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Thalassemia syndromes and iron deficiency anemia (ida) are the two most common etiologies of microcytic hypochromic anemia in children and adults . It has long been considered that iron deficiency does not exist in thalassemia syndromes, including thalassemia major as well as trait . However, studies have shown the occ...
Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (inph) is a syndrome that is characterized by gait disturbance, mental deterioration and urinary incontinence, in association with normal cerebrospinal fluid (csf) pressure . The characteristic mri findings in inph include enlarged ventricle systems (vs) and sylvian fissures (sf...
Obesity is a risk factor able to trigger several inflammatory alterations favorable for the chronic low - grade inflammation, by imbalance between pro- and anti - inflammatory cytokine productions . Furthermore, obesity is positively associated with installation and development of diseases as type 2 diabetes, cardiovas...
113 705) predispose carriers to early - onset of breast and ovarian cancer with a risk of 6571% for breast cancer and 3959% for ovarian cancer by age 70 years . Variants in brca1 are scattered throughout the gene, and to date (until 1 october 2013), approximately 14 900 variants (listed online at the breast cancer info...
According to the world health organization reports (who), 22% of the world's population aged over 15 years are smokers and approximately six million people die from tobacco use or exposure to tobacco smoke . Studies in iran show that about 26% of the iranian men and 3.6% of the women participating in the study are curr...
Halogenated ethers bearing several f or cl atoms have been known for many years as narcotic gases . In these derivatives, the presence of one or several halogen atoms tends to make the ch bonds more acidic, which gives rise to specific interactions with surrounding enzymes and neuroreceptors [16]. Enflurane (chclf - cf...
An overview of the triatominae species of suriname was generated based on the specimens and collection data available at the collections of the bureau of public health in suriname (bog) and the national zoological collection of suriname (nzcs), anton de kom university, on the information provided by the natural history...
Primary hyperparathyroidism (phpt) is associated with an increased risk of premature death in malignant disorders.13 the prevalence of phpt is highest in postmenopausal women, ie, 3%4%, and the origin is most often a single parathyroid adenoma.4,5 certain malignant tumors are over - represented, and breast cancer is th...
Evolutionary comparisons of primary sequence data rely on the generation of a multiple sequence alignment that maximizes the likelihood of positional homology between nucleotides or amino acids by introducing gaps (1). During the course of evolution, functional and structural constraints leave their footprint on sequen...
It is estimated that 5,000,000 central venous lines (cvls) are placed each year in the usa . The rate of mechanical complications during the procedure ranges between 6% and 19%, representing between 250,000 and 1,000,000 mechanical complications per year . Cvls are usually inserted in the internal jugular vein (ijv), t...
For older people who can no longer age in place, nursing homes provide an alternative place of residence where care and assistance are offered by professionals . Nursing home residents no longer live in their own home . Because a nursing home has a dual nature as an institution and as a home, many health care organizat...
This was a randomized, placebo - controlled, double - blind phase iii study conducted from july 2010 to february 2012 in 148 centers in 12 countries (canada, china, france, germany, india, korea, mexico, slovakia, slovenia, taiwan, turkey, and the u.s . ). The clinical trial protocol was approved by the institutional r...
However, transplantation is limited not only by organ shortage but also by its unfavorable long - term success due to chronic allograft injury (cai) [1, 2]. Chronic allograft vasculopathy (cav), glomerulosclerosis, and interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (ifta) are the dominating histopathological findings in cai...
A 4-year - old female child presented with her third episode of fever, headache, and vomiting . Her first such episode was at 3 years and 2 months of age for which she was treated elsewhere as pyogenic meningitis with antibiotics after a cerebrospinal fluid (csf) study which was culture negative . Since she had recurre...
Thirty adults with parkinson's disease and 30 neurologically healthy controls individually matched by chronological age (mean age: 52.03 years, sd = 9.7; range from 27 years to 70 years), gender (19 males and 11 females for both groups, and education (6.66% no diploma, 26.6% primary degree,39.9% secondary degree, and 2...
Data format and content were in compliance with the health insurance portability and accountability act requirements . Approvals for this study protocol were obtained from the tulane and vha institutional review boards and the vha office of research and development . Adult patients (age 18 years) with a diagnosis of ty...
