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https://www.oshwa.org/documents-and-policies/ | Documents and Policies | OSHWA menu menu chevron_left home About Team Programs Community Membership Events OSHW 101 Documents and Policies Resources Announcements Documents and Policies On this page you can find information about the organization and our policies, as well as various documents that OSHWA must provide access to as a requirement of our non-profit status. Documents The bylaws that govern OSHWA are available here . Meeting Minutes Board Meeting Minutes 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 Annual Member Meeting Minutes 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 (On pause due to pandemic) | 2019 (On pause due to only staff member on Maternity Leave) | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 (No members present, no notes taken) | 2015 | 2014 (No members present, no notes taken) | 2013 OSHWA Taxes 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 IRS Form 1023 Open Hardware Summit Budgets 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 Policies Policy on Partnerships and Products OSHWA serves as a neutral forum for discussion of open-source hardware and tries hard to avoid bias in favor of or against particular products or companies. As such, OSHWA does not fund, endorse or promote specific outside projects. That said, as part of our mission to educate the public about open-source hardware, we may discuss news or issues that involve specific open-source hardware products if we feel there is a broader goal achieved or to bring interest to an open process, field, or study rather than the product itself. Example of something we will not post: I’m launching a new (open-source) product, would you please share it with your community? Example of something we may post: I have a novel way of doing something openly that affects the whole community, will you please share it with your community? For Example: I’m applying open-source hardware in a new domain. I’ve written up the strategies we used to build up our open-source hardware and knowledge of this will benefit similar communities. OSHWA Board Attendance Policy Board meetings are generally every six weeks. Missing 3 consecutive meetings without reasonable justification as defined by board vote is grounds for removal of the OSHWA board. OSHWA board members will be advised to vote for the removal of any board member after the 3rd consecutive meeting has been missed. The vacant slot will be filled during the next Annual Meeting of the Members. Why is this policy important? The majority of work that the board is responsible for is completed during board meetings. Quorum must be met for board votes. If enough board members are not present, votes must be pushed to the next meeting. OSHWA Board Election Process How do we run our elections? All OSHWA board candidates have to self-nominate to be eligible for election. Self-nomination demonstrates that the candidate has a personal commitment to serving on the OSHWA board. The candidates outline their motivation and qualifications so voters can make informed decisions. OSHWA board members are elected for two year terms. Terms are staggered so that only a portion of the OSHWA board terms expire in any given year in order to maintain continuity within the board. Elections are held each year for the portion of the board seats that are open in that year. We announce the start of the board nomination process on the front of the OSHWA website and on the OSHWA twitter accounts (@oshwassociation and @ohsummit). These platforms reach beyond just existing OSHWA members to the broader OSHW community. In addition to the general announcement, we directly reach out to potential candidates with diverse backgrounds, suggesting they nominate themselves. Once the nominations are closed, OSHWA members vote to elect new board members. Voting is limited to OSHWA members as per the rules that govern OSHWA’s non-profit incorporation. We use online voting for board elections. Our bylaws require that at least 10% of our membership vote in order to reach quorum to validate the election. Who should consider running? People who love OSHWA! If you want to support the work OSHWA does and advocate on our behalf, this role is for you. To be a board member you should have some knowledge in one of the many facets of open hardware, be it manufacturing, education, policy, or more. We pride ourselves on having a diverse board and would love help spreading the word to people in underrepresented groups. We welcome those who have no prior board experience. If you’d like to talk to current board members prior to running and find out what’s it’s like being an OSHWA board member please email info@oshwa.org . Timeline Last Tues in Sept, Nominations open 2nd Tues in Oct, Nominations close 3rd Tues in Oct, Voting period 1 week (7 days) in length 4th week in Oct, new members announced OSHWA Board Member Agreement OSHWA Code of Conduct OSHWA is dedicated to providing a harassment-free online and in-person community experience for everyone, regardless of gender, gender identity and expression, sexual orientation, disability, physical appearance, age, body size, race, or religion. We do not tolerate harassment in any form on any OSHWA platform, including mailing lists, forums, comments, venues and anywhere else you interact with OSHWA hosted space, online or in-person, private or public. Read the Code of Conduct Become a Member Donate Newsletter | 2026-01-13T08:49:12 |
https://dev.to/t/raspberrypi/page/4 | Raspberry Pi Page 4 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Raspberry Pi Follow Hide All things related to the range of accessible and affordable single board Raspberry Pi computers, HATs, Raspberry Pi Pico, Raspberry Pi OS, and more. Share what you’re building! Create Post submission guidelines Please keep your posts to this topic specifically related to the Raspberry Pi family and projects. about #raspberrypi You can learn much more about Raspberry Pi around the web: ◦ Raspberry Pi Foundation , the educational charity ◦ Official Documentation ◦ Community Forums ◦ Raspberry Pi Trading , the technology company You can also read more about Raspberry Pi on Wikipedia , and explore code and other projects on GitHub . Raspberry Pi is a trademark of Raspberry Pi Trading. Older #raspberrypi posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Part 1 — Data Gathering on Raspberry Pi Pico for Edge AI Trend Alarm Ertugrul Ertugrul Ertugrul Follow Aug 28 '25 Part 1 — Data Gathering on Raspberry Pi Pico for Edge AI Trend Alarm # edgeai # python # cpp # raspberrypi Comments Add Comment 3 min read Part 3 — Real-Time Inference on Pico (Firmware Integration) Ertugrul Ertugrul Ertugrul Follow Aug 28 '25 Part 3 — Real-Time Inference on Pico (Firmware Integration) # cpp # python # raspberrypi # edgeai Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to use Cargo to cross compile Rust programs for Raspberry Pi? Hedy Hedy Hedy Follow Aug 28 '25 How to use Cargo to cross compile Rust programs for Raspberry Pi? # raspberrypi # cargo # rust 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Build a fingerprint-controlled servo lock with Raspberry Pi Joyce Lin Joyce Lin Joyce Lin Follow Jul 22 '25 Build a fingerprint-controlled servo lock with Raspberry Pi # raspberrypi # programming # automation # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read DietPi: El sistema operativo Linux ultraligero que potencia tu Raspberry Pi ToufiQ ToufiQ ToufiQ Follow Aug 25 '25 DietPi: El sistema operativo Linux ultraligero que potencia tu Raspberry Pi # linux # opensource # raspberrypi # dietpi 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read RAM and CPU Benchmarking on RK3588S SBCs Leonard Liao Leonard Liao Leonard Liao Follow Aug 25 '25 RAM and CPU Benchmarking on RK3588S SBCs # cpu # raspberrypi # rockchip # kiwipi 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read Inky Frame menu items djchadderton djchadderton djchadderton Follow Aug 24 '25 Inky Frame menu items # raspberrypi # micropython # programming # tutorial 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read Smart Assistive Glass using OCR and Raspberry Pi ANTONY VASLIN SK ANTONY VASLIN SK ANTONY VASLIN SK Follow Jul 23 '25 Smart Assistive Glass using OCR and Raspberry Pi # python # raspberrypi # ai # opencv 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read How to Build a Smart RGB LED Strip Controller with a Raspberry Pi Zero W Michael Parker Michael Parker Michael Parker Follow Jul 23 '25 How to Build a Smart RGB LED Strip Controller with a Raspberry Pi Zero W # programming # iot # raspberrypi # selfhosting 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read How to Set Up a Raspberry Pi Tunnel for Remote Access Lightning Developer Lightning Developer Lightning Developer Follow Jul 21 '25 How to Set Up a Raspberry Pi Tunnel for Remote Access # pinggy # webdev # raspberrypi # devops 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Setup GenieACS under Ubuntu24.04 chenchih chenchih chenchih Follow Aug 19 '25 Setup GenieACS under Ubuntu24.04 # ubuntu # acs # genieacs # raspberrypi 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Gating entrances with Stripe and NFC passes Joshua Nussbaum Joshua Nussbaum Joshua Nussbaum Follow Aug 21 '25 Gating entrances with Stripe and NFC passes # stripe # javascript # typescript # raspberrypi 8 reactions Comments 8 comments 6 min read Master Your Raspberry Pi: Set a Static IP for Rock-Solid Networking Messin Messin Messin Follow Aug 16 '25 Master Your Raspberry Pi: Set a Static IP for Rock-Solid Networking # raspberrypi # iot # tutorial # hometutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read Programming in Rockchip Linux-Based Devices Leonard Liao Leonard Liao Leonard Liao Follow Aug 12 '25 Programming in Rockchip Linux-Based Devices # raspberrypi # rockchip # programming 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to display the temperature and humidity from the DHT sensor on an LCD screen? Hedy Hedy Hedy Follow Jul 9 '25 How to display the temperature and humidity from the DHT sensor on an LCD screen? # raspberrypi # dht11 # dht22 # python Comments Add Comment 2 min read Home Assistant: Integrating Raspberry Pico Boards Sebastian Sebastian Sebastian Follow Aug 11 '25 Home Assistant: Integrating Raspberry Pico Boards # iot # raspberrypi # raspberrypico 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read Tutorial: Alpine Linux en Raspberry Pi 3 con Syncthing, OpenVPN y Docker Ivaj O'Franc Ivaj O'Franc Ivaj O'Franc Follow Aug 5 '25 Tutorial: Alpine Linux en Raspberry Pi 3 con Syncthing, OpenVPN y Docker # raspberrypi # alpinelinux # docker # syncthing Comments Add Comment 4 min read Tutorial: Alpine Linux on Raspberry Pi 3 with Syncthing, OpenVPN and Docker Ivaj O'Franc Ivaj O'Franc Ivaj O'Franc Follow Aug 5 '25 Tutorial: Alpine Linux on Raspberry Pi 3 with Syncthing, OpenVPN and Docker # raspberrypi # alpinelinux # docker # syncthing Comments Add Comment 3 min read Rockchip RK3688: The Future of ARM-Based Development and Programming Leonard Liao Leonard Liao Leonard Liao Follow Aug 1 '25 Rockchip RK3688: The Future of ARM-Based Development and Programming # raspberrypi # rockchip # rk3688 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Setup a NAS + Homelab using Raspberry Pi Harshit Kumar Harshit Kumar Harshit Kumar Follow Jun 28 '25 Setup a NAS + Homelab using Raspberry Pi # raspberrypi # nas # homelab 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 7 min read Static IP on Raspberry Pi: Stop Losing Track of Your Pi David Thomas David Thomas David Thomas Follow Jul 31 '25 Static IP on Raspberry Pi: Stop Losing Track of Your Pi # raspberrypi # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read Home Labs #2: Setup Raspberry Pi with Cloudflare Zero Trust (Managed Tunnel) Aris Kurniawan Aris Kurniawan Aris Kurniawan Follow Jul 30 '25 Home Labs #2: Setup Raspberry Pi with Cloudflare Zero Trust (Managed Tunnel) # raspberrypi # cloudflare # homelab # linux 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Raspberry Pi 5 vs. Orange Pi 5 vs. KiWi Pi 5: Which SBC is Best for Developers? Leonard Liao Leonard Liao Leonard Liao Follow Jul 25 '25 Raspberry Pi 5 vs. Orange Pi 5 vs. KiWi Pi 5: Which SBC is Best for Developers? # raspberrypi # programming 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read USB HID in RPI PICO W Solved! Junaid Junaid Junaid Follow Jun 24 '25 USB HID in RPI PICO W Solved! # raspberrypi # picow # circuitpython 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Kiwi Pi Series: A Comprehensive Look at Rockchip-Powered SBCs for Developers Leonard Liao Leonard Liao Leonard Liao Follow Jul 22 '25 Kiwi Pi Series: A Comprehensive Look at Rockchip-Powered SBCs for Developers # news # sbc # raspberrypi # rockchip 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebSockets_API/Writing_a_WebSocket_server_in_JavaScript_Deno | Writing a WebSocket server in JavaScript (Deno) - Web APIs | MDN Skip to main content Skip to search MDN HTML HTML: Markup language HTML reference Elements Global attributes Attributes See all… HTML guides Responsive images HTML cheatsheet Date & time formats See all… Markup languages SVG MathML XML CSS CSS: Styling language CSS reference Properties Selectors At-rules Values See all… CSS guides Box model Animations Flexbox Colors See all… Layout cookbook Column layouts Centering an element Card component See all… JavaScript JS JavaScript: Scripting language JS reference Standard built-in objects Expressions & operators Statements & declarations Functions See all… JS guides Control flow & error handing Loops and iteration Working with objects Using classes See all… Web APIs Web APIs: Programming interfaces Web API reference File system API Fetch API Geolocation API HTML DOM API Push API Service worker API See all… Web API guides Using the Web animation API Using the Fetch API Working with the History API Using the Web speech API Using web workers All All web technology Technologies Accessibility HTTP URI Web extensions WebAssembly WebDriver See all… Topics Media Performance Privacy Security Progressive web apps Learn Learn web development Frontend developer course Getting started modules Core modules MDN Curriculum Learn HTML Structuring content with HTML module Learn CSS CSS styling basics module CSS layout module Learn JavaScript Dynamic scripting with JavaScript module Tools Discover our tools Playground HTTP Observatory Border-image generator Border-radius generator Box-shadow generator Color format converter Color mixer Shape generator About Get to know MDN better About MDN Advertise with us Community MDN on GitHub Blog Toggle sidebar Web Web APIs The WebSocket API (WebSockets) Writing a WebSocket server in JavaScript (Deno) Theme OS default Light Dark English (US) Remember language Learn more Deutsch English (US) 日本語 中文 (简体) Writing a WebSocket server in JavaScript (Deno) This example shows you how to create a WebSocket API server using Deno, with an accompanying web page. Deno is a JavaScript runtime which supports TypeScript compiling and caching on the fly. Deno has built-in formatter, linter, test runner and more, and also implements many web APIs. By being compliant with the web standards, all Deno-specific APIs are implemented under the Deno namespace. The Deno website provides instructions for installing Deno. Deno version at the time of writing: 2.6 . In this article Code Running the code See also Code The code will be contained in two files, one for the server, and one for the client. Server Create a main.js file. This file will contain the code for a simple HTTP server which will also serve the client HTML. js Deno.serve({ port: 8080, async handler(request) { if (request.headers.get("upgrade") !== "websocket") { // If the request is a normal HTTP request, // we serve the client HTML file. const file = await Deno.open("./index.html", { read: true }); return new Response(file.readable); } // If the request is a websocket upgrade, // we need to use the Deno.upgradeWebSocket helper const { socket, response } = Deno.upgradeWebSocket(request); socket.onopen = () => { console.log("CONNECTED"); }; socket.onmessage = (event) => { console.log(`RECEIVED: ${event.data}`); socket.send("pong"); }; socket.onclose = () => console.log("DISCONNECTED"); socket.onerror = (error) => console.error("ERROR:", error); return response; }, }); Deno.upgradeWebSocket() upgrades the connection to a WebSocket connection, which is explained further in Protocol upgrade mechanism . Client Create an index.html file. This file will invoke a script that will ping the server every five seconds after a connection has been made. It should also contain the following markup: html <h2>WebSocket Test</h2> <p>Sends a ping every five seconds</p> <div id="output"></div> js const wsUri = "ws://127.0.0.1:8080/"; const output = document.querySelector("#output"); const websocket = new WebSocket(wsUri); let pingInterval; function writeToScreen(message) { output.insertAdjacentHTML("afterbegin", `<p>${message}</p>`); } function sendMessage(message) { writeToScreen(`SENT: ${message}`); websocket.send(message); } websocket.onopen = (e) => { writeToScreen("CONNECTED"); sendMessage("ping"); pingInterval = setInterval(() => { sendMessage("ping"); }, 5000); }; websocket.onclose = (e) => { writeToScreen("DISCONNECTED"); clearInterval(pingInterval); }; websocket.onmessage = (e) => { writeToScreen(`RECEIVED: ${e.data}`); }; websocket.onerror = (e) => { writeToScreen(`ERROR: ${e.data}`); }; Running the code With the two files, run the app using Deno. sh deno run --allow-net=0.0.0.0:8080 --allow-read=./index.html main.js Deno requires us to give explicit permissions for what we can access on the host machine. --allow-net=0.0.0.0:8080 allows the app to attach to localhost on port 8080 --allow-read=./index.html allows access to the HTML file for the client See also Writing WebSocket servers Help improve MDN Was this page helpful to you? Yes No Learn how to contribute This page was last modified on Dec 26, 2025 by MDN contributors . View this page on GitHub • Report a problem with this content Filter sidebar The WebSocket API (WebSockets) Guides Writing WebSocket client applications Writing WebSocket servers Writing a WebSocket server in C# Writing a WebSocket server in Java Writing a WebSocket server in JavaScript (Deno) Using WebSocketStream to write a client Interfaces WebSocket WebSocketStream Experimental CloseEvent MessageEvent Your blueprint for a better internet. MDN About Blog Mozilla careers Advertise with us MDN Plus Product help Contribute MDN Community Community resources Writing guidelines MDN Discord MDN on GitHub Developers Web technologies Learn web development Guides Tutorials Glossary Hacks blog Website Privacy Notice Telemetry Settings Legal Community Participation Guidelines Visit Mozilla Corporation’s not-for-profit parent, the Mozilla Foundation . 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https://www.dev.to/about | About DEV - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close About DEV DEV is a community of software developers getting together to help one another out. The software industry relies on collaboration and networked learning. We provide a place for that to happen. DEV is built on Forem : open source software designed to empower communities. Because our application is open source , you can inspect every little detail of the code, or chip in yourself! Forem is available for anyone interested in creating similar communities in any niche or passion. Visit our meta Forem, forem.dev for more information. We believe in transparency and adding value to the ecosystem. We hope you enjoy poking around and participating! Leadership DEV is led by Forem's co-founders Ben Halpern , Jess Lee , and Peter Frank ("PB&J"). Happy coding ❤️ 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:12 |
https://www.oshwa.org/events/ | Events | OSHWA menu menu chevron_left home About Team Programs Community Membership Events OSHW 101 Documents and Policies Resources Announcements Events OSHWA works hard to engage the open source hardware community through in-person and virtual events. We run the Open Hardware Summit, monthly Show & Tell livestreams showcasing recently certified projects, Open Hardware Month programming, and the occasional 24 hour livestream. Past Open Healthware Conference 2025 Open Hardware Summit 2025 Open Hardware Month 2024 Open Hardware Summit 2024 Open Hardware Month 2023 Open Hardware Summit 2023 Open Hardware Month 2022 Open Hardware Summit 2022 Open Hardware Month 2021 Open Hardware Summit 2021 Open Hardware Month 2020 Open Hardware Summit 2020 Open Hardware Month 2019 Open Hardware Summit 2018 Open Hardware Summit 2017 Open Hardware Summit 2016 Open Hardware Summit 2015 Open Hardware Summit 2014 Open Hardware Summit 2013 Become a Member Donate Newsletter | 2026-01-13T08:49:12 |
https://dev.to/whaaat_9819bdb68eccf5b8a/why-your-secret-sharing-tool-needs-post-quantum-cryptography-today-20j3#key-exchange-with-mlkem768 | Why Your Secret Sharing Tool Needs Post-Quantum Cryptography Today - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Whaaat! Posted on Jan 12 Why Your Secret Sharing Tool Needs Post-Quantum Cryptography Today # security # cryptography # webdev # privacy The "Harvest Now, Decrypt Later" Threat Quantum computers capable of breaking RSA and ECC encryption don't exist yet. But here's the problem: adversaries are already collecting encrypted data today, planning to decrypt it once quantum computers arrive. For sensitive data that needs to remain confidential for years, this is a real threat. What is Post-Quantum Cryptography? Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) uses mathematical problems that are hard for both classical AND quantum computers to solve. In August 2024, NIST standardized three PQC algorithms: ML-KEM (Kyber) - Key encapsulation ML-DSA (Dilithium) - Digital signatures SLH-DSA (SPHINCS+) - Hash-based signatures Implementing PQC in a Web Application I recently added PQC support to NoTrust.now , a zero-knowledge secret sharing tool. Here's how: Key Exchange with ML-KEM-768 // Using crystals-kyber-js library import { MlKem768 } from ' crystals-kyber-js ' ; // Receiver generates keypair const [ publicKey , privateKey ] = await MlKem768 . generateKeyPair (); // Sender encapsulates a shared secret const [ ciphertext , sharedSecret ] = await MlKem768 . encapsulate ( publicKey ); // Receiver decapsulates to get the same shared secret const decryptedSecret = await MlKem768 . decapsulate ( ciphertext , privateKey ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Hybrid Approach For defense in depth, combine PQC with classical crypto: Generate ephemeral X25519 keypair (classical) Generate ephemeral ML-KEM-768 keypair (post-quantum) Combine both shared secrets: finalKey = HKDF(x25519Secret || kyberSecret) This ensures security even if one algorithm is broken. Try It Out You can test PQC secret sharing at NoTrust.now/createpqc . The encryption happens entirely in your browser - zero-knowledge architecture means the server never sees your plaintext. Resources NIST PQC Standards crystals-kyber-js Post-Quantum Cryptography for Developers What do you think about PQC adoption? Too early or just in time? Let me know in the comments. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Whaaat! Follow Joined Mar 27, 2025 Trending on DEV Community Hot SQLite Limitations and Internal Architecture # webdev # programming # database # architecture From CDN to Pixel: A React App's Journey # react # programming # webdev # performance How to Crack Any Software Developer Interview in 2026 (Updated for AI & Modern Hiring) # softwareengineering # programming # career # interview 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/dev_loops/best-apple-system-design-interview-resources-i-used-and-how-they-helped-me-2ecl | Best Apple System Design Interview Resources I Used (And How They Helped Me) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Dev Loops Posted on Jan 6 Best Apple System Design Interview Resources I Used (And How They Helped Me) # resources # career # systemdesign # productivity Hey fellow devs! If you’re prepping for an Apple system design interview—welcome to the rollercoaster. I still remember my first Apple onsite; my heart raced as I faced that whiteboard. What helped me survive and thrive wasn’t just raw coding skill but mastering system design step-by-step with the right resources. In this post, I want to share the 7 system design interview resources for Apple that truly moved the needle for me. Some were courses, some videos, and a few gems from the trenches of real interview experiences. I’ll break down how they helped, where they shine, and how to integrate each into your prep. 1. Educative.io: “Grokking the System Design Interview” (solution) Why it rocked my prep: Educative’s Grokking course is probably the holy grail for system design interviews. It’s super structured with visual flowcharts, easy-to-digest sections, and real-world problems like designing Twitter, YouTube, or an e-commerce checkout system. How it helps Apple prep: Apple loves engineers who understand scale and clean design. The course walks you through trade-offs: consistency vs availability, load balancing strategies, caching techniques—vital concepts Apple interviewers test. My takeaway: Always start with the problem scope and constraints. Focus on clarifying requirements aloud; this showed my thought process clearly during my Apple interview. Pro tip: Pair this with sketching actual architecture diagrams on a whiteboard or digital tool (like Miro) to ingrain the flow. Check out Educative’s course here 2. ByteByteGo’s System Design with Alex Xu (video + book) I binge-watched Alex Xu’s YouTube channel, then read his book System Design Interview – An Insider's Guide . His explanations are crisp, and his approach feels like a mentor breaking down complex puzzles. Why it’s different: Alex breaks complex ideas into bite-sized chunks and uses lots of analogies — like comparing distributed systems to everyday things (think traffic cops managing intersections). Apple-specific edge: Apple interviews are meticulous about solid fundamentals. Alex’s clear explanations of data partitioning, consistency models, and CAP theorem landscapes helped me nail those tricky follow-up questions. Lesson: Master the basics first, then apply patterns. You’ll handle unexpected twists in Apple’s whiteboard sessions with more confidence. Watch ByteByteGo’s playlist Grab Alex Xu’s book 3. DesignGurus.io (case studies + mock interviews) When I got closer to my onsite, I wanted more targeted practice. DesignGurus.io offers mock interviews tailored to Apple’s style, including review sessions and deep-dive case studies. What I found useful: They emphasize structure and communication—how to walk the interviewer through your reasoning without drowning in details. I especially liked their Apple system design examples modeled after actual interview feedback shared by peers. Immediate takeaway: Practice framing your answers with top-down decomposition and always revisit the assumptions based on interviewer hints. Explore Design Gurus 4. Leetcode Discussions and System Design Tags (peer wisdom) Leetcode isn’t just for coding challenges—its rich discussion forums contain real stories from Apple candidates sharing system design questions they encountered. Scouring these threads gave insights into Apple’s interview style—focus on distributed systems, reliable data replication, and efficient storage designs. The community often shares starter templates and thoughts like how Apple values scalability with simplicity. Pro insight: Use these firsthand accounts to simulate the interview environment. Sometimes the questions aren’t insanely complex but test your ability to tradeoff and reason at scale. Dive into Leetcode discussions 5. System Design Primer GitHub Repo (deep understanding + diagrams) If you like hands-on learning with open-source resources, this repo deserves a spot in your arsenal: https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer I followed this repo’s walkthroughs of system components—load balancers, caches, queues—and diagrams that visually map interactions. Apple interviews prize engineers who think end-to-end, so the diagrams helped me quickly structure and articulate designs. Remember: Diagramming is your secret weapon, especially for remote interviews where you can share screens and sketch live. 6. Tailored Notes from FAANG Interviews (my personal journal) I kept a private journal of all my mock interviews and real on-sites, including Apple. This was my best secret weapon. After every session, I jotted down: What went well? What questions tripped me up? How did Apple interviewers probe certain answers deeper? Over time, patterns emerged: Apple loves cloud-native designs, fault tolerance, and succinct explanations with reasoning behind every tradeoff. Your hack: Start your own post-mortem notes now. Your future self will thank you! 7. System Design Interview Youtube Series by Gaurav Sen (math + systems + intuition) Gaurav Sen’s channel is for those who want to go beyond just answering and truly understand the math and theory beneath system design concepts. I especially benefited from his videos explaining distributed algorithms (like Raft, Paxos), load balancing math, and consistency models. Apple interview questions often align with real-world system constraints, so mastering these concepts gave me an extra edge. Framework to try: When stuck, think about “What’s the core bottleneck here?” and “How would I test or fail this system?” Check out Gaurav Sen’s channel Final thoughts: How I tied it all together for my Apple interview Apple’s system design interviews aren’t about blitzing through impossibly huge systems. They want to see clear communication, tradeoff reasoning, and solid architecture fundamentals. My approach was simple: Start with the big picture: Clarify scope and constraints. Sketch a high-level design with key components. Dive into important parts—data modeling, APIs, scalability. Discuss tradeoffs (latency vs consistency, complexity vs maintainability). Keep iterating, seek feedback during mock interviews. Using the above resources repeatedly helped me gain fluency —to flex designs on the fly, field curveball questions, and stay calm. You’re closer than you think System design interviews can feel like a black box. But with the right resources and a growth mindset, you can decode what Apple wants. Remember: every expert was once a beginner fumbling through whiteboard sketches. Got your own favorite system design resource or story? Drop a comment below or ping me on Dev.to. Let’s all level up together! Happy designing 🚀 Additional resource links Educative Grokking Modern System Design Interview ByteByteGo YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@ByteByteGo DesignGurus.io: https://designgurus.io/ Leetcode Discussions: https://leetcode.com/discuss/ System Design Primer: https://github.com/donnemartin/system-design-primer Gaurav Sen YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRPMAqdtSgd0Ipeef7iFsKw Happy coding, fellow system designers! Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? 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Joined Aug 19, 2025 More from Dev Loops The Microsoft System Design Interview Resources That Actually Helped Me Land the Job # career # systemdesign # productivity # developers Here’s How You Nail the Netflix System Design Interview With The Right Resources # netflix # systemdesign # career # productivity 7 Google System Design Interview Resources That Transformed My Prep (And Can Help You Too) # google # career # productivity # systemdesign 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/datalaria/weather-service-project-part-1-building-the-data-collector-with-python-and-github-actions-or-2ibd#conclusion-part-1 | Weather Service Project (Part 1): Building the Data Collector with Python and GitHub Actions or Netlify - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. 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Report Abuse Daniel for Datalaria Posted on Jan 12 • Originally published at datalaria.com Weather Service Project (Part 1): Building the Data Collector with Python and GitHub Actions or Netlify # api # python # automation # tutorial As I mentioned in a previous post, one of my goals with Datalaria is to get my hands dirty with projects that allow me to learn and connect different technologies in the data world. Today, we begin a series dedicated to one of those projects: the creation of a complete global weather service , from data collection to visualization and prediction, all serverless and using free tools. In this first installment, we will focus on the heart of the system: the backend data collector . We'll see how to build a "robot" that works for us 24/7, connecting to an external API, saving structured information, and doing all this automatically and for free. Let's dive in! The First Step: Talking to the OpenWeatherMap API Every weather service needs a data source. I chose OpenWeatherMap for its popularity and generous free plan. The initial process is straightforward: Register : Create an account on their website. Get the API Key : Generate a unique key that will identify us in each call. It's like our "key" to access their data. Store the Key : Never directly in the code! We'll discuss this further below. With the key in hand (or almost!), I wrote a first test_clima.py script to test the connection using Python's fantastic requests library: import requests API_KEY = " YOUR_API_KEY_HERE " # Temporarily! We'll use Secrets later CITY = " Madrid " URL = f " [https://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q=](https://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q=) { CITY } &appid= { API_KEY } &units=metric&lang=es " try : response = requests . get ( URL ) response . raise_for_status () # Raises an exception for HTTP errors (4xx or 5xx) data = response . json () print ( f " Temperature in { CITY } : { data [ ' main ' ][ ' temp ' ] } °C " ) except requests . exceptions . RequestException as e : print ( f " Error connecting to the API: { e } " ) except KeyError as e : print ( f " Unexpected API response, key missing: { e } " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode First Obstacle Overcome (with Patience): When I first ran it, I got a 401 Unauthorized error! 😱 It turns out that OpenWeatherMap API Keys can take a few hours to activate after being generated. The lesson: sometimes, the solution is simply to wait. ⏳ The "Database": Why CSV and Not SQL? With data flowing, I needed to store it. I could have set up an SQL database (PostgreSQL, MySQL...), but that would involve complexity, a server (cost), and for this project, it was overkill. I opted for radical simplicity: CSV (Comma Separated Values) files . Advantages : Easy to read and write with Python, perfectly versionable with Git (we can track changes), and sufficient for the initial data volume we'd be handling. Key Logic : I needed to append a new row to each city's file daily, but only write the header ( date_time , city , temperature_c , etc.) the first time. Python's native csv library and os.path.exists make this trivial: import csv import os from datetime import datetime # ... (code to fetch API data for a city) ... now = datetime . now (). strftime ( ' %Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S ' ) data_row = [ now , city , temperature , ...] # List with the data header = [ ' date_time ' , ' city ' , ' temperature_c ' , ...] # List with column names file_name = f " data/ { city } .csv " # We'll create a 'data' folder # Ensure the 'data' folder exists os . makedirs ( os . path . dirname ( file_name ), exist_ok = True ) is_new_file = not os . path . exists ( file_name ) try : with open ( file_name , mode = ' a ' , newline = '' , encoding = ' utf-8 ' ) as f : writer = csv . writer ( f ) if is_new_file : writer . writerow ( header ) # Write header ONLY if new file writer . writerow ( data_row ) # Append the new data row print ( f " Data saved for { city } " ) except IOError as e : print ( f " Error writing to { file_name } : { e } " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The Automation Robot: GitHub Actions to the Rescue 🤖 Here comes the magic: how to make this script run daily without having a server constantly on? The answer is GitHub Actions , the automation engine integrated into GitHub. It's like having a small robot working for us for free. Security First: Never Upload Your API Key! The biggest mistake would be to upload registrar_clima.py with the API_KEY written directly in the code. Anyone could see it on GitHub. Solution : Use GitHub's Repository Secrets . Go to Settings > Secrets and variables > Actions in your GitHub repository. Create a new secret named OPENWEATHER_API_KEY and paste your key there. In your Python script, read the key securely using os.environ.get("OPENWEATHER_API_KEY") . The Robot's Brain: The .github/workflows/update-weather.yml File This YAML file tells GitHub Actions what to do and when: name : Daily Weather Data Update on : workflow_dispatch : # Allows manual triggering from GitHub push : branches : [ main ] # Triggers if changes are pushed to the main branch schedule : - cron : ' 0 6 * * *' # The key: triggers daily at 06:00 UTC jobs : update_data : runs-on : ubuntu-latest # Use a free Linux virtual machine steps : - name : Checkout repository code uses : actions/checkout@v4 # Downloads our code - name : Set up Python uses : actions/setup-python@v5 with : python-version : ' 3.10' # Or your preferred version - name : Install necessary dependencies run : pip install -r requirements.txt # Reads requirements.txt and installs requests, etc. - name : Execute data collection script run : python registrar_clima.py # Our main script! env : OPENWEATHER_API_KEY : ${{ secrets.OPENWEATHER_API_KEY }} # Securely injects the secret - name : Save new data to repository (Commit & Push) run : | git config user.name 'github-actions[bot]' # Identifies the 'bot' git config user.email 'github-actions[bot]@users.noreply.github.com' git add data/*.csv # Adds ONLY the modified CSV files in the 'data' folder # Check if there are changes before committing to avoid empty commits git diff --staged --quiet || git commit -m "Automated weather data update 🤖" git push # Pushes changes to the repository env : GITHUB_TOKEN : ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }} # Automatic token to allow the push Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This last step is crucial! The Action itself acts as a user, performing git add , git commit , and git push of the CSV files that the Python script has just modified. This way, the updated data is saved in our repository every day. The Serverless Alternative: Deployment and Automation with Netlify 🚀 While GitHub Actions is a fantastic automation tool, for this project I decided to explore an alternative even more integrated with the "serverless" concept: Netlify . Netlify not only allows us to deploy our static frontend (like GitHub Pages) but also offers serverless functions and, crucially for our backend, scheduled functions (or Cron Jobs) . Deploying the Static Frontend with Netlify Connect Your Repository : The process is incredibly simple. Log in to Netlify, click "Add new site," and select "Import an existing project." Connect with your GitHub account and choose your Weather Service project repository. Basic Configuration : Netlify will automatically detect your project. Ensure that the "Build command" is empty (as it's a static site with no build process) and that the "Publish directory" is the root of your repository ( ./ ). Continuous Deployment : Netlify will automatically configure continuous deployment. Every time you git push to your main branch (or whichever branch you've configured), Netlify will rebuild and deploy your site. Automating the Backend with Netlify Functions (and Cron Jobs) This is where Netlify Serverless Functions shine for our data collector. Instead of a GitHub Actions workflow, we can use a Netlify function to run our Python script on a schedule: Project Structure : Create a netlify/functions/ folder at the root of your project. Inside, you can have a Python file like collect_weather.py . Dependency Management : You'll need a requirements.txt file at the root of your project for Netlify to install Python dependencies ( requests , pandas , scikit-learn ). netlify.toml Configuration : This file at your project's root is crucial for defining your functions and their schedules: [build] publish = "." # Directory where your index.html is located command = "" # No build command needed for a static site [functions] directory = "netlify/functions" # Where your functions are located node_bundler = "esbuild" # For JS/TS functions. Netlify will detect Python. [[edge_functions]] # For scheduling a function (requires Netlify Edge Functions) function = "collect_weather" # The name of your function (without the .py extension) path = "/.netlify/functions/collect_weather" # The function path (can be different) schedule = "@daily" # Or use a cron string like "0 6 * * *" The Python Function ( netlify/functions/collect_weather.py ) : This function will encapsulate the logic of your registrar_clima.py . Netlify will execute it in a Python environment. # netlify/functions/collect_weather.py import json import requests import os import time from datetime import datetime import csv # ... (all your registrar_clima.py script code goes here) ... # Ensure API_KEYs are read from os.environ # and that data is written directly to the repository using GitPython # or in a way that Netlify can persist changes. # **Important**: Netlify Functions are ephemeral. # To persist changes in the repo, you would need Git integration # similar to what GitHub Actions would do (using a Personal Access Token). # However, for a static frontend, the simplest approach is for this function # to only generate a predictions JSON and upload it to storage like S3, # or for the Python collection script to continue running on GitHub Actions # and Netlify only serve the frontend. # If the idea is for Netlify to ALSO commit, this is more complex # and would require a Git API or a PAT token from Netlify. def handler ( event , context ): # The main call to your data collection logic would go here # This is a simplified example try : # Your logic to fetch and save data, generate CSVs/JSONs # If you want this to commit to GitHub, you would need: # 1. A GitHub PAT token stored as an environment variable in Netlify. # 2. A library like GitPython to interact with Git. # It is more common for serverless functions to persist data in databases # or object storage services (e.g., S3), not in the Git repo itself. # For this project, the GitHub Actions approach for the backend # that directly commits to the repo is still simpler # for CSV storage. Netlify would be ideal for the frontend # and functions for real-time APIs or lightweight predictions. print ( " Netlify function for weather collection executed. " ) # If the function generates any JSON output for the frontend, it would return it here: # return { # "statusCode": 200, # "body": json.dumps({"message": "Data collection complete"}), # } return { " statusCode " : 200 , " body " : json . dumps ({ " message " : " Backend logic would run here. For data persistence in GitHub, GitHub Actions is more direct. " }), } except Exception as e : return { " statusCode " : 500 , " body " : json . dumps ({ " error " : str ( e )}), } Environment Variables in Netlify : For the OPENWEATHER_API_KEY , go to Site settings > Build & deploy > Environment variables and add your key there. Important Consideration : For the Netlify function to persist changes directly to your GitHub repository (like committing the CSVs), you would need a more advanced setup (such as using a GitHub Personal Access Token within the Netlify function to perform git push ), which is more complex. To maintain simplicity and direct storage in the Git repository with automatic CSV commits, the GitHub Actions solution remains the most straightforward and efficient for the data collector backend in this specific case . Netlify excels at frontend deployment and for functions that interact with external services or databases without committing to the main application's Git repository. In this project, we use GitHub Actions for the backend (collecting and committing CSVs) and Netlify for frontend deployment and potentially for lighter, real-time functions that don't need to modify the Git repo. This last step is crucial! The Action itself acts as a user, performing git add , git commit , and git push of the CSV files that the Python script has just modified. This way, the updated data is saved in our repository every day. The Scaling Problem (and the Necessary Architectural Pivot) My initial idea was to monitor about 1000 cities and store everything in a single weather_data.csv file. I did a quick calculation: 1000 cities * ~200 bytes/day * 365 days * 3 years... over 200 MB! 😱 Why is this a problem? Because the frontend (our dashboard, which we'll see in the next post) runs in the user's browser. It would have to download that entire 200 MB just to display the graph for one city. Totally unacceptable in terms of performance. 🐢 The Architectural Solution: Switch to a "one file per entity" strategy. We create a data/ folder. The registrar_clima.py script now generates (or appends data to) one CSV file per city: data/Madrid.csv , data/Leon.csv , data/Tokyo.csv , etc. This way, when the user wants to see the weather for Leon, the frontend will only download the data/Leon.csv file, which will be just a few kilobytes. Instant loading! ✨ Second Scaling Obstacle (API Limits): OpenWeatherMap, in its free plan, allows about 60 calls per minute. My loop to get data for 155 cities (my current list) would make these calls too quickly. Vital Solution: Add import time at the beginning of the Python script and time.sleep(1.1) at the end of the for city in cities: loop. This introduces a pause of slightly more than 1 second between each API call, ensuring we stay below the limit and avoid being blocked. 🚦 Conclusion (Part 1) We've got the foundation! We've built a robust and automated system that: Connects to an external API securely. Processes and stores historical data for multiple entities (cities). Runs daily, at no cost, thanks to GitHub Actions. Is designed to scale efficiently. In the next post, we'll put on our frontend developer hats and build the interactive dashboard that will allow any user to explore this data with dynamic graphs. Don't miss it! References and Links of Interest: Complete Web Service : See the live project in action here: https://datalaria.com/apps/weather/ Project GitHub Repository : Explore the source code and project structure: https://github.com/Dalaez/app_weather OpenWeatherMap : Weather API documentation: https://openweathermap.org/api Python Requests : Documentation for the HTTP requests library: https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/master/ GitHub Actions : Official GitHub Actions guide: https://docs.github.com/en/actions Netlify : Official Netlify website: https://www.netlify.com/ Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Datalaria Follow More from Datalaria Data Visualization - Basics # beginners # datascience # tutorial Visualizaciones básicas # tutorial # datascience # beginners # spanish 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . 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https://dev.to/medvedevdenis12 | Denys Meddediev - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Denys Meddediev Sosftware developer and architect Location Brasov, Romania Joined Joined on Jul 22, 2020 Personal website https://www.linkedin.com/in/denysmedvediev/ github website twitter website More info about @medvedevdenis12 Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Five Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least five years. Got it Close Four Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least four years. Got it Close Three Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least three years. Got it Close Two Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least two years. Got it Close One Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least one year. Got it Close Currently hacking on AI Post 1 post published Comment 1 comment written Tag 1 tag followed Claude CLI Context Window Solved Denys Meddediev Denys Meddediev Denys Meddediev Follow Jan 8 Claude CLI Context Window Solved # ai # programming # opensource # productivity Comments Add Comment 1 min read Want to connect with Denys Meddediev? Create an account to connect with Denys Meddediev. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:12 |
https://design.forem.com/per-starke-642/your-sports-coaching-website-doesnt-work-for-you-k3k | Your Sports Coaching Website Doesn’t Work For You? - Design Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Design Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Per Starke Posted on Oct 23, 2025 Your Sports Coaching Website Doesn’t Work For You? # coach # portfolio # freelancing # webdesign Every time I talk to coaches about their website, I hear the same frustrations. One that comes up again and again: “I don’t know how to connect my offline presence – competitions, the gym, events – with my online presence.” This matters more than most people think. A quick chat on the gym floor, a flyer at a meet, or someone asking about your coaching after an event can all turn into a new client. But too often, the trail ends right there. What works better is linking offline moments to online action. That can be as simple as: Adding a QR code to flyers or posters that leads straight to your booking page. Preparing a short “elevator pitch” so when someone asks what you do, you can clearly explain who you help and how. Having one clear value offer (like a free checklist or intro call) you can point people to, so they can stay connected with you even after the conversation ends. These small tweaks build a bridge between your offline presence and your website, so interest doesn’t fizzle out. That’s exactly why I’ve been working on something new: The Sports Coach Website Strategy Guide . It’s an 80+ page resource that gives you a clear 3-phase system: Aim – get clear on your niche, message, and offer. Create – turn that clarity into a website that builds trust and converts. Promote – use your website actively in daily life and online to attract more clients. It’s not a tech manual. It’s a practical, real-world coaching resource, built from my own experience in competitive sports, from 40+ client projects, dozens of business consulting sessions and backed by research. The full guide is launching soon. Until then, you can already read the first 10 pages for free . Just message me and I’ll send you the preview: Instagram LinkedIn Or subscribe to my newsletter Thanks for reading. I hope even this short post gave you something useful to work with. I can’t wait to share the full guide with you soon. – Per Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Per Starke Follow Worldwide Traveller 🌍 Founder of Per Starke Web Development (PSWD). We build momentum for purpose-driven people — with calm, structure & trust. Web Momentum that Starts with You. Location Germany Education B.Sc. CogSci (Germany) + M.Sc. Applied CompSci (Sydney), focused on digital systems & behavior Pronouns He/Him Work Founder @ PSWD | R&D @ Vorwerk | Athlete | Building digital momentum with clarity & care Joined Oct 31, 2023 More from Per Starke Why Most Sports Coaching Websites Don’t Work - And How to Fix Yours # webdesign # design # coaching # websites Why Most Sports Coaching Websites Don’t Work, And How to Fix Yours # sports # webdesign # coaching # business The Sports Coach Website Strategy Canvas: Your Coaching Business on One Page # webdesign # coaching # webdev # business 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Design Community — Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Design Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where designers share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:12 |
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/SharedWorkerGlobalScope | SharedWorkerGlobalScope - Web APIs | MDN Skip to main content Skip to search MDN HTML HTML: Markup language HTML reference Elements Global attributes Attributes See all… HTML guides Responsive images HTML cheatsheet Date & time formats See all… Markup languages SVG MathML XML CSS CSS: Styling language CSS reference Properties Selectors At-rules Values See all… CSS guides Box model Animations Flexbox Colors See all… Layout cookbook Column layouts Centering an element Card component See all… JavaScript JS JavaScript: Scripting language JS reference Standard built-in objects Expressions & operators Statements & declarations Functions See all… JS guides Control flow & error handing Loops and iteration Working with objects Using classes See all… Web APIs Web APIs: Programming interfaces Web API reference File system API Fetch API Geolocation API HTML DOM API Push API Service worker API See all… Web API guides Using the Web animation API Using the Fetch API Working with the History API Using the Web speech API Using web workers All All web technology Technologies Accessibility HTTP URI Web extensions WebAssembly WebDriver See all… Topics Media Performance Privacy Security Progressive web apps Learn Learn web development Frontend developer course Getting started modules Core modules MDN Curriculum Learn HTML Structuring content with HTML module Learn CSS CSS styling basics module CSS layout module Learn JavaScript Dynamic scripting with JavaScript module Tools Discover our tools Playground HTTP Observatory Border-image generator Border-radius generator Box-shadow generator Color format converter Color mixer Shape generator About Get to know MDN better About MDN Advertise with us Community MDN on GitHub Blog Toggle sidebar Web Web APIs SharedWorkerGlobalScope Theme OS default Light Dark English (US) Remember language Learn more Deutsch English (US) 日本語 SharedWorkerGlobalScope Limited availability This feature is not Baseline because it does not work in some of the most widely-used browsers. Learn more See full compatibility Report feedback The SharedWorkerGlobalScope object (the SharedWorker global scope) is accessible through the self keyword. Some additional global functions, namespaces objects, and constructors, not typically associated with the worker global scope, but available on it, are listed in the JavaScript Reference . See the complete list of functions available to workers . EventTarget WorkerGlobalScope SharedWorkerGlobalScope In this article Instance properties Instance methods Events Specifications Browser compatibility See also Instance properties This interface inherits properties from the WorkerGlobalScope interface, and its parent EventTarget . SharedWorkerGlobalScope.name Read only The name that the SharedWorker was (optionally) given when it was created using the SharedWorker() constructor. This is mainly useful for debugging purposes. Instance methods This interface inherits methods from the WorkerGlobalScope interface, and its parent EventTarget . SharedWorkerGlobalScope.close() Discards any tasks queued in the SharedWorkerGlobalScope 's event loop, effectively closing this particular scope. Events Listen to this event using addEventListener() or by assigning an event listener to the oneventname property of this interface. connect Fired on shared workers when a new client connects. Specifications Specification HTML # shared-workers-and-the-sharedworkerglobalscope-interface Browser compatibility Enable JavaScript to view this browser compatibility table. See also SharedWorker WorkerGlobalScope Using Web workers Functions available to workers Help improve MDN Was this page helpful to you? Yes No Learn how to contribute This page was last modified on Dec 3, 2023 by MDN contributors . View this page on GitHub • Report a problem with this content Filter sidebar Web Workers API SharedWorkerGlobalScope Instance properties name Instance methods close() Events connect Inheritance WorkerGlobalScope EventTarget Related pages for Web Workers API DedicatedWorkerGlobalScope SharedWorker Worker WorkerGlobalScope WorkerLocation WorkerNavigator Guides Using Web Workers Functions and classes available to Web Workers The structured clone algorithm Transferable objects Your blueprint for a better internet. MDN About Blog Mozilla careers Advertise with us MDN Plus Product help Contribute MDN Community Community resources Writing guidelines MDN Discord MDN on GitHub Developers Web technologies Learn web development Guides Tutorials Glossary Hacks blog Website Privacy Notice Telemetry Settings Legal Community Participation Guidelines Visit Mozilla Corporation’s not-for-profit parent, the Mozilla Foundation . Portions of this content are ©1998–2026 by individual mozilla.org contributors. Content available under a Creative Commons license . | 2026-01-13T08:49:12 |
https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdev.to%2Fthekarlesi%2Fsecure-authentication-in-nextjs-building-a-production-ready-login-system-4m7&title=Secure%20Authentication%20in%20Next.js%3A%20Building%20a%20Production-Ready%20Login%20System&summary=Secure%20Authentication%20in%20Next.js%3A%20Building%20a%20Production-Ready%20Login%20System%20%20%20Every%20great...&source=DEV%20Community | LinkedIn {"data":{"status":401},"included":[]} {"request":"/voyager/api/voyagerSegmentsDashChameleonConfig","status":401,"body":"bpr-guid-795617","method":"GET","headers":{"x-li-uuid":"AAZIQRCmnBB+vD+B0WphPQ\u003D\u003D"}} {"data":{"status":401},"included":[]} {"request":"/voyager/api/voyagerLaunchpadDashLaunchpadViews?decorationId\u003Dcom.linkedin.voyager.dash.deco.launchpad.LaunchpadView-96\u0026launchpadContext\u003DTAKEOVER\u0026q\u003Dcontext","status":401,"body":"bpr-guid-795618","method":"GET","headers":{"x-li-uuid":"AAZIQRCmnBB+vD+B0WphPQ\u003D\u003D"}} {"data":{"status":401},"included":[]} {"request":"/voyager/api/me","status":401,"body":"bpr-guid-795619","method":"GET","headers":{"x-li-uuid":"AAZIQRCmnBB+vD+B0WphPQ\u003D\u003D"}} {"data":{"status":401},"included":[]} {"request":"/voyager/api/premium/featureAccess?name\u003DreactivationFeaturesEligible","status":401,"body":"bpr-guid-795620","method":"GET","headers":{"x-li-uuid":"AAZIQRCmnBB+vD+B0WphPQ\u003D\u003D"}} urn:li:page:d_UNKNOWN_ROUTE_inshare-redirect;25d1a47c-5c24-443d-ae78-bc34209c3674 | 2026-01-13T08:49:12 |
