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The model's parameters are determined by minimizing the χ 2 given by the observed and predicted positions of the images and the galaxy. The best model leads to χ 2 = 0.65 and has parameters as given in Table 3. This value is reasonable for a model with one degree of freedom (r c can not be counted as a free parameter h...	600	17220528	16
by the deflecting galaxy. Note that although our near-IR data were obtained from 15 days to 6 weeks after the optical images, they appear to be consistent with the optical fluxes measured for the QSO images, i.e. flux ratios increase continuously with wavelength, from U to K, indicating extinction by the lensing galaxy...	601	17220528	16
band photometry. We have compared the K-band magnitudes of the brightest cluster galaxies with the empirical K magnitude vs. redshift relation found by Aragón-Salamanca et al. (1998). We find that our cluster candidate, with its brightest K magnitude of about ∼ 17.0, should have a redshift of z ∼ 0.7. A similar compari...	602	17220528	16
for a discussion of the degeneracy preventing a direct determination of κ. From the direction of the shear φ, (see Table 3) we can predict the position angle of the cluster as seen from the QSO to be 12 • or 192 • . The latter value agrees well with the position of our cluster candidate SW of the QSO images. Note also ...	603	17220528	16
blended or not with a fifth image of the (QSO) source. Some 10 ′′ SW from the lens, we detect a small group of even redder objects. These red galaxies can be seen in Fig. 2 a few arcseconds to the left and to the right of the cross. They might be part of a second galaxy-group at a higher redshift, and with a position i...	604	17220528	16
and another possible group at z > 0.7. Multi-object spectroscopy is needed in order to confirm our cluster candidate/s and derive its/their redshift and velocity dispersion. In addition, weak lensing analysis of background galaxies might prove useful to map the overall lensing potential involved in this complex system....	605	17220528	16
and many of the cluster members form the overdensity around I − K ∼ 3.3. The lensing galaxy in RX J0911.4+0551 is marked by a star and the two blended galaxies in the center of the cluster candidate are plotted as triangles. Stars are not plotted in this diagram. 0.000 ± 0.004 −0.259 ± 0.007 +0.013 ± 0.008 +2.935 ± 0.0...	606	17220528	16
Higher-Harmonic Collective Modes in a Trapped Gas from Second-Order Hydrodynamics Utilizing a second-order hydrodynamics formalism, the dispersion relations for the frequencies and damping rates of collective oscillations as well as spatial structure of these modes up to the decapole oscillation in both two- and three-...	607	56386759	16
a lesser extent -bulk viscosity [12]. The Navier-Stokes equations provide a relatively straightforward model for the dependence of cloud expansion and collective oscillation phenomena on transport coefficients, making them a seemingly ideal candidate for extraction of such coefficients. Yet, in the low density corona o...	608	56386759	16
the super-fluid transition (T > T c ). In the linear response regime we are considering in this work, it turns out that the second-order and anisotropic hydrodynamic equations of motion are identical. We will refer to our approach as second-order hydrodynamics to simplify the discussion, but the only difference to an a...	609	56386759	16
density ρ, flow velocity u, and temperature T . While widely successful in many fluid dynamics applications, such a first order gradient expansion suffers from certain problems, in particular, in systems where the fluid speed approaches the speed of light [16]. Thus, more recently a second-order hydrodynamic framework ...	610	56386759	16
the limit τ π → 0 in Eq. (4). II.2. Assumptions For simplicity, we have assumed the bulk viscosity and heat conductivity coefficients to vanish. The assumption of vanishing bulk viscosity is consistent with measurements in two dimensions. [19,20]. Furthermore, calculations of bulk viscosity in d = 3 imply that the valu...	611	56386759	16
allow analytic access to the spatial structure, frequency and damping rates of collective modes using a secondorder hydrodynamics framework. More accurate numerical studies including temperature and density effects on the shear viscosity are left for future work. Finally, in order to access collective mode behavior of ...	612	56386759	16
the absence of a trapping potential, it is usually convenient to perform a spatial Fourier transform of Eqs. (8)-(11) in order to obtain the collective modes of the system. However, here we are interested in a harmonic trapping potential (linear trapping force) which breaks translation symmetry. Thus, it is more conven...	613	56386759	16
