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Coronary artery disease (cad) is a leading cause of death throughout the world (1). Over the four decades, a significant decrease has been observed in age - related mortality caused by cardiovascular disease (2). People in developing countries suffer from cad at a relatively younger age and about half of mi occurs unde... |
During the last decade, of the definition of the optimal treatment in high risk prostate cancer (pca) is among the topics that are of most interest to the urological community, but consensus in this field is still not reached . Up until a decade ago, most t3 pca patients underwent radiotherapy (rt) or androgen deprivat... |
Fear of hypoglycaemia and gain in body weight are barriers for initiation of insulin therapy . Modern insulin analogues are a convenient new approach or tool to glycaemic control, associated with low number of hypoglycaemia and favourable weight change . A1chieve, a multinational, 24-week, non - interventional study, a... |
Osteoporosis is a common metabolic bone disease characterized by low bone mass, microarchitectural weakening leading to bone fragility, and increased fracture risk . Osteoporosis affects one in three women and one in five men over the age of 50 and may not be detected until symptoms or fractures occur . White women ove... |
Antimitotic agents such as the taxanes are used widely to treat various cancers . To address limitations with these agents, a new generation of inhibitors that disrupt mitosis without affecting microtubule dynamics however, we still have limited understanding of the mechanisms that dictate cell fate in response to mito... |
High blood pressure is a major cause of cardiovascular disease worldwide, and recent studies showed that there is a linear correlation between blood pressure and cardiovascular disease . In recent decades rapid social and economic changes have led to the increment in prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors such as bl... |
, several natural and synthetic compounds are tested for various anti - cancer activities . Medicinal chemistry deals with synthesis of new agents for treating cancer by higher selectivity and lower side effects (1). Dacarbazine (dtic) and temozolomide (tmz; figure 1) are two members of triazenes used in the clinical t... |
Epithelial na channels (enac) are of importance in na - absorptive epithelium, such as in the airway, the alveolus, the kidney, and the distal colon, and control the overall rate of transapical na transport . Enac proteins are mainly located in the apical membrane of polarized epithelial cells and have four homologous ... |
Transrectal ultrasound (trus)-guided prostate biopsy is the most commonly used procedure for detecting prostate cancer . However, pain is the main morbidity and the main hindrance to the acceptance of trus - guided prostate biopsy by patients . Several studies have shown that 19 to 30% of patients experience moderate t... |
A critical structure in interaction of the human body with the environment represents the skin surface with the stratum corneum . Without the horny layer a terrestrial life would be impossible . On the other hand the stratum corneum becomes impaired in any kind of superficial or deep injuries . To retain body homeostas... |
Acute bronchiolitis is the most frequent reason for lower respiratory tract infection and hospitalization due to respiratory disease in infancy . About 50000 - 80000 hospitalizations of the infants under the age of one are attributed to this disease in the usa (1). The severe form of this disease is much more prevalent... |
Childhood cancer is a rare disease affecting 1 in 70,000 children aged 14 years and younger [1, 2]. Lymphoid malignancy, including leukemia and lymphoma, is the most common childhood cancer, accounting for 40% of all pediatric malignancies . During the last 20 years, survival rates for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leu... |
Diagnosis is one of the principal tasks of primary care, yet incident - reporting systems typically receive very low rates of diagnostic errors (1). More targeted techniques, such as record screening or interviewing gps about their most memorable errors have been more successful at identifying diagnostic error but have... |
In may 2009, a 7-year - old female dog was admitted to a veterinary clinic in bijilo, the gambia, for elective ovariohysterectomy . The owner of the dog, a snake farm operator, reported late abortions during several pregnancies of the animal . The dog had been kept on the farm premises, where adult snakes (african rock... |
The mechanisms involved in the generation of migraine attack are probably multifactorial and are not fully understood . The neurogenic inflammation is generated by the release of neuropeptides such as calcitonin gene - related peptide (cgrp) from trigeminal neurons terminals and leads to inflammation with the release o... |
Iran is geographically located in the thalassemia belt, extending from the mediterranean basin through the middle - east, indian subcontinent, and the southeast asia . According to the available record, number of thalassaemia cases in this region is well over 150 million cases . In iran 26,000 cases of major thalassaem... |
As an occupation or past - time, fishing is widely practiced around the world . However, surprisingly, despite such extensive prevalence, injuries to the eyes from fish - hooks are rarely reported . A literature search provided less than a dozen cases of fish - hook injuries to the ocular structures . So far, there has... |
Adaptive immunity is a highly differentiated biological system composed of b and t lymphocytes that play a critical role in the fight against infections and malignancies . Appropriate function of the immune system critically depends on the fine - tuned control of signals from cell - surface receptors and their activati... |
Progeroid syndromes (pss) are a group of fatal, severe and rare genetic disorders characterized by various clinical features and phenotypes of physiological ageing prematurely . These syndromes include clinically and genetically heterogeneous diseases such as ataxia - telangiectasia, bloom syndrome, cockayne syndrome, ... |
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (bph) is a pathological symptom frequently found in the elderly population . Treatment options for men with symptomatic bph include active monitoring, phytochemical treatment, medical therapy with -blockers or 5--reductase inhibitors, and surgery (barry et al ., 1997; watson et al ., 2004).... |
The estrogen deficiency or hypoestrogenism associated with menopause is one of many factors that influence the aging process in women . Although urothelium sensitivity to estrogenic hormone action has long been known, the urinary bladder being a target organ for the actions of estrogens, the pathophysiologic changes of... |
Tuberculosis is the major cause of skeletal infection in the developing countries . Skeletal tuberculosis accounts for 10 35% of extra pulmonary tuberculosis and only 2% of all cases of tuberculosis . Less than one percent of skeletal tuberculosis occurs in the shoulder . We reviewed all the previous reports of scapula... |
Chyle is composed of albumin, emulsified fat and fibrin . In tropical country like india, chyluria is a chronicsequelae of filariasis . Up to 10% patient with filariasis may experience chyluria in tropical countries (1). Chyluria has no sex predilection; but young adult male from poor socio - economic background are ma... |
Gingival recession, due to trauma, inflammatory conditions or anatomic factors is defined as partial denudation of the root surface due to apical migration of the gingival margin . Indications including esthetics, defect progression, hypersensitivity, or difficulties with oral hygiene support the use of periodontal pla... |
Gorham's syndrome (gs) is characterized by proliferation of vascular channels that results in destruction and resorption of osseous matrix . Since its initial description by jackson as a case of massive osteolysis of the humerus in a 12-year - old boy in 1838 and then by gorham and stout in 1955,[24] the precise aetiol... |
Elevated serum alkaline phosphatase (alp) level is an essential marker for the diagnosis of vitamin d deficiency (1). Some cases of vitamin d deficiency are diagnosed accidentally on the basis of elevated alp levels . Therefore, cases without high alp may be excluded from a diagnosis of vitamin d deficiency . Hypophosp... |
Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (ptbd) is an established nonsurgical procedure for the management of biliary obstruction, especially in patients in whom an endoscopic approach to the biliary system is impossible.1,2 compared with endoscopic biliary drainage, ptbd secures more stable drainage because it allow... |
Isolated dislocations of the trapezio metacarpal joint without associated fracture has been reported very rarely in the literature . There are reports of associated injuries like fracture of the trapezium, dislocation of the metacarpophalangeal joint and fractures of the base of the thumb metacarpal . Authors report a ... |
In recent years, successive changes in mental health care systems have made them evolve from classical institutionalized care based on hospitalization to community health care with psychosocial rehabilitation . These changes have re - established patients and their caregivers at the center of health care programs . Car... |
Cyclin - dependent kinase inhibitor 1a (p21, cip1) mitochondria - associated membrane nuclear localization signal maintenance of genome stability requires mobilization of the dna damage response (ddr), both to repair the day - to - day chemical nicks and bruises and resolve acute damage following exposure to ionizing r... |
The transcription factor p53 plays vital roles in the regulation of cellular processes and suppression of tumor development . Mice lacking p53 develop normally but are prone to the development of a variety of tumors.tp53, the gene encoding the p53 protein, is mutated or deleted in nearly 50% of human cancers, rendering... |
Lupoid cutaneous leishmaniasis (cl) is a rare form of cl having a striking resemblance to other granulomatous cutaneous conditions of infectious or inflammatory origin . The authors present a patient with a facial lupoid cl and discuss the diagnostic tools of this parasitological infection, the main differential diagno... |
Thus, taxane formulations with surfactants such as polysorbate 80 and ethanol have been approved for the management of several cancers, including prostate adenocarcinoma (14). However, ethanol and polysorbate 80 have the tendency to cause infusion - related toxicities and hypersensitivity reactions (57). To avoid these... |
Oral mucocutaneous conditions are a group of disorders which are observed in the dental practice . Oral mucosal manifestations may be the initial feature, or the only sign of such diseases . In other cases, lesions occur in both the skin and mucosae, with severe clinical manifestations involving the tissues . Correct d... |
Neurosteroids (ns), a term proposed by the physiologists baulieu and robel (1990), is widely used to refer to the steroids synthesized in the brain . Through their interaction with neuronal membrane receptors and ion channels, they are capable to modify the brain excitability (lambert et al ., 2003; depending on its ch... |
In vertebrates, numerous processes occur in a rhythmic manner . During the course of evolution, animals have evolved biological rhythms that are associated with changes in the lighting and temperature of their environment . One of the most important biological rhythms is the circadian rhythm generated by endogenous osc... |
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most significant bacterial pathogens and can cause diseases ranging from minor and surgical site infections to potentially life - threatening endocarditis [24] and bacteraemia [58]. It is a particular problem in hospitals as a consequence of the emergence and dissemination of multidr... |
During recent years, the trend toward laparoscopic approach for hernia repair in children has been increasingly justified . The ability to detect and repair the contralateral opening of internal rings simultaneously, along with safe high ligation of the hernia sac without injury of the vas deference or the spermatic ve... |
Hospital - acquired pneumonia (hap) is the second most common nosocomial infection, occurring in 0.5%2% of general hospital admissions1,2 and in 15%20% of patients in intensive care units,3 likely because of the prevalent use of mechanical ventilation . Hap is a life - threatening condition that is associated with incr... |
Allostery plays a fundamental role in most biological processes and has been suggested to be present in nearly all proteins . One of the best - studied allosteric phenomena is the activation of a receptor, which we will denote as r, by a ligand, denoted as l. the most common model for allostery in this system is the al... |
To integrate all available data regarding the fatty acid ethanolamide metabolism and distribution in the human body, we created a mechanistic ordinary differential equation - based model as shown in figure 2 . To account for the known mutually exclusive binding of ethanolamides to faah and to enable the use of all clin... |
The majority of mastocytosis appears in the childhood in which urticaria pigmentosa and mastocytoma are the most common types . Some variant of diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis like pseudoxanthomatous mastocytosis or xanthelasmoid are extremely rare, especially in the adult . Mastocytosis is a group of disease that chara... |
Consolidation refers to the idea that, following the experience of an event, the memory for that event undergoes a process of stabilization that renders the memory more resistant to brain injury or interference from similar experiences . Building on the work of marr [1, 2], squire et al . Suggested that a memory repres... |
Pluripotent cells have the capacity of differentiating towards cell types from the three germinal layers of the body while holding a high replication potential . In this way, embryonic stem cells derived in the 1980s (mouse) and 1990s (human) revolutionized biomedical research, offering the possibility to produce de no... |
Epithelial cells in gastrointestinal (gi) tract are continuously exposed to a lot of stressful antigens because we eat different meals 3 times a day and swallow air pollutant into gi tract . Moreover, they are harassed to several kinds of gas produced by commensal bacteria colonized in gi tract . To cope with this very... |
Small cell carcinoma of the prostate (scpca), also termed neuroendocrine scpca, was first described by wenk et al . In 1977 . Its incidence has been estimated at slightly less than 2% of de novo prostate cancer . Small cell carcinomas usually present together with adenocarcinomas . In some cases, neuroendocrine differe... |
Congenital heart anomalies (cha) are the most common congenital anomalies and emerge with a fairly constant incidence from 0.8 to 1% per 1000 live births (1,2). Given that the cha are leading cause of death among congenital anomalies, their early detection would greatly enhance the therapeutic procedures, and therefore... |
According to the world health organization, 2010 report, cardiovascular diseases are the first among the top 10 causes of death . An estimated 16.7 million people or 29.2% of total global deaths are due to the various forms of cardiovascular disease (cvd) [1, 2]. The direct relation between high blood cholesterol and c... |
Replication in e. histolytica is inhibited by aphidicolin [2, 3], a specific inhibitor of mammalian, and dna polymerases . Additionally, ehmcm2, ehmcm3 and ehmcm5 genes, whose products are part of the helicase complex, have been cloned and characterized [4, 5]. Although nuclear and dna polymerase sequences are present ... |
Exfoliation syndrome (xfs) is an age - related generalized disease of the extracellular matrix, characterised by the production and progressive accumulation of fibrillar extracellular material in many ocular and extraocular tissues, and is often associated with glaucoma . Xfs causing an increase in trabecular outflow r... |
Cartap is a pesticide that was first introduced into the market in japan in 1967 . Its commercial names include padan, kritap, ag - tap, thiobel, and vegetox . Its basic chemical structure is s, s-[2-(dimethylamino)-1, 3-propanediyl] dicarbamothioate [figure 1]. It is used for the control of chewing and sucking pests a... |
Briefly, ten american women participated in a randomised cross - over trial, consuming the following treatments: 100 g biofortified cassava; 100 g biofortified cassava with 15 ml added oil; and 100 g typical white cassava with 15 ml oil plus a retinyl palmitate (rp) tracer, with 2-week washouts between treatments . Rp ... |
Adipokines are produced mainly by adipose tissue, a dynamic endocrine organ involved in the regulation of various endocrine processes such as glucose and fatty - acid metabolism, energy expenditure, inflammatory response, cardiovascular function, and reproduction [1, 2]. In recent years, adipokines have been found to b... |
The author reports the following conflict of interest: investigator for, consultant for, and/or speaker on behalf of sanofi, merck, boehringer ingelheim, janssen, pfizer, bristol myers squibb. |
The economic impact of rising medical malpractice premiums and the cost of associated litigation had reached a crisis level by 2002 in many regions of the united states, including texas.1 the financial and emotional impact of malpractice claims were driving physicians and surgeons away from high - risk specialties as w... |
Endometriosis is one of the most common benign diseases affecting quality of life and fertility of women . Endometriosis is diagnosed by visual inspection of the pelvis during laparoscopy and positive histology confirms the diagnosis, but negative histology does not exclude it . The most important one is regurgitation ... |
Their incidence is rising due to improvements in survival and diagnosis; nevertheless, our patient is the fourth case reported up to date . Therefore, treatment choice is made based on clinical experience and case reports; notably, the largest case report series was prior to the approval for using tyrosine - kinase inh... |
Globally, each year, there are in excess of an estimated 120 million cases of gastrointestinal disease and in excess of an estimated 50 million cases of more severe respiratory diseases associated with swimming and bathing in wastewater - polluted coastal waters . Since the 1950s, epidemiologic studies have been design... |
More robust estimates of daily climate characteristicsstatistical fitting approachbased on a perfect model approach more robust estimates of daily climate characteristics statistical fitting approach based on a perfect model approach climate indices are widely used across a number of disciplines . They have become an i... |
Prevention of dental caries is one of the main strategies in contemporary pediatric dental practice . The dental plaque is a structure of vital significance as a contributing factor to at least the initiation of the carious lesion . The major strains of streptococci present in plaque are: streptococcus mutans, streptoc... |
We report two cases - one a fifteen year old child with swelling distal humerus and another a case of a thirteen year old child with pain and swelling proximal tibia . A fifteen year old child presented to department of orthopedics of our institute with complaint of difficulty in moving upper limb and swelling distal h... |
Communication in health can contribute to all aspects of disease prevention and health promotion . In order to become successful pharmacists this study was conducted at the university of lagos to assess communication skills of pharmacy students . Questionnaires were used for data collection . The questionnaire had two ... |
Paediatric patients often present to the emergency department with different painful conditions that require immediate surgical interventions . The choice of anaesthetic agent to provide deep sedation and analgesia in these patients varies highly . Ketamine has already played a safe and effective role as a sole anaesth... |
The neck pain and disability scale (npad) was developed in the usa as a comprehensive measure of neck pain and related disability . The 20-item scale measures problems with neck movements, neck pain intensity, effect of neck pain on emotion and cognition, and the level of interference with daily life activities . It ha... |
Five areas which were found to have the most sex workers included: one in the north, one in the city center, one in the west, one in the east, and one in the south of city . In addition to the city hot spots, subjects were recruited from all districts and areas of tehran to ensure a representative sample . Subjects inc... |
In this study, 20 healthy volunteers with no history of seizures, significant head trauma or other neurologic abnormalities, formed the normal control group . Fifteen were male and five were female, and their ages ranged from 24 to 38 (mean, 29) years . Twenty - five patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy, wh... |
Balance is the ability to maintain one s center of gravity with minimum shaking within the basal plane, while postural balance is the ability to continuously maintain equilibrium within the basal plane according to one s center of mass (com) and maintain postural control to cope with diverse motions and external swayin... |
A search for the biological factor responsible for energy balance and signal transduction to the hypothalamus was initiated by studies on animal models . In 1994, a molecular defect in the obese gene (ob), a gene responsible for the obesity phenotype in ob / ob mice was identified using a positive cloning method . Ob g... |
Widely accepted standard therapy for high - risk nb includes 5 to 7 cycles of intensive cytotoxic chemotherapy, surgery, consolidative autologous stem cell transplantation (sct), radiation therapy, and maintenance immunotherapy with anti - gd2 antibodies . Such therapy carries considerable toxicity while survival remai... |
Hughes - stovin syndrome is an exceedingly rare disorder characterized by the combination of multiple pulmonary artery aneurysms and deep venous thrombosis; the cause is unknown . We present a case of a middle - aged man in whom multiple pulmonary aneurysms were demonstrated by ct angiography and dsa . A 40-year - old ... |
The incidence of cervical cancer has shown a continuous decrease in developed countries, including korea, however the worldwide burden of cervical cancer remains critical [1 - 4]. Most cervical cancer survivors face several challenging issues after completion of their primary treatment; in particular, second primary ca... |
It is produced in the central auditory pathway. [15] this symptom is a common phenomenon disturbing millions of individuals worldwide . Study of tinnitus has resulted in a number of hypothetical mechanisms and suspected origins in the auditory pathways . Most hypotheses postulate that the generation of tinnitus is rela... |
Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (t - rflp) analysis is a microbial fingerprinting technique capable of discriminating microbial communities quickly and relatively inexpensively (13). T - rflp is increasingly used in high - throughput studies of microbial communities in combination with or even in lieu... |
Recently it has been evaluated in metastatic melanoma patients with braf v600e mutation after progression of earlier systemic treatment (phase 2 trial brim2). Vemurafenib was also tested in a phase 3 trial (brim3) in previously untreated patients . Food and drug administration (fda) in august 2011 and the european medi... |
Wandering spleen (ws) is a rare condition in which the spleen is located anywhere in the abdomen other than in its usual place; however, other terms are used to describe this clinical entity, including displaced spleen, drifting spleen, floating spleen, pelvic spleen, splenic ptosis, splenoptosis, although it remains e... |
Suppression of menstrual periods to provide relief of menstrual - related symptoms has been used in a variety of medical conditions since the availability of steroid hormone therapy . This option has gained legitimacy through its use in treating symptoms, but is now being used more frequently by women for personal pref... |
The piercing on the middle of the helix in both ears resulted in keloids formation. |
Alcohol consumption is a well - known part of the nigerian culture and frequently part of festivals and celebrations and, within the past decade, there are indications that there has been a rapid increase in alcohol production and importation as well as its consumption across all age groups . For the year after 1995, t... |
Augmented contractility of postextrasystolic heartbeats has been described almost 130 years ago and later termed postextrasystolic potentiation (pesp). For almost 1 century, pesp was thought to reflect normal cardiac function . However, during the second half of the previous century, an increasing number of reports sho... |
(1907), is one of over 60 endogenous enzymes present in raw bovine milk (schlimme et al ., 1997). Since alp is inactivated by thermal treatment, reduced levels of alp activity are an indicator of adequate milk pasteurization (rankin et al ., 2010). The alp assay is widely used and recognized as the most appropriate ind... |
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13555 - 016 - 0096 - 7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users . Skin has recently been shown to be a cortisol - producing organ and the cortisol controls the skin itself by regulating differentiation process from basal cells to corneal c... |
Resonance light scattering (rls) is an elastic scattering and occurs when an incident beam in energy is close to an absorption band . First established the rls technique to study the biological macromolecules by means of an ordinary fluorescence spectrometer . Due to its high sensitivity, selectivity, and convenience, ... |
In sweden, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus has recently been estimated to be 4.4% among the adult population, with type 2 diabetes accounting for approximately 90% of all cases . As diabetes is a major cause of morbidity and premature mortality, the disease has a significant impact on healthcare costs and quality o... |
Voltage - gated sodium (nav) channels are the fundamental generators of electrical impulses (action potentials) in the membranes of excitable cells . These drugs are primarily used in the treatment of central nervous system (cns) disorders, such as epilepsy and neuropathic pain, but are increasingly being scrutinized a... |
As stated by fdration dentaire internationale, forensic odontology is the branch of dentistry which, in the interest of justice, deals with proper handling and examination of dental evidence and with the proper evaluation and presentation of dental findings . Forensic dentistry is important for human identification, es... |
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (mtc) is a neuroendocrine tumor derived from parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland . The first description of its major histological features and characterization as a separate entity was done in 1959 by hazard et al . . It was then rapidly recognized that this carcinoma had distinctive ... |
An association among obesity, high levels of fasting triglycerides, elevated fasting plasma insulin levels, impaired glucose tolerance, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease (cvd) has been recognized since the early 1960s . These major risk factors tend to cluster in many individuals, suggesting a common etiology th... |
Patients suffering from chronic kidney disease can be classified according to kidney function along a continuum from mild renal dysfunction to irreversible kidney failure . Patients with kidney failure require renal replacement therapy (rrt), either a kidney transplant or dialysis, to maintain life . Worldwide, at the ... |
Participants were selected from the cardiovascular health study (chs), a large, prospective, population - based study in the united states designed to investigate the underlying causes of cardiovascular disease in older men and women . The chs recruited participants from 4 communities: forsyth county, nc (36.1 north, 8... |
Halitosis is the general term used to describe any disagreeable odour in expired air, regardless of whether the odorous substances originate from oral or non - oral sources . Other names used are fetor ex ore, fetor oris, bad or foul breath, breath malodour, and oral malodour . Results from previous studies suggested t... |
The 21st century will witness even more rapid ageing than did the century just past and governments, private sector as well as civil society should work together to give answers to the social and economic challenges we will all be facing . Edad&vida (age and life) (http://www.edad-vida.org) is from 2001 the meeting poi... |
Calcific uremic arteriolopathy (cua) or calciphylaxis is a syndrome of painful skin necrosis and vascular calcification with high morbidity and mortality . It occurs primarily in patients with end - stage renal disease [1, 2]. Though generally a rare syndrome, it is increasingly described in subjects undergoing renal d... |
Iodine is an essential component of thyroid hormones and critical to normal brain development in newborn infants and children . Iodine nutrition in the united states is considered to be sufficient for most populations despite significant reductions in urinary iodine values between the early 1970s and the early 1990s . ... |
Risk factors for development of gastrointestinal (gi) toxicity in patients receiving non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs (nsaids) for arthritis or other musculoskeletal diseases include1 - 5) prior history of complicated or uncomplicated ulcers; increased age; multiple nsaid use; high nsaid dose; concomitant use ... |
Interleukin-29 (il-29) is the main cytokine among three members of interferon lambda family (ifn-s), also known as type iii ifns, including ifn-1, ifn-2, and ifn-3 (or il-29, il-28a, and il-28b, resp . ). The activity of il-29 is determined in part by the distribution and expression of its specific il-28 receptor alpha... |
Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) experience significant overall symptom burden, comparable to that observed in patients diagnosed with cancer.1 this symptom burden can be associated with impairments in health - related quality of life (hrqol),24 impaired functioning,5,6 and higher direct7 and ... |
In stroke patients with upper extremity paralysis, the affected arm can remain nonfunctional even at 6 months after disease onset in 66% of the surviving stroke patients1, 2 . Inappropriate motor unit recruitment appearing after stroke onset reduces the motor neuron firing rate, and increased muscle tone may cause seve... |
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