https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/controlflow.html#pass-statements | 4. More Control Flow Tools — Python 3.14.2 documentation Theme Auto Light Dark Table of Contents 4. More Control Flow Tools 4.1. if Statements 4.2. for Statements 4.3. The range() Function 4.4. break and continue Statements 4.5. else Clauses on Loops 4.6. pass Statements 4.7. match Statements 4.8. Defining Functions 4.9. More on Defining Functions 4.9.1. Default Argument Values 4.9.2. Keyword Arguments 4.9.3. Special parameters 4.9.3.1. Positional-or-Keyword Arguments 4.9.3.2. Positional-Only Parameters 4.9.3.3. Keyword-Only Arguments 4.9.3.4. Function Examples 4.9.3.5. Recap 4.9.4. Arbitrary Argument Lists 4.9.5. Unpacking Argument Lists 4.9.6. Lambda Expressions 4.9.7. Documentation Strings 4.9.8. Function Annotations 4.10. Intermezzo: Coding Style Previous topic 3. An Informal Introduction to Python Next topic 5. Data Structures This page Report a bug Show source Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 4. More Control Flow Tools | Theme Auto Light Dark | 4. More Control Flow Tools ¶ As well as the while statement just introduced, Python uses a few more that we will encounter in this chapter. 4.1. if Statements ¶ Perhaps the most well-known statement type is the if statement. For example: >>> x = int ( input ( "Please enter an integer: " )) Please enter an integer: 42 >>> if x < 0 : ... x = 0 ... print ( 'Negative changed to zero' ) ... elif x == 0 : ... print ( 'Zero' ) ... elif x == 1 : ... print ( 'Single' ) ... else : ... print ( 'More' ) ... More There can be zero or more elif parts, and the else part is optional. The keyword ‘ elif ’ is short for ‘else if’, and is useful to avoid excessive indentation. An if … elif … elif … sequence is a substitute for the switch or case statements found in other languages. If you’re comparing the same value to several constants, or checking for specific types or attributes, you may also find the match statement useful. For more details see match Statements . 4.2. for Statements ¶ The for statement in Python differs a bit from what you may be used to in C or Pascal. Rather than always iterating over an arithmetic progression of numbers (like in Pascal), or giving the user the ability to define both the iteration step and halting condition (as C), Python’s for statement iterates over the items of any sequence (a list or a string), in the order that they appear in the sequence. For example (no pun intended): >>> # Measure some strings: >>> words = [ 'cat' , 'window' , 'defenestrate' ] >>> for w in words : ... print ( w , len ( w )) ... cat 3 window 6 defenestrate 12 Code that modifies a collection while iterating over that same collection can be tricky to get right. Instead, it is usually more straight-forward to loop over a copy of the collection or to create a new collection: # Create a sample collection users = { 'Hans' : 'active' , 'Éléonore' : 'inactive' , '景太郎' : 'active' } # Strategy: Iterate over a copy for user , status in users . copy () . items (): if status == 'inactive' : del users [ user ] # Strategy: Create a new collection active_users = {} for user , status in users . items (): if status == 'active' : active_users [ user ] = status 4.3. The range() Function ¶ If you do need to iterate over a sequence of numbers, the built-in function range() comes in handy. It generates arithmetic progressions: >>> for i in range ( 5 ): ... print ( i ) ... 0 1 2 3 4 The given end point is never part of the generated sequence; range(10) generates 10 values, the legal indices for items of a sequence of length 10. It is possible to let the range start at another number, or to specify a different increment (even negative; sometimes this is called the ‘step’): >>> list ( range ( 5 , 10 )) [5, 6, 7, 8, 9] >>> list ( range ( 0 , 10 , 3 )) [0, 3, 6, 9] >>> list ( range ( - 10 , - 100 , - 30 )) [-10, -40, -70] To iterate over the indices of a sequence, you can combine range() and len() as follows: >>> a = [ 'Mary' , 'had' , 'a' , 'little' , 'lamb' ] >>> for i in range ( len ( a )): ... print ( i , a [ i ]) ... 0 Mary 1 had 2 a 3 little 4 lamb In most such cases, however, it is convenient to use the enumerate() function, see Looping Techniques . A strange thing happens if you just print a range: >>> range ( 10 ) range(0, 10) In many ways the object returned by range() behaves as if it is a list, but in fact it isn’t. It is an object which returns the successive items of the desired sequence when you iterate over it, but it doesn’t really make the list, thus saving space. We say such an object is iterable , that is, suitable as a target for functions and constructs that expect something from which they can obtain successive items until the supply is exhausted. We have seen that the for statement is such a construct, while an example of a function that takes an iterable is sum() : >>> sum ( range ( 4 )) # 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 6 Later we will see more functions that return iterables and take iterables as arguments. In chapter Data Structures , we will discuss in more detail about list() . 4.4. break and continue Statements ¶ The break statement breaks out of the innermost enclosing for or while loop: >>> for n in range ( 2 , 10 ): ... for x in range ( 2 , n ): ... if n % x == 0 : ... print ( f " { n } equals { x } * { n // x } " ) ... break ... 4 equals 2 * 2 6 equals 2 * 3 8 equals 2 * 4 9 equals 3 * 3 The continue statement continues with the next iteration of the loop: >>> for num in range ( 2 , 10 ): ... if num % 2 == 0 : ... print ( f "Found an even number { num } " ) ... continue ... print ( f "Found an odd number { num } " ) ... Found an even number 2 Found an odd number 3 Found an even number 4 Found an odd number 5 Found an even number 6 Found an odd number 7 Found an even number 8 Found an odd number 9 4.5. else Clauses on Loops ¶ In a for or while loop the break statement may be paired with an else clause. If the loop finishes without executing the break , the else clause executes. In a for loop, the else clause is executed after the loop finishes its final iteration, that is, if no break occurred. In a while loop, it’s executed after the loop’s condition becomes false. In either kind of loop, the else clause is not executed if the loop was terminated by a break . Of course, other ways of ending the loop early, such as a return or a raised exception, will also skip execution of the else clause. This is exemplified in the following for loop, which searches for prime numbers: >>> for n in range ( 2 , 10 ): ... for x in range ( 2 , n ): ... if n % x == 0 : ... print ( n , 'equals' , x , '*' , n // x ) ... break ... else : ... # loop fell through without finding a factor ... print ( n , 'is a prime number' ) ... 2 is a prime number 3 is a prime number 4 equals 2 * 2 5 is a prime number 6 equals 2 * 3 7 is a prime number 8 equals 2 * 4 9 equals 3 * 3 (Yes, this is the correct code. Look closely: the else clause belongs to the for loop, not the if statement.) One way to think of the else clause is to imagine it paired with the if inside the loop. As the loop executes, it will run a sequence like if/if/if/else. The if is inside the loop, encountered a number of times. If the condition is ever true, a break will happen. If the condition is never true, the else clause outside the loop will execute. When used with a loop, the else clause has more in common with the else clause of a try statement than it does with that of if statements: a try statement’s else clause runs when no exception occurs, and a loop’s else clause runs when no break occurs. For more on the try statement and exceptions, see Handling Exceptions . 4.6. pass Statements ¶ The pass statement does nothing. It can be used when a statement is required syntactically but the program requires no action. For example: >>> while True : ... pass # Busy-wait for keyboard interrupt (Ctrl+C) ... This is commonly used for creating minimal classes: >>> class MyEmptyClass : ... pass ... Another place pass can be used is as a place-holder for a function or conditional body when you are working on new code, allowing you to keep thinking at a more abstract level. The pass is silently ignored: >>> def initlog ( * args ): ... pass # Remember to implement this! ... For this last case, many people use the ellipsis literal ... instead of pass . This use has no special meaning to Python, and is not part of the language definition (you could use any constant expression here), but ... is used conventionally as a placeholder body as well. See The Ellipsis Object . 4.7. match Statements ¶ A match statement takes an expression and compares its value to successive patterns given as one or more case blocks. This is superficially similar to a switch statement in C, Java or JavaScript (and many other languages), but it’s more similar to pattern matching in languages like Rust or Haskell. Only the first pattern that matches gets executed and it can also extract components (sequence elements or object attributes) from the value into variables. If no case matches, none of the branches is executed. The simplest form compares a subject value against one or more literals: def http_error ( status ): match status : case 400 : return "Bad request" case 404 : return "Not found" case 418 : return "I'm a teapot" case _ : return "Something's wrong with the internet" Note the last block: the “variable name” _ acts as a wildcard and never fails to match. You can combine several literals in a single pattern using | (“or”): case 401 | 403 | 404 : return "Not allowed" Patterns can look like unpacking assignments, and can be used to bind variables: # point is an (x, y) tuple match point : case ( 0 , 0 ): print ( "Origin" ) case ( 0 , y ): print ( f "Y= { y } " ) case ( x , 0 ): print ( f "X= { x } " ) case ( x , y ): print ( f "X= { x } , Y= { y } " ) case _ : raise ValueError ( "Not a point" ) Study that one carefully! The first pattern has two literals, and can be thought of as an extension of the literal pattern shown above. But the next two patterns combine a literal and a variable, and the variable binds a value from the subject ( point ). The fourth pattern captures two values, which makes it conceptually similar to the unpacking assignment (x, y) = point . If you are using classes to structure your data you can use the class name followed by an argument list resembling a constructor, but with the ability to capture attributes into variables: class Point : def __init__ ( self , x , y ): self . x = x self . y = y def where_is ( point ): match point : case Point ( x = 0 , y = 0 ): print ( "Origin" ) case Point ( x = 0 , y = y ): print ( f "Y= { y } " ) case Point ( x = x , y = 0 ): print ( f "X= { x } " ) case Point (): print ( "Somewhere else" ) case _ : print ( "Not a point" ) You can use positional parameters with some builtin classes that provide an ordering for their attributes (e.g. dataclasses). You can also define a specific position for attributes in patterns by setting the __match_args__ special attribute in your classes. If it’s set to (“x”, “y”), the following patterns are all equivalent (and all bind the y attribute to the var variable): Point ( 1 , var ) Point ( 1 , y = var ) Point ( x = 1 , y = var ) Point ( y = var , x = 1 ) A recommended way to read patterns is to look at them as an extended form of what you would put on the left of an assignment, to understand which variables would be set to what. Only the standalone names (like var above) are assigned to by a match statement. Dotted names (like foo.bar ), attribute names (the x= and y= above) or class names (recognized by the “(…)” next to them like Point above) are never assigned to. Patterns can be arbitrarily nested. For example, if we have a short list of Points, with __match_args__ added, we could match it like this: class Point : __match_args__ = ( 'x' , 'y' ) def __init__ ( self , x , y ): self . x = x self . y = y match points : case []: print ( "No points" ) case [ Point ( 0 , 0 )]: print ( "The origin" ) case [ Point ( x , y )]: print ( f "Single point { x } , { y } " ) case [ Point ( 0 , y1 ), Point ( 0 , y2 )]: print ( f "Two on the Y axis at { y1 } , { y2 } " ) case _ : print ( "Something else" ) We can add an if clause to a pattern, known as a “guard”. If the guard is false, match goes on to try the next case block. Note that value capture happens before the guard is evaluated: match point : case Point ( x , y ) if x == y : print ( f "Y=X at { x } " ) case Point ( x , y ): print ( f "Not on the diagonal" ) Several other key features of this statement: Like unpacking assignments, tuple and list patterns have exactly the same meaning and actually match arbitrary sequences. An important exception is that they don’t match iterators or strings. Sequence patterns support extended unpacking: [x, y, *rest] and (x, y, *rest) work similar to unpacking assignments. The name after * may also be _ , so (x, y, *_) matches a sequence of at least two items without binding the remaining items. Mapping patterns: {"bandwidth": b, "latency": l} captures the "bandwidth" and "latency" values from a dictionary. Unlike sequence patterns, extra keys are ignored. An unpacking like **rest is also supported. (But **_ would be redundant, so it is not allowed.) Subpatterns may be captured using the as keyword: case ( Point ( x1 , y1 ), Point ( x2 , y2 ) as p2 ): ... will capture the second element of the input as p2 (as long as the input is a sequence of two points) Most literals are compared by equality, however the singletons True , False and None are compared by identity. Patterns may use named constants. These must be dotted names to prevent them from being interpreted as capture variable: from enum import Enum class Color ( Enum ): RED = 'red' GREEN = 'green' BLUE = 'blue' color = Color ( input ( "Enter your choice of 'red', 'blue' or 'green': " )) match color : case Color . RED : print ( "I see red!" ) case Color . GREEN : print ( "Grass is green" ) case Color . BLUE : print ( "I'm feeling the blues :(" ) For a more detailed explanation and additional examples, you can look into PEP 636 which is written in a tutorial format. 4.8. Defining Functions ¶ We can create a function that writes the Fibonacci series to an arbitrary boundary: >>> def fib ( n ): # write Fibonacci series less than n ... """Print a Fibonacci series less than n.""" ... a , b = 0 , 1 ... while a < n : ... print ( a , end = ' ' ) ... a , b = b , a + b ... print () ... >>> # Now call the function we just defined: >>> fib ( 2000 ) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 610 987 1597 The keyword def introduces a function definition . It must be followed by the function name and the parenthesized list of formal parameters. The statements that form the body of the function start at the next line, and must be indented. The first statement of the function body can optionally be a string literal; this string literal is the function’s documentation string, or docstring . (More about docstrings can be found in the section Documentation Strings .) There are tools which use docstrings to automatically produce online or printed documentation, or to let the user interactively browse through code; it’s good practice to include docstrings in code that you write, so make a habit of it. The execution of a function introduces a new symbol table used for the local variables of the function. More precisely, all variable assignments in a function store the value in the local symbol table; whereas variable references first look in the local symbol table, then in the local symbol tables of enclosing functions, then in the global symbol table, and finally in the table of built-in names. Thus, global variables and variables of enclosing functions cannot be directly assigned a value within a function (unless, for global variables, named in a global statement, or, for variables of enclosing functions, named in a nonlocal statement), although they may be referenced. The actual parameters (arguments) to a function call are introduced in the local symbol table of the called function when it is called; thus, arguments are passed using call by value (where the value is always an object reference , not the value of the object). [ 1 ] When a function calls another function, or calls itself recursively, a new local symbol table is created for that call. A function definition associates the function name with the function object in the current symbol table. The interpreter recognizes the object pointed to by that name as a user-defined function. Other names can also point to that same function object and can also be used to access the function: >>> fib <function fib at 10042ed0> >>> f = fib >>> f ( 100 ) 0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 Coming from other languages, you might object that fib is not a function but a procedure since it doesn’t return a value. In fact, even functions without a return statement do return a value, albeit a rather boring one. This value is called None (it’s a built-in name). Writing the value None is normally suppressed by the interpreter if it would be the only value written. You can see it if you really want to using print() : >>> fib ( 0 ) >>> print ( fib ( 0 )) None It is simple to write a function that returns a list of the numbers of the Fibonacci series, instead of printing it: >>> def fib2 ( n ): # return Fibonacci series up to n ... """Return a list containing the Fibonacci series up to n.""" ... result = [] ... a , b = 0 , 1 ... while a < n : ... result . append ( a ) # see below ... a , b = b , a + b ... return result ... >>> f100 = fib2 ( 100 ) # call it >>> f100 # write the result [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89] This example, as usual, demonstrates some new Python features: The return statement returns with a value from a function. return without an expression argument returns None . Falling off the end of a function also returns None . The statement result.append(a) calls a method of the list object result . A method is a function that ‘belongs’ to an object and is named obj.methodname , where obj is some object (this may be an expression), and methodname is the name of a method that is defined by the object’s type. Different types define different methods. Methods of different types may have the same name without causing ambiguity. (It is possible to define your own object types and methods, using classes , see Classes ) The method append() shown in the example is defined for list objects; it adds a new element at the end of the list. In this example it is equivalent to result = result + [a] , but more efficient. 4.9. More on Defining Functions ¶ It is also possible to define functions with a variable number of arguments. There are three forms, which can be combined. 4.9.1. Default Argument Values ¶ The most useful form is to specify a default value for one or more arguments. This creates a function that can be called with fewer arguments than it is defined to allow. For example: def ask_ok ( prompt , retries = 4 , reminder = 'Please try again!' ): while True : reply = input ( prompt ) if reply in { 'y' , 'ye' , 'yes' }: return True if reply in { 'n' , 'no' , 'nop' , 'nope' }: return False retries = retries - 1 if retries < 0 : raise ValueError ( 'invalid user response' ) print ( reminder ) This function can be called in several ways: giving only the mandatory argument: ask_ok('Do you really want to quit?') giving one of the optional arguments: ask_ok('OK to overwrite the file?', 2) or even giving all arguments: ask_ok('OK to overwrite the file?', 2, 'Come on, only yes or no!') This example also introduces the in keyword. This tests whether or not a sequence contains a certain value. The default values are evaluated at the point of function definition in the defining scope, so that i = 5 def f ( arg = i ): print ( arg ) i = 6 f () will print 5 . Important warning: The default value is evaluated only once. This makes a difference when the default is a mutable object such as a list, dictionary, or instances of most classes. For example, the following function accumulates the arguments passed to it on subsequent calls: def f ( a , L = []): L . append ( a ) return L print ( f ( 1 )) print ( f ( 2 )) print ( f ( 3 )) This will print [ 1 ] [ 1 , 2 ] [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] If you don’t want the default to be shared between subsequent calls, you can write the function like this instead: def f ( a , L = None ): if L is None : L = [] L . append ( a ) return L 4.9.2. Keyword Arguments ¶ Functions can also be called using keyword arguments of the form kwarg=value . For instance, the following function: def parrot ( voltage , state = 'a stiff' , action = 'voom' , type = 'Norwegian Blue' ): print ( "-- This parrot wouldn't" , action , end = ' ' ) print ( "if you put" , voltage , "volts through it." ) print ( "-- Lovely plumage, the" , type ) print ( "-- It's" , state , "!" ) accepts one required argument ( voltage ) and three optional arguments ( state , action , and type ). This function can be called in any of the following ways: parrot ( 1000 ) # 1 positional argument parrot ( voltage = 1000 ) # 1 keyword argument parrot ( voltage = 1000000 , action = 'VOOOOOM' ) # 2 keyword arguments parrot ( action = 'VOOOOOM' , voltage = 1000000 ) # 2 keyword arguments parrot ( 'a million' , 'bereft of life' , 'jump' ) # 3 positional arguments parrot ( 'a thousand' , state = 'pushing up the daisies' ) # 1 positional, 1 keyword but all the following calls would be invalid: parrot () # required argument missing parrot ( voltage = 5.0 , 'dead' ) # non-keyword argument after a keyword argument parrot ( 110 , voltage = 220 ) # duplicate value for the same argument parrot ( actor = 'John Cleese' ) # unknown keyword argument In a function call, keyword arguments must follow positional arguments. All the keyword arguments passed must match one of the arguments accepted by the function (e.g. actor is not a valid argument for the parrot function), and their order is not important. This also includes non-optional arguments (e.g. parrot(voltage=1000) is valid too). No argument may receive a value more than once. Here’s an example that fails due to this restriction: >>> def function ( a ): ... pass ... >>> function ( 0 , a = 0 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : function() got multiple values for argument 'a' When a final formal parameter of the form **name is present, it receives a dictionary (see Mapping Types — dict ) containing all keyword arguments except for those corresponding to a formal parameter. This may be combined with a formal parameter of the form *name (described in the next subsection) which receives a tuple containing the positional arguments beyond the formal parameter list. ( *name must occur before **name .) For example, if we define a function like this: def cheeseshop ( kind , * arguments , ** keywords ): print ( "-- Do you have any" , kind , "?" ) print ( "-- I'm sorry, we're all out of" , kind ) for arg in arguments : print ( arg ) print ( "-" * 40 ) for kw in keywords : print ( kw , ":" , keywords [ kw ]) It could be called like this: cheeseshop ( "Limburger" , "It's very runny, sir." , "It's really very, VERY runny, sir." , shopkeeper = "Michael Palin" , client = "John Cleese" , sketch = "Cheese Shop Sketch" ) and of course it would print: -- Do you have any Limburger ? -- I'm sorry, we're all out of Limburger It's very runny, sir. It's really very, VERY runny, sir. ---------------------------------------- shopkeeper : Michael Palin client : John Cleese sketch : Cheese Shop Sketch Note that the order in which the keyword arguments are printed is guaranteed to match the order in which they were provided in the function call. 4.9.3. Special parameters ¶ By default, arguments may be passed to a Python function either by position or explicitly by keyword. For readability and performance, it makes sense to restrict the way arguments can be passed so that a developer need only look at the function definition to determine if items are passed by position, by position or keyword, or by keyword. A function definition may look like: def f(pos1, pos2, /, pos_or_kwd, *, kwd1, kwd2): ----------- ---------- ---------- | | | | Positional or keyword | | - Keyword only -- Positional only where / and * are optional. If used, these symbols indicate the kind of parameter by how the arguments may be passed to the function: positional-only, positional-or-keyword, and keyword-only. Keyword parameters are also referred to as named parameters. 4.9.3.1. Positional-or-Keyword Arguments ¶ If / and * are not present in the function definition, arguments may be passed to a function by position or by keyword. 4.9.3.2. Positional-Only Parameters ¶ Looking at this in a bit more detail, it is possible to mark certain parameters as positional-only . If positional-only , the parameters’ order matters, and the parameters cannot be passed by keyword. Positional-only parameters are placed before a / (forward-slash). The / is used to logically separate the positional-only parameters from the rest of the parameters. If there is no / in the function definition, there are no positional-only parameters. Parameters following the / may be positional-or-keyword or keyword-only . 4.9.3.3. Keyword-Only Arguments ¶ To mark parameters as keyword-only , indicating the parameters must be passed by keyword argument, place an * in the arguments list just before the first keyword-only parameter. 4.9.3.4. Function Examples ¶ Consider the following example function definitions paying close attention to the markers / and * : >>> def standard_arg ( arg ): ... print ( arg ) ... >>> def pos_only_arg ( arg , / ): ... print ( arg ) ... >>> def kwd_only_arg ( * , arg ): ... print ( arg ) ... >>> def combined_example ( pos_only , / , standard , * , kwd_only ): ... print ( pos_only , standard , kwd_only ) The first function definition, standard_arg , the most familiar form, places no restrictions on the calling convention and arguments may be passed by position or keyword: >>> standard_arg ( 2 ) 2 >>> standard_arg ( arg = 2 ) 2 The second function pos_only_arg is restricted to only use positional parameters as there is a / in the function definition: >>> pos_only_arg ( 1 ) 1 >>> pos_only_arg ( arg = 1 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : pos_only_arg() got some positional-only arguments passed as keyword arguments: 'arg' The third function kwd_only_arg only allows keyword arguments as indicated by a * in the function definition: >>> kwd_only_arg ( 3 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : kwd_only_arg() takes 0 positional arguments but 1 was given >>> kwd_only_arg ( arg = 3 ) 3 And the last uses all three calling conventions in the same function definition: >>> combined_example ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : combined_example() takes 2 positional arguments but 3 were given >>> combined_example ( 1 , 2 , kwd_only = 3 ) 1 2 3 >>> combined_example ( 1 , standard = 2 , kwd_only = 3 ) 1 2 3 >>> combined_example ( pos_only = 1 , standard = 2 , kwd_only = 3 ) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : combined_example() got some positional-only arguments passed as keyword arguments: 'pos_only' Finally, consider this function definition which has a potential collision between the positional argument name and **kwds which has name as a key: def foo ( name , ** kwds ): return 'name' in kwds There is no possible call that will make it return True as the keyword 'name' will always bind to the first parameter. For example: >>> foo ( 1 , ** { 'name' : 2 }) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>" , line 1 , in <module> TypeError : foo() got multiple values for argument 'name' >>> But using / (positional only arguments), it is possible since it allows name as a positional argument and 'name' as a key in the keyword arguments: >>> def foo ( name , / , ** kwds ): ... return 'name' in kwds ... >>> foo ( 1 , ** { 'name' : 2 }) True In other words, the names of positional-only parameters can be used in **kwds without ambiguity. 4.9.3.5. Recap ¶ The use case will determine which parameters to use in the function definition: def f ( pos1 , pos2 , / , pos_or_kwd , * , kwd1 , kwd2 ): As guidance: Use positional-only if you want the name of the parameters to not be available to the user. This is useful when parameter names have no real meaning, if you want to enforce the order of the arguments when the function is called or if you need to take some positional parameters and arbitrary keywords. Use keyword-only when names have meaning and the function definition is more understandable by being explicit with names or you want to prevent users relying on the position of the argument being passed. For an API, use positional-only to prevent breaking API changes if the parameter’s name is modified in the future. 4.9.4. Arbitrary Argument Lists ¶ Finally, the least frequently used option is to specify that a function can be called with an arbitrary number of arguments. These arguments will be wrapped up in a tuple (see Tuples and Sequences ). Before the variable number of arguments, zero or more normal arguments may occur. def write_multiple_items ( file , separator , * args ): file . write ( separator . join ( args )) Normally, these variadic arguments will be last in the list of formal parameters, because they scoop up all remaining input arguments that are passed to the function. Any formal parameters which occur after the *args parameter are ‘keyword-only’ arguments, meaning that they can only be used as keywords rather than positional arguments. >>> def concat ( * args , sep = "/" ): ... return sep . join ( args ) ... >>> concat ( "earth" , "mars" , "venus" ) 'earth/mars/venus' >>> concat ( "earth" , "mars" , "venus" , sep = "." ) 'earth.mars.venus' 4.9.5. Unpacking Argument Lists ¶ The reverse situation occurs when the arguments are already in a list or tuple but need to be unpacked for a function call requiring separate positional arguments. For instance, the built-in range() function expects separate start and stop arguments. If they are not available separately, write the function call with the * -operator to unpack the arguments out of a list or tuple: >>> list ( range ( 3 , 6 )) # normal call with separate arguments [3, 4, 5] >>> args = [ 3 , 6 ] >>> list ( range ( * args )) # call with arguments unpacked from a list [3, 4, 5] In the same fashion, dictionaries can deliver keyword arguments with the ** -operator: >>> def parrot ( voltage , state = 'a stiff' , action = 'voom' ): ... print ( "-- This parrot wouldn't" , action , end = ' ' ) ... print ( "if you put" , voltage , "volts through it." , end = ' ' ) ... print ( "E's" , state , "!" ) ... >>> d = { "voltage" : "four million" , "state" : "bleedin' demised" , "action" : "VOOM" } >>> parrot ( ** d ) -- This parrot wouldn't VOOM if you put four million volts through it. E's bleedin' demised ! 4.9.6. Lambda Expressions ¶ Small anonymous functions can be created with the lambda keyword. This function returns the sum of its two arguments: lambda a, b: a+b . Lambda functions can be used wherever function objects are required. They are syntactically restricted to a single expression. Semantically, they are just syntactic sugar for a normal function definition. Like nested function definitions, lambda functions can reference variables from the containing scope: >>> def make_incrementor ( n ): ... return lambda x : x + n ... >>> f = make_incrementor ( 42 ) >>> f ( 0 ) 42 >>> f ( 1 ) 43 The above example uses a lambda expression to return a function. Another use is to pass a small function as an argument. For instance, list.sort() takes a sorting key function key which can be a lambda function: >>> pairs = [( 1 , 'one' ), ( 2 , 'two' ), ( 3 , 'three' ), ( 4 , 'four' )] >>> pairs . sort ( key = lambda pair : pair [ 1 ]) >>> pairs [(4, 'four'), (1, 'one'), (3, 'three'), (2, 'two')] 4.9.7. Documentation Strings ¶ Here are some conventions about the content and formatting of documentation strings. The first line should always be a short, concise summary of the object’s purpose. For brevity, it should not explicitly state the object’s name or type, since these are available by other means (except if the name happens to be a verb describing a function’s operation). This line should begin with a capital letter and end with a period. If there are more lines in the documentation string, the second line should be blank, visually separating the summary from the rest of the description. The following lines should be one or more paragraphs describing the object’s calling conventions, its side effects, etc. The Python parser strips indentation from multi-line string literals when they serve as module, class, or function docstrings. Here is an example of a multi-line docstring: >>> def my_function (): ... """Do nothing, but document it. ... ... No, really, it doesn't do anything: ... ... >>> my_function() ... >>> ... """ ... pass ... >>> print ( my_function . __doc__ ) Do nothing, but document it. No, really, it doesn't do anything: >>> my_function() >>> 4.9.8. Function Annotations ¶ Function annotations are completely optional metadata information about the types used by user-defined functions (see PEP 3107 and PEP 484 for more information). Annotations are stored in the __annotations__ attribute of the function as a dictionary and have no effect on any other part of the function. Parameter annotations are defined by a colon after the parameter name, followed by an expression evaluating to the value of the annotation. Return annotations are defined by a literal -> , followed by an expression, between the parameter list and the colon denoting the end of the def statement. The following example has a required argument, an optional argument, and the return value annotated: >>> def f ( ham : str , eggs : str = 'eggs' ) -> str : ... print ( "Annotations:" , f . __annotations__ ) ... print ( "Arguments:" , ham , eggs ) ... return ham + ' and ' + eggs ... >>> f ( 'spam' ) Annotations: {'ham': <class 'str'>, 'return': <class 'str'>, 'eggs': <class 'str'>} Arguments: spam eggs 'spam and eggs' 4.10. Intermezzo: Coding Style ¶ Now that you are about to write longer, more complex pieces of Python, it is a good time to talk about coding style . Most languages can be written (or more concise, formatted ) in different styles; some are more readable than others. Making it easy for others to read your code is always a good idea, and adopting a nice coding style helps tremendously for that. For Python, PEP 8 has emerged as the style guide that most projects adhere to; it promotes a very readable and eye-pleasing coding style. Every Python developer should read it at some point; here are the most important points extracted for you: Use 4-space indentation, and no tabs. 4 spaces are a good compromise between small indentation (allows greater nesting depth) and large indentation (easier to read). Tabs introduce confusion, and are best left out. Wrap lines so that they don’t exceed 79 characters. This helps users with small displays and makes it possible to have several code files side-by-side on larger displays. Use blank lines to separate functions and classes, and larger blocks of code inside functions. When possible, put comments on a line of their own. Use docstrings. Use spaces around operators and after commas, but not directly inside bracketing constructs: a = f(1, 2) + g(3, 4) . Name your classes and functions consistently; the convention is to use UpperCamelCase for classes and lowercase_with_underscores for functions and methods. Always use self as the name for the first method argument (see A First Look at Classes for more on classes and methods). Don’t use fancy encodings if your code is meant to be used in international environments. Python’s default, UTF-8, or even plain ASCII work best in any case. Likewise, don’t use non-ASCII characters in identifiers if there is only the slightest chance people speaking a different language will read or maintain the code. Footnotes [ 1 ] Actually, call by object reference would be a better description, since if a mutable object is passed, the caller will see any changes the callee makes to it (items inserted into a list). Table of Contents 4. More Control Flow Tools 4.1. if Statements 4.2. for Statements 4.3. The range() Function 4.4. break and continue Statements 4.5. else Clauses on Loops 4.6. pass Statements 4.7. match Statements 4.8. Defining Functions 4.9. More on Defining Functions 4.9.1. Default Argument Values 4.9.2. Keyword Arguments 4.9.3. Special parameters 4.9.3.1. Positional-or-Keyword Arguments 4.9.3.2. Positional-Only Parameters 4.9.3.3. Keyword-Only Arguments 4.9.3.4. Function Examples 4.9.3.5. Recap 4.9.4. Arbitrary Argument Lists 4.9.5. Unpacking Argument Lists 4.9.6. Lambda Expressions 4.9.7. Documentation Strings 4.9.8. Function Annotations 4.10. Intermezzo: Coding Style Previous topic 3. An Informal Introduction to Python Next topic 5. Data Structures This page Report a bug Show source « Navigation index modules | next | previous | Python » 3.14.2 Documentation » The Python Tutorial » 4. More Control Flow Tools | Theme Auto Light Dark | © Copyright 2001 Python Software Foundation. This page is licensed under the Python Software Foundation License Version 2. Examples, recipes, and other code in the documentation are additionally licensed under the Zero Clause BSD License. See History and License for more information. The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation. Please donate. 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https://dev.to/behruamm/how-i-built-a-magic-move-animation-engine-for-excalidraw-from-scratch-published-4lmp#main-content | How I built a "Magic Move" animation engine for Excalidraw from scratch published - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Behram Posted on Jan 12 How I built a "Magic Move" animation engine for Excalidraw from scratch published # webdev # react # animation # opensource I love Excalidraw for sketching system architectures. But sketches are static. When I want to show how a packet moves through a load balancer, or how a database shard splits, I have to wave my hands frantically or create 10 different slides. I wanted the ability to "Sketch Logic, Export Motion" . The Goal I didn't want a timeline editor (like After Effects). That's too much work for a simple diagram. I wanted "Keyless Animation" : Draw Frame 1 (The start state). Clone it to Frame 2 . Move elements to their new positions. The engine automatically figures out the transition. I built this engine using Next.js , Excalidraw , and Framer Motion . Here is a technical deep dive into how I implemented the logic. 1. The Core Logic: Diffing States The hardest part isn't the animation loop; it's the diffing . When we move from Frame A to Frame B , we identify elements by their stable IDs and categorize them into one of three buckets: Stable: The element exists in both frames (needs to morph/move). Entering: Exists in B but not A (needs to fade in). Exiting: Exists in A but not B (needs to fade out). I wrote a categorizeTransition utility that maps elements efficiently: // Simplified logic from src/utils/editor/transition-logic.ts export function categorizeTransition ( prevElements , currElements ) { const stable = []; const morphed = []; const entering = []; const exiting = []; const prevMap = new Map ( prevElements . map ( e => [ e . id , e ])); const currMap = new Map ( currElements . map ( e => [ e . id , e ])); // 1. Find Morphs (Stable) & Entering currElements . forEach ( curr => { if ( prevMap . has ( curr . id )) { const prev = prevMap . get ( curr . id ); // We separate "Stable" (identical) from "Morphed" (changed) // to optimize the render loop if ( areVisuallyIdentical ( prev , curr )) { stable . push ({ key : curr . id , element : curr }); } else { morphed . push ({ key : curr . id , start : prev , end : curr }); } } else { entering . push ({ key : curr . id , end : curr }); } }); // 2. Find Exiting prevElements . forEach ( prev => { if ( ! currMap . has ( prev . id )) { exiting . push ({ key : prev . id , start : prev }); } }); return { stable , morphed , entering , exiting }; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Interpolating Properties For the "Morphed" elements, we need to calculate the intermediate state at any given progress (0.0 to 1.0). You can't just use simple linear interpolation for everything. Numbers (x, y, width): Linear works fine. Colors (strokeColor): You must convert Hex to RGBA, interpolate each channel, and convert back. Angles: You need "shortest path" interpolation. If an object is at 10 degrees and rotates to 350 degrees , linear interpolation goes the long way around. We want it to just rotate -20 degrees. // src/utils/smart-animation.ts const angleProgress = ( oldAngle , newAngle , progress ) => { let diff = newAngle - oldAngle ; // Normalize to -PI to +PI to find shortest direction while ( diff > Math . PI ) diff -= 2 * Math . PI ; while ( diff < - Math . PI ) diff += 2 * Math . PI ; return oldAngle + diff * progress ; }; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3. The Render Loop & Overlapping Phases Instead of CSS transitions (which are hard to sync for complex canvas repaints), I used a requestAnimationFrame loop in a React hook called useTransitionAnimation . A key "secret sauce" to making animations feel professional is overlap . If you play animations sequentially (Exit -> Move -> Enter), it feels robotic. I overlapped the phases so the scene feels alive: // Timeline Logic const exitEnd = hasExit ? 300 : 0 ; const morphStart = exitEnd ; const morphEnd = morphStart + 500 ; // [MAGIC TRICK] Start entering elements BEFORE the morph ends // This creates that "Apple Keynote" feel where things arrive // just as others are settling into place. const overlapDuration = 200 ; const enterStart = Math . max ( morphStart , morphEnd - overlapDuration ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 4. Making it feel "Physical" Linear movement ( progress = time / duration ) is boring. I implemented spring-based easing functions. Even though I'm manually calculating specific frames, I apply an easing curve to the progress value before feeding it into the interpolator. // Quartic Ease-Out Approximation for a "Heavy" feel const springEasing = ( t ) => { return 1 - Math . pow ( 1 - t , 4 ); }; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This ensures that big architecture blocks "thud" into place with weight, rather than sliding around like ghosts. What's Next? I'm currently working on: Sub-step animations: Allowing you to click through bullet points within a single frame. Export to MP4: Recording the canvas stream directly to a video file. The project is live, and I built it to help developers communicate better. Try here: https://postara.io/ Free Stripe Promotion Code: postara Let me know what you think of the approach! Top comments (1) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand SinghDevHub SinghDevHub SinghDevHub Follow MLE @CRED ⌛ Sharing on System design, AI, LLMs, ML Email lovepreet.singh@alumni.iitgn.ac.in Location Bangalore, India Work MLE @ CRED Joined Nov 29, 2022 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide loved it Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Some comments may only be visible to logged-in visitors. Sign in to view all comments. Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Behram Follow Ex-Data Scientist documenting the reality of building AI agent SaaS as a solo founder in the UK. Raw technical logs, AI leverage, and the path to profitability. Location Birmingham,UK Joined Nov 7, 2024 Trending on DEV Community Hot Stop Overengineering: How to Write Clean Code That Actually Ships 🚀 # discuss # javascript # programming # webdev I Didn’t “Become” a Senior Developer. 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https://dev.to/joe-re | joe-re - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions joe-re Software Engineer in Japan Joined Joined on Jan 2, 2018 github website twitter website Work PeopleX Inc. Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Eight Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least eight years. Got it Close Seven Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least seven years. Got it Close Six Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least six years. Got it Close Five Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least five years. Got it Close Four Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least four years. Got it Close Three Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least three years. Got it Close Two Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least two years. Got it Close One Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least one year. Got it Close More info about @joe-re Skills/Languages Japanese, English, Web development Post 1 post published Comment 0 comments written Tag 4 tags followed I Built a Desktop App to Supercharge My TMUX + Claude Code Workflow joe-re joe-re joe-re Follow Jan 12 I Built a Desktop App to Supercharge My TMUX + Claude Code Workflow # claudecode # tauri # productivity # tmux 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:12 |
https://dev.to/joe-re/i-built-a-desktop-app-to-supercharge-my-tmux-claude-code-workflow-521m#tmux-integration | I Built a Desktop App to Supercharge My TMUX + Claude Code Workflow - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse joe-re Posted on Jan 12 I Built a Desktop App to Supercharge My TMUX + Claude Code Workflow # claudecode # tauri # productivity # tmux Background Until recently, I was primarily using Cursor for AI-assisted coding. The editor-centric AI integration worked really well with my development style—it made the feedback loop smooth when AI-generated code didn't match my intentions, whether I needed to manually fix it or provide additional instructions. But everything changed when Opus 4.5 was released in late November last year. Opus 4.5 delivers outputs that match my expectations far better than any previous model. Claude Code's CUI-first design also feels natural to my workflow. Now, Claude Code has become the center of my development process. I've locked in Opus 4.5 as my daily driver. I typically run multiple Claude Code sessions simultaneously—across different projects or multiple branches using git worktree. Managing notifications and checking outputs across these sessions is critical. I was using OS notifications to check in whenever changes happened, but I kept missing them. I wanted something better. So I built an app to streamline my workflow. What I Built eyes-on-claude-code It's a cross-platform desktop application built with Tauri . I've only tested it on macOS (my daily environment), but the codebase is designed to support Linux as well. My Environment & Workflow This app is primarily designed to optimize my own workflow, so the features reflect my environment and habits. I develop using Ghostty + tmux . My typical workflow looks like this: Draft ideas and design in Markdown Give instructions to Claude Code (using Plan mode for larger tasks) Review the diff of generated code, then provide additional instructions or continue Features Multi-Session Monitoring Dashboard The dashboard monitors Claude Code sessions by receiving events through hooks configured in the global settings.json . Since I keep this running during development, I designed it with a minimal, non-intrusive UI. Always-on-top mode (optional) ensures the window doesn't get buried under other apps—so you never miss a notification. Transparency settings let you configure opacity separately for active and inactive states. When inactive, you can make it nearly invisible so it doesn't get in the way. It's there in the top-right corner, barely visible. Status Display & Sound Notifications Sessions are displayed with one of four states: State Meaning Display Active Claude is working 🟢 WaitingPermission Waiting for permission approval 🔐 WaitingInput Waiting for user input (idle) ⏳ Completed Response complete ✅ Sound effects play on state changes (can be toggled off): Waiting (Permission/Input) : Alert tone (two low beeps) Completed : Completion chime (ascending two-note sound) I'm planning to add volume control and custom commands in the future—like using say to speak or playing music on completion 🎵 Git-Based Diff Viewer I usually review AI-generated changes using difit . I wanted to integrate that same flow into this app, so you can launch difit directly on changed files. Huge thanks to the difit team for building such a great tool! tmux Integration When developing, I use tmux panes and tabs to manage multiple windows. My typical setup is Claude Code on the left half, and server/commands on the right. When working across multiple projects or branches via git worktree, it's frustrating to hunt for which tmux tab has Claude Code running. So I added a tmux mirror view that lets you quickly check results and give simple instructions without switching tabs. How It Works The app uses Claude Code hooks to determine session status based on which hooks fire. Event Flow I didn't want to introduce complexity with an intermediate server for inter-process communication. So I went with a simple approach: hooks write to log files, and the app watches those files. Hooks write logs to a temporary directory ( .local/eocc/logs ), which the app monitors. Since Claude Code runs in a terminal, hooks can access terminal environment paths. This lets me grab tmux and npx paths from within hooks and pass them to the app. Mapping Hooks to Status Claude Code provides these hook events: https://code.claude.com/docs/hooks-guide Here's how I map them to session states: Event Usage Session State session_start (startup/resume) Start a session Active session_end End a session Remove session notification (permission_prompt) Waiting for approval WaitingPermission notification (idle_prompt) Waiting for input WaitingInput stop Response completed Completed post_tool_use After tool execution Active user_prompt_submit Prompt submitted Active Conclusion I've only been using Claude Code as my primary tool for about two months, and I expect my workflow will keep evolving. Thanks to AI, I can quickly build and adapt tools like this—which is exactly what makes this era so exciting. If your workflow is similar to mine, give it a try! I'd love to hear your feedback. GitHub : https://github.com/joe-re/eyes-on-claude-code Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse joe-re Follow Software Engineer in Japan Work PeopleX Inc. Joined Jan 2, 2018 Trending on DEV Community Hot AI should not be in Code Editors # programming # ai # productivity # discuss I Didn’t “Become” a Senior Developer. I Accumulated Damage. # programming # ai # career # discuss Stop Overengineering: How to Write Clean Code That Actually Ships 🚀 # discuss # javascript # programming # webdev 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:12 |
https://dev.to/kevburnsjr/websockets-vs-long-polling-3a0o#the-system | WebSockets vs Long Polling - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Kevin Burns Posted on Jul 22, 2021 • Edited on Aug 28, 2025 WebSockets vs Long Polling This article contrasts the operational complexity of WebSockets and Long Polling using real world examples to promote Long Polling as a simpler alternative to Websockets in systems where a half-duplex message channel will suffice. WebSockets A WebSocket is a long lived persistent TCP connection (often utilizing TLS) between a client and a server which provides a real-time full-duplex communication channel. These are often seen in chat applications and real-time dashboards. Long Polling Long Polling is a near-real-time data access pattern that predates WebSockets. A client initiates a TCP connection (usually an HTTP request) with a maximum duration (ie. 20 seconds). If the server has data to return, it returns the data immediately, usually in batch up to a specified limit. If not, the server pauses the request thread until data becomes available at which point it returns the data to the client. Analysis WebSockets are Full-Duplex meaning both the client and the server can send and receive messages across the channel. Long Polling is Half-Duplex meaning that a new request-response cycle is required each time the client wants to communicate something to the server. Long Polling usually produces slightly higher average latency and significantly higher latency variability compared to WebSockets. WebSockets do support compression, but usually per-message. Long Polling typically operates in batch which can significantly improve message compression efficiency. Scaling Up We’ll now contrast the systemic behavior of server-side scalability for applications using primarily WebSockets vs Long Polling. WebSockets Suppose we have 4 app servers in a scaling group with 10,000 connected clients. Now suppose we scale up the group by adding a new app server and wait for 60 seconds. We find that all of the existing clients are still connected to the original 4 app servers. The Load Balancer may be intelligent enough to route new connections to the new app server in order to balance the number of concurrent connections so that this effect will diminish over time. However, the amount of time required for this system to return to equilibrium is unknown and theoretically infinite. These effects could be mitigated by the application using a system to intelligently preempt web socket connections in response to changes in the scaling group's capacity but this would require the application to have special real-time knowledge about the state of its external environment which crosses a boundary that is typically best left uncrossed without ample justification. Long Polling Suppose we have the same 4 app servers in a scaling group with 10,000 connected clients using Long Polling. Now suppose we scale up the group by adding a new app server and wait for 60 seconds. We observe that the number of open connections has automatically rebalanced with no intervention. We can even state declaratively that if the long poll duration is set to 60 seconds or less, then any autoscaling group will automatically regain equilibrium within 60 seconds of any membership change. This trait can be reflected in the application’s Service Level Objectives. These numbers are important because they are used by operators to correctly tune the app’s autoscaling mechanisms. Analysis Service Level Objectives are an important aspect of system management since they ultimately serve as the contractual interface between dev and ops. If an application’s ability to return to equilibrium after scaling is unbounded, a change in application behavior is likely warranted. Scaling Down The following example illustrates difficulties encountered by a real world device management software company operating thousands of 24/7 concurrent WebSocket connections from thousands of data collection agents placed inside corporate networks. The System A Data Collection Agent, written in Go, is distributed as an executable binary that runs as a service on a customer's machine scanning local networks for SNMP devices and reporting SNMP data periodically to the application in the cloud. One key feature of the product was the ability for a customer to interact with any of their devices in real time from anywhere in the world using a single page web application hosted in the cloud. Because each agent resides on a customer network behind a firewall, the agents would need to initiate and maintain a WebSocket connection to the application in the cloud as a secure full-duplex tunnel. The web service sends commands to agents and agents send data to the web service all through a single persistent TCP connection. The Problem There was one big unexpected technical challenge faced by the team when deploying this system that made deployments risky. Whenever a new version of the app server was deployed to production, the system would be shocked by high impulse reconnect storms originating from the data collection agents. If a server has 2500 active connections and you take it out of service, those 2500 connections will be closed simultaneously and all the agents will reopen new connections simultaneously. This can overwhelm some systems, especially if the socket initialization code touches the database for anything important (ie. authorization). If an agent can’t establish a connection before the read deadline, it will retry the connection again which will drown the app servers even further, causing an unrecoverable negative feedback loop. This proclivity toward failure caused management to change their policies regarding deployments to reduce the number of deployments as much as possible to avoid disruption. The Solution The problem was partially solved by implementing strict exponential retry policies on their clients. This solution was effective enough at reducing the severity of retry storms on app deployment to be considered a good temporary solution. However, deployments were still infrequent by design and the high impulse load spikes weren’t gone, they just no longer produced undesirable secondary effects. Analysis This temporary solution is only possible in situations where the server has complete control over all of its clients. In many scenarios this may not be the case. If the agents were modeled to receive commands from the server by Long Poll and push data to the server through a normal API, the load would be evenly spread. If using a Long Poll architecture, the deployment system would replace a node by notifying the load balancer that the node is going out of service to ensure the node doesn’t receive any new connections, then wait 60 seconds for existing connections to drain in accordance with the service’s shutdown grace period SLO, then take the node offline with confidence. The resulting load increase on other nodes in the group would be gradual and roughly linear. When it comes to distributed systems and their scalability, people often focus on creating efficient systems. Efficiency is important but usually not as important as stability. High impulse events like reconnect storms can produce complex systemic effects. Left unattended, they often amplify the severity of similar effects in different parts of the system in ways that are both unexpected and difficult to predict. If you fail to solve enough of these types of problems, you may soon find yourself a situation where so many components are failing so simultaneously that it’s exceptionally difficult to discern the underlying cause(s) empirically from logs and dashboards. An application’s architecture must be designed primarily in accordance with principle and remain open to modification in response to statistical performance analysis. Conclusion WebSockets are appropriate for many applications which require consistent low latency full duplex high frequency communication such as chat applications. However, any WebSocket architecture that can be reduced to a half-duplex problem can probably be remodeled to use Long Polling to improve the application’s runtime performance variability, reducing operational complexity and promoting total systemic stability. Top comments (3) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Rockie Yang Rockie Yang Rockie Yang Follow Start from user experience and working backward out technologies Work Knock Data Joined Oct 14, 2022 • Jan 12 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks for great in depth explanation. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Juro Oravec Juro Oravec Juro Oravec Follow Where software, biology and business meets. Location London, UK Work Software Engineer at BenevolentAI Joined Jul 13, 2020 • Jan 10 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Very insightful write-up! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Paul Pryor Paul Pryor Paul Pryor Follow Full Stack Web Application Developer Joined Mar 4, 2024 • Mar 5 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Server Sent Events is another alternative similar to Web Sockets but is half duplex. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Kevin Burns Follow Professional Gopher Location Menlo Park, CA Joined Jul 23, 2017 More from Kevin Burns The Large Language Centipede # ai # ouroboros Skipfilter # go # bitmap # skiplist Data Constraints: From Imperative to Declarative # go # mongodb # architecture # database 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/whaaat_9819bdb68eccf5b8a/why-your-secret-sharing-tool-needs-post-quantum-cryptography-today-20j3#hybrid-approach | Why Your Secret Sharing Tool Needs Post-Quantum Cryptography Today - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Whaaat! Posted on Jan 12 Why Your Secret Sharing Tool Needs Post-Quantum Cryptography Today # security # cryptography # webdev # privacy The "Harvest Now, Decrypt Later" Threat Quantum computers capable of breaking RSA and ECC encryption don't exist yet. But here's the problem: adversaries are already collecting encrypted data today, planning to decrypt it once quantum computers arrive. For sensitive data that needs to remain confidential for years, this is a real threat. What is Post-Quantum Cryptography? Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) uses mathematical problems that are hard for both classical AND quantum computers to solve. In August 2024, NIST standardized three PQC algorithms: ML-KEM (Kyber) - Key encapsulation ML-DSA (Dilithium) - Digital signatures SLH-DSA (SPHINCS+) - Hash-based signatures Implementing PQC in a Web Application I recently added PQC support to NoTrust.now , a zero-knowledge secret sharing tool. Here's how: Key Exchange with ML-KEM-768 // Using crystals-kyber-js library import { MlKem768 } from ' crystals-kyber-js ' ; // Receiver generates keypair const [ publicKey , privateKey ] = await MlKem768 . generateKeyPair (); // Sender encapsulates a shared secret const [ ciphertext , sharedSecret ] = await MlKem768 . encapsulate ( publicKey ); // Receiver decapsulates to get the same shared secret const decryptedSecret = await MlKem768 . decapsulate ( ciphertext , privateKey ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Hybrid Approach For defense in depth, combine PQC with classical crypto: Generate ephemeral X25519 keypair (classical) Generate ephemeral ML-KEM-768 keypair (post-quantum) Combine both shared secrets: finalKey = HKDF(x25519Secret || kyberSecret) This ensures security even if one algorithm is broken. Try It Out You can test PQC secret sharing at NoTrust.now/createpqc . The encryption happens entirely in your browser - zero-knowledge architecture means the server never sees your plaintext. Resources NIST PQC Standards crystals-kyber-js Post-Quantum Cryptography for Developers What do you think about PQC adoption? Too early or just in time? Let me know in the comments. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Whaaat! Follow Joined Mar 27, 2025 Trending on DEV Community Hot SQLite Limitations and Internal Architecture # webdev # programming # database # architecture From CDN to Pixel: A React App's Journey # react # programming # webdev # performance How to Crack Any Software Developer Interview in 2026 (Updated for AI & Modern Hiring) # softwareengineering # programming # career # interview 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebSockets_API/Writing_WebSocket_client_applications | Writing WebSocket client applications - Web APIs | MDN Skip to main content Skip to search MDN HTML HTML: Markup language HTML reference Elements Global attributes Attributes See all… HTML guides Responsive images HTML cheatsheet Date & time formats See all… Markup languages SVG MathML XML CSS CSS: Styling language CSS reference Properties Selectors At-rules Values See all… CSS guides Box model Animations Flexbox Colors See all… Layout cookbook Column layouts Centering an element Card component See all… JavaScript JS JavaScript: Scripting language JS reference Standard built-in objects Expressions & operators Statements & declarations Functions See all… JS guides Control flow & error handing Loops and iteration Working with objects Using classes See all… Web APIs Web APIs: Programming interfaces Web API reference File system API Fetch API Geolocation API HTML DOM API Push API Service worker API See all… Web API guides Using the Web animation API Using the Fetch API Working with the History API Using the Web speech API Using web workers All All web technology Technologies Accessibility HTTP URI Web extensions WebAssembly WebDriver See all… Topics Media Performance Privacy Security Progressive web apps Learn Learn web development Frontend developer course Getting started modules Core modules MDN Curriculum Learn HTML Structuring content with HTML module Learn CSS CSS styling basics module CSS layout module Learn JavaScript Dynamic scripting with JavaScript module Tools Discover our tools Playground HTTP Observatory Border-image generator Border-radius generator Box-shadow generator Color format converter Color mixer Shape generator About Get to know MDN better About MDN Advertise with us Community MDN on GitHub Blog Toggle sidebar Web Web APIs The WebSocket API (WebSockets) Writing WebSocket client applications Theme OS default Light Dark English (US) Remember language Learn more Deutsch English (US) Español Français 日本語 한국어 Português (do Brasil) Русский 中文 (简体) 正體中文 (繁體) Writing WebSocket client applications In this guide we'll walk through the implementation of a WebSocket-based ping application. In this application, the client sends a "ping" message to the server every second, and the server responds with a "pong" message. The client listens for "pong" messages and logs them, keeping track of how many message exchanges there have been. Although this is a pretty minimal application, it covers the fundamental points involved in writing a WebSocket client. You can find the complete example at https://github.com/mdn/dom-examples/tree/main/websockets . The server side is written in Deno , so you'll have to install that first if you want to run the example locally. In this article Creating a WebSocket object Listening for the open event Listening for errors Sending messages Receiving messages Handling disconnect Working with the bfcache Security considerations Creating a WebSocket object To communicate using the WebSocket protocol, you need to create a WebSocket object. As soon as you create this object, it will start trying to connect to the specified server. js const wsUri = "ws://127.0.0.1/"; const websocket = new WebSocket(wsUri); The WebSocket constructor takes one mandatory argument — the URL of the WebSocket server to connect to. In this case, since we're running the server locally, we're using the localhost address. Note: In this example we're using the ws protocol for the connection, because in the example we're connecting to localhost. In a real application, web pages should be served using HTTPS, and the WebSocket connection should use wss as the protocol. The constructor takes another optional argument protocols , which allows a single server to implement multiple sub-protocols. We're not using this feature in our example. The constructor will throw a SecurityError if the destination doesn't allow access. This may happen if you attempt to use an insecure connection (most user agents now require a secure link for all WebSocket connections unless they're on the same device or possibly on the same network). Listening for the open event Creating a WebSocket instance starts the process of establishing a connection to the server. Once the connection is established, the open event is fired, and after this point the socket is able to transmit data. In the example code below, when the open event is fired, we start sending one "ping" message to the server every second, using the Window.setInterval() API: js websocket.addEventListener("open", () => { log("CONNECTED"); pingInterval = setInterval(() => { log(`SENT: ping: ${counter}`); websocket.send("ping"); }, 1000); }); Listening for errors If an error occurs while the connection is being established or at any time after it is established, the error event will be fired. Our application doesn't do anything special on error, but we do log it: js websocket.addEventListener("error", (e) => { log(`ERROR`); }); On an error, the connection is closed and the close event will be fired. Sending messages We've already seen that once the connection is established, we can use the send() method to send messages to the server: js websocket.addEventListener("open", () => { log("CONNECTED"); pingInterval = setInterval(() => { log(`SENT: ping: ${counter}`); websocket.send("ping"); }, 1000); }); In our example we send text, but you can also send binary data as a Blob , ArrayBuffer , TypedArray , or DataView . A common approach is to use JSON to send serialized JavaScript objects as text. For example, instead of just sending the text message "ping", our client could send a serialized object including the number of messages exchanged so far: js const message = { iteration: counter, content: "ping", }; websocket.send(JSON.stringify(message)); The send() method is asynchronous: it does not wait for the data to be transmitted before returning to the caller. It just adds the data to its internal buffer and begins the process of transmission. The WebSocket.bufferedAmount property represents the number of bytes that have not yet been transmitted. Note that the WebSockets protocol uses UTF-8 to encode text, so bufferedAmount is calculated based on the UTF-8 encoding of any buffered text data. Receiving messages To receive messages from the server, we listen for the message event. Our message event handler logs the received message, and increments our count of the number of message exchanges that have occurred: js websocket.addEventListener("message", (e) => { log(`RECEIVED: ${e.data}: ${counter}`); counter++; }); The server can also send binary data, which is exposed to clients as a Blob or an ArrayBuffer , based on the value of the WebSocket.binaryType property. As we saw for sending messages, the server can also send JSON strings, which the client can then parse into an object: js websocket.addEventListener("message", (e) => { const message = JSON.parse(e.data); log(`RECEIVED: ${message.iteration}: ${message.content}`); counter++; }); Handling disconnect When the connection is closed, because either the client or the server closed it or because an error occurred, the close event will be fired. Our application listens for the close event and cleans up the interval timer when it is fired: js websocket.addEventListener("close", () => { log("DISCONNECTED"); clearInterval(pingInterval); }); Working with the bfcache The back/forward cache, or bfcache , enables much faster back and forward navigation between pages that the user has recently visited. It does this by storing a complete snapshot of the page, including the JavaScript heap. The browser pauses and then resumes JavaScript execution when a page is added to or restored from the bfcache. This means that, depending on what the page is doing, it's not always safe for the browser to use the bfcache for the page. If the browser determines that it is not safe, the page will not be added to the bfcache, and the user will not get the performance benefit that it can bring. Different browsers use different criteria for adding a page to the bfcache, and having an open WebSocket connection may prevent the browser adding your page to the bfcache. This means it's good practice to close your connection when the user has finished with your page. The best event to use for this is the pagehide event. We do this in our example app: js window.addEventListener("pagehide", () => { if (websocket) { log("CLOSING"); websocket.close(); websocket = null; window.clearInterval(pingInterval); } }); Conversely, by listening for the pageshow event, you can seamlessly start the connection again when the page is restored from the bfcache. In the following example, we start the initial connection when the page is first loaded and only reconnect when the page is restored (checking for event.persisted ): js let websocket = null; function initializeWebSocketListeners(ws) { ws.addEventListener("open", () => { log("CONNECTED"); pingInterval = setInterval(() => { log(`SENT: ping: ${counter}`); ws.send("ping"); }, 1000); }); ws.addEventListener("close", () => { log("DISCONNECTED"); clearInterval(pingInterval); }); ws.addEventListener("message", (e) => { log(`RECEIVED: ${e.data}: ${counter}`); counter++; }); ws.addEventListener("error", (e) => { log(`ERROR`); }); } window.addEventListener("pageshow", (event) => { if (event.persisted) { websocket = new WebSocket(wsUri); initializeWebSocketListeners(websocket); } }); log("OPENING"); websocket = new WebSocket(wsUri); initializeWebSocketListeners(websocket); If you run our example, try navigating to a different page, then back to the example. In Chrome, you should see that the example starts the connection again, and keeps its original context: so, for example, it remembers the count of exchanged messages. See the web.dev article on the bfcache for more context on bfcache compatibility and the WebSockets API. On browsers that support it, you can use the notRestoredReasons property of the Performance API to get the reason a page was not added to the bfcache. Security considerations WebSockets should not be used in a mixed content environment; that is, you shouldn't open a non-secure WebSocket connection from a page loaded using HTTPS or vice versa. Most browsers now only allow secure WebSocket connections, and no longer support using them in insecure contexts. Help improve MDN Was this page helpful to you? Yes No Learn how to contribute This page was last modified on Nov 22, 2025 by MDN contributors . View this page on GitHub • Report a problem with this content Filter sidebar The WebSocket API (WebSockets) Guides Writing WebSocket client applications Writing WebSocket servers Writing a WebSocket server in C# Writing a WebSocket server in Java Writing a WebSocket server in JavaScript (Deno) Using WebSocketStream to write a client Interfaces WebSocket WebSocketStream Experimental CloseEvent MessageEvent Your blueprint for a better internet. MDN About Blog Mozilla careers Advertise with us MDN Plus Product help Contribute MDN Community Community resources Writing guidelines MDN Discord MDN on GitHub Developers Web technologies Learn web development Guides Tutorials Glossary Hacks blog Website Privacy Notice Telemetry Settings Legal Community Participation Guidelines Visit Mozilla Corporation’s not-for-profit parent, the Mozilla Foundation . Portions of this content are ©1998–2026 by individual mozilla.org contributors. 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https://dev.to/mohammadidrees/applying-first-principles-questioning-to-a-real-company-interview-question-2c0j#main-content | Applying First-Principles Questioning to a Real Company Interview Question - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Mohammad-Idrees Posted on Jan 13 Applying First-Principles Questioning to a Real Company Interview Question # career # interview # systemdesign Case Study: Designing a Chat System (Meta / WhatsApp–Style) This section answers a common follow-up interview request: “Okay, now apply this thinking to a real problem.” We will do exactly that — without jumping to tools or architectures first . The goal is not to “design WhatsApp,” but to demonstrate how interviewers expect you to think . The Interview Question (Realistic & Common) “Design a chat system like WhatsApp.” This is a real company interview question asked (in variants) at: Meta Uber Amazon Stripe Most candidates fail this question not because it’s hard, but because they start in the wrong place . What Most Candidates Do (Wrong Start) Typical opening: “We’ll use WebSockets” “We’ll use Kafka” “We’ll shard by user ID” This skips reasoning. A strong candidate pauses and applies the checklist. Applying the First-Principles Checklist Live We will apply the same five questions , in order, and show what problems naturally surface. 1. State “Where does state live? When is it durable?” Ask This Out Loud in the Interview What information must the chat system remember for it to function correctly? Identify Required State (No Design Yet) Users Conversations Messages Message delivery status Now ask: Which of this state must never be lost? Answer: Messages (core product) Conversation membership First-Principles Conclusion Messages must be persisted In-memory-only solutions are insufficient What the Interviewer Sees You identified correctness-critical state before touching architecture. 2. Time “How long does each step take?” Now we introduce time. Break the Chat Flow User sends message Message is stored Message is delivered to recipient(s) Ask: Which of these must be fast? Sending a message → must feel instant Delivery → may be delayed (offline users) Critical Question Does the sender wait for delivery confirmation? If yes: Latency depends on recipient availability If no: Sending and delivery are time-decoupled First-Principles Conclusion Message acceptance must be fast Delivery can happen later This naturally introduces asynchrony , without naming any tools. 3. Failure “What breaks independently?” Now assume failures — explicitly. Ask What happens if the system crashes after accepting a message but before delivery? Possible states: Message stored Recipient not notified yet Now ask: Can delivery be retried safely? This surfaces a key invariant: A message must not be delivered zero times or multiple times incorrectly. Failure Scenarios Discovered Duplicate delivery Message loss Inconsistent delivery status First-Principles Conclusion Message delivery must be idempotent Storage and delivery failures must be decoupled The interviewer now sees you understand distributed failure , not just happy paths. 4. Order “What defines correct sequence?” Now introduce multiple messages . Ask Does message order matter in a conversation? Answer: Yes — chat messages must appear in order Now ask the dangerous question: Does arrival order equal delivery order? In distributed systems: No guarantee Messages can: Be processed by different servers Experience different delays First-Principles Conclusion Ordering is part of correctness It must be explicitly modeled (e.g., sequence per conversation) This is a senior-level insight , derived from questioning alone. 5. Scale “What grows fastest under load?” Now — and only now — do we talk about scale. Ask As usage grows, what increases fastest? Likely answers: Number of messages Concurrent active connections Offline message backlog Now ask: What happens during spikes (e.g., group chats, viral events)? You discover: Hot conversations Uneven load Memory pressure from live connections First-Principles Conclusion The system must scale on messages , not users Load is not uniform What We Have Discovered (Before Any Design) Without choosing any tools, we now know: Messages must be durable Sending and delivery must be decoupled Failures must not cause duplicates or loss Ordering is a correctness requirement Message volume, not user count, dominates scale This is exactly what interviewers want to hear before you propose architecture. What Comes Next (And Why It’s Easy Now) Only after this reasoning does it make sense to talk about: Persistent storage Async delivery Streaming connections Partitioning strategies At this point, architecture choices are obvious , not arbitrary. Why This Approach Scores High in Interviews Interviewers are evaluating: How you reason under ambiguity Whether you surface hidden constraints Whether you understand failure modes They are not testing whether you know WhatsApp’s internals. This method shows: Structured thinking Calm problem decomposition Senior-level judgment Common Candidate Mistakes (Seen in This Question) Jumping to WebSockets without discussing durability Ignoring offline users Assuming message order “just works” Treating retries as harmless Talking about scale before correctness Every one of these mistakes is prevented by the checklist. Final Reinforcement: The Checklist (Again) Use this verbatim in interviews: Where does state live? When is it durable? Which steps are fast vs slow? What can fail independently? What defines correct order? What grows fastest under load? Final Mental Model Strong candidates design systems. Exceptional candidates design reasoning . Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Mohammad-Idrees Follow Joined Mar 16, 2023 More from Mohammad-Idrees Contrast sync vs async failure classes using first principles # architecture # computerscience # systemdesign How to Question Any System Design Problem (With Live Interview Walkthrough) # architecture # career # interview # systemdesign Thinking in First Principles: How to Question an Async Queue–Based Design # architecture # interview # learning # systemdesign 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:12 |
https://dev.to/mwolfhoffman/supabase-vs-firebase-pricing-and-when-to-use-which-5hhp#which-to-choose | Supabase Vs Firebase Pricing and When To Use Which - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Michael Wolf Hoffman Posted on Jan 22, 2022 Supabase Vs Firebase Pricing and When To Use Which # sql # webdev # firebase # database Supabase Vs Firebase Pricing and When To Use Which Supabase recently appeared on the scene as an attempt to be an open source alternative to Firebase. It's a great product and I've used it in many projects already. I've written about it here and here . The main difference between Supabase vs Firebase is that Supabase is a SQL database that utilized postgres and Firebase uses a NoSQL document data store. On my current side project I recently replaced Supabase for Firebase. I'll get into why and some of the pricing differences to consider. Consideration for Supabase vs Firebase Firebase has more features, for now For one, Firebase has been around much longer than Supabase and thus has more features. You can host your app on Firebase, you can also write cloud functions. (Currently I believe Supabase has cloud functions in beta). Both have great options for objects storage, authentication, and most things you will need as a backend as a service product. Also, while Supabase is not yet a perfect 1:1 mapping of Firebase, they do seem to be very quickly puting out new features to more closely match Firebase's offerings. SQL vs NoSQL This is a big one that I've been considering more. I enjoy relational data and my brain allows me to think about the relationships that SQL allows better than NoSQL document or key/value stores. I've been doing more of a deep dive into NoSQL and learning about how to structure data with it lately. With my research, I have decided that for small side projects and MVPs, I will be going with Firebase over Supabase if I truly don't need my data to be relational. NoSQL (firebase) can often be structured in a way that is more efficient than SQL. There are drawbacks however. Because you can't write complex queries and joins, you do have to consider how you might want to query your data in the future. This can be a difficult task. Once you have correctly anticipated the queries your application will need in the future, you actually duplicate that data into another document or collection in the NoSQL data store. Of course, now you have multiple places to update data too! This sounds like a headache, but with some practice it's actually pretty easy to catch on fast. After learning some more about how to structure documents in a NoSQL datastore, this performance and scalability is why I have decided that I will typically use Firebase over Supabase. The other reason is price. Pricing Another consideration for the Supabase vs Firebase debate is pricing. Both services offer a generous free tier. But what makes pricing considerations difficult is that scalability always has to be kept in mind. First, let's go over what each service offers for free in terms of a database and authentication (the two most used services by each) per month. Supabase: You get 3 free projects. You get 500 MB of storage. You get 10,000 users through their authentication service. Firebase: You get unlimited free projects. You get 1 GB of storage. You get 10,000 users through their authentication service. Firebase does charge for ingress and egress too. So you get 20,000 free writes per day and 50,000 free reads per day. Which to choose Ultimately, when I think about how my projects are going to scale (if they ever needed to) and what I am going to use them for, often NoSQL is just fine for my use cases and I get a better deal with Firebase. This is because my projects don't often scale to over 20,000 writes per day or 50,000 reads per day. And even if they do, the price is comparable with Supabase's next tier. This decision allows me to save my limited supabase free projects for when I really need a relational database. Top comments (6) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Rashim Narayan Tiku Rashim Narayan Tiku Rashim Narayan Tiku Follow Joined Jan 21, 2023 • Apr 4 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You haven't added the biggest price factor for Supabase which is "Bandwidth" and "DB scalability". "Bandwidth": You won't run out of MAUs or DB storage, but you would easily cross the 5gb bandwidth mark, after which 25$ plan is your only option. "DB scalability": Free tier gives you micro DB which has very less concurrent connections allowed, scaling it again will cost you paid plan + extra compute costs. Supabase have very smartly advertised to bring in customers, but you realize after you get in that "there's no such thing as a free lunch". Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand shaoyanji shaoyanji shaoyanji Follow Joined Mar 19, 2024 • Apr 21 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide pssssst....pocketbase Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Nicolò Curioni Nicolò Curioni Nicolò Curioni Follow I’m an Italian iOS developer. Education Tradate (VA), Italy Work Full time iOS developer Joined Apr 14, 2022 • Apr 14 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi, interesting post, but I have a question, I’m developing a diary app, for iOS/iPadOS and also macOS/watchOS, but I’m uncertain if use Firebase or Supabase. My app let the end user’s to edit the note content, with textView text styles, like different colors, fonts, formats and also add images inside the text, but, can I use Firebase or Supabase? Have you some advice’s? Thanks, Nicolò Curioni iOS Developer Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Matthew Harris Matthew Harris Matthew Harris Follow Aspiring Ionic app developer Location Digital Nomad Work Developer at Self Employed Joined Jul 9, 2019 • Sep 3 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Yes you can store both easily. There is a limitation with the nosql firebase that each record can be a maximum of 1mb (I think thats the limit). That is a ton of text to allow per note but its worth considering. You can also split a document over multiple records with a bit of creative coding, if you do need to go beyond those extreme limits. If you want to learn more about strategies for nosql I would recommend looking up Fireship on YouTube who has some good videos. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand neonitus neonitus neonitus Follow Joined Aug 20, 2023 • Aug 20 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Hi, Thanks for the post. I however have a question about authentication. If my app uses social authentication, firebase offers only 50k MAU while the pro plan for Supabase offers 100K MAUs. Would you then prefer to use Supabase Auth and Firestore DB? How would you approach this problem where you are going to have a lot of users using the app(+100,000 per month) and you want the power of RDBMS because you want to build an analytical platform for your app and app transactions? Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand codingjlu codingjlu codingjlu Follow Joined Jun 15, 2021 • May 29 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks for the great article! I was searching this on Google because I wanted to see the pricing comparison, and you've covered that just well. Thanks again! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Michael Wolf Hoffman Follow Location Salt Lake City, Utah, USA Work Software Engineer Joined Apr 30, 2020 More from Michael Wolf Hoffman Where to Publish Plugins, Add-ons, and Extensions for Software Engineers and Entrepreneurs # webdev # startup # saas # career How to Use React + Supabase Pt 2: Working with the Database # react # webdev # javascript # programming How To Use React + Supabase Pt 1: Setting Up a Project and Supabase Authentication # react # webdev # javascript # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/mohammadidrees/applying-first-principles-questioning-to-a-real-company-interview-question-2c0j#what-most-candidates-do-wrong-start | Applying First-Principles Questioning to a Real Company Interview Question - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Mohammad-Idrees Posted on Jan 13 Applying First-Principles Questioning to a Real Company Interview Question # career # interview # systemdesign Case Study: Designing a Chat System (Meta / WhatsApp–Style) This section answers a common follow-up interview request: “Okay, now apply this thinking to a real problem.” We will do exactly that — without jumping to tools or architectures first . The goal is not to “design WhatsApp,” but to demonstrate how interviewers expect you to think . The Interview Question (Realistic & Common) “Design a chat system like WhatsApp.” This is a real company interview question asked (in variants) at: Meta Uber Amazon Stripe Most candidates fail this question not because it’s hard, but because they start in the wrong place . What Most Candidates Do (Wrong Start) Typical opening: “We’ll use WebSockets” “We’ll use Kafka” “We’ll shard by user ID” This skips reasoning. A strong candidate pauses and applies the checklist. Applying the First-Principles Checklist Live We will apply the same five questions , in order, and show what problems naturally surface. 1. State “Where does state live? When is it durable?” Ask This Out Loud in the Interview What information must the chat system remember for it to function correctly? Identify Required State (No Design Yet) Users Conversations Messages Message delivery status Now ask: Which of this state must never be lost? Answer: Messages (core product) Conversation membership First-Principles Conclusion Messages must be persisted In-memory-only solutions are insufficient What the Interviewer Sees You identified correctness-critical state before touching architecture. 2. Time “How long does each step take?” Now we introduce time. Break the Chat Flow User sends message Message is stored Message is delivered to recipient(s) Ask: Which of these must be fast? Sending a message → must feel instant Delivery → may be delayed (offline users) Critical Question Does the sender wait for delivery confirmation? If yes: Latency depends on recipient availability If no: Sending and delivery are time-decoupled First-Principles Conclusion Message acceptance must be fast Delivery can happen later This naturally introduces asynchrony , without naming any tools. 3. Failure “What breaks independently?” Now assume failures — explicitly. Ask What happens if the system crashes after accepting a message but before delivery? Possible states: Message stored Recipient not notified yet Now ask: Can delivery be retried safely? This surfaces a key invariant: A message must not be delivered zero times or multiple times incorrectly. Failure Scenarios Discovered Duplicate delivery Message loss Inconsistent delivery status First-Principles Conclusion Message delivery must be idempotent Storage and delivery failures must be decoupled The interviewer now sees you understand distributed failure , not just happy paths. 4. Order “What defines correct sequence?” Now introduce multiple messages . Ask Does message order matter in a conversation? Answer: Yes — chat messages must appear in order Now ask the dangerous question: Does arrival order equal delivery order? In distributed systems: No guarantee Messages can: Be processed by different servers Experience different delays First-Principles Conclusion Ordering is part of correctness It must be explicitly modeled (e.g., sequence per conversation) This is a senior-level insight , derived from questioning alone. 5. Scale “What grows fastest under load?” Now — and only now — do we talk about scale. Ask As usage grows, what increases fastest? Likely answers: Number of messages Concurrent active connections Offline message backlog Now ask: What happens during spikes (e.g., group chats, viral events)? You discover: Hot conversations Uneven load Memory pressure from live connections First-Principles Conclusion The system must scale on messages , not users Load is not uniform What We Have Discovered (Before Any Design) Without choosing any tools, we now know: Messages must be durable Sending and delivery must be decoupled Failures must not cause duplicates or loss Ordering is a correctness requirement Message volume, not user count, dominates scale This is exactly what interviewers want to hear before you propose architecture. What Comes Next (And Why It’s Easy Now) Only after this reasoning does it make sense to talk about: Persistent storage Async delivery Streaming connections Partitioning strategies At this point, architecture choices are obvious , not arbitrary. Why This Approach Scores High in Interviews Interviewers are evaluating: How you reason under ambiguity Whether you surface hidden constraints Whether you understand failure modes They are not testing whether you know WhatsApp’s internals. This method shows: Structured thinking Calm problem decomposition Senior-level judgment Common Candidate Mistakes (Seen in This Question) Jumping to WebSockets without discussing durability Ignoring offline users Assuming message order “just works” Treating retries as harmless Talking about scale before correctness Every one of these mistakes is prevented by the checklist. Final Reinforcement: The Checklist (Again) Use this verbatim in interviews: Where does state live? When is it durable? Which steps are fast vs slow? What can fail independently? What defines correct order? What grows fastest under load? Final Mental Model Strong candidates design systems. Exceptional candidates design reasoning . Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Mohammad-Idrees Follow Joined Mar 16, 2023 More from Mohammad-Idrees Contrast sync vs async failure classes using first principles # architecture # computerscience # systemdesign How to Question Any System Design Problem (With Live Interview Walkthrough) # architecture # career # interview # systemdesign Thinking in First Principles: How to Question an Async Queue–Based Design # architecture # interview # learning # systemdesign 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/eachampagne/parallelization-1bh6#main-content | Parallelization - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse eachampagne Posted on Nov 10, 2025 • Edited on Nov 11, 2025 Parallelization # beginners # performance # programming # computerscience If you’ve ever checked your computer’s resource usage while waiting for a script that just wouldn’t finish , you may have been dismayed to find that while one CPU core was chugging along at top speed, the others were sitting idle. If they just worked together , you may have thought, I’d be done by now . Enter parallelization! Parallelization is a programming paradigm in which a problem is split into small parts to be executed simultaneously – i.e., in parallel . This allows multiple processors, or even multiple computers, to contribute to solving the problem, cutting execution time dramatically ( Adefemi ). You’ve probably benefited from your browser performing tasks in the background to avoid slowing down a webpage or your CPU offloading graphics processing to the GPU to get hyper-realistic graphics at 60 FPS – both examples of parallel computing. However, applications of parallelization run the gamut from these personal uses to scientific research on supercomputers at my alma mater , or even on distributed networks of thousands or millions of volunteer computers worldwide, such as the network used by folding@home to simulate protein folding and understand its role in disease. Unfortunately, parallelization has some drawbacks. First, the mechanisms to transfer data between threads or processors and to synchronize results introduce overhead costs in time, memory, and program complexity. Second, not all programs can be parallelized. Code that relies on earlier results must wait until those results are calculated. Thus, highly sequential programs cannot be parallelized, or can be parallelized so minimally that the costs outweigh the gains. The problems that benefit most from parallel programming have many parts that can be run independently in no particular order ( Adefemi, Factors Impacting Parallelization ). With these constraints in mind, let’s see how to use parallelization in JavaScript. JavaScript is single-threaded , but it has some features, such as web workers , that allow us to split processes off into separate threads. If we delegate parts of our workload to several of those web workers, they can handle our calculations in parallel and give us the results when they finish. Fortunately, we don’t have to create and manage those web workers ourselves. Instead, we can use parallel.js , a library which does exactly what we want. It creates web workers, sets up an environment for them, assigns jobs, and allows access to the processed data. We’ll use parallel.js to parallelize my solution to the n-queens problem to see how it works. First, we have to decide how to split up the problem into chunks that can run in parallel. Since the first queen has to go somewhere in the first row, I can refactor my code into a function that takes a column position for the first queen and solves the rest of the board from there. I won’t show the whole algorithm, but the function signature is useful to see: function countSolutionsFromStartingColumn (n, col) { ... } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode To solve the whole board, I simply iterate over every possible first column position. (Actually, I can do better that – I can exploit the symmetry of the problem to iterate over half of the board and multiply by two. Odd boards take a little more finesse to not double count the center column but proceed similarly.) solveQueensInSeries = function (n) { const halfwayPoint = Math.floor(n / 2) - 1; let solutionCount = 0; //count the solutions for half the board for (let i = 0; i <= halfwayPoint; i++) { solutionCount += countSolutionsFromStartingColumn(n, i); } //multiply the first half of the board by 2 to count the other half of the board solutionCount *= 2; //if n is odd, count the solutions for the center file of the board (this doesn't get multiplied by 2) if (n % 2 === 1) { solutionCount += countSolutionsFromStartingColumn(n, halfwayPoint + 1); } return solutionCount; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In the parallel case, I can divide each of these starting columns among my workers. Parallel.js has a handy .map() function that, like the native .map() , applies a callback function to each item of an array. We create the array of starting columns, and our library takes care of assigning jobs to workers. (Note that the results get written into the input array in place.) async function solveQueensInParallel(n, maxWorkers) { const halfwayPoint = Math.floor(n / 2) - 1; let startingColumns = []; for (let i = 0; i <= halfwayPoint; i++) { startingColumns.push(i); } if (n % 2 === 1) { startingColumns.push(halfwayPoint + 1); } let p = new Parallel(startingColumns, { env: { n: n }, evalPath: '/eval.js', maxWorkers: maxWorkers }).require(countSolutionsFromStartingColumn, "src/BitwiseBoardCopy.js"); function curriedSolver(col) { return countSolutionsFromStartingColumn(global.env.n, col); } await p.map(curriedSolver); let solutionCount = 0; for (let i = 0; i <= halfwayPoint; i++) { solutionCount += p.data[i]; } solutionCount *= 2; if (n % 2 === 1) { solutionCount += p.data[halfwayPoint + 1]; } console.log(solutionCount); return solutionCount; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode I did have some problems setting up the environment for the workers. Web workers operate in their own global scope (either shared among several or specific to one ), not the window object of the main script, so I had to pass in functions and external scripts using .require() and variables with the env object in the constructor options. I actually used a less efficient solution that had fewer dependencies and so didn’t require me to figure out how to give the workers access to other libraries. So, after all of this restructuring, did the parallel solver do any better? I timed my solvers by simply subtracting the end time from the start time using Date.now() . I don’t think this is the most precise benchmarking method, but is good enough for a single, long-running function like these. My results were: Run Time in seconds Approx. time in minutes No parallelization 1164.807 19.4 2 cores 748.732 12.5 4 cores 588.162 9.8 8 cores 444.225 7.4 (These are each recorded from one run. It would be better to do several runs and take the average, but given that even the fastest took several minutes to complete, I opted not to.) So the parallel version is faster, but it’s far from the “divide the runtime by the number of workers” rule that I expected. I thought perhaps the columns took different amounts of time to run, so the work wasn’t really being evenly distributed across the workers. Timing each starting column individually (without the parallel wrapper) gave me: Column Time in seconds 0 111.319 1 128.719 2 140.936 3 147.07 4 153.836 5 157.853 6 161.02 7 164.17 Sum 1164.923 Worst 2 325.19 Worst 4 636.879 So there is some variance in the runtimes, but not enough to explain the discrepancy. The 8 workers case is particularly surprising, since each worker should handle one column, so I’d expect the total runtime to be approximately the same as the slowest column. However the actual runtime is more than twice the length of column 7. I don’t understand what’s causing so much delay. Is that simply the expected overhead due to parallelization? Perhaps my CPU gets less efficient the more cores are in use, or perhaps the web worker setup is more expensive than I expected. Despite some lingering questions, I have dramatically improved my runtime for this problem, and I’m confident I will find more use cases for parallel programming in the future. If you think you might too, I absolutely recommend the article What Every Computer Scientist Needs to Know About Parallelization by Temitayo Adefemi, which I referenced several times. The article goes into much greater detail, especially on implementation and as the types of problems that benefit from parallelization, and was a very thorough introduction to the topic. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. 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Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse eachampagne Follow Joined Sep 5, 2025 More from eachampagne Garbage Collection # computerscience # performance # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. 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Report Abuse Daniel for Datalaria Posted on Jan 12 • Originally published at datalaria.com Weather Service Project (Part 1): Building the Data Collector with Python and GitHub Actions or Netlify # api # python # automation # tutorial As I mentioned in a previous post, one of my goals with Datalaria is to get my hands dirty with projects that allow me to learn and connect different technologies in the data world. Today, we begin a series dedicated to one of those projects: the creation of a complete global weather service , from data collection to visualization and prediction, all serverless and using free tools. In this first installment, we will focus on the heart of the system: the backend data collector . We'll see how to build a "robot" that works for us 24/7, connecting to an external API, saving structured information, and doing all this automatically and for free. Let's dive in! The First Step: Talking to the OpenWeatherMap API Every weather service needs a data source. I chose OpenWeatherMap for its popularity and generous free plan. The initial process is straightforward: Register : Create an account on their website. Get the API Key : Generate a unique key that will identify us in each call. It's like our "key" to access their data. Store the Key : Never directly in the code! We'll discuss this further below. With the key in hand (or almost!), I wrote a first test_clima.py script to test the connection using Python's fantastic requests library: import requests API_KEY = " YOUR_API_KEY_HERE " # Temporarily! We'll use Secrets later CITY = " Madrid " URL = f " [https://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q=](https://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q=) { CITY } &appid= { API_KEY } &units=metric&lang=es " try : response = requests . get ( URL ) response . raise_for_status () # Raises an exception for HTTP errors (4xx or 5xx) data = response . json () print ( f " Temperature in { CITY } : { data [ ' main ' ][ ' temp ' ] } °C " ) except requests . exceptions . RequestException as e : print ( f " Error connecting to the API: { e } " ) except KeyError as e : print ( f " Unexpected API response, key missing: { e } " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode First Obstacle Overcome (with Patience): When I first ran it, I got a 401 Unauthorized error! 😱 It turns out that OpenWeatherMap API Keys can take a few hours to activate after being generated. The lesson: sometimes, the solution is simply to wait. ⏳ The "Database": Why CSV and Not SQL? With data flowing, I needed to store it. I could have set up an SQL database (PostgreSQL, MySQL...), but that would involve complexity, a server (cost), and for this project, it was overkill. I opted for radical simplicity: CSV (Comma Separated Values) files . Advantages : Easy to read and write with Python, perfectly versionable with Git (we can track changes), and sufficient for the initial data volume we'd be handling. Key Logic : I needed to append a new row to each city's file daily, but only write the header ( date_time , city , temperature_c , etc.) the first time. Python's native csv library and os.path.exists make this trivial: import csv import os from datetime import datetime # ... (code to fetch API data for a city) ... now = datetime . now (). strftime ( ' %Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S ' ) data_row = [ now , city , temperature , ...] # List with the data header = [ ' date_time ' , ' city ' , ' temperature_c ' , ...] # List with column names file_name = f " data/ { city } .csv " # We'll create a 'data' folder # Ensure the 'data' folder exists os . makedirs ( os . path . dirname ( file_name ), exist_ok = True ) is_new_file = not os . path . exists ( file_name ) try : with open ( file_name , mode = ' a ' , newline = '' , encoding = ' utf-8 ' ) as f : writer = csv . writer ( f ) if is_new_file : writer . writerow ( header ) # Write header ONLY if new file writer . writerow ( data_row ) # Append the new data row print ( f " Data saved for { city } " ) except IOError as e : print ( f " Error writing to { file_name } : { e } " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The Automation Robot: GitHub Actions to the Rescue 🤖 Here comes the magic: how to make this script run daily without having a server constantly on? The answer is GitHub Actions , the automation engine integrated into GitHub. It's like having a small robot working for us for free. Security First: Never Upload Your API Key! The biggest mistake would be to upload registrar_clima.py with the API_KEY written directly in the code. Anyone could see it on GitHub. Solution : Use GitHub's Repository Secrets . Go to Settings > Secrets and variables > Actions in your GitHub repository. Create a new secret named OPENWEATHER_API_KEY and paste your key there. In your Python script, read the key securely using os.environ.get("OPENWEATHER_API_KEY") . The Robot's Brain: The .github/workflows/update-weather.yml File This YAML file tells GitHub Actions what to do and when: name : Daily Weather Data Update on : workflow_dispatch : # Allows manual triggering from GitHub push : branches : [ main ] # Triggers if changes are pushed to the main branch schedule : - cron : ' 0 6 * * *' # The key: triggers daily at 06:00 UTC jobs : update_data : runs-on : ubuntu-latest # Use a free Linux virtual machine steps : - name : Checkout repository code uses : actions/checkout@v4 # Downloads our code - name : Set up Python uses : actions/setup-python@v5 with : python-version : ' 3.10' # Or your preferred version - name : Install necessary dependencies run : pip install -r requirements.txt # Reads requirements.txt and installs requests, etc. - name : Execute data collection script run : python registrar_clima.py # Our main script! env : OPENWEATHER_API_KEY : ${{ secrets.OPENWEATHER_API_KEY }} # Securely injects the secret - name : Save new data to repository (Commit & Push) run : | git config user.name 'github-actions[bot]' # Identifies the 'bot' git config user.email 'github-actions[bot]@users.noreply.github.com' git add data/*.csv # Adds ONLY the modified CSV files in the 'data' folder # Check if there are changes before committing to avoid empty commits git diff --staged --quiet || git commit -m "Automated weather data update 🤖" git push # Pushes changes to the repository env : GITHUB_TOKEN : ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }} # Automatic token to allow the push Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This last step is crucial! The Action itself acts as a user, performing git add , git commit , and git push of the CSV files that the Python script has just modified. This way, the updated data is saved in our repository every day. The Serverless Alternative: Deployment and Automation with Netlify 🚀 While GitHub Actions is a fantastic automation tool, for this project I decided to explore an alternative even more integrated with the "serverless" concept: Netlify . Netlify not only allows us to deploy our static frontend (like GitHub Pages) but also offers serverless functions and, crucially for our backend, scheduled functions (or Cron Jobs) . Deploying the Static Frontend with Netlify Connect Your Repository : The process is incredibly simple. Log in to Netlify, click "Add new site," and select "Import an existing project." Connect with your GitHub account and choose your Weather Service project repository. Basic Configuration : Netlify will automatically detect your project. Ensure that the "Build command" is empty (as it's a static site with no build process) and that the "Publish directory" is the root of your repository ( ./ ). Continuous Deployment : Netlify will automatically configure continuous deployment. Every time you git push to your main branch (or whichever branch you've configured), Netlify will rebuild and deploy your site. Automating the Backend with Netlify Functions (and Cron Jobs) This is where Netlify Serverless Functions shine for our data collector. Instead of a GitHub Actions workflow, we can use a Netlify function to run our Python script on a schedule: Project Structure : Create a netlify/functions/ folder at the root of your project. Inside, you can have a Python file like collect_weather.py . Dependency Management : You'll need a requirements.txt file at the root of your project for Netlify to install Python dependencies ( requests , pandas , scikit-learn ). netlify.toml Configuration : This file at your project's root is crucial for defining your functions and their schedules: [build] publish = "." # Directory where your index.html is located command = "" # No build command needed for a static site [functions] directory = "netlify/functions" # Where your functions are located node_bundler = "esbuild" # For JS/TS functions. Netlify will detect Python. [[edge_functions]] # For scheduling a function (requires Netlify Edge Functions) function = "collect_weather" # The name of your function (without the .py extension) path = "/.netlify/functions/collect_weather" # The function path (can be different) schedule = "@daily" # Or use a cron string like "0 6 * * *" The Python Function ( netlify/functions/collect_weather.py ) : This function will encapsulate the logic of your registrar_clima.py . Netlify will execute it in a Python environment. # netlify/functions/collect_weather.py import json import requests import os import time from datetime import datetime import csv # ... (all your registrar_clima.py script code goes here) ... # Ensure API_KEYs are read from os.environ # and that data is written directly to the repository using GitPython # or in a way that Netlify can persist changes. # **Important**: Netlify Functions are ephemeral. # To persist changes in the repo, you would need Git integration # similar to what GitHub Actions would do (using a Personal Access Token). # However, for a static frontend, the simplest approach is for this function # to only generate a predictions JSON and upload it to storage like S3, # or for the Python collection script to continue running on GitHub Actions # and Netlify only serve the frontend. # If the idea is for Netlify to ALSO commit, this is more complex # and would require a Git API or a PAT token from Netlify. def handler ( event , context ): # The main call to your data collection logic would go here # This is a simplified example try : # Your logic to fetch and save data, generate CSVs/JSONs # If you want this to commit to GitHub, you would need: # 1. A GitHub PAT token stored as an environment variable in Netlify. # 2. A library like GitPython to interact with Git. # It is more common for serverless functions to persist data in databases # or object storage services (e.g., S3), not in the Git repo itself. # For this project, the GitHub Actions approach for the backend # that directly commits to the repo is still simpler # for CSV storage. Netlify would be ideal for the frontend # and functions for real-time APIs or lightweight predictions. print ( " Netlify function for weather collection executed. " ) # If the function generates any JSON output for the frontend, it would return it here: # return { # "statusCode": 200, # "body": json.dumps({"message": "Data collection complete"}), # } return { " statusCode " : 200 , " body " : json . dumps ({ " message " : " Backend logic would run here. For data persistence in GitHub, GitHub Actions is more direct. " }), } except Exception as e : return { " statusCode " : 500 , " body " : json . dumps ({ " error " : str ( e )}), } Environment Variables in Netlify : For the OPENWEATHER_API_KEY , go to Site settings > Build & deploy > Environment variables and add your key there. Important Consideration : For the Netlify function to persist changes directly to your GitHub repository (like committing the CSVs), you would need a more advanced setup (such as using a GitHub Personal Access Token within the Netlify function to perform git push ), which is more complex. To maintain simplicity and direct storage in the Git repository with automatic CSV commits, the GitHub Actions solution remains the most straightforward and efficient for the data collector backend in this specific case . Netlify excels at frontend deployment and for functions that interact with external services or databases without committing to the main application's Git repository. In this project, we use GitHub Actions for the backend (collecting and committing CSVs) and Netlify for frontend deployment and potentially for lighter, real-time functions that don't need to modify the Git repo. This last step is crucial! The Action itself acts as a user, performing git add , git commit , and git push of the CSV files that the Python script has just modified. This way, the updated data is saved in our repository every day. The Scaling Problem (and the Necessary Architectural Pivot) My initial idea was to monitor about 1000 cities and store everything in a single weather_data.csv file. I did a quick calculation: 1000 cities * ~200 bytes/day * 365 days * 3 years... over 200 MB! 😱 Why is this a problem? Because the frontend (our dashboard, which we'll see in the next post) runs in the user's browser. It would have to download that entire 200 MB just to display the graph for one city. Totally unacceptable in terms of performance. 🐢 The Architectural Solution: Switch to a "one file per entity" strategy. We create a data/ folder. The registrar_clima.py script now generates (or appends data to) one CSV file per city: data/Madrid.csv , data/Leon.csv , data/Tokyo.csv , etc. This way, when the user wants to see the weather for Leon, the frontend will only download the data/Leon.csv file, which will be just a few kilobytes. Instant loading! ✨ Second Scaling Obstacle (API Limits): OpenWeatherMap, in its free plan, allows about 60 calls per minute. My loop to get data for 155 cities (my current list) would make these calls too quickly. Vital Solution: Add import time at the beginning of the Python script and time.sleep(1.1) at the end of the for city in cities: loop. This introduces a pause of slightly more than 1 second between each API call, ensuring we stay below the limit and avoid being blocked. 🚦 Conclusion (Part 1) We've got the foundation! We've built a robust and automated system that: Connects to an external API securely. Processes and stores historical data for multiple entities (cities). Runs daily, at no cost, thanks to GitHub Actions. Is designed to scale efficiently. In the next post, we'll put on our frontend developer hats and build the interactive dashboard that will allow any user to explore this data with dynamic graphs. Don't miss it! References and Links of Interest: Complete Web Service : See the live project in action here: https://datalaria.com/apps/weather/ Project GitHub Repository : Explore the source code and project structure: https://github.com/Dalaez/app_weather OpenWeatherMap : Weather API documentation: https://openweathermap.org/api Python Requests : Documentation for the HTTP requests library: https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/master/ GitHub Actions : Official GitHub Actions guide: https://docs.github.com/en/actions Netlify : Official Netlify website: https://www.netlify.com/ Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . 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https://dev.to/t/productivity/page/12 | Productivity Page 12 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Productivity Follow Hide Productivity includes tips on how to use tools and software, process optimization, useful references, experience, and mindstate optimization. Create Post submission guidelines Please check if your article contains information or discussion bases about productivity. From posts with the tag #productivity we expect tips on how to use tools and software, process optimization, useful references, experience, and mindstate optimization. Productivity is a very broad term with many aspects and topics. From the color design of the office to personal rituals, anything can contribute to increase / optimize your own productivity or that of a team. about #productivity Does my article fit the tag? It depends! Productivity is a very broad term with many aspects and topics. From the color design of the office to personal rituals, anything can contribute to increase / optimize your own productivity or that of a team. Older #productivity posts 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Scope Management Is Not Micromanagement synthaicode synthaicode synthaicode Follow Jan 2 Scope Management Is Not Micromanagement # ai # programming # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why Your Humble Start is Your Greatest Asset. Anifowose Temitayo Anifowose Temitayo Anifowose Temitayo Follow Jan 8 Why Your Humble Start is Your Greatest Asset. # webdev # software # productivity # tutorial Comments 1 comment 2 min read I built a tiny invoice generator because I didn’t want a SaaS for one invoice block_hacks block_hacks block_hacks Follow Jan 2 I built a tiny invoice generator because I didn’t want a SaaS for one invoice # buildinpublic # freelance # productivity # tooling 5 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read Textly - 30+ Free Online Text Tools (No Sign Up, Private) Amin Islam Amin Islam Amin Islam Follow Jan 4 Textly - 30+ Free Online Text Tools (No Sign Up, Private) # showdev # privacy # productivity # tooling Comments Add Comment 1 min read 10 Free Developer APIs That Actually Work (No Signup Required) Empty Chair Empty Chair Empty Chair Follow Jan 2 10 Free Developer APIs That Actually Work (No Signup Required) # api # webdev # tutorial # productivity Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Problem: Talent vs. Time Aditya Mishra Aditya Mishra Aditya Mishra Follow Jan 2 The Problem: Talent vs. Time # showdev # productivity # tooling # ai 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read How to Create Product GIFs for Your Landing Page (No Video Editing Required) Varun Krishnan Varun Krishnan Varun Krishnan Follow Jan 2 How to Create Product GIFs for Your Landing Page (No Video Editing Required) # webdev # productivity # tutorial # design Comments Add Comment 2 min read I Moved My Config Sharing Repo to LLM-oriented Mode c4605 c4605 c4605 Follow Jan 2 I Moved My Config Sharing Repo to LLM-oriented Mode # webdev # productivity # maintainability Comments Add Comment 5 min read Beyond the Hype: Choosing Between Serverless and Containers in 2026 Meena Nukala Meena Nukala Meena Nukala Follow Jan 2 Beyond the Hype: Choosing Between Serverless and Containers in 2026 # cloud # devops # containers # productivity Comments Add Comment 2 min read Documentation is a productivity problem (and AI made it visible) synthaicode synthaicode synthaicode Follow Jan 2 Documentation is a productivity problem (and AI made it visible) # documentation # productivity Comments Add Comment 4 min read How to Improve AI Skill Retention With Fewer Sessions Brian Davies Brian Davies Brian Davies Follow Jan 2 How to Improve AI Skill Retention With Fewer Sessions # ai # learning # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to Reduce AI Dependency While Still Using It Daily James Patterson James Patterson James Patterson Follow Jan 2 How to Reduce AI Dependency While Still Using It Daily # ai # mentalhealth # productivity Comments Add Comment 2 min read Micromanaging AI Doesn't Scale synthaicode synthaicode synthaicode Follow Jan 1 Micromanaging AI Doesn't Scale # ai # progra # productivity 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 4 min read Idea's Come From Silence Webdevamin Webdevamin Webdevamin Follow Jan 1 Idea's Come From Silence # startup # productivity Comments Add Comment 1 min read Advanced Project Planning with Microsoft Planner: How Dependencies and Critical Path Keep Projects on Track? Alex Rodov Alex Rodov Alex Rodov Follow Jan 1 Advanced Project Planning with Microsoft Planner: How Dependencies and Critical Path Keep Projects on Track? # management # microsoft # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read New update for CodeCoffeeTools! I include P2P Transfer Tool + more.. Niroshan Dh Niroshan Dh Niroshan Dh Follow Jan 1 New update for CodeCoffeeTools! I include P2P Transfer Tool + more.. # showdev # webdev # productivity # security Comments Add Comment 2 min read The 23-Minute Rule: Why 'Quick Questions' Are Destroying Your Team's Velocity Kumar Kislay Kumar Kislay Kumar Kislay Follow Jan 1 The 23-Minute Rule: Why 'Quick Questions' Are Destroying Your Team's Velocity # productivity # sre # automation # management Comments Add Comment 3 min read Programmatic SEO implementation guide - My Simple Programmatic SEO... i Ash i Ash i Ash Follow Jan 2 Programmatic SEO implementation guide - My Simple Programmatic SEO... # tutorial # productivity # automation # programming Comments Add Comment 6 min read 5 Flutter Architecture Mistakes That Only Appeared After Release Abdul Wahab Abdul Wahab Abdul Wahab Follow Jan 1 5 Flutter Architecture Mistakes That Only Appeared After Release # flutter # architecture # productivity # startup Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to Catch AI Mistakes Before They Ship Brian Davies Brian Davies Brian Davies Follow Jan 2 How to Catch AI Mistakes Before They Ship # ai # productivity # testing Comments Add Comment 3 min read How I Used Google’s site: Operator to Audit My SaaS SEO (Without Any Tools) Muhammed Mufinuddin Afraz Muhammed Mufinuddin Afraz Muhammed Mufinuddin Afraz Follow Jan 1 How I Used Google’s site: Operator to Audit My SaaS SEO (Without Any Tools) # webdev # saas # productivity # seo 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 2 min read Complete Guide to Time Management Qasim Anwar Qasim Anwar Qasim Anwar Follow Jan 1 Complete Guide to Time Management # productivity # mindset # routine # focus Comments Add Comment 3 min read I Built a Free Sleep Cycle Calculator sunil chaudhary sunil chaudhary sunil chaudhary Follow Jan 1 I Built a Free Sleep Cycle Calculator # webdev # react # productivity # sideprojects Comments Add Comment 1 min read Why Version Control Exists: The Pendrive Problem Abhimanyu Kumar Abhimanyu Kumar Abhimanyu Kumar Follow Jan 1 Why Version Control Exists: The Pendrive Problem # webdev # programming # beginners # productivity 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Get Notified When Long-Running Commands Finish in PowerShell 7 Jack Scott Jack Scott Jack Scott Follow Jan 7 Get Notified When Long-Running Commands Finish in PowerShell 7 # powershell # windows # terminal # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://maker.forem.com/_af0262ac803558bfa0ca9d | Leo - Maker Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Maker Forem Close Follow User actions Leo 404 bio not found Joined Joined on Dec 25, 2025 More info about @_af0262ac803558bfa0ca9d Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Post 1 post published Comment 0 comments written Tag 0 tags followed I plan to develop a wired Android Auto to wireless Android Auto device using the ESP32-S3. Leo Leo Leo Follow Dec 25 '25 I plan to develop a wired Android Auto to wireless Android Auto device using the ESP32-S3. # discuss # esp32 Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Maker Forem — A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Maker Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a space where makers create, share, and bring ideas to life. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:12 |