symmetric in the indices as can be seen from Eq. (12). One should also note that in Eqs. (14), b (M ) m is used as shorthand for the polynomial coefficients of all components of δu, and for a given M and m is a column vector with d components. Let us now discuss the details of accessing the collective modes whose spati...	614	56386759	16
shots of density profiles and subsequent momentum density (ρu) for the oscillatory modes in d = 2. Note that the center of the monopole mode is at a lower density than the centers of the other modes since it is volume changing and has a larger radius than the equilibrium configuration. The damping rate of higher-order ...	615	56386759	16
detailed discussion of these modes to App. C. The rows of Tab. I starting with the number mode and ending with the decapole mode are all hydrodynamic modes. We note that at order O(η/P ) the results for these modes match those from an analysis of the mode frequencies of the Navier-Stokes equations at the same order. Ho...	616	56386759	16
experiment, it is conceivable that measuring their damping rates could lead to a similarly strong experimental constraint on shear viscosity in the unitary Fermi gas. We are not aware of this approach having been suggested elsewhere in the literature. When aiming for using higher-order modes to analyze shear viscosity ...	617	56386759	16
τπ = η/P ). Subscripts denote mode name (quadrupole "Q"; hexapole "H"; octupole "O"; decapole "D"). Dotted line is Γ nh = 1/τπ (cf. Ref. [29]). Note that in d = 2 there is no non-hydrodynamic sloshing or breathing mode. IV. COLLECTIVE MODE SOLUTIONS IN d = 3 In the case of a three-dimensional gas in a harmonic trap wit...	618	56386759	16
general (string-theory-based) calculations suggest that there should be a non-vanishing frequency component in the case of d = 3 [30]. It would be interesting to measure non-hydrodynamic mode frequencies and damping rates in order to describe transport beyond Navier-Stokes on a quantitative level. V. MODE AMPLITUDES CA...	619	56386759	16
its time derivative needs to be specified. For equilibrium initial conditions of a general biaxial harmonic trap with trapping force given by F = −γ x x − γ y y TABLE II. Frequencies and damping rates in d = 3 from linearized second-order hydrodynamics assuming η P , τπ 1. The hydrodynamic mode damping rates depend on ...	620	56386759	16
amplitude. This type of initial condition corresponds to a rotationally symmetric trap quench with no initial fluid angular momentum. Symmetry then implies that only the number, temperature, and breathing modes Three-dimensional non-hydrodynamic collective mode damping rates Γ as a function of η/P (using τπ = η/P ). Su...	621	56386759	16
of the (dimensionless) breathing ("B"), hydrodynamic ("Q h ") and non-hydrodynamic ("Q nh ") quadrupole mode amplitudes as a function the quench strength parameter γy for an anisotropic trap quench in d=2. Results shown are for η P = 0.5. Note that the temperature mode amplitude (not shown) matches the breathing mode a...	622	56386759	16
mode amplitude is monotonically increasing as a function of η/P . This is plausible given that for small viscosities one expects the hydrodynamic mode to be dominant, whereas one expects the non-hydrodynamic mode to dominate in the ballistic η/P → ∞ limit. The present calculation is compared to mode amplitude ratios ex...	623	56386759	16
Fermi gas near the pseudogap temperature T * , significant modification of the equation of state have been predicted and observed, cf. Ref. [34]. Studies aiming for achieving a quantitative agreement most likely will have to rely on full numerical solutions, such as e.g. those discussed in Refs. [14,23], which we leave...	624	56386759	16
note that the apparent saturation of this ratio at about 20% is consistent with the amplitude ratio from Ref. [29], extracted from experimental data in Ref. [31]. (Note that in the experiment of Ref. [31], the gas was released from a symmetric trap, allowed to expand for a short period, and then recaptured in a symmetr...	625	56386759	16
[33]. For instance, our analysis demonstrates that the damping rate of the volume conserving higher-harmonic modes is proportional to the shear viscosity times the harmonic mode number (i.e. the mode winding number w, see App. A). Similar features have been predicted and experimentally observed in the context of relati...	626	56386759	16
trapped Fermi gases. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was supported in part by the Department of Energy, DOE award No. de-sc0008132. Publication of this article was funded by the University of Colorado Boulder Libraries Open Access Fund. PR would like to thank John Thomas for fruitful discussions as well as the organizers of ...	627	56386759	16