This study is part of the ongoing finnish diabetic nephropathy (finndiane) study, with the aim to identify genetic, clinical, and environmental risk factors for diabetic nephropathy in patients with t1d . The study was initiated in 1997, and follow - up data have been collected since 2004 either by re - examination of ...
Central serous chorioretinopathy (csc) is characterized by an idiopathic serous detachment of the neurosensory retina at the macula resulting from deficient pumping and altered barrier function at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium (rpe). It is characterized by multifocal, irregularly distributed and often wid...
The detection of early gastric cancer (egc) has been aided by increased upper endoscopy screening and the development of endoscopic technology . The mortality from gastric cancer has therefore decreased due to early detection, that is, increased diagnosis in the early stages . Gastrectomy with lymph node dissection is ...
Throughout their tropical and subtropical range of distribution, primates occupy a wide variety of different habitats (fleagle 1999). Few primate species seem to be confined to a single habitat type, e.g., theropithecus gelada to montane grasslands (kawai 1979). Some others may require the presence of a specific habita...
Infectious diseases, especially blood - borne diseases, are major public health problems . The patients undergoing orthopedic surgery, specially orthopedic trauma procedures, as well as patients under other extensive surgeries, might have the chance of transmission of infections such as hepatitis b (hbv), hepatitis c (...
Gold(i) complexes are very active and selective catalysts for the addition of nucleophiles on 1,n - enynes . The most emblematic transformation in this area is the addition of alcohols and water on 1,6-enynes 1 (alkoxy- or hydroxycyclization), which occurs stereospecifically to form adducts 3 in the presence of gold(i)...
Hyperbaric oxygen (hbo) improves outcome in experimental cerebral ischemia and is therefore emerging as a possible co - treatment for acute ischemic stroke in addition of tissue plasminogen activator (tpa), whose recombinant form is considered the best approved treatment for acute brain ischemia to date (peplow, 2015)....
Tarantula is a large spider which usually be found in tropical and subtropical areas, but recently has become as pets in worldwide (1). Consequently, it is more likely that emergency physicians encounter with patients that hurt with these spiders . They are nonaggressive arthropods that if to be forced to defend themse...
Anecdotal evidence suggests that metformin titration instructions are not being updated and refill requests are approved without modification of the titration instructions such that the titration instruction is continued for patients newly initiated on metformin.we found a high rate of patients with at least one titrat...
Primary mouse astrocytes cultures were prepared from newborn c57bl/6jolahsd mice brains as previously described . After removing meninges and large blood vessels, brains cells were cultivated in dulbecco's modified eagle medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 100 u / ml penicillin and 100 g / ml streptomycin ...
Diagnostic pathology has shown remarkable improvement in recent years, and routine use of immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy has enabled more precise diagnoses . The availability of improved pathological methods for diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumors has also resulted in the recent recognition that these neop...
The estimated new thyroid cancer cases in the united states in 2012 are 56,460 and there are around 1780 deaths from thyroid cancer . This could be related to the earlier detection of thyroid cancer with the current use of imaging and the use of fna of all suspicious thyroid nodules . It is important to note that the o...
The consultation cases are stored in a web - based medical advisory service system (http://jamoon.pathology.or.kr) that revealed 1,950 cases sent to the mac from 2003 to 2014 (fig . We obtained the following specific information for each case: person who submitted the case, date on which the case was sent, assigned con...
Atherosclerotic lesions are the leading cause of ischemic stroke worldwide.1) the primary factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is inflammation . Development and progression of an atherosclerotic plaque is mainly regulated by inflammatory and immune mechanisms.2) the risk of rupture of atherosclerotic plaques i...
Pyometra is a rare complication of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer . In this paper a 30-year - old female, married for 7 years presented to our clinic with primary subfertility . She had a history of recurrent ovarian cyst on the left ovary for which both laparoscopic cystectomy and laparotomy had been done ...
The tongue plays a major role in swallowing and is essential to ensure normal swallowing function . The primary functions of the tongue include food mastication, bolus formation, manipulation, and propulsion into the pharynx1 . Moreover, it also contributes to respiration and speech functions2 . During the oral stage o...