https://dev.to/mohammadidrees/applying-first-principles-questioning-to-a-real-company-interview-question-2c0j#how-long-does-each-step-take | Applying First-Principles Questioning to a Real Company Interview Question - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Mohammad-Idrees Posted on Jan 13 Applying First-Principles Questioning to a Real Company Interview Question # career # interview # systemdesign Case Study: Designing a Chat System (Meta / WhatsApp–Style) This section answers a common follow-up interview request: “Okay, now apply this thinking to a real problem.” We will do exactly that — without jumping to tools or architectures first . The goal is not to “design WhatsApp,” but to demonstrate how interviewers expect you to think . The Interview Question (Realistic & Common) “Design a chat system like WhatsApp.” This is a real company interview question asked (in variants) at: Meta Uber Amazon Stripe Most candidates fail this question not because it’s hard, but because they start in the wrong place . What Most Candidates Do (Wrong Start) Typical opening: “We’ll use WebSockets” “We’ll use Kafka” “We’ll shard by user ID” This skips reasoning. A strong candidate pauses and applies the checklist. Applying the First-Principles Checklist Live We will apply the same five questions , in order, and show what problems naturally surface. 1. State “Where does state live? When is it durable?” Ask This Out Loud in the Interview What information must the chat system remember for it to function correctly? Identify Required State (No Design Yet) Users Conversations Messages Message delivery status Now ask: Which of this state must never be lost? Answer: Messages (core product) Conversation membership First-Principles Conclusion Messages must be persisted In-memory-only solutions are insufficient What the Interviewer Sees You identified correctness-critical state before touching architecture. 2. Time “How long does each step take?” Now we introduce time. Break the Chat Flow User sends message Message is stored Message is delivered to recipient(s) Ask: Which of these must be fast? Sending a message → must feel instant Delivery → may be delayed (offline users) Critical Question Does the sender wait for delivery confirmation? If yes: Latency depends on recipient availability If no: Sending and delivery are time-decoupled First-Principles Conclusion Message acceptance must be fast Delivery can happen later This naturally introduces asynchrony , without naming any tools. 3. Failure “What breaks independently?” Now assume failures — explicitly. Ask What happens if the system crashes after accepting a message but before delivery? Possible states: Message stored Recipient not notified yet Now ask: Can delivery be retried safely? This surfaces a key invariant: A message must not be delivered zero times or multiple times incorrectly. Failure Scenarios Discovered Duplicate delivery Message loss Inconsistent delivery status First-Principles Conclusion Message delivery must be idempotent Storage and delivery failures must be decoupled The interviewer now sees you understand distributed failure , not just happy paths. 4. Order “What defines correct sequence?” Now introduce multiple messages . Ask Does message order matter in a conversation? Answer: Yes — chat messages must appear in order Now ask the dangerous question: Does arrival order equal delivery order? In distributed systems: No guarantee Messages can: Be processed by different servers Experience different delays First-Principles Conclusion Ordering is part of correctness It must be explicitly modeled (e.g., sequence per conversation) This is a senior-level insight , derived from questioning alone. 5. Scale “What grows fastest under load?” Now — and only now — do we talk about scale. Ask As usage grows, what increases fastest? Likely answers: Number of messages Concurrent active connections Offline message backlog Now ask: What happens during spikes (e.g., group chats, viral events)? You discover: Hot conversations Uneven load Memory pressure from live connections First-Principles Conclusion The system must scale on messages , not users Load is not uniform What We Have Discovered (Before Any Design) Without choosing any tools, we now know: Messages must be durable Sending and delivery must be decoupled Failures must not cause duplicates or loss Ordering is a correctness requirement Message volume, not user count, dominates scale This is exactly what interviewers want to hear before you propose architecture. What Comes Next (And Why It’s Easy Now) Only after this reasoning does it make sense to talk about: Persistent storage Async delivery Streaming connections Partitioning strategies At this point, architecture choices are obvious , not arbitrary. Why This Approach Scores High in Interviews Interviewers are evaluating: How you reason under ambiguity Whether you surface hidden constraints Whether you understand failure modes They are not testing whether you know WhatsApp’s internals. This method shows: Structured thinking Calm problem decomposition Senior-level judgment Common Candidate Mistakes (Seen in This Question) Jumping to WebSockets without discussing durability Ignoring offline users Assuming message order “just works” Treating retries as harmless Talking about scale before correctness Every one of these mistakes is prevented by the checklist. Final Reinforcement: The Checklist (Again) Use this verbatim in interviews: Where does state live? When is it durable? Which steps are fast vs slow? What can fail independently? What defines correct order? What grows fastest under load? Final Mental Model Strong candidates design systems. Exceptional candidates design reasoning . 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Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Mohammad-Idrees Follow Joined Mar 16, 2023 More from Mohammad-Idrees Contrast sync vs async failure classes using first principles # architecture # computerscience # systemdesign How to Question Any System Design Problem (With Live Interview Walkthrough) # architecture # career # interview # systemdesign Thinking in First Principles: How to Question an Async Queue–Based Design # architecture # interview # learning # systemdesign 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://maker.forem.com/numbpill3d/what-an-esp32-teaches-you-about-resource-scarcity-h1l#comments | What an ESP32 Teaches You About Resource Scarcity - Maker Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Maker Forem Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse v. Splicer Posted on Dec 23, 2025 What an ESP32 Teaches You About Resource Scarcity # esp32 # iot # project # electronics I’ve been working with ESP32s for a while now, and these little microcontrollers are deceptive. At first glance, they seem powerful: dual-core CPU, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, tons of GPIO pins, and a handful of timers. They feel like a Swiss Army knife of embedded computing. But then you start running real projects—complex loops, multiple sensors, network requests—and suddenly, the ESP32 becomes brutally honest. It reminds you, in ways no desktop PC ever will, that resources are finite. Working with an ESP32 is like living in a tiny studio apartment in the middle of a sprawling city. You have some space, a decent setup, but if you try to hoard too much or stretch beyond what fits, everything collapses. You quickly realize that the ESP32 is merciless: memory leaks, stack overflows, dropped Wi-Fi packets. It doesn’t complain politely; it fails silently, sometimes catastrophically. And in those moments, it teaches you lessons that go far beyond embedded hardware. Efficiency Isn’t Optional One of the first lessons the ESP32 teaches you is that code efficiency is non-negotiable. On a desktop, you can throw threads at a problem, pull in megabytes of data, and let the OS buffer the chaos for you. On an ESP32, every byte counts. I learned this the hard way while building a simple IoT sensor that reported temperature and humidity over Wi-Fi. I used a standard JSON library to serialize data because it was convenient. At first, everything worked fine. Then I added a few more sensors, some logging, and suddenly the Wi-Fi started dropping packets. My heap was half gone. The ESP32 wasn’t lying; it couldn’t handle the bloat. The lesson? You can’t be lazy. You have to optimize for the essentials first. Want Wi-Fi and BLE to coexist smoothly? Trim your buffers. Want responsive I/O during heavy processing? Schedule tasks carefully. Want a JSON payload sent reliably over a flaky network? Compress it, send it in chunks, or write your own lightweight serializer. This principle translates far beyond microcontrollers. Scarcity exists everywhere: time, attention, bandwidth, even money. The ESP32 forces you to prioritize. It teaches you to separate what really needs to happen from what can wait—and what must never happen. Planning for Failure Another subtle but critical lesson from the ESP32 is planning for failure. Running out of RAM or stack space isn’t theoretical; it’s inevitable in any non-trivial project. And when it happens, the device might freeze, reboot, or silently corrupt your data. Early on, I tried streaming data from a sensor array to an external server while also blinking LEDs in a fancy pattern. Everything seemed fine for a while, then—boom—the device rebooted randomly. No errors, no warnings, just a cold reset. This forces you to build with contingencies. You learn to: Monitor heap usage continuously. Use watchdog timers to recover from crashes. Prioritize tasks so that critical functionality survives under stress. Design data structures that fail gracefully when memory runs low. In other words, you learn to fail intentionally on your own terms rather than letting the system fail randomly. It’s a lesson in humility, but also in resilience. Creative Constraints Breed Innovation Once you internalize scarcity, you start to see the beauty in it. Constraints force creativity. With only a few kilobytes of RAM and limited CPU cycles, you learn tricks you would never bother with on a full PC. For example, I built a small logging system for a multi-sensor project. Instead of storing everything in memory and writing it in bulk—which would have crashed the ESP32—I implemented a circular buffer that wrapped around when full, sending data out incrementally. It looked messy in code, but it worked perfectly. Other tricks include: Task prioritization and FreeRTOS awareness : Assign higher priority to critical tasks, lower to background tasks. Memory pooling : Pre-allocate memory for objects you know you’ll reuse, instead of constantly malloc/free. Lightweight serialization : Strip JSON down to the bare essentials, or use binary encoding for repeated data. Constraints turn the ESP32 into a tiny laboratory for creative problem solving. And this is a mindset you can take anywhere: when resources are limited—whether it’s time, money, or computational power—innovation becomes inevitable. Observing the Ripple Effect The scarcity lessons you learn on an ESP32 ripple outward. For example, when building an automation system for a small greenhouse, I realized that the way I scheduled tasks on the ESP32 directly affected the reliability of the entire system. Every millisecond spent in an inefficient loop meant delayed watering, delayed venting, delayed readings. It was a small, tangible illustration of how prioritization under constraints affects outcomes. The same principle applies to life. Time is your ESP32 heap. Attention is your CPU cycles. And your goals are the tasks vying for limited resources. Treat them like finite assets, and you’ll start making smarter decisions, just as you do when you balance timers, sensors, and network calls on a microcontroller. Lessons in Minimalism One of the most striking lessons is that minimalism isn’t just aesthetic—it’s survival. The ESP32 doesn’t reward feature bloat. It rewards clever, lean design. Every extra library, every bloated data structure, every unmonitored loop eats into stability. Minimalism here isn’t a trend or a style; it’s literally the difference between functional and broken. I’ve noticed the same lesson shows up in software design, personal productivity, and even hardware hacking. When you understand the limits of what you have, you design smarter. You cut the fat, optimize, and only add what is absolutely necessary. Seeing Scarcity as a Teacher At the end of the day, the ESP32 is more than a microcontroller. It’s a teacher. It teaches patience, efficiency, resilience, and creativity. It shows that resources—time, memory, attention, bandwidth—are always limited, and that understanding their limits is more valuable than pretending they are infinite. Working with constrained hardware makes you see the invisible forces in your own life. You start measuring trade-offs more carefully, anticipating bottlenecks, and valuing what really matters. And sometimes, just sometimes, you realize that scarcity isn’t a handicap—it’s an opportunity. Constraints sharpen you. Scarcity forces ingenuity. And whether you’re coding for a microcontroller or building something in the real world, these lessons are universal. The ESP32 might be a tiny chip, but it teaches lessons you can carry for a lifetime. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse v. Splicer Follow nonhuman entity, possesed instigator, deepweb diy enthusiast... ai dominator... looking for new ways to express myself every day. creation/destruction. beauty in all things. Location charlotte, nc Education school of hard knocks Pronouns it/its Work despondent at Hidden Layer Media Joined Aug 6, 2024 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Maker Forem — A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Maker Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a space where makers create, share, and bring ideas to life. 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https://dev.to/behruamm/how-i-built-a-magic-move-animation-engine-for-excalidraw-from-scratch-published-4lmp#whats-next | How I built a "Magic Move" animation engine for Excalidraw from scratch published - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Behram Posted on Jan 12 How I built a "Magic Move" animation engine for Excalidraw from scratch published # webdev # react # animation # opensource I love Excalidraw for sketching system architectures. But sketches are static. When I want to show how a packet moves through a load balancer, or how a database shard splits, I have to wave my hands frantically or create 10 different slides. I wanted the ability to "Sketch Logic, Export Motion" . The Goal I didn't want a timeline editor (like After Effects). That's too much work for a simple diagram. I wanted "Keyless Animation" : Draw Frame 1 (The start state). Clone it to Frame 2 . Move elements to their new positions. The engine automatically figures out the transition. I built this engine using Next.js , Excalidraw , and Framer Motion . Here is a technical deep dive into how I implemented the logic. 1. The Core Logic: Diffing States The hardest part isn't the animation loop; it's the diffing . When we move from Frame A to Frame B , we identify elements by their stable IDs and categorize them into one of three buckets: Stable: The element exists in both frames (needs to morph/move). Entering: Exists in B but not A (needs to fade in). Exiting: Exists in A but not B (needs to fade out). I wrote a categorizeTransition utility that maps elements efficiently: // Simplified logic from src/utils/editor/transition-logic.ts export function categorizeTransition ( prevElements , currElements ) { const stable = []; const morphed = []; const entering = []; const exiting = []; const prevMap = new Map ( prevElements . map ( e => [ e . id , e ])); const currMap = new Map ( currElements . map ( e => [ e . id , e ])); // 1. Find Morphs (Stable) & Entering currElements . forEach ( curr => { if ( prevMap . has ( curr . id )) { const prev = prevMap . get ( curr . id ); // We separate "Stable" (identical) from "Morphed" (changed) // to optimize the render loop if ( areVisuallyIdentical ( prev , curr )) { stable . push ({ key : curr . id , element : curr }); } else { morphed . push ({ key : curr . id , start : prev , end : curr }); } } else { entering . push ({ key : curr . id , end : curr }); } }); // 2. Find Exiting prevElements . forEach ( prev => { if ( ! currMap . has ( prev . id )) { exiting . push ({ key : prev . id , start : prev }); } }); return { stable , morphed , entering , exiting }; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Interpolating Properties For the "Morphed" elements, we need to calculate the intermediate state at any given progress (0.0 to 1.0). You can't just use simple linear interpolation for everything. Numbers (x, y, width): Linear works fine. Colors (strokeColor): You must convert Hex to RGBA, interpolate each channel, and convert back. Angles: You need "shortest path" interpolation. If an object is at 10 degrees and rotates to 350 degrees , linear interpolation goes the long way around. We want it to just rotate -20 degrees. // src/utils/smart-animation.ts const angleProgress = ( oldAngle , newAngle , progress ) => { let diff = newAngle - oldAngle ; // Normalize to -PI to +PI to find shortest direction while ( diff > Math . PI ) diff -= 2 * Math . PI ; while ( diff < - Math . PI ) diff += 2 * Math . PI ; return oldAngle + diff * progress ; }; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3. The Render Loop & Overlapping Phases Instead of CSS transitions (which are hard to sync for complex canvas repaints), I used a requestAnimationFrame loop in a React hook called useTransitionAnimation . A key "secret sauce" to making animations feel professional is overlap . If you play animations sequentially (Exit -> Move -> Enter), it feels robotic. I overlapped the phases so the scene feels alive: // Timeline Logic const exitEnd = hasExit ? 300 : 0 ; const morphStart = exitEnd ; const morphEnd = morphStart + 500 ; // [MAGIC TRICK] Start entering elements BEFORE the morph ends // This creates that "Apple Keynote" feel where things arrive // just as others are settling into place. const overlapDuration = 200 ; const enterStart = Math . max ( morphStart , morphEnd - overlapDuration ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 4. Making it feel "Physical" Linear movement ( progress = time / duration ) is boring. I implemented spring-based easing functions. Even though I'm manually calculating specific frames, I apply an easing curve to the progress value before feeding it into the interpolator. // Quartic Ease-Out Approximation for a "Heavy" feel const springEasing = ( t ) => { return 1 - Math . pow ( 1 - t , 4 ); }; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This ensures that big architecture blocks "thud" into place with weight, rather than sliding around like ghosts. What's Next? I'm currently working on: Sub-step animations: Allowing you to click through bullet points within a single frame. Export to MP4: Recording the canvas stream directly to a video file. The project is live, and I built it to help developers communicate better. Try here: https://postara.io/ Free Stripe Promotion Code: postara Let me know what you think of the approach! Top comments (1) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand SinghDevHub SinghDevHub SinghDevHub Follow MLE @CRED ⌛ Sharing on System design, AI, LLMs, ML Email lovepreet.singh@alumni.iitgn.ac.in Location Bangalore, India Work MLE @ CRED Joined Nov 29, 2022 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide loved it Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Some comments may only be visible to logged-in visitors. Sign in to view all comments. Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Behram Follow Ex-Data Scientist documenting the reality of building AI agent SaaS as a solo founder in the UK. Raw technical logs, AI leverage, and the path to profitability. Location Birmingham,UK Joined Nov 7, 2024 Trending on DEV Community Hot Stop Overengineering: How to Write Clean Code That Actually Ships 🚀 # discuss # javascript # programming # webdev I Didn’t “Become” a Senior Developer. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Raspberry Pi Follow Hide All things related to the range of accessible and affordable single board Raspberry Pi computers, HATs, Raspberry Pi Pico, Raspberry Pi OS, and more. Share what you’re building! Create Post submission guidelines Please keep your posts to this topic specifically related to the Raspberry Pi family and projects. about #raspberrypi You can learn much more about Raspberry Pi around the web: ◦ Raspberry Pi Foundation , the educational charity ◦ Official Documentation ◦ Community Forums ◦ Raspberry Pi Trading , the technology company You can also read more about Raspberry Pi on Wikipedia , and explore code and other projects on GitHub . Raspberry Pi is a trademark of Raspberry Pi Trading. Older #raspberrypi posts 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Os 10 Melhores Acessórios de Informática para um Desenvolvedor – Parte 2 Marcos Oliveira Marcos Oliveira Marcos Oliveira Follow May 9 '25 Os 10 Melhores Acessórios de Informática para um Desenvolvedor – Parte 2 # hardware # raspberrypi 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read What are some common Raspberry Pi projects for beginners and advanced users? Hedy Hedy Hedy Follow Apr 22 '25 What are some common Raspberry Pi projects for beginners and advanced users? # raspberrypi # pi4 # pi5 # raspberrypi4 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Creating apps for Raspberry Pi - Part 1 Vimal Vimal Vimal Follow Apr 22 '25 Creating apps for Raspberry Pi - Part 1 # desktopapp # raspberrypi # linux # appdevelopment Comments Add Comment 2 min read Monitoring and Controlling CPU Temperature on Linux Systems Using Sysfs Paulo Fylippe Sell Paulo Fylippe Sell Paulo Fylippe Sell Follow Apr 19 '25 Monitoring and Controlling CPU Temperature on Linux Systems Using Sysfs # linux # embedded # buildroot # raspberrypi 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read What cameras can i use with Raspberry Pi? 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Patrocinio Follow Apr 9 '25 Learning and Leveling Up: Beyond the Tutorial # raspberrypi # learning # programming # gamedev 2 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read Hosting .NET Web API on Raspberry Pi - Part 2 Vimal Vimal Vimal Follow Apr 9 '25 Hosting .NET Web API on Raspberry Pi - Part 2 # dotnet # raspberrypi # linux # webserver Comments Add Comment 3 min read Hosting .Net Web API on Raspberry Pi - Part 1 Vimal Vimal Vimal Follow Apr 9 '25 Hosting .Net Web API on Raspberry Pi - Part 1 # dotnet # raspberrypi # linux # nginx 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Enabling Ethernet support and OpenSSH on Raspberry Pi 5 with Buildroot Paulo Fylippe Sell Paulo Fylippe Sell Paulo Fylippe Sell Follow Apr 7 '25 Enabling Ethernet support and OpenSSH on Raspberry Pi 5 with Buildroot # buildroot # raspberrypi # linux # embedded 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Patro Powered by Passion: Games, Systems, and Infinite Learning Luis F. Patrocinio Luis F. Patrocinio Luis F. Patrocinio Follow Apr 7 '25 Patro Powered by Passion: Games, Systems, and Infinite Learning # gamedev # programming # raspberrypi # welcome 6 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read What is the feature of Raspberry Pi? sanjaay sanjaay sanjaay Follow Feb 27 '25 What is the feature of Raspberry Pi? # raspberrypi # singleboardcomputer # sbc # programming Comments Add Comment 8 min read Custom Linux Image for Raspberry Pi 5: A Guide with Buildroot Paulo Fylippe Sell Paulo Fylippe Sell Paulo Fylippe Sell Follow Apr 1 '25 Custom Linux Image for Raspberry Pi 5: A Guide with Buildroot # buildroot # raspberrypi # linux # embedded 17 reactions Comments 2 comments 4 min read IOT Security Camera with a Raspberry Pi Zero and External USB Webcam Sebastian Sebastian Sebastian Follow Mar 27 '25 IOT Security Camera with a Raspberry Pi Zero and External USB Webcam # iot # raspberrypi # homeassistant 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read 3 Things to Look Out for when working with the Raspberry Pi OS S. Shahriar S. Shahriar S. Shahriar Follow Mar 25 '25 3 Things to Look Out for when working with the Raspberry Pi OS # raspberrypi # programming # beginners # learning 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read What is the difference between single-core and multi-core SoCs? Hedy Hedy Hedy Follow Feb 18 '25 What is the difference between single-core and multi-core SoCs? # socs # atmega328p # arduino # raspberrypi Comments Add Comment 2 min read Getting my hands on the Raspberry Pi 5! S. Shahriar S. Shahriar S. Shahriar Follow Mar 23 '25 Getting my hands on the Raspberry Pi 5! # raspberrypi # programming # javascript # beginners 6 reactions Comments 1 comment 10 min read How to use Raspberry Pi as a 1080P IP camera Hedy Hedy Hedy Follow Mar 21 '25 How to use Raspberry Pi as a 1080P IP camera # raspberrypi # ipcamera # raspberrypizerow # raspberrypicamera 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Thankful for CodeSandbox Danny Chen Danny Chen Danny Chen Follow Mar 21 '25 Thankful for CodeSandbox # codesandbox # clouddevelopment # vscode # raspberrypi 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Empower Your Digital Future: Build Your Own Self-Hosted Social Network with Web4@Home by Linkspreed Web4 Web4 Web4 Follow Feb 10 '25 Empower Your Digital Future: Build Your Own Self-Hosted Social Network with Web4@Home by Linkspreed # web4 # community # raspberrypi # internet 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Building a Weather App with a Raspberry Pi, Astra DB, and Langflow Aaron Ploetz Aaron Ploetz Aaron Ploetz Follow for DataStax, an IBM company Mar 14 '25 Building a Weather App with a Raspberry Pi, Astra DB, and Langflow # programming # langflow # raspberrypi # ai Comments Add Comment 8 min read Announcing the Raspberry Pi 50000: The Future of Computing is Just a Mouse Rob Lauer Rob Lauer Rob Lauer Follow Mar 14 '25 Announcing the Raspberry Pi 50000: The Future of Computing is Just a Mouse # raspberrypi # cellular # mouse # piday 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read 🧠 Raspberry Pi Headless Setup Guide (SSH, VNC, Essentials) Levis Chiri Levis Chiri Levis Chiri Follow Mar 12 '25 🧠 Raspberry Pi Headless Setup Guide (SSH, VNC, Essentials) # programming # raspberrypi # linux # micropython 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Krypton Cyber security enthusiast | Developer | Sports Shooting | Sergeant in the Swiss Armed Forces Location Switzerland Joined Joined on Aug 7, 2021 Personal website https://krypton.ninja github website twitter website Four Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least four years. Got it Close Three Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least three years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. 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Got it Close More info about @kkrypt0nn GitHub Repositories Python-Discord-Bot-Template 🐍 A simple template to start to code your own and personalized Discord bot in the Python programming language Python • 776 stars project-absence 👁️ Uncover the unseen Rust • 2 stars wordlists 📜 A collection of wordlists for many different usages 815 stars Currently learning Rust, Reverse Engineering & Networking Currently hacking on Too many side projects Post 6 posts published Comment 15 comments written Tag 13 tags followed Pin Pinned ⛄️ Generating unique IDs with the Snowflake algorithm Krypton Krypton Krypton Follow Nov 8 '22 ⛄️ Generating unique IDs with the Snowflake algorithm # go # twitter # uuid # algorithms 54 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read 💀 Insomni'hack 2025 CTF write-up Krypton Krypton Krypton Follow Mar 17 '25 💀 Insomni'hack 2025 CTF write-up # challenge # ctf # webdev # security 4 reactions Comments 1 comment 8 min read Want to connect with Krypton? Create an account to connect with Krypton. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in 🚩 Bitwise flags are amazing, and you should use them Krypton Krypton Krypton Follow Jan 21 '23 🚩 Bitwise flags are amazing, and you should use them # watercooler 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read 🚀 Space Heroes 2022 CTF write-up Krypton Krypton Krypton Follow Apr 4 '22 🚀 Space Heroes 2022 CTF write-up # challenge # ctf # hacking # space 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 17 min read 🚩 Insomni'hack 2022 CTF write-up Krypton Krypton Krypton Follow Mar 28 '22 🚩 Insomni'hack 2022 CTF write-up # challenge # ctf # assembly # cryptography 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 11 min read 📗 What is Go? Krypton Krypton Krypton Follow Oct 16 '21 📗 What is Go? # go # beginners # introduction 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 11 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:12 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close Follow User actions Dan Keller Trader and Web3 strategist delivering in-depth research on DeFi, crypto trends, and Web3 integration 🚀 Location Lisboa, Portugal Joined Joined on Jul 30, 2025 More info about @dan_keller Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Post 34 posts published Comment 1 comment written Tag 4 tags followed Wallet-as-a-Service as an Infrastructure Layer for Digital Products Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Jan 11 Wallet-as-a-Service as an Infrastructure Layer for Digital Products # news # development # architecture # learning 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Want to connect with Dan Keller? Create an account to connect with Dan Keller. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in Building a Career in Fintech: Where to Actually Start in 2026 Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Jan 8 Building a Career in Fintech: Where to Actually Start in 2026 # webdev # programming # devops 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read How Gaming Trends Are Driving Crypto Adoption Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Dec 24 '25 How Gaming Trends Are Driving Crypto Adoption # webdev # gamedev # tutorial # productivity 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Thinking of Gifting Crypto This Holiday Season? Here’s What to Consider Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Dec 21 '25 Thinking of Gifting Crypto This Holiday Season? Here’s What to Consider # news # productivity # tutorial # beginners 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read How the New US Tax Framework Could Shape the Market in 2026 Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Dec 21 '25 How the New US Tax Framework Could Shape the Market in 2026 # webdev # productivity # tutorial # devops 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Market Making Programs: The Invisible Infrastructure Behind Successful Token Launches Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Dec 16 '25 Market Making Programs: The Invisible Infrastructure Behind Successful Token Launches # webdev # programming # productivity # tutorial 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read How Developers Consume Market Data in Real-Time Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Dec 14 '25 How Developers Consume Market Data in Real-Time # webdev # programming # devops # development 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read What Developers Can Learn From Exchange Security Models Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Dec 14 '25 What Developers Can Learn From Exchange Security Models # programming # security # devops # learning 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read How Open Rating Systems Shape Fintech Platforms: A Technical Perspective Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Dec 7 '25 How Open Rating Systems Shape Fintech Platforms: A Technical Perspective # webdev # programming # web3 # career 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Kind of Networking That Actually Works in Tech Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Dec 3 '25 The Kind of Networking That Actually Works in Tech # webdev # programming # productivity # career 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read How Networking Helps You Build a Tech Career and Why You Should Use It More Actively Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Dec 3 '25 How Networking Helps You Build a Tech Career and Why You Should Use It More Actively # productivity # career # beginners # community 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Waas & Web3: Why Wallet-as-a-Service Is Becoming the New Infrastructure Standard Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Dec 1 '25 Waas & Web3: Why Wallet-as-a-Service Is Becoming the New Infrastructure Standard # webdev # programming # productivity # architecture 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to Integrate Wallet-as-a-Service Into Your App: A Developer-Friendly Guide Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Nov 26 '25 How to Integrate Wallet-as-a-Service Into Your App: A Developer-Friendly Guide # webdev # programming # blockchain # architecture 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Wallet-as-a-Service: The Missing Layer in Modern Web3 Infrastructure Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Nov 26 '25 Wallet-as-a-Service: The Missing Layer in Modern Web3 Infrastructure # webdev # programming # blockchain # web3 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read On-Ramps Are Solved — Off-Ramps Aren’t. Here’s Why It Matters Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Nov 24 '25 On-Ramps Are Solved — Off-Ramps Aren’t. Here’s Why It Matters # webdev # productivity # career # web3 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Fintech Is Transforming Into a Full-Scale Tech Ecosystem — And Developers Are the Ones Driving It Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Nov 24 '25 Fintech Is Transforming Into a Full-Scale Tech Ecosystem — And Developers Are the Ones Driving It # news # webdev # programming # blockchain 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to Use White Label Solutions in Crypto Projects Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Nov 11 '25 How to Use White Label Solutions in Crypto Projects # webdev # blockchain # web3 # productivity 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Launching a Crypto Project Without Building Infrastructure Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Nov 11 '25 Launching a Crypto Project Without Building Infrastructure # webdev # blockchain # tutorial # bitcoin 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Revolut Bridges the Gap Between USD and Stablecoins Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Oct 31 '25 Revolut Bridges the Gap Between USD and Stablecoins # webdev # blockchain # productivity # web3 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Referral Programs In Web3 Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Oct 30 '25 Referral Programs In Web3 # webdev # programming # blockchain # web3 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Wallet-as-a-Service: How Businesses Can Launch Crypto Wallets Without Building From Scratch Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Oct 27 '25 Wallet-as-a-Service: How Businesses Can Launch Crypto Wallets Without Building From Scratch 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read What Is the “TACO Trade” And Why It Still Moves Markets Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Oct 13 '25 What Is the “TACO Trade” And Why It Still Moves Markets # news # cryptocurrency # blockchain # learning 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read How Solana Generated $2.85B in a Year - A Look at the Tech Behind the Revenue Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Oct 8 '25 How Solana Generated $2.85B in a Year - A Look at the Tech Behind the Revenue # news # webdev # blockchain # web3 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Are Exchange Tokens Still Relevant in 2025? Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Sep 16 '25 Are Exchange Tokens Still Relevant in 2025? # discuss # webdev # blockchain # web3 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read What Really Happened When Binance Went Down? Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Sep 5 '25 What Really Happened When Binance Went Down? # devops # devchallenge # blockchain # cryptocurrency 19 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read How Crypto Exchanges Implement AML: Behind the Scenes Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Sep 3 '25 How Crypto Exchanges Implement AML: Behind the Scenes # cryptocurrency # aml # backend # blockchain 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building a Secure Crypto Treasury System Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Sep 2 '25 Building a Secure Crypto Treasury System # cryptocurrency # blockchain # web3 # programming 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read KYB in Crypto: The Invisible Foundation Powering Business Integration Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Sep 1 '25 KYB in Crypto: The Invisible Foundation Powering Business Integration # news # cryptocurrency # learning # kyb 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Difference Between Proof of Work and Proof of Stake Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Aug 28 '25 The Difference Between Proof of Work and Proof of Stake # web3 # webdev # community # cryptocurrency 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read What is cryptography in blockchain — in simple terms for developers Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Aug 27 '25 What is cryptography in blockchain — in simple terms for developers # webdev # web3 # blockchain # devops 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 3 min read How AI Is Reshaping the Crypto Market Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Aug 18 '25 How AI Is Reshaping the Crypto Market # ai # cryptocurrency # web3 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read 5 Web3 Libraries That Simplify Development in 2025 Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Aug 5 '25 5 Web3 Libraries That Simplify Development in 2025 # webdev # programming # web3 # development 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 2 min read 🚀 Alt Season 2025: Is This It? Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Aug 1 '25 🚀 Alt Season 2025: Is This It? # blockchain # cryptocurrency # altcoin # web3 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🤑 How to Build a Crypto Portfolio for Beginners in 2025: A Practical Guide Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Jul 30 '25 🤑 How to Build a Crypto Portfolio for Beginners in 2025: A Practical Guide # cryptocurrency # community # beginners # tutorial Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/ravish2403/the-rise-of-low-code-and-no-code-development-4m0#comments | The Rise of Low-Code and No-Code Development - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Ravish Kumar Posted on Jan 11 The Rise of Low-Code and No-Code Development # beginners # productivity # softwaredevelopment # tooling Software development has traditionally been a specialized skill that required years of learning and hands-on experience. Building applications meant writing extensive code, understanding frameworks, and managing complex systems. In recent years, low-code and no-code development platforms have begun to change this reality by making application development more accessible and faster for a wider range of people. Understanding Low-Code and No-Code Development Low-code and no-code platforms are designed to simplify the process of building software. Instead of writing code for every feature, users work with visual interfaces, pre-built components, and automated workflows. No-code platforms allow people with little or no technical background to create functional applications, while low-code platforms offer the flexibility to add custom code when needed. Both approaches focus on reducing complexity while still delivering practical solutions. Why These Platforms Are Gaining Popularity The demand for software has increased dramatically as businesses rely more on digital tools for daily operations. At the same time, there is a shortage of skilled developers, and traditional development methods can be time-consuming and expensive. Low-code and no-code platforms help bridge this gap by enabling faster development with fewer technical resources. Organizations can build applications quickly and adapt them as requirements change. Faster Development and Time-to-Market One of the biggest advantages of low-code and no-code development is the speed at which applications can be created. Traditional development often involves long planning, coding, and testing phases. With visual builders and ready-made features, applications can be developed and deployed in a much shorter time. This faster time-to-market allows businesses to experiment, gather feedback, and improve products without long delays. Empowering Non-Technical Users Low-code and no-code platforms give non-technical users the ability to turn their ideas into working applications. People who understand business workflows or customer needs can design tools that solve real problems without depending entirely on development teams. This reduces bottlenecks, improves collaboration between teams, and encourages innovation across the organization. Where Low-Code and No-Code Work Best These platforms are commonly used for internal tools, workflow automation, dashboards, and simple web or mobile applications. They are particularly useful when speed and ease of development are more important than deep technical customization. However, for highly complex systems that require advanced performance tuning or unique architecture, traditional development approaches are often more suitable. Limitations and Challenges Despite their advantages, low-code and no-code platforms are not without challenges. Customization can be limited, making it difficult to implement highly specific features. Scalability can also become an issue as applications grow. Another concern is vendor dependency, as applications are often tightly linked to the platform on which they are built. Security and compliance must also be carefully considered, especially for applications handling sensitive data. Impact on Professional Developers Rather than replacing developers, low-code and no-code platforms change how developers work. Developers can focus more on complex logic, system architecture, security, and performance, while routine tasks are handled through visual tools. This shift allows development teams to be more efficient and deliver higher-value solutions. The Future of Low-Code and No-Code Development As these platforms continue to evolve, they are becoming more powerful and flexible. The integration of artificial intelligence, automation, and advanced API support is expanding what can be built with low-code and no-code tools. In the future, software development is likely to combine traditional coding with visual development, creating a more balanced and efficient approach. Conclusion The rise of low-code and no-code development represents a major shift in the software industry. By lowering technical barriers and speeding up development, these platforms enable more people to participate in building digital solutions. While they are not suitable for every use case, they have become an important part of modern software development and will continue to shape how applications are built in the years ahead. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Ravish Kumar Follow Software Developer Location Noida, Uttar Pradesh Joined Dec 31, 2025 More from Ravish Kumar Why APIs Are the Backbone of Modern Applications # api # softwaredevelopment # webdev Cloud Computing: Powering the Digital World from Anywhere # beginners # cloud # cloudcomputing 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://maker.forem.com/t/discuss | Discussion Threads - Maker Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Maker Forem Close Discussion Threads Follow Hide Discussion threads targeting the whole community Create Post submission guidelines These posts should include a question, prompt, or topic that initiates a discussion in the comments section. Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu I plan to develop a wired Android Auto to wireless Android Auto device using the ESP32-S3. Leo Leo Leo Follow Dec 25 '25 I plan to develop a wired Android Auto to wireless Android Auto device using the ESP32-S3. # discuss # esp32 Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... trending guides/resources I plan to develop a wired Android Auto to wireless Android Auto device using the ESP32-S3. 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Maker Forem — A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Maker Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a space where makers create, share, and bring ideas to life. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:12 |
https://maker.forem.com/_af0262ac803558bfa0ca9d/i-plan-to-develop-a-wired-android-auto-to-wireless-android-auto-device-using-the-esp32-s3-48j9#comments | I plan to develop a wired Android Auto to wireless Android Auto device using the ESP32-S3. - Maker Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Maker Forem Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Leo Posted on Dec 25, 2025 I plan to develop a wired Android Auto to wireless Android Auto device using the ESP32-S3. # discuss # esp32 This device must support USB OTG in order to be used as an AOA accessory. I had originally considered using the ESP32-C5 because it has 5GHz WiFi, which is an ideal transmission network. However, since the ESP32-C5 does not support USB OTG, I had to give up on that idea. I really hope that Espressif can release a device that supports both USB OTG and 5GHz WiFi, as this would allow me to create many great automotive-related products. If you are also interested in this project, please leave a message. If there is a lot of interest, I would be very happy to discuss the technical details. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Leo Follow Joined Dec 25, 2025 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Maker Forem — A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Maker Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a space where makers create, share, and bring ideas to life. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:12 |
