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These tumors occur in the body and tail of the pancreas, with a male predominance, and at a younger age . Tumors with pure hepatocellular histopathology have better survival and recurrence rates and should be offered surgical therapy if possible . A 61-year - old woman undergoing cat scan (ct) scan to screen for corona...
Dyslipidemia can develop a result of changes in the lipoprotein metabolism of patients with end stage renal disease (esrd). Uremic dyslipidemia is caused by a decreased catabolism of apoprotein - bcontaining lipoproteins due to decreased activity of lipolytic enzymes and altered lipoprotein composition . Additionally, ...
Pancreatic cancer (paca), the eighth most commonly diagnosed cancer in the developed world, has one of the worst prognoses of any malignancy with 98% succumbing to their disease within 5 years . Light is beginning to be shed on the underlying molecular events involved in development and progression of paca but there is...
The successful translation of genomic science into improved clinical and public health outcomes requires that information about the genetic basis for disease be communicated to the public in a way that enables them to understand and use the information when making health decisions . However, limitations in genomic lite...
Rhodococcus equi is a facultative, intracellular, non - motile, non - spore - forming, gram - positive cocco - bacillus . The bacterium has the name rhodococcus because of its ability to form a red (salmon coloured) pigment . Rhodococcus equi was previously called corynebacterium equi and currently is grouped with the ...
Between january 2001 and january 2005, a consecutive series of 87 patients (62 males) with a transsphincteric fistula of cryptoglandular origin, passing through the middle or upper third of the external anal sphincter, underwent tafr . Median age at the time of repair was 49 (range, 2773) years . Before the procedure, ...
A polydimethylsiloxane (pdms) mold containing 13 - 20 parallel microfluidic channels, with each channel conveying a different dna oligomer as deal code, was fabricated by soft lithography . The pdms mold was bonded to a polylysine - coated glass slide via thermal treatment at 80c for 2 hours . The polyamine surfaces pe...
Heat shock proteins (hsps) play critical roles in diverse biological processes including cellular development and homeostasis . Heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) is an abundant and important eukaryotic cytosolic atp - binding protein that serves as a chaperone in cellular processes including apoptosis and proliferation [1,...
The estimated low effectiveness of malaria vaccine and dengue vaccine in the field 1,2 have disappointed a certain fraction of vaccine enthusiasts . Both vaccines offered some hope in advance of the field studies, but clinical protection in infants and other groups appears to be lower than the earlier expectation based...
It is well recognized that aging plays a fundamental role in the development of cancer in the human adult population . To describe the relationship between cancer incidence rates and the age of cancer presentation several mathematical models have been proposed (see, for example,15 and references therein). In these mode...
The oral cavity has been investigated as a site for drug delivery for a long period . Drug delivery through the oral cavity offers many advantages . Among all the routes of administration, the oral route is most preferred route in the designing of dosage form than drug delivery design by other routes of administration ...
Chest x - ray is performed widely as the first - choice imaging modality for the investigation of thoracic complaints . () the method is globally available and has been proven to be cost - effective in general practice . (,) frontal and lateral images are routinely acquired; however, some authors have contested the val...
Ambulatory surveillance data originated from 9 ifh facilities located in manhattan and the bronx and 49 primary care practices enrolled in the primary care information project and located throughout nyc . Eds had a high volume of patients (mean 247/day, mean age 34 years). Ambulatory care facilities saw fewer patients ...
Trauma is the first leading cause of death and a major cause of disability of active population in developing countries.1, 2 it contributes to about 10% of disease burden worldwide . Trauma mortality rate in the world and in our country, iran, is respectively 99 and 43 cases per 100,000 people . The mean incidence rate...
To address this and other confusion that have arisen in recent classifications, a special interest subgroup meeting was held at the 2003 meeting of the american society for cell biology . As a result of this meeting and other feedback from kinesin researchers worldwide (available for review as an archived web discussio...
Urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder (ucb) is one of the most frequent types of cancer worldwide, with an estimated 74 690 new cases and 15 580 deaths in the united states in 2014 . Of all newly diagnosed cases of ucb, about 70% present as superficial tumors (stages ta, t1, or tumors in situ [tis]), but as many ...
