iiib) had an 8-fr port device catheter (healthport, baxter healthcare co., mcgaw park, il) implanted via the right jugular vein under radiologic intervention for administering his monthly chemotherapy . After the implantation, the catheter tip was well -...
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by a disintegration of thought processes and of emotional responsiveness . It most commonly manifests as auditory hallucinations, paranoid or bizarre delusions, or disorganized speech and thinking, and it is accompanied by significant social or occupational dysfunction ....
The notch pathway acts throughout development to link fate choices of a cell to those of its immediate cellular neighbors, ultimately affecting proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation . Notch malfunction has been associated with aberrant development in all metazoans and with various human diseases . The dosage of ...
Temporary transvenous endocardial pacing was first introduced by furman in 19581; since then, there is a trend toward an increased use of temporary pacing, mostly in the elderly.2 however, temporary pacemaker (tpm) procedures are sometimes associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and, accordingly, tpm impla...
Among the minimally invasive and simple surgical procedures for female stress urinary incontinence, tension - free vaginal tape (tvt), which was developed by ulmsten et al in 1996, has been documented to be very effective . However, approaching into the posterior pubic cavity may result in bladder perforation and injur...
In a nonvacuum environment, metal ions and atoms do not exist in a completely isolable form but in a solvated or ligand - coordinated state . Similarly, inorganic nanoparticles or nanocrystals (ncs, crystalline nanoparticles) require a shell of capping molecules, also known as ligands, to ensure their chemical and coll...
The epic - norfolk study recruited a total of 25,639 men and women, aged 4079 years at baseline (19931997), who were resident in and around norwich, england . Since the baseline health - check visit, there were three follow - up assessments: a postal questionnaire at 18 months, a repeat health - check visit (19982000),...
Although success with both allo- and autoislet transplantation in humans began in 19781980 (1,2), the first attempt can be traced back to 1894 . Williams described the use of sheep pancreas and extracts of pancreas for oral and subcutaneous therapy for diabetes and reported overt failures (3). Much later, in the 1980s,...
For decades, retinal images are widely used by ophthalmologists for the detection and follow - up of several pathological states [15]. Fundus photographs, also called retinal photography, are captured using special devices called charged coupled devices (ccd), which are cameras that show the interior surface of the eye...
The immune system mechanisms including the innate and the adaptive immunity are activated by the breach of pathogenic microorganisms such as uropathogenic escherichia coli (upec) and candida albicans (c.albicans) into the human s urinary tract . So, the junction of physical and immunological mechanisms provide an effec...
Toxoplasmosis can cause severe neurologic, ocular, and systemic diseases in neonates and individuals with weakened immune system . In immunocompetent adults, t. gondii infection is usually asymptomatic and forms dormant tissue cysts containing bradyzoites at immune - privileged sites such as the brain and muscles . Whe...
Cystoid macular edema (cme) is a common cause of poor visual outcome after a complicated phacoemulsification . Usually cme is subclinical and its prevalence varies (5%20%) depending on the diagnostic test.14 the pathophysiology involves an increase in vascular permeability due to prostaglandins elevated concentration a...
Regeneration of hamstring tendons, to various extends, has previously been reported [47, 14, 16, 2022, 27]. In 1982, lipscomb et al . Reported results of hamstring muscle strength after acl reconstruction using autograft hamstring tendons . Regeneration of hamstring tendons after acl reconstruction was first described ...
Major depressive disorder (mdd) is considered one of the leading causes of disability and death worldwide . Therefore, considerable efforts are currently made to better understand the factors that influence the incidence of mdd and the rates of relapse . Described by cloninger and colleagues, the psychobiological model...
In a report and accompanying editorial, the december issue of intensive care medicine casts further light on the topical issue of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (nippv) in the critically ill . Dr elliot's editorial eloquently reviews the evidence for use of nippv in ventilatory failure resulting from acute e...
The oocyte expression vector pamv - pa containing rgat-1 cdna was a generous gift from h. a. lester and c. labarca (division of biology, california institute of technology, pasadena, calif . ). The mutants were synthesized by pcr using the quick change site - directed mutagenesis kit (stratagene), and the mutations wer...