After copii vesicles bud from the er, sar1p is released from vesicles when gtp is hydrolyzed, but the inner and outer shells of the coat are largely retained (fig s1)7 . To define the events that occur after trappi binds to sec23p, we immobilized trappi on beads and asked when copii vesicles lose their ability to bind ...
Malakoplakia is a rare, chronic, granulomatous inflammatory disease that was first described by michaelis and gutmann in 1902 . The name " malakoplakia " was derived from the greek " malakos " (soft) and " plakos " (plaque) in 1903 by von hansemann . Malakoplakia is most commonly found in the urinary tract, but has bee...
A 48-year - old man presented with radiating pain to lower thoracic region for two years . A physical examination was unremarkable and he had no significant past medical history . Plain radiographs of the thoracic spine revealed a lobulated geographic osteolytic lesion with a partially sclerotic border involving the le...
The ability to develop and maintain highly functional memory t cells after infection or immunization is a hallmark of the adaptive immune response . However, the human memory t - cell pool is heterogeneous, and comprises distinct populations that can be distinguished based on homing markers and effector functions . Cyt...
Tobacco use is one of the main factors that can lead to cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx . There are many types of smokeless tobacco products such as chew, chewpoos, chits, chewsky, dip, smokeless tobacco keratosis, flab, chowers, snuff dipper, guy, snus or nass, which can be used by placing and chewing a small a...
No one is likely to argue with the belief that prompt and appropriate treatment is effective and should be the standard of care . Back in 2001, emmanuel rivers and colleagues published their landmark study of early goal directed therapy (egdt). Perhaps the central concept behind egdt is that of oxygen debt and the seco...
Although pervasively widespread in the world, iron is the nutrient with a most pronounced deficiency in humans 1, 2 many remedial actions have been undertaken; nevertheless, the problem persists for a number of reasons: unspecific diet supplements, poor dietary food combinations and low bioavailability in the iron - be...
As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors . Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re - organized for online delivery, but are not copy - edited or typeset . Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) s...
P - glycoprotein (abcb1/p - gp) is a member of the atp binding cassette (abc) superfamily and is able to transport a broad range of uncharged and cationic compounds . The apical localization of p - gp in renal proximal tubule epithelial cells is consistent with its importance in excretory transport into urine . In agre...
Recent studies of individuals with bipolar disorder suggest that np impairment is prevalent, and intermediate in severity between patients with schizophrenia and healthy comparison participants . Np impairments, particularly deficits in attention, processing speed, episodic memory, and executive functions (eg, set - sh...
Pancreatic necrosis complicating severe acute pancreatitis is a challenging scenario in contemporary critical care practice . Patients are often relatively young (the median age was 55 years [range 1974 years] in a recent cohort report) and postrecovery quality of life should be good, and so there is much to strive for...
Analysis of a complete population of individuals with a defined cancer diagnosis over a prolonged time period is needed to assess whether new therapeutic strategies have affected the whole population's survival outcome . Cancers arising from the epithelial lining of the intrahepatic, perihilar, and extrahepatic bile du...
Ajellomyces capsulatus is the holomorphic name for histoplasma capsulatum, the etiological agent of histoplasmosis, a systemic mycosis . This thermo - dependent dimorphic fungus is soil - borne and in organic nitrogen rich soils fungal growth and sporulation are accelerated . Therefore, places where bird and bat droppi...
Evaluation of students competencies is one of the essential tools for assessing success of education programs in accomplishment of its objectives . On the other hand, evaluation is a major determinant of students learning patterns . In other words some believe that ethical evaluation of medical students should emphasiz...
The third - generation aromatase inhibitors (ais), letrozole, anastrozole and exemestane, are now widely accepted as alternatives to tamoxifen as first - line therapy in postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor (er)-positive advanced breast cancer, because of their improved clinical effectiveness (nabholtz et al 200...
The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (lgn) of the thalamus is a small, bi - lateral structure that accepts input from each eye representing the contralateral half of the visual field and projects to the primary visual cortex (see fig . The structure comprises six laminae with associated inter - laminar structures that...