Ligand - exchange reactions are an important method for modifying or functionalizing the stabilizing ligand shell of nanoparticles . Details of processes involving the ligand shell (and thus the surface atoms) are difficult to investigate, because most nanoparticles have no clearly defined structures . Molecular cluste...
The dystrobrevin binding protein 1 (dtnbp1) gene, also known as dysbindin gene, is located at 6p22.3, a highly susceptible gene region of schizophrenia (moises et al ., 1995; straub et al ., it spans 140 kb along the chromosome and has 10 exons (guo et al ., 2009). It is one of the genes thought to be pivotal in regula...
Tinnitus is a bothersome auditory phantom perception (i.e., hearing a noise without an external source of sound) that can affect 1015% of the general population . Tinnitus can be a devastating pathology since a significant proportion of tinnitus sufferers develop sleep disturbances, depression, and other psychiatric co...
Moreover, in an aging society, the exponentially increasing incidence of age - related hip fracture results in extra economic burden to the healthcare welfare and social security . Previous studies have suggested that cognitive impairment, which has been found in 3188% of elderly patients experiencing hip fracture, was...
Population policies in any country are considered as the basis of social - economic development (1). These policies encompass all population trends, morbidity and mortality, reproduction and family formation, distribution, migration, and, overall, the size and structure of the population of a country (2). Of them, fert...
Compared to the traditional exposure assessment using ambient monitoring of environmental pollutants, rapid and sensitive detection of large sets of analytes including exogenous chemicals, their metabolites, and other derivatives such as protein adducts (exposome, e.g., metabolome and adductome) using human specimens s...
Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (rcvs) is a rare vasculopathy of unknown etiology [1, 2]. It was mainly reported in young women with a history of severe thunderclap headache . In addition, unruptured aneurysms have been reported in some patients with rcvs, but not clear causal relationship has been docume...
A resurgence of pertussis has been observed in a number of countries with highly vaccinated populations, and pertussis has become the most prevalent vaccine - preventable disease in industrialized countries . In korea, the diphtheria - tetanus - acellular pertussis (dtap) vaccination rate is above 94%; however, pertuss...
In solutions with physiological na and k concentration, single - stranded guanine - rich oligonucleotide sequences can self - assemble and fold into unimolecular g - quadruplexes, noncanonical dna tertiary structures composed of a four - stranded helical stem and three interconnecting loops . Within the human genome, o...
The loss of muscle mass with aging (i.e., sarcopenia) has a negative effect on strength and the ability to perform tasks of daily living . Females typically experience an accelerated decline in muscle mass (0.6% /year) after menopause, possibly because of an imbalance between muscle protein synthesis and protein catabo...
A 71-year - old man presented at our hospital with a 4-week history of a cough, blood - tinged sputum and general weakness . His medical history was marked by diabetes mellitus, chronic renal insufficiency and myocardial infarction . On admission, he had a body temperature of 37.8. physical examination was remarkable o...
We assessed the vector competence for wnv of 10 california mosquito species from 14 different geographic locations (table 1). Vector competence refers to the intrinsic permissiveness of an arthropod for the infection, replication, and transmission of a virus (20,21). Voucher specimens for each species were deposited at...
Colorectal cancer (crc) is the fifth leading cause of cancer - related mortality and is considered to result from a series of genetic changes leading to progressive and irreversible loss of normal control of cell growth and differentiation, in an ordered 3-phase manner including initiation, promotion, and progression ....
Caries is a multifactorial disease that is induced by the interaction among three factors, tooth, microflora, and diet . Radiography is a useful technique for detecting carious lesions as the caries process causes demineralization of enamel and dentin . Lesion is observed in a diagnostic image as a radiolucent (darker)...
Latent carcinomas are carcinomas found in autopsy specimens, and latent thyroid carcinomas are defined as tumors 1.5 cm or less in diameter and not suspected clinically (1). Although no autopsy studies of the korean population have been published, a pubmed search of autopsy reports from the 1960s onwards revealed that ...