following a vector around the prescribed circle. For example, w Dip = 0, w Quad = 1, w Hex = 2,... so that the angle of coordinate rotations to get the second independent mode for a given mode is conveniently given by ∆φ = π 2(w + 1) . Of course, any rotation through an angle in the range ∆θ ∈ (0, π/(w + 1)) will produ...	628	56386759	16
the individual perturbations are orthogonal (the full mode structures are, however, independent). For example, while δρ T emp = δρ B , it is not possible to construct the full mode structure δ T emp = {δρ T emp , δu T emp , δT T emp } as a linear combination of the full mode structure of the other modes. We note that a...	629	56386759	16
i /A 0 = 1, T init = 1 For this case we see from Eqs. (C5)-(C8) that the ratio A i /A 0 gives rise to a non-zero amplitude of the number mode, but leaves the location of the zero of the other two modes at γ = 1. This should be expected since this merely means that at γ = 1 we have more (A i /A 0 > 1) or less (A i /A 0 ...	630	56386759	16
temperature is below its equilibrium value for the given cloud radius so the cloud will reduce its size to try to reach equilibrium.	631	56386759	16
NMR analyses on N-hydroxymethylated nucleobases – implications for formaldehyde toxicity and nucleic acid demethylases NMR studies reveal that formaldehyde, a toxic pollutant and metabolite, reacts with nucleotides to form N-hydroxymethylated adducts of varying stabilities. NMR Experiments NMR experiments were carried ...	632	21718451	16
pulse. [3][4][5] Experiments were run accumulating 16 transients with mixing times (τm) of 10-1200 ms, with the 1 H-resonance of hydrated HCHO (δH 4.89 ppm at 37 °C) being selectively irradiated. Adduct formation rates were calculated as follows: the normalised intensities of the EXSY correlations (i.e. the intensities...	633	21718451	16
the variable t1 period and 13 C decoupling during data acquisition. The 1/2JCH delays were optimised for 145 Hz. MS-Based FTO Activity Assay A reaction mixture containing RNA oligonucleotide (AUUGUGG-m6A-CUGCAGC, 1 µM), 2OG (10 µM), ascorbate (100 µM), ferrous iron (10 µM) and FTO (100 nM) in 50 mM Tris buffer in H2O a...	634	21718451	16
Biotage SP1 Purification system. Proton and Carbon NMR spectra were acquired using AVIIIHD 500 or Bruker AVIIIHD 400 or AVIIIHD 600 with N2 cryoprobe. Shifts are reported in δ ppm. Abbreviations s, d, t, q, and m denoting singlet, doublet, triplet, quartet and multiplet respectively used in 1 H NMR. Coupling constants,...	635	21718451	16
13 C)-Methyl)thymidine This compound was prepared according to a modified version of a reported procedure. 8 3',5'-O-Bis(t-butylsilyl)-2'-O-(t-butyldimethylsilyl)adenosine This compound was prepared according to a modified version of a reported procedure. 9 To a stirred suspension of adenosine (2.12 g, 8 mmol) in 40 mL...	636	21718451	16
Core elements towards circularity: evidence from the European countries : In this paper, the authors identified key elements important for circularity: (1) Background: The primary goal of circularity is to eliminate waste and to prove the constant use of resources. In the paper, we classify studies according to circula...	637	237806736	16
more expensive [1,2]. Therefore, it is not difficult to see why the idea of a circularity, which offers new ways to create a more sustainable model of economic growth, is taking hold around the world. An early approach towards practical sustainability was envisioned and demonstrated as the saving of resources, the prev...	638	237806736	16
additional raw materials are needed. • The supply of recycled raw materials is not in line with demand. Due to technological changes or lack thereof, substances that can only be obtained from pure extraction may be preferred. These constraints mean that recycling and recycling efficiency alone is not enough to achieve ...	639	237806736	16
(the program of the European Commission's Communication "Creating a circular economy. A Europe without waste") and changes in the business organization processes themselves lead to changes in the fields of materials extraction, production, marketing, and recycling [29,30]. Keeping this in mind, many companies are moder...	640	237806736	16
a key role in shaping demand. The private sector will have to implement the solutions that are most appropriate given the extended life cycle of the product [41][42][43]. The circular scheme links traditional linear processes with product return processes involving product recovery, product recycling, dismantling, and ...	641	237806736	16
of priority for waste reduction and management. The goal of the waste management hierarchy is to maximize the practical benefits of the products and to generate as little waste as possible. This delivers some benefits, it can help prevent greenhouse gas emissions, reduce pollution, save energy, save resources, create j...	642	237806736	16