Perinatal asphyxia (pa) is an important cause of perinatal mortality and lifelong neurodevelopmental morbidity (1, 2). There is increasing evidence that a substantial amount of damage occurs upon delivery and up to a few days after reperfusion and reoxygenation (3, 4). Adenosine diphosphate (adp) and adenosine monophos...
Type d personality is characterized by both normal and stable personality traits, negative affectivity (na, tendency to experience negative emotions), and social inhibition (si, tendency to inhibit self - expression in social interaction)1, 2 . With reference to type d personality, the health condition of type d person...
Several medications are associated with organizing pneumonia, and bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (boop) (1). Because the boop represents an inflammatory response of the lung, it can be generally reversed by causative drug cessation and/or corticosteroid therapy . It is a generally well - tolerated oral a...
A linguistic utterance is in itself a result of a complex process, because it simultaneously fulfills several functions, and thus it blends, as it were, several structuring principles on line . First of all, it is formed according to the language system in question, although it may of course offend against aspects of i...
Rapidly destructive arthropathy was first described by postel and kerboull1 as a disease characterized by a higher average age of onset than other arthropathies, unilateral involvement, almost always appears to start in normal hip, and in several months, it takes on the characteristics of ordinary arthrosis with modera...
Non - coding transcripts were cloned from a cdna phage library by hybridization to dh and dg consensus probes . Cloning and high throughput sequencing of srna two dimensional gel electrophoresis of replication intermediates from steady state cultures was performed with probes to the otr1ura4 + insertion . For chip expe...
Globally, it is estimated that half a million women die each year during pregnancy and childbirth, with over half of these deaths occurring in africa.1 in ethiopia, maternal mortality was still unacceptably high at 1.14 maternal deaths per 1000 woman - years in 2011.2 there was no significant reduction in the maternal ...
No person is without some level of toxic metals in their bodies, circulating and accumulating with acute and chronic lifetime exposures . An individual may take numerous measures to minimize exposures and to optimize metabolism and excretion of toxic elements in the stool and urine with diet, supplements, and chelation...
Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mtle) with hippocampal sclerosis (hs) is the most common type of epilepsy in adults . As many as 75% of the patients with mtle are considered to be resistant to drug therapy with aeds . Pharmacoresistance is a common problem in neurological and psychiatric disorders which leads to a big d...
Supplementation of spinal anaesthesia with sedatives or anxiolytics has emerged as a standard protocol to alleviate the patient's anxiety and to produce amnesia of the surgical procedure . There seems to be a seamless transition from mild to deep sedation and from there to a state indistinguishable from general anaesth...
Puberty is the period of transition between childhood and adulthood during which the growth spurt occurs, secondary sexual characteristics appear, fertility begins and profound psychological changes take place in the individual . The changes occurring during puberty are substantial, yet subtle, causing it to be difficu...
Bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) libraries play a critical role in determination of genome organization and chromosome walking . In addition, we have utilized bac libraries for linkage analysis and physical mapping of lepidoptera, butterflies and moths . We reported construction of the first lepidopteran bac libra...
Thallus 235~250 m longus ad apicem perithecii, paene rectus vel subcurvus, hyalinus et subflavus brunneus . Receptaculum constans ex tres cellulae superpositae et duae usque tres cellulae appendiculatae, 110~131 20~25 m . Cellula i plus robusta, pars inferiore rotundatum, longitudo 1.8 magnus qua amplitudo, 38~45 20~25...
Zoonotic infections have been reported in all parts of the world but human filariasis recognition gains importance as dirofilariasis in humans due to dirofilaria repens infection is a fast emerging zoonosis in kerala . The worm commonly known as dog heart worm, is widely dispersed and found in the tropics, subtropics, ...
Osteoporosis is a chronic disease of the skeleton characterized by loss of bone mass and disruption of bone microarchitecture, increasing the risk of fracture11,18). Nowadays, the incidence of osteoporosis is increasing rapidly in the elderly population, especially in postmenopausal women16,17,20). Bisphosphonates (bps...