Mycotoxins are fungal metabolites toxic to humans and animals, commonly found as contaminants of food or feed . Aflatoxins (afs) are principally produced by aspergillus flavus and aspergillus parasiticus . Among these, aflatoxin b1 (afb1) is the predominant form as cereal and oilseed contaminants and presents the highe...
It is common for throwing athletes to demonstrate limited glenohumeral internal rotation (ir) (fig . (b) glenohumeral horizontal adduction .) Of their throwing shoulder compared with their non - throwing shoulder . This loss of ir range of motion (rom) is termed gird which is an acronym for glenohumeral ir deficit1 . T...
Hypertension is the leading cause of global mortality accounting for 13% of deaths . In the united states, there is an estimated of 77.9 million adults 20 years of age with this condition . However, in many patients, blood pressure (bp) control is not accomplished . Resistant hypertension (rh) is defined when a patient...
The involvement of iron in a number of physiological functions, such as a cofactor for enzymes or an electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration, of most organisms has been recognized . However, most of the metabolic functions of iron require the fe(ii) oxidation state which is more soluble and, therefore, more bioavail...
Campomelic dysplasia (cd) is an autosomal dominant condition classified among the bent bone skeletal dysplasias (warman et al ., 2011). Typical manifestations of cd include shortening and bowing of the long bones, hypoplasia of the scapula, absence of ossification of the dorsal vertebral pedicles, and an abnormal pelvi...
The population is aging, and one of the main consequences of this is the progressive decline in functional fitness (ff), including muscular strength, flexibility, balance, agility, gait velocity, and cardiorespiratory fitness.1 ff is generally defined as the ability to perform daily living activities without difficulty...
Abnormality of femoral neck version may cause ischiofemoral impingement and the hip preservation centre at baylor university, dallas, have explored this relationship in their recent publication(1). In a retrospective observational study the authors measured the femoral neck version (fnv) and lesser trochanteric version...
Rotary motions, in particular, are essential for the function of many motor proteins . These nanomotors use the free energy of chemical reactions or ion concentration gradients to generate mechanical torque . Rotary mechanisms were unequivocally demonstrated for three molecular engines, the fo and f1 motors in f - atp ...
Systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) is a systemic autoimmune disease that disproportionately affects young women; women are affected nine times more frequently than men . About two - thirds of patients develop cutaneous manifestations that may be visible, transient, or permanent rashes, scars, depigmentation, skin dimpl...
The medical community has been generally against the long - term use of sedative - hypnotic medications . The national commission on sleep disorders research1 has described chronic insomnia as an epidemic affecting 30 million americans, and a canadian consensus statement2 has identified chronic insomnia as a significan...
The microfilaricide, ivermectin, was introduced for the control of onchocerciasis in endemic communities following several clinical and community trials . These trials showed that it reduces miscrofilarial density in treated persons and abates the prognosis of several debilitating conditions associated with onchocercia...
Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterium with a distinctive developmental cycle . The bacteria alternate between two forms: the metabolically inactive, infectious elementary body (eb) and the metabolically active, noninfectious, intracellular reticulate body (rb). Ebs infect permissive epithelial ce...
Leishmania is the causative agent of leishmaniasis, a spectrum of diseases affecting more than 12 million people worldwide . The two major clinical forms of leishmaniasis, cutaneous and visceral, are the result of infection by different species of the parasite . Visceral leishmaniasis (vl), which causes splenomegaly an...
Breast cancer involving the skin is considered an advanced disease . However, rare case reports have described ipsilateral cutaneous metastasis following successful treatment of primary breast cancer . The explanation of such mechanism when affecting the ipsilateral side remains either vascular or lymphatic permeation ...
Prostate cancer (pca) is the second most common malignancy in men worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer death (1). According to global statistics, 1,111,689 the pca incidence and 307,471 total deaths due to this cancer were estimated in 2012 (2). Epidemiological and laboratory findings suggest that pca is a m...
These include nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs (nsaids), second - line drugs, corticosteroids and biological agents . All of these therapies have significant drawbacks in terms of efficacy, side effects, or cost [1, 2]. For many patients; therefore, current therapy remains unsatisfactory, and there remains a need...