We retrospectively enrolled 24 cognitively normal subjects, 45 patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (amci), 40 with ad, 38 with parkinson s disease - mild cognitive impairment (pd - mci), 31 with pdd, and 22 with dlb from patients seen in the movement disorders and dementia outpatient clinic at a university...
The need for novel approaches to treat infectious diseases at a time of increasing drug resistance and the emergence of new pathogens is obvious and urgent . In recent decades the problem of drug resistance has been compounded by the emergence of many new infectious diseases like hiv . Simultaneously the population of ...
Desmoid tumours (dts), also known as fibromatoses, are rare soft tissue tumours that result from the abnormal proliferation of fibroblasts in musculo - aponeurotic structures . They account for 0.03% of all neoplasms and can occur in mesenchymal structures of the limb and limb girdle, intra - abdominally or within the ...
It is characterized by a burning, prickling or unpleasant sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms, or legs but can also occur in other parts of the body, which sometimes leads to sleep disturbance . Paresthesia of limbs may occur from abnormalities in the peripheral nervous system, from direct compression of ...
Using dental implants for prosthetic rehabilitation of the edentulous maxilla has become a routine dental procedure . However, low quality of the posterior maxillary bone and a highly pneumatised maxillary sinus can compromise an implant's survival12 . Implant migration into the maxillary sinus can be caused by inexper...
Autoimmunity refers to the immunological destruction of the own cells and tissues due to the failure of the organism to recognize these as self . Autoimmune diseases cover a great variety of symptoms reaching from diffuse inflammatory symptoms involving components of the innate immune system to highly antigen - specifi...
During the past 30 years, research in the theory of black holes in general relativity has brought to light strong hints of a very deep and fundamental relationship between gravitation, thermodynamics, and quantum theory . The cornerstone of this relationship is black hole thermodynamics, where it appears that certain l...
Electrical impedance myography (eim) is a four - electrode impedance measurement technique based on the fundamental principle of ohm's law . In this technique low intensity high frequency alternating current is injected through the muscle or muscle group of interest via the outer two electrodes and the inner two electr...
From march 2001 to february 2005, we performed us in 58 patients, mri in 24 patients, and both mri and us in 10 patients for a total of 72 patients (63 women and 9 men, age range: 19 - 70 years, average age: 50 years) who were clinically suspected of having morton neuroma . By review of the pathologic and surgical repo...
The important strategy in the prevention of dental caries is by increasing the acid resistance capacity of enamel . Fluoride application and carbon - dioxide (co2) laser have shown a reasonable success to enhance enamel's resistance to acid attack in the prevention of dental caries . The anti - cariogenic effect of pro...
Woolly hair nevus is a rare condition, characterized by unruly and tightly coiled hair, which is not genetically determined . A 5-year - old girl child presented with abnormal patch of hair since 2 years of age . Her parents noticed a single patch of curling and coiling of hair along with altered texture over the left ...
Cl was diagnosed in patients as described elsewhere, according to characteristic lesion morphology, positive skin test results, seropositivity to leishmania antigen, and/or presence of parasites in the lesion . A total of 58 patients with lcl due to l. braziliensis (27 males; mean age [sd], 29.6 2.3 years) were recruit...
Kounis syndrome is the concurrence of acute coronary syndromes (acs) with conditions associated with mast cell activation including allergic or hypersensitivity as well as anaphylactic or anaphylactoid reaction.1)2) there have been a few reports on extraordinary causes other than wasp stings leading to a drug - eluting...
Colorectal cancer is a common cancer form in sweden and the incidence is slowly increasing.1 there is a known risk that a patient can have a second coexisting colorectal cancer.2 thus, most treatment guidelines include some type of colon examination in the preoperative work - up to provide the information and enable an...
Lactic acidosis (la) is known to occur in patients of leukemia and lymphoma as a terminal event . It was first described in patients with acute leukemia by field et al . In 1963 . Diagnostic criteria of la are ph less than 7.35 along with plasma lactate concentration greater than 5 mmol / l . However, la as the initial...