different combinations covering different circular approaches in 65 studies. The most of authors focus on the 8th combination, which includes 7R: reduce (R2), reuse (R3), repair (R4), refurbish (R5), remanufacture (R6), recycle (R8), and recover (R9). All circular approaches are indicated under the 2nd combination, whi...	643	237806736	16
particularly important that packagers are aligned with strategic ones economic and industrial policy, as the industrial waste sector is one of those who dictate change from linearity to circularity [61,62]. The 48 authors examine basic waste management, with applies typical policy measures such as basic provision for p...	644	237806736	16
restoration and closed-loop products and want to eliminate waste, maintain the value of products and materials, promote their use of renewable energy and remove toxic chemicals. In current production and consumption practices, the "end of life" is being replaced by reducing, reusing, and recycling processes in the prod...	645	237806736	16
management [75][76][77][78][79][80] The basic waste hierarchy prioritises the most effective solutions for waste management. There are many alternatives identified which are combined with recycling, such as reusage, re-production, repairment, etc. The revision of recycling trends and evaluation of variables having an i...	646	237806736	16
time series helping to identify the dependent variable and its links with the regressors. The constructed model meets the requirements important for the construction of a simple regression model but presents dynamic interlinks. Such analysis presents trends (Fig. 1) which show that for 19 years period the recycling rat...	647	237806736	16
spare parts. Discussion The improvement of circularity is important under various levels: society, industry, and government. The implementation of high-level circularity is too optimistic as recycling takes only one-fifth of generated waste. First and foremost, focus on waste prevention could help dispose of waste at s...	648	237806736	16
is less than 20 per cent and needs to be speeded up. Conclusions In recent years, many studies are focusing on circularity. However, the attention to all circular approaches is behind: only seven studies out of 65 covers all circular approaches. The attention to circular approaches related to smarter production is stil...	649	237806736	16
works could extend delivered study into some directions such as • the revision of circularity measures and interlinks to show gaps; • the involvement of other waste streams into empirical research; • the review of waste management aspects by sectors; • the prognosis of recycling rates. The research extends the knowledg...	650	237806736	16
Determining the Influence of KemTRACE Cr and / or Micro-Aid on Growth Performance and Carcass Composition of Pigs Housed in a Commercial Environment A study was conducted to determine the interactive effects of chromium propionate (KemTRACE Cr; Kemin Industries Inc., Des Moines, IA) and Micro-Aid (Yucca schidigera-base...	651	53986946	16
added to diets. In summary, no synergistic effects were observed from feeding Cr and Micro-Aid in diets fed to finishing pigs housed in a commercial environment. Only marginal differences were observed from adding Cr or Micro-Aid with increased ADFI observed from feeding either. Finally, diets containing added Cr tende...	652	53986946	16
(P = 0.048) ADFI, and inclusion of Micro-Aid resulted in a marginally significant increase (P = 0.076) in ADFI. For carcass characteristics, HCW, loin depth, and percentage carcass yield were not influenced by treatment. Backfat depth tended to increase (P = 0.055) and lean percentage was decreased (P = 0.014) when Cr ...	653	53986946	16
an improvement in F/G. 11 Additionally, research in mice with artificially induced diabetes mellitus indicates a potential reduction of circulating glucose levels when supplemented with Yucca schidigera extract through a potential insulin releasing mechanism from pancreatic β-cells. 12 Research related to the impact of...	654	53986946	16
7 pens per treatment. Pigs were split by gender upon arrival at the facility, with 5 blocks of each gender and a final mixed sex gender block. Gender blocks were randomly allotted to groups of 4 pen locations within the barn. Diets were corn-soybean meal-dried distillers grains with solubles-based and were fed in 5 pha...	655	53986946	16
but worsen F/G. Added Micro-Aid in the finishing period tended to increase (P = 0.088) ADFI. Overall, ADG and F/G were not influenced by treatment. Adding Micro-Aid tended to increase (P = 0.076) and adding Cr increased (P = 0.048) ADFI. For carcass characteristics, HCW, loin depth, and carcass yield were not influence...	656	53986946	16
Undersmoothing Causal Estimators With Generative Trees Average causal effects are averages of (heterogeneous) individual treatment effects (ITEs) taken over the entire target population. The estimation of average causal effects has been studied in depth, but averages are insufficient for more individualised decision-ma...	657	247475855	16