It has been observed that many patients undergoing thyroidectomy develop postoperative posterior cervical pain and occipital headache in addition to the pain caused by the anterior neck incision . The effect of routine postoperative analgesics in alleviating headache and posterior neck pain is modest at best [1, 2]. Ce...
When reaching to grasp an object, we have an exquisite ability to precisely shape our hand according to the object's three - dimensional structure . Such skilled hand movements require the brain to perform a complex transformation of the object's visual properties into a grasp - specific motor command acting on the han...
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (imt) is a rare pathologic entity composed of myofibroblasts and an accompanying inflammatory infiltrates . It affects individuals of both sexes and is seen in a wide range of age groups . First described in the lung which is the most common site of involvement, imt has been described...
Acute tocolysis prevents preterm labor for 48 hours, which is the critical period for antenatal steroid administration or maternal transfer to perinatal centers to improve neonatal outcomes . Meta - analysis comparing magnesium sulfate and either placebo, no treatment, or alternative tocolytic agents showed that magnes...
The first revolves around the concept of violence and the danger posed by an essentialization of the phenomenon that is determinative of its sense, that is, it views violence exclusively in terms of response (as counter - violence), resource (as an instrument), or structural or pathological predispositions (wieviorka 2...
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards) is a major cause of acute respiratory failure and it is associated with high mortality and morbidity1 . A range of physical methods for the general treatment of respiratory diseases is available2,3,4,5,6 . Among these methods, noninvasive ventilation (niv) is a widely accepted...
Florid cemento - osseous dysplasia (fcod) is one of the subgroups of cemento - osseous dysplasia (cod) which was first described by melrose, abrams and mills in 1976 . Fcod was also reported as multiple cemento - ossifying fibroma, sclerosing osteomyelitis, sclerosing osteitis, multiple osteomas, periapical cementoblas...
Early diagnosis, monitoring and follow up of these confounding complications pose a major challenge . Confocal microscopy (cfm) is a diagnostic tool which has the potential to help in early detection of disease and timely management . The basic principle of a confocal microscope is that a single point can be illuminate...
Are microorganisms frequently found in the human oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and vagina [14]. Among mucocutaneous infections, vulvovaginal candidosis (vvc) is the second most frequent vaginal infection, after vaginal bacteriosis and is one of the most common clinical diseases caused by candida spp . It affects...
The ant genus mycetagroicus, described in 2001, is a member of the ant tribe attini, all of which are obligate agriculturalists and fungivores . In establishing the genus, brando and mayh - nunes (2001) included three species: m. cerradensis, m. triangularis, and m. urbanus . In 2008, the same authors described a fourt...
Ependymoma is the most common spinal cord tumor in adults but in pediatric population astrocytoma is 24 times more common . Spinal cord tumor which extends from cervicomedullary junction to conus is known as holocord tumor or pan spinal tumor . The first case of holocord ependymoma was reported by cushing in 1927; unti...
In 1891, sigmund freud introduced the term agnosia to explain situations of preserved percept devoid of meaning . The work of luria expanded on it, stating the existence of a functional nervous system apart from the structural one . Cognitive distortions, unrealistic reactions, pseudo normalizations, and bizarre percep...
Lifestyle factors, environmental exposures and genetic background interact in the development of many cancers . The use of phenotypic markers that integrate the impact of environmental factors and genetic processes would be of great value in risk assessment and surveillance of populations occupationally or environmenta...
Carotid body tumor (cbt) is one of the most commonly seen jugular paragangliomas involving the carotid body chemoreceptors but rarely seen clinically, so the corresponding diagnosis and management remain difficult . Paragangliomas (pgls) are uncommon tumors (incidence 12 per 100,000) and based on their locations, the t...
A variety of primary and systemic kidney diseases, trigger an excessive protein loss in the urine . Diseases that progress to nephrotic syndrome are grouped into three categories: antibody - mediated diseases (e.g., lupus, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, and membranous nephropathy); metabolic disorders (e.g.,...
Infective endocarditis (ie) is one of the major complications in individuals with structural heart disease . The majority of cases of ie are caused by streptococci, staphylococci, enterococci, and fastidious gram - negative coccobacilli . In their absence facklamia species are gram - positive, alpha - haemolytic, catal...