Vascular smooth muscle contraction is activated by an increase in cytosolic free ca concentration ([ca]i) as a result of ca entry from the extracellular space and/or ca release from intracellular stores, primarily the sarcoplasmic reticulum (1). Ca diffuses to the contractile machinery where it binds to calmodulin (cam...
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (dfsp) is an uncommon, low - grade cutaneous malignancy that originates from the dermis . It can occur in any part of the body, but has predilection for the trunk, head and neck region, and the proximal extremities . The tumor begins as a small bump on the skin surface and then grows in ...
Rabbits are animals of a high economic and laboratory value, whereas in poland, principally in scientific and diagnostic research, mixed breed rabbits are generally used . It must also be added that although researches involving experiments on laboratory animals are conducted on mice, rats and guinea pigs, still rabbit...
Retroperitoneal fibrosis (rpf) is a rare disease with peak incidence in the fifth to seventh decades of life . The symptoms of rpf may be general / nonspecific or localized (due to replacement or compression of organs). Yet, definitive diagnosis can only be made based on biopsy findings . Besides, magnetic resonance im...
Pain is a noxious and a harmful felling of a living organism that arising from inflamed or injured tissues . Otherwise, responses to noxious stimuli may be enhanced (hyperalgesia) or normally innocuous stimuli . More studies confirm that in normal conditions, a fibers are mainly relevant with non - noxious input from p...
Interferon - related depression is important in medicine and neurology, and the last decade has seen a spurt of research in the field . This article therefore summarizes the present state of knowledge about interferons and their role in depression in humans . Interferon (ifn) activity was first discovered by isaacs and...
Posterior cortical atrophy (pca) is a neurodegenerative syndrome characterized by progressive decline in visual processing, literacy, numeracy, and other functions that depend on parietal, occipital, and occipitotemporal brain regions (benson et al ., 1988; kas et al ., most individuals with pca have alzheimer's diseas...
Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (dhca) has become a worldwide specialized technique within cardiopulmonary bypass for adult aortic arch repair . This technique provides complete visualization of the aortic arch in a bloodless field with profound neuroprotection through deep hypothermia [1, 2]. Deep hypothermia expo...
Although the most critical risk factor for development of copd is cigarette smoking, 20%30% of copd patients have never smoked.13 occupational exposures and air pollution have been associated with development and progression of copd.4,5 inhalation of airborne pollutants, including oxidant gases such as ozone, nitrogen ...
The association of increased serum levels of acute - phase proteins with the progression of atherosclerosis and with the occurrence of atherosclerosis - related adverse events, such as coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction (mi), has been well documented in several epidemiological studies.1 - 6) currently, th...
Hypertensive disease, in which there is persistent pathologic elevation of arterial pressure and increased total peripheral resistance, is associated with vascular lesions in the brain, heart, kidneys, and eyes . Elevation of systemic blood pressure causes both focal and generalized retinal arteriolar constriction, pre...
It is characterized by a quick loss of renal function, which develops over hours to days . Problems causing obstruction in the urinary system are considered under the topic of post - renal failure . Different precipitating factors that cause obstruction throughout the ureteral trace, urine bladder tumors, and urethral ...
Scheuermann s disease (juvenile kyphosis dorsalis) is a structural kyphosis of the thoracic spine initially described by scheuermann in 1921 . It occurs commonly in adolescents (0.48.3% of the general population) and in most cases is characterized by minimal deformity and few clinical symptoms . The purpose of the pres...
Conventional endodontic treatment has experienced an impressive progression over the last decades basically through a more efficient desinfection of the root canal system supported by new irrigation and instrumentation methods combined with increasing information about morphological complexities . The success of root c...
The kaiser permanente northern california diabetes registry (also referred to here as the registry) is a well - characterized population, maintained continuously since 1993, that has been the basis for extensive epidemiological research (1113). Registry eligibility is based on multiple sources of data, including pharma...
Diabetes mellitus type 2 (t2 dm) is a chronic disease that has been increasing globally over the past 2 decades including in thailand1 . It is a significant health problem with microangiopathy and macroangiopathy resulting in many complications, i.e, neuropathy2, retinopathy3, nephropathy4, and coronary artery disease5...