Supplementary material is available for this article at 10.1007/s13659 - 013 - 0017 - 8 and is accessible for authorized users.
Vitamin b12 and folic acid, with their interrelated metabolism, are important vitamins for the maintenance of various metabolic pathways in the body . Various vitamin supplements, most prominently vitamin b12, could exacerbate existing acne and/or cause the development of acneiform eruptions . Recent studies have sugge...
This inflammatory condition of the eye wall can concern the whole sclera in its diffuse form or involve only a part of it in its nodular presentation . A few cases have been reported showing the difficulty in differentiating these two conditions and to introduce an appropriate treatment . We report here the cases of tw...
Hyperuricemia has been associated with various diseases, including gout, hypertension, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular events, the metabolic syndrome, and renal failure . Studies in experimental animals have shown that increased serum levels of uric acid are related to cardiovascular risk and hypertensive cardiovascula...
Volkmann's ischemic contracture (vic) is a well - known disease in medical science today, although its existence in literature was since when it was first described by hildebrand1 when he quoted hamiltons cases (recorded in 1850), followed by volkmann2 in his famous article . From that period, various authors, namely t...
Widespread use of screening, along with treatment advances, has been credited with significantly reducing breast cancer mortality . However, the screening and diagnostic process can also result in heightened distress, which for some women can persist from months to years with a significant negative impact on quality of...
Kienbck disease involves idiopathic avascular necrosis of the carpal lunate, and was first reported by robert kienbck in 1910 . The etiology and natural history of this condition is poorly understood, and it is generally accepted that initial sclerosis of the lunate ultimately leads to collapse and osteoarthritis as th...
Although it has been widely used for the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders in adults, reports of its use in pediatric population are limited . We report here a child with rheumatic chorea who developed acute akinesia of all four limbs and dysarthria on tbz therapy . A 7-year - old girl was admitted with comp...
We used data from the longitudinal anqing twin cohort study, which has previously been described (19). Briefly, a baseline study was carried out in eight rural counties of anqing from 1998 to 2000; follow - up data were collected from 2005 to 2006 . Participants were invited to a central office and stayed overnight to ...
Cardiac resynchronisation therapy (crt) has become an important treatment for patients with heart failure and left ventricular (lv) dyssynchrony [13]. However, clinical non - response to crt is reported in 2535% of patients . Although a large variety of causes for a suboptimal response have been cited, most attention h...
Decompressive craniectomy (dc) can be a life - saving neurosurgical treatment and is performed in patients with raised intracranial pressure resulting from traumatic brain injury (tbi) and various cerebral lesions.18) after dc, cranioplasty to replace the bone defect is generally performed for cosmesis, mechanical prot...
Metastatic iris lesions are an important clinical entity that may be associated with significant ocular morbidity . Presenting complaints include vision loss, glaucoma, and pain . Management typically involves chemotherapy or radiotherapy according to various factors, including underlying systemic disease and prior can...
Atrial fibrillation (af) continues to affect millions of individuals in the united states alone, and the incidence of this disease is expected to grow rapidly, 2.5 fold by 2050 . In general, individuals over the age of 80 elicit incidences of af above 10%, . Unfortunately, complications associated with catheter ablatio...
Nshap involved a nationally representative probability sample of community - dwelling adults aged 5784 years (at the time of screening), generated from u.s . Of 4,017 eligible subjects in the sample, 3,005 (1,455 men and 1,550 women) were interviewed at home between july 2005 and march 2006, yielding a weighted respons...
Standard drosophila stock food for laboratory culturing was used for rearing the flies to adulthood and as a base food for the experimental treatments . To obtain research subjects, wild type (canton s) d. melanogaster larvae were reared on standard drosophila stock food (chakraborty et al . 2011) prepared as follows: ...
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (pcns) are chlorinated organic compounds that have been used in various industries as capacitor impregnates, electrical insulating compounds, flame - resistant seals for condensers, gauge fluids, and lubricants because of their beneficial properties . Until the 1980s, pcns as mixtures of co...