Fap is a hereditary disease with high penetrance that causes numerous polyps throughout the colon and rectum . Apc functions as a tumor suppressor to down - regulate the canonical wnt signaling pathway by binding to and promoting the degradation of -catenin protein . The accumulated -catenin moves to the nucleus, where...
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10822 - 011 - 9519 - 9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users . Life expectancy of man, and especially man in the western world, increased by more than 2 days per week for the whole previous century . Much of this dramatic increase is to...
Carpal tunnel syndrome (cts) is the most common compression neuropathy, affecting 10% of the general population and 3% of adults 4060 years of age . Along with clinical impressions, first - line treatment consists of conservative medical management including night splints, nonsteroidal inflammatory drugs, and corticost...
While advances in technology and changes in the environment have promoted sedentary lifestyles, public health efforts have attempted to counter these changes by encouraging physical activity among the general population . Despite these efforts, the proportion of adults in the usa who meet daily physical activity recomm...
During the past century, the average amount of time that americans sleep has decreased by approximately 20 percent . According to sleep duration guidelines suggested by the national sleep foundation, insufficient sleep, defined as <8 hours for children and <7 hours for adults on a weeknight, is experienced by 45% of ch...
Obesity is at present the most common nutritional disease in industrialized countries, constituting a priority health problem . It is associated with the development of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus type ii, increased incidence of certain forms of cancer, and respiratory complications from other diseases, w...
Informed consent was obtained, and studies were approved by review boards in holguin and utah . A total of 382 patients were recruited from the sca2 population in holguin province, cuba from 1955 to 2001 . Dates of birth, cag rls, ao, sex familial inheritance, and clinical manifestations were collected . Ao was defined...
Cerebral palsy (cp) is a non - progressive disorder that damages the immature brain during and after delivery . It is a complex syndrome with seizures and accompanying sensory - motor, cognitive, and behavioral disorders, characterized by defects in movement and posture1 . Cp can be classified into spastic, athetoid, a...
The real incidence is unknown due to asymptomatic cases in which the evolution of the product of conception stops and diagnosis is sometimes difficult to make both preoperatively and intraoperatively . The increase in the incidence of ovarian pregnancy is closely related to the use of intrauterine devices as a contrace...
Molecular dynamics (md) simulations provide a powerful tool to study the native dynamics of biological macromolecules with atomistic resolution . Due to recent advances in hardware and software, as well as the development of enhanced sampling techniques, computer simulations can now sample biologically relevant time sc...
Arthroscopy of the knee joint is a common procedure that is routinely performed on an out - patient basis . Arthroscopic procedures may cause enough pain and swelling, thus delaying rehabilitation and return to work . Intra - articular (ia) local anaesthetics are frequently used in perioperative pain management . Bupiv...
Simcyp (v11.1) platform was used for the pk simulations . A simcyp library compound file for dom drug parameters such as the blood to plasma ratio (b / p), fraction unbound in plasma (fu), and the volume of distribution (vss) were predicted using inbuilt models in simcyp v11.1 . A solubility ph profile was obtained fro...
More than 40% of the world's population lives with some risk of contracting malaria, with most recent estimates suggesting several hundred millions of clinical cases with 800,000 deaths each year . In humans, the disease is the result of the infection by plasmodium falciparum (pf), plasmodium malariae, plasmodium ovala...
Wilde (caesalpiniaceae), has been mentioned as one of the most famous indian treatise charaka samhita (100 a.d .) For the treatment of various types of gynaecological disorders . Bhavprakash nighantu, another indian treatise, referred to it as a uterine tonic for regularizing the menstrual disorders . Bark of the plant...
Since the early days of the web, the life science community has embraced its use as a mechanism for sharing data, software and knowledge . The enthusiasm and willingness to exchange both research results and the tools necessary to access, visualize and analyse those data is evident through the ever - growing number of ...
It is well recognized that sepsis mortality can be considerably lowered if adequate antimicrobial therapy is administered early, ideally in the first hour after onset of symptoms . Obviously, at this very early time point, the causative agent is unknown and the therapy can only be chosen empirically . Nevertheless, rap...
