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The treatment of complicated crown - root fractures in many cases is compromised by tooth fractures that are well below the gingival margin or bone . After root canal obturation, proper isolation for a dry operation field is critical for successful restoration of traumatized teeth . In this respect, a wide range of tre... |
Mice with lesch - nyhan syndrome interpret all information as aggression, to which they respond by defensive aggression . In this x - chromosome linked recessive syndrome, there is a deficiency of the enzyme hypoxanthlne guanine phosphorlbosyl transferase (hprt), which does not degrade uric acid properly . In these con... |
Advances in 3d printing technology have made their applications in biomedical sciences a cost effective option in designing customized solutions . Among the different techniques of 3d printing technology, stereolithography is currently recognized to be one of the most common and accurate rapid prototyping techniques . ... |
Treatment with a cardiac implantable electronic device (cied), including a permanent pacemaker (ppm) or implantable cardioverter an icd is needed not only to rescue survivors of life - threating ventricular arrhythmias, but is also first - line primary prevention to save patients with marked cardiac dysfunction . Moreo... |
We obtained data regarding temporal trends in fri incidence from military sentinel surveillance, which has been monitoring weekly fri rates since october 2011 . Monthly numbers of patients with pneumonia (inpatients, outpatients, and emergency room patients) were extracted from a computerized data warehouse that stores... |
Subdural hygroma is a subdural body of cerebrospinal fluid (csf) collection, without blood . They can be caused by leakage of csf following minor trauma in the setting of cerebral atrophy, following meningitis in children or more commonly after ventricular shunting . However, some of them can be large and cause compres... |
The ability of the immune system to keep tolerance to commensals while remaining capable of responding to injury or infection with pathogenic microorganisms is essential for tissue homeostasis . Any disturbances in this balance either by genetic, environmental, or infectious causes can lead to chronic inflammatory and/... |
They have multifactorial etiologies, mainly related to genetic and environmental factors . A growing body of evidence exists about the early life origins of chronic diseases, and the tracking of cvd risk factors from childhood into adulthood . It is well - documented that high concentration of total cholesterol (tc) an... |
The one of the principal reforms of health system in federation of bosnia and herzegovina (fbih) is focused on strengthening of primary health care and rationalization of hospital care (1). In spite of numerous criteria on how to differ rural or urban areas, studies worldwide refer to differences in health, as well as ... |
Adolescents are perhaps the most important group in a society, and given their size and characteristics, majority are exposed early to unplanned and unprotected sexual intercourse leading to unwanted pregnancy and sometimes unsafe abortions . Vast majority of these young individuals are going through their reproductive... |
A 17-year - old boy sustained blunt trauma from a tennis ball to his left eye, 5 h before examination . Only hand movements were perceivable and projection of light rays was accurate . Clinically, a full - thickness mh, sized 415 m, with coexistent macular detachment of height 458 m on optical coherence tomography (oct... |
Traumatic brain injury (tbi) accounts for more than one million admissions to emergency centers leading to more than 50,000 deaths as well as millions disabilities annually in the world . Both genders and different age subgroups can be affected by this problem with different mechanisms . Due to the necessity for proper... |
In the past decade, geographic information systems (gis) have become an innovative and somewhat crucial tool for analysing relationships between public health data and environment . According to longley et al . (2005), a gis is an application - led technology, which can be used, in this instance, for monitoring and und... |
Cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation (pvi) has emerged as an alternative to radiofrequency pvi in the treatment of drugresistant atrial fibrillation (af). Cryoballoon pvi, compared with radiofrequency pvi, offers potential advantages, including shorter procedure times,1, 2, 3 decreased hospital length of stay,1 and dec... |
Trans fatty acids (tfas) are created from vegetable oils through hydrogenation . In the trans configuration, the carbon chain extends from opposite sides of the double bond, rendering a straight molecule . Elaidic acid (ea; c18:1) is the principal tfa often found in partially hydrogenated vegetable oils, margarine, and... |
Age - related macular degeneration (amd) is a leading cause of visual impairment and blindness in western countries among people aged 50 years and older . The prevalence of amd in various european countries (norway, estonia, united kingdom, france, italy, greece, and spain) was 3.32% with the of geographic atrophic amd... |
