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In an effort to develop effective vaccines against pathogens that severely affect humans, the concept of original antigenic sin (oas) has become a guiding light, making sense of baffling observations on the infection profiles of foreign pathogens and vaccine efficacies in humans . Oas was first described by davenport e...
When there is a mass such as a congenital anomaly or lymphangioma in the oral cavity of a pediatric patient, the airway can be compressed and intubation can be difficult . Wa, usa) is a laryngoscope with a micro - video camera and a 7-inch display monitor . It can be used in conventional intubation, but is most commonl...
Double - j (dj) stents are used to drain urine from the kidney to the bladder and are effective in managing and preventing upper urinary tract (ut) obstruction in various urological conditions (1). The most common indication of stenting is to prevent and relieve upper ut obstruction (2, 3). The known complications of d...
Malaria is a major public health problem with 300500 million new infections each year and an estimated 584,000 deaths from malaria were reported worldwide, with most (90%) of the deaths occurring in africa . The decline of susceptibility of plasmodium falciparum to chloroquine and sulfadoxine - pyrimethamine in many hi...
Today, deep - water benthic habitats, i.e. Those areas below the euphotic zone at a water depth of more than c. 200 m, account for more than 65% of the earth's surface . However, these regions are much more difficult to access than shallow waters and thus, despite considerable effort during the past decades, they remai...
In the movie contagion, laurence fishburne (as ellis cheever), chief of special pathogens at the centers for disease control, tells jennifer ehle (as ally hextall), an epidemiological intelligence service officer coordinating research on the fictional henipavirus mev-1, to move all research from bsl-3 (biosafety level ...
Female urethral cancer (uca) is a rare malignancy; it accounts for approximately 1% of all female urological cancer (1). Initial signs of uca, such as voiding symptoms and bloody spotting, are ignored in most patients with female uca because they are not pathognomonic . In fact, voiding symptoms and bloody spotting are...
Gastric cancer is the fifth most common cancer among males and seventh most common cancer among females in india . The aggressiveness of the disease and need for improvement in therapeutic options is discerned by the fact the gastric cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death globally . The high incidence o...
The dengue virus is a single - stranded rna virus of the flaviviridae family causing dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever . Dengue encephalopathy is usually secondary to multisystem derangement like shock, hepatitis, coagulopathy, and concurrent bacterial infection . Dengue encephalitis is a different entity, whic...
Lipomas are the most common benign mesenchymal tumors developing in any location where fat is normally present . The etiology of lipomas is uncertain and the tumors mainly affect the region of the trunk, shoulders, neck, and axilla . Involvement of the oral cavity is rare, with lipomas corresponding to less than 4.4% o...
Author do not report any financial or personal links with other persons or organizations, which might affect negatively the content of this publication and/or claim authorship rights to this publication.
In cross - sectional analyses, we evaluated the likelihood that americans with previously unrecognized pre - diabetes would meet ada consensus panel recommendations for consideration of metformin in addition to change in lifestyle . Criteria for consideration of metformin included the presence of both ifg and igt, with...
Several randomized controlled trials have demonstrated a survival benefit with an implantable cardioverter - defibrillator (icd) among patients who are at high risk for sudden cardiac death in primary prevention settings . It is of major importance to identify patients who will benefit from icd implantation and generat...
Living donor liver transplants (ldlt) are associated with a higher rate of biliary complications than deceased donor liver transplants (ddlt). Biliary leaks and subsequent biliary strictures have been reported to occur in up to 30% of the patients undergoing ldlt . Management of biliary complications involves a combina...
The conventional surgery for curative treatment of distal gastric cancer is resection of the distal stomach with all of the greater omentum and lesser omentum . But a less invasive procedure such as laparoscopic - assisted distal gastrectomy (ladg) has become more popular as the detection rate of early gastric cancer h...
Diabetes is the most frequent endocrine disease in developed countries and one of the most common noncommunicable diseases (ncds) globally, estimated to have affected more than 371 million people in 2012 and projected to affect 552 million by 2030 . It is the fourth or fifth leading cause of death worldwide with 4.8 mi...
Metabolic syndrome (ms) is a disorder comprised of a combination of glucose intolerance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and visceral fat accumulation, which promotes the development of cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis [1, 2]. Inflammation, demonstrated primarily by elevated levels of serum c - reactive protein,...
The egg batches of h. nigrescens were collected in niigata prefecture, japan, in april 2012 . Arrows indicate the level of the line between epaxial muscles and hypaxial muscles . A: st 38, b: st 50, c: st 58, d: st 63a, e: st 66, f: st 68 . Scale bar=5 mm . And table 1table 1.specimens of hynobius nigrescens used in th...
Although breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in both developed and developing countries, it has a higher survival rate than other cancers (15). Improvements in the breast cancer survival rate over recent decades have been attributed to progressive developments in early diagnosis and use of adjuvant ther...
Nonmuscle - invasive bladder cancer seldom shows distant metastasis . In addition, it is extremely rare for bladder cancer staged as ta under the international union against cancer guidelines to result in distant metastasis . We present the case of a patient with a distant pulmonary metastasis of ta bladder cancer; the...
During recent decades methicillin - resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) have emerged as human nosocomial pathogens throughout the world . Mrsa were found to colonize and infect various animal species comprising horses [24], cows, dogs and cats [6, 7], rabbits and other companion animals . A special focus was put on ...
Hyper - immunoglobulin m syndrome (higm) is a rare heterogeneous group of disorders, 70% of which are due to cd40-ligand deficiency . These patients are susceptible to recurrent sinopulmonary infections and opportunistic infections, especially pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia . Bronchiectasis is characterized by abnorma...
Excessive sweating is a medical condition in which a person sweats much more than needed . The medical name of this disorder is hyperhidrosis known as a common dermal problem that affects people of all ages and leads to negative impact on the quality of life . During the last decades, several studies have shown that in...
Paraneoplastic syndromes (ps) represent a heterogeneous group of disorders that reflect the remote effects of cancer arising in any specific organ system . Some ps affect the nervous system and may precede the detection of the actual cancer by months or even years; they can also be indicative for the specific site of t...
. They can be either pedunculated or sessile and are more common in the extremities . We present a case of 18 year female, who came with a swelling in right groin since 2 years which was diagnosed to be osteochondroma on x - ray and magnetic resonance imaging . Excision biopsy was done as the patient wanted it to be re...
As demand for food and energy grows, innovative ways to meet demand while enhancing environmental quality will be needed . Anaerobic digesters (ads) can produce renewable energy from livestock manure, prevent the release of methane, and reduce air and water pollution, and digested manure can be applied to crops as a fe...
Strabismus is an important medical condition with a prevalence ranging between 2% and 4% in the general population, which affects the population and causes severe complications.13 in most forms of strabismus, patients motor fusion mechanisms are anomalous or are inadequate for the maintenance of ocular alignment . Ther...
Etec, the causative agent of travelers' diarrhea, is the most common bacterial diarrheal disease of children in latin america, asia and africa, and it is contracted upon ingestion of contaminated food or water . It is estimated that this disease is responsible for 400 million cases annually resulting in 300 000 deaths ...
The type 1 boston keratoprosthesis (kpro) is a poly (methyl methacrylate) device that has gained acceptance in many types of end - stage corneal diseases as a viable surgical option.13 the kpro is assembled using a carrier donor tissue, and its optics afford excellent visual acuity and field of vision4 assuming that th...
The rate of end - stage failure of several vital organs (e.g., kidneys, liver, heart, and lungs) is increasing expeditiously due to scientific advancements and the ability to sustain brain dead patients over a long period of time (1). Organ transplantation is known as the treatment of choice for patients with advanced ...
Kimura disease (kd) presents as a subcutaneous mass, most frequently occurring in the head and neck regions . The histological characteristics of the disease are hyperplastic lymphoid tissue that contains well - developed lymphoid follicles, marked infiltration of eosinophils, vascular proliferation, and fibrosis . How...
The use of the waterpipe, or shisha, for smoking tobacco is an old tradition in the eastern mediterranean region that goes back centuries . This habit is relatively rare in singapore, a country with a predominantly chinese population . Carbon monoxide (co) poisoning can be notoriously deceptive and non - specific in it...
Lichen planus pigmentosus (lpp), an uncommon variant of lp, is characterized by mottled or reticulated hyperpigmented, dark brown macules in sun - exposed areas and flexural folds . The histopathologic findings of lpp consist of hyperkeratosis, atrophic epidermis with vacuolar alteration of the basal cell layer, and sc...
Crimean congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf) is a viral disease with approximate mortality rate of 30% in humans (ergonul 2006). The disease can be transmitted via contact with blood or secretions of infected animals and tick bite or manipulation and squishing of cchf infected ticks . Human to human transmission i.e. Nosocom...
Futsal has been growing as a relatively new sport since fifa standardised the regulations and international competitions (i.e., the first world championship was played in 1989, rotterdam, the netherlands). However, from a scientific perspective, there is a lack of research in futsal, in particular when comparing the av...
This paper focuses on estimates of the australian population's (including women of child bearing age, the target group for folic acid fortification) intake of folic acid from voluntary and mandatory fortified foods, and not their intake of total dietary folate from all foods consumed . Folic acid as used in this paper ...
Micro- and nanoscale photonic devices require miniaturized glass - based photonic components . In this context, silica nanofibers have a great potential as low - loss waveguides for nano - optics and microphotonics applications . The large tensile strength of these fibers allows for the development of micro- and nanome...
Increasing longevity is one of the great achievements of our civilization, but it has also given rise to discussion about good and successful aging . The concept of successful aging has attracted much debate, but there is still no universally accepted definition or standard measurement tool for it . The encyclopedia of...
The ncic clinical trials group ma.17 study was a prospective, randomized, double - blind, placebo - controlled, phase iii trial of letrozole as extended adjuvant therapy for 5 years in postmenopausal breast cancer patients who remained disease - free after having completed approximately 5 years of standard adjuvant tam...
The essential features of the olmsted county, minnesota, usa, impaired glycemia (oc ig) survey were identification of persons with ig and non - ig in local population - based medical and laboratory registries, obtaining consent by letter, assessing their glycemia status (non - ig, ig, and new diabetes) at study (fig . ...
According to ims institute for healthcare informatics estimates, health care costs caused by improper and unnecessary use of medicines exceeded $200 billion in 2012 (ims institute for healthcare informatics, 2013). In 2013, the estimated health care expenditures related to potentially inappropriate medications (pims) w...
A 31-year - old female patient consulted to our outpatient clinic because of a mass protruding from her right nipple . On her breast examination, an 8 mm prolapsed mass was seen on the right breast areola (figure 1). During physical examination any abnormality was not detected on other parts of the breast, and her left...
Malignancies of the thyroid gland are relatively rare worldwide, but incidence has steadily increased over the last few decades . The majority of thyroid cancers are differentiated carcinomas of the papillary or of follicular type, which typically have a good prognosis and highest cure rate . Here, we report a case of ...
In companion animals, the healing of large skin defects resulted from traumatic accidents can be challenging to treat since they need a complex management consisting of accurate debridement of damaged and necrotic tissues, local and/or systemic infection control, protection of the underlying tissues and induction of cu...
The papillomaviruses (pvs) are viruses that require the environment of a differentiating epithelium for their replication cycle . Pvs infect mammals, including man, and are related to development of benign lesions that can progress to cancer . Uterine cervical cancer, the second most frequently occurring cancer in wome...
The complications related to drug abuse such as myocardial insufficiency, myocardial infarction, endocarditis, myocarditis, aortic dissection, neurologic damage, ischemic colitis and renal failure are known, but have been reported very rarely . Amongst the illicit drugs, cocaine, amphetamines and cannabis have been stu...
Hypothyroidism is a complex disorder characterized by an increase in body weight . About 1530% of hypothyroid patients are reported to be overweight and sufficient replacement therapy generally induces significant weight loss . However, 7% of the patients were observed to preserve their original weight in spite of the ...
Diabetes especially diabetes mellitus (dm) has become a disease of concern for both developed and developing countries [1, 2]. In adults, the prevalence of dm worldwide was estimated to be 8.3% in 2011 and is expected to rise to 9.9% by the year 2030 largely due to the global obesity epidemic and other factors . A dm p...
Patient 1 was a 60-year - old man who was hospitalized on 5 august 2013, because of two weeks of fever, arthralgias and malaise . Furthermore, no plasmodium parasite was observed on the giemsa stained blood smears obtained on the first day of hospitalization . The patient had a temperature of 38.5c, low platelet count ...
Diabetes mellitus is one of the chronic metabolic diseases characterized by high blood glucose level, due to the absence of insulin and/or defect in insulin action . The chronic elevation of blood glucose level in diabetic patient leads to complications and failure of many organs in the body such as heart, kidney, and ...
The total contamination of fukushima - daiichi nuclear power plant (f1npp) accident was about a tenth comparing to that of the chernobyl accident, and a hundred times to that of the windscale accident [1, 2]. Most of the radioactive materials dispersed to the pacific ocean by the dominant westerly wind occurring at the...
Microorganisms such as fungi, viruses and bacteria are recognized as biocontrol agents (1). Nematodes are a large group of parasites which cause serious economic and hygienic problems in plants, animals and humans . Several programs are developed to minimize the unfavorable effects of gastrointestinal parasites (3). So...
All videos were viewed and included in subsequent analyses if tcg was discussed or shown . Most of the search terms used in the current study were obtained from the orlando sentinel and additional terms commonly used in tcg research, including the following: the choking game; space cowboy; space monkey; funky chicken; ...
Due to ageing populations and increased survival rates from myocardial infarction, heart failure (hf) is now at epidemic levels in high - income countries [1, 2]. As a result, the costs of caring for people with hf are very high and rising . Over past decades, a primary strategy in reducing the personal and cost - rela...
All tissues were obtained from north carolina eye bank donors without a clinical history of glaucoma or glaucoma - associated conditions, elevated iop, or the use of glaucoma medications or steroids . The ocular tissues were dissected out by the surgeon (rra) and immersed in rnalater (ambion, waltham, ma, usa), to pres...
Pregnancy is a transient condition, but when it is complicated by preeclampsia it has lasting effects on both the mother and the child . This paper describes the short- and long - term consequences of preeclampsia to both the mother and the child, with an emphasis on the children's vulnerability to vascular disease and...
Professor marthanda varma sankaran valiathan is currently chairman of the task force in ayurvedic biology of the department of science and technology and an honorary advisor, manipal university . Earlier, he was professor of cardiac surgery and director of the sree chitra tirunal institute for medical sciences and tech...
Lung carcinoma is the mostly frequently diagnosed cancer in the world and is also the most common cause of cancer deaths in males and females all over the world . Female lung cancer, with mortality higher than that of the combined mortality from breast and colon / rectum cancer, accounted for 26% of the estimated cance...
Glucocorticoid (gc) excess, including cushing's syndrome, is a common cause of secondary osteoporosis . Several reports have confirmed the high prevalence of various degrees of osteopenia / osteoporosis in patients with hypercortisolism . The prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in cushing's syndrome is diverse am...
Diabetes mellitus is an important public health issue due to its high prevalence and increased morbidity and mortality . Cardiac injury is caused by coronary atherosclerosis and diabetes - related cardiomyopathy . As first reported by rubler et al ., diabetic cardiomyopathy is a single form of heart disease characteriz...
Intravenous (iv) induction during general anesthesia (ga) is common practice in modern anesthesia . Avoidance of neuromuscular blocking (nmb) drugs is an unusual requirement, in surgical procedures that mandates no paralysis (e.g., selective nerve stimulation to aid in dissection), anticipated difficult airway, or in c...
Eight male new zealand white rabbits, weighing approximately 3 kilograms each, were included in this study . These rabbits were anesthetized with an intravenous injection of ketamin (40 mg / kg) and xylazine (5 mg / kg), and placed in the right decubitus position; thus, allowing a retroperitoneal approach to the left r...
The seronegative spondyloarthopathies (spa) that include ankylosing spondylitis (as), reactive arthritis, and arthritis associated with psoriasis or inflammatory bowel disease, and juvenile onset spondyloarthropathy, share certain common articular and peri - articular features that differ from rheumatoid arthritis (ra)...
Given the 1:500 prevalence of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (hocm) in the general population, it may present to the anaesthesiologist more often than anticipated . We hereby describe how our anaesthetic technique (general anaesthesia with peripheral nerve blocks) for bilateral knee arthroplasty was well chose...
Bladder cancer is the fifth most common malignancy in europe with more than 151,000 new cases diagnosed annually, accounting for 4.4% of all cancers excluding non - melanoma skin cancer . 70 to 80% of bladder tumors are classified as non - muscle invasive bladder cancer (nmibc). It was repeatedly demonstrated that, des...
Studies suggest that localized renal cell carcinoma (t12n0m0) is best treated by nephron - sparing surgery (nss) rather than by radical nephrectomy irrespective of the surgical approach . Although the ideal outcome remains partial nephrectomy (pn), patient characteristics, tumor radiologic features, surgeon experience,...
Traumatic crown fractures, which are caused from dental injuries, are a serious dental public health problem.1 a majority of the crown fractures involve the maxillary incisors.2 today s dental patients are demanding a youthful, attractive smile.3 single - appointment direct restorations should ideally be restricted to ...
Every year between the 1200 to 1400 persons per million develop urinary calculosis with a male to female ratio of 3:1 (1). Urology is probably the oldest branch of surgery, knowing that one of the first operations was safe and resolve stone jammed on the outer opening of the urethra (2). Creation of stones in the urina...
Atherosclerosis is a common degenerative disorder, which is closely related to the aging process . Because of the aging of the general population, atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (aras) is anticipated to become increasingly prevalent over the coming decades . Aras is a common cause of hypertension and chronic ren...
These extrahepatic lesions are most commonly found in the lungs, lymph nodes, and bones . There have been reports of extrahepatic lesions found in urogenital sites, such as the kidneys, testes, and bladder [24]. We encountered a patient with a metastatic hcc lesion presenting as a tender right inguinal mass . To the be...
Severe growth hormone deficiency (ghd) in adults can give rise to several abnormalities . A growing recognition of this clinical syndrome in the last 20 years has led to the therapeutic use of growth hormone (gh) replacement in adults with severe ghd . This treatment is now available in approximately 80 countries world...
To detect bim deletion polymorphism, we performed two types of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) analysis, according to the method of ng et al . In brief, we used a single primer set that contains the deletion area in intron 2 and two separate primer sets designed for wild - type and deletion alleles . The dna was subjec...
Contrast - enhanced computed tomography colonography (ce - ctc) is the best technique for colorectal cancer sites and staging (12), as well as to diagnose synchronous colonic lesions (3) in patients with obstructing cancers . Ce - ctc is also useful to preoperatively evaluate others colorectal diseases, such as diverti...
Primary hyperparathyroidism (php) is a rare life - threatening condition that can present during the pregnancy . Most of the cases are due to parathyroid adenoma, but rarely parathyroid carcinoma may be the cause of php . Diagnosis can be difficult to establish during the pregnancy, given the non - specific symptoms re...
Unilocular adipocytes are the principal component of white adipose tissue and have a classical role in the regulation of triglycerides and fatty acid accumulation during energy expenditure and deprivation 1 - 2 . The regulation of adipocyte differentiation is controlled by several factors, including hormones and their ...
A 24-year - old woman with mild pre - eclampsia was admitted for induction of labor under normal - term labor after 40 weeks gestation . Ten days before her admission she was admitted for 6 days for mild hypertension and moderate edema of her legs . Her blood pressure at the time of admission was 152/82 mm hg and her h...
Resin - bonded fixed partial dentures (fpds) are inexpensive and there are more conservative treatment options for replacing missing teeth [1, 2]. Metal resin - bonded fpds continue to decrease demand because of the existing several disadvantages . While metal substrate is durable and stiff, it has considerable estheti...
Initially we performed a pilot study with a yorkshire pig model, but because thin - section ct showed that the bronchi of this animal were relatively thick - walled and small - calibered, and the response to airway stimulating agents was thus minimally visible, the model was rejected as unsuitable . These animals have ...
Papillary lesions of the breast include benign (papilloma) as well as malignant (papillary carcinoma) entities . Both the ends of the spectrum are characterized by the presence of fibrovascular cores lined by epithelial proliferation with varying degrees of atypia . Though a definite diagnosis of the nature of tumor is...
Understanding the rules that govern protein folding is one of the great challenges of molecular biology . Studies of protein folding, combining experiment and simulation, have led to a solid understanding of the physical process of folding and the forces that stabilize proteins . The last 10 years have witnessed a revo...
The impetus to frame a new area of physiology often arises at the interface of existing fields of inquiry . As prime examples, neuroendocrinology emerged when nerve endings in the hypothalamus, near the base of the brain, were observed to release hormones that cue the anterior pituitary to regulate an array of endocrin...
Coexistence of systemic lupus erythematosus and vitiligo has been infrequently reported . However, cases of vitiligo coexisting with discoid lupus erythematosus (dle) have been much rarer . This is an important consideration as the presence of one disorder may affect the therapy of the second and require detail clinica...
In global era and resulting from asean economic community (aec) s policy to induce rapid economic, social, and environmental changes . These changes led to the change of employee system, especially, thai immigrant employees in asia . The characteristic of employees movement among all employees in many countries has the...
The mammalian target - of - rapamycin inhibitor (mtor) everolimus has been licensed in europe since 2004 for the prevention of organ rejection in adult patients at low to moderate immunological risk receiving an allogeneic kidney, liver or heart transplant . It was developed to improve the pharmacokinetics of the mtor ...
Older people's participation in leisure activities, such as involvement in cultural, social, and physical activities, is known to be positively associated with health and survival . It is therefore important to improve the understanding of the risk factors that might cause a decline in such participation . Accordingly,...
Multidrug resistance (mdr) is one of the main causes of the failure of cancer chemotherapy . One of the major mechanisms of drug resistance is mediated by overexpression of p - glycoprotein (p - gp, abcb1, mdr1). P - gp is a membrane - bound protein that functions as a drug efflux transporter . This protein has two hal...
Increase in the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases and neural damage has caused the scientists to search for various approaches such as cell therapy to improve the neurogenesis techniques . A lot of investigations confirmed the presence of adult stem cells in various tissues including breast milk . Breast milk co...
The morphology of the human face varies with individuals and even more with races and ethnic group.1 the identification of aesthetic facial qualities began with ancient civilizations such as egyptians and greeks, who captured their ideals of facial beauty in artform.2 some of the classical greek canons of facial propor...
We present a case of an 80-year - old gentleman presenting to the emergency department with a swelling on the anterior abdominal wall in the right upper quadrant extending over the right costal margin . The swelling had developed spontaneously, was painless and increasing in size over two months . He had specifically n...
Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (pavms) are unusual abnormalities of the pulmonary vasculature and are often associated with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (hht) (1). They lead to a right - to - left shunt due to a direct connection between a pulmonary artery and a pulmonary vein . Most of the congenital p...
Cardiovascular diseases are the most important medical challenge worldwide including iran . 30% of the mortality and 10% of the global burden of diseases are attributed to cardiovascular diseases . Myocardial infarction (mi) has the highest contribution among cardiovascular diseases in iran . In 2012, only 4% of 4564 y...
All of the tissues had been fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin and were evaluated for a wide variety of pathologic features by examination of the hematoxylin and eosin (h&e)-stained tissue sections and the immunohistochemically - stained slides by two investigators in a blinded fashion with...
Larvae of d. pini and n. sertifer were collected in northern italy . In detail, a total of 300 larvae of d. pini were collected on pinus sylvestris plants in 2007, in two sampling sites in the municipalities of san martino in monte (bolzano county) and san dorligo (trieste county) della valle (trento county). A further...
Twenty - three pgdm and eight women without any risk factors for type 2 diabetes serving as controls (con) were recruited from the outpatient service of the division of endocrinology and metabolism, department of internal medicine iii, medical university of vienna . Gdm was diagnosed according to the criteria of the fo...
In the past decade, cardiac resynchronization therapy (crt) has become an important treatment option for symptomatic heart failure patients with reduced left ventricular (lv) ejection fraction and abnormal qrs duration mostly in the form of left bundle branch block (lbbb). Until recently, little was known about the pat...