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Eyes were obtained from 53 dogs including 5 beagles (23 years old), 1 chihuahua (10 years old) and 47 mixed breeds (1 to 13 years old) of each gender that were euthanized by carbon dioxide overdose (47 mixed breeds) or deep anesthesia using pentobarbital sodium (100 mg / kg, i.p .) (the other 6 dogs) for an unrelated e... |
The comprehensive aortic root and valve repair (carvar) procedure is, basically, one of the valve sparing surgical techniques for aortic valve or aortic root disease . Three basic surgical procedures of this technique are annular reduction, reduction of sinotubular junction (stj) and leaflet correction.1)2) for reducti... |
An 11-year - old spayed female domestic shorthair cat with a history of hyperthyroidism treated with carbimazole for 7 months was presented for a check - up after a few episodes of vomiting . The cat had been receiving prednisolone at 0.5 mg / kg po q12h for recent pancreatitis and concurrent inflammation of liver and ... |
During ahi, hiv-1 replicates in cd4 t cells and causes profound immune activation and cd4 t - cell depletion [15, 25, 26]. After acute infection, cd4 t cells become the main targets of virus infection during the transition from naive to effector and memory t cells [27, 28]. In addition, cytokines and high levels of vir... |
Chronic kidney disease (ckd) is a major global health burden due to its high prevalence and associated risk of end - stage renal disease (esrd), cardiovascular disease (cvd), and premature death (13). The global burden of disease study 2013 estimated 956,200 deaths worldwide were directly attributable to ckd in 2013, w... |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common gram - negative rod - shaped bacterium that leads to significant morbidity and mortality in humans . P. aeruginosa is a prototype of multidrug - resistant pathogen and is recognized for its ubiquitous distribution, advanced antibiotic resistance mechanisms, and nosocomial infections .... |
There are about 190 cases reported with higher prevalence of diagnosis in pediatric age group . With first histological confirmation in 1895 polyorchidism can clinically have varied presentations as inguinal swelling, cryptorchidism, testicular torsion, hydrocele and varicocele with majority being asymptomatic . The mo... |
The incidence of natural pop ranges from 1:60 000 to 1:1 500 deliveries, accounting for 3.3% of all ectopic pregnancies . Since the report of the first successful human in vitro fertilization embryo transfer (ivf - et) cycle resulting in ectopic pregnancy, the association of ectopic pregnancy and ivf cycles has been we... |
Post - translational modifications are essential for the rapid and reversible modification of the physiochemical properties of a protein, resulting in the changes of enzyme activity, oligomerization state, protein protein interaction, subcellular localization or half - life (1). Protein phosphorylation is the most abun... |
A 6yearold male was brought to our emergency department having sustained an accidental penetrating injury to zone 1 of the neck with a sickle . On examination, there was a foreign body sickle (fig . 1) with its wooden handle as an entry point at the right submandibular region with no active bleeding and without evidenc... |
Mammals are thought to develop in a bacteria - free environment within the mother's womb . They are born through a birth canal densely populated by lactic acid bacteria (harrison et al ., 1953; dominguez - bello et al ., 2010; ravel et al ., 2011) and, during a substantial period of their early development, feed exclus... |
Commercial archwires of stainless steel (ss), nickel - titanium (niti), titanium molybdenum alloy (tma), and low - friction tma (l - tma) were used (0.017 0.025 ormco, glendora, california, usa). Scanning electron microscope (hitachi, su6600, japan) was used to observe the surface morphology of the archwires . Elementa... |
Atherosclerosis, one of the main complications of diabetes, constitutes the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in today's world . Macrophages, as major inflammatory contributors, are key modulators of atherosclerotic plaque formation and progression: m1 macrophages, which are related to inflammatory effects, stim... |
In recent years, consumers demands regarding food production and food safety have changed dramatically . Vegetables represent an important part in the human diet providing a significant amount of essential vitamins, minerals and dietary fibers . Subsequently, minimally processed food like fresh - cut fruits and vegetab... |
Lung cancer presenting in about 85% by non - small cell lung cancer (nsclc) is the leading cause of death among human malignancies . The ability to establish consistent human tumour xenografts in small animals is a crucial part of preclinical nsclc therapy investigations, and whole body irradiation (wbi) serves as the ... |
Ultrasound imaging is one of the most inexpensive, safe, and commonly used diagnostic tools for imaging soft tissues and vasculature . The use of microbubble contrast agents enables visualization of microvasculature which cannot be seen directly with doppler ultrasound . Microbubbles composed of gaseous cores covered w... |