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting motor neurons that is characterized by progressive skeletal muscle atrophy and eventual death, usually due to respiratory failure . Various structural, biological and physiological alterations of the skin have been reported in patients with a...
Bronchoalveolar carcinoma is a peculiar form of lung carcinoma with variable clinical, radiographic and histological presentation and occurs most frequently among non - smokers, women and asians . It is a subtype of adenocarcinoma of lung, but has significantly different presentation; treatment and prognosis . There ha...
Intramedullary spinal cord abscess (isca) is a well recognized, but rare entity (1). Since the original description by hart in 1830, fewer than 120 cases have been reported in the literature (2, 3). Making an early diagnosis according to a clinical suspicion and the radiological findings are essential and then administ...
Cardiovascular disease is the main reason for more than 30% of death and mortality in the world and high blood pressure has been mentioned as one of most important risk factors . High blood pressure is not only considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, it is also a worrying health problem, which has great ef...
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00415 - 014 - 7242-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users . Psychosis is a syndrome involving one or more of delusional beliefs, hallucinations, and thought disorder . Psychotic symptoms have been consistently noted in the context of n...
The amyloid cascade hypothesis suggests that the initiating event in alzheimer's disease (ad) is an imbalance in the production and clearance of amyloid beta (a) peptides leading to the formation of neurotoxic soluble and insoluble brain a assemblies [1, 2]. Thus, a has become a major therapeutic target, with various a...
Heart failure (hf) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) are both common in the elderly, and often coexist.1 diagnosing copd in hf is challenging because clinical features overlap, and dyspnea and fatigue are common symptoms.1,2 both share smoking as an important risk factor, and they have a chronic progress...
Karate and judo are originally japanese martial arts practiced without any kind of traditional weapons . Karate is classified as a striking art while judo is known as a grappling or throwing art . Although judo is an olympic sport, it did not experience the significant increase in the number of participants which was e...
Paragonimiasis is an important food - borne zoonosis, especially in asian countries, caused by infection with lung flukes of the genus paragonimus . More than 50 species of paragonimus have been described from asia, america, and africa . Seven species, namely, p. heterotremus, p. westermani, p. siamensis, p. bangkokens...
The advent of computer - aided tomography (ct) and magnetic resonance imaging has led to an increased detection of enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes (mln). Bronchoscopy with transbronchial lung biopsy, endoscopic ultrasound - guided aspiration from esophagus (eus - fna), endobronchial ultrasound - guided fine needle asp...
The rubber hand illusion (rhi) is an experimental paradigm that can manipulate body ownership via congruent touching on the rubber hand and the subject's real hand . The brain interprets the interaction of the visual, tactile, and proprioceptive systems of the body and leads to the recalibration of touch and the felt p...
At the end of december 2012, a virologist successfully isolated an unknown virus from a clinical sample from a person in japan who had died of unknown causes . Whole - genome sequencing showed that the isolate s gene sequences were highly similar to those of sftsv (4). The sfts diagnosis was confirmed by the japan nati...
Tardive dyskinesia (td) is one of the most significant side effects of antipsychotic medications . The average prevalence rate has been estimated to be around 30% for individuals taking antipsychotic medications.1) risk factors associated with td include elderly patients, females, use of typical antipsychotics, higher ...
Cytomegalovirus (cmv) retinitis is one of the most common opportunistic ocular infections in immunocompromised patients . However, there have been recent reports that immunocompetent patients can also develop cmv retinitis . These patients had common risk factors, including old age, a history of intraocular surgery, in...
Phelan - mcdermid syndrome (pms) is a rare genetic disorder caused by the deletion of chromosome 22q13.31). Infants or children with this syndrome manifest diverse clinical features, such as seizures, hypotonia, absent or severely delayed speech, global developmental delay, hearing and visual impairment, strabismus, au...
We report on laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (rplnd) in a morbidly obese patient to discuss the associated technical steps for satisfactory completion of staging lymphadenectomy . Three were placed 3 cm to the left of midline and one in the anterior axillary line, at the level of the umbilicus . Duri...