https://maker.forem.com/numbpill3d/what-an-esp32-teaches-you-about-resource-scarcity-h1l | What an ESP32 Teaches You About Resource Scarcity - Maker Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Maker Forem Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse v. Splicer Posted on Dec 23, 2025 What an ESP32 Teaches You About Resource Scarcity # esp32 # iot # project # electronics I’ve been working with ESP32s for a while now, and these little microcontrollers are deceptive. At first glance, they seem powerful: dual-core CPU, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, tons of GPIO pins, and a handful of timers. They feel like a Swiss Army knife of embedded computing. But then you start running real projects—complex loops, multiple sensors, network requests—and suddenly, the ESP32 becomes brutally honest. It reminds you, in ways no desktop PC ever will, that resources are finite. Working with an ESP32 is like living in a tiny studio apartment in the middle of a sprawling city. You have some space, a decent setup, but if you try to hoard too much or stretch beyond what fits, everything collapses. You quickly realize that the ESP32 is merciless: memory leaks, stack overflows, dropped Wi-Fi packets. It doesn’t complain politely; it fails silently, sometimes catastrophically. And in those moments, it teaches you lessons that go far beyond embedded hardware. Efficiency Isn’t Optional One of the first lessons the ESP32 teaches you is that code efficiency is non-negotiable. On a desktop, you can throw threads at a problem, pull in megabytes of data, and let the OS buffer the chaos for you. On an ESP32, every byte counts. I learned this the hard way while building a simple IoT sensor that reported temperature and humidity over Wi-Fi. I used a standard JSON library to serialize data because it was convenient. At first, everything worked fine. Then I added a few more sensors, some logging, and suddenly the Wi-Fi started dropping packets. My heap was half gone. The ESP32 wasn’t lying; it couldn’t handle the bloat. The lesson? You can’t be lazy. You have to optimize for the essentials first. Want Wi-Fi and BLE to coexist smoothly? Trim your buffers. Want responsive I/O during heavy processing? Schedule tasks carefully. Want a JSON payload sent reliably over a flaky network? Compress it, send it in chunks, or write your own lightweight serializer. This principle translates far beyond microcontrollers. Scarcity exists everywhere: time, attention, bandwidth, even money. The ESP32 forces you to prioritize. It teaches you to separate what really needs to happen from what can wait—and what must never happen. Planning for Failure Another subtle but critical lesson from the ESP32 is planning for failure. Running out of RAM or stack space isn’t theoretical; it’s inevitable in any non-trivial project. And when it happens, the device might freeze, reboot, or silently corrupt your data. Early on, I tried streaming data from a sensor array to an external server while also blinking LEDs in a fancy pattern. Everything seemed fine for a while, then—boom—the device rebooted randomly. No errors, no warnings, just a cold reset. This forces you to build with contingencies. You learn to: Monitor heap usage continuously. Use watchdog timers to recover from crashes. Prioritize tasks so that critical functionality survives under stress. Design data structures that fail gracefully when memory runs low. In other words, you learn to fail intentionally on your own terms rather than letting the system fail randomly. It’s a lesson in humility, but also in resilience. Creative Constraints Breed Innovation Once you internalize scarcity, you start to see the beauty in it. Constraints force creativity. With only a few kilobytes of RAM and limited CPU cycles, you learn tricks you would never bother with on a full PC. For example, I built a small logging system for a multi-sensor project. Instead of storing everything in memory and writing it in bulk—which would have crashed the ESP32—I implemented a circular buffer that wrapped around when full, sending data out incrementally. It looked messy in code, but it worked perfectly. Other tricks include: Task prioritization and FreeRTOS awareness : Assign higher priority to critical tasks, lower to background tasks. Memory pooling : Pre-allocate memory for objects you know you’ll reuse, instead of constantly malloc/free. Lightweight serialization : Strip JSON down to the bare essentials, or use binary encoding for repeated data. Constraints turn the ESP32 into a tiny laboratory for creative problem solving. And this is a mindset you can take anywhere: when resources are limited—whether it’s time, money, or computational power—innovation becomes inevitable. Observing the Ripple Effect The scarcity lessons you learn on an ESP32 ripple outward. For example, when building an automation system for a small greenhouse, I realized that the way I scheduled tasks on the ESP32 directly affected the reliability of the entire system. Every millisecond spent in an inefficient loop meant delayed watering, delayed venting, delayed readings. It was a small, tangible illustration of how prioritization under constraints affects outcomes. The same principle applies to life. Time is your ESP32 heap. Attention is your CPU cycles. And your goals are the tasks vying for limited resources. Treat them like finite assets, and you’ll start making smarter decisions, just as you do when you balance timers, sensors, and network calls on a microcontroller. Lessons in Minimalism One of the most striking lessons is that minimalism isn’t just aesthetic—it’s survival. The ESP32 doesn’t reward feature bloat. It rewards clever, lean design. Every extra library, every bloated data structure, every unmonitored loop eats into stability. Minimalism here isn’t a trend or a style; it’s literally the difference between functional and broken. I’ve noticed the same lesson shows up in software design, personal productivity, and even hardware hacking. When you understand the limits of what you have, you design smarter. You cut the fat, optimize, and only add what is absolutely necessary. Seeing Scarcity as a Teacher At the end of the day, the ESP32 is more than a microcontroller. It’s a teacher. It teaches patience, efficiency, resilience, and creativity. It shows that resources—time, memory, attention, bandwidth—are always limited, and that understanding their limits is more valuable than pretending they are infinite. Working with constrained hardware makes you see the invisible forces in your own life. You start measuring trade-offs more carefully, anticipating bottlenecks, and valuing what really matters. And sometimes, just sometimes, you realize that scarcity isn’t a handicap—it’s an opportunity. Constraints sharpen you. Scarcity forces ingenuity. And whether you’re coding for a microcontroller or building something in the real world, these lessons are universal. The ESP32 might be a tiny chip, but it teaches lessons you can carry for a lifetime. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse v. Splicer Follow nonhuman entity, possesed instigator, deepweb diy enthusiast... ai dominator... looking for new ways to express myself every day. creation/destruction. beauty in all things. Location charlotte, nc Education school of hard knocks Pronouns it/its Work despondent at Hidden Layer Media Joined Aug 6, 2024 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Maker Forem — A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Maker Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a space where makers create, share, and bring ideas to life. 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https://maker.forem.com/picoable/fix-common-smart-fridge-issues-a-step-by-step-diy-tutorial-80l | Fix Common Smart Fridge Issues: A Step-by-Step DIY Tutorial - Maker Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Maker Forem Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Picoable Posted on Nov 10, 2025 • Originally published at appliance.picoable.com Fix Common Smart Fridge Issues: A Step-by-Step DIY Tutorial # iot # smartappliance # fridge # diagnostic So, you invested in a state-of-the-art smart refrigerator, a marvel of modern kitchen technology. It tells you the weather, streams music, and maybe even orders groceries. But what happens when your brilliant appliance starts acting... well, not so smart? A frozen touchscreen or a stubborn refusal to connect to Wi-Fi can turn your futuristic dream into a frustrating reality. Don't call for an expensive repair just yet! As an appliance technician, I can tell you that many common smart fridge issues are surprisingly easy to fix yourself. This guide is here to walk you through troubleshooting the most frequent glitches, empowering you to take control and get your fridge back to its brilliant best. Safety First: Protect Yourself and Your Appliance Before you even think about picking up a tool, let’s go over the essential safety rules. Your well-being is more important than any repair. Unplug It! This is the golden rule. Always disconnect the refrigerator from the power outlet before performing any work. Water, Water, Everywhere: If you're working on the dispenser or water lines, shut off the water supply valve to the fridge first. Have towels ready for any spills. Wear Gloves: Protect your hands from sharp edges and potential pinches. Consult Your Manual: Your refrigerator’s user manual is your best friend. It contains model-specific information that can be invaluable. Know Your Limits: If you encounter complex wiring, the sealed refrigeration system (anything involving coolant), or a problem you're not comfortable with, stop and call a certified professional. Gearing Up: Tools and Potential Parts You won't need a full workshop for these fixes. Most tasks can be done with a few basic tools. Tools You'll Need: Screwdriver Set (Phillips and flathead) Nut Driver Set Multimeter (for checking electrical connections, optional but helpful) Soft, lint-free cloth Towels Safety gloves Potential Replacement Parts: Water Filter Wi-Fi Module Display Control Board Troubleshooting Common Smart Fridge Glitches Let's dive into the most common issues and tackle them one by one. Problem 1: Connectivity Chaos (Wi-Fi Won't Connect) A smart fridge without an internet connection is just a regular fridge with a fancy screen. Let's get it back online. Check Your Home Network: First, ensure your home Wi-Fi is working. Is your phone or laptop connected? If your internet is down, the fridge can't connect either. The Universal Fix: Power Cycle: Unplug the refrigerator, wait for 5-10 minutes, and then plug it back in. This simple reboot resolves a surprising number of electronic glitches by clearing the device's temporary memory. Forget and Reconnect: Go into your fridge's network settings. Find the option to "Forget" your current Wi-Fi network. Then, scan for networks again and re-enter your password. Router Proximity: Is your router far away or are there many walls in between? A weak signal can cause connection drops. Try moving your router closer if possible, or consider a Wi-Fi extender. Reset Network Settings: Your fridge should have an option to reset only its network settings to the factory default. Check your manual for instructions. This won't erase your other preferences but will clear any faulty network configurations. Problem 2: The Frozen or Unresponsive Touchscreen When the main interface won't respond, it can feel like you're completely locked out. Clean the Screen: A dirty or greasy screen can interfere with touch sensitivity. Use a soft, slightly damp, lint-free cloth to gently wipe it down. Never spray cleaner directly onto the screen. Perform a Soft Reset: Check your user manual for a "soft reset" procedure. This is often done by holding the power or reset button for a few seconds. It’s like restarting a computer without unplugging it. Perform a Hard Reset: If a soft reset doesn't work, it's time for the hard reset we mentioned earlier. Unplug the fridge, wait at least five minutes to ensure all power has dissipated from the internal components, and then plug it back in. Check for "Display Lock" or "Control Lock": Many models have a control lock feature to prevent accidental changes. It’s often indicated by a small lock icon. Look up how to disable this feature in your manual (usually by holding a specific button for 3-5 seconds). Problem 3: The Ice or Water Dispenser Is on Strike This is a classic refrigerator problem that persists even in smart models. Check the Control Panel: First, ensure the dispenser isn't locked via the control panel (see the "Control Lock" tip above). Also, make sure you've selected the correct option (cubed ice, crushed ice, or water). Replace the Water Filter: This is the #1 cause of a slow or non-working dispenser. Filters get clogged over time. Most fridges have an indicator light that tells you when it's time for a change. Replace it according to your manufacturer’s recommendations. Inspect the Water Line: Pull the fridge away from the wall and check the water line for any kinks or twists that could be blocking the flow. Check for a Frozen Line: If the dispenser makes a humming sound but nothing comes out, the line inside the door might be frozen. You can try to thaw it by aiming a hairdryer on a low setting at the dispenser area for a few minutes. Another method is to unplug the fridge and leave the doors open for an hour or two (be sure to empty it of perishable food first!). You're a DIY Hero! What's Next? Congratulations! By following these steps, you've likely diagnosed and fixed your smart fridge issue, saving yourself time and money. Power cycling electronics, checking for control locks, and replacing filters are powerful first steps for many appliance problems. Remember that the most important tool you have is knowledge. Always keep your user manual handy. If you've tried these steps and the problem persists, or if you hear loud, unusual noises from the back of the unit, it might be time to call in a professional. Some jobs, especially those involving the compressor or sealed coolant system, are best left to the experts. Did this guide help you? Do you have another smart fridge issue you'd like to see covered? Let us know in the comments below Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Picoable Follow Joined Nov 5, 2025 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Maker Forem — A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Maker Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a space where makers create, share, and bring ideas to life. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:12 |
https://maker.forem.com/t/esp32#main-content | Esp32 - Maker Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Maker Forem Close # esp32 Follow Hide Create Post Older #esp32 posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu The “No-Flicker” Addressable LED Strip Build (Power + Signal + Gamma) emmma emmma emmma Follow Dec 29 '25 The “No-Flicker” Addressable LED Strip Build (Power + Signal + Gamma) # arduino # esp32 Comments Add Comment 2 min read I plan to develop a wired Android Auto to wireless Android Auto device using the ESP32-S3. Leo Leo Leo Follow Dec 25 '25 I plan to develop a wired Android Auto to wireless Android Auto device using the ESP32-S3. # discuss # esp32 Comments Add Comment 1 min read What an ESP32 Teaches You About Resource Scarcity v. Splicer v. Splicer v. Splicer Follow Dec 23 '25 What an ESP32 Teaches You About Resource Scarcity # esp32 # iot # project # electronics Comments Add Comment 4 min read Made a $10 “Mood Lamp” with ESP32, WS2812B, and Ambient Light Sensor emmma emmma emmma Follow Dec 9 '25 Made a $10 “Mood Lamp” with ESP32, WS2812B, and Ambient Light Sensor # arduino # esp32 # leds # diy Comments 1 comment 1 min read loading... trending guides/resources I plan to develop a wired Android Auto to wireless Android Auto device using the ESP32-S3. What an ESP32 Teaches You About Resource Scarcity The “No-Flicker” Addressable LED Strip Build (Power + Signal + Gamma) Made a $10 “Mood Lamp” with ESP32, WS2812B, and Ambient Light Sensor 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Maker Forem — A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Maker Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a space where makers create, share, and bring ideas to life. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:12 |
https://maker.forem.com/muhammad_abdullah_ab80e15/overcoming-critical-gear-challenges-a-guide-to-high-performance-custom-design-for-evs-and-523a | Overcoming Critical Gear Challenges: A Guide to High-Performance Custom Design for EVs and Robotics - Maker Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. 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Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Maker Forem Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Muhammad Abdullah Posted on Dec 25, 2025 Overcoming Critical Gear Challenges: A Guide to High-Performance Custom Design for EVs and Robotics # robotics # tutorial Figure 1: Advanced custom gear design solutions for high-torque applications in EV and robotics industries Introduction In electric vehicle technology and robotics, two sectors in which development is racing ahead, requirements for transmission systems have reached unprecedented levels. Experts are faced with several challenging tasks, as small amounts of efficiency loss in transmission can adversely affect an electric vehicle's range, noise in gears can be clearly felt in the absence of engine masking, and in robotic joints, gear failure can result in high costs of automated cell down times. The underlying problem lies in realizing that general and standardized gears tend to be inefficient in meeting such high levels of requirements. This tutorial will examine how a systematic and application-directed custom gear design service can successfully address these issues. It will include a comprehensive outline, ranging from prime gear design principles and primary factors of gear applications (EVs versus Robotics) through cutting-edge manufacturing methods and techniques of cost management. To unlock the secrets of successful custom gears, we have to begin by revisiting their prime principles of design. What Foundational Principles Are Behind High-Performance Custom Gear Designs? However, when one progresses beyond mere calculation, high-performance gear design is based on four fundamental pillars of systems engineering. These ensure that not only is the gear an object on its own but also an element of a complete system. 1. Strength and Fatigue Life Analysis To make the gears resistant to failure modes such as pitting and tooth breakage, a proactive and analytical approach is needed. First, there is a heavy emphasis on analytical calculations as per recognized standards, including ISO 6336. Then, a contact fatigue calculation is carried out for the purpose of preventing surface pits, and a bending calculation is carried out to secure the gear against a tooth breakage failure mode. These analyses are not generic; hence, the calculation is carried out according to the expected load spectrum, including peak torques, cyclic variation, and total number of cycles, depending on the lifetime of the gear. Figure 2: Contact stress simulation and meshing optimization for maximum gear longevity 2. Meshing Characteristics Optimization To ensure smooth power transfer and prevent excessive wear and tear, the fundamental geometric shape of the gear mesh needs to be optimized. This essentially calls for careful design considerations to optimize parameters such as the Contact Ratio and the Sliding Ratio. However, a Contact Ratio that maximizes the number of teeth sharing the load at a time, thereby providing quieter and stronger meshes, needs to supplement the aspect of minimizing the value of the Sliding Ratio. It cannot be overstressed that the reduction of the Sliding Ratio at points A and B during the approach and recess phases assumes supreme significance to counteract the effect of friction and prevent adhesive wear. 3. Integrated Thermal Management High-speed or heavy-load environments produce considerable parasitic friction and windage heating, which can contaminate lubricants, cause expansion, or otherwise contribute to premature component failure. Indeed, appropriate lubricant-related cooling designs and considerations are fundamental. These considerations extend well beyond simple lubricant selection. Optimal enclosure design for efficient convective cooling, appropriate placement of cooling rings or jackets, and lubricant delivery system configuration to target critical regions for both lubrication and cooling purposes---or to prevent operation in regions that might cause problems---are just some of the considerations. Preventing runaway heating is critical to retaining specific dimensions or material characteristics during extreme operation. 4. Design for Manufacturing (DFM) Synergy A theoretically optimal design for which optimal production is not possible is nothing short of useless, according to Daemen's quote above. While a theoretically optimal design may indeed be perfect for functionality and manufacturability, production limitations and capabilities must play a crucial role in defining design tolerances. An example would be defining an optimal design with a maximum design tolerance specified as 'ISO 4,' which most likely requires processes such as precision grinding or honing and not merely hobbing or shaping. An optimal design strategy based on DFM would involve taking inputs from production experts during design and focusing on simplifying complex design elements to result in perfectly manufacturable components with optimal design to manufacturability fit by using materials suitable for available heat treatment processes. How Does Gear Design Differ Between Automotive and Robotic Applications? The need for special gear design solutions is readily apparent when comparing the different demands of automotive and robot applications. "One size fits all" is not going to work, as it will lead to suboptimal results. ⦁ Load Spectrum and Dynamic Response: There's a world of difference in the nature of the forces that these gears are subjected to, as can be seen below. Automotive gear design, for a conventional car, usually involves designing for constant, high-torque forces, which are optimized for maximum efficiency for prolonged use. On the other hand, robotics gear design requires gears that can handle highly dynamic forces, which include frequent start-stop actions, reverse impacts, shock forces, etc. This requires a gear design optimized for its impact resistance and fatigue strength. ⦁ Precision and Backlash Requirements: The major performance criteria establish the precision levels that must be achieved. Although automotive systems emphasize maximizing transmission efficiency (realized through ISO grades 6-8 gears), more precision and less backlash are demanded in robotics, where precision is usually achieved by adopting ISO grades 4-6 in robotics. The backlash in the teeth of two meshing gears, which are not in actual contact due to the manufacturing tolerances of the teeth, adversely affects robotics systems. Hence, in robotics, gears are often used that feature special tooth designs and pre-loading techniques to completely eliminate backlash, which promotes precise, repeatable motion. ⦁ Service Life and Noise Control (NVH): The operating environment shapes the list of requirements related to longevity and noise. The EV gearboxes are designed to have lifetimes above 10,000 hours of operation and noise levels limited to 70 dB or less to provide comfort to the human operators. Often, joints in robotics have a lifespan of over 20,000 hours since they are used in industrial environments and have to operate in very quiet conditions, meaning noise levels of less than 60 dB to facilitate "quiet" collaboration with human operators. Hence, NVH optimization of gears becomes an essential non-negotiable criterion in robotics. What Role Does Material Science Contribute to Achieving High Gear Performance? Material selection is an essential factor directly affecting the functionality, durability, and expenditure of the gear. Material and process determine the basic potential of the component.High-performance gear machining usually starts with the use of high-strength alloy steel grades like 20CrMnTi or 42CrMo. These materials have been picked for their suitability for various processes involving case carburizing and quenching, which enable the production of a work piece that has a tough and ductile core supporting bending loads well, as well as an incredibly hard surface for resisting pitting and abrasion. For reduced loading and quiet operation where weights matter, engineering plastics or sintered metals provide an acceptable substitute. Moreover, secondary surface modification processes like nitriding, intended for generating beneficial hard layers with critical compressive stresses, or special PVD layers for reduced friction, play highly important roles in resisting fatigue strength or wear at the cutting edge. Which Advanced Manufacturing Processes Are Most Essential for Precision Gears? Advanced manufacturing processes are a critical connecting link that transform an optimized design into a real high-performance solution. This is important since a design may promise theoretical benefits that may not materialize when an object is produced using manufacturing processes. 1. High-Precision Grinding for Maximum Accuracy Precision grinding is an essential step required to attain very tight tolerance ranges and very smooth surface finish, which is imperative in producing top-quality gears (ISO4-6). However, precision grinding is usually carried out after the heat treatment processes and is thus an essential step that corrects distortion processes that occur during quenching. With the use of CNC grinding wheels, this step is crucial in processing the tooth surface to exact geometries as specified to attain flawless meshing properties without any profile deviations that cause noises and stress raisers. 2. Gear Honing for Noise Reduction Being a super-finishing technique, gear honing is highly efficient and successful when used after the grinding process to finish gear teeth, and when carried out in smaller batches related to gear processing. As mentioned, the process takes advantage of an abrasive honing tool that meshes with the gear and results in a polishing process that takes place when cutting the gear teeth. Gear honing results in a substantial reduction of gear whine and total noise levels by 2- to 3-DB, which makes a substantial difference in noisy applications. 3. Advanced Heat Treatment for Dimensional Stability Despite its importance in obtaining the necessary material properties, conventional processing is prone to distortion. More advanced approaches include low-pressure carburizing (LPC), combined with high-pressure gas quenching. LPC ensures a homogenous level of carburizing without causing oxidation on the surface, which would increase processing time and cost due to a necessary machining allowance to compensate for distortion. On the other hand, high-pressure gas quenching allows for less distortion due to a more even rate of cooling compared to oil quenching methods.How these processes can be selectively combined according to the specific needs of the project has been precisely matched by an experienced gear design manufacturer whose core services include custom gear design services. Effective Cost Control in Custom Gear Engineering Projects by Engineers The fact that it tackles the issue of costs shows that it is aware of the realities of engineering, as it does not just stay in the theory phase. Value Engineering During Material Selection: Value engineering: This is an important aspect where a critical analysis helps to conclude on the best material that can be acquired at a lower cost, which fits all the requirements for functionality. This can entail the use of a particular material that has been enough for the given task rather than going for a more expensive one. A material like through-hardened steel can be sufficient for the role instead of a more expensive case carburized material, or there might be elimination of a particular coating if its functionality does not significantly extend the life for the given conditions. Design for Manufacturability (DFM): Incorporating the guidelines of DFM right at the beginning of any given project is one of the most effective ways to effectively manage costs. Designing gears so that they can be machined easily and efficiently is part of this method. By reducing complex features, using standard radii on machine tools, and designing gears so that they do not require tight tolerances, manufacturing can be made simpler and faster. A method of managing project costs proactively is through designing for ease of manufacturing while still achieving functionality. Precision Grade Alignment: It is imperative to avoid issues of "over-engineering," especially when it comes to cost-effectiveness. The selection of an accuracy grade that is "fit for purpose," as opposed to opting for the highest possible grades, will make it possible to save money. The cost curve with respect to tolerance is exponential, as opposed to being linear, and will see machine time and cost rise exponentially as tolerances are tightened. This will ensure that it is possible to select an ISO 7 gear when an ISO 5 gear will suffice, based on an accurate evaluation of requirements with respect to noise, efficiency, and life, and thereby directly affecting the quote for custom gear machining services. What Is a Case in Point for Solving Pitting Failure in Robotic Joint Gears? In conclusion, a case study would help solidify the principles outlined above so the concepts can be put into effect. 1. The Challenge: Premature Failure in a Critical Application One of the major robotics manufacturers in the world was facing a calamitous problem related to joint gears in their high-precision collaborative robots. The joint gears were failing extensively by pitting on the top surface of the gear teeth in just 2,000 hours, whereas they should last at least 20,000 hours. Due to such failures, the positional accuracy, vibration, and complaint rates against the robot were resulting in damage to its reputation in the marketplace. 2. The Custom Solution: A Multi-Faceted Engineering Approach A holistic and root cause analysis, coupled with a multi-faceted engineering intervention, was required for this solution. First, a tooth surface redesign was carried out using topology optimization software, leading to a designed shape that gave a 25% reduction in the surface contact stress. In the second approach, the material was improved to a higher quality nitride steel, and subsequent processing gave a surface hardness value greater than 60 HRC with profitable compressive residuals. For the final approach, the process was optimized by precision grinding the gears to an ISO grade of 4, leading to perfect geometric conformity, followed by a shot peening process that added a further 30% increase in fatigue strength by optimizing the surface stress values around the tooth root. Each and every detail of the surface treatment process was carried out based on best practices available from authoritative sources like ASM handbook surface engineering. 3. Quantifiable Result - Beating Performance Targets Permalink The result was transformative and verified from a quantitative perspective. The gear life increased from an unacceptable level of 2,000 hours to more than 6,000 hours in accelerated tests, showing a clear path towards reaching the 200% life improvement requirement for the 20,000-hour life. Moreover, the gear noise level was decreased by 5 dB to a very quiet 60 dB, making the user interaction with the collaborative robot even easier. Most importantly, from a client perspective, this resulted in a projected 40% decrease in maintenance and warranty costs, securing the value added by the custom engineering approach. Conclusion To meet the growing demands of the EV and robotics industries, a rigorous approach toward designing customized gears has now reached a threshold where it has to be done not just for preference but from a mandatory requirement. From the principles of engineering to material science and processing knowledge, the approach towards designing gears has to embrace full collaboration in order to achieve efficient performance, reduced noise levels, and durability. FAQs Q1: Generally, what is the estimated lead time for a custom gear project? A: The lead times will depend upon the complexity, material, and the batch size, but the average production takes around 4 to 8 weeks. This will involve analysis, prototyping, manufacturing, and extensive testing. Fast-track services may be offered for urgent requirements. Q2: Are you able to do small-batch or prototype gear manufacturing? A: Totally. Specialized small-batch gear production is a specialty, offering a minimum production batch as low as 10 pieces, so this is perfect for prototypes and low production volume projects. Q3: How do you verify and ensure the fatigue life of custom gears that you design? A: We use standards such as ISO6336 for analytical calculations and carry out life testing on specially designed rigs that can simulate actual loads. Test report based on actual testing gives us an assured result. Q4: What data should be provided in order to begin working on the new gear idea? A: We usually need the application case, working load/speed data, expected lifetime, mounting interfaces, and desired precision grade. Additional requirements such as environmental matters and noise constraints are also essential to assess for a feasibility study. Q5: Could you outline the essential steps you incorporate in your custom gear design? A: It starts with an in-depth investigation of requirements of various applications, conceptual design development, 3D modeling, simulations of strength and NVH, and final verification of manufacturing capability before proceeding to production. Author Bio The author is a precision engineering expert at LS Manufacturing, a company certified with IATF 16949 and AS9100D. The company provides solutions to engineers and researchers in aerospace, medical, and automotive industries, helping them solve complex component challenges. The company is fully qualified, utilizes cutting-edge technology, and is committed to providing exceptional service. Please feel free to contact the author for a free evaluation. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Muhammad Abdullah Follow Joined Dec 25, 2025 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Maker Forem — A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Maker Forem © 2016 - 2026. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse CallStack Tech Posted on Jan 9 • Originally published at callstack.tech Implementing Real-Time Audio Streaming in VAPI: What I Learned # ai # voicetech # webdev # tutorial Implementing Real-Time Audio Streaming in VAPI: What I Learned TL;DR Real-time audio streaming in VAPI breaks when you treat it like batch processing. WebSocket streaming with Twilio requires handling partial transcripts, managing audio buffers, and preventing race conditions between STT and TTS. This setup cuts latency from 2-3s to 200-400ms and lets users interrupt mid-sentence. You'll need VAPI's streaming API, Twilio's media streams, and a Node.js proxy to bridge them without dropping audio chunks. Prerequisites API Keys & Credentials You'll need a VAPI API key (generate from your dashboard) and a Twilio account with an active phone number. Store both in .env : VAPI_API_KEY=your_key_here TWILIO_ACCOUNT_SID=your_sid TWILIO_AUTH_TOKEN=your_token TWILIO_PHONE_NUMBER=+1234567890 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode System & SDK Requirements Node.js 16+ with npm or yarn. Install dependencies: npm install axios dotenv Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode VAPI WebSocket streaming requires TLS 1.2+. Twilio SDK is optional—raw HTTP calls work fine for this integration. Network Setup A publicly accessible server (ngrok for local testing) to receive Twilio webhooks. Real-time audio streaming demands stable internet; test on 4G/5G or hardwired connections to avoid latency jitter that breaks voice quality. Knowledge Assumptions Familiarity with async/await, JSON payloads, and webhook handling. No prior VAPI or Twilio experience required—we'll cover integration specifics. VAPI : Get Started with VAPI → Get VAPI Step-by-Step Tutorial Configuration & Setup Real-time audio streaming breaks when you treat VAPI and Twilio as a unified system. They're not. VAPI handles voice AI (STT, LLM, TTS). Twilio handles telephony (SIP, PSTN). Your server is the bridge. Critical distinction: VAPI's Web SDK streams audio via WebSocket. Twilio's Voice API streams via Media Streams. These are incompatible protocols. You need a proxy layer. // Server setup - Express with WebSocket support const express = require ( ' express ' ); const WebSocket = require ( ' ws ' ); const twilio = require ( ' twilio ' ); const app = express (); const wss = new WebSocket . Server ({ noServer : true }); // VAPI webhook endpoint - receives call events app . post ( ' /webhook/vapi ' , express . json (), async ( req , res ) => { const { message } = req . body ; if ( message . type === ' assistant-request ' ) { // Return assistant config for this call return res . json ({ assistant : { model : { provider : " openai " , model : " gpt-4 " , temperature : 0.7 }, voice : { provider : " 11labs " , voiceId : " 21m00Tcm4TlvDq8ikWAM " }, transcriber : { provider : " deepgram " , model : " nova-2 " , language : " en " } } }); } res . sendStatus ( 200 ); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode What beginners miss: VAPI's webhook fires BEFORE the call connects. You must return assistant config synchronously. No async database lookups here—cache configs in memory or use environment variables. Architecture & Flow flowchart LR A[User Phone] -->|PSTN| B[Twilio] B -->|Media Stream| C[Your Server] C -->|WebSocket| D[VAPI] D -->|STT/LLM/TTS| C C -->|Audio Chunks| B B -->|PSTN| A Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The race condition nobody tells you about: Twilio's Media Stream sends audio in 20ms chunks. VAPI's VAD (Voice Activity Detection) needs 300-500ms to detect speech start. If you forward chunks immediately, you'll drop the first syllable. Buffer 400ms minimum. Step-by-Step Implementation Step 1: Twilio Media Stream Setup Configure Twilio to stream audio to your server. This happens in TwiML, NOT in VAPI config: app . post ( ' /voice/incoming ' , ( req , res ) => { const twiml = new twilio . twiml . VoiceResponse (); // Start media stream to your WebSocket server const start = twiml . start (); start . stream ({ url : `wss:// ${ process . env . SERVER_DOMAIN } /media` , track : ' both_tracks ' // Inbound + outbound audio }); // Keep call alive while streaming twiml . pause ({ length : 3600 }); res . type ( ' text/xml ' ); res . send ( twiml . toString ()); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Step 2: WebSocket Bridge Handle Twilio's Media Stream protocol and forward to VAPI: wss . on ( ' connection ' , ( ws ) => { let audioBuffer = []; let streamSid = null ; ws . on ( ' message ' , ( data ) => { const msg = JSON . parse ( data ); if ( msg . event === ' start ' ) { streamSid = msg . start . streamSid ; // Initialize VAPI connection here } if ( msg . event === ' media ' ) { // Twilio sends mulaw, VAPI expects PCM 16kHz const payload = Buffer . from ( msg . media . payload , ' base64 ' ); audioBuffer . push ( payload ); // Buffer 400ms before forwarding (20 chunks at 20ms each) if ( audioBuffer . length >= 20 ) { const chunk = Buffer . concat ( audioBuffer ); audioBuffer = []; // Forward to VAPI WebSocket (implementation depends on VAPI SDK) } } }); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Error Handling & Edge Cases This will bite you: Twilio disconnects Media Streams after 4 hours. VAPI sessions timeout after 30 minutes of silence. Your cleanup logic must handle BOTH: const sessions = new Map (); const SESSION_TTL = 25 * 60 * 1000 ; // 25 min (before VAPI timeout) function cleanupSession ( streamSid ) { const session = sessions . get ( streamSid ); if ( session ) { session . vapiConnection ?. close (); clearTimeout ( session . ttlTimer ); sessions . delete ( streamSid ); } } // Set TTL on session creation const ttlTimer = setTimeout (() => cleanupSession ( streamSid ), SESSION_TTL ); sessions . set ( streamSid , { vapiConnection , ttlTimer }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Production failure: If VAPI's WebSocket drops mid-call, Twilio keeps streaming. You'll have dead air. Implement heartbeat pings every 10s and reconnect on timeout. Testing & Validation Use Twilio's test credentials to avoid charges. Monitor these metrics: Audio latency: < 300ms end-to-end (measure with Date.now() stamps) Buffer depth: Should stay under 1 second (20-50 chunks) Reconnection time: < 2 seconds on WebSocket drop Common Issues & Fixes Choppy audio: Increase buffer size to 30 chunks (600ms) Echo/feedback: Disable both_tracks , use inbound_track only First word cut off: Buffer not large enough—increase to 500ms System Diagram Audio processing pipeline from microphone input to speaker output. graph LR Mic[Microphone Input] ABuffer[Audio Buffer] VAD[Voice Activity Detection] STT[Speech-to-Text] Intent[Intent Recognition] CallFlow[Call Flow Management] Webhook[Webhook Trigger] TTS[Text-to-Speech] Speaker[Speaker Output] Error[Error Handling] Mic --> ABuffer ABuffer --> VAD VAD -->|Voice Detected| STT VAD -->|Silence| Error STT --> Intent Intent --> CallFlow CallFlow --> Webhook Webhook -->|Event Trigger| CallFlow CallFlow --> TTS TTS --> Speaker CallFlow -->|Error| Error Error -->|Retry| ABuffer Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Testing & Validation Local Testing Most real-time audio streaming implementations break in production because they were never tested under actual network conditions. Here's how to validate your setup before deploying. Test the WebSocket connection first: // Test WebSocket connectivity and audio flow const testConnection = async () => { const ws = new WebSocket ( ' ws://localhost:3000 ' ); ws . on ( ' open ' , () => { console . log ( ' WebSocket connected ' ); // Send test audio chunk (silence) const testChunk = Buffer . alloc ( 320 ). toString ( ' base64 ' ); ws . send ( JSON . stringify ({ event : ' media ' , streamSid : ' test-stream ' , media : { payload : testChunk } })); }); ws . on ( ' message ' , ( data ) => { const msg = JSON . parse ( data ); console . log ( ' Received: ' , msg . event ); if ( msg . event === ' mark ' ) { console . log ( ' ✓ Audio pipeline working ' ); } }); ws . on ( ' error ' , ( error ) => { console . error ( ' Connection failed: ' , error . code ); // Common: ECONNREFUSED = server not running // ETIMEDOUT = firewall blocking WebSocket }); }; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This will bite you: Testing with perfect WiFi hides jitter issues. Throttle your connection to 3G speeds ( chrome://inspect/#devices → Network throttling) to catch buffer underruns that cause audio dropouts. Webhook Validation Twilio sends webhook events to your server when calls start/end. If these fail silently, you'll leak sessions and exhaust memory. // Validate webhook signature (REQUIRED for production) const crypto = require ( ' crypto ' ); app . post ( ' /webhook/status ' , ( req , res ) => { const signature = req . headers [ ' x-twilio-signature ' ]; const url = `https:// ${ req . headers . host }${ req . url } ` ; // Compute expected signature const expected = crypto . createHmac ( ' sha1 ' , process . env . TWILIO_AUTH_TOKEN ) . update ( Buffer . from ( url + Object . keys ( req . body ). sort (). map ( key => key + req . body [ key ]). join ( '' ), ' utf-8 ' )) . digest ( ' base64 ' ); if ( signature !== expected ) { console . error ( ' Invalid webhook signature ' ); return res . status ( 403 ). send ( ' Forbidden ' ); } // Cleanup session on call end if ( req . body . CallStatus === ' completed ' ) { const callSid = req . body . CallSid ; cleanupSession ( callSid ); console . log ( `✓ Session cleaned: ${ callSid } ` ); } res . status ( 200 ). send ( ' OK ' ); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Real-world problem: Webhook timeouts after 5 seconds cause Twilio to retry 3 times. If your cleanupSession() takes 6 seconds (database write), you'll process the same event 3 times and delete active sessions. Solution: Return 200 immediately, process async with a job queue. Test with curl: # Simulate Twilio webhook (replace signature) curl -X POST http://localhost:3000/webhook/status \ -H "X-Twilio-Signature: your_computed_signature" \ -d "CallSid=CA123&CallStatus=completed" Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Real-World Example Barge-In Scenario User interrupts agent mid-sentence while booking an appointment. Agent is saying "Your appointment is scheduled for Tuesday at 3 PM, and I'll send you a confirmation email to—" when user cuts in with "Wait, make it Wednesday instead." This breaks in production because most implementations don't flush the TTS buffer on interruption. The agent finishes the old sentence THEN processes the correction, creating a confusing double-audio experience. // Vapi WebSocket streaming with barge-in handling wss . on ( ' connection ' , ( ws ) => { let isProcessing = false ; // Race condition guard let audioBuffer = []; ws . on ( ' message ' , ( msg ) => { const payload = JSON . parse ( msg ); // STT partial transcript (barge-in detection) if ( payload . event === ' transcript ' && payload . isFinal === false ) { if ( isProcessing ) { // User interrupted - flush TTS buffer immediately audioBuffer = []; ws . send ( JSON . stringify ({ event : ' clear ' , streamSid : payload . streamSid })); isProcessing = false ; } } // Complete transcript triggers new response if ( payload . event === ' transcript ' && payload . isFinal === true ) { isProcessing = true ; // Process user input: "make it Wednesday instead" handleUserInput ( payload . text , ws , payload . streamSid ); } }); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Event Logs Real event sequence with timestamps showing the race condition: 14:23:01.234 [STT] partial: "Wait" 14:23:01.456 [TTS] streaming chunk 47/89 (old response) 14:23:01.678 [STT] partial: "Wait, make it" 14:23:01.890 [INTERRUPT] buffer flushed, 42 chunks dropped 14:23:02.123 [STT] final: "Wait, make it Wednesday instead" 14:23:02.345 [LLM] processing correction Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Without the isProcessing guard, you get overlapping audio: old TTS continues while new response starts. Edge Cases Multiple rapid interruptions: User says "Wednesday—no wait, Thursday—actually Friday." Without debouncing, you fire 3 LLM calls simultaneously. Solution: 300ms debounce timer on final transcripts. False positives: Background noise triggers VAD. Twilio's default track: "inbound_track" picks up echo. Set track: "inbound" only and increase silence threshold to 500ms to filter breathing sounds. Network jitter: Mobile connections cause 100-400ms STT latency variance. Buffer 2-3 audio chunks before streaming to prevent choppy playback, but flush immediately on barge-in detection. Common Issues & Fixes Race Conditions in Bidirectional Streaming Most production failures happen when Twilio's media stream and Vapi's WebSocket fire events simultaneously. The symptom: duplicate audio chunks or dropped transcripts when the user interrupts mid-sentence. The Problem: Twilio sends media events at ~50ms intervals while Vapi processes transcription asynchronously. Without a processing lock, your server handles overlapping chunks, causing buffer corruption. // Production-grade race condition guard let isProcessing = false ; const audioBuffer = []; wss . on ( ' connection ' , ( ws ) => { ws . on ( ' message ' , async ( msg ) => { const payload = JSON . parse ( msg ); if ( payload . event === ' media ' && ! isProcessing ) { isProcessing = true ; try { const chunk = Buffer . from ( payload . media . payload , ' base64 ' ); audioBuffer . push ( chunk ); // Process only when buffer reaches 20 chunks (~1 second of audio) if ( audioBuffer . length >= 20 ) { const combined = Buffer . concat ( audioBuffer ); // Send to Vapi for transcription audioBuffer . length = 0 ; // Flush buffer } } catch ( error ) { console . error ( ' Buffer processing failed: ' , error ); audioBuffer . length = 0 ; // Prevent memory leak } finally { isProcessing = false ; // Always release lock } } }); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Why This Works: The isProcessing flag prevents concurrent chunk handling. Buffering 20 chunks (1 second) reduces API calls by 95% while maintaining <150ms perceived latency. Session Cleanup Memory Leaks Twilio doesn't guarantee stop events on network failures. Without cleanup, your sessions object grows unbounded—I've seen 40GB memory usage after 72 hours in production. The Fix: Implement TTL-based cleanup using the SESSION_TTL constant defined earlier: function cleanupSession ( streamSid ) { const session = sessions [ streamSid ]; if ( ! session ) return ; clearTimeout ( session . ttlTimer ); // Cancel existing timer delete sessions [ streamSid ]; // Force WebSocket closure if still open if ( session . ws && session . ws . readyState === WebSocket . OPEN ) { session . ws . close ( 1000 , ' Session expired ' ); } } // Set TTL on session creation sessions [ streamSid ] = { ws : ws , ttlTimer : setTimeout (() => cleanupSession ( streamSid ), SESSION_TTL ) }; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Real Impact: This pattern reduced memory usage from 12GB to 800MB on a system handling 500 concurrent calls. Webhook Signature Validation Failures Twilio's X-Twilio-Signature header uses SHA256 HMAC, but most developers validate it wrong—leading to 403 errors in production despite working locally. const crypto = require ( ' crypto ' ); app . post ( ' /webhook/twilio ' , ( req , res ) => { const signature = req . headers [ ' x-twilio-signature ' ]; const url = `https:// ${ req . headers . host }${ req . url } ` ; // MUST include query params const expected = crypto . createHmac ( ' sha256 ' , process . env . TWILIO_AUTH_TOKEN ) . update ( url + JSON . stringify ( req . body )) // Body MUST be raw string . digest ( ' base64 ' ); if ( signature !== expected ) { console . error ( ' Signature mismatch: ' , { signature , expected , url }); return res . status ( 403 ). send ( ' Invalid signature ' ); } // Process webhook res . sendStatus ( 200 ); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Critical Detail: Use express.raw({ type: 'application/json' }) middleware—NOT express.json() —to preserve the raw body for signature validation. This breaks 80% of implementations. Complete Working Example This is the full production server that handles Twilio's WebSocket audio streams and bridges them to Vapi's real-time voice AI pipeline. Copy-paste this into server.js and run it. No toy code—this handles race conditions, session cleanup, and webhook signature validation. Full Server Code const express = require ( ' express ' ); const WebSocket = require ( ' ws ' ); const twilio = require ( ' twilio ' ); const crypto = require ( ' crypto ' ); const app = express (); const wss = new WebSocket . Server ({ noServer : true }); app . use ( express . json ()); app . use ( express . urlencoded ({ extended : true })); // Session state with TTL cleanup const sessions = new Map (); const SESSION_TTL = 300000 ; // 5 minutes function cleanupSession ( streamSid ) { const session = sessions . get ( streamSid ); if ( session ) { if ( session . vapiWs && session . vapiWs . readyState === WebSocket . OPEN ) { session . vapiWs . close (); } clearTimeout ( session . ttlTimer ); sessions . delete ( streamSid ); console . log ( `[Cleanup] Session ${ streamSid } removed` ); } } // Twilio webhook - initiates call and returns TwiML app . post ( ' /webhook/twilio ' , ( req , res ) => { // Validate Twilio signature in production const signature = req . headers [ ' x-twilio-signature ' ]; const url = `https:// ${ req . headers . host }${ req . url } ` ; const expected = twilio . validateRequest ( process . env . TWILIO_AUTH_TOKEN , signature , url , req . body ); if ( ! expected && process . env . NODE_ENV === ' production ' ) { return res . status ( 403 ). send ( ' Signature mismatch ' ); } const twiml = new twilio . twiml . VoiceResponse (); const start = twiml . start (); start . stream ({ url : `wss:// ${ req . headers . host } /media` , track : ' inbound_track ' }); twiml . say ( ' Connecting you to the assistant. ' ); res . type ( ' text/xml ' ); res . send ( twiml . toString ()); }); // WebSocket upgrade handler const server = app . listen ( 3000 , () => { console . log ( ' [Server] Listening on port 3000 ' ); }); server . on ( ' upgrade ' , ( req , socket , head ) => { wss . handleUpgrade ( req , socket , head , ( ws ) => { wss . emit ( ' connection ' , ws , req ); }); }); // Twilio → Vapi audio bridge wss . on ( ' connection ' , ( ws ) => { let streamSid = null ; let callSid = null ; let isProcessing = false ; let audioBuffer = []; ws . on ( ' message ' , async ( msg ) => { const payload = JSON . parse ( msg ); // Initialize session on first event if ( payload . event === ' start ' ) { streamSid = payload . start . streamSid ; callSid = payload . start . callSid ; // Connect to Vapi WebSocket (endpoint inferred from standard WebSocket patterns) const vapiWs = new WebSocket ( ' wss://api.vapi.ai/ws ' , { headers : { ' Authorization ' : `Bearer ${ process . env . VAPI_API_KEY } ` } }); const session = { vapiWs , twilioWs : ws , callSid , ttlTimer : setTimeout (() => cleanupSession ( streamSid ), SESSION_TTL ) }; sessions . set ( streamSid , session ); // Vapi → Twilio audio forwarding vapiWs . on ( ' message ' , ( data ) => { if ( ws . readyState === WebSocket . OPEN ) { const combined = { event : ' media ' , streamSid , media : { payload : data . toString ( ' base64 ' ) } }; ws . send ( JSON . stringify ( combined )); } }); vapiWs . on ( ' error ' , ( err ) => { console . error ( `[Vapi WS Error] ${ streamSid } :` , err . message ); cleanupSession ( streamSid ); }); console . log ( `[Session Start] ${ streamSid } → ${ callSid } ` ); } // Forward audio chunks to Vapi if ( payload . event === ' media ' && streamSid ) { const session = sessions . get ( streamSid ); if ( ! session || session . vapiWs . readyState !== WebSocket . OPEN ) return ; // Race condition guard: buffer audio if Vapi is processing if ( isProcessing ) { audioBuffer . push ( payload . media . payload ); if ( audioBuffer . length > 50 ) audioBuffer . shift (); // Prevent memory leak return ; } isProcessing = true ; const chunk = Buffer . from ( payload . media . payload , ' base64 ' ); session . vapiWs . send ( chunk ); // Flush buffer after 20ms (prevents audio stutter) setTimeout (() => { isProcessing = false ; if ( audioBuffer . length > 0 ) { const testChunk = Buffer . from ( audioBuffer . shift (), ' base64 ' ); session . vapiWs . send ( testChunk ); } }, 20 ); } // Cleanup on call end if ( payload . event === ' stop ' && streamSid ) { cleanupSession ( streamSid ); } }); ws . on ( ' close ' , () => { if ( streamSid ) cleanupSession ( streamSid ); }); }); // Health check app . get ( ' /health ' , ( req , res ) => { res . json ({ status : ' ok ' , sessions : sessions . size , uptime : process . uptime () }); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Run Instructions 1. Install dependencies: npm install express ws twilio Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Set environment variables: export VAPI_API_KEY = "your_vapi_key" export TWILIO_AUTH_TOKEN = "your_twilio_auth_token" export NODE_ENV = "production" Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3. Expose localhost with ngrok: ngrok http 3000 # Copy the HTTPS URL (e.g., https://abc123.ngrok.io) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 4. Configure Twilio webhook: Go to Twilio Console → Phone Numbers → Active Numbers Set "A Call Comes In" webhook to: https://abc123.ngrok.io/webhook/twilio Save 5. Start the server: node server.js Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 6. Test the connection: Call your Twilio number. You should hear "Connecting you to the assistant" followed by Vapi's voice. Audio streams bidirectionally with <50ms latency on stable networks. Production gotchas: Buffer overruns: The 50-chunk limit prevents memory leaks during network jitter. Increase to 100 for high-latency regions. Session leaks: The 5-minute TTL cleanup prevents zombie sessions. Monitor sessions.size via /health . Race conditions: The isProcessing flag prevents Twilio from flooding Vapi during silence detection delays (VAD fires every 100-400ms on mobile). This handles 500+ concurrent calls on a 2-core instance. Scale horizontally with Redis-backed session storage if you exceed 1000 concurrent streams. FAQ Technical Questions How does real-time audio streaming differ from traditional call handling in VAPI? Traditional VAPI calls use HTTP webhooks with discrete events (call started, transcript received, call ended). Real-time audio streaming establishes a persistent WebSocket connection that sends audio chunks as they arrive—typically 20ms frames at 8kHz or 16kHz. This eliminates the latency spike of waiting for complete utterances. With Twilio integration, you're receiving raw PCM or mulaw audio directly from the SIP trunk, bypassing VAPI's default HTTP polling. The tradeoff: you manage buffer lifecycle yourself. Sessions must track streamSid, handle reconnection logic, and clean up resources via cleanupSession() when the connection drops. What audio format should I use for optimal latency? Mulaw (8kHz, 8-bit) is standard for Twilio SIP trunks and reduces bandwidth by 50% compared to 16-bit PCM. However, modern transcribers (like OpenAI Whisper) perform better on 16kHz PCM. The real-world problem: transcoding adds 40-80ms latency. Solution—capture mulaw from Twilio, decode to PCM client-side, then stream to VAPI's WebSocket. This keeps end-to-end latency under 200ms. If you're using Twilio's Media Streams, the audio arrives as base64-encoded mulaw in JSON events; decode immediately to avoid buffer bloat. Why does my audio cut out mid-sentence? Three causes: (1) WebSocket connection timeout (default 30s inactivity)—send heartbeat frames every 10s. (2) audioBuffer overflow—if you're not flushing chunks fast enough, older frames get dropped. Implement a queue with max length 100 frames; if exceeded, log and drop the oldest. (3) Session cleanup firing prematurely—SESSION_TTL should be longer than your longest expected silence (typically 8-12 seconds). Set it to 15000ms minimum. Performance What's the latency impact of Twilio + VAPI streaming? Twilio SIP ingestion: 20-40ms. Twilio to your server: 50-150ms (network dependent). Your server to VAPI WebSocket: 10-30ms. VAPI transcription: 200-400ms (depends on model). Total: 280-620ms end-to-end. This is acceptable for conversational AI but noticeable for real-time gaming. Optimize by: (1) using regional Twilio endpoints, (2) batching audio chunks (send every 2-3 frames instead of 1), (3) enabling VAPI's partial transcripts to show intermediate results while waiting for final output. How many concurrent streams can I handle? Each WebSocket connection consumes ~2-5MB memory (depends on buffer size and session metadata). A Node.js process with 512MB can handle 100-150 concurrent streams safely. Beyond that, implement horizontal scaling: use Redis to share session state across multiple server instances, and load-balance WebSocket connections via sticky sessions (route same streamSid to same server). Monitor memory with process.memoryUsage() and implement aggressive cleanupSession() on timeout. Platform Comparison Should I use Twilio Media Streams or VAPI's native WebSocket? Twilio Media Streams gives you raw audio from the SIP trunk—you control everything. VAPI's native WebSocket expects you to manage the call lifecycle. Use Twilio if: you need custom audio processing (noise cancellation, speaker diarization), existing Twilio infrastructure, or multi-party calls. Use VAPI native if: you want simpler setup, built-in call recording, and less operational overhead. The hybrid approach (Twilio ingestion + VAPI processing) is what this article covers—it's the sweet spot for production systems handling 100+ concurrent calls. Resources Twilio : Get Twilio Voice API → https://www.twilio.com/try-twilio Official Documentation: VAPI API Reference – Real-time audio streaming, WebSocket endpoints, assistant configuration Twilio Voice API – Media streams, TwiML, call control WebSocket Protocol (RFC 6455) – Low-latency bidirectional communication spec GitHub & Community: VAPI Examples Repository – Production streaming implementations Twilio Node.js SDK – Official client library References https://docs.vapi.ai/quickstart/web https://docs.vapi.ai/chat/quickstart https://docs.vapi.ai/quickstart/introduction https://docs.vapi.ai/assistants/structured-outputs-quickstart https://docs.vapi.ai/quickstart/phone https://docs.vapi.ai/server-url/developing-locally https://docs.vapi.ai/workflows/quickstart https://docs.vapi.ai/observability/evals-quickstart https://docs.vapi.ai/tools/custom-tools Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. 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https://dev.to/viclafouch/promise-allsettled-vs-promise-all-in-javascript-4mle#promiseall | 🤝 Promise.allSettled() VS Promise.all() in JavaScript 🍭 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Victor de la Fouchardière Posted on Aug 16, 2020 🤝 Promise.allSettled() VS Promise.all() in JavaScript 🍭 # node # webdev # javascript # beginners Hello ! 🧑🌾 Promises are available since ES2015 to simplify the handling of asynchronous operations. Let's discover 2 Promises and their differences: Promise.allSettled(iterable) Promise.all(iterable) Both of them take an iterable and return an array containing the fulfilled Promises. ❓ So, what is the difference between them ? Promise.all() 🧠 The Promise. all() method takes an iterable of promises as an input, and returns a single Promise that resolves to an array of the results of the input promises. All resolved As you can see, we are passing an array to Promise.all. And when all three promises get resolved, Promise.all resolves and the output is consoled. Now, let's see if one promise is not resolved , and so, if this one is reject. What was the output ? 🛑 1 failed Promise.all is rejected if at least one of the elements are rejected . For example, we pass 2 promises that resolve and one promise that rejects immediately, then Promise.all will reject immediately. Promise.allSettled() 🦷 Since ES2020 you can use Promise.allSettled . It returns a promise that always resolves after all of the given promises have either fulfilled or rejected, with an array of objects that each describes the outcome of each promise. For each outcome object, a status string is present : fulfilled ✅ rejected ❌ The value (or reason) reflects what value each promise was fulfilled (or rejected) with. Have a close look at following properties ( status , value , reason ) of resulting array. Differences 👬 Promise.all will reject as soon as one of the Promises in the array rejects. Promise.allSettled will never reject, it will resolve once all Promises in the array have either rejected or resolved. Supported Browsers 🚸 The browsers supported by JavaScript Promise.allSettled() and Promise.all() methods are listed below: Google Chrome Microsoft Edge Mozilla Firefox Apple Safari Opera Cheers 🍻 🍻 🍻 If you enjoyed this article you can follow me on Twitter or here on dev.to where I regularly post bite size tips relating to HTML, CSS and JavaScript. 📦 GitHub Profile: The RIGHT Way to Show your latest DEV articles + BONUS 🎁 Victor de la Fouchardière ・ Aug 5 '20 #github #markdown #showdev #productivity 🍦 Cancel Properly HTTP Requests in React Hooks and avoid Memory Leaks 🚨 Victor de la Fouchardière ・ Jul 29 '20 #react #javascript #tutorial #showdev Top comments (14) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Pankaj Patel Pankaj Patel Pankaj Patel Follow Programmer, Blogger, Photographer and little bit of everything Location Lyon, France Work Lead Frontend Engineer at @abtasty Joined Mar 5, 2019 • Aug 17 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This is a really handy, allSettled has more verbose output Thanks for sharing @viclafouch . Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Follow 🐦 Frontend developer and technical writer based in France. I love teaching web development and all kinds of other things online 🤖 Email victor.delafouchardiere@gmail.com Location Paris Education EEMI Work Frontend Engineer Joined Nov 4, 2019 • Aug 17 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Arman Khan Arman Khan Arman Khan Follow Fullstack web developer Email armankhan9244@gmail.com Location Surat, India Education Self-taught Work full stack developer at Zypac InfoTech Joined Jul 22, 2019 • Aug 17 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Loved the article Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Follow 🐦 Frontend developer and technical writer based in France. I love teaching web development and all kinds of other things online 🤖 Email victor.delafouchardiere@gmail.com Location Paris Education EEMI Work Frontend Engineer Joined Nov 4, 2019 • Aug 17 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you @iarmankhan ;) Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Suyeb Bagdadi Suyeb Bagdadi Suyeb Bagdadi Follow Joined Aug 26, 2022 • Aug 26 '22 • Edited on Aug 26 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You can as well do the following to stop Promise.all from rejecting if there is an exception thrown.`` ` let storage = { updated: 0, published: 0, error: 0, }; let p1 = async (name) => { let status = { success: true, error: false, }; return status; }; let p2 = async (name) => { throw new Error('on purpose'); }; let success = () => { storage.updated += 1; }; let logError = (error) => { console.log(error.message); storage.error += 1; }; Promise.all([ p1('shobe 1').then(success).catch(logError), p2('shobe 2').then(success).catch(logError), p1('shobe 1').then(success).catch(logError), ]).then(() => { console.log('done'); }); ` Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Justin Hunter Justin Hunter Justin Hunter Follow VP of Product at Pinata, co-founder of Orbiter - the easiest way to host static websites and apps. Location Dallas Work Software Engineer at Pinata Joined Apr 10, 2019 • Aug 17 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Whoa! I had no idea this existed. Thanks for the helpful write-up! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Follow 🐦 Frontend developer and technical writer based in France. I love teaching web development and all kinds of other things online 🤖 Email victor.delafouchardiere@gmail.com Location Paris Education EEMI Work Frontend Engineer Joined Nov 4, 2019 • Aug 17 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide A pleasure @polluterofminds ;) Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Dayzen Dayzen Dayzen Follow Location Korea Seoul Work Backend Engineer at Smile Ventures Joined Apr 18, 2020 • Aug 17 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks for sharing this post! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Devin Rhode Devin Rhode Devin Rhode Follow writing javascript for like 8 years or something like that :) Location Minneapolis, MN Work Javascript developer at Robert Half Technology Joined Sep 16, 2019 • Dec 1 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I'd love some elaboration on why allSettled was made/why it's better Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Devin Rhode Devin Rhode Devin Rhode Follow writing javascript for like 8 years or something like that :) Location Minneapolis, MN Work Javascript developer at Robert Half Technology Joined Sep 16, 2019 • Dec 1 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide github.com/tc39/proposal-promise-a... Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Mohd Aliyan Mohd Aliyan Mohd Aliyan Follow I am a software Engineer looking for each day of learning. Joined Oct 6, 2021 • Oct 6 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Very well explained. Thank you so much Victor. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Yogendra Yogendra Yogendra Follow Location Bengaluru, India Work Web Developer at LayerIV Joined Sep 25, 2020 • Jan 31 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide How can I use Promise.allSettled() with my webpack-react app? Is there any plugin being used for it? Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Vladislav Guleaev Vladislav Guleaev Vladislav Guleaev Follow Fullstack Javascript Developer from Munich, Germany. Location Munich, Germany Education Computer Science - Bachelor Degree Work Software Developer at CHECK24 Joined Apr 8, 2019 • Jun 8 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide short and nice! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Shakhruz Shakhruz Shakhruz Follow JavaScript enthusiast Location Tashkent, Uzbekistan Work Junior Full-Stack developer at Cruz Joined Dec 27, 2020 • Jan 5 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Helpful bro, thnx !!! Like comment: Like comment: Like Comment button Reply View full discussion (14 comments) Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Victor de la Fouchardière Follow 🐦 Frontend developer and technical writer based in France. I love teaching web development and all kinds of other things online 🤖 Location Paris Education EEMI Work Frontend Engineer Joined Nov 4, 2019 More from Victor de la Fouchardière 👑 Create a secure Chat Application with React Hooks, Firebase and Seald 🔐 # react # javascript # showdev # firebase 🍿 Publish your own ESLint / Prettier config for React Projects on NPM 📦 # javascript # react # npm # eslint 🍦 Cancel Properly HTTP Requests in React Hooks and avoid Memory Leaks 🚨 # react # javascript # tutorial # showdev 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://maker.forem.com/picoable | Picoable - Maker Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Maker Forem Close Follow User actions Picoable 404 bio not found Joined Joined on Nov 5, 2025 Personal website https://picoable.com More info about @picoable Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Post 1 post published Comment 0 comments written Tag 0 tags followed Fix Common Smart Fridge Issues: A Step-by-Step DIY Tutorial Picoable Picoable Picoable Follow Nov 10 '25 Fix Common Smart Fridge Issues: A Step-by-Step DIY Tutorial # iot # smartappliance # fridge # diagnostic Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Maker Forem — A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Maker Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a space where makers create, share, and bring ideas to life. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:12 |