It is found in countries and regions with inadequate sanitary infrastructure and insufficient health education . The life cycle of the parasite includes the adult stage, the egg, and the larval stage (cysticercus). When a person ingests raw or semi - cooked pork meat with cysticerci, the scolex evaginates and attaches ... |
In order to achieve the national vision of reaching and sustaining routine immunization coverage of 90% for all vaccines by the year 2020, there was need to involve both the private and public health facilities in providing immunization services . There is paucity of information on the success of private - public partn... |
The use of light - activated composite resins has increased considerably because they provide better esthetics and an opportunity to restore extensive restorations . The structure of resin matrices of polymerized composite resins comprises bisphenolglycidyl dimethacrylate (bis - gma), triethylene glycol dimethacrylate ... |
Currently, diabetes mellitus (dm) is more prevalent than any other hereditary metabolic diseases . It is a chronic disorder of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism caused by lower amounts or absence of insulin . It can lead to several complications such as blindness, cardiac arrest, kidney failure, etc . According... |
Due to its simplicity and convenience, acupuncture has become popular as a complementary therapy . In this chinese medicine, doctors have to find the traditional meridian acupuncture points before the needle is punctured into those points . Because of the significant remedial effects, acupuncture has drawn a lot of att... |
Tobacco use and its health consequences is one of the most serious public health problems worldwide . Evidence is accumulating that smoking increases the risk of cancers and cardiovascular and respiratory diseases . Despite proven negative health effects of smoking, it is becoming more prevalent, particularly among ado... |
Methicillin - resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) strains are well known to be hospital - associated or healthcare - associated pathogens . However, within the past two decades, the incidence of infections due to community - acquired methicillin - resistant s. aureus (ca - mrsa) strains have been rapidly increasing ... |
Biliary obstruction is preferentially managed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ercp). However, after ercp failed, alternatives include percutaneous transhepatic drainage, surgery and more recently, endoscopic ultrasonography (eus)-guided hepaticogastrostomy . The limitation of this technique is that t... |
Paleoparasitology is the study of parasites found in ancient remains and the tracing, on that basis, of the history of host - parasite relationships . It began in the early 20th century in egypt, where sir marc armand ruffer developed a special rehydration technique applicable to mummified tissues and prepared histolog... |
Their radiological features suggest malignant neoplasms, whereas they are not ct and mr imaging are the most used tools in their evaluation inflammatory myofibroblastic tumours (imts) constitute a rare group of neoplasms composed of a mixture of spindle - shaped myofibroblasts or fibroblasts and a variable amount of in... |
The cyanine - dye labeled nucleotide triphosphates cy3- and cy5-dctp are among the standard labeling reagents used in microarray and other multicolor hybridization applications due to their bright, photostable and spectrally resolved fluorescence . However, cy3- and cy5-dctp (figure 1b) proved exceedingly difficult pol... |
Chromium exits in two stable oxidation states, namely, the trivalent (iii) and hexavalent (vi) forms . Hexavalent cr is more toxic than trivalent cr and the toxicological impact is due to its oxidizing ability and high solubility [14]. Chromium (vi) is capable of damaging the skin due to its high penetration power and ... |
Nasal septal deviation is a common nasal deformity . It can be a congenital disorder or a consequence of nasal trauma . Deviation of the bony or cartilaginous component of the nasal septum from the midline leads to its deviation . This results in external nasal deformity, internal nasal obstruction due to nasal airway ... |
Post - extraction bone tissue atrophy in the alveolar ridge was found both, in vertical and horizontal dimensions (chackartchi and stabholz 2013). The systematic reviews demonstrated that the alveolar ridge underwent mean horizontal reduction in width of 3.8 mm and mean vertical reduction in height of 1.24 mm within th... |
Lipids and their simplest structural elements, the fatty acids, provide myriad functions at all levels of cellular life . Nutritional scientists are still wrestling to develop a rudimentary understanding of the roles that dietary lipids exert . Lipids as simple fats are the most concentrated energy source in the diet .... |
As a common side effect of treatment for diabetes, hypoglycemia is a constant threat and can have far - reaching and potentially devastating consequences, from irreversible coma and infarction to cognitive decline and dementia, although the relationship between treatment - related hypoglycemia and cognition remains unc... |
