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medications taken increased, the likelihood of having poor treatment outcome was reduced by 21% (AOR = 0.79, 95%CI; 0.73, 0.87). Patients' lifestyles played a great role in affecting poor treatment outcome. As compared to their counterparts, the odds of having poor treatment outcome was 1.29 (AOR = 1.29, 95%CI; 1.02, 1...	500	248916414	16
Hypertensive and/or Diabetic patients limiting physical contact with health professionals. When compared to the pre-pandemic period, the magnitudes of individuals who had missed their appointments increased more than twice during the pandemic period. As a result, patients who do not have strict follow-up and miss their...	501	248916414	16
beliefs about the effectiveness of medication and control measures [20]. Therefore, it is better to screen for disease-related complications to achieve good disease control. In terms of medications, those who take injectable medications had a higher risk of poor treatment control than those who took PO medications. How...	502	248916414	16
management, with the ultimate goal of preventing disease progression and related complications in instances where a complete cure cannot be achieved [29,30]. Missed appointment during the pandemic period was significantly and strongly associated with poor treatment control with the likelihood of having poor treatment c...	503	248916414	16
drugs taken per day were negatively associated with treatment control. Whereas hazardous alcohol use, sedentary lifestyle, longer duration of follow up, having a disease-related complication, patients taking injectable medication, per day, and missed appointments during the pandemic of COVID -19 were positively associa...	504	248916414	16
The social network: Neural control of sex differences in reproductive behaviors, motivation, and response to social isolation Social animal species present a vast repertoire of social interactions when encountering conspecifics. Reproduction-related behaviors, such as mating, parental care, and aggression, are some of ...	505	233446934	16
mechanisms underlying social behaviors in rodent models, many open fundamental questions still remain. Particularly, we have limited understanding regarding the extent of sex differences in the mechanisms governing social behaviors: Are sexually dimorphic social behaviors controlled by dimorphic brain structures, circu...	506	233446934	16
for sexual interactions to be rewarding [8,22e24]. As to parental care, in most mammalian species, it is considered a female-typical behavior, although it can also be executed by males [25,26]. Substantial sex differences, in terms of both quantity and quality, are found in all components of parental behavior (e.g. nes...	507	233446934	16
aggression of wild female rodents is claimed to be more influenced by environmental conditions, such as the sex composition of the group [46,47], and by their estrus phase [48,49]. For males, aggressive behavior can be as rewarding as sexual behavior [50e52] and may even show similarities to addictive behaviors [53]. M...	508	233446934	16
some of the neural circuits governing sexual dimorphism are shared between the sexes [67]. In the following sections, we will present the growing amount of data regarding cell-specific neuronal populations and their connecting neuronal network that govern sexually dimorphic reproductive behavior, and their crosstalk wi...	509	233446934	16
networks communicate with brain reward regions and play an essential role in the regulation of most, if not all, sexually dimorphic reproductive behaviors [69,70]. To what extent are these anatomically interconnected dimorphic brain regions involved in the regulation of distinct sex-specific social behaviors? And, in c...	510	233446934	16
females reduces maternal behavior and activation increases maternal Diversity of social strategies within the Rodentia order: the uncharted territories of social neuroscience. Within the Rodentia order, the social scale ranges from eusocial and social to solitary, even within the same subfamilies and between closely re...	511	233446934	16
animals of both sexes remained within the boundaries of their sex-typical behaviors (i.e. manipulations of TH þ AVPV could not induce parental care in sexually naïve males or aggression in sexually naïve females) (see Figure 2a). The medial preoptic nucleus A large hypothalamic structure, the MPOA sends projections to ...	512	233446934	16
that both of these neuronal subpopulations are also involved in the regulation of sexual behavior in both sexes [83]. Taken together, it appears that multiple molecularly defined subpopulations within the MPOA, and their segregated neuronal circuits, control the same sex-typical social behaviors. The ventromedial hypot...	513	233446934	16