The results of the latest large trial in patients with cardiogenic shock (cs), namely the triumph trial, were recently published in journal of the american medical association . About 6 to 9% of myocardial infarctions (mis), mostly with st elevation, is complicated by cs, which is the leading cause of death . The shock...
Patient 1 was a 74-year - old italian man who came to the emergency department (ed) of vittorio emanuele hospital in catania, italy, in july 2012 . Patient 2 was 65-year - old german woman who arrived in rome from frankfurt in march 2011 and came directly from the airport to the ed of the university of rome medical cen...
Bladder cancer is the ninth most common cancer worldwide, with 380,000 new cases reported annually . The ratio of male: female bladder cancer patients is 3.8:1 . According to data from the united states, 15,250 deaths from bladder cancer are expected to occur in 2013 . Moreover, according to the surveillance, epidemiol...
Punctate inner choroidopathy (pic), an idiopathic primary choriocapillaritis, affects especially young myopic women . Multiple yellowish white dots (100 - 300 m) can aggregate in the inner choroid or retinal pigment epithelial layer, resulting in exudative retinal detachment . Choroidal neovascularization (cnv) seconda...
During january august 2013, we collected rodents and shrews in jiaonan county, shandong province, china (1193012030e, 35353608 n). The animals were trapped once a month by using mouse traps baited with peanuts; a different trap site was used each month . The traps were set before sunset outside human dwellings in rural...
Urinary stone disease, or urolithiasis, is one of the most common afflictions of modern society.1 it is a common urologic disease with prevalence of about 1%20% that is increasing throughout the world . Urinary stone incidence in iran is high.2,3 the highest incidence was reported in ilam province, western iran, at 322...
With an ageing population, the prevalence of dementia will continue to rise in the coming decades, placing a high burden on social and economic resources . Since effective treatments are lacking, prevention of dementia deserves high priority [1, 2]. In recent years, a relationship has been found between vascular diseas...
A glomus body, or glomus apparatus, is a neuromyoarterial structure in the dermis layer of the skin, involved in body temperature regulation . It consists of an arterio - venous shunt surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue . In response to sympathetic stimuli, glomus body induces vasoconstriction in the shunt art...
A working classification about the interrelationship of nine individual dental specialties with forensic odontology was formulated, and a detailed review about the relationship of these dental specialties with forensic odontology was ascertained . The main objective of this study is to find the relationship of forensic...
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (t2 dm) has significantly increased worldwide in the past 25 years [1, 2]. Dr is one of the most common microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus (dm) and is the leading cause of visual impairment and blindness in working - aged people . In recent years, the prevalence ...
Non - melanoma skin cancer (nmsc) affects close to 1 million americans annually . Although metastases are rare, their high incidence and frequent recurrence in affected individuals make nmscs the 4th most costly cancers of the medicare population . Nsmc is comprised of two subtypes squamous cell carcinomas (scc) and ba...
The number of people with dementia is forecast to double, with costs trebling to over 50 billion a year . Estimations suggest that only one - third of people with dementia receive a formal diagnosis leading to a lower level of access to management interventions such as medication and social support that could improve o...
The current standard of treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer (uicc stages ii and iii) includes a 5-fluorouracil (5-fu)-based preoperative radiochemotherapy (rct), total mesorectal excision, and postoperative chemotherapy [1, 2]. Several randomized clinical trials during the last decades have demonstrated that n...
Wilson's disease (wd) is an autosomal recessive disease, involving a defect of copper transport by hepatic lysosomes, caused by mutations in the atp7b gene that lies on chromosome 13q14.3 . Reduced biliary excretion of copper results in a net positive copper balance and copper deposition in the liver, brain, kidneys, a...
Sodium bromate and potassium bromate are strong oxidants that are widely used in hair permanent wave neutralizers, reagents of printing or dyeing and other chemical processes . Hair wave permanent neutralizing solutions typically contain 2 - 10% sodium or potassium bromate, which are colorless, odorless and tasteless ....
The local institutional review board approved this retrospective study, and patients provided a written informed consent for the procedure . We def ined outpatient day - care management as a clinical process where the patients get a procedure on the day of admission and are subsequently get discharged on the same day f...