The concept of cancer stem cells (csc) arose from the discovery that a majority of cells from some human leukemia (acute myeloid leukemia), at different stages of differentiation, originated from transformed undifferentiated pluripotent stem cell . This led to the hypothesis, then the theory, that as in the normal soma... |
Cirrhosis of the liver the only cure for which is liver transplant is associated with several serious complications, including ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, variceal bleeding, and hepatic encephalopathy (he). Guidelines established by the american association for the study of liver diseases currently reco... |
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignancies in western countries and its incidence has also risen in asian countries . Currently it is the second most common cancer and second leading cause of cancer death in hong kong . However, the operation is a major undertaking and is associated with significant morbi... |
A 52-year - old korean female visited seoul veterans hospital with a complaint of acute pain and gingival swelling on the right mandibular molar region . On palpation, bilateral buccal bony expansion was noted on the posterior mandible and maxilla (fig . 1). She had a complete denture, however her denture was out of us... |
While violence remains the third most common cause of spinal cord injury (sci) in the united states, only 1% of scis occurs from stab wounds.1 non - missile injuries, namely stabbings, are more common in developing countries where access to firearms is limited.2,3 in a large series from south africa, 25% of scis were r... |
An otherwise healthy mother had a routine ultrasound at 20 weeks, which showed giant omphalocele with liver included in the omphalocele sac . Karyotyping of the amniotic fluid cells showed a normal female karyotype (46, xx), -fetoprotein (afp) in amniotic fluid was raised (38.7 mg / l; 3 mom = 20.1 mg / l).these findin... |
The prickly pear cactus, opuntia ficus - indica, is well adapted for cultivation in semi - arid regions.1 the cladodes, also known as cactus pads, of the spineless cultivars can be used as livestock feed, but because of their low crude protein content of about 40 g kg they should be regarded as a cheap energy source ra... |
Urinary tract infection (uti) is a significant cause of morbiditiy among children, and may result in permanent parenchymal damage with the possible development of late complications such as arterial hypertension or chronic renal failure . The likelihood of developing these late complications in utis is the greatest in ... |
Unlike common long bones, mandible reconstruction presents many difficulties due to its unique shape and relation with dental occlusion and the temporomandibular joint (tmj). Reconstruction plate or non - vascularized autogenous bone graft were used, but were prone to infection and radiation exposure, often resulting i... |
It is currently the mainstay immunotherapy of relapsing - remitting multiple sclerosis (ms). We present a case of an ms patient who developed nephrotic - range proteinuria following ifn- treatment over a timespan of more than 9 years . The histology was suggestive of membrano proliferative glomerulonephritis (mpgn), bu... |
Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (khe) is a rare neoplasm of vascular origin typically arising from the skin or soft tissues, and it is more often described in children . The tumor is composed of irregular lobules of small malformed vessels with sheets of spindle cells and infiltrating nodules . Previously, khe has been... |
Historically, research has focused on understanding the mechanisms that give rise to the unwanted choices expressed by chronic cocaine users (ccus) and treatment efforts have been aimed at stopping them altogether . As with many addictions, stimulant addiction is portrayed as the hijacking of natural valuation and lear... |
Fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the mammalian central nervous system (cns) is mediated predominantly by ionotropic glutamate receptors of the ampa- and nmda - type . These receptors are composed of different subunits that determine the biophysical and trafficking properties of the channel . Depending on the pa... |
Diabetes is a common chronic disease that is characterized by impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance . Psychiatric disorders frequently occur in type 2 dm patients and about 15% of the diabetic patients are susceptible to depression . In iranian traditional medicine (itm), the relationship between diabetes a... |
Hypothyroidism has various cardiovascular manifestations including impaired diastolic function, reduced contractility and infrequently pericardial effusion and heart failure (1 - 3). Electrocardiographic (ecg) changes in hypothyroidism were bradycardia, rbbb, flat or inverted t wave, qrs prolongation, qt prolongation a... |