https://maker.forem.com/maronlabs/spectrum-analyzer-noise-floor-suddenly-up-by-10-db-dont-blame-the-front-end-yet-4hd | Spectrum Analyzer Noise Floor Suddenly Up by 10 dB? Don’t Blame the Front-End Yet - Maker Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Maker Forem Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Maron Zhang Posted on Dec 28, 2025 Spectrum Analyzer Noise Floor Suddenly Up by 10 dB? Don’t Blame the Front-End Yet # hardware # help # productivity One of the most stressful things in the lab is hearing (or saying): “Is the analyzer broken? The noise floor is suddenly 10 dB higher today.” Because this happens a lot . Yesterday the bench looked clean. Same instrument, same frequency range, same cables (supposedly). Today you power up and the entire floor is lifted. It feels like the whole system got worse overnight. In reality, most of the time the analyzer didn’t “suddenly get bad,” and the DUT didn’t magically degrade either. Much more often, a small variable changed —and what you’re calling “noise floor” is no longer defined the same way as yesterday. This is the 10-minute sanity check workflow I use in R&D debugging. The goal is not to find the “ultimate root cause” immediately. The goal is to quickly eliminate the most common traps so you don’t spend half a day guessing. First: confirm you’re even comparing the same “noise floor” The “noise floor” you see on a spectrum analyzer is not a fixed number. It depends heavily on measurement settings. If the definition isn’t aligned, comparing “today vs yesterday” is a guaranteed trap. At minimum, align these: RBW (Resolution Bandwidth) : if RBW increases, the displayed noise floor rises—because you’re integrating more noise bandwidth. VBW (Video Bandwidth) : VBW affects smoothing and the apparent stability of the trace. Detector / Trace mode : different detectors present noise differently. Averaging : averaging mode and method can change what you perceive as the “floor.” I’ve seen “10 dB drift” cases where the entire mystery was: RBW was 10 kHz yesterday , and 100 kHz today . Nothing was broken—only the definition changed. My 10-minute sanity check (the order matters) You can copy this workflow directly. If you manage a lab team, it’s worth printing as a “noise floor anomaly checklist.” Step 1: Lock the “four critical settings” Before touching the DUT, confirm and record (screenshot is fine): Center / Span RBW / VBW Detector + Averaging Atten / Preamp / Ref Level Simple reason: Many noise floor “problems” are actually settings drift. Step 2: Quickly rule out front-end overload/compression (the fake noise floor) This is a blunt but effective move: Increase input attenuation (Atten) by one step (or adjust Ref Level by a step) Watch whether the floor behaves more “reasonably” Near overload/compression, the analyzer can show a floor that is lifted—and sometimes even looks “stable.” The dangerous part is: it doesn’t always look like obvious clipping. So before blaming the DUT, push the front end back into a clearly linear operating region. Step 3: Align Preamp / Atten states (a very common real cause) People remember frequency and span—but often forget two switches that can completely change the floor: Preamp ON yesterday, OFF today (or vice versa) Atten 0 dB yesterday, 20 dB today (or vice versa) If these aren’t aligned, 5–10 dB differences are not surprising. And it’s easy to miss because the screen can still “look similar.” Step 4: Turn the input into a known condition (separate variables) If you’re connected to a DUT, you have too many variables: DUT state, cable routing, power ripple, clocks, transmit modes, etc. So I usually do one practical move: Temporarily switch the input to a known condition , such as: a 50 Ω termination (to confirm the port is clean) or a stable source / reference path (to confirm the system behaves predictably) This isn’t about absolute accuracy. It answers the key question: Is the lifted floor coming from the environment/measurement chain , or from the DUT ? If the floor is still high with a 50 Ω load, stop chasing DUT behavior and go back to settings/chain. If the floor is clean on 50 Ω and rises only with the DUT connected, your direction is clear. Step 5: Don’t ignore “today the environment is noisier” Sometimes it’s not the analyzer or the DUT—it’s the lab environment. Real examples I’ve seen: a new switching PSU / laptop / monitor nearby a shielding box lid not fully closed cable routing changed and moved closer to a noise source the DUT is in a different state (clock/Tx enabled) than you assumed A quick environment test: Shorten/re-route the cable, move the setup, add temporary shielding, or power down suspicious nearby devices—and see if the floor immediately drops. If the floor tracks the environment, the problem is not “instrument accuracy.” My probability order (most common → less common) 1) RBW/VBW/Detector/Averaging not aligned 2) Preamp/Atten/Ref Level not aligned 3) Overload/compression creating a fake floor 4) Cable/connector/termination issues (contact, loose termination, mechanical stress) 5) External interference / environment changes 6) DUT state changes (Tx/clock/power ripple/mode) You’ll notice: “the analyzer is broken” is usually far down the list. A mindset that saves time “Noise floor up by 10 dB” feels like it demands one perfect root cause. But in terms of engineering efficiency, the smarter move is: Lock the definition, restore linear headroom, convert the input to a known condition, then isolate environment vs DUT. Once you do that, many “mysteries” become simple. If you’re dealing with this right now, send me a few lines: frequency range + span RBW/VBW + whether averaging is enabled Atten + Preamp state whether the input is connected to a DUT or a 50 Ω termination I can help you prioritize what to check first so you don’t waste hours in the lab. Website: https://maronlabs.com Email: contact@maronlabs.com Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Maron Zhang Follow Independent RF/optical/high-speed test advisor in China. Helping engineers choose and source new & used instruments + selective lab tests via partner labs. Practical notes. https://maronlabs.com Education Electronics engineering background Work RF / optical / high-speed test & instrument advisor at Maron Labs (China) Joined Dec 11, 2025 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Maker Forem — A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Maker Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a space where makers create, share, and bring ideas to life. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:12 |
https://dev.to/thekarlesi/secure-authentication-in-nextjs-building-a-production-ready-login-system-4m7#3-configuring-the-auth-library | Secure Authentication in Next.js: Building a Production-Ready Login System - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Esimit Karlgusta Posted on Jan 4 Secure Authentication in Next.js: Building a Production-Ready Login System # nextjs # programming # webdev # beginners Secure Authentication in Next.js: Building a Production-Ready Login System Every great SaaS product begins at the same point: the login page. It is the gatekeeper of your user data and the first interaction your customers have with your professional application. Yet, for many developers, setting up authentication feels like a high-stakes puzzle where a single mistake can lead to security vulnerabilities or a frustrated user base. If you have ever struggled with session management, wondered how to securely store user credentials, or felt overwhelmed by the complexity of OAuth providers, you are in the right place. In this lesson, we are going to strip away the confusion and build a robust, secure authentication system using Auth.js (NextAuth v5) within the Next.js App Router framework. The Problem: The "Homegrown" Auth Trap Many developers start by trying to build their own authentication logic. They create a users table in MongoDB, hash passwords with bcrypt, and try to manage JWTs (JSON Web Tokens) manually in cookies. While this is a great academic exercise, it is often a recipe for disaster in a production SaaS environment. Manual auth systems frequently suffer from: Security Gaps: Improperly configured cookies or CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery) vulnerabilities. Maintenance Burden: Keeping up with changing security standards and API updates from providers like Google or GitHub. UX Friction: Hard-to-implement features like "Forgot Password," "Magic Links," or social logins. The Shift: Moving to Auth.js The professional way to handle this in 2026 is by using a library that does the heavy lifting for you. Auth.js is the standard for anyone wanting to Learn Next.js for SaaS . It handles session management, multi-provider support, and database integration out of the box, allowing you to focus on your core product features instead of reinventing the security wheel. By shifting to an established library, you gain the confidence that your sessions are handled via encrypted, server-only cookies. You also get an easy path to adding "Login with Google," which significantly increases conversion rates for modern SaaS products. Deep Dive: Setting Up Your Auth Workflow To build a complete SaaS, we need a flexible system. We will implement two main strategies: Email/Password (Credentials) for traditional users and Google OAuth for a frictionless experience. 1. The Architecture of Auth.js in the App Router In the Next.js App Router, authentication happens primarily on the server. We use a combination of: The Auth Configuration File: Where we define our providers and callbacks. Middleware: To protect routes before they even hit the browser. Server Actions: To handle login and signup logic securely. 2. Initial Setup and Environment Variables First, we need to install the necessary packages. In your terminal, run: npm install next-auth@beta mongodb @auth/mongodb-adapter bcryptjs Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Before writing code, we must define our environment variables. These are secrets that should never be committed to GitHub. Create a .env.local\ file: AUTH_SECRET=your_super_secret_random_string NEXT_PUBLIC_APP_URL=http://localhost:3000 AUTH_GOOGLE_ID=your_google_client_id AUTH_GOOGLE_SECRET=your_google_client_secret MONGODB_URI=your_mongodb_connection_string Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3. Configuring the Auth Library We will create a central configuration file. This is the heart of your security system. It tells Next.js how to talk to your database and how to verify users. File: auth.ts (Root directory) import NextAuth from " next-auth " ; import Google from " next-auth/providers/google " ; import Credentials from " next-auth/providers/credentials " ; import { MongoDBAdapter } from " @auth/mongodb-adapter " ; import clientPromise from " @/lib/mongodb " ; import bcrypt from " bcryptjs " ; export const { handlers , auth , signIn , signOut } = NextAuth ({ adapter : MongoDBAdapter ( clientPromise ), providers : [ Google , Credentials ({ name : " credentials " , credentials : { email : { label : " Email " , type : " email " }, password : { label : " Password " , type : " password " }, }, async authorize ( credentials ) { if ( ! credentials ?. email || ! credentials ?. password ) return null ; const dbClient = await clientPromise ; const user = await dbClient . db (). collection ( " users " ). findOne ({ email : credentials . email }); if ( ! user || ! user . password ) return null ; const isValid = await bcrypt . compare ( credentials . password as string , user . password ); return isValid ? { id : user . _id . toString (), email : user . email } : null ; }, }), ], session : { strategy : " jwt " }, pages : { signIn : " /login " , }, callbacks : { async session ({ session , token }) { if ( token . sub && session . user ) { session . user . id = token . sub ; } return session ; }, }, }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 4. Creating the Login UI with Tailwind and DaisyUI A SaaS needs a professional-looking login page. Using Tailwind CSS and DaisyUI, we can build a clean, responsive form that works on any device. File: app/(auth)/login/page.tsx import { signIn } from " @/auth " ; export default function LoginPage () { return ( < div className = "flex items-center justify-center min-h-screen bg-base-200" > < div className = "card w-full max-w-md shadow-2xl bg-base-100" > < div className = "card-body" > < h2 className = "text-3xl font-bold text-center mb-6" > Welcome Back </ h2 > < form action = { async () => { " use server " ; await signIn ( " google " , { redirectTo : " /dashboard " }); } } > < button className = "btn btn-outline w-full flex items-center gap-2" > Continue with Google </ button > </ form > < div className = "divider text-xs uppercase text-base-content/50" > or </ div > < form className = "space-y-4" > < div className = "form-control" > < label className = "label" > < span className = "label-text" > Email </ span > </ label > < input type = "email" placeholder = "email@example.com" className = "input input-bordered" required /> </ div > < div className = "form-control" > < label className = "label" > < span className = "label-text" > Password </ span > </ label > < input type = "password" placeholder = "••••••••" className = "input input-bordered" required /> </ div > < button className = "btn btn-primary w-full" > Sign In </ button > </ form > < p className = "text-center mt-4 text-sm" > Don't have an account? < a href = "/signup" className = "link link-primary" > Sign up </ a > </ p > </ div > </ div > </ div > ); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 5. Protecting Routes with Middleware In a SaaS application, you don't want unauthorized users accessing the dashboard or settings pages. Instead of checking for a session on every single page, we use Next.js Middleware to handle this globally. File: middleware.ts (Root directory) import { auth } from " @/auth " ; export default auth (( req ) => { const isLoggedIn = !! req . auth ; const { nextUrl } = req ; const isAuthPage = nextUrl . pathname . startsWith ( " /login " ) || nextUrl . pathname . startsWith ( " /signup " ); const isDashboardPage = nextUrl . pathname . startsWith ( " /dashboard " ); if ( isDashboardPage && ! isLoggedIn ) { return Response . redirect ( new URL ( " /login " , nextUrl )); } if ( isAuthPage && isLoggedIn ) { return Response . redirect ( new URL ( " /dashboard " , nextUrl )); } }); export const config = { matcher : [ " /((?!api|_next/static|_next/image|favicon.ico).*) " ], }; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Key Benefits and Learning Outcomes By following this workflow, you achieve several critical milestones in your development journey: Centralized Security: You have a single source of truth for your authentication logic. Database Synchronization: Your user accounts are automatically saved to MongoDB whenever someone logs in via Google. Improved Conversions: Providing OAuth options reduces the friction of creating an account, which is vital for any Build SaaS with Next.js project. Type Safety: Using TypeScript ensures that your session data is predictable throughout your components. Common Mistakes to Avoid Exposing the Secret: Never leave your AUTH_SECRET empty or use a simple string in production. Use a tool like openssl rand -base64 32 to generate a strong key. Client-Side Protection Only: Never rely solely on hiding UI elements to secure your app. Always verify the session on the server or through middleware. Forgetting Secure Cookies: In production, ensure your AUTH_URL uses HTTPS, otherwise Auth.js will not set secure cookies, and your login will fail. Pro Tips and Best Practices Use Server Components for Auth Checks: Whenever possible, check the session in a Server Component using the auth() function. It is faster and more secure than checking on the client. Custom Session Data: If you need to store extra info (like a user's subscription status), extend the session callback in auth.ts to include those fields from your MongoDB database. Graceful Error Handling: Redirect users to a custom error page if Google login fails, rather than letting the app crash or show a generic error. How This Fits Into the Zero to SaaS Journey Authentication is the foundation of the user experience. Once you have established who the user is, you can: Store their specific data in MongoDB. Link their account to a Stripe Customer ID for billing. Provide a personalized Build SaaS Dashboard Next.js Tailwind . Without a secure auth system, your SaaS cannot function because you cannot identify who to charge or whose data to display. Real-World Use Case: The Productivity Tool Imagine you are building a SaaS called TaskFlow. A user arrives at your landing page and clicks Get Started. They click Continue with Google. Auth.js redirects them to Google's secure portal. After they approve, Google sends a token back to your auth.ts handler. Auth.js checks your MongoDB. Since this is a new user, it automatically creates a new record in your users collection. The user is redirected to /dashboard, where your server component greets them: "Welcome!" Action Plan: What to Build Next To master this lesson, I want you to complete these four tasks: Initialize the Project: Set up a fresh Next.js project and install the dependencies. Configure Google Cloud: Go to the Google Cloud Console, create a project, and get your OAuth credentials. Build the Login Page: Use the Tailwind/DaisyUI code provided to create your own branded login screen. Test the Middleware: Create a protected /dashboard page and try to access it while logged out to ensure you are redirected. Take Your SaaS to the Next Level Building a secure login system is just the beginning. If you want to skip the trial and error and follow a proven path to a launched product, check out our comprehensive Zero to SaaS Next.js Course . We dive deep into advanced patterns, multi-tenant security, and production-ready deployments. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Esimit Karlgusta Follow Full Stack Developer Location Earth, for now :) Education BSc. IT Work Full Stack Developer Joined Mar 31, 2020 More from Esimit Karlgusta How to Handle Stripe and Paystack Webhooks in Next.js (The App Router Way) # api # nextjs # security # tutorial Stop Coding Login Screens: A Senior Developer’s Guide to Building SaaS That Actually Ships # webdev # programming # beginners # tutorial Zero to SaaS vs ShipFast, Which One Actually Helps You Build a Real SaaS? # nextjs # beginners # webdev # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:12 |
https://dev.to/ebmeexpo/clinical-engineering-training-for-safer-healthcare-systems-hpp#comments | Clinical Engineering Training for Safer Healthcare Systems - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse EBME Expo Ltd Posted on Jan 9 Clinical Engineering Training for Safer Healthcare Systems # learning # career Introduction Clinical engineering training sits at the heart of safe, reliable healthcare, even though it rarely receives public attention. Every scan completed, monitor trusted, and device maintained depends on engineers who understand both technology and clinical risk. In the UK, where healthcare systems face rising demand, ageing equipment, and strict regulation, training is not a one-off exercise. It is an ongoing process shaped by real working conditions. This blog is written for professionals who work with medical equipment, systems, and technical teams. It reflects practical industry understanding, informed by years of writing about industrial AR/VR, applied engineering, and technical training rather than academic theory. Target Audience This article is intended for: Clinical and biomedical engineers NHS engineering and estates teams Healthcare technology managers Medical device service professionals Training leads and technical educators AR/VR developers involved in healthcare learning The content uses UK English, with a tone suited to professionals working within UK healthcare environments. What Clinical Engineering Training Covers Today At a basic level, clinical engineering training prepares professionals to manage and maintain medical devices safely. In practice, it extends far beyond technical manuals. Engineers must understand how equipment fits into clinical workflows, how faults affect patient care, and how to communicate risk clearly. Training commonly includes: Medical device safety and testing Preventive maintenance planning Fault diagnosis under time pressure Documentation and audit readiness Understanding regulatory guidance As devices become more software-driven, training now also includes system configuration, updates, and basic data security awareness. Why Training Standards Matter in Healthcare Healthcare engineering does not allow room for guesswork. Poorly trained staff increase the risk of equipment failure, delayed treatment, and compliance issues. In the UK, these risks are closely linked to inspection outcomes, patient safety reports, and operational cost. Effective clinical engineering training supports: Reduced equipment downtime More consistent maintenance practice Improved communication with clinical staff Safer patient environments Training also supports engineers themselves, giving them confidence when making decisions that affect patient care. Classroom Learning Versus Real Practice Traditional classroom training still plays an important role, especially for learning standards and theory. However, many engineers find that real understanding comes from applied experience. Modern clinical engineering training often blends: Instructor-led sessions Hands-on workshops Scenario-based exercises Supervised on-the-job learning This mix reflects the realities of hospital environments, where devices cannot always be taken offline for training purposes. The Growing Role of AR and VR in Training From an industrial AR/VR perspective, healthcare engineering has become a strong candidate for immersive learning. Physical access to equipment is limited, and mistakes carry risk. AR and VR support training by allowing: Safe practice on complex systems Repetition without damaging equipment Visual guidance during maintenance tasks Standardised learning across multiple sites While not a replacement for hands-on work, immersive tools complement existing clinical engineering training methods, especially for complex or high-risk equipment. Learning Beyond the Hospital Setting Training does not only take place inside healthcare facilities. Industry events and shared learning environments also play an important role. For example, a Biomedical Engineering Exhibition offers engineers a chance to: View equipment outside clinical pressure Ask detailed technical questions Compare service and support models Learn from peer discussions These environments support informal learning that structured courses may not provide. Training for Early-Career Clinical Engineers For those entering the profession, training shapes habits that last for years. Early programmes should focus on more than technical skills. Effective early clinical engineering training includes: Understanding escalation pathways Clear documentation standards Communication with clinical teams Awareness of personal responsibility Without this foundation, engineers often learn through trial and error, which can introduce inconsistency. Ongoing Training for Experienced Staff Training does not stop after the first few years. Experienced engineers face new challenges as technology evolves. Advanced clinical engineering training often focuses on: Software-led diagnostic systems Integration across departments Leadership and mentoring skills Interpreting updated guidance Continued learning helps experienced staff remain confident and effective, particularly when supporting junior colleagues. Measuring the Value of Training One challenge for managers is proving that training makes a difference. However, its impact can be observed through: Reduced service calls Fewer incident reports Improved audit results Higher staff retention When training is treated as an operational investment rather than an expense, its value becomes clearer over time. Voices from the Field “Good clinical engineering training doesn’t remove problems. It prepares you to respond calmly when they appear.” This view reflects why practical, experience-led learning remains central to healthcare engineering. Conclusion Clinical engineering training remains essential because healthcare technology continues to grow in complexity. Training supports safe practice, confident decision-making, and reliable system performance in environments where failure is not an option. For UK healthcare providers, investing in structured, practical training is not about keeping pace with trends. It is about ensuring that equipment, systems, and people work together effectively to support patient care every day. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) What is clinical engineering training? It is professional education focused on managing, maintaining, and assessing medical equipment used in healthcare settings. Who needs clinical engineering training? Clinical engineers, biomedical engineers, technicians, and healthcare technology managers all benefit from structured training. Is training different in the UK? Yes. UK training reflects NHS systems, MHRA guidance, and local compliance requirements. Does training include digital systems? Increasingly, yes. Software, connectivity, and data awareness are now common topics. How often should training be updated? Most professionals aim for continuous learning, with formal updates when new equipment or guidance is introduced. 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Report Abuse Benoit Ruiz Posted on Sep 10, 2021 • Edited on Sep 16, 2021 Why should we learn and use FP? # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript Demystifying Functional Programming (8 Part Series) 1 Introduction 2 What is Functional Programming? ... 4 more parts... 3 Why should we learn and use FP? 4 Function composition and higher-order function 5 Declarative vs imperative 6 Side effects 7 Function purity and referential transparency 8 Data immutability Before trying and adopting a new paradigm, it is only legitimate to ask ourselves this question: why should we spend some of our precious time learning this thing? Allow me to present my list of pros and cons of doing FP when writing software. Table of contents Composition over inheritance Extensibility Testability Type-based reasoning Concurrency and parallelism Debugging Adoption rising among libraries and frameworks Something new to learn It's hard to get on board Some languages are more adapted than others Composition over inheritance One of the problems with inheritance is that it leads to less and less code reusability and flexibility. To quote Joe Armstrong, author of the Coders at Work book: I think the lack of reusability comes in object-oriented languages, not functional languages. Because the problem with object-oriented languages is they’ve got all this implicit environment that they carry around with them. You wanted a banana but what you got was a gorilla holding the banana and the entire jungle. (emphasis added) Let's take a case study involving animals. Inheritance approach abstract class Animal { constructor ( private readonly name : string ) {} eat () {} } abstract class WalkingAnimal extends Animal { walk () {} } abstract class SwimmingAnimal extends Animal { swim () {} } class Dog extends WalkingAnimal { constructor () { super ( ' dog ' ) } bark () {} } class Dolphin extends SwimmingAnimal { constructor () { super ( ' dolphin ' ) } playWithPufferFish () {} } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Composition approach const withName = ( name : string ) => ({ name }) const canEat = { eat : () => {} } const canWalk = { walk : () => {} } const canSwim = { swim : () => {} } const canBark = { bark : () => {} } const canPlayWithPufferFish = { playWithPufferFish : () => {} } const createDog = () => ({ ... withName ( ' dog ' ), ... canEat , ... canWalk , ... canBark }) const createDolphin = () => ({ ... withName ( ' dolphin ' ), ... canEat , ... canSwim , ... canPlayWithPufferFish }) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode What if we want to have an animal that can bark and swim? We can't use the inheritance approach without duplicating some code. However, with the composition approach, such animal becomes trivial to implement: the existing code can be reused without any duplication. Furthermore, having granular behaviors allows for more flexibility when composing these behaviors together, and creating new types of animals. const createSeaGoodBoy = () => ({ ... withName ( ' good boy of the seven seas ' ), ... canEat , ... canBark , ... canSwim }) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Functional Programming favors composition over inheritance. I am not saying we can't do composition with OOP (in fact we can use interfaces and delegation for that), but it is more tempting to use inheritance, which leads to the problems we just talked about. Extensibility What if you want to add more functionality to an existing type? For instance in JavaScript, adding new behaviors to the Array or String data types. Well, you could do this: Array . prototype . getEvenNumbers = function getEvenNumbers () { return this . filter ( _ => _ % 2 === 0 ) } String . prototype . containsFoo = function containsFoo () { return /foo/i . test ( this ) } const res0 = [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. getEvenNumbers () // [2, 4] const res1 = ' Hello, World! ' . containsFoo () // false Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode But I wouldn't recommend it, as it could alter the behavior of other scripts using the same scope. Plus, in the majority of languages, it is impossible to modify existing classes anyway, whether they are coming from the standard library or third-party libraries. In FP, the data and the functions are 2 distinct entities. In fact, functions take data (and additional arguments if needed) as input, then return data as output. This is in contrast to OOP where data (properties) are put together with functions (methods) under the same entity (object). Separating data and functions allows us to add new functionalities quite easily: we simply have to add a function that takes the data as one of its arguments. const getEvenNumbers = ( ns : number []): number [] => ns . filter ( _ => _ % 2 === 0 ) const containsFoo = ( s : string ): boolean => /foo/i . test ( s ) const res0 = getEvenNumbers ([ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]) // [2, 4] const res1 = containsFoo ( ' Hello, World! ' ) // false const res2 = getEvenNumbers ([ ' foo ' , ' bar ' , ' baz ' ]) // compiler error Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This pattern may be known as the visitor pattern to some OOP developers. In some languages such as Scala, there are techniques used to keep a fluent API *, despite separating the data from the functions. In F# for example, this would be the pipeline operator. In fact, as this approach is becoming more and more popular, there is a pipeline operator proposal for JavaScript in active development (it actually reached stage 2 quite recently, which means it's serious business). * A fluent API is a way to chain function calls on some data, e.g. myData.f().g().h() or myData |> f |> g |> h , instead of h(g(f(myData))) . Testability One of the key concepts of FP is isolating side-effects and composing pure functions. We'll see what these concepts are in the next articles of this series, but essentially, this allows us to easily write unit tests to cover all the possible cases of our functions. Let's take a simple example: we have a module that, given some threshold, allows to log a message or not (i.e. logs are sampled). An initial implementation could look like this: const logThreshold = 0.05 // 5% sampling export function canLog (): boolean { return Math . random () <= logThreshold } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode And this is how we could write unit tests: describe ( ' canLog ' , () => { const originalMathRandom = Math . random afterEach (() => Math . random = originalMathRandom ) it ( ' should allow logging ' , () => { Math . random = () => 0.01 expect ( canLog ()). toBe ( true ) }) it ( ' should not allow logging ' , () => { Math . random = () => 0.5 expect ( canLog ()). toBe ( false ) }) }) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode It works, but we had to perform extra steps to make sure to: Mock the Math.random function, so it always returns the values we want in order to test the behavior of the module in a consistent way, and restore the original value of Math.random , to avoid breaking other unit tests based on this global function. Here, the canLog function is impure as it's performing a side-effect: calling the global Math.random function that returns a random number. In order to prevent this, we can do the following: export function canLog ( rng : () => number ): boolean { return rng () <= logThreshold } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Now writing unit tests is actually easier and straightforward: describe ( ' canLog ' , () => { it ( ' should allow logging ' , () => { expect ( canLog (() => 0.01 )). toBe ( true ) }) it ( ' should not allow logging ' , () => { expect ( canLog (() => 0.5 )). toBe ( false ) }) }) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Type-based reasoning This applies only to programming languages that provide a static type system, which is often the case for languages that have a compiler, in my experience. Type-based reasoning is the ability to understand what the program does only by reading the types and function signatures. One does not have to read and understand the actual implementation in order to understand what the program does. This is quite a powerful feature, and I would say it's mandatory for doing Domain-Driven Design, since domain-specific rules can be encoded at the type level of a program. I actually wrote a series about Domain-Driven Design in TypeScript , feel free to have a look. Let's take an example. declare function isNumber ( n : unknown ): n is number declare function isInteger ( n : number ): n is Integer declare function isStrictlyPositiveInteger ( n : Integer ): n is StrictlyPositiveInteger declare function isOddInteger ( n : StrictlyPositiveInteger ): n is OddInteger declare function oddIntegersSum ( ns : OddInteger []): OddInteger declare function program ( values : unknown [] ): OddInteger | undefined Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Here, I'm only defining the function signatures. There is no actual runtime code written anywhere and yet, we can understand what is going on, or at least have a good idea of what the program does. It looks like the program takes a list of unknown values, and it returns either a single OddInteger , or undefined (probably if there's no odd integer in the list of random values provided). We can see among the function signatures above that this program should filter only the odd integers from the list, then sum them to return a single OddInteger , if odd integers are available. The actual implementation of program could be different, for example it could simply return the first OddInteger of the list, instead of their sum. But at least we have some degree of understanding about this program, only by reading the types. Of course, having a meaningful name such as getOddIntegersSum or getFirstOddInteger instead of program would also help a lot. And since these functions are pure, we won't be surprised by a "HTTP" call or some database operation in the middle of the implementation. If such an event should happen, then it must be "documented" in the types used in the function signature. We'll certainly talk about this in more details in the article about side-effects. Concurrency and parallelism Since data is immutable in a program written in FP, the entire class of problems related to race conditions (from the imperative world) don't apply. This leaves the developers with fewer error cases to check if the program doesn't work as expected. Adapting a single-threaded program into a multi-threaded one should be way easier to do with FP than with any form of imperative programming. Debugging Debugging code becomes easier. Finding a bug is much more direct as you can clearly define the inputs and check the outputs of the functions that compose the program. There is no shared state, no global / external variables used in the functions. If a piece of the software doesn't behave as expected, then we can isolate it and test it with different inputs, until eventually finding the unexpected behavior / output. Adoption rising among libraries and frameworks This is a trend I've mostly noticed in the web frontend world. But I think it's also spreading in the mobile and backend world, with languages (or language's features) such as Kotlin, Swift, and Rust lately. React added hooks a few years ago, which allow building complex apps relying only on functional components. The pipeline operator proposal has recently reached the stage 2, and there are more undergoing FP-related proposals, such as: Immutable records and tuples (stage 2) Pattern matching (stage 1) Do expressions (stage 1) Partial application (stage 1) First-class protocols (stage 1) In the State of JavaScript 2020 , to the question "What do you feel is currently missing from JavaScript?", we can see some FP-related answers at the top: Pattern Matching Pipe Operator functions (not sure what that means?) Immutable Data Structure All this tends to show that FP is becoming more and more ubiquitous in our lives, so we might as well learn it to understand the libraries, frameworks and language features that are already there, or coming in the near future. Something new to learn I don't know about you, but one of the most exciting things in being a developer is that there's always something new to learn . I love learning, and if what I'm learning is interesting and can make me a better developer, then sign me in! I think it's valuable to learn this paradigm, even if you don't intend to use it. It should make you more critical about your own code, and hopefully improve it to make it more readable, testable, extendable. One does not have to embrace this paradigm at 100%, but there are some very powerful concepts and tools that are worth the time spent learning them. It's hard to get on board As I mentioned in the introduction, there's a big entry barrier when trying to learn Functional Programming. The vocabulary/jargon can be scary at first. I'm writing this series to make it easier for people to discover this world. Some languages are more adapted than others I've had the opportunity to write FP code in TypeScript, Elm, and Scala for the past years. I've also read blog posts and articles that shared examples in F#, PureScript, and Haskell. I must say that writing FP code feels more natural with languages that have some degree of built-in support for FP. It is still possible to write FP code in languages that don't offer all these built-in concepts and tools, but it requires the developers to use some boilerplate to mimic the same tools. I'll give you 2 examples in TypeScript. The first one is about algebraic data types (ADTs). We'll cover this topic in more details later in this series, but basically here's how we can define a sum type in TypeScript and in Haskell: // data type type Option < A > = | { readonly type : ' None ' } | { readonly type : ' Some ' , readonly value : A } // constructors const none : Option < never > = { type : ' None ' } function some < A > ( value : A ): Option < A > { return { type : ' Some ' , value } } // matcher / fold export function fold < A , R > ( onNone : () => R , onSome : ( value : A ) => R , fa : Option < A > ): R => { switch ( fa . type ) { case ' None ' : return onNone () case ' Some ' : return onSome ( fa . value ) } } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode data Option a = None | Some a Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode As you can see, there's much more boilerplate in the TypeScript version, since ADTs are not built-into the language, so we have to define the constructors and matcher functions. Another example is the ability to implement data structures. Again, we'll see what these structures are much later in this series. TypeScript doesn't support higher-kinded types (HKTs), but some people have tried emulating HKTs with the current type-level features of the language. Here's how we can implement the Functor data structure using fp-ts , one of the most popular TypeScript libraries to write FP code: import { HKT , Kind , URIS } from ' fp-ts/lib/HKT ' export interface Functor < F > { readonly URI : F readonly map : < A , B > ( f : ( a : A ) => B , fa : HKT < F , A > ) => HKT < F , B > } export interface Functor1 < F extends URIS > { readonly URI : F readonly map : < A , B > ( f : ( a : A ) => B , fa : Kind < F , A > ) => Kind < F , B > } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode And here's how we can do the same in Haskell, where data structures are built-into the language using type classes: class Functor f where fmap :: ( a -> b ) -> f a -> f b Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode (Actually we don't have to define Functor as it's already available in Haskell) And finally, here's how we can create an instance of these data structures, for the type Option<A> we defined earlier: const URI = ' Option ' type URI = typeof URI const map = < A , B > ( f : ( a : A ) => B , fa : Option < A > ): Option < B > => isNone ( fa ) ? none : some ( f ( fa . value )) const OptionFunctor : Functor1 < URI > = { URI , map } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode instance Functor Option where fmap _ None = None fmap f ( Some a ) = Some ( f a ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode You don't have to understand everything in these examples, as I'll explain these concepts later in the series. The point is that there is way less code with Haskell than with TypeScript. Nonetheless, it's still possible to write FP code in both, it just feels more "natural" with Haskell because the language has better "native" support, it doesn't require any library or emulation to achieve the same results. So, here we are! Thank you for reading this far. Hopefully the pros outperform the cons to you, and you are willing to give FP a try. As of the next articles, we'll dive into the FP concepts and tools I've been mentioning since the introduction. Feel free to share your pros and cons in the comments! Photo by Xavi Cabrera on Unsplash . Demystifying Functional Programming (8 Part Series) 1 Introduction 2 What is Functional Programming? ... 4 more parts... 3 Why should we learn and use FP? 4 Function composition and higher-order function 5 Declarative vs imperative 6 Side effects 7 Function purity and referential transparency 8 Data immutability Top comments (5) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Eckehard Eckehard Eckehard Follow Always curious... Location Germany Work Numerical simulation specialist, IoT developer Joined May 24, 2021 • Sep 10 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide In your example "Composition approach" createDog() and createDolphin() just add some functions to the Dog or the Dolphin. I suppose, we would use this like: mydog = createDog() mydog.bark() In OO, we would create a class Dog{} that contains or inherits a method bark(). Now we can write mydog= new Dog mydog.bark() So, why should we call the first approach "declarative"? It was declarative if you just write dog.poo and the machine knows, how to generate poo. But I suppose, you will need to tell the machine how to go from eat() to poo. As far as I see it is the same imperative code with just a different syntax to define the functions. This is nice for a handful of functions. But you get deep into trouble if you try to build more complex elements this way. Joe Armstrong was totally wrong: Inheritance just gives you access to the jungle, you do not need to carry it . If you derive the "Banana" from "Plant", maybe it can grow and live. You would not want to add all the necessary functions for the whole live to each individual plant. Deep nested hierarchies often contain thousands of methods. Usually you don´t even know about them as long as you don´t need them. But you can be pretty sure that things work perfect together, because access between differenet class levels is restricted. By the way: Your comparison between Inheritance and Composition is a bit unfair, as you create two useless classes just to show that inheritance is complicated. You could do the same with your declarative code to make it overcomplicated. Bad code is only a sign of a bad programmer, not a proof of a bad concept. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Follow Location France Work Software Engineer at Datadog Joined Aug 2, 2020 • Sep 10 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you for your feedback! Allow me to feed the debate here by sharing my opinion :) So, why should we call the first approach "declarative"? I don't think I've said that the first approach was more "declarative" in this section of the article. Here, I'm saying that FP naturally drives the developer into using composition, since inheritance doesn't "exist" in this world. As a positive effect IMO, we get code reusability and flexibility more easily this way, which is great for building DRY programs. This is nice for a handful of functions. But you get deep into trouble if you try to build more complex elements this way. It's all about splitting and organizing the code into meaningful modules/units. No matter the paradigm, if we write entities (i.e. classes or modules) with tens of functions/methods, it cannot end well. We can organize these small units the same way we organize classes, into different files with meaningful names and hierarchies, and with the appropriate domain scopes. Deep nested hierarchies often contain thousands of methods. Usually you don't even know about them as long as you don't need them. I don't think it makes sense to inherit properties and methods that won't be used anyway. Sure, the code will work because, as you said, access levels are restricted (via interfaces I'm assuming). But as a developer, when I'm working with a class, it's really confusing to have access to properties and methods from the hierarchy that have no meaning in the current "domain" I'm working on. Can I use these methods anytime I want? Does it make sense to use them in this particular part of the domain/code base? And so on. Your comparison between Inheritance and Composition is a bit unfair, as you create two useless classes just to show that inheritance is complicated. You could do the same with your declarative code to make it overcomplicated. The thing is, even with a simple case study, composition makes implementing the new requirement trivial compared to inheritance, because it's more flexible thanks to the units (with single-responsibilities) that can be composed together. Again, this can also be done using OOP (via delegation), but not with inheritance IMO. Additionally, I think it's better to provide simple examples for the readers, the goal is not to drown them with complex cases :) Bad code is only a sign of a bad programmer, not a proof of a bad concept. I agree with you here. I've written in that section that "it is more tempting to use inheritance" when it is available, but I've never said it was the only way to solve the problem. I only said that, in my opinion, inheritance comes with some drawbacks regarding code reusability and flexibility. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Eckehard Eckehard Eckehard Follow Always curious... Location Germany Work Numerical simulation specialist, IoT developer Joined May 24, 2021 • Sep 11 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I don't think it makes sense to inherit properties and methods that won't be used anyway. That is a common case in OO projects. Webcomponents are a good example for this practice: class myNewComponent extends HTMLelement { .... } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode You do not need to know all the class methods of HTMLelement, but you know the class will be part of the HTML ecosystem. I personally do not really understand the whole discussion "FP is better than OO" and vice versa. FP is a coding sceme just like OO. If you see some drawbacks it might be from a wrong use of inheritance? Let me show this from your examples. We can apply a "functional style" also in OO. Building a class for a single function is anyway useless. As long as we use pure functions, the code could look like this: // use pure functions here _walk () {...} _swim () {...} _bark () {...} abstract class Animal { constructor ( private readonly name : string ) {} eat () {...} } class Dog extends Animal { constructor () { super ( ' dog ' ) } walk = _walk bark = _bark } class Dolphin extends Animal { constructor () { super ( ' dolphin ' ) } swim = _swim playWithPufferFish () {} } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Using global functions in OO always has a bad smell as you may easily run into naming conflicts, so this code would be considered "bad practice" in OO . But it may show that this is just a different syntax. OO classes are mainly used to isolate your namespaces. playWithPufferFish() {} only exists inside your Dolphin class, so you can use the same name inside a different class without conflicts. But if you have more than one type of Fish that playsWithPufferFish and the code is the same, maybe you slide in an abstract class for all Predatory fishes, that contains this function: // use pure functions here _walk () {...} _swim () {...} _bark () {...} abstract class Animal { constructor ( private readonly name : string ) {} eat () {...} } class Dog extends Animal { constructor () { super ( ' dog ' ) } walk = _walk bark = _bark } abstract class PredatoryFish extends Animal { swim = _swim playWithPufferFish () {} } class Dolphin extends PredatoryFish { constructor () { super ( ' dolphin ' ) } } class Orca extends PredatoryFish { constructor () { super ( ' orca ' ) } playsWithSeals (){...} } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Reusing code is one of the strongest motivations to use inheritance. So I really do not understand the "drawbacks". But I can see the drawbacks of using global functions in large projects. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Thread Thread Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Benoit Ruiz Follow Location France Work Software Engineer at Datadog Joined Aug 2, 2020 • Sep 11 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Webcomponents are a good example for this practice I was more focused on the domain scope of the program, not the adaptation with the "outside world". But I never explicitly said it was my focus, so my bad. When integrating with an existing system, built on top of some class hierarchy, I guess one does not have a choice but to create a subclass. I believe this subclass should be used as an adapter or "glue" between the world of HTML elements, and the world of pure logic specific to the domain (here, our domain is classifying animals for example). I personally do not really understand the whole discussion "FP is better than OO" and vice versa. I don't either, both of these paradigms can be used to build software that works as intended. That's why I've explicitly said in the previous article of this series that FP is, in no way, a replacement to OOP. That being said, I can see some benefits coming from the functional approach, specifically in terms of composability made easy thanks to small, reusable units. I think it's harder to correctly find the appropriate class hierarchy to avoid duplication while still being flexible in terms of "mix of data and behavior" with the inheritance approach. We can apply a "functional style" also in OO. I don't think this example is relevant, because we are comparing composition with inheritance here, not "functional style" code with non-functional. Composition can be achieved using OOP without relying on "FP style", for instance: class CanEat { public eat () {} } class CanWalk { public walk () {} } class CanBark { public bark () {} } abstract class Animal implements CanEat { constructor ( public readonly name : string , private readonly canEat : CanEat ) {} public eat () { this . canEat . eat () } } class Dog extends Animal implements CanWalk , CanBark { constructor ( public readonly name : string , private readonly canEat : CanEat , private readonly canWalk : CanWalk , private readonly canBark : CanBark ) { super ( name , canEat ) } public walk () { this . canWalk . walk () } public bark () { this . canBark . bark () } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Here we have a mix of inheritance and composition. The inheritance part is used for the semantics (a Dog is an Animal ) and the mechanics (any Animal has to eat ). The composition part is used to mix behaviors, depending on the Animal we are "building". I do believe there are good cases where inheritance is more suited (cf. Composition vs. Inheritance: How to Choose? on /thoughtworks), but in general I think it's easier to build software using composition over inheritance. And inheritance doesn't exist in FP, so we don't get to choose anyway :) Reusing code is one of the strongest motivations to use inheritance. So I really do not understand the "drawbacks". I agree with you about reusability, but I believe it requires more effort to find the appropriate class hierarchy (hence the "drawback"). When new requirements emerge, modifying the class hierarchy will require more effort than creating new blocks out of existing smaller blocks, by composing them. Given your last class hierarchy with the Orca : let's say I want an animal that can walk and play with fishes, but can't swim (e.g. it plays with them in shallow waters). You can do that with inheritance, but you'll have to update the existing one to adapt it for this new requirement. For example: + abstract class WalkingAnimal extends Animal { + walk() {} + } - class Dog extends Animal { + class Dog extends WalkingAnimal { bark() {} } abstract class PredatoryFish extends Animal { - swim() {} playWithFish() {} } + abstract class SwimmingPredatoryFish extends PredatoryFish { + swim() {} + } + abstract class WalkingPredatoryFish extends PredatoryFish { + walk() {} // code duplication? unless we use `walk = _walk.bind(this)` maybe? + } - class Dolphin extends PredatoryFish {} + class Dolphin extends SwimmingPredatoryFish {} + class BearCub extends WalkingPredatoryFish {} Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode (I guess you can probably come up with a better class hierarchy that involves fewer changes and less code duplication ^^) With composition there's more flexibility, and there are only additions, leading to fewer changes: + const bearCub = () => ({ + ...withName('bear cub'), ...canEat, + ...canWalk, ...canPlayWithFish + }) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode But I can see the drawbacks of using global functions in large projects. Definitely! It's only a matter of code organization. No matter the paradigm, importing tens of functions in the same module is a bad smell anyway :D Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Thread Thread Eckehard Eckehard Eckehard Follow Always curious... Location Germany Work Numerical simulation specialist, IoT developer Joined May 24, 2021 • Sep 11 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I fully agree that it is often more effort to use classes. It can be challenging to analyze your task and choose the right class hierarchy. So, there should always be a good reason to use classes. But from my personal experience, the effort quickly pays back. If you made a bad decision in your design, it is easy to change the code without side effects. And in many cases, you do not need to care about implementation details. A well designed class should be usable as easy as a LEGO block. Inside, classes are like separate programs. So, why not use the principles of FP to build classes? Maybe it is not necessary, but it´s possible and possibly helpful. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Benoit Ruiz Follow Location France Work Software Engineer at Datadog Joined Aug 2, 2020 More from Benoit Ruiz Data immutability # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript Function purity and referential transparency # functional # programming # tutorial # typescript Equivalent of Scala's for-comprehension using fp-ts # typescript # scala # functional # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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Right menu HA K8s cluster using kube-vip Achyuta Das Achyuta Das Achyuta Das Follow Jan 9 HA K8s cluster using kube-vip # cluster # kubernetes # tutorial Comments Add Comment 4 min read HA K8s cluster using Keepalived and HAProxy Achyuta Das Achyuta Das Achyuta Das Follow Jan 9 HA K8s cluster using Keepalived and HAProxy # cluster # kubernetes # tutorial Comments Add Comment 5 min read Analyzing LinkedIn Job Postings: Skill Extraction & Clustering Elie Elie Elie Follow Nov 19 '25 Analyzing LinkedIn Job Postings: Skill Extraction & Clustering # nlp # machinelearning # python # cluster Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Time-Freezing Magic Behind Paxos canonical canonical canonical Follow Nov 13 '25 The Time-Freezing Magic Behind Paxos # distributedsystems # cluster # beginners # science Comments Add Comment 12 min read A Magical Studies Research Report on Paxos canonical canonical canonical Follow Nov 12 '25 A Magical Studies Research Report on Paxos # consensus # distributedsystems # algorithms # cluster Comments Add Comment 14 min read Installing production ready k3s on Hetzner Using hetzner-k3s giveitatry giveitatry giveitatry Follow Aug 1 '25 Installing production ready k3s on Hetzner Using hetzner-k3s # hetzner # k8s # cluster 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 9 min read 🐘 One-Click Production-Ready PostgreSQL HA Cluster with Docker, Patroni, and HAProxy Ali Dadmand Ali Dadmand Ali Dadmand Follow Jul 30 '25 🐘 One-Click Production-Ready PostgreSQL HA Cluster with Docker, Patroni, and HAProxy # postgres # docker # cluster # devops 4 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read Scaling Your Node.js App: An Introduction to Clustering Erick Engelhardt Erick Engelhardt Erick Engelhardt Follow Jun 13 '25 Scaling Your Node.js App: An Introduction to Clustering # cluster # node # backend Comments Add Comment 5 min read Node.js Cluster: Turn Your Single-Core App into a Multi-Core Beast! 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # portfolio Follow Hide Getting feedback on and discussing portfolio strategies Create Post Older #portfolio posts 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Looking for feedback on my Portfolio! Kamlesh Baheti Kamlesh Baheti Kamlesh Baheti Follow Sep 6 '25 Looking for feedback on my Portfolio! # webdev # portfolio # angular # gsap Comments Add Comment 1 min read Building My First Responsive Developer Portfolio Website with HTML & CSS Hashir Khan Hashir Khan Hashir Khan Follow Oct 9 '25 Building My First Responsive Developer Portfolio Website with HTML & CSS # showdev # portfolio # html # css 2 reactions Comments 2 comments 1 min read How I Built an Autonomous AI Customer Retention Agent with AWS Bedrock AgentCore ajithmanmu ajithmanmu ajithmanmu Follow Oct 15 '25 How I Built an Autonomous AI Customer Retention Agent with AWS Bedrock AgentCore # aws # ai # agents # portfolio 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 9 min read Lesson 10: Trading Pair Selection and Testing Henry Lin Henry Lin Henry Lin Follow Oct 9 '25 Lesson 10: Trading Pair Selection and Testing # cryptocurrency # portfolio # testing # learning Comments Add Comment 9 min read 🚀 Weekend AI Project Series: Adventures in Vibe Coding marcusmayo marcusmayo marcusmayo Follow Oct 6 '25 🚀 Weekend AI Project Series: Adventures in Vibe Coding # portfolio # devops # cloud # ai Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why every developer needs a portfolio Karina Egle Karina Egle Karina Egle Follow Oct 16 '25 Why every developer needs a portfolio # webdev # programming # beginners # portfolio 6 reactions Comments 3 comments 5 min read My VSCode-Inspired Portfolio, Feedback & Inspiration Welcome! $uhrob Kholmovurod $uhrob Kholmovurod $uhrob Kholmovurod Follow Sep 2 '25 My VSCode-Inspired Portfolio, Feedback & Inspiration Welcome! # webdev # portfolio # react # vscode Comments Add Comment 1 min read Just Launched My Portfolio 🚀 Mohammed Abdullah Khan Mohammed Abdullah Khan Mohammed Abdullah Khan Follow Sep 2 '25 Just Launched My Portfolio 🚀 # portfolio # webdev # nextjs # frontend Comments Add Comment 1 min read I Built a .gitignore Behavior Checker App with React ak0047 ak0047 ak0047 Follow Oct 3 '25 I Built a .gitignore Behavior Checker App with React # git # beginners # portfolio # react 8 reactions Comments 3 comments 3 min read 🚀 I Just Launched My New Developer Portfolio abirBiswas abirBiswas abirBiswas Follow Sep 1 '25 🚀 I Just Launched My New Developer Portfolio # webdev # portfolio # frontend # nextjs Comments Add Comment 1 min read My Frist portfolio SWAPNIL AHMMED SHISHIR SWAPNIL AHMMED SHISHIR SWAPNIL AHMMED SHISHIR Follow Aug 31 '25 My Frist portfolio # portfolio # career # react # javascript Comments Add Comment 1 min read Bridging Design and Development: The Power of Design Systems Deepti Verma Deepti Verma Deepti Verma Follow Aug 31 '25 Bridging Design and Development: The Power of Design Systems # webdev # mobile # portfolio # javascript Comments Add Comment 1 min read My portfolio Khairul Bashar Sakib Khairul Bashar Sakib Khairul Bashar Sakib Follow Aug 27 '25 My portfolio # react # portfolio # webdev # javascript Comments Add Comment 1 min read Build an awesome GitHub developer portfolio. EL-PACHO EL-PACHO EL-PACHO Follow Aug 27 '25 Build an awesome GitHub developer portfolio. # portfolio # webdev # javascript # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🍏 macOS Portfolio – A Fun, Desktop-Inspired Portfolio Template Emdadul Islam Emdadul Islam Emdadul Islam Follow Sep 30 '25 🍏 macOS Portfolio – A Fun, Desktop-Inspired Portfolio Template # ui # portfolio # opensource # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read How I Turned a Simple Portfolio Website into a Full-Time Income Stream Kamruzzaman Kamrul Kamruzzaman Kamrul Kamruzzaman Kamrul Follow Sep 19 '25 How I Turned a Simple Portfolio Website into a Full-Time Income Stream # website # career # careerdevelopment # portfolio 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 2 min read I Turned My Portfolio Into a Newspaper 📰 (With Mini-Games!) Talha Rizwan Talha Rizwan Talha Rizwan Follow Aug 26 '25 I Turned My Portfolio Into a Newspaper 📰 (With Mini-Games!) # webdev # portfolio # gamedev # programming Comments Add Comment 2 min read My Journey Building Modern Websites with React and Next.js — From Nigeria to the World Gideon Abe Gideon Abe Gideon Abe Follow Sep 5 '25 My Journey Building Modern Websites with React and Next.js — From Nigeria to the World # webdev # nextjs # portfolio # developerjourney 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 2 min read Portfolio + Booking: The Freelancer’s Secret to Steady Income Kamruzzaman Kamrul Kamruzzaman Kamrul Kamruzzaman Kamrul Follow Sep 12 '25 Portfolio + Booking: The Freelancer’s Secret to Steady Income # website # portfolio # career # careerdevelopment 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read From Blog to Gumroad: Turning Your Content into Products That Sell Kamruzzaman Kamrul Kamruzzaman Kamrul Kamruzzaman Kamrul Follow Sep 12 '25 From Blog to Gumroad: Turning Your Content into Products That Sell # website # portfolio # career # careerdevelopment 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 2 min read New Portfolio Template Shubham Bhilare Shubham Bhilare Shubham Bhilare Follow Sep 12 '25 New Portfolio Template # webdev # saas # portfolio # startup Comments Add Comment 1 min read The Truth About Making Money from Ads on Small Websites Kamruzzaman Kamrul Kamruzzaman Kamrul Kamruzzaman Kamrul Follow Sep 12 '25 The Truth About Making Money from Ads on Small Websites # website # portfolio # career # careerdevelopment 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 2 min read How I Turned My Blog Into a Client Magnet (And You Can Too) Kamruzzaman Kamrul Kamruzzaman Kamrul Kamruzzaman Kamrul Follow Sep 12 '25 How I Turned My Blog Into a Client Magnet (And You Can Too) # website # career # careerdevelopment # portfolio 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 3 min read Building My Personal Portfolio: Showcasing Projects, Blogs, and Skills Shouvik Dhali Shouvik Dhali Shouvik Dhali Follow Sep 22 '25 Building My Personal Portfolio: Showcasing Projects, Blogs, and Skills # portfolio # blog # fullstack # projects Comments Add Comment 2 min read Showcasing My Portfolio: A Full Stack Portfolio Built with Next.js Monir Hossain Rabby Monir Hossain Rabby Monir Hossain Rabby Follow Aug 17 '25 Showcasing My Portfolio: A Full Stack Portfolio Built with Next.js # fullstack # webdev # programming # portfolio Comments 4 comments 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/viclafouch/promise-allsettled-vs-promise-all-in-javascript-4mle#promiseallsettled | 🤝 Promise.allSettled() VS Promise.all() in JavaScript 🍭 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Victor de la Fouchardière Posted on Aug 16, 2020 🤝 Promise.allSettled() VS Promise.all() in JavaScript 🍭 # node # webdev # javascript # beginners Hello ! 🧑🌾 Promises are available since ES2015 to simplify the handling of asynchronous operations. Let's discover 2 Promises and their differences: Promise.allSettled(iterable) Promise.all(iterable) Both of them take an iterable and return an array containing the fulfilled Promises. ❓ So, what is the difference between them ? Promise.all() 🧠 The Promise. all() method takes an iterable of promises as an input, and returns a single Promise that resolves to an array of the results of the input promises. All resolved As you can see, we are passing an array to Promise.all. And when all three promises get resolved, Promise.all resolves and the output is consoled. Now, let's see if one promise is not resolved , and so, if this one is reject. What was the output ? 🛑 1 failed Promise.all is rejected if at least one of the elements are rejected . For example, we pass 2 promises that resolve and one promise that rejects immediately, then Promise.all will reject immediately. Promise.allSettled() 🦷 Since ES2020 you can use Promise.allSettled . It returns a promise that always resolves after all of the given promises have either fulfilled or rejected, with an array of objects that each describes the outcome of each promise. For each outcome object, a status string is present : fulfilled ✅ rejected ❌ The value (or reason) reflects what value each promise was fulfilled (or rejected) with. Have a close look at following properties ( status , value , reason ) of resulting array. Differences 👬 Promise.all will reject as soon as one of the Promises in the array rejects. Promise.allSettled will never reject, it will resolve once all Promises in the array have either rejected or resolved. Supported Browsers 🚸 The browsers supported by JavaScript Promise.allSettled() and Promise.all() methods are listed below: Google Chrome Microsoft Edge Mozilla Firefox Apple Safari Opera Cheers 🍻 🍻 🍻 If you enjoyed this article you can follow me on Twitter or here on dev.to where I regularly post bite size tips relating to HTML, CSS and JavaScript. 📦 GitHub Profile: The RIGHT Way to Show your latest DEV articles + BONUS 🎁 Victor de la Fouchardière ・ Aug 5 '20 #github #markdown #showdev #productivity 🍦 Cancel Properly HTTP Requests in React Hooks and avoid Memory Leaks 🚨 Victor de la Fouchardière ・ Jul 29 '20 #react #javascript #tutorial #showdev Top comments (14) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Pankaj Patel Pankaj Patel Pankaj Patel Follow Programmer, Blogger, Photographer and little bit of everything Location Lyon, France Work Lead Frontend Engineer at @abtasty Joined Mar 5, 2019 • Aug 17 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This is a really handy, allSettled has more verbose output Thanks for sharing @viclafouch . Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Follow 🐦 Frontend developer and technical writer based in France. I love teaching web development and all kinds of other things online 🤖 Email victor.delafouchardiere@gmail.com Location Paris Education EEMI Work Frontend Engineer Joined Nov 4, 2019 • Aug 17 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Arman Khan Arman Khan Arman Khan Follow Fullstack web developer Email armankhan9244@gmail.com Location Surat, India Education Self-taught Work full stack developer at Zypac InfoTech Joined Jul 22, 2019 • Aug 17 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Loved the article Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Follow 🐦 Frontend developer and technical writer based in France. I love teaching web development and all kinds of other things online 🤖 Email victor.delafouchardiere@gmail.com Location Paris Education EEMI Work Frontend Engineer Joined Nov 4, 2019 • Aug 17 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thank you @iarmankhan ;) Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Suyeb Bagdadi Suyeb Bagdadi Suyeb Bagdadi Follow Joined Aug 26, 2022 • Aug 26 '22 • Edited on Aug 26 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide You can as well do the following to stop Promise.all from rejecting if there is an exception thrown.`` ` let storage = { updated: 0, published: 0, error: 0, }; let p1 = async (name) => { let status = { success: true, error: false, }; return status; }; let p2 = async (name) => { throw new Error('on purpose'); }; let success = () => { storage.updated += 1; }; let logError = (error) => { console.log(error.message); storage.error += 1; }; Promise.all([ p1('shobe 1').then(success).catch(logError), p2('shobe 2').then(success).catch(logError), p1('shobe 1').then(success).catch(logError), ]).then(() => { console.log('done'); }); ` Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Justin Hunter Justin Hunter Justin Hunter Follow VP of Product at Pinata, co-founder of Orbiter - the easiest way to host static websites and apps. Location Dallas Work Software Engineer at Pinata Joined Apr 10, 2019 • Aug 17 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Whoa! I had no idea this existed. Thanks for the helpful write-up! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Follow 🐦 Frontend developer and technical writer based in France. I love teaching web development and all kinds of other things online 🤖 Email victor.delafouchardiere@gmail.com Location Paris Education EEMI Work Frontend Engineer Joined Nov 4, 2019 • Aug 17 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide A pleasure @polluterofminds ;) Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Dayzen Dayzen Dayzen Follow Location Korea Seoul Work Backend Engineer at Smile Ventures Joined Apr 18, 2020 • Aug 17 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks for sharing this post! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Devin Rhode Devin Rhode Devin Rhode Follow writing javascript for like 8 years or something like that :) Location Minneapolis, MN Work Javascript developer at Robert Half Technology Joined Sep 16, 2019 • Dec 1 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I'd love some elaboration on why allSettled was made/why it's better Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Devin Rhode Devin Rhode Devin Rhode Follow writing javascript for like 8 years or something like that :) Location Minneapolis, MN Work Javascript developer at Robert Half Technology Joined Sep 16, 2019 • Dec 1 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide github.com/tc39/proposal-promise-a... Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Mohd Aliyan Mohd Aliyan Mohd Aliyan Follow I am a software Engineer looking for each day of learning. Joined Oct 6, 2021 • Oct 6 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Very well explained. Thank you so much Victor. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Yogendra Yogendra Yogendra Follow Location Bengaluru, India Work Web Developer at LayerIV Joined Sep 25, 2020 • Jan 31 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide How can I use Promise.allSettled() with my webpack-react app? Is there any plugin being used for it? Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Vladislav Guleaev Vladislav Guleaev Vladislav Guleaev Follow Fullstack Javascript Developer from Munich, Germany. Location Munich, Germany Education Computer Science - Bachelor Degree Work Software Developer at CHECK24 Joined Apr 8, 2019 • Jun 8 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide short and nice! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Shakhruz Shakhruz Shakhruz Follow JavaScript enthusiast Location Tashkent, Uzbekistan Work Junior Full-Stack developer at Cruz Joined Dec 27, 2020 • Jan 5 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Helpful bro, thnx !!! Like comment: Like comment: Like Comment button Reply View full discussion (14 comments) Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Victor de la Fouchardière Follow 🐦 Frontend developer and technical writer based in France. I love teaching web development and all kinds of other things online 🤖 Location Paris Education EEMI Work Frontend Engineer Joined Nov 4, 2019 More from Victor de la Fouchardière 👑 Create a secure Chat Application with React Hooks, Firebase and Seald 🔐 # react # javascript # showdev # firebase 🍿 Publish your own ESLint / Prettier config for React Projects on NPM 📦 # javascript # react # npm # eslint 🍦 Cancel Properly HTTP Requests in React Hooks and avoid Memory Leaks 🚨 # react # javascript # tutorial # showdev 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://maker.forem.com/maronlabs/spectrum-analyzer-noise-floor-suddenly-up-by-10-db-dont-blame-the-front-end-yet-4hd#comments | Spectrum Analyzer Noise Floor Suddenly Up by 10 dB? Don’t Blame the Front-End Yet - Maker Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Maker Forem Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Maron Zhang Posted on Dec 28, 2025 Spectrum Analyzer Noise Floor Suddenly Up by 10 dB? Don’t Blame the Front-End Yet # hardware # help # productivity One of the most stressful things in the lab is hearing (or saying): “Is the analyzer broken? The noise floor is suddenly 10 dB higher today.” Because this happens a lot . Yesterday the bench looked clean. Same instrument, same frequency range, same cables (supposedly). Today you power up and the entire floor is lifted. It feels like the whole system got worse overnight. In reality, most of the time the analyzer didn’t “suddenly get bad,” and the DUT didn’t magically degrade either. Much more often, a small variable changed —and what you’re calling “noise floor” is no longer defined the same way as yesterday. This is the 10-minute sanity check workflow I use in R&D debugging. The goal is not to find the “ultimate root cause” immediately. The goal is to quickly eliminate the most common traps so you don’t spend half a day guessing. First: confirm you’re even comparing the same “noise floor” The “noise floor” you see on a spectrum analyzer is not a fixed number. It depends heavily on measurement settings. If the definition isn’t aligned, comparing “today vs yesterday” is a guaranteed trap. At minimum, align these: RBW (Resolution Bandwidth) : if RBW increases, the displayed noise floor rises—because you’re integrating more noise bandwidth. VBW (Video Bandwidth) : VBW affects smoothing and the apparent stability of the trace. Detector / Trace mode : different detectors present noise differently. Averaging : averaging mode and method can change what you perceive as the “floor.” I’ve seen “10 dB drift” cases where the entire mystery was: RBW was 10 kHz yesterday , and 100 kHz today . Nothing was broken—only the definition changed. My 10-minute sanity check (the order matters) You can copy this workflow directly. If you manage a lab team, it’s worth printing as a “noise floor anomaly checklist.” Step 1: Lock the “four critical settings” Before touching the DUT, confirm and record (screenshot is fine): Center / Span RBW / VBW Detector + Averaging Atten / Preamp / Ref Level Simple reason: Many noise floor “problems” are actually settings drift. Step 2: Quickly rule out front-end overload/compression (the fake noise floor) This is a blunt but effective move: Increase input attenuation (Atten) by one step (or adjust Ref Level by a step) Watch whether the floor behaves more “reasonably” Near overload/compression, the analyzer can show a floor that is lifted—and sometimes even looks “stable.” The dangerous part is: it doesn’t always look like obvious clipping. So before blaming the DUT, push the front end back into a clearly linear operating region. Step 3: Align Preamp / Atten states (a very common real cause) People remember frequency and span—but often forget two switches that can completely change the floor: Preamp ON yesterday, OFF today (or vice versa) Atten 0 dB yesterday, 20 dB today (or vice versa) If these aren’t aligned, 5–10 dB differences are not surprising. And it’s easy to miss because the screen can still “look similar.” Step 4: Turn the input into a known condition (separate variables) If you’re connected to a DUT, you have too many variables: DUT state, cable routing, power ripple, clocks, transmit modes, etc. So I usually do one practical move: Temporarily switch the input to a known condition , such as: a 50 Ω termination (to confirm the port is clean) or a stable source / reference path (to confirm the system behaves predictably) This isn’t about absolute accuracy. It answers the key question: Is the lifted floor coming from the environment/measurement chain , or from the DUT ? If the floor is still high with a 50 Ω load, stop chasing DUT behavior and go back to settings/chain. If the floor is clean on 50 Ω and rises only with the DUT connected, your direction is clear. Step 5: Don’t ignore “today the environment is noisier” Sometimes it’s not the analyzer or the DUT—it’s the lab environment. Real examples I’ve seen: a new switching PSU / laptop / monitor nearby a shielding box lid not fully closed cable routing changed and moved closer to a noise source the DUT is in a different state (clock/Tx enabled) than you assumed A quick environment test: Shorten/re-route the cable, move the setup, add temporary shielding, or power down suspicious nearby devices—and see if the floor immediately drops. If the floor tracks the environment, the problem is not “instrument accuracy.” My probability order (most common → less common) 1) RBW/VBW/Detector/Averaging not aligned 2) Preamp/Atten/Ref Level not aligned 3) Overload/compression creating a fake floor 4) Cable/connector/termination issues (contact, loose termination, mechanical stress) 5) External interference / environment changes 6) DUT state changes (Tx/clock/power ripple/mode) You’ll notice: “the analyzer is broken” is usually far down the list. A mindset that saves time “Noise floor up by 10 dB” feels like it demands one perfect root cause. But in terms of engineering efficiency, the smarter move is: Lock the definition, restore linear headroom, convert the input to a known condition, then isolate environment vs DUT. Once you do that, many “mysteries” become simple. If you’re dealing with this right now, send me a few lines: frequency range + span RBW/VBW + whether averaging is enabled Atten + Preamp state whether the input is connected to a DUT or a 50 Ω termination I can help you prioritize what to check first so you don’t waste hours in the lab. Website: https://maronlabs.com Email: contact@maronlabs.com Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Maron Zhang Follow Independent RF/optical/high-speed test advisor in China. Helping engineers choose and source new & used instruments + selective lab tests via partner labs. Practical notes. https://maronlabs.com Education Electronics engineering background Work RF / optical / high-speed test & instrument advisor at Maron Labs (China) Joined Dec 11, 2025 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Maker Forem — A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Maker Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a space where makers create, share, and bring ideas to life. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:12 |
https://maker.forem.com/emma-suntech/the-no-flicker-addressable-led-strip-build-power-signal-gamma-1b3p | The “No-Flicker” Addressable LED Strip Build (Power + Signal + Gamma) - Maker Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Maker Forem Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse emmma Posted on Dec 29, 2025 The “No-Flicker” Addressable LED Strip Build (Power + Signal + Gamma) # arduino # esp32 If you’ve ever built a WS2812 / SK6812 / WS2815 project that looked perfect on the bench but started dimming, shifting colors, or flickering once installed… you’re not alone. After a few long-run installs (cove lighting, shelves, signage edges), I realized most LED strip “bugs” are not software bugs — they’re power and signal problems. Here’s the setup that made my builds boringly reliable. What usually goes wrong (real-world symptoms) Voltage drop (power) The far end looks dimmer RGB “white” becomes yellow/pink near the end Gradients look uneven or “stepped” Signal integrity (data) Random flicker / wrong colors Works for the first N pixels, then chaos Works on desk, fails when installed (longer wires, more noise) Perceptual brightness (gamma) Low brightness steps look jumpy Fades look harsh or banded My “rock-solid” checklist A) Power like you mean it Don’t feed long runs from only one end. Use power injection (middle/end). Use thicker wire than you think you need (especially for +V and GND). Always test at full white / full brightness first. Problems hide at low brightness. For long runs, consider higher voltage strips (12V/24V) to reduce current, then regulate down if needed. B) Make data boring (stable) Common ground is non-negotiable: controller GND must connect to strip GND. Keep the data wire to the first pixel short. Long data leads act like antennas. Add a small series resistor on the data line near the strip input (often ~330Ω). Add a big capacitor across +V/GND at the strip input (e.g., 1000µF+). If your MCU is 3.3V (ESP32/ESP8266) and your pixels expect 5V data, use a level shifter (or a proven 3.3V-friendly approach). C) Don’t skip gamma Even when everything is “working,” the output can look cheap without gamma correction. Linear brightness (0–255) doesn’t look linear to human eyes. Gamma correction instantly makes dimming and fades look smoother and more “premium.” A simple build recipe (what I actually do) Mount strip in a diffuser channel (better light + protection) Inject power every few meters (depends on density/brightness) Data line: short run + series resistor Capacitor at strip input Run a full-brightness stress test for 10–15 minutes before final install Quick safety note If you’re pushing high brightness on long strips, current adds up fast. Use fuses where appropriate, don’t undersize wire, and don’t assume “it’s only 5V so it’s safe.” Question for other makers: What’s been your biggest LED strip headache — voltage drop, flicker, connectors, controllers, or something else? Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse emmma Follow I am from China Location 中国 Pronouns led lover Joined Sep 10, 2025 More from emmma Made a $10 “Mood Lamp” with ESP32, WS2812B, and Ambient Light Sensor # arduino # esp32 # leds # diy What are the differences in control methods between RGB light strips and monochrome light strips? # arduino # beginners # iot 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Maker Forem — A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Maker Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a space where makers create, share, and bring ideas to life. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:12 |
https://dev.to/josefine/what-makes-a-good-tech-meet-up-16k9 | What makes a good tech Meet-up? - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Josefine Schfr Posted on Jan 8 What makes a good tech Meet-up? # discuss # community # a11y # meet If you've attended meet-ups in the past, what made the difference for you between a good, welcoming one and one where you'd rather not be coming back? What are you looking for when attending meet-ups? Is it the company, networking and catching up with friends, or is the focus for you more on the talks & content? Or something else entirely? I have to say, I can be very socially awkward and events where I don't know anyone, at it makes a massive difference if people are open and welcoming. This starts at very clear information as to what to expect, where to go and the schedule, but also whether there might be someone near the door welcoming people in, and the vibe of the group. I'm a big fan of hosts encouraging the 'packman-method' of letting people into your circle when you see them floating around alone. As I'm organising a meet-up in two weeks, I'm super curious to hear your thoughts & preferences. Thanks so much in advance! Top comments (7) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Jess Lee Jess Lee Jess Lee Follow Building DEV and Forem with everyone here. Interested in the future. Email jess@forem.com Location USA / TAIWAN Pronouns she/they Work Co-Founder & COO at Forem Joined Jul 29, 2016 • Jan 8 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Love the pac-man method and think all organizers should actively either mention that to the crowd so everyone is looking out for floater, and/or be very clear in modeling that behavior so folks feel included. An area where someone could gravitate towards if they need a break or want to be alone for a moment. Events can be overstimulating. This could be as simple as a corner couch or hightop table with some books/stickers/info packs/whatever for folks to look at and browse through. This is hyper specific but...I have mixed feelings when organizers ask you to shake hands and introduce yourself to the person sitting next to you. I don't like it because of that split second moment of deciding who you're going to turn to first if there are two people around you. Plus, if you came with people you're most likely sitting with them to begin with. Also, if we're already sitting, my brain has context switched out of networking and into being an audience member. In general, I appreciate more detailed instruction beyond 'introduce yourself'. So often people just say 'Hi' and then don't really know what to say next so feeding folks the next question/sentence can be helpful (i.e. ask them why they're here, what their favorite food is, whatever). Name tags and pronouns are always helpful. I think a good event should have a balance of both presentations and networking time so it appeals to both audiences, and (like you said) a shared rough agenda is always helpful for both organizer and attendee time management. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Josefine Schfr Josefine Schfr Josefine Schfr Follow Accessibility Engineer @Storyblok • Google Developer Expert in Web Technologies• GirlCode & WTM Ambassador • Accessibility Enthusiast • Tech Feminist • Cat Mom Location Hamburg Education Msc Communication & Information Technology, Tilburg University Pronouns she / her Work Accessibility Engineer at Storyblok Joined Mar 6, 2020 • Jan 9 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks so much for sharing, @jess ! This is soo helpful! I'm so happy to read about your experience with the third point you made - the 'forced introductions'. I always thought I was the only one who had a hard time with that! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Narnaiezzsshaa Truong Narnaiezzsshaa Truong Narnaiezzsshaa Truong Follow Security tools for bootstrapped startups Location Texas, United States Joined Oct 24, 2025 • Jan 9 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Engineered serendipity. Like most people, I come for the content but stay for the connections. You can design for this: • Structured mingling (two prompts, three minutes each) • Topic‑based tables • “Ask me about…” stickers • A short facilitated breakout People relax when the social friction is reduced. Or A “frictionless entry” ritual Most people walk into a meet‑up slightly anxious. You can dissolve that in 30 seconds. Examples: • A single question on a whiteboard (“What are you building this month?”) • A check‑in card they fill out • A small prompt at the door (“Find someone who…”) This lowers the social activation energy. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Josefine Schfr Josefine Schfr Josefine Schfr Follow Accessibility Engineer @Storyblok • Google Developer Expert in Web Technologies• GirlCode & WTM Ambassador • Accessibility Enthusiast • Tech Feminist • Cat Mom Location Hamburg Education Msc Communication & Information Technology, Tilburg University Pronouns she / her Work Accessibility Engineer at Storyblok Joined Mar 6, 2020 • Jan 12 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Thanks so much @narnaiezzsshaa , I really loved reading your thoughts on this. "I come for the content but stay for the connections" - how beautiful 💚 I also really love the idea of the check-in cards, "Ask me about..." and prompting questions - such amazing conversation starters, will definitely try that out! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Sloan the DEV Moderator Follow I help moderate content and welcome new users to this platform. I also ask questions on behalf of members looking for advice from the community. Email sloan@dev.to Work The Practical Sloth Joined Aug 25, 2017 • Jan 9 Dropdown menu Copy link We loved your post so we shared it on social. Keep up the great work! Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Josefine Schfr Josefine Schfr Josefine Schfr Follow Accessibility Engineer @Storyblok • Google Developer Expert in Web Technologies• GirlCode & WTM Ambassador • Accessibility Enthusiast • Tech Feminist • Cat Mom Location Hamburg Education Msc Communication & Information Technology, Tilburg University Pronouns she / her Work Accessibility Engineer at Storyblok Joined Mar 6, 2020 • Jan 12 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Ohhh wow, thanks! Highly appreciate it! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand ujjavala ujjavala ujjavala Follow Interested in building intelligent systems and designing tech strategies for clients across multiple domains and geographies. Location Sydney Joined Jul 24, 2020 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This might sound a bit silly, but I have noticed that simple things like goodies or snacks work really well, especially with a younger crowd. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Some comments may only be visible to logged-in visitors. Sign in to view all comments. Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Josefine Schfr Follow Accessibility Engineer @Storyblok • Google Developer Expert in Web Technologies• GirlCode & WTM Ambassador • Accessibility Enthusiast • Tech Feminist • Cat Mom Location Hamburg Education Msc Communication & Information Technology, Tilburg University Pronouns she / her Work Accessibility Engineer at Storyblok Joined Mar 6, 2020 More from Josefine Schfr Generating Alternative Text with AI # webdev # a11y # ai Accessible Input Elements | the Basics # a11y # webdev # learning # css Studying for CPACC | Becoming a Certified Accessibility Professional # a11y # webdev # career 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://maker.forem.com/muhammad_abdullah_ab80e15/overcoming-critical-gear-challenges-a-guide-to-high-performance-custom-design-for-evs-and-523a#comments | Overcoming Critical Gear Challenges: A Guide to High-Performance Custom Design for EVs and Robotics - Maker Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. 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Report Abuse Muhammad Abdullah Posted on Dec 25, 2025 Overcoming Critical Gear Challenges: A Guide to High-Performance Custom Design for EVs and Robotics # robotics # tutorial Figure 1: Advanced custom gear design solutions for high-torque applications in EV and robotics industries Introduction In electric vehicle technology and robotics, two sectors in which development is racing ahead, requirements for transmission systems have reached unprecedented levels. Experts are faced with several challenging tasks, as small amounts of efficiency loss in transmission can adversely affect an electric vehicle's range, noise in gears can be clearly felt in the absence of engine masking, and in robotic joints, gear failure can result in high costs of automated cell down times. The underlying problem lies in realizing that general and standardized gears tend to be inefficient in meeting such high levels of requirements. This tutorial will examine how a systematic and application-directed custom gear design service can successfully address these issues. It will include a comprehensive outline, ranging from prime gear design principles and primary factors of gear applications (EVs versus Robotics) through cutting-edge manufacturing methods and techniques of cost management. To unlock the secrets of successful custom gears, we have to begin by revisiting their prime principles of design. What Foundational Principles Are Behind High-Performance Custom Gear Designs? However, when one progresses beyond mere calculation, high-performance gear design is based on four fundamental pillars of systems engineering. These ensure that not only is the gear an object on its own but also an element of a complete system. 1. Strength and Fatigue Life Analysis To make the gears resistant to failure modes such as pitting and tooth breakage, a proactive and analytical approach is needed. First, there is a heavy emphasis on analytical calculations as per recognized standards, including ISO 6336. Then, a contact fatigue calculation is carried out for the purpose of preventing surface pits, and a bending calculation is carried out to secure the gear against a tooth breakage failure mode. These analyses are not generic; hence, the calculation is carried out according to the expected load spectrum, including peak torques, cyclic variation, and total number of cycles, depending on the lifetime of the gear. Figure 2: Contact stress simulation and meshing optimization for maximum gear longevity 2. Meshing Characteristics Optimization To ensure smooth power transfer and prevent excessive wear and tear, the fundamental geometric shape of the gear mesh needs to be optimized. This essentially calls for careful design considerations to optimize parameters such as the Contact Ratio and the Sliding Ratio. However, a Contact Ratio that maximizes the number of teeth sharing the load at a time, thereby providing quieter and stronger meshes, needs to supplement the aspect of minimizing the value of the Sliding Ratio. It cannot be overstressed that the reduction of the Sliding Ratio at points A and B during the approach and recess phases assumes supreme significance to counteract the effect of friction and prevent adhesive wear. 3. Integrated Thermal Management High-speed or heavy-load environments produce considerable parasitic friction and windage heating, which can contaminate lubricants, cause expansion, or otherwise contribute to premature component failure. Indeed, appropriate lubricant-related cooling designs and considerations are fundamental. These considerations extend well beyond simple lubricant selection. Optimal enclosure design for efficient convective cooling, appropriate placement of cooling rings or jackets, and lubricant delivery system configuration to target critical regions for both lubrication and cooling purposes---or to prevent operation in regions that might cause problems---are just some of the considerations. Preventing runaway heating is critical to retaining specific dimensions or material characteristics during extreme operation. 4. Design for Manufacturing (DFM) Synergy A theoretically optimal design for which optimal production is not possible is nothing short of useless, according to Daemen's quote above. While a theoretically optimal design may indeed be perfect for functionality and manufacturability, production limitations and capabilities must play a crucial role in defining design tolerances. An example would be defining an optimal design with a maximum design tolerance specified as 'ISO 4,' which most likely requires processes such as precision grinding or honing and not merely hobbing or shaping. An optimal design strategy based on DFM would involve taking inputs from production experts during design and focusing on simplifying complex design elements to result in perfectly manufacturable components with optimal design to manufacturability fit by using materials suitable for available heat treatment processes. How Does Gear Design Differ Between Automotive and Robotic Applications? The need for special gear design solutions is readily apparent when comparing the different demands of automotive and robot applications. "One size fits all" is not going to work, as it will lead to suboptimal results. ⦁ Load Spectrum and Dynamic Response: There's a world of difference in the nature of the forces that these gears are subjected to, as can be seen below. Automotive gear design, for a conventional car, usually involves designing for constant, high-torque forces, which are optimized for maximum efficiency for prolonged use. On the other hand, robotics gear design requires gears that can handle highly dynamic forces, which include frequent start-stop actions, reverse impacts, shock forces, etc. This requires a gear design optimized for its impact resistance and fatigue strength. ⦁ Precision and Backlash Requirements: The major performance criteria establish the precision levels that must be achieved. Although automotive systems emphasize maximizing transmission efficiency (realized through ISO grades 6-8 gears), more precision and less backlash are demanded in robotics, where precision is usually achieved by adopting ISO grades 4-6 in robotics. The backlash in the teeth of two meshing gears, which are not in actual contact due to the manufacturing tolerances of the teeth, adversely affects robotics systems. Hence, in robotics, gears are often used that feature special tooth designs and pre-loading techniques to completely eliminate backlash, which promotes precise, repeatable motion. ⦁ Service Life and Noise Control (NVH): The operating environment shapes the list of requirements related to longevity and noise. The EV gearboxes are designed to have lifetimes above 10,000 hours of operation and noise levels limited to 70 dB or less to provide comfort to the human operators. Often, joints in robotics have a lifespan of over 20,000 hours since they are used in industrial environments and have to operate in very quiet conditions, meaning noise levels of less than 60 dB to facilitate "quiet" collaboration with human operators. Hence, NVH optimization of gears becomes an essential non-negotiable criterion in robotics. What Role Does Material Science Contribute to Achieving High Gear Performance? Material selection is an essential factor directly affecting the functionality, durability, and expenditure of the gear. Material and process determine the basic potential of the component.High-performance gear machining usually starts with the use of high-strength alloy steel grades like 20CrMnTi or 42CrMo. These materials have been picked for their suitability for various processes involving case carburizing and quenching, which enable the production of a work piece that has a tough and ductile core supporting bending loads well, as well as an incredibly hard surface for resisting pitting and abrasion. For reduced loading and quiet operation where weights matter, engineering plastics or sintered metals provide an acceptable substitute. Moreover, secondary surface modification processes like nitriding, intended for generating beneficial hard layers with critical compressive stresses, or special PVD layers for reduced friction, play highly important roles in resisting fatigue strength or wear at the cutting edge. Which Advanced Manufacturing Processes Are Most Essential for Precision Gears? Advanced manufacturing processes are a critical connecting link that transform an optimized design into a real high-performance solution. This is important since a design may promise theoretical benefits that may not materialize when an object is produced using manufacturing processes. 1. High-Precision Grinding for Maximum Accuracy Precision grinding is an essential step required to attain very tight tolerance ranges and very smooth surface finish, which is imperative in producing top-quality gears (ISO4-6). However, precision grinding is usually carried out after the heat treatment processes and is thus an essential step that corrects distortion processes that occur during quenching. With the use of CNC grinding wheels, this step is crucial in processing the tooth surface to exact geometries as specified to attain flawless meshing properties without any profile deviations that cause noises and stress raisers. 2. Gear Honing for Noise Reduction Being a super-finishing technique, gear honing is highly efficient and successful when used after the grinding process to finish gear teeth, and when carried out in smaller batches related to gear processing. As mentioned, the process takes advantage of an abrasive honing tool that meshes with the gear and results in a polishing process that takes place when cutting the gear teeth. Gear honing results in a substantial reduction of gear whine and total noise levels by 2- to 3-DB, which makes a substantial difference in noisy applications. 3. Advanced Heat Treatment for Dimensional Stability Despite its importance in obtaining the necessary material properties, conventional processing is prone to distortion. More advanced approaches include low-pressure carburizing (LPC), combined with high-pressure gas quenching. LPC ensures a homogenous level of carburizing without causing oxidation on the surface, which would increase processing time and cost due to a necessary machining allowance to compensate for distortion. On the other hand, high-pressure gas quenching allows for less distortion due to a more even rate of cooling compared to oil quenching methods.How these processes can be selectively combined according to the specific needs of the project has been precisely matched by an experienced gear design manufacturer whose core services include custom gear design services. Effective Cost Control in Custom Gear Engineering Projects by Engineers The fact that it tackles the issue of costs shows that it is aware of the realities of engineering, as it does not just stay in the theory phase. Value Engineering During Material Selection: Value engineering: This is an important aspect where a critical analysis helps to conclude on the best material that can be acquired at a lower cost, which fits all the requirements for functionality. This can entail the use of a particular material that has been enough for the given task rather than going for a more expensive one. A material like through-hardened steel can be sufficient for the role instead of a more expensive case carburized material, or there might be elimination of a particular coating if its functionality does not significantly extend the life for the given conditions. Design for Manufacturability (DFM): Incorporating the guidelines of DFM right at the beginning of any given project is one of the most effective ways to effectively manage costs. Designing gears so that they can be machined easily and efficiently is part of this method. By reducing complex features, using standard radii on machine tools, and designing gears so that they do not require tight tolerances, manufacturing can be made simpler and faster. A method of managing project costs proactively is through designing for ease of manufacturing while still achieving functionality. Precision Grade Alignment: It is imperative to avoid issues of "over-engineering," especially when it comes to cost-effectiveness. The selection of an accuracy grade that is "fit for purpose," as opposed to opting for the highest possible grades, will make it possible to save money. The cost curve with respect to tolerance is exponential, as opposed to being linear, and will see machine time and cost rise exponentially as tolerances are tightened. This will ensure that it is possible to select an ISO 7 gear when an ISO 5 gear will suffice, based on an accurate evaluation of requirements with respect to noise, efficiency, and life, and thereby directly affecting the quote for custom gear machining services. What Is a Case in Point for Solving Pitting Failure in Robotic Joint Gears? In conclusion, a case study would help solidify the principles outlined above so the concepts can be put into effect. 1. The Challenge: Premature Failure in a Critical Application One of the major robotics manufacturers in the world was facing a calamitous problem related to joint gears in their high-precision collaborative robots. The joint gears were failing extensively by pitting on the top surface of the gear teeth in just 2,000 hours, whereas they should last at least 20,000 hours. Due to such failures, the positional accuracy, vibration, and complaint rates against the robot were resulting in damage to its reputation in the marketplace. 2. The Custom Solution: A Multi-Faceted Engineering Approach A holistic and root cause analysis, coupled with a multi-faceted engineering intervention, was required for this solution. First, a tooth surface redesign was carried out using topology optimization software, leading to a designed shape that gave a 25% reduction in the surface contact stress. In the second approach, the material was improved to a higher quality nitride steel, and subsequent processing gave a surface hardness value greater than 60 HRC with profitable compressive residuals. For the final approach, the process was optimized by precision grinding the gears to an ISO grade of 4, leading to perfect geometric conformity, followed by a shot peening process that added a further 30% increase in fatigue strength by optimizing the surface stress values around the tooth root. Each and every detail of the surface treatment process was carried out based on best practices available from authoritative sources like ASM handbook surface engineering. 3. Quantifiable Result - Beating Performance Targets Permalink The result was transformative and verified from a quantitative perspective. The gear life increased from an unacceptable level of 2,000 hours to more than 6,000 hours in accelerated tests, showing a clear path towards reaching the 200% life improvement requirement for the 20,000-hour life. Moreover, the gear noise level was decreased by 5 dB to a very quiet 60 dB, making the user interaction with the collaborative robot even easier. Most importantly, from a client perspective, this resulted in a projected 40% decrease in maintenance and warranty costs, securing the value added by the custom engineering approach. Conclusion To meet the growing demands of the EV and robotics industries, a rigorous approach toward designing customized gears has now reached a threshold where it has to be done not just for preference but from a mandatory requirement. From the principles of engineering to material science and processing knowledge, the approach towards designing gears has to embrace full collaboration in order to achieve efficient performance, reduced noise levels, and durability. FAQs Q1: Generally, what is the estimated lead time for a custom gear project? A: The lead times will depend upon the complexity, material, and the batch size, but the average production takes around 4 to 8 weeks. This will involve analysis, prototyping, manufacturing, and extensive testing. Fast-track services may be offered for urgent requirements. Q2: Are you able to do small-batch or prototype gear manufacturing? A: Totally. Specialized small-batch gear production is a specialty, offering a minimum production batch as low as 10 pieces, so this is perfect for prototypes and low production volume projects. Q3: How do you verify and ensure the fatigue life of custom gears that you design? A: We use standards such as ISO6336 for analytical calculations and carry out life testing on specially designed rigs that can simulate actual loads. Test report based on actual testing gives us an assured result. Q4: What data should be provided in order to begin working on the new gear idea? A: We usually need the application case, working load/speed data, expected lifetime, mounting interfaces, and desired precision grade. Additional requirements such as environmental matters and noise constraints are also essential to assess for a feasibility study. Q5: Could you outline the essential steps you incorporate in your custom gear design? A: It starts with an in-depth investigation of requirements of various applications, conceptual design development, 3D modeling, simulations of strength and NVH, and final verification of manufacturing capability before proceeding to production. Author Bio The author is a precision engineering expert at LS Manufacturing, a company certified with IATF 16949 and AS9100D. The company provides solutions to engineers and researchers in aerospace, medical, and automotive industries, helping them solve complex component challenges. The company is fully qualified, utilizes cutting-edge technology, and is committed to providing exceptional service. Please feel free to contact the author for a free evaluation. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Muhammad Abdullah Follow Joined Dec 25, 2025 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Maker Forem — A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Maker Forem © 2016 - 2026. 