model class can significantly impact prediction performance. I. INTRODUCTION In the absence of data from randomised experiments, analysts must use observational data to make inferences about the causal effects of interventions or treatments, that is, what would happen if they intervened to change the treatment status o...	658	247475855	16
\|X) remains unchanged, while the marginal distributions of the covariate inputs P (X) for treated and untreated can be very different.Most existing methods attempt to transform the observational distribution by sample reweighing schemes usually based on propensity scores [4], [8], [19], [28], [29] (but not exclusively,...	659	247475855	16
to reduce data imbalances. Data augmentation has proven effective in multiple scenarios.For instance, image transformations in computer vision [26], or oversampling minority classes in imbalanced classifi-arXiv:2203.08570v1 [cs.LG] 16 Mar 2022 cation problems [7], [15].In our case, the method we propose could be seen a...	660	247475855	16
significant improvements in individual treatment effect estimation, while keeping the average effect predictions competitive.Our experimental setup incorporates a wide breadth of non-neural standard causal inference methods and data sets.We specifically focus on non-neural solutions as they are more commonly used by pr...	661	247475855	16
this, the Individual Treatment Effect (ITE) can be written as: Thus, to compute such a value for individual i, we need access to both potential outcomes, 0 , but only one, called the factual, is observed: the other potential outcome, called the counterfactual, cannot be observed.The fact that we only observe factuals b...	662	247475855	16
approach is regression adjustment, where a regressor, or multiple ones per each treatment value, is used to estimate potential outcomes.More advanced methods often incorporate propensity scores, where the estimator takes into account the probability of treatment assignment per each individual.For instance, Inverse Prop...	663	247475855	16
occurring discrepancies between those two data sets are known as covariate shift problem.Within causal inference, this manifests as differences between observational and interventional distributions, ultimately making effect estimation extremely difficult.More formally, given input covariates x, treatment t, and outcom...	664	247475855	16
ITE estimation, fitting the data closely is especially important.Although in case of average effect estimation the difference between biased and unbiased estimators can be negligible, the individualised case usually exacerbates the issue.For instance, in the presented example, the difference in ATE error is 0.44, but i...	665	247475855	16
learnt joint would include any existing data imbalances.In other words, underrepresented data regions would remain in minority, not addressing the problem at hand.This observation led us to a conclusion there is a need to identify smaller data regions, or clusters, and model their distributions in separation instead, g...	666	247475855	16
reduce data imbalances.A merge of new and original data is then provided to a downstream estimator, resulting in a less biased final estimator.Through experimentation, we find that splitting the original data at the beginning of the process into treated and control units and learning two separate trees for each group h...	667	247475855	16
be found through cross-validation by using a downstream estimator's performance as a feedback signal as to which parameters work the best, which can also be tailored to a specific estimator of choice.The number of GMM components can be alternatively optimised through Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) score.In order ...	668	247475855	16
learners, and how it compares to other methods.Finally, we also study how our method influences the number of rules in prunned decision trees as an indirect measure of data complexity. Although we do perform hyperparameter search to some extent in order to get reasonable results, it is not our goal to achieve the best ...	669	247475855	16
as: Given a set of treated subjects T that are part of sample E coming from an experimental study, and a set of control group C, define the true Average Treatment effect on the Treated (ATT) as: The error on ATT is then defined as the absolute difference between the true and predicted ATT: Define policy risk as: Where ...	670	247475855	16
NEWS.Introduced by [17], which consists of news articles in the form of word counts with respect to a predefined vocabulary.The treatment is represented as the device type (mobile or desktop) used to view the article, whereas the simulated outcome is defined as the user's experience.Similarly to IHDP, we report PEHE an...	671	247475855	16