Coins are the most commonly ingested foreign bodies (fb), with button batteries, fish bone, marble, stone, and pieces of meat, etc ., being other forms of ingested fb . In majority of cases, it is accidental in nature but can be occasionally homicidal, as was probably the case in our patient . We report the case of a f... |
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (sah) cases represent approximately 7% of all types of stroke], and have a notoriously high mortality rate . Despite fluctuations, the overall incidence of sah has been stable at around 10 per 100,000 population per year in most countries for the past few decades . However, in one region of japa... |
Primary retroperitoneal mucinous cystadenocarcinoma is a rare tumor with only about 30 reported cases in the english literature . Surgical exploration is needed for the diagnosis and treatment, and many authors recommend extensive excision including total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo - oophorectomy with enucleat... |
Aortic regurgitation (ar) is characterized by the diastolic reflux of blood flow from the aorta to the left ventricle due to incomplete coaptation of the aortic valve . The overall prevalence of ar was 4.9% in the framingham heart study and 10% in the strong heart study . There are studies that have been performed to v... |
A significant change from conventional castings is the introduction of direct metal laser sintered (dmls) technology used for metal - ceramic restoration . Various in vitro studies on dmls have yielded promising results for its wider clinical usage . Yet studies regarding clinical longevity and the survival rates for p... |
On the day of surgery, all donor tissues are dissected in the operating room prior to the start of the first dsaek surgery . Dissection is performed using a microkeratome (altk cbm; moria japan kk, tokyo, japan) equipped with a 300 m head . After microkeratome - dissection, the donor - endothelial lamella (with the rep... |
Hepatitis c virus (hcv) is an enveloped, single - stranded ribonucleic acid (rna) virus with positive polarity . This virus is one of the most important pathogens of the human and is able to cause mild to severe liver diseases . The virus is a member of the hepaciviruses genus in the flaviviridae family (1). Hepatitis ... |
Immediate / early promoter / enhancer of cytomegalovirus (cmv promoter) is one of the most commonly used promoters for expression of transgenes in mammalian cells for research or therapeutic purposes . Although it is often thought of as a constitutive and unregulated pan - specific promoter, it has been shown that its ... |
Female stress urinary incontinence is an ancient problem . Following the " hammock hypothesis " by delancey, which describes the pathophysiology of female stress incontinence (1), the tension - free vaginal tape (tvt) procedure for treatment of stress urinary incontinence in women was introduced in 1996 (2). The tvt pr... |
Excess adiposity increases the risk of developing a variety of pathological conditions, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, steatohepatitis, and several types of cancer [1 - 4]. In the past two decades, advances in obesity research have led to the recognition that adipose tissue is an endocrine organ tha... |
The aging, demographics, and memory study (adams) currently estimates that 14 percent of people aged 71 and older in the united states have dementia . The number of people aged 65 and older living with alzheimer's disease is expected to nearly triple by 2050 . However, research estimates that about one - third of gener... |
Premature ejaculation (pe) is defined as ejaculation that occurs with minimal stimulation, and which happens before or shortly after penetration, resulting in harassment and anxiety . Pe is the most common sexual dysfunction in men younger than 40 years old, affecting approximately 30% of men . However, pe is more comm... |
Celiac disease (cd) is a disorder of the small intestine known by mucosal inflammation, villous atrophy, and crypt hyperplasia, which appear upon exposure to dietary gluten and improve after withdrawal of gluten from the diet . However, the serologic tests for celiac disease and the common use of upper endoscopy have c... |
Leclercia adecarboxylata, an ubiquitous gram - negative bacillus of the enterobacteriaceae family, has been rarely isolated from environmental and clinical specimens . L. adecarboxylata shares characteristics of enterobacteriaceae; they are gram - negative, facultatively - anaerobic, oxidase - negative, mesophilic, per... |
The most common and generally accepted' typical' us features of hepatic hemangiomas are their small size, uniform hyperechogenicity, well - defined margin, and posterior echo enhancement (1 - 3) (fig . 1). In addition, follow - up scanning only rarely shows a change in size, appearance, or detectability (4). They are u... |
Persistent cloaca is defined as a defect in which rectum; vagina and urinary tract meet and fuse into a single common channel . This is a rare anomaly seen exclusively in girls with an incidence of 1 in 50,000 live births and accounts for 10% of all anorectal malformations in females . It is a complex malformation with... |
The normal prostate luminal cells, which are the histological origin of most prostate malignancies, are physically separated from the stroma by the basal cells and basement membrane (bm). Basal cells are joined by intercellular junctions and adhesion molecules, constituting a continuous sheet encircling luminal cells 1... |
Erectile dysfunction (ed) remains a common cause of significant postoperative morbidity in patients undergoing radical therapies for prostate cancers or other pelvic malignancies, because the cavernous nerve can be inadvertently axotomized, lacerated, or stretched at the time of surgery . Although techniques such as ne... |
Arachidonic acid (aa) within the cell membrane is metabolized by the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5-lo) to produce leukotrienes.1,2 the 5-lo activating protein (flap) binds to 5-lo in this process, enabling transfer of aa to 5-lo . Aa metabolism produces leukotriene a4 (lta4), which is subsequently converted to either ltb4 o... |
One possible reason for persistent endodontic infection may be retention of microorganisms in the dentine tissue of the root canal walls . An infection of the pulp can result in microbial colonization of the entire root canal system, together with the dentinal tubules adjacent to the canal . Selective pressures related... |
Acute interstitial nephritis (ain) defines a pattern of renal injury usually associated with an abrupt deterioration in the renal function characterized histopathologically by inflammation and edema of the renal interstitium . Ain is an important cause of acute kidney injury caused by drug hypersensitivity reactions, e... |
In the past decade, we have seen a great acceleration in the development of new quantum chemical methods, resulting in dozens of new computational techniques that potentially improve the accuracy of results and/or computational efficiency . Among these methods, many contain at least one empirical parameter fitted to re... |
Blood hypereosinophilia (he) remains a frequent finding encountered in a daily clinical practice of different fields of medicine . Under various conditions, eosinophils may produce and release a variety of biologically active substances which may invade target organ and lead to its dysfunction and/or damage . The harmf... |
The effects of small molecules on organisms have long been the focus of biochemistry and pharmacology . Over the last years there has been a considerable increase in the number of high - throughput screens that have been performed using chemical libraries (13). At the same time, the molecular targets of individual chem... |
Hip dislocations are mostly due to low velocity injury in children younger than 3 years . A 25 month old child presented to our casualty following a fall from a slide 3 hours prior to presentation . An x - ray of the pelvis was taken which showed a posterior hip dislocation on the right side . The child had an emergenc... |
A 30-year - old female patient admitted to our hospital with sudden hearing loss and tinnitus in the right ear . Her medical history also included lumbar discopathy . She d been using beta interferon at a dose of 0.3 mg on alternate days for the treatment of ms for the last 3.5 years . Physical examination of the patie... |
Methods and any associated references are available in the online version of the paper at http://www.nature.com / naturemedicine/. Note: supplementary information is available on the nature medicine website. |
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (als) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by relentless loss of motor neuron function . The selective degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons results in progressive weakness of the limb, bulbar, abdominal, and thoracic muscles . The reported annual prevalence an... |
90408028 to ct zhang and 10747150 to f gao). Funding for open access charge |
Physarum polycephalum is a true acellular slime mold that belongs to the species of order physarales, subclass myxo - gastromycetidae, class myxomycetes, division myxostelida . The life cycle of physarum polycephalum possesses a plasmodial phase where it exists as a single cell with a large number of diploid nuclei . T... |
The first suspected case of an hpai outbreak in japan during winter 201617 was reported from akita prefecture in northern japan (figure 1). A black swan (cygnus atratus) in a zoo that died on november 15, 2016, tested positive for influenza virus antigen by a rapid diagnostic test . While this bird s specimens underwen... |
This technique requires tagging of cells with a fluorophore, which is a molecule that will fluoresce when light at appropriate wavelengths is incident on it . Fluorophores should have good photostability and high quantum yield, and when used to image live cells they should be noncytotoxic and stable in vivo [2, 3]. The... |
Osteoid osteoma (oo) is a benign tumor characterized by a small calcified lesion, usually less than 2 cm in diameter, with nocturnal pain alleviated by the administration of nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs (nsaids). Oo usually affects the long bones and mostly occurs in the first 2 decades of life . Oo arising i... |
Ccdc 1435933 (1 a), 1435934 (2 a) and 1435935 (2 b) contain the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper . As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors . Such materials are peer reviewed and may be reorganized for online delivery, but are not co... |
Dynamic factors have a significant role in causing cervical spondylotic myelopathy (csm). In patients with cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (c - opll), mild symptoms of myelopathy the pathomechanism of cervical myelopathy caused by c - opll remains unknown . Despite spinal stenosis (6 mm <sp... |
The development of sustainable agriculture is a major challenge for humanity: we could eradicate hunger from the earth but still preserve our planet for coming generations, for example by using less pesticides and chemical fertilizers, reducing the greenhouse effect, maintaining small farming communities, preserving bi... |
Obesity in childhood is strongly associated with cardiovascular risk factors (crfs) including dyslipidemia, hyperglycaemia, and hypertension . In obese children hyperinsulinaemia and other crfs are far more commonly found than in normal weight children and adolescents [24]. Most metabolic consequences appear to be medi... |
Later, research showed that the fibers that transfer the pain stimuli are organized in the fetus . The nerve pathway myelinization begins in the 2 and 3 trimesters and finishes between 30 to 37weeks of gestational age . Mkoban et al (2003) also showed that insufficient pain control results in hypoxia and stimuli reacti... |
Replantations for major amputations of the upper limb have been widely reported and performed at many centres around the world . We report a case of successful replantation of complete avulsion amputation of the right upper limb at scapulothoracic level in a 3-year - old boy . In our literature search a 3-year - old bo... |
In korea, 26.5% of the total female population is obese, and women in their 30s, 40s, and 50s account for 28%, 34.4%, and 37.4%, respectively, of the total obese female population . A sharp increase in the prevalence of obesity has been particularly seen with onset of menopause, a time in which women experience many me... |
Intranodal schawnomas are extremely rare and just a few cases have been described before . Clinical presentation comprises a symptomatic mass in several anatomical regions, but they can also be found during analysis of surgical specimens resected for other reasons . The report is based on the case of an 80-year - old p... |
Cancer an up - regulated biological process of cell growth with an ability of tumor cells to invade and metastasize . A century ago, paul ehrlich hypothesized that a magic bullet could be developed to selectively target cancer . Over the past few decades, the progress in molecular biology and the understanding of malig... |
Previous reports describe patients chewing on patches, applying more than the number of prescribed patches to the skin, and applying a patch to an area with a skin abrasion all of which can lead to fentanyl toxicity . Continued vigilance among healthcare providers to detect misuse of this transdermal medication is of p... |
Seminoma is the most frequent carcinoma of the testicle in the fourth decade of life and constitutes 60% to 65% of germ cell neoplasias . Several histopathological characteristics of the tumour have been evaluated and three types of pure seminoma have been described: classic, anaplastic and spermatocytic . We report a ... |
Toxoplasmosis is caused by infection with a ubiquitous intracellular protozoan, toxoplasma gondii.1 reproduction is both sexual and asexual . Sexual reproduction occurs in definitive hosts mostly involving the cat family, and occasionally mice or rats.1 asexual reproduction occurs in a wide range of animals, which incl... |
The prevalence of antibodies in adults varies in different geographic regions, from 40%-100%, with lower rates in europe, parts of north america and australia, and higher rates in africa and asia . Cmv has been detected in many body fluids, including saliva, urine, blood, cervicovaginal secretions, semen and breast mil... |
Many materials can grow in multiple (meta)stable crystal structures, and phase selection is one of the most fundamental problems in material science for example, many metastable phases are only obtained by rapid quenching of a liquid into a polycrystalline multiphase solid . Typical zincblende - structure (zb) iii - v ... |
Dentine sensitivity is defined as short, sharp pain from exposed dentine in response to thermal, tactile, osmotic, or chemical stimuli that cannot be ascribed to any other dental defect or disease . Clinically the presence of dentine sensitivity creates challenges for both patients and dental practitioners; in addition... |
Spinal tumors are known to be relatively rare among neoplastic diseases . But as the expected length of life extends every year and due to the rapid development in diagnostic tools, the incidence of spinal tumors is increasing markedly . As a result, many studies on spinal tumors are under progress . Spinal tumors ofte... |
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