In previous studies from our laboratory we reported that the rat uterine horn has different metabolic pathways able to generate acetaldehyde from ethanol accompanied by a low capacity to destroy it through aldehyde dehydrogenase (aldh). That led to long lasting increases in acetaldehyde levels in the uterus during etha...
Carcinoma of cervix is the most common gynecological malignancy caused by persistent infection with carcinogenic types of human papilloma virus (hpv). Cervical squamous cell carcinoma can directly invade the uterine wall with or without parametrial involvement or by lymphatic invasion . Direct extension to the endometr...
Is commonly known as stripped snakehead fish and haruan in malay . C. striata is indigenous to malaysia . There are all together 30 species in the family reported around the world and eight of them are found in malaysia . Members of the family are also found in all asean countries, namely, myanmar, thailand, laos, camb...
Forensic odontology, or forensic dentistry, was defined by keiser - neilsen in 1970 as that branch of forensic medicine, which in the interest of justice deals with the proper handling and examination of dental evidence and with the proper evaluation and presentation of the dental findings . Thus any dental evidence, i...
Prostate cancer (pca) is the most common male neoplasm in north america . Since prostate - specific antigen (psa) was introduced as a biomarker for pca, the incidence of this disease has been increasing in many countries . However, pca mortality decreased slightly in the mid to late 1990s in north america and several e...
Epidemiological studies have shown that regular intake of nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs (nsaids) is associated with a reduced incidence of a range of epithelium - derived malignancies . Nsaids inhibit the enzymatic activity of cyclooxygenase (cox), the enzyme that provides prostaglandin h2 (precursor to prosta...
Lice, ticks, mosquitoes, and bedbugs will always lurk in the shadows when neglect, poverty, famine, or war lets down the defenses . Coined in 1840 by hope, myiasis (greek: myi = fly) refers to infestation of living tissues of humans and animals by dipterous eggs or larvae. [13] it is well known and frequently reported ...
Ventriculus terminalis (vt) is the name given to a congenital disorder that consists in the appearance of a small oval ependymal cystic cavity in the conus medullaris . It is formed during embryogenesis as a result of the differentiation between the canalization and regression of the spinal cord . Normally, such a cavi...
Human diseases such as cancer can be incredibly complex at the molecular level, where a good understanding is needed for the signaling pathways involved . Cancer itself may initiate from dna damage or aberrant dna methylation affecting a key gene or set of genes, but the end result is cells showing widespread deregulat...
Pneumonia is widely recognized as a major cause of morbidity and mortality.1 it accounts for approximately 3.5 million deaths among children under 5 years of age annually in developing countries . The number of cases of pneumonia reported in the ninevah governorate, iraq in 1999 exceeded 30,000 . More than 9% of those ...
Antibiotic stewardship programs improve patient outcomes and cost - effectiveness in critically ill patients in the icu . The infectious disease society of america (idsa) and the society for health care epidemiology of america (shea) published guidelines for antimicrobial stewardship in 2007 aimed at providing informat...
Anti - depressant (ad) prescribing rose in several countries worldwide over the last 20 years, mainly after the introduction of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [1, 2]. However, some concerns have been raised over the fact that ad use, mainly selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (ssri) may increase the risk o...
Neuroplasticity refers to the ability of neurons, neural circuits, and the brain itself to be modified and to reorganize both physically and functionally . This includes, but may not be limited to, changes in the strength of synaptic connections, the formation and elimination of synapses, dendrites, and axons as well a...
A hernia is a protrusion of the contents of a body cavity through a weak spot of the body wall . This may be from accidental or a normal anatomical opening, which does not completely fulfill its physiological function . Congenital umbilical hernias are of concern for heritability, although many umbilical hernias are se...
The 2 m. tuberculosis strains were isolated from a 68-year - old man from portugal . He did not have hiv and was treated as a confined inpatient, limiting the possibility that this was not a true in vivo mixed infection . Using a novel approach, we correlated in vitro growth and treatment characteristics for the patien...
Obesity is defined as an excess accumulation of fat due to positive energy balance, resulting from energy intake that exceeds the energy expenditure1, leading to adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia, stress and inflammation within the adipose tissue . A recent study reported that the prevalence of adult overweight and...
As reviewed in an accompanying review (1) and reported in previous publications (212), the incidence of fragility fractures has increased during the last half of the 1990's . This is related to an increased prevalence of osteoporosis in society, predominantly due to an increased aging population (1214). Drug to treat o...
Among newly diagnosed cases of clinically localized prostate cancer (pca), approximately 35% of patients undergo primary treatment with radiation therapy (rt). Up to 30% of these patients will develop biochemical recurrence (bcr) and be considered for some form of salvage therapy [2, 3]. Local treatment options for rt ...
Dermatitis herpetiformis (dh) is one of the subepidermal autoimmune bullous diseases characterized by skin and intestinal lesions . Diagnosis of dh is established on the results of direct immunofluorescence test (dif) revealing granular deposits of iga in the papillae and the presence of circulating iga antibodies dire...
The pregnancy and perinatal period are special events in a woman s life, ones that induce many changes involving both the woman s body and the other areas of her functioning, and may lead to an experiencing of both physical and emotional stress . Additional problems, associated with the maternal and child health status...
As a form of acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute lung injury (ali) is characterized by severe hypoxemia, pulmonary edema, and neutrophil accumulation in the lung, which is caused by the onset of pulmonary inflammation due to infection, shock, trauma, and burns, as well as other noncardiac disease, and it is asso...
The number of people with type 2 diabetes is growing rapidly worldwide . According to the international diabetes federation (idf) report, 387 million (8.3%) adults have been diagnosed with diabetes (including type 1 and type 2 diabetes) worldwide . Furthermore, the number of people with diabetes will exceed 592 million...
Nkt cells are distinguished type i nkt cell and type ii nkt cells according to t cell receptor (tcr) usage . Type i nkt cells are called invariant nkt (inkt) cells because they express only restricted tcr chain (v14) and tcr chain (v2, 7 and 8), whereas type ii nkt cells express various tcr chains (2,3). Nkt cells can ...
Although survival beyond the first year of life has increased considerably in recent decades, children with ds (cds) still have a shorter life expectancy than those without ds . Acute respiratory tract infection is a common reason for hospitalization in cds and is characterized by high morbidity . In children with ds i...
Kawasaki disease (kd) is an acute febrile, systemic vasculitic syndrome of unknown etiology, occurring primarily in children younger than 5 years of age . Administration of ivig within the first 10 days after onset of fever in combination with high dose aspirin reduces the risk of coronary artery damage in kd . Though ...
It is the largest organ of the oral cavity and has no skeletal bony base . Not only the function, but also the posture, size, and shape of the tongue are of significance . Abnormalities of either posture or function could possibly contribute to development of malocclusion and speech defects . It is also possible that m...
The educational materials for ready - girls (10) are a self - instructional, developmentally appropriate, evidence - based cd and book (49,11). Content was validated through resource identification, formal consensus of experts (12,13), and a focus group of diabetic teens for content, language, and presentation (12). Em...
Less than 1% of the pulmonary neoplasms and 8 - 18% of pulmonary solitary nodules are comprised of benign neoplasms . They are categorized into five groups: epithelial, mesodermal, unknown origin or developmental, inflammatory, pseudotumors or polypoid lesions . The patients are in the age range of 17 - 77 years with t...
Humans are exposed to toxins by consuming foods contaminated with products of fungal growth throughout life time . Since prevention of fungal growth in foods is difficult, such exposures are not easy to be avoided . Mycotoxins have received considerable attention due to their significance in agricultural loss and human...
The merit of fracture reduction of distal end radius (der) is saliently evaluated by the restoration of the prefractured value of radial inclination and the volar tilt.1 loss of the radial height along with the altered palmer tilt has the substantial influence in the kinesiology and the grip strength of wrist joint.23 ...
The osteoporotic fractures in men (mros) study is a longitudinal observational study performed at six clinical sites in the u.s . For the primary aim of studying fracture determinants in older men . At baseline, 5,994 community - dwelling ambulatory men aged 65 years were enrolled using mass mailing targeted to age - e...
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (fasd) is characterized by a multiorgan phenotype with various degrees of neural developmental deficit, growth retardation, microcephaly, joint deformity, cardiac malformation, and facial dysmorphology due to alcohol exposure during pregnancy [1, 2]. A continuum of deficits affecting mu...
Cancer stem cells, also known as tumor - initiating cells or tumor - propagating cells,1,2 have the ability to self - renew and differentiate into various cell types.3 these cells also show stem cell properties that include asymmetric cell division, infinite growth, and multipotency.4 cancer stem cells have been identi...
Vascular and fibrous lesions are common in the head and neck area including both benign and malignant subtypes . Angiofibromas are typically encountered in the nasopharynx among teenage males, accounting for the appellation juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma . Recently another fibrovascular lesion has been described ...
Percutaneous thrombolysis of hemodialysis fistulas became a well - established and promising technique after the development of the pharmaco - mechanical technique of pulse - spray thrombolysis . All these years, the catheter - directed interventions have been widely used for thrombolysis . Thrombolysis is done using i...
Cystic fibrosis (cf), the most common genetic disease in caucasian populations, results from mutations in a single gene encoding for 1480 residues transmembrane glycoprotein, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (cftr), that regulates camp - mediated chloride conductance at the apical surface of secr...
A functional cd8 t cell response is an essential component of the adaptive immune response to various cancers, and bacterial and viral pathogens . Upon engagement with antigen (ag), naive cd8 t cells rapidly expand and differentiate into effector cd8 t cells, producing cytokines such as interferon (ifn)- and the effect...
Self - assembled monolayers (sams) play a central role in modern surface chemistry and nanoscience with a wide range of applications in e.g. Medicine, sensing, molecular electronics, and catalysis . In this context, alkanethiolates on the au(111) surface are representative of a large class of sams formed by adsorbates ...
Pa although classified as benign, can cause problems in clinical management since it has tendency for recurrence and malignant transformation . Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (mec) and adenoid cystic carcinoma (adcc) are the most common salivary gland malignancies . Salivary duct carcinoma (sdc) is a high - grade tumor that ...
Citrus species and 1300 of other species, classified in 140 genera, are members of the family rutaceae . The fruit is grown mainly in south of iran which is characterized with warm and humid climate, which is perfect for growing citrus . Currently only the juice of the fruit is commercially used and the seeds are consi...
Anesthetic techniques based on the use of high dose opioids offer hemodynamic stability and reduce intraoperative stress episodes . In addition, it reduces the hypnotic agent requirements . However, most of the opioid accumulates in our body, causing adverse events such as respiratory depression or delay on the emergen...
Inclusion criteria were diagnosis of nmosd as defined by the current international consensus diagnostic criteria for nmosd, age of at least 18 years, and no contraindications to 7 t mri . Four of these patients have been previously reported in a 7 t mri study on t2*w lesion morphology and were rescanned . Nine patients...
Serous pigment epithelial detachments (peds) are sharply demarcated, smooth, dome - shaped elevations of the retinal pigment epithelium, which are often associated with age - related macular degeneration (amd). Patients with serous peds and cnv are most effectively treated with vegf inhibitor therapy . When cnv is not ...
Carcinoid tumors are rare tumors that display neuroendocrine properties . About 90% of carcinoid tumors arise in the gastrointestinal tract (git). Carcinoid tumor is the most frequent primary malignant tumor of the small intestine beyond the ligament of treitz and most frequently arises in the terminal ileum . Secondar...
The increasing clinical frequency of antibiotic - resistant pathogens isolating from hospitals is one of the important health care issues all over the world . Studying of resistance determinants with molecular and genetic methods have a critical role in understanding, controlling, and spreading of resistant pathogens ....
The phenotype of a tumour microenvironment is shaped not only by the epithelial component, but also by the interaction with mesenchymal cells and the inflammatory infiltrate . In recent years, the contribution of these components to cancer progression has been evaluated, including ligands, cell cell adhesion molecules,...