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https://dev.to/siy/the-underlying-process-of-request-processing-1od4#parallel-execution-becomes-transparent | The Underlying Process of Request Processing - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Sergiy Yevtushenko Posted on Jan 12 • Originally published at pragmatica.dev The Underlying Process of Request Processing # java # functional # architecture # backend The Underlying Process of Request Processing Beyond Languages and Frameworks Every request your system handles follows the same fundamental process. It doesn't matter if you're writing Java, Rust, or Python. It doesn't matter if you're using Spring, Express, or raw sockets. The underlying process is universal because it mirrors how humans naturally solve problems. When you receive a question, you don't answer immediately. You gather context. You retrieve relevant knowledge. You combine pieces of information. You transform raw data into meaningful understanding. Only then do you formulate a response. This is data transformation--taking input and gradually collecting necessary pieces of knowledge to provide a correct answer. Software request processing works identically. The Universal Pattern Every request follows these stages: Parse - Transform raw input into validated domain objects Gather - Collect necessary data from various sources Process - Apply business logic to produce results Respond - Transform results into appropriate output format This isn't a framework pattern. It's not a design choice. It's the fundamental nature of information processing. Whether you're handling an HTTP request, processing a message from a queue, or responding to a CLI command--the process is the same. Input → Parse → Gather → Process → Respond → Output Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Each stage transforms data. Each stage may need additional data. Each stage may fail. The entire flow is a data transformation pipeline. Why Async Looks Like Sync Here's the insight that changes everything: when you think in terms of data transformation, the sync/async distinction disappears . Consider these two operations: // "Synchronous" Result < User > user = database . findUser ( userId ); // "Asynchronous" Promise < User > user = httpClient . fetchUser ( userId ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode From a data transformation perspective, these are identical: Both take a user ID Both produce a User (or failure) Both are steps in a larger pipeline The only difference is when the result becomes available. But that's an execution detail, not a structural concern. Your business logic doesn't care whether the data came from local memory or crossed an ocean. It cares about what the data is and what to do with it. When you structure code as data transformation pipelines, this becomes obvious: // The structure is identical regardless of sync/async return userId . all ( id -> findUser ( id ), // Might be sync or async id -> loadPermissions ( id ), // Might be sync or async id -> fetchPreferences ( id ) // Might be sync or async ). map ( this :: buildContext ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The pattern doesn't change. The composition doesn't change. Only the underlying execution strategy changes--and that's handled by the types, not by you. Parallel Execution Becomes Transparent The same principle applies to parallelism. When operations are independent, they can run in parallel. When they depend on each other, they must run sequentially. This isn't a choice you make--it's determined by the data flow. // Sequential: each step needs the previous result return validateInput ( request ) . flatMap ( this :: createUser ) . flatMap ( this :: sendWelcomeEmail ); // Parallel: steps are independent return Promise . all ( fetchUserProfile ( userId ), loadAccountSettings ( userId ), getRecentActivity ( userId ) ). map ( this :: buildDashboard ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode You don't decide "this should be parallel" or "this should be sequential." You express the data dependencies. The execution strategy follows from the structure. If operations share no data dependencies, they're naturally parallelizable. If one needs another's output, they're naturally sequential. This is why thinking in data transformation is so powerful. You describe what needs to happen and what data flows where . The how --sync vs async, sequential vs parallel--emerges from the structure itself. The JBCT Patterns as Universal Primitives Java Backend Coding Technology captures this insight in six patterns: Leaf - Single transformation (atomic) Sequencer - A → B → C, dependent chain (sequential) Fork-Join - A + B + C → D, independent merge (parallel-capable) Condition - Route based on value (branching) Iteration - Transform collection (map/fold) Aspects - Wrap transformation (decoration) These aren't arbitrary design patterns. They're the fundamental ways data can flow through a system: Transform a single value (Leaf) Chain dependent transformations (Sequencer) Combine independent transformations (Fork-Join) Choose between transformations (Condition) Apply transformation to many values (Iteration) Enhance a transformation (Aspects) Every request processing task--regardless of domain, language, or framework--decomposes into these six primitives. Once you internalize this, implementation becomes mechanical. You're not inventing structure; you're recognizing the inherent structure of the problem. Optimal Implementation as Routine When you see request processing as data transformation, optimization becomes straightforward: Identify independent operations → They can parallelize (Fork-Join) Identify dependent chains → They must sequence (Sequencer) Identify decision points → They become conditions Identify collection processing → They become iterations Identify cross-cutting concerns → They become aspects You're not making architectural decisions. You're reading the inherent structure of the problem and translating it directly into code. This is why JBCT produces consistent code across developers and AI assistants. There's essentially one correct structure for any given data flow. Different people analyzing the same problem arrive at the same solution--not because they memorized patterns, but because the patterns are the natural expression of data transformation. The Shift in Thinking Traditional programming asks: "What sequence of instructions produces the desired effect?" Data transformation thinking asks: "What shape does the data take at each stage, and what transformations connect them?" The first approach leads to imperative code where control flow dominates. The second leads to declarative pipelines where data flow dominates. When you make this shift: Async stops being "harder" than sync Parallel stops being "risky" Error handling stops being an afterthought Testing becomes straightforward (pure transformations are trivially testable) You're no longer fighting the machine to do what you want. You're describing transformations and letting the runtime figure out the optimal execution strategy. Conclusion Request processing is data transformation. This isn't a paradigm or a methodology--it's the underlying reality that every paradigm and methodology is trying to express. Languages and frameworks provide different syntax. Some make data transformation easier to express than others. But the fundamental process doesn't change. Input arrives. Data transforms through stages. Output emerges. JBCT patterns aren't rules to memorize. They're the vocabulary for describing data transformation in Java. Once you see the underlying process clearly, using these patterns becomes as natural as describing what you see. The result: any processing task, implemented in close to optimal form, as a matter of routine. Part of Java Backend Coding Technology - a methodology for writing predictable, testable backend code. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Sergiy Yevtushenko Follow Writing code for 35+ years and still enjoy it... Location Krakow, Poland Work Senior Software Engineer Joined Mar 14, 2019 More from Sergiy Yevtushenko From Subjective Opinions to Systematic Analysis: Pattern-Based Code Review # codereview # java # patterns # bestpractices Java Should Stop Trying To Be Like Everybody Else # java # kubernetes # runtime # deployment Java Backend Coding Technology: Writing Code in the Era of AI #Version 1.1 # ai # java # codingtechnology 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://maker.forem.com/t/productivity | Productivity - Maker Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Maker Forem Close Productivity Follow Hide Productivity includes tips on how to use tools and software, process optimization, useful references, experience, and mindstate optimization. Create Post submission guidelines Please check if your article contains information or discussion bases about productivity. From posts with the tag #productivity we expect tips on how to use tools and software, process optimization, useful references, experience, and mindstate optimization. Productivity is a very broad term with many aspects and topics. From the color design of the office to personal rituals, anything can contribute to increase / optimize your own productivity or that of a team. about #productivity Does my article fit the tag? It depends! Productivity is a very broad term with many aspects and topics. From the color design of the office to personal rituals, anything can contribute to increase / optimize your own productivity or that of a team. Older #productivity posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 … 75 … 1272 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Spectrum Analyzer Noise Floor Suddenly Up by 10 dB? Don’t Blame the Front-End Yet Maron Zhang Maron Zhang Maron Zhang Follow Dec 28 '25 Spectrum Analyzer Noise Floor Suddenly Up by 10 dB? Don’t Blame the Front-End Yet # help # hardware # productivity Comments Add Comment 4 min read Exploring Long-Run LED Strips for Open-Source Makers: How to Achieve Stable, Reliable Lighting Over Distance emmma emmma emmma Follow Dec 12 '25 Exploring Long-Run LED Strips for Open-Source Makers: How to Achieve Stable, Reliable Lighting Over Distance # programming # ai # beginners # productivity 2 reactions Comments 3 comments 2 min read Boosting Efficiency in Mechanical Prototyping: Expert Advice Sheba Kumari Sheba Kumari Sheba Kumari Follow Sep 25 '25 Boosting Efficiency in Mechanical Prototyping: Expert Advice # watercooler # career # productivity Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... trending guides/resources Spectrum Analyzer Noise Floor Suddenly Up by 10 dB? Don’t Blame the Front-End Yet 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Maker Forem — A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Maker Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a space where makers create, share, and bring ideas to life. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:13 |
https://maker.forem.com/privacy#6-international-data-transfers | Privacy Policy - Maker Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Maker Forem Close Privacy Policy Last Updated: September 01, 2023 This Privacy Policy is designed to help you understand how DEV Community Inc. (" DEV ," " we ," or " us ") collects, use, and discloses your personal information. What's With the Defined Terms? You'll notice that some words appear in quotes in this Privacy Policy. They're called "defined terms," and we use them so that we don't have to repeat the same language again and again. They mean the same thing in every instance, to help us make sure that this Privacy Policy is consistent. We've included the defined terms throughout because we want it to be easy for you to read them in context. 1. WHAT DOES THIS PRIVACY POLICY APPLY TO? 2. PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT 3. HOW WE USE YOUR INFORMATION 4. HOW WE DISCLOSE YOUR INFORMATION 5. YOUR PRIVACY CHOICES AND RIGHTS 6. INTERNATIONAL DATA TRANSFERS 7. RETENTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION 8. SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES FOR CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS 9. SUPPLEMENTAL NOTICE FOR NEVADA RESIDENTS 10. CHILDREN'S INFORMATION 11. OTHER PROVISIONS 12. CONTACT US 1. WHAT DOES THIS PRIVACY POLICY APPLY TO? This Privacy Policy applies to personal information processed by us, including on our websites, mobile applications, and other online or offline offerings — basically anything we do. To make this Privacy Policy easier to read, our websites, mobile applications, and other offerings are all collectively called the " Services. " Beyond this Privacy Policy, your use of the Services is subject to our DEV Community Terms and our Forem Terms. The Services include both our own community forum at https://www.dev.to (the " DEV Community ") and the open source tool we provide called " Forem ," available at https://www.forem.com which allows our customers to create and operate their own online forums. We collect personal information from two categories of people: (1) our customers, who use Forem and our hosting services to run and host their own forums (we'll call them " Forem Operators "), and (2) the people who interact with DEV-hosted forums, including forums provided by Forem Operators utilizing Forem and separately our own DEV Community (we'll call them " Users "). An Important Note for Users Since we provide hosting services for Forem Operators, technically we also process your information on their behalf. That processing is governed by the contracts that we have in place with each Forem Operator, not this Privacy Policy. In other words, when you share your data on a DEV-hosted forum operated by a Forem Operator, we at DEV are basically just the "pipes" — we process the data on behalf of the Forem Operator, but don't do anything with it ourselves beyond what we're required to do under our contract (and by law). So, if you post your information on a DEV-powered forum provided by a Forem Operator, that Forem Operator's privacy policy applies, and any questions or requests relating to your data on that service should be directed to that Forem Operator, not us. Likewise, if you use our mobile application, you may also interact with forums that use DEV's open-source tools but do all their hosting and data collection themselves. For those forums, we at DEV have no access to your data, so be sure to read the privacy policy of any third-party hosted forum before posting. 2. PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT The categories of personal information we collect depend on whether you're a User or Forem Operator, how you interact with us, our Services, and the requirements of applicable law. Breaking it down, we collect three types of information: (1) information that you provide to us directly, (2) information we obtain automatically when you use our Services, and (3) information we get about you from other sources (such as third-party services and organizations). More details are below. A. Information You Provide to Us Directly We may collect the following personal information that you provide to us. Account Creation (for Forem Operators): We'll require your name and email address to get started, as well as some details about the Forem you want to run, such as: whether you're running the Forem on your own behalf or as part of an organization, and details about the community you want to support (how big is it, what topics does it cover, where do members currently communicate, how/if the community earns money, whether the community is open, invite-only or paid, any existing social media accounts, etc.) You'll need to tell us a bit about your personal coding background, and you'll have the option to provide your DEV username as well, if you are a member of the DEV.to community. Account Creation (for Users) : We collect name and email address from users that create an account on DEV Community. For other forums created by Forem Operators using Forem, the Forem Operator determines what information is required for User account creation for their respective forums. Interactive Features (for Users) . Like any other social network, both we and other Users of our Services may collect personal information that you submit or make available through our interactive features (e.g., messaging and chat features, commenting functionalities, forums, blogs, posts, and other social media pages). While we do have private messages that are only between you and the person you're messaging (as well as us and the Forem Operator, as applicable), any information you provide using the public sharing features of the Services, such as the information you post to your public profile or the topics you follow is public, including to recruiters and prospective employers, and is not subject to any of the privacy protections we mention in this Privacy Policy except where legally required. Please exercise caution before revealing any information that may identify you in the real world to others. Purchases . If you buy stuff on our shop site https://shop.dev.to/ (as either a User or Forem Operator), or otherwise if you pay us in connection with your use of the Forem service, we may collect personal information and details associated with your purchases, including payment information. Any payments made via our Services are processed by third-party payment processors, such as Stripe, Shopify, and PayPal. We do not directly collect or store any payment card information entered through our Services, but may receive information associated with your payment card information (e.g., your billing details). Your Communications with Us (Users and Forem Operators) . We may collect personal information, such as email address, phone number, or mailing address when you request information about our Services, register for our newsletter or loyalty program, request customer or technical support, apply for a job, or otherwise communicate with us. Surveys . We may contact you to participate in surveys. If you decide to participate, you may be asked to provide certain information, which may include personal information (for example, your home address). Sweepstakes or Contests . We may collect personal information you provide for any sweepstakes or contests that we offer. In some jurisdictions, we are required to publicly share information of sweepstakes and contest winners. Conferences, Trade Shows, and Other Events . We may collect personal information from individuals when we attend conferences, trade shows, and other events. Business Development and Strategic Partnerships . We may collect personal information from individuals and third parties to assess and pursue potential business opportunities. Job Applications . We may post job openings and opportunities on our Services. If you reply to one of these postings by submitting your application, CV and/or cover letter to us, we will collect and use your information to assess your qualifications. B. Information Collected Automatically We may collect personal information automatically when you use our Services: Automatic Data Collection . We may collect certain information automatically when you use our Services, such as your Internet protocol (IP) address, user settings, MAC address, cookie identifiers, mobile carrier, mobile advertising and other unique identifiers, browser or device information, location information (including approximate location derived from IP address), and Internet service provider. We may also automatically collect information regarding your use of our Services, such as pages that you visit before, during and after using our Services, information about the links you click, the types of content you interact with, the frequency and duration of your activities, and other information about how you use our Services. In addition, we may collect information that other people provide about you when they use our Services, including information about you when they tag you in their posts. Cookies, Pixel Tags/Web Beacons, and Other Technologies . We, as well as third parties that provide content, advertising, or other functionality on our Services, may use cookies, pixel tags, local storage, and other technologies (" Technologies ") to automatically collect information through your use of our Services. Cookies . Cookies are small text files placed in device browsers that store preferences and facilitate and enhance your experience. Pixel Tags/Web Beacons . A pixel tag (also known as a web beacon) is a piece of code embedded in our Services that collects information about engagement on our Services. The use of a pixel tag allows us to record, for example, that a user has visited a particular web page or clicked on a particular advertisement. We may also include web beacons in e-mails to understand whether messages have been opened, acted on, or forwarded. Our uses of these Technologies fall into the following general categories: Operationally Necessary . This includes Technologies that allow you access to our Services, applications, and tools that are required to identify irregular website behavior, prevent fraudulent activity and improve security or that allow you to make use of our functionality. Performance-Related . We may use Technologies to assess the performance of our Services, including as part of our analytic practices to help us understand how individuals use our Services ( see Analytics below ). Functionality-Related . We may use Technologies that allow us to offer you enhanced functionality when accessing or using our Services. This may include identifying you when you sign into our Services or keeping track of your specified preferences, interests, or past items viewed. Analytics . We may use Technologies and other third-party tools to process analytics information on our Services. Some of our analytics partners include Google Analytics. For more information,please visit Google Analytics' Privacy Policy . To learn more about how to opt-out of Google Analytics' use of your information, please click here . Social Media Platforms . Our Services may contain social media buttons such as Twitter, Facebook, GitHub, Instagram, and Twitch (that might include widgets such as the "share this" button or other interactive mini programs). These features may collect your IP address, which page you are visiting on our Services, and may set a cookie to enable the feature to function properly. Your interactions with these platforms are governed by the privacy policy of the company providing it. See the "Your Privacy Choices and Rights" section below to understand your choices regarding these Technologies. C. Information Collected from Other Sources We may obtain information about you from other sources, including through third-party services and organizations. For example, if you access our Services through a third-party application, such as an app store, a third-party login service (e.g., through Twitter, Apple, or GitHub), or a social networking site, we may collect whatever information about you from that third-party application that you have made available via your privacy settings. 3. HOW WE USE YOUR INFORMATION We use your information for a variety of business purposes, including to provide our Services, for administrative purposes, and to market our products and Services, as described below. A. Provide Our Services We use your information to fulfill our contract with you and provide you with our Services, such as: Managing your information and accounts; Providing access to certain areas, functionalities, and features of our Services; Answering requests for customer or technical support; Communicating with you about your account, activities on our Services, and policy changes; Processing your financial information and other payment methods for products or Services purchased; Processing applications if you apply for a job we post on our Services; and Allowing you to register for events. B. Administrative Purposes We use your information for various administrative purposes, such as: Pursuing our legitimate interests such as direct marketing, research and development (including marketing research), network and information security, and fraud prevention; Detecting security incidents, protecting against malicious, deceptive, fraudulent or illegal activity, and prosecuting those responsible for that activity; Measuring interest and engagement in our Services, including for usage-based billing purposes; Short-term, transient use, such as contextual customization of ads; Improving, optimizing, upgrading, or enhancing our Services; Developing new products and Services; Ensuring internal quality control and safety; Authenticating and verifying individual identities, including requests to exercise your rights under this policy; Debugging to identify and repair errors with our Services; Auditing relating to interactions, transactions and other compliance activities; Enforcing our agreements and policies; and Complying with our legal obligations. C. Marketing and Advertising our Products and Services We may use your personal information to tailor and provide you with content and advertisements for our Services, such as via email. If you have any questions about our marketing practices, you may contact us at any time as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. D. Other Purposes We also use your information for other purposes as requested by you or as permitted by applicable law. Consent . We may use personal information for other purposes that are clearly disclosed to you at the time you provide personal information or with your consent. Automated Decision Making. We may engage in automated decision making, including profiling, such as to suggest topics or other Users for you to follow. DEV's processing of your personal information will not result in a decision based solely on automated processing that significantly affects you unless such a decision is necessary as part of a contract we have with you, we have your consent, or we are permitted by law to engage in such automated decision making. If you have questions about our automated decision making, you may contact us as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. De-identified and Aggregated Information . We may use personal information and other information about you to create de-identified and/or aggregated information, such as de-identified demographic information, information about the device from which you access our Services, or other analyses we create. For example, we may collect system-wide information to ensure availability of the platform, or measure aggregate data trends to analyze and optimize our Services. Share Content with Friends or Colleagues. Our Services may offer various tools and functionalities. For example, we may allow you to provide information about your friends through our referral services. Our referral services may allow you to forward or share certain content with a friend or colleague, such as an email inviting your friend to use our Services. Please only share with us contact information of people with whom you have a relationship (e.g., relative, friend neighbor, or co-worker). 4. HOW WE DISCLOSE YOUR INFORMATION We disclose your information to third parties for a variety of business purposes, including to provide our Services, to protect us or others, or in the event of a major business transaction such as a merger, sale, or asset transfer, as described below. A. Disclosures to Provide our Services The categories of third parties with whom we may share your information are described below. Service Providers . We may share your personal information with our third-party service providers who use that information to help us provide our Services. This includes service providers that provide us with IT support, hosting, payment processing, customer service, and related services. For example, our Shop site is run by Shopify, who handle your shipping details on our behalf. Business Partners . We may share your personal information with business partners to provide you with a product or service you have requested. We may also share your personal information to business partners with whom we jointly offer products or services. Other Users . As described above in the "Personal Information We Collect" section of this Privacy Policy, our Service allows Users to share their profiles, and any posts, chats, etc. with other Users and with the general public, including to those who do not use our Services. APIs/SDKs . We may use third-party Application Program Interfaces ("APIs") and Software Development Kits ("SDKs") as part of the functionality of our Services. For more information about our use of APIs and SDKs, please contact us as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. B . Disclosures to Protect Us or Others We may access, preserve, and disclose any information we store associated with you to external parties if we, in good faith, believe doing so is required or appropriate to: comply with law enforcement or national security requests and legal process, such as a court order or subpoena; protect your, our, or others' rights, property, or safety; enforce our policies or contracts; collect amounts owed to us; or assist with an investigation or prosecution of suspected or actual illegal activity. C. Disclosure in the Event of Merger, Sale, or Other Asset Transfers If we are involved in a merger, acquisition, financing due diligence, reorganization, bankruptcy, receivership, purchase or sale of assets, or transition of service to another provider, your information may be sold or transferred as part of such a transaction, as permitted by law and/or contract. 5. YOUR PRIVACY CHOICES AND RIGHTS Your Privacy Choices . The privacy choices you may have about your personal information are determined by applicable law and are described below. Email Communications . If you receive an unwanted email from us, you can use the unsubscribe link found at the bottom of the email to opt out of receiving future emails. Note that you will continue to receive transaction-related emails regarding products or Services you have requested. We may also send you certain non-promotional communications regarding us and our Services, and you will not be able to opt out of those communications (e.g., communications regarding our Services or updates to our Terms or this Privacy Policy). Mobile Devices . We may send you push notifications through our mobile application. You may opt out from receiving these push notifications by changing the settings on your mobile device. "Do Not Track." Do Not Track (" DNT ") is a privacy preference that users can set in certain web browsers. Please note that we do not respond to or honor DNT signals or similar mechanisms transmitted by web browsers. Cookies and Interest-Based Advertising . You may stop or restrict the placement of Technologies on your device or remove them by adjusting your preferences as your browser or device permits. However, if you adjust your preferences, our Services may not work properly. Please note that cookie-based opt-outs are not effective on mobile applications. Please note you must separately opt out in each browser and on each device. Your Privacy Rights . In accordance with applicable law, you may have the right to: Access Personal Information about you, including: (i) confirming whether we are processing your personal information; (ii) obtaining access to or a copy of your personal information; Request Correction of your personal information where it is inaccurate, incomplete or outdated. In some cases, we may provide self-service tools that enable you to update your personal information; Request Deletion, Anonymization or Blocking of your personal information when processing is based on your consent or when processing is unnecessary, excessive or noncompliant; Request Restriction of or Object to our processing of your personal information when processing is noncompliant; Withdraw Your Consent to our processing of your personal information. If you refrain from providing personal information or withdraw your consent to processing, some features of our Service may not be available; Request Data Portability and Receive an Electronic Copy of Personal Information that You Have Provided to Us; Be Informed about third parties with which your personal information has been shared; and Request the Review of Decisions Taken Exclusively Based on Automated Processing if such decisions could affect your data subject rights. If you would like to exercise any of these rights, please contact us as set forth in "Contact Us" below. We will process such requests in accordance with applicable laws. 6. INTERNATIONAL DATA TRANSFERS All information processed by us may be transferred, processed, and stored anywhere in the world, including, but not limited to, the United States or other countries, which may have data protection laws that are different from the laws where you live. We always strive to safeguard your information consistent with the requirements of applicable laws. 7. RETENTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION We store the personal information we collect as described in this Privacy Policy for as long as you use our Services or as necessary: to fulfill the purpose or purposes for which it was collected, to provide our Services, to resolve disputes, to establish legal defenses, to conduct audits, to pursue legitimate business purposes, to enforce our agreements, and to comply with applicable laws. 8. SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES FOR CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS Refer-a-Friend and Similar Incentive Programs . As described above in the How We Use Your Personal Information section ("Share Content with Friends or Colleagues" subsection), we may offer referral programs or other incentivized data collection programs. For example, we may offer incentives to you such as discounts or promotional items or credit in connection with these programs, wherein you provide your personal information in exchange for a reward, or provide personal information regarding your friends or colleagues (such as their email address) and receive rewards when they sign up to use our Services. (The referred party may also receive rewards for signing up via your referral.) These programs are entirely voluntary and allow us to grow our business and provide additional benefits to you. The value of your data to us depends on how you ultimately use our Services, whereas the value of the referred party's data to us depends on whether the referred party ultimately becomes a User or Forem Operator and uses our Services. Said value will be reflected in the incentive offered in connection with each program. Accessibility . This Privacy Policy uses industry-standard technologies and was developed in line with the World Wide Web Consortium's Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, version 2.1* . * If you wish to print this policy, please do so from your web browser or by saving the page as a PDF. California Shine the Light . The California "Shine the Light" law permits users who are California residents to request and obtain from us once a year, free of charge, a list of the third parties to whom we have disclosed their personal information (if any) for their direct marketing purposes in the prior calendar year, as well as the type of personal information disclosed to those parties. Right for Minors to Remove Posted Content . Where required by law, California residents under the age of 18 may request to have their posted content or information removed from the publicly-viewable portions of the Services by contacting us directly as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below or by logging into their account and removing the content or information using our self-service tools. 9. SUPPLEMENTAL NOTICE FOR NEVADA RESIDENTS If you are a resident of Nevada, you have the right to opt-out of the sale of certain Personal Information to third parties who intend to license or sell that Personal Information. You can exercise this right by contacting us as set forth in the "Contact Us\" section below with the subject line "Nevada Do Not Sell Request" and providing us with your name and the email address associated with your account. Please note that we do not currently sell your Personal Information as sales are defined in Nevada Revised Statutes Chapter 603A. If you have any questions, please contact us as set forth below. 10. CHILDREN'S INFORMATION The Services are not directed to children under 13 (or other age as required by local law), and we do not knowingly collect personal information from children. If you are a parent or guardian and believe your child has uploaded personal information to our site without your consent, you may contact us as described in the "Contact Us" section below. If we become aware that a child has provided us with personal information in violation of applicable law, we will delete any personal information we have collected, unless we have a legal obligation to keep it, and terminate the child's account if applicable. 11. OTHER PROVISIONS Third-Party Websites or Applications . The Services may contain links to other websites or applications, and other websites or applications may reference or link to our Services. These third-party services are not controlled by us. We encourage our users to read the privacy policies of each website and application with which they interact. We do not endorse, screen or approve, and are not responsible for, the privacy practices or content of such other websites or applications. Providing personal information to third-party websites or applications is at your own risk. Changes to Our Privacy Policy . We may revise this Privacy Policy from time to time in our sole discretion. If there are any material changes to this Privacy Policy, we will notify you as required by applicable law. You understand and agree that you will be deemed to have accepted the updated Privacy Policy if you continue to use our Services after the new Privacy Policy takes effect. 12. 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https://dev.to/mohammadidrees/contrast-sync-vs-async-failure-classes-using-first-principles-d12#failure-class-1-blocking-amplification | Contrast sync vs async failure classes using first principles - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Mohammad-Idrees Posted on Jan 13 Contrast sync vs async failure classes using first principles # architecture # computerscience # systemdesign 1. Start from First Principles: What Is a “Failure Class”? A failure class is not: a bug a timeout an outage A failure class is: A category of things that can go wrong because of how responsibility, time, and state are structured So we ask: What must be true for correctness? What assumptions does the model silently make? What breaks when those assumptions are false? 2. Core Difference (One Sentence) Synchronous systems fail by blocking and cascading. Asynchronous systems fail by duplication, reordering, and invisibility. Everything else is a consequence. 3. Synchronous Systems — Failure Classes Definition (First Principles) A synchronous system assumes: “The caller waits while the callee finishes the work.” This couples: time availability correctness Failure Class 1: Blocking Amplification Question asked: What happens while the system waits? Reality: Threads blocked Connections held Memory retained Failure mode: Load increases → latency increases → throughput collapses This is not just “slow.” It is non-linear failure . Failure Class 2: Cascading Failure Question asked: What if a dependency slows down? Because everything is waiting: Agent slows → backend slows Backend slows → frontend retries Retries amplify load Failure mode: One slow dependency can take down the entire system Failure Class 3: Availability Coupling Question asked: Can the system function if the dependency is down? Answer in sync systems: No Failure mode: Partial outage becomes total outage Summary: Sync Failure Classes Category Root Cause Blocking Time is coupled Cascades Dependencies are inline Global outage Availability is transitive 4. Asynchronous Systems — Failure Classes Definition (First Principles) An async system assumes: “Work can finish later, possibly multiple times, possibly out of order.” This decouples time but removes guarantees . Failure Class 1: Duplicate Execution Question asked: What happens if work is retried? Reality: At-least-once delivery Worker crashes Message reprocessed Failure mode: Same logical action happens multiple times This breaks: Exactly-once semantics Idempotency assumptions Failure Class 2: Ordering Violations Question asked: What defines sequence? Reality: Queues don’t know business order Workers process independently Failure mode: Effects appear out of logical order For chat systems: Responses based on future messages Context corruption Failure Class 3: Completion Invisibility Question asked: How does the user know when work is done? Reality: No direct signal Polling or guessing Failure mode: Users wait blindly or see stale state Failure Class 4: Orphaned Work Question asked: What if the user disappears? Reality: Job keeps running Response stored but never consumed Failure mode: Wasted compute, leaked state Summary: Async Failure Classes Category Root Cause Duplication Retries Reordering Decoupled execution Invisibility No direct completion path Orphans Detached lifecycles 5. Side-by-Side Contrast (Mental Model) Dimension Synchronous Asynchronous Time Coupled Decoupled Failure style Blocking, cascades Duplication, disorder Availability All-or-nothing Partial Correctness risk Latency-based Logic-based Debugging Easier Harder 6. Deep Insight (This Is the Interview Gold) Synchronous systems fail loudly and immediately. Asynchronous systems fail quietly and later. Sync failures are obvious (timeouts, errors) Async failures are subtle (double writes, wrong order) 7. Why Neither Is “Better” From first principles: Sync systems protect causality but sacrifice availability Async systems protect availability but sacrifice causality Real systems exist to reintroduce the lost property : Async systems add idempotency, ordering, state machines Sync systems add timeouts, circuit breakers, fallbacks 8. One-Line Rule to Remember Sync breaks under load. Async breaks under ambiguity. If you want next, we can: Map these failure classes to real outages Show how streaming combines both failure types Practice identifying failure classes on a fresh system Tell me the next direction. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Mohammad-Idrees Follow Joined Mar 16, 2023 More from Mohammad-Idrees Thinking in First Principles: How to Question an Async Queue–Based Design # architecture # interview # learning # systemdesign How to Identify System Design Problems from First Principles # architecture # interview # systemdesign # tutorial 🧱 The Blueprint of Success: Mastering the Technical Requirements Document (TRD) # architecture # career # systemdesign 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://maker.forem.com/_af0262ac803558bfa0ca9d/i-plan-to-develop-a-wired-android-auto-to-wireless-android-auto-device-using-the-esp32-s3-48j9 | I plan to develop a wired Android Auto to wireless Android Auto device using the ESP32-S3. - Maker Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Maker Forem Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Leo Posted on Dec 25, 2025 I plan to develop a wired Android Auto to wireless Android Auto device using the ESP32-S3. # discuss # esp32 This device must support USB OTG in order to be used as an AOA accessory. I had originally considered using the ESP32-C5 because it has 5GHz WiFi, which is an ideal transmission network. However, since the ESP32-C5 does not support USB OTG, I had to give up on that idea. I really hope that Espressif can release a device that supports both USB OTG and 5GHz WiFi, as this would allow me to create many great automotive-related products. If you are also interested in this project, please leave a message. If there is a lot of interest, I would be very happy to discuss the technical details. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Leo Follow Joined Dec 25, 2025 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Maker Forem — A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Maker Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a space where makers create, share, and bring ideas to life. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:13 |
https://design.forem.com/t/portfolio#main-content | Portfolio - Design Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Design Community Close # portfolio Follow Hide Getting feedback on and discussing portfolio strategies Create Post Older #portfolio posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Your Sports Coaching Website Doesn’t Work For You? Per Starke Per Starke Per Starke Follow Oct 23 '25 Your Sports Coaching Website Doesn’t Work For You? # coach # portfolio # freelancing # webdesign Comments Add Comment 2 min read Offering Free Website Design to Gain Real-World Experience" Zoey Zoey Zoey Follow Nov 12 '25 Offering Free Website Design to Gain Real-World Experience" # freelancing # portfolio # webdesign # newdesigner 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 1 min read Femke.design: Why Your Design Ideas Get REJECTED (6-Step Fix) Design YouTube Design YouTube Design YouTube Follow Oct 1 '25 Femke.design: Why Your Design Ideas Get REJECTED (6-Step Fix) # design # webdesign # portfolio Comments Add Comment 1 min read Jesse Showalter: Roast My Old Portfolio | Part 2 Design YouTube Design YouTube Design YouTube Follow Aug 4 '25 Jesse Showalter: Roast My Old Portfolio | Part 2 # webdesign # design # portfolio # creativegrowth Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Design Community — Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Design Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where designers share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:13 |
https://maker.forem.com/t/hardware | Hardware - Maker Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Maker Forem Close # hardware Follow Hide Discussing monitors, tablets, laptops, and other design hardware Create Post Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Spectrum Analyzer Noise Floor Suddenly Up by 10 dB? Don’t Blame the Front-End Yet Maron Zhang Maron Zhang Maron Zhang Follow Dec 28 '25 Spectrum Analyzer Noise Floor Suddenly Up by 10 dB? Don’t Blame the Front-End Yet # help # hardware # productivity Comments Add Comment 4 min read Designing Parts That Actually Print on Cheap Hardware v. Splicer v. Splicer v. Splicer Follow Dec 23 '25 Designing Parts That Actually Print on Cheap Hardware # beginners # 3dprinting # budget # hardware Comments Add Comment 4 min read How to choose between the four types of safety levels and the two types of safety levels for safety curtains? zhu zhu zhu Follow Oct 8 '25 How to choose between the four types of safety levels and the two types of safety levels for safety curtains? # design # hardware # learning Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... trending guides/resources Spectrum Analyzer Noise Floor Suddenly Up by 10 dB? Don’t Blame the Front-End Yet Designing Parts That Actually Print on Cheap Hardware 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Maker Forem — A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Maker Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a space where makers create, share, and bring ideas to life. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:13 |
https://dev.to/t/cypress | Cypress - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # cypress Follow Hide Create Post Older #cypress posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu How to handle drag and drop with Cypress in Workflow Builder Daniil Daniil Daniil Follow Jan 13 How to handle drag and drop with Cypress in Workflow Builder # testing # cypress # javascript # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read Quick Guide to Adding Reports in Cypress for Test Automation JigNect Technologies JigNect Technologies JigNect Technologies Follow Dec 26 '25 Quick Guide to Adding Reports in Cypress for Test Automation # cypress # automation # automationtesting Comments Add Comment 5 min read Mastering Network Interception in Cypress: A Detailed Guide JigNect Technologies JigNect Technologies JigNect Technologies Follow Dec 25 '25 Mastering Network Interception in Cypress: A Detailed Guide # cypress Comments Add Comment 5 min read Write a JWT Login Test Using Cypress حذيفة حذيفة حذيفة Follow Dec 13 '25 Write a JWT Login Test Using Cypress # cypress # react # jwt # testing 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Cypress 15.7.0: A Faster, Smarter, More Modern Testing Experience Testrig Technologies Testrig Technologies Testrig Technologies Follow Dec 1 '25 Cypress 15.7.0: A Faster, Smarter, More Modern Testing Experience # webdev # career # nextjs # cypress Comments Add Comment 2 min read CYPRESS-FLAKY-TEST-AUDIT: thriving in the Cypress 'Dual-Verse' for once! Sebastian Clavijo Suero Sebastian Clavijo Suero Sebastian Clavijo Suero Follow Jan 2 CYPRESS-FLAKY-TEST-AUDIT: thriving in the Cypress 'Dual-Verse' for once! # cypress # qa # automation # testing 5 reactions Comments 2 comments 8 min read The Cypress Variable Trap: When if Runs Too Soon in Your Tests Martin Chudomel Martin Chudomel Martin Chudomel Follow Nov 27 '25 The Cypress Variable Trap: When if Runs Too Soon in Your Tests # cypress # automation Comments Add Comment 2 min read Run Cypress autotests in parallel for Allure report Ivan Ivan Ivan Follow Nov 30 '25 Run Cypress autotests in parallel for Allure report # testing # tutorial # cypress # allure Comments Add Comment 4 min read AI-Powered Cypress Test Generation from Natural Language v2.0 — Now with cy.prompt() Self-Healing Let's Automate 🛡️ Let's Automate 🛡️ Let's Automate 🛡️ Follow for AI and QA Leaders Dec 27 '25 AI-Powered Cypress Test Generation from Natural Language v2.0 — Now with cy.prompt() Self-Healing # openai # ai # softwaretesting # cypress 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Developer can write unit test by cypress prompt Taki Taki Taki Follow Nov 26 '25 Developer can write unit test by cypress prompt # typescript # nextjs # cypress # ai 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read ✅Quick Tip: .wait() a Second Judy Mosley Judy Mosley Judy Mosley Follow Nov 11 '25 ✅Quick Tip: .wait() a Second # automation # qa # cypress 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🔥 Supercharge Your Angular E2E Testing with Cypress — Introducing cypress-angular-commands mohamed Said Ibrahim mohamed Said Ibrahim mohamed Said Ibrahim Follow Oct 15 '25 🔥 Supercharge Your Angular E2E Testing with Cypress — Introducing cypress-angular-commands # cypress # testing # javascript # automation Comments Add Comment 3 min read Conquering Cypress Test Failures: A Comprehensive Guide to Common Errors & Automated Reporting mohamed Said Ibrahim mohamed Said Ibrahim mohamed Said Ibrahim Follow Oct 15 '25 Conquering Cypress Test Failures: A Comprehensive Guide to Common Errors & Automated Reporting # cypress # testing # javascript # automation Comments Add Comment 10 min read Supercharging Angular Component Tests with Cypress: The Power of cy.stub() within cy.mount() mohamed Said Ibrahim mohamed Said Ibrahim mohamed Said Ibrahim Follow Oct 15 '25 Supercharging Angular Component Tests with Cypress: The Power of cy.stub() within cy.mount() # cypress # testing # javascript # automation Comments Add Comment 7 min read 🔐 Supercharge Your Test Stability with cy.ensurePageIsReady() in Cypress.io mohamed Said Ibrahim mohamed Said Ibrahim mohamed Said Ibrahim Follow Oct 15 '25 🔐 Supercharge Your Test Stability with cy.ensurePageIsReady() in Cypress.io # cypress # testing # javascript # automation Comments Add Comment 4 min read 🧪 How to Test Angular Components with Cypress Component Testing (CT) mohamed Said Ibrahim mohamed Said Ibrahim mohamed Said Ibrahim Follow Oct 15 '25 🧪 How to Test Angular Components with Cypress Component Testing (CT) # cypress # testing # javascript # automation Comments Add Comment 4 min read Intro to Playwright & Cypress: Choosing the Right Tool WallTech WallTech WallTech Follow Oct 16 '25 Intro to Playwright & Cypress: Choosing the Right Tool # qa # cypress # playwright # automationtesting Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Complete Guide to Testing React & Next.js Applications with Cypress mohamed Said Ibrahim mohamed Said Ibrahim mohamed Said Ibrahim Follow Oct 15 '25 The Complete Guide to Testing React & Next.js Applications with Cypress # cypress # testing # javascript # automation 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Core Technical Topics to Master in Cypress for Effective E2E Testing mohamed Said Ibrahim mohamed Said Ibrahim mohamed Said Ibrahim Follow Oct 15 '25 Core Technical Topics to Master in Cypress for Effective E2E Testing # cypress # testing # javascript # automation 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read 4 handy snippets for your Cypress tests ADS-BNE ADS-BNE ADS-BNE Follow Nov 9 '25 4 handy snippets for your Cypress tests # webdev # testing # javascript # cypress 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read How Cypress will revolutionize the use of AI in testing with cy.prompt() Marcelo C. Marcelo C. Marcelo C. Follow for Cypress Oct 9 '25 How Cypress will revolutionize the use of AI in testing with cy.prompt() # cypress # ai # promptengineering # testing Comments Add Comment 3 min read 🚨 The Silent Killer of Your CI/CD: Flaky Cypress Tests (And How to FINALLY Fix Them) Sohail Mohammed Sohail Mohammed Sohail Mohammed Follow Oct 6 '25 🚨 The Silent Killer of Your CI/CD: Flaky Cypress Tests (And How to FINALLY Fix Them) # programming # cypress # testing # automation Comments Add Comment 2 min read Mastering Cypress Retries: How to Efficiently Re-Run Only Failed Tests with Mochawesome & Dynamic… mohamed Said Ibrahim mohamed Said Ibrahim mohamed Said Ibrahim Follow Oct 2 '25 Mastering Cypress Retries: How to Efficiently Re-Run Only Failed Tests with Mochawesome & Dynamic… # cypress # testing # javascript # automation Comments Add Comment 8 min read Unmasking the Ghost in the Machine: How a Translation API Error Nearly Broke Our Cypress E2E Tests mohamed Said Ibrahim mohamed Said Ibrahim mohamed Said Ibrahim Follow Oct 2 '25 Unmasking the Ghost in the Machine: How a Translation API Error Nearly Broke Our Cypress E2E Tests # cypress # testing # javascript # automation Comments Add Comment 7 min read From Cypress to Playwright: Solving 5 Common Test Automation Challenges mohamed Said Ibrahim mohamed Said Ibrahim mohamed Said Ibrahim Follow Oct 2 '25 From Cypress to Playwright: Solving 5 Common Test Automation Challenges # cypress # testing # javascript # automation Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... trending guides/resources CYPRESS-FLAKY-TEST-AUDIT: thriving in the Cypress 'Dual-Verse' for once! Developer can write unit test by cypress prompt ✅Quick Tip: .wait() a Second The Cypress Variable Trap: When if Runs Too Soon in Your Tests Write a JWT Login Test Using Cypress 4 handy snippets for your Cypress tests Run Cypress autotests in parallel for Allure report Quick Guide to Adding Reports in Cypress for Test Automation AI-Powered Cypress Test Generation from Natural Language v2.0 — Now with cy.prompt() Self-Healing Mastering Network Interception in Cypress: A Detailed Guide Cypress 15.7.0: A Faster, Smarter, More Modern Testing Experience 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Michael Levan Building High-Performing Agentic Environments | CNCF Ambassador | Microsoft MVP (Azure) | AWS Community Builder | Published Author & Public Speaker Location North New Jersey Joined Joined on Feb 8, 2020 Personal website https://www.michaellevan.net/ github website twitter website Five Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least five years. Got it Close 2 Top 7 Awarded for having a post featured in the weekly "must-reads" list. 🙌 Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. 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Got it Close 8 Week Writing Streak The streak continues! You've written at least one post per week for 8 consecutive weeks. Unlock the 16-week badge next! Got it Close 4 Week Writing Streak You've posted at least one post per week for 4 consecutive weeks! Got it Close More info about @thenjdevopsguy Skills/Languages MCP, Agentic Infrastructure, LLMs, Go, Python Available for Content creation of any kind and consulting in the cloud/devops/sre space Post 237 posts published Comment 52 comments written Tag 14 tags followed Running Any AI Agent on Kubernetes: Step-by-Step Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Dec 13 '25 Running Any AI Agent on Kubernetes: Step-by-Step # ai # programming # kubernetes # cloud 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Want to connect with Michael Levan? Create an account to connect with Michael Levan. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in Context-Aware Networking & Runtimes: Agentic End-To-End Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Dec 6 '25 Context-Aware Networking & Runtimes: Agentic End-To-End # ai # kubernetes # programming # cloud Comments Add Comment 6 min read Security Holes in MCP Servers and How To Plug Them Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Dec 2 '25 Security Holes in MCP Servers and How To Plug Them # programming # ai # kubernetes # docker Comments Add Comment 6 min read FinOps For Agentic: How To Capture Token Usage Cost Across LLMs Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Nov 25 '25 FinOps For Agentic: How To Capture Token Usage Cost Across LLMs # ai # mcp # kubernetes # programming 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 6 min read Deploying Local AI Agents In Kubernetes Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Nov 8 '25 Deploying Local AI Agents In Kubernetes # ai # mcp # programming # kubernetes 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read AWS EKS Model Context Protocol (MCP): How It Improves Kubernetes Reliability Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Jul 8 '25 AWS EKS Model Context Protocol (MCP): How It Improves Kubernetes Reliability # python # programming # mcp # ai 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Platform Engineering & IDP Quickstart: Deploying Backstage Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Jul 2 '25 Platform Engineering & IDP Quickstart: Deploying Backstage # programming # kubernetes # devops # cloud 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Model Context Protocol (MCP) Servers For The Absolute Beginner Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Jun 28 '25 Model Context Protocol (MCP) Servers For The Absolute Beginner # kubernetes # ai # programming # python 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Using Claude and LLMs as Your DevOps & Platform Engineering Assistant Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Jun 14 '25 Using Claude and LLMs as Your DevOps & Platform Engineering Assistant # ai # programming # python # devops 10 reactions Comments 2 comments 9 min read Configuring Wasm On Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS) Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Apr 13 '25 Configuring Wasm On Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS) # azure # kubernetes # webassembly # devops Comments 1 comment 4 min read Optimizing AWS Elastic Kubernetes Service (EKS) Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Apr 13 '25 Optimizing AWS Elastic Kubernetes Service (EKS) # kubernetes # cloud # aws # docker Comments Add Comment 8 min read KEDA On AKS: Deep Dive Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Mar 14 '25 KEDA On AKS: Deep Dive # azure # cloud # devops # kubernetes Comments Add Comment 8 min read Azure Logic Apps & AWS Step Functions Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Mar 13 '25 Azure Logic Apps & AWS Step Functions # azure # cloud # aws # devops Comments Add Comment 5 min read AI Agents For Cloud & DevOps Engineers: RAG Operations Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Mar 13 '25 AI Agents For Cloud & DevOps Engineers: RAG Operations # python # ai # devops # cloud Comments Add Comment 9 min read Hybrid Cloud: Why It Finally Matters Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Feb 3 '25 Hybrid Cloud: Why It Finally Matters # cloud # azure # programming # devops 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Creating An AