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Latin america and the caribbean have the second highest urbanization level in the world . For every 13 persons there are in the region, 10 of them live in cities (78.3% in 2007); and 20 of the region's largest cities are home to nearly 20% of its population . Jamaica is a predominantly afro - caribbean society, 75% bla...
The treatment of septic patients emphasizes the optimization of oxygen utilization by tissues through maintenance of an adequate oxygen supply, minimizing the cellular dysfunction progression . Blood cell transfusion is frequently used with the intention of augmenting arterial oxygen content and its utilization by the ...
Since the initial development of inactivated influenza vaccines in the 1940s, vaccine manufacturers have continually sought to improve their products in response to three main drivers: increased safety and comfort of vaccinated individuals, improved manufacturing security and productivity, and greater vaccine efficacy ...
Ubiquitin is an evolutionarily highly conserved small protein of 76 amino acids (8.6 kda). Ubiquitination is a post - translational protein modification, carried out by three classes of enzymes, namely the ubiquitin - activating- (e1), ubiquitin - conjugating- (e2), and ubiquitin - ligating - enzymes (e3). The consecut...
Lead - free materials are of interest as new candidates to interchange the widely used lead - based ceramics owing to their pollution free environmental friendly character throughout the preparation process . Materials that can absorb microwaves will eliminate electromagnetic radiation pollution . Wide unfolding applic...
Mechanical amplification is something we experience every day, in the form of gears, pulleys, and levers . While climbing a hill on a bicycle, for instance, shifting gears increases the force on the wheels while limiting the pressure required on the pedals . However, energy has to be conserved, and because mechanical w...
Initiation of an multimodal, customer focused service network across the service sectors for multimorbid patients: for example the hard - of - hearing . The lack in accessibility of services, flexibility of appointments and handicap - oriented communication skills often prevents the geriatric patient from partaking in ...
A 74-year - old female patient visited a pain clinic, complaining of pain in her back, and left chest wall . Six years earlier, the patient had a lateral fixation at t12, l1, and l2, due to a compression fracture at l1 . Two years after this operation, the patient had osteoporotic compression fractures at t6 and t9 . F...
Pregnancy, delivery and puerperium can be complicated by severe maternal morbidity necessitating intensive care unit (icu) admission . Management of the critically ill obstetric patient is very complex and requires cooperation of both obstetrician and intensivist / anaesthetist . One facility - based study has been per...
Ehrlich's advice that treatment of infections should " hit hard and hit early, " formulated in the earliest days of antimicrobial chemotherapy, presciently summarized the principles of treatment for infections such as tuberculosis (tb) (9). These principles are embodied in modern protocols of directly observed, short -...
At present a major difficulty in understanding drug action in the human brain is the ability to relate the multiple physical scales of investigation . How do the findings of molecular biology relate to cellular neurophysiology and in turn to neuroimaging and cognitive testing? It is often only via inference and synthes...
In situ hybridization and immunostaining were performed to analyze expression of relevant gene transcripts and protein products, respectively . Targeted knockout mice were used to analyze the consequence of loss in embryo of tbx6 and/or sox2 enhancer n1, and transgenic mice to monitor enhancer n1 activity or to ectopic...
Hellp syndrome represents a severe form of preeclampsia, presenting with hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count . Visual symptoms can be present in up to 25% of patients with preeclampsia, usually in the form of decreased visual acuity . Retinal detachment is a rare, but the well - document cause of ...
Transition state theory (tst) describes the rates of chemical reactions in terms of the free energy barrier for the process . Although the theory was developed mainly to describe reaction dynamics in the gas phase, it has been applied to activated processes in condensed - phase environments using one of the following f...
Aldehyde dehydrogenases (aldh) comprise a superfamily of enzymes that catalyze the nad(p)-dependent oxidation of aldehydes to their corresponding carboxylic acids . Enzymes in this superfamily exhibit diversity in their specificity for substrates . Detrimental changes in their contributions to specific metabolic pathwa...
Our study enrolled 40 consecutive patients with a traumatic or foreign body removal - related corneal abrasion (occurring within 24 hours of the beginning of the study and not caused by thermal, radiant, or caustic agents) that spared the bowman membrane and the limbus, and involved <50% of the cornea and with corneal ...
There exists sufficient evidence which links the diseased state of atherosclerosis to elevated levels of total cholesterol (tc), low - density lipoproteins cholesterol (ldl - c), very low - density lipoprotein cholesterol (vldl - c), and triglycerides (tg) (14, 18, 24). Current research suggests that atherosclerosis is...
About 65% of all people with a visual impairment are 50 years old and older, and this age group currently comprises about 20% of the world s population . With an increasing elderly population worldwide, more people will be at risk of visual impairment due to chronic eye diseases and ageing processes1 . Serious concern ...
The dichotomy of having both generalists and specialists is omnipresent in many fields and is not restricted to physician occupations . One can observe that a growing number of health care professions, such as nurses and pharmacists, are increasingly becoming subdivided into specific specialties.1,2 this type of genera...
Abundant epidemiological studies in populations and preclinical studies in animal models demonstrate that high density lipoprotein (hdl) protects against the development of atherosclerosis . The scavenger receptor class b type 1 (sr - b1) is a multiligand receptor that has high affinity for hdl and can mediate the bi -...
For many mothers, giving birth to a child means a clear break from the community to which they had previously belonged . Report that changes in mothers' social situations from the puerperal period to the child - rearing period are related to depression through lack of a sense of belonging . Similarly, hagerty and willi...
In the past 30 years, the global prevalence of obesity has increased among all age groups . Obesity leads not only to an increase in adipose tissue mass but also to the infiltration of proinflammatory cells and secretion of inflammatory cytokines [1, 2]. Therefore, obesity is characterized by low - grade inflammation i...
Nursing is a professional, which because of its stressful nature, being faced with unforeseen situations, shifting, organizational and personal factors, effect on mental and physical health of these practitioners . Different studies has reported that in comparison with the mental and physical health of people of our co...
Despite all preventive and therapeutical efforts, melanoma is still the most aggressive and deadliest skin cancer especially in persons of fair complexion . To a certain extent, primary prevention campaigns already achieved an earlier diagnosis of thinner tumors with a better prognosis . Incidence rates are nonetheless...
We analyzed serum samples that were collected in may 2009 from 125 dairy cows in durazno county (33230s, 56310w), durazno state, uruguay (figure 2). The cattle herds had no clinical sings of disease at the time of serum collection . To determine the presence of neutralizing antibodies in the serum samples, we used an o...
The study included 225 boys aged 716 years, recruited from two centers of a football academy in the area of tunis (latitude, 35n). Children with liver, renal, or bone disease; intestinal malabsorption; or cancer; and those taking vitamin d supplements, anticonvulsant drugs, or systemic corticosteroids were not included...
Stanford type a aortic dissection (taad) is a catastrophic clinical condition, occurring mainly in middle and old age groups, which requires emergency open surgical intervention . Although surgical results have improved with improvements in cardiac surgery techniques over the last two decades, overall in - hospital mor...
Delivery pain does not result from tissue trauma or damage; rather, it is a part of a unique physiological process . Severe delivery pain leads to the mother's emotional turmoil and disturbs her mental health . It also has several negative effects on maternal and fetal physiological status as well as the delivery progr...
An accurate implant - supported prosthetic framework is considered to have a simultaneous and circumferential contact between the implant abutment and the framework, without causing strains before functional loading.12 if the gap between the implant abutment and the framework is sufficient for bacterial adherence, infl...
The brachial plexus is frequently involved by malignant tumors of the lung apex and breast, or as a result of radiotherapy . Malignant bone tumors, such as osteosarcoma, arising from the cervical spine, clavicle or first rib may less commonly invade the plexus . However, primary tumors of the brachial plexus are rare ....
Among the genes identified so far in drosophila melanogaster that play a role in dna damage repair, mus308 presents some unique properties, because its cdna sequence shows motifs characteristic of dna helicase and dna polymerases . The putative product of this gene was indeed isolated as a new dna polymerase, homologue...
Participants for this project were identified from the diabetes research into adolescent transitions (drat) study . The drat project was a 3-year longitudinal project examining the self - management of young people with type 1 diabetes, living in rural and urban areas of new south wales and the australian capital terri...
The age - adjusted incidence of female thyroid cancer from 2005 to 2009 was 17.3 per 100,000, making it the 5th leading cancer diagnosis among women according to the national cancer institute's surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (seer) program . Recent reports estimate that thyroid cancer incidence has been in...
Recent progress in molecular biology has revealed the molecular basis in the pathogenesis of various diseases . One such therapy is antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti - vegf) therapy, which is now widely used to treat age - related macular degeneration (amd) and cancer . Its role in treating amd is to regulat...
Professional musicians have been used over the last 15 years as a model for brain plasticity . Why are musicians so interesting for plasticity research? First of all, they are experts in playing musical instruments . To play the demanding two three - second segments of the 11th variation from the sixth paganini etude b...
Fifteen years earlier, she had undergone left modified radical mastectomy for infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast (pathologic stating of t1n0m0, according to the american joint committee on cancer [ajcc] tumor - node - metastasis [tnm] classification for breast cancer). Thereafter, she received chemotherapy twi...
S. le g. and b.k.f . Are supported by the intramural research program of the national cancer institute, national institutes of health . K.j.p . Was supported by the homing plus/2012 - 6/12 grant of the foundation for polish science and the national science center, poland (grant 2011/01/d / nz1/03478).
Testicular tumors are rare and account for 1 - 1.5% of all the tumors affecting men but are the commonest tumors in 15 - 35 years of age . Ninety to ninety five percent of testicular tumors are germ cell tumors (gcts), 52 - 56% of which are seminomas . With the current multimodality approach, gcts are considered as one...
This study was conducted under institutional review board approval from wake forest university school of medicine . Identification, clinical characteristics, and recruitment of african american patients and controls have been previously described in detail (22). Briefly, 1,033 unrelated african american patients with t...
Diabetes mellitus (dm) is a chronic metabolic disease which is characterized by hyperglycemia, absolute or relative deficiencies in insulin secretion, and/or insulin action . The new classification proposed by the american diabetes association in 1997 was based on the pathogenesis of the disease and comprises four cate...
Antiphospholipid antibodies are circulating immunoglobulins that are associated with both venous and arterial thrombotic events . The antiphospholipid antibody syndrome is defined by 2 major criteria: the occurrence of at least 1 clinical thrombotic event or pregnancy morbidity (either 1 otherwise unexplained fetal dea...
We report a rare case with simultaneous onset of amn and central retinal vein occlusion (crvo), which is a retinal circulation disorder a 44-year - old woman complained of central visual loss of the left eye for the previous 2 weeks . Fundoscopic examination revealed a wedge - shaped, dark reddish - brown lesion at the...
It is known that swimming is a non - weight - bearing activity that can increase aerobic capacity and lean body mass, however, it has no positive effects on bone mineral density (bmd) [1 - 5]. The loss of bone volume and quality due to a lack of mechanical stimuli can be explained by wolff s law . Bone loss may induce ...
Micrornas (mirnas), a family of small noncoding rnas of 22 nt in length, constitute an important class of regulators that are involved in diverse cellular processes such as developmental control, apoptosis, cell differentiation and proliferation (1). They are also implicated in various disease processes thus emerging a...
This is an unusual case of a 42-year - old gentleman, admitted to the intensive treatment unit (itu) following an attempted suicide . He was observed to develop significant polyuria following admission to itu and this polyuria resolved when propofol was stopped with no further treatment . This is a rare occurrence of t...
The rpe is a monolayer of cells between the choroidal circulation and the neural retina . In addition to serving as the outer blood retina barrier, the rpe plays many specialized essential roles in the retina, including phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segment discs, recycling of retinoids, and participating phototr...
Lupus panniculitis (lp) occurs in 3% of the patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus . It primarily affects subcutaneous tissues of the face and the proximal areas of the limbs, leading to residual atrophy . Lp may lead to major aesthetic sequelae that severely decrease quality of life (even during good long - term ...
Synovial sarcoma (ss) most commonly affects the para - articular regions of the extremities of young adults, . Occasionally, however, ss has been identified in less common locations, including the head and neck, heart, lungs and prostate . Herein, we describe a case of primary renal ss, an exceedingly rare diagnosis, i...
First described pleuropulmonary blastoma (ppb) as a distinctive tumor in young children, occurring almost exclusively in the first decade of life . Since then, individual cases as well as series of similar tumors in children have been reported with the diagnosis of ppb . International ppb registry is maintaining a reco...
Intraoral and extraoral radiographs are integral part of diagnosis of dental disease and treatment planning . While in forensic odontology, radiographs are an implicit part of practice used mainly in identification and age estimation . The tenet of identification by dental means is the comparison of antemortem records ...
The aim of regenerative medicine is currently underway to use the body s own cells to repair diseased or damaged tissue . The use of stem cells from different tissues for regenerative medicine applications has increased over the past few years . Amniotic fluid (af) represents rich sources of stem cells population deriv...
Sepsis is a common clinical condition with a significant impact on healthcare resources and expense . According to world health organization estimates, sepsis accounts for 60 - 80% of lost lives per year in childhood . It accounts for approximately 20% of all admissions to the intensive care unit and is remain the lead...
This series of articles provides regular surveillance of new technologies which may impact on critical care . Several countries have developed national horizon scanning systems to identify and monitor new health technologies . There is variation in how these centres gather information, but a consistent set of high prio...
Metastatic cancer is usually found in the bone, which is the third most common site of cancer metastasis . Metastatic bone cancer often occurs in the axial skeleton such as pelvis, ribs, skull, and vertebrae . Metastatic cancer of the limbs is frequently found at the proximal end of long bones such as the proximal end ...
They can be defined as aneurysmal dilatation of intra- and extra - hepatic ducts and are classified according to the involved segment of the biliary tree . The incidence of choledochal cysts is increasing due to the improvements in imaging techniques and choledochal cysts of adults get clinical attention due to various...
Lumbar spinal stenosis (lss) presents with intermittent claudication (ic) in the lower extremities as a typical symptom26,28). Peripheral arterial disease (pad) also presents with similar symptoms as vascular ic17,21). Neurogenic ic, on the other hand, caused by narrowing of the neural foramen and spinal canal, is aggr...
Hole argument is the english translation of the german phrase lochbetrachtung, used by albert einstein to describe his argument against the possibility of generally - covariant equations for the gravitational field, developed in late 1913 and accepted until late 1915 . Einstein realized the desirability of general cova...
In this multicenter, prospective, open - label, randomized study, we enrolled 375 adult patients admitted to general medicine and surgery services . We recruited patients with a known history of t2d and with a bg before randomization between 140 and 400 mg / dl, a known history of t2d for> 3 months, age between 18 and ...
Darier disease (dd) is a rare, autosomal dominant, inherited acantholytic dermatosis caused by a mutation in the atp2a2 gene on chromosome 12 . The diagnosis of dd is suggested by the clinical findings of a persistent eruption of greasy hyperkeratotic papules and plaques usually occurring over seborrheic areas as well ...
Eye diseases such as diabetic retinopathy (dr) and diabetic macular edema (dme) are the most common causes of irreversible vision loss in individuals with diabetes . Just in united states alone, health care and associated costs related to eye diseases are estimated at almost $500 m . Moreover, the prevalent cases of dr...
Global digital pathology networks between pathology laboratories, academic centers and commercial entities have capitalized on whole slide imaging (wsi) technology, the internet and cloud services . At the university of pittsburgh medical center (upmc) we launched a telepathology consultation service with kingmed diagn...
Blue nevus is an acquired benign melanocytic nevus described as a blue or blue - black, firm papule, nodule or plaque - like lesion occurring on the skin and mucous membranes . Malignant blue nevus is rare, and a common blue nevus rarely needs a differential diagnosis from malignant melanoma . Although a melanocytic ne...
It develops most of the time on the skin; however, other parts of the body could be involved, including the oral cavities . Oral malignant melanoma (omm), unlike cutaneous melanoma, is considered a rare lesion with an incidence of 0.4 - 1.8% of all melanomas and 0.5% of all oral malignancies . The etiology of omm is st...
Inflammation represents a complex, nonspecific immune response of the body to pathogens, damaged cells, tissue injury, allergens, toxic compounds, or irritant molecules . It may also escape the original tissue and spread via the circulatory and/or the lymphatic system to other parts of the body, producing a systemic in...
The principal functions of the mucosal epithelial barrier are to digest and absorb food nutrients, as well as to protect the body from dangerous microorganisms (1, 2). Our body is not fully equipped to transform all ingested food into its recyclable constituents, and we need the help of beneficial microorganisms for th...
Impressions play a vital role in the success of prosthesis because a prosthesis can be no more accurate than the impression from which it has been made . One of the most critical factors in the production of an accurate impression is the use of an appropriate impression material . There is a continuous effort to improv...
Early genetic studies suggest that a lack of decorin is permissive for tumor development . More specifically, crossing decorin - null mice with the p53-null mice caused early lethality of the double mutant animals because of massive organ infiltration by t - cell lymphoma . A more recent publication from our group demo...
There is general consensus that radiosurgery is a preferred option to surgical removal for the treatment of an arteriovenous malformation in the basal ganglia, thalamus, and other deep brain areas . This is because surgical removal of a deep seated avm is especially difficult, producing high mortality and morbidity rat...
Alzheimer's disease (ad) is a pernicious neurodegenerative disease which is incurable with remedies developed up to date . The number of patients increases every year worldwide and 5.2 million people in the united states are suffering from ad . This number is expected to expand to 36 million to 115 million in worldwide...
A 10-year - old boy came with a complaint of anterior cross bite to our department . The patient had no relevant past dental or medical history and no habits . On extra - oral examination [figure 1], patient had a dolico - cephalic head shape, lepto - prosobic facial form, concave profile, anterior divergence and acute...
A 44 year old single male, presented to our outpatient department with complaints of day time excessive sleepiness, lethargy, low mood and disturbed sleep at night for the past 3 months . History revealed that these symptoms were triggered by the death of his father . On detailed evaluation, it was found that he had be...
Atrial fibrillation (af), whether paroxysmal (paf) or persistent, is a chronic disorder, and recurrence is likely at some point in most patients with af . Stroke as well as functional impairments and cardiac failure are the well - known consequences of af . However, interventions such as antiarrhythmic drugs, electrica...
T regulatory cells (tregs) are important mediators of immune suppression, and their presence prevents reactions against self by inducing regulatory signals to antigen presenting cells (apcs) and/or effector t cells [1, 2]. Their ablation increases the risk of autoimmunity whilst, on the contrary, their signals could al...
Pneumatosis intestinalis (pi) is a rare and unexpected disorder defined as accumulation of gas in the submucosa or subserosa of the large or small intestine . It is associated with a variety of diseases, and its pathogenesis is still obscure ., it has been reported in 12 cases after pediatric orthotopic lt [1 - 5], alt...
Facial and smile esthetics is a major reason for many patients to seek orthodontic and dental treatment . Smile esthetics is affected by several factors (such as the occlusion, gingival display, lip position, dentolabial harmony, or dental anomalies like congenitally missing teeth) and is critical for enhancing one's p...
Bioaerosols and particulate matter of indoor and outdoor environment have a direct effect on the human health . Bacteria have the diameter of about 28 m but these remain rarely free in the air . Generally, they tend to aggregate or attach to nonviable particles to form large clumps . The total bacterial count is also s...
Hyperpolarized noble gas magnetic resonance imaging (mri) is an emerging technique that enables novel quantitative analysis of pulmonary physiology (1, 2). Although the density of gas introduced into the lungs is low, optical pumping techniques can be used before inhalation to produce extremely high nuclear spin polari...
Major concerns exist about the quality of water for such uses as human consumption and crop irrigation . Thus, the number of samples as well as of analytes (both normal components and pollutants) increases continuously, challenging the capacity of analytical laboratories . In uruguay, the school of chemistry of the uni...
Dcs are part of the innate immune system and function as sentinels for pathogens at potential sites of invasion (e.g., the skin or the gastrointestinal tract). Proteins are then converted into peptides which are subsequently presented on major histocompatibility complex (mhc) molecules and recognized by t lymphocytes ....
Blood donation in israel is voluntary and does not involve any monetary benefit . Using records from magen david adom, we registered age, sex, country of birth, and maternal and paternal countries of birth once for each donor, regardless of the number of blood units donated . From 1995 through 1998, donors were screene...
Approximately 1 million new and recurrent acute myocardial infarctions (ami) occur annually in the united states.1 whereas st - segment elevation myocardial infarction (stemi) has long been accepted terminology in the literature and clinical setting,2 the term non - stemi (nstemi) became more commonly used in the mid-1...
The trigger finger is in the clinical practice, frequently caused by stenosing tenosynovitis at the a1 pulley characterized by pain, swelling and a triggering sensation with the limitation of finger motion . The first treatment is conservative using anti - inflammatory drugs and steroid injection, but some resistant ca...
At the time of the birth of general relativity (gr), experimental confirmation was almost a side issue . Einstein did calculate observable effects of general relativity, such as the perihelion advance of mercury, which he knew to be an unsolved problem, and the deflection of light, which was subsequently verified, but ...
Hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) is the sixth most common malignant disease worldwide and the third greatest cause of cancer - related death . The etiology of hcc has been reported to be related to a variety of diseases such as viral hepatitis [2, 3], alcoholic hepatitis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (nafld) [5, 6], ...
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, plays an important role in tumor growth, local invasiveness, and metastatic progression . Many preclinical studies and clinical trials confirm the importance of integrin v3 in the process of tumor angiogenesis and metastasis [1, 2]. Integrin v3 is a cell adhesion molecu...
Beginning in 1989, oral vaccination using bait that contained the live, attenuated, evelyn - rokitnicki - abelseth (era) (6,7) strain of rabies virus was distributed in ontario to control rabies in red foxes in rural and urban habitats (4,810). The bait matrix consisted of beef tallow, wax, and attractants such as chic...
Detailed methodology can be found in the supplementary information . In short, luciferase reporter gene assay, immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting analysis, purification of recombinant proteins, in vitro kinase assays, and cell migration assay were performed, as previously described.
Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory condition of the pancreas characterized clinically by abdominal pain and elevated levels of pancreatic enzymes: amylase and lipase in the blood . The incidence of acute pancreatitis in the united states is approximately 17 cases per 100,000 people . Although gallstones and alcohol ...
Diabetes confers an increased risk for all - site cancer worldwide, except prostate cancer . Among the chinese population of hong kong, for example, the prevalence of diabetes was reported to be over 10% in mid 1990s with 30% higher risk for cancer in people with diabetes compared to the general population . With aging...
During the course of treatment for autoimmune disease, patients with no history of bleeding sometimes suddenly present with severe ecchymoses or muscle hematoma . In such cases, acquired coagulation factor deficiencies, including acquired hemophilia a (aha), should be considered in the differential diagnosis of the cau...
Sphingomonas is a group of gram - negative, rod - shaped, non - spore - forming, chemoheterotrophic, strictly aerobic bacterium that produces yellow or off - white pigmented colonies . The distinctiveness of sphingomonas lies in its possession of ubiquinone 10 as its major respiratory quinone, presence of glycosphingol...
Let dj, j=1,,m, mn, be bounded and open subsets of rn, n=2,3, such that rndj are connected and assume that they are disjoint .,m, of dj is of class c2 and the unit normal vector is directed into the exterior of dj . Finally, we set dj=1mdj . We denote by the density function such that =1 in rnd, continuous inside d and...
Patients with liver cirrhosis (lc) induced by chronic hepatitis b (chb) are at high risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) [13]. The proportion of people chronically infected with hepatitis b virus (hbv) is about 350 million people worldwide . The lifetime risk of hbv carriers to develop cirrhosis is estimat...
We developed a basic modular training program (mtp), specially designed for pediatric surgeons . The aim of this study was to investigate whether our current mtp is effective for pediatric surgeons and whether their previous laparoscopic experience affects the training results . Nine surgeons who participated in mtp (7...
We report the case of one patient undergoing routine gastric bypass who experienced major complications . A 56 year old female was referred from a district general hospital after a protracted history of abdominal pain and vomiting . Past medical history included osteoarthritis and hypertension, and a past surgical hist...
Intellectual and developmental disabilities are lifelong chronic conditions, with multiple etiologies . Further, intellectual and developmental disabilities (i / dd) can affect anyone, that is, from any ethnic or socioeconomic background . They are characterized by limitations in both intellectual functioning and adapt...