Kernel Ridge.DML and Meta-Learners were combined with different base learners as they need them to solve intermediate regression and classification tasks internally.This resulted in 3×5 = 15 combinations of distinct estimators.Similarly, DeGeF was combined with the same 5 base learners to investigate how they react to ...	672	247475855	16
as ((r a − r b )/r b ) × 100%, where r a and r b denote results of advanced methods and base learners respectively.The reason for analysing these relative changes rather than absolute values is because in this study we are specifically interested in how more complex approaches (including ours) affect the performance of...	673	247475855	16
the other approaches.Thus, our method clearly offers the best improvements in PEHE and competitive predictions in ATE while providing a good amount of stability.In the JOBS data set (Table III), classic methods again achieve strong improvements in average effect estimation (ATT) in best cases, though they can be substa...	674	247475855	16
traditional approaches can provide some improvements in PEHE as well, at least in their best efforts, though performance decreases are also noticeable in the worst ones.They also offer quite stable improvements in ATE, except extremely poor dml-dt.The X-Learner performs particularly well across both metrics (most delta...	675	247475855	16
in prunned Decision Trees as a proxy for data complexity.As presented in Table VI, degef significantly increases the amount of rules across all data sets, translating to an increase in data complexity.This proves the undersmoothing effect we aim for has been achieved.In addition, we observe that modest data complexity ...	676	247475855	16
and bring new informative samples, not to introduce bias in the form of noise.Thus, our method would likely worsen base learners performance in such environments.Furthermore, we expect extremely high-dimensional data sets may cause computational issues due to the increasing depth of the inner trees.This is partly why s...	677	247475855	16
and Control respectively.The difference in ITE error is almost twice as in ATE. Algorithm 1 Debiasing Generative TreesInput: X -data set, E -estimator Parameter: N -number of generated samples Output: E D -debiased estimator 1: Let X G = ∅.2: Split X into treated and control units (X T and X C ). 3: Train a Decision Tr...	678	247475855	16
Antidepressant-like activity, active components and related mechanism of Hemerocallis citrina Baroni extracts Hemerocallis citrina Baroni [Asphodelaceae], which is traditional herbal medicine, has been widely used for treating depressive disorders in Eastern-Asia countries. However, the active compounds and correspondi...	679	251911954	16
Campo, 2021). At present, synthesized drugs are the most commonly used and effective treatment means in clinical traits, which have disadvantages such as low effective rate, serious side effects, and high price (Krishnan and Nestler, 2008;Carhart-Harris et al., 2021). However, traditional herbal medicines have unique a...	680	251911954	16
al., 2016), a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model was used to evaluate the anti-depressive effect of H. citrina that only took one type of the flower buds (mainly using the dried flower buds of H. citrina as the materials), which may cause a series of active constituents to be neglected and not estimated. In...	681	251911954	16
based on the intestinal flora. Figure S1), the water and 80% ethanol extracts of both parts (a total of 4 different extracts with low and high-dose, namely WHCWL, WHCWH, HCWL, HCWH, WHCEL, WHCEH, HCEL, and HCEH) were employed. The result showed that the Sucrose preference test (SPT) of the model control group was signi...	682	251911954	16
control group ( Figure 1B). Compared with the normal control group, the activity time of the model control group was significantly decreased (p < 0.05), and the resting time was significantly prolonged (p < 0.01), which indicated that the CUMS mouse model was successfully FIGURE 1 The effects of different dose extracts...	683	251911954	16
The results of SPT, ILT, and Tail suspension test (TST) experiments indicated that the low and high-dose HCW groups display significant anti-depressive activity, and the water extracts of flowerings (HCWL and HCWH) showed better activities than that of ethanol extracts (HCEL and HCEH). In addition, the extracts of flow...	684	251911954	16
Compared with the normal control group, the activity time of the model control group was significantly decreased (p < 0.05), The results of SPT, ILT and TST in the second antidepressive experiment indicated that the low and high-dose HCW groups (HCWL and HCWH) also display significant anti-depressive activity. However,...	685	251911954	16
for comprehensive screening and identifying the plant's metabolite. In this study, each high-level compound which was appeared with a prominent peak in the total ion chromatogram (TIC) or the ultraviolet chromatogram was screened. The MS/MS data of metabolites were obtained by the target-MS/MS methods, and their struct...	686	251911954	16
isolation, which was well-developed by our laboratory (Qing et al., 2016;Qing et al., 2017b), was employed. Compound 15 was obtained from HCW and its structure was unambiguously identified by NMR data. Compound 15 was obtained as a yellow amorphous powder. (Siewek et al., 1984). Compound 15 was reported for the first t...	687	251911954	16
ILT of mice in the RTH and RHE groups and the FH group decreased significantly (p < 0.05) compared to the model control group. Frontiers in Pharmacology frontiersin.org Compared with the normal control group, the resting time of the model control group was significantly prolonged (p < 0.05), which showed that the CUMS ...	688	251911954	16
richness of the intestinal flora As the depth of sequencing increases, the rarefaction curves of all the samples approach the saturation plateau, and the result indicates that the sequencing data covers all species in the sample ( Figure 6A). The Venn diagram compares the differences group between OTUs. A total of 1044...	689	251911954	16
enrichment and diversity of gut microbiota, and the HCW can reverse that phenomenon. H. citrina flowers regulates the abundance of specific intestinal flora The effects of CUMS, HCW and HCE on the composition and function of the intestinal flora were analyzed via 16S rRNA sequencing. The community composition was analy...	690	251911954	16
to be developed as an antidepressant by regulating the abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes at the phylum level. At the genera level, Bacteroides and Desulfovibrio were the predominant genus in all samples but varied in their abundances Frontiers in Pharmacology frontiersin.org ( Figure 8A). The abundance of Bacte...	691	251911954	16
genera could produce the lipopolysaccharide to disrupt the intestinal barrier and leads to the production of inflammatory factors. In previous studies (Haroon and Miller, 2017;Zhu et al., 2019), the abundance of Desulfovibrio genera was significantly increased in the intestinal flora of depressed mice, which was in acc...	692	251911954	16
total of 1205 OTUs from four groups of sequencing data of intestinal flora. As shown in Supplementary Figure S5B, four groups shared 792 OTUs. Unique OTUs were observed in the normal control (35), CUMS model control (13), FH (21), and RT (33) groups. As shown in Supplementary Figure S5C, the model group was separated f...	693	251911954	16
the level of Bacteroides and Desulfovibrio genera in depressed mice was weaker than the HCW group. The result shows that rutin is one of the main ingredients of antidepression in HCW. Preparations of H. citrina extracts Dry, fresh flower buds and flowers of H. citrina (Mengzihua, 100 Kg each, Supplementary Figure S1) w...	694	251911954	16
mm × 2.1 mm, 2.8 µm; Frontiers in Pharmacology frontiersin.org Accrom Technologies Co. Ltd., China). The elution system was 0.1% formic acid 1) and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile 2). The linear gradient elution program was as flowers: 0-30 min, 5%-45% B; 30-40 min 45%-90% B. The sample injection volume was 5 μl. The ...	695	251911954	16
and given a standard chow and water ad libitum for the duration of the study. All experiments and procedures were carried out according to the Regulations of Experimental Animal Administration issued by the State Committee of Science and Technology of China. Establishment of depression model by chronic unpredictable mi...	696	251911954	16
The sucrose preference test was divided into training and test period. Two days before the test as the training period, two bottles of 1% sucrose solution were given to the animals in the first 24 h, and a bottle of 1% sucrose solution was replaced with a bottle of pure water in the next 24 h. They did not abstain from...	697	251911954	16
The mice were fixed on the tail suspension device with a baffle to separate the line of sight and avoid interfering with others mice. The head was about 5 cm from the table, so the mice had no place to climb onto or grasp. The activity and rest time of the mice were recorded in the next 4 min. Collection of intestinal ...	698	251911954	16
V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was analyzed by high throughput sequencing using the Illumina HiSeq platform by NovaSeq PE250. After sequencing is completed, the data are subjected to low-quality read removal, splicing, filtering, and chimera removal to obtain valid data. Sequences were analyzed using Quantitative Insig...	699	251911954	16

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