AVPV. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis of VMHvl subpopulations provides evidence that different molecularly defined dimorphic populations in males and females may drive similar social behavior displays (i.e. fighting behaviors) [95] (Figure 2b). The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis The BNST is a critical componen...	514	233446934	16
response to social isolation Social isolation induces severe stress in social species and might even be life-threatening [4,5,121e124]. In rodents, social isolation, during either adolescence or adulthood, was shown to dramatically disrupt behavior and brain function, in a sex-specific manner [125]. The effects of post...	515	233446934	16
while similar effects in males were induced only when isolation occurred throughout adolescence [158] or after prolonged isolation [127, 144,159,160]. In prairie voles, a 4-week isolation period reduces sucrose preference and increases corticosterone secretion in females, but not in males [143,145]. Social isolation al...	516	233446934	16
systems of OT and arginine vasopressin (AVP). In socially isolated male mice, OT plasma levels were elevated [155], with IP administration of OT abolishing isolationinduced aggression [134], while in isolated female rats, the baseline OT levels measured in the CSF were similar to those of group-housed controls [135]. I...	517	233446934	16
both effects were mediated by sex hormones [177]. All in all, most of the studies involving the social isolation of adult rodents showed similarities in the effects on neural plasticity in both sexes. Thus, the robust sex differences in the behavioral responses to isolation might be attributed to sex differences in var...	518	233446934	16
breeders of both sexes display lower levels of hippocampal neurogenesis compared to subordinates [188,189]. Although further research is needed in males and females of eusocial species, the available literature suggests an intriguing hypothesis: that their level of sexual dimorphism is substantially reduced compared to...	519	233446934	16
neuroscience tools were built for and applied almost exclusively on laboratory (i.e. inbred and domesticated) mice, which present an altered, artificially selected social behavior repertoire, compared to wild mice [59]. This is particularly evident in females, and specifically regarding reproductive behaviors such as a...	520	233446934	16
References Papers of particular interest, published within the period of review, have been highlighted as: The authors nicely demonstrate that rats searching for a water reward in groups find the reward much faster than when attempting to do so alone. Notably, their findings indicate that females benefit more from grou...	521	233446934	16
1). Each individual excavates its own tunnel system to fit its body width and never leaves it unless forced to do so [196,201]. In the lab, introducing two adults of any sex (same sex or opposite sex) into the same cage will immediately lead to severe aggression, which will likely end in critical injuries and death [20...	522	233446934	16
breeding period, when solitary individuals need to physically interact with conspecifics? We believe that the BMR, as well as other a-social, solitary rodents, can provide a natural powerful model with which to study the adaptive neural principles governing social brain plasticity and social isolation stress. Moreover,...	523	233446934	16
female. These findings suggest that male and female mating circuits exist in both sexes, but are activated or repressed by chemosensing-directed circuitry. This study demonstrates the essential role of the VTA-NAc DA pathway in mediating pheromonal-evoked sexual reward in male mice. It also shows that NAc core D1R sign...	524	233446934	16
Fine mapping of a linkage peak with integration of lipid traits identifies novel coronary artery disease genes on chromosome 5 Background Coronary artery disease (CAD), and one of its intermediate risk factors, dyslipidemia, possess a demonstrable genetic component, although the genetic architecture is incompletely def...	525	7523047	16
strongest and most consistent associations with LDL-C and CAD: EBF1, PPP2R2B, SPOCK1, and PRELID2. The most significant results for association of SNPs with LDL-C were: EBF1, rs6865969, p = 0.01; PPP2R2B, rs2125443, p = 0.005; SPOCK1, rs17600115, p = 0.003; and PRELID2, rs10074645, p = 0.0002). The most significant res...	526	7523047	16
poorly understood. Candidate gene studies have identified several loci for CAD, but with inconsistent results in validation cohorts. Recent genome wide association studies (GWAS) have consistently identified a locus on chromosome 9p21; however, this locus confers only modest risk of disease with effect sizes of 1.3-1.6...	527	7523047	16
within one genomic region, thereby exploring the solution space of the combined analyses and identifying overlapping results; such results act as an internal replication and increase the likelihood that the genetic variant is truly involved in the pathogenesis of CAD. Recently Williams and Haines argued that the replic...	528	7523047	16
50% stenosis in a major vessel, revascularization procedure as either percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass graft, or a functional test showing reversible myocardial ischemia, occurring before the age of 51 in men and before the age of 56 in women. Of the 438 families included in the original lin...	529	7523047	16
to be at risk of developing disease [9]. All CATHGEN subjects fasted for a minimum of seven hours prior to blood sample collection. Blood was collected via the femoral artery and processed immediately for collection of plasma, and then frozen within hours at -80°C. For this study, we selected 1908 CATHGEN subjects base...	530	7523047	16
were given a graded score (1-4) [17]. As these aortas were harvested from deceased donors, the clinical information attached to each sample was limited, consisting of sex, age, and race. SNP Selection SNPs were selected for genotyping based on both the physical distance between SNPs (density dependent selection) and ba...	531	7523047	16
and tagging (744) SNPs. Genotyping Genomic DNA from the GENECARD and CATHGEN samples was extracted from whole blood using the Pure-Gene system (Gentra Systems, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA). SNPs were genotyped in two rounds, initially at the Center for Human Genetics at Duke University and subsequently through the NHLB...	532	7523047	16
multivariable logistic regression adjusted for race, age, and sex. Given the low power for association in the GENECARD study, we chose to combine the quantitative analysis results for each SNP from GENECARD and CATHGEN using Fisher's method for combining p-values. Given previous reports that one of our identified genes...	533	7523047	16
and calculates a robust estimate of the genetic variance. In the CATHGEN cohort, we used multivariable logistic regression adjusted for race and sex, using allelic and genotypic models to test for association with CAD casecontrol status. In addition, a second CAD case-control series was constructed using the subset of ...	534	7523047	16
127.1 mg/dL (standard deviation [SD] 52.3 mg/dL). Family-based association resulted in 32 SNPs in 17 distinct genes that were significantly associated with LDL-C (Additional File 1 Table S1), with the four most significant SNPs residing in the gene PRELID2 , (PRELI domain containing 2 isoform) (rs10074645, rs6893183, r...	535	7523047	16
with leptin levels (median 13.8 micrograms/L, range 0.4-104.9 micrograms/L) in a subset of CATHGEN (N = 380); six EBF1 SNPs were nominally significantly associated with leptin levels (Additional File 3 Table S1). The most significant result was for rs13165442 (p = 0.001), however that SNP was not significant for associ...	536	7523047	16
pattern for significant SNPs within each gene showed few examples of strong LD between significant SNPs (Additional Files 9, 10, 11 and 12), with the exception of PRELID2 (Additional File 12). In order to verify the independence of these four loci, pairwise LD was calculated for all SNPs across the four genes; there wa...	537	7523047	16
telomeric to PPP2R2B. Nominally significant results were obtained for SNPs within TIMD4 and its ligand (HAVCR2), which is 152 kb telomeric to TIMD4 (Additional Files 2 Table S1, 6 Table S1, and 8 Table S1). Using a database of publicly available GWAS results from NHGRI, we looked for any reports of significant associat...	538	7523047	16
although the results for individual SNPs were inconsistent with their association with lipids and CAD endpoints. This may suggest that EBF1 has a similar role in regulating adiposity and lipid metabolism in humans, and that variants in the gene may represent good candidate polymorphisms for cardiovascular disease and d...	539	7523047	16
the major strengths of our study is the detailed phenotype information available for both the GENECARD cohort and CATHGEN biorepository. The rigorous inclusion criteria and case definitions used in GENECARD and CATHGEN have led to objective measures for CAD endpoints, a phenotype that would otherwise have a subjective ...	540	7523047	16
biological action. This can be explained, in part, by the fact that the phenotypes, while correlated, are not perfectly correlated. Therefore, it is expected that there will be differences in the pvalues for associations with different phenotypes and this could cause certain associations to fall outside the nominal p-v...	541	7523047	16
not relying upon the magnitude of any given p-value to identify a single gene in the region as the most likely to explain the original evidence for linkage. Rather, we are suggesting that a set of genes be examined as likely candidate susceptibility loci for cardiovascular disease that is mediated by lipid levels. In o...	542	7523047	16
trait itself, potentially enabling discovery of novel disease genes mediated through these intermediate phenotypes that might not have been identified using disease status alone. In addition, this strategy may allow the dissection of genetic heterogeneity mediated through the intermediate phenotype. We have applied thi...	543	7523047	16
Changes in distribution of nuclear matrix antigens during the mitotic cell cycle. We examined the distribution of nonlamin nuclear matrix antigens during the mitotic cell cycle in mouse 3T3 fibroblasts. Four monoclonal antibodies produced against isolated nuclear matrices were used to characterize antigens by the immun...	544	386312	16
of isolated interphase nuclei with low-and high-salt buffers, detergents, and DNAse and RNAse . Structurally, the nuclear matrix comprises the peripheral nuclear pore complex-lamina, an internal fibrogranular network and residual nucleoli. Part of the matrix has been envisaged as an interphase "nuclear skeleton" on whi...	545	386312	16
fixed in 3% paraformaldehyde-PBS, pH 7 .0, for 5 min at room temperature . They were reduced in sodium borohydride in PBS, permeabilized for 20 min in 0 .2% Triton X-100 in PBS, washed in PBS, drained, and flooded with 1°antibody . Control samples were flooded with PBS . The c .s. were incubated for 45 min, drained, wa...	546	386312	16
observed with a Zeiss Universal microscope (Carl Zeiss, Inc ., New York) equipped for epifluorescent illumination and were photographed on Ilford XP 1-400 film . Selection of Monoclonal Antibodies We selected 17 hybrids producing antibodies that detected nuclear antigens . The staining patterns of interphase nuclei of ...	547	386312	16
showed a relatively uniform staining of the periphery (Fig . 26), with some small irregular projections towards the interior of the nucleus. Focusing on the surface of the same nucleus (Fig . 2 a) showed that the projections were uneven in size and apparently distributed at random . The staining pattern with antibody P...	548	386312	16
stained internal spots and a diffuse internal stain ; nucleoli (arrowheads) are not stained . In prometaphase, fluorescent material is visible in some areas at the periphery of the chromosome mass and the cytoplasm is brightly stained . x 1,450 . and intensity distributed in the regions between nucleoli and heterochrom...	549	386312	16
little variation in the staining pattern from one cell to another, and the staining was exclusively nuclear in all interphase cells. The peripheral staining consisted of finer, more irregularly sized granules than with PI 1, as is clearly seen in Fig. 2 i. The internal staining was also somewhat finer ( Fig. 2j) and ap...	550	386312	16
diffuse DNA fluorescence throughout the nucleoplasm and well-defined nucleoli . It should be noted that no squashing was applied to the cell preparations so that the arrangement of chromosomes remained largely undisturbed from that present in living cells. Prometaphase nuclei stained with P1 (a), 11 (c), PI1 (e), or PI...	551	386312	16
clearly when the inner surface of the nuclei was examined (Fig. 5 a). In later prophase (Fig. 6, a and b), the projections were seen to coincide with the surface of short lengths of condensed chromosomes, coating the chromosomes where they lay at the nuclear periphery . Although condensed chromosomes were evident throu...	552	386312	16
visible (Fig. 6, e andf). The internal component staining with P12 became redistributed early in prophase (Fig. 5, g-i), lying in patches between condensing chromosomes. The peripheral staining was no longer granular (Fig. 5 h), and the surface appeared "wrinkled" in places . Later in prophase (Fig. 6, gand h), interna...	553	386312	16
mass by P1 was not simply due to exclusion of antibody, we performed double immunostaining with P1 and antihistone ( Fig. 10, g-h). Although the chromosome mass was only outlined by P1 (Fig. 10g), each chromosome was fully stained by antihistone (Fig. 10h), resembling the pattern recently described with a monoclonal an...	554	386312	16
set of chromosomes was outlined separately by P1 (Fig. 8 i). During telophase, the distribution of P1 paralleled the surface irregularities of the condensing chromosome mass (Fig. 8, q and r). In many cells in telophase (Fig. 8 q) and in early G 1, there were brightly staining globular masses in the cytoplasm . With an...	555	386312	16
d) . With PI1 (e and f) and PI2 (g and h), the cytoplasm exhibits fluorescence, but no stain is associated with the chromosomes themselves . In cells stained with PI2, stain is also visible in two spots corresponding to the location of the spindle poles (g) . Anaphase : Antibody P1 outlined each daughter set of chromos...	556	386312	16
Cells in early G1 stained with P1 (a), 11 (d), PI1 (g), or PI2 (j) antibodies, counterstained with Hoechst (b, e, h, and k, respectively), and photographed under phase-contrast illumination (c, f, i, and I, respectively) . The midbody is clearly visible in all cells . Although the nuclei are still somewhat irregular in...	557	386312	16
G1, the staining by antibody II was gradually redistributed throughout the nucleus as bright specks of even size (Fig . 9, df ). The peripheral components detected by monoclonals PI1 (Fig. 9, g-i) and P12 (Fig . 9, j-1) were clearly visible in all early G 1 cells . In nuclei showing a relatively diffuse Hoechst stain, ...	558	386312	16
also shown that, with the disruption or reorganization of the interphase nuclear matrix during mitosis, the antigens behave independently of one another . Some antigens are dispersed into the cytoplasm, as has been described for the lamins and most other nuclear antigens . Others, however, associate with the chromosome...	559	386312	16
antibodies are not the same . The interphase staining with P 1 is exclusively peripheral, while the antilamin reveals an internal component not only in our preparations but also in previously published reports (14,22) . At mitosis, whereas the P 1 antigen becomes associated with chromosomes, the lamins disperse into th...	560	386312	16
order is established by anchoring of interphase DNA loops on the nuclear matrix (33)(34)(35)(36)(37) . At least some of these loops are anchored at the nuclear periphery (for reviews, see references 32 and 33) . The antigen detected by P l may be involved in anchoring DNA loops, by itself or by interaction with other n...	561	386312	16
this may reflect suprachromosomal organization in vivo . The association of the II antigen with chromosomes during mitosis and its nonheterochromatin localization during interphase suggest that the antigen may be involved in structural organization of chromosomes both during interphase and mitosis . Since the I1 antige...	562	386312	16
an agranular peripheral component. The altered appearance of the peripheral staining could be due to posttranslational modifications of the PI2 antigen similar to changes in the extent of phosphorylation of lamins and nuclear proteins which are known to occur at about this stage of mitosis (27,43,44) . It may also, how...	563	386312	16
Influencing factors of the Tmax parameter in Rock-Eval pyrolysis The rock pyrolysis parameter Tmax is an important index to evaluate the maturity of organic matter in source rocks. However, during the use of Tmax, it is found that the Tmax value of some samples does not conform to the thermal evolution law of organic m...	564	210748914	16
hydrocarbons, resulting in a decrease in S2 value and an increase in Tmax. Liang Jimin and others believe that too small a sample size will result in a low S2 value and an increase in the Tmax value. For samples with low abundance of limestone and organic matter, a more accurate Tmax value can be obtained by changing t...	565	210748914	16
well and C58 well were selected, and their TOC values were 1.55, 6.18 and 13.80. The three mudstone samples with low, medium and high organic carbon values were elected to rock pyrolysis experiments to analyze the sample uniformity and pyrolysis parameters. The samples were separately mixed for over 3 minutes using an ...	566	210748914	16
values of the samples after being mixed were between 458 °C and 459 °C, with an average of 459 °C. Identically 459 ° C was used as the standard value of the mudstone sample, and the Tmax value of the sample before being mixed needed deviation calculation. The maximum deviation of the Tmax value of the C58 well was 2 °C...	567	210748914	16
selected. From 5mg or 10mg as the starting point, 100mg was sequentially determined, and the influence of the sampled amount on the pyrolysis parameters S2 and Tmax was analyzed ( Table 2). According to the experimental results, the S2 value is low when the sample amount is too small. For mudstone or tuff samples with ...	568	210748914	16
for example, the coal sample of M006 well increases with the sample quantity. The value of S2 decreases, and Tmax rises first and then decreases. Effect of soluble organic matter on Tmax Tmax is the peak temperature of the pyrolysis S2 peak, which is the temperature at which the hydrocarbon generation rate of the pyrol...	569	210748914	16
than 1%, the Tmax value ranges from 1 °C to 11 °C, the Tmax of most samples varies by more than 2 °C. Overall, the Tmax value of the sample after extraction is increased (Figure1 and Figure2). Therefore, when the chloroform pitch A is greater than 1%, it is necessary to extract the sample and then perform pyrolysis ana...	570	210748914	16
small, the S2 value will be low. For mudstone, the appropriate sample weight is greater than 40mg, for carbonaceous mudstone samples with S2 value greater than 30mg/g, the sample weight is 20mg ~ 35mg, for coal samples with S2 value less than 100mg / g, the appropriate sample weight The range is from 15mg to 30mg. For ...	571	210748914	16
Immune Ecosystem of Virus-Infected Host Tissues Virus infected host cells serve as a central immune ecological niche during viral infection and replication and stimulate the host immune response via molecular signaling. The viral infection and multiplication process involves complex intracellular molecular interactions...	572	13682346	16
emerging, adventitious, or even catastrophic diseases [3]. The immune system is continuously under viral assault, and to counter the invasion threat, it is well known that mammalians have developed a strong innate immune system and an intricate and specialized adaptive immune system to counteract the highly evolving vi...	573	13682346	16
(TLR) family can recognize a variety of different PAMPs [8]. Single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) can function as ligands for TLR7/8, thus sensing RNA virus infections. On the other hand, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) serve as a ligand for TLR3, thus sensing the viral replication [9][10][11][12]. In addition, host cells are able ...	574	13682346	16
more diverse and intricate maneuvers. In this review, we make a comprehensive overview of virus-host interactions, especially immune ecosystem of virus-infected host. We also highlight the virus subversion mechanisms against host immune responses. Immune Sensing of Viral Infection Host immune response is first activate...	575	13682346	16
Intercellular Immune Ecosystem of Virus-Infected Tissues In multicellular organisms, cells are actively working as a single fundamental unit countering the viral infection. Once the virus attaches to host cells, the host cells starts a series of events to alert the neighboring cells against the invader and trigger the ...	576	13682346	16
memory T cells persist at the infection site and are termed resident memory T cells. These cells are resident within the infection tissues and can promote the early innate immune activation for the recurrent infection. Skin resident CD49a + cells were reported to express perforin and granzyme B after treatment with IL-...	577	13682346	16
disrupt the class I MHC antigen presentation, thus curbing the NK cells. For example, poliovirus protein 3A interacts with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane to cease protein transport from the ER to the Golgi apparatus, hence preventing the transport of the MHC-bearing polio-specific peptide to the cell membrane ...	578	13682346	16
that neurons are immunologically privileged and have a lower expression of class I MHC compared to other cells; they start a long life latent infection in neurons and express no protein during their latency, thus escaping the CTL immune surveillance [57]. Epstein-Barr virus does express a latency protein but with a gly...	579	13682346	16
for innate immunity ( Figure 1). The immune response can be activated either by detection of the viral PAMPs or the immune and inflammatory cytokines. Based on the nature of nucleic acid, viruses are classified into DNA and RNA viruses. The majority of viruses infecting animals are RNA viruses. All RNA virus replicatio...	580	13682346	16
(Figure 1) [73]. Production of type I IFNs plays an important role in the induction of antiviral responses, which triggers transcription of IFN-inducible antiviral genes (ISGs) (Figure 1). On the other hand, viruses have evolved several strategies to hijack the host cellular machinery and, then, shut off the host cell ...	581	13682346	16
[9]. For example, the P protein of the measles virus suppresses TLR signaling through up-regulation of the ubiquitin modifying enzyme A20 [83]. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) inhibits activation of NF-κB and IRF3 by proteolysis of TRIF (the adaptor protein, which links TLR3 and kinase). HCV utilizes the viral NS3/4A to cleave...	582	13682346	16
of Genetics and Physiology 2 (LGP2)), expressed in most of the tissue types (see review in [84]). RLRs contain a central DExD/H-box helicase domain and a C-terminal domain responsible for binding viral RNA. RIG-I and MDA5 share structural similarities. They have two N-terminal caspase activation and recruitment domains...	583	13682346	16
leading to a significant inhibition of type I interferon (IFN) responses [101]. The non virion (NV) protein of fish Novirhabdovirus showed the ability to counteract RIG-I and TBK1-dependent interferon and IFN-stimulated gene promoter induction in fish cells resulting in the suppression of the anti-viral state induction...	584	13682346	16
or stress, and this activation leads to the production of active IL-1β and IL-18 by activating caspase I in IAV infection, while NLRP3 can activate the production of cytokines by triggering signal 1 and signal 2 during infection with IAV [13]. The V protein of measles and the NS1 protein in influenza A virus are repres...	585	13682346	16
cognate DNA sequences, which are known as IFN-stimulated response elements (ISREs; consensus sequence TTTCNNTTTC), thereby, directly activating the transcription of ISGs (see review in [116,117]). On other hand, type II IFN binds to its receptor (IFN-γ receptors 1 and 2 heterodimers) and leads to the formation of phosp...	586	13682346	16
these ISGs in the immune ecosystem of a virus infected host. Although IFNs act as critical immune components, still, viruses can perturb the IFN-mediated immune barriers. The balance of immune ecosystems is always unsteady. Supportive and virtual host immunity is always perturbed by certain types of viruses [76]. Recen...	587	13682346	16
inhibition of the activation of type I alpha/beta IFN [130]. DNA viruses such as adenovirus, human papilloma virus, and Kaposi's sarcoma virus utilize their viral proteins to bind with the DNA adaptor STING to prevent induction of type I IFN [131,132]. Viruses have also evolved to inhibit the action of ISGs. For exampl...	588	13682346	16
that can neutralize the native extracellular viruses. The cellular immunity is driven by α-β T cell receptors expressed by T lymphocytes that recognize the antigen processed peptide bound to MHC molecules on the surface of infected cells [134,135]. After the primary exposure to a certain pathogen, adaptive immune respo...	589	13682346	16
exposed to, via exposing them to an artificial compound containing either conventionally inactivated, live-attenuated virus vaccines, recombinant viruses that express protective proteins of heterologous viruses, virus-like particles (VLPs), or DNA vaccines [134,138]. Various viruses have evolved to invade the effector ...	590	13682346	16
can also harness the young children's developing immune system and make the fetal immunity facilitate its persistence in patients after the prenatal exposure, causing a persistent long-life infection [148]. Many other viruses have developed persistence mechanisms to cause permanent infection and to persist indefinitely...	591	13682346	16
and demolish the infected cells. On the other hand, viruses also evolve. Viruses have co-evolved with their hosts to produce remarkable strategies to counteract the host defenses. These strategies include the rapid shutdown of host molecular synthesis, evasive strategies of viral antigen production, interference with M...	592	13682346	16
High resolution optical and near-IR imaging of the quadruple quasar RX J0911.4+0551 We report the detection of four images in the recently discovered lensed QSO RX J0911.4+0551. With a maximum angular separation of 3.1", it is the quadruply imaged QSO with the widest known angular separation. Raw and deconvolved data r...	593	17220528	16
QSOs are rare, B97 pointed out that the observed X-ray flux might originate from a galaxy cluster at z ≥ 0.5 within the ROSAT error box. We present here new optical and near-IR high-resolution images of RX J0911.4+0551 obtained with the 2.56m Nordic Optical Telescope (NOT) and the ESO 3.5m New Technology Telescope (NTT...	594	17220528	16
be observed with the new wide field near-IR instrument SOFI, mounted on the ESO 3.5m NTT. Excellent K and J images were taken on December 15, 1997, andJanuary 19, 1998 respectively. The 1024 × 1024 Rockwell detector was used with a pixel scale of 0. ′′ 144. The optical data were bias subtracted and flat-field corrected...	595	17220528	16
quality, the near IR-data have a lower S/N than the optical data. The resolution was therefore limited to 5 pixels FWHM in both J and K (0. ′′ 36) in order to avoid noise enhancement. The MCS algorithm can be used to deconvolve simultaneously a stack of individual images or to deconvolve a single stacked image. The res...	596	17220528	16
relative to A1. The astrometric errors are derived by comparing the positions of the components in the different bands. The deconvolved numerical background is used to determine the galaxy position from the first order moment of the light distribution. A reasonable estimate of the error on the lens position was derived...	597	17220528	16
to perform precise surface photometry of the lens(es) and to draw a definite conclusion about its (their) morphology. Field photometry In order to detect any intervening galaxy cluster which might be involved in the overall lensing potential and contributing to the X-ray emission observed by ROSAT, we performed I, J, a...	598	17220528	16
would introduce. The color-magnitude diagram of the galaxies in the 2.5 ′ field is displayed in Fig. 3 . Stars are not included in this plot. Note that, because of their proximity, the magnitudes of the two blended members of the cluster candidate (center of the circle in Fig. 2) might be underestimated by as much as 0...	599	17220528	16

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