Advances in biological and medical research and their translation into diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic tools are relying increasingly on partnerships between the academic (government and university) and industrial (biotechnology, pharmacy and technology) sectors, with essential participation and support from pat... |
Dilatation of pulmonary arteries is a well - known clinical entity commonly encountered in many congenital and acquired heart lesions . Idiopathic dilatation of pulmonary arteries (idpa) was first recognized as a benign anomaly in 1923 by wessler and jaches . The incidence of this disease is 6 cases per 1000 cases of c... |
After the tuberculosis agent was discovered by robert koch in 1882, it was hoped that the disease would be controlled and eradicated . Unfortunately, more than a century has passed since the discovery and tb still claims lives across the world (1). World health organization (who) declared tb as urgency in 1993 and urge... |
Subclavian route for insertion of central venous catheters (cvcs) is commonly employed in critically ill patients requiring long - term central venous access as it has a lower risk of infection and has better patient comfort . Misplacement of cvc tip can rarely cause erosion of the catheter through the right atrium or ... |
Missile injuries of the anterior skull base usually occur during war or warlike situations; however, in the united states,> 100 americans die by suicide on an average day, and 50 of these suicides involve the use of firearms.1 the anterior skull base is the most common region of the skull base injured by a cranial miss... |
The non - invasive risk assessment of life - threatening ventricular arrhythmia is of great clinical importance, especially in the prevention of sudden cardiac death (scd) in patients after myocardial infarction (mi). Although there currently exist many noninvasive parameters quantifying the depolarization and repolari... |
Hyaluronic acid (ha) is a linear polymer of glucuronic acid and n - acetylglucosamine disaccharide . The main function of ha includes tissue healing including activation and moderation of the inflammatory responses, promotion of cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis . Ha is a hygroscopic macromolecule and its... |
Retaining patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in medical care after initiation of effective antiretroviral therapy (art) is essential for successful hiv treatment . Once patients are initiating art, high levels of adherence to treatment are required to achieve sustained hiv suppression and to reduce risk o... |
Postpartum hemorrhage (pph) is a life - threatening obstetric emergency that occurs after caesarean section (cs) or normal vaginal delivery (nvd). It may be defined as 500 ml hemorrhage after vaginal or 1000 ml hemorrhage after cs delivery [13]. Pph is one of the most common obstetric maternal complications and is amon... |
Satisfactory bonding to enamel can be achieved using the acid - etching technique, but dentine bonding is more difficult to achieve due to the wet tubular structure, permeability properties, and organic composition of dentinal substrate . Recently there has been increasing interest in the incorporation of fillers into ... |
Between 1960 and 1981, the national cancer institute (nci) and the u.s . Department of agriculture (usda) collaborated on a plant screening program that collected and tested 115,000 extracts from 15,000 species of plants to identify naturally occurring compounds with anticancer activity . Samples from a single pacific ... |
Aspirin - exacerbated respiratory disease (aerd) is a syndrome characterized by chronic hyperplastic rhinosinusitis, nasal polyposis, asthma, and aspirin sensitivity, as described in 1922 by szczeklik et al . [1, 2]. The prevalence of aerd is variable; stevenson and szczeklik reported in 2006 that aerd occurs in 3% of ... |
Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (ceot), a rare odontogenic neoplasm arising from odontogenic epithelium was first identified by thoma and goldman . It was not until 1955, however, that ceot was recognized as a separate entity by pindborg . Fifty - two percent of ceot are associated with a tooth impacted and/or ... |
An elderly woman with a history of high blood pressure and hypercholesterolemia was admitted to the emergency room for suspected stroke due to abruptly starting vertigo, blurred vision and difficulties in speech . Neurological examination within 3 h from the symptom onset revealed high blood pressure (206/130 mm hg), d... |
The discovery of coagulation factor xiii (fxiii) dates back to 1940s when a serum factor was found to make the fibrin clot insoluble in concentrated urea solution . In 1960, a case report demonstrated that the severe bleeding of a patient was due to the deficiency of fibrin stabilizing factor . Soon after this clinical... |
Trimetazidine is well established in stable coronary artery diseasepreliminary evidence suggests that trimetazidine might be an effective drug in diabetic and non - diabetic patients with chronic heart failure and in those with peripheral artery diseasetrimetazidine has been generally well tolerated in clinical trials ... |
The major histocompatibility complex class i chain related a (mica) and micb molecules are ligands of nkg2d receptors on natural killer (nk) cells, gamma / delta t cells, nkt cells, and cd8a t cells, and mediate antitumor immune responses by stimulating innate and adaptive immune surveillance [13]. Several polymorphism... |
A high number of patients survived from cerebrovascular accident (cva) suffer from sensory, motor, cognitive, and emotional disturbances causing limitations in daily functional activities (1). A new approach for the treatment of stroke patients has been developed by observing and imitating the movement of the mirror ne... |
Selenium is the 34th element on the periodic table and has chemical properties resembling those of sulfur (1). It is an essential micronutrient for animals and microorganisms,, used in the synthesis of the seleno - amino acids selenocysteine and selenomethionine (2,3) and also plays an essential dietary role in humans ... |
The descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (dsaek) procedure is primarily used to treat corneal endothelial dystrophies, and more recently to treat endothelial failure in previous penetrating keratoplasty . Descemet's membrane and endothelium are removed through a small incision and replaced with donor... |
Following the approval of the study by institutional ethics committee, informed consent was obtained and 40 patients classified as american society of anesthesiologists physical status (asa) i ii scheduled for ent procedures were enrolled in this prospective study . The surgical procedures involved were septoplasty, po... |
Common skin tumors like basal- and squamous - cell carcinoma present a serious problem in modern medicine . It is confirmed that a variety of biological consequences such as increases in skin cancer or cataract may result from the increased uv exposure due to ozone depletion and atmospheric ozone hole . Uv radiation ma... |
Over fourteen years ago, the concept of gray and green was first introduced by wright and lund as representing new awareness and call for increased scholarships at the intersection of environmental issues and the aging process [24]. An important dimension of that original article was to bring more attention to the role... |
Botallo's duct is a blood vessel that connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta during fetal development, and our knowledge of the pathophysiology of this duct is increasing steadily.1 clinically, patent da (ductus arteriosus) is often used synonymously with persistent da', and both are frequently abbreviated as pda' ... |
With approval from the oregon state university animal care and use committee (animal care and use proposal no . 4329), blood samples were collected from 92 horses being evaluated for medical conditions (e.g., anorexia, weight loss, lameness, administration of endoparasiticides and ectoparasiticides) or before elective ... |
The data on the expression levels of human genes were taken from the gene expression atlas (35). The uniform platform for all tissues was affymetrix u95a . Only probes that presented the characterized genes (i.e. Those with links to the refseq database) were used, with signals from probes on the chip corresponding to t... |
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (hcm) is a common inherited cardiac disorder which is estimated to occur in one out of 500 patients within the general population . An autosomal dominant mutation is found in approximately 5060% of cases, most frequently in genes that code for sarcomeric proteins . These mutations often lead... |
Genomics has the potential to provide an in depth understanding of the genetics, biochemistry, physiology, and pathogenesis of a microorganism . Furthermore comparative genomics, functional genomics, and related technologies, are helping to unravel the molecular basis of the pathogenesis, evolution, and phenotypic diff... |
The kynurenine pathway is the main route for tryptophan metabolism, and kynurenic acid (kyna) is one of the biologically active metabolites in this pathway . Physiologically, the normal plasma kyna concentration ranges between 25 and 60 nmol / l [14]. Several pathologic conditions such as inflammation, sepsis and septi... |
The presentation of vasculitis is highly variable, with more severe cases resulting in hemorrhage, ischemia, or other complications depending on the degree of inflammation and to what extent the vascular architecture is compromised . For cutaneous vasculitis, up to 20% of cases are drug - induced with histology demonst... |
Fragment screening has become an increasingly important technique in early stage drug discovery . Occupying the chemical space that is commonly described by the rule - of - three (ro3) criteria of physicochemical properties, fragment - like molecules are smaller in size than lead - like and drug - like molecules used i... |
Low back pain (lbp) is a major public health problem all over the industrial countries and is one of the leading causes for sick leave and disability . In addition, it was recommended that fitness programs and advice to stay active can reduce pain, improve function, and can prevent lbp becoming chronic . The call cente... |
Traumatic spinal cord injury (sci) often leads to serious neurological sequelae and medical complications . The secondary damage following sci is induced by multiple pathophysiological mechanisms, including vascular perturbation, metabolic failure, ionic dysregulation, and celluar excitotoxicity7,10). These mechanisms ... |
During the past 35 years, health technology assessment (hta) has been utilized in industrialized countries such as usa, canada and europe . A wonderful transformation has occurred in health decision in various countries such as sweden, spain, france, england, and italy . However hta is a new context in developing count... |
Stress is a normal physical response to events that make a person feel threatened or upset their balance in some way . When danger is sensed whether it s real or imagined the body s defenses kick into high gear in a rapid, automatic process known as the fight - or - flight reaction, or the stress response . As anyone w... |
More than a billion people around the world are overweight, and approximately 300 million are obese.1 obesity is considered an important independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease (cvd)24 and mortality.5 several pathophysiological mechanisms may explain the strong association between obesity ... |
Different minimally invasive approaches have been described in order to treat ureteropelvic junction obstruction (upjo) with several advantages that include reduced postoperative pain 1, shorter convalescence and minimal disfigurement . Among minimally invasive approaches, however, reported success rates vary around 15... |
Pathogenic bacteria have caused serious diseases and a lot of mortality in many nations, especially in the developing countries . These agents usually spread quickly, and the most susceptibilities to them have been assigned to the immunocompromised persons, pregnant mothers, children, and older individuals (1). Along w... |
There is an increasing focus on the detection of preclinical dementia to optimize preventive and therapeutic strategies for this group of patients . Mild cognitive impairment (mci) is regarded as a risk factor or transitional state of dementia . To enable targeted interventions, it is of great importance to identify pa... |
Derives from the greek word gelos (laughter) and was introduced in 1957 by daly and mulder . It is used to name seizures characterized by sudden laughter attacks, out of social context, without any particular emotion like joy or happiness . In 1971, gascon and lombroso suggested as diagnostic criteria the presence of s... |
Healthy lifestyle is defined as all kinds of human activities that maintain, strengthen, and restore health . Health education is a complex process during which students are taught to care for their own health and the health of society . Its main objective is to propagate knowledge about health itself, provide counsell... |
Schizophrenia is a serious and neurodevelopmental disorder, which affects approximately 1% of the general population often - devastating effects such as psychological, social and financial skills . Schizophrenia can disturb memory, attention, thought and motivation of affected patients (1). Twin concordance rates, fami... |
Aortoesophageal fistula is a rare, devastating and usually fatal condition which has multiple aetiological factors . The first report, in 1818, described the death of a 28-year - old soldier who exsanguinated after ingesting a beef bone fragment . A comprehensive review, published by hollander and quick, which included... |
Different carbanionic nucleophiles can be reacted with -amido sulfones, affording a wide variety of amino derivatives [2 - 7]. In addition, considerable research has been conducted on the reaction of nitrogen nucleophiles and,-unsaturated carbonyls [8 - 11]. Heteronucleophiles as well as carbanionic reagents can react ... |
Q fever is caused by the small gram - negative intracellular bacterium, coxiella burnetii . It is rare and there are approximately 40 cases reported annually in the united states . Chronic q fever is also rare, occurring in <5% of persons with acute infection and most commonly occurs as infective endocarditis (ie) or v... |
A 69-year - old female presented with the complaints of headache and pain in the left eye of one month duration . She was a known patient of unilateral pseudoexfoliation glaucoma, who underwent manual small incision cataract surgery with mitomycin c (0.2 mg / ml for 2 min) augmented trabeculectomy in her left eye . It ... |
Sleep bruxism has characteristically been defined by the american academy of sleep medicine as an oral activity characterized by grinding or clenching of the teeth during sleep, usually associated with sleep arousals' . Although numerous investigations stress the assumption of a central causation, such as neuropathophy... |
The incidence of acute hepatitis b (hbv) is largely reduced during the last 20 years as a result of the use of vaccination and routine blood donor screening 1 and, nowadays, in western countries, the risk of hbv infection is limited to sexual intercourses, intravenous drug users and, in a few cases, in patients undergo... |
Expecting a negative outcome from an intervention may give rise to the very occurrence of that outcome . This phenomenon, called the nocebo effect, can be induced by conditioning, verbal suggestion,1,2 or, as recently shown, by social observation; with student samples, two studies independently showed that observing a ... |
Comparison of dentine and bone in health and disease research on medical tissues in health and disease (bone and osteoporosis) is at least a magnitude more vivid than that in dentistry (dentine and caries). Dental caries was the reason for the establishing the first dental school in baltimore, usa in the mid of 18th ce... |
Termed first by bell in 1970, cruciate paralysis is a rare neurological disease of the cervicomedullary junction . Cruciate paralysis often presents with bilateral paresis of the upper extremities while sparing the lower extremities . Patients may also present with difficulty breathing, cranial nerve deficits, or a com... |
Chronic chylous ascites, associated with malignant obstructions in the lymphatic channel, does not usually cause acute abdominal pain . That is, chyle extravasation into the peritoneal cavity is rarely associated with the sudden development of peritonitis (1). We present a case of acute chylous peritonitis in a patient... |
The apelin peptides activate the class a rhodopsin - like g - protein - coupled receptor (gpcr) named apj. (1) apelinapj signaling has been demonstrated within the cardiovascular system, central nervous system, and adipoinsular axis (as previously reviewed(2)), among other physiological settings . Apelin is an extremel... |
We came across a neonate who presented with repeated chest infections and respiratory distress . On evaluation by ct a full term female baby was born after an uneventful pregnancy . At 1 month of age, a plain radiograph of the chest showed increased opacification of the right lung with reduced lung volume, air bronchog... |
We present the case of a 60-year - old female with a history of polycythemia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) on home oxygen, and obesity who presented to the emergency room complaining of mild dyspnea on exertion that had been experienced for 3 days . She denied any medical history, including autoimmune d... |
Invasive fungal infections are a major problem in the neonatal intensive care unit (nicu). Candida species are as the fourth most common cause of late - onset infections in the neonatal intensive care unit (nicu) and are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality . About 12% of all neonatal infections are due... |
Trabeculectomy is a surgical glaucoma procedure that aims to lower the intraocular pressure (iop) by creating a fistula for aqueous drainage from the anterior chamber to the subtenon space . Lower iop will prevent further insult to the optic nerve and hence further visual field loss . Mitomycin c (mmc) is commonly used... |
Understanding the toxicity of nanomaterials and nano - enabled products is important for human and environmental health and safety as well as public acceptance . The scientific literature is a primary source of information about nanomaterial toxicology and thus plays a role in the emerging dialogue about the safety of ... |
Genomics and related fields are becoming increasingly relevant in clinical practice for a wide variety of settings, including the deployment of next generation sequencing in specific scenarios . However, the arrival of genomics to the bedside in its current state represents only the initial part of the translational hi... |
Although hemorrhage into the thyroid gland is well recognized, massive bleeding into the thyroid gland after trauma is rare . Given the anatomical location of the thyroid gland and the potential for airway compromise secondary to external compression, this is an issue that emergency physicians (eps) must not overlook .... |
Extracellular vesicles have received a great deal of attention during the last decade as a novel approach to detect diseases as messengers or mediators of disease pathophysiology . The main classes of extracellular vesicles generally include exosomes, microvesicles / microparticles (mps), and apoptotic bodies, which ar... |
Strategies to abrogate tgf- effects provide promising antifibrotic results, however, in vivo data regarding smad activation during fibrogenesis are scarce . Methods: here, liver fibrosis was assessed subsequent to bile duct ligation by determining liver enzymes in serum and collagen deposition in liver tissue . Activat... |
More than half of the world's population in approximately 100 countries is exposed to malaria . Iran is situated in the eastern mediterranean region, where about 45% of the population live with the risk of both falciparum and vivax malaria . Countries of this region are situated in either afrotropical (such as somalia,... |
Atrial fibrillation is the most common cardiac dysrhythmia, with a prevalence cited in the literature of 10% in individuals over the age of 80 [1, 2]. Fibrillatory conduction of the atria results in blood stasis, formation of thrombotic clots, and an increased risk of thromboembolic events, such as stroke . Studies hav... |
Malignant melanoma is a neoplastic disorder which results from the malignant transformation of natural melanocytes . During the neonatal period, these parts include the skin, meninges, mucous membranes, upper esophagus and the eyes . In all of these areas its involvement is less than 3% of all malignant melanomas and c... |
Although in 1835, purkinje and valentin (1835) published the first treatise to include studies of mammalian cilia, the history of what may be considered modern research on mammalian cilia does not extend back more than a few years longer than the history of this journal . Motile mammalian cilia attracted the attention ... |
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (hus) is characterized by the triad of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and acute renal failure . Hus in children is most commonly caused by shiga - like toxin - producing escherichia coli (stec), with pneumococcal - associated hus (phus) accounting for 5% of acquired cases ... |
Low back pain is a common disorder affecting 80% of people in their lives and one of the most common reasons to visit primary care physicians.1 - 3) it is often described as localized pain in the iliac crest area in patients with chronic back pain.4) it has been reported that 15% to 25% of pain in patients with pain in... |
Over the last twenty years, important progress in molecular biology and recombinant technologies has led to new applications and areas of research in the field of protein nmr . The ability to produce, by recombinant technologies, pure, highly concentrated, and isotopically labeled samples has allowed both solution and ... |
A major change associated with human aging is a progressive decline in skeletal muscle mass (smm), which is a downward spiral that may lead to decreased strength and function . Age - related decline in physical fitness is related to many problems in the elderly population . According to previous epidemiological studies... |
One fourth of cerebrovascular events are attributable to atherosclerotic carotid artery disease.1 large population - based studies indicate that the prevalence of carotid stenosis ranges from approximately 0.5% in individuals above the age of 60 and 10% in those above 80 years old; however, stenosis remains asymptomati... |
Stroke is the most common chronic disease in the world, and the most important known cause for disability and reduction of independency and quality of life (qol) in adults . As stroke causes lifelong complications in nervous system, it is counted as one of the common health problems . About 5.5 million people die of th... |
Pesticides enhance economic potential through increased food and fiber production as well as through control of vector - borne diseases . This ease of availability has resulted in a gradual increase in accidental and suicidal poisoning [14]. Globally, each year, poisoning due to organophosphorus compounds is responsibl... |
Numerous studies have revealed the importance of tams on tumor growth and development . They are present in both tumor stroma and nests, accounting for up to 50% of tumor mass . Tams contribute to tumor growth by producing stromal breakdown factors and by suppressing adaptive immunity . Moreover, tams induce chemoresis... |
Alcoholism is one of the major health and social problems faced in developing countries . Although there are various drugs, none of them proved to be efficacious in the long run owing to the cost, adverse effects and the inadequate compliance for the long term management of alcohol de - addiction . For naltrexone and a... |
Migration of physicians has become a prominent issue as a result of the increasing globalisation of the physician workforce . The establishment of regional labour markets has provided a new legal framework governing the international movements of individuals . Such a framework may foster the free movement of physicians... |
The family of homer scaffolding proteins consists of three family members: homer1, homer2, and homer3, with respective splice variants for each member . These proteins are typically expressed in a concentrated fashion at post - synaptic densities, but have been ascribed with certain non - neuronal functions (babu et al... |
Human hydatid disease is caused by echinococcus granulosus, a cestode that is commonly lodged in the liver . Several endemic regions exist; however, the disease may be observed anywhere in the world . Surgery remains the main modality of treatment, despite advances in medical and minimally invasive radiological therapi... |
Ethical issues (including plagiarism, informed consent, misconduct, data fabrication and/or falsification, double publication and/or submission, redundancy, etc) have been completely observed by the authors . Nurses have the responsibility that within their career limit, make decisions and act based on their profession... |
Farming is one of the oldest industries in the world and often portrayed as a happy way of life . Despite this, agriculture has one of the highest rates of suicides than any industry . Studies from canada, australia, united kingdom (uk), and sri lanka have found high levels of distress and high suicide rate among farme... |
Up to now six codons have been known which are deciphered by the corresponding trnas as amino acids different from those assigned by the universal genetic code in animal mitochondria (figure 1). Uga termination codon in the universal genetic code is deciphered to trp in all animal mitochondria, aua ile to met in most m... |
India's phenomenal economic growth during recent decades has yet to be matched by commensurate improvements in health care access and health . India's infant mortality rate of 41 per 1,000 live births and maternal mortality rate of 190 per 100,000 live births are still among the world's highest1, and widespread inequal... |
Multiple sclerosis (ms) is a long - lasting disease typically affecting young adults characterized by the presence of multifocal inflammatory demyelinated plaques distributed over time and space within the central nervous system (cns). Pathological features of ms include breakdown of the blood - brain barrier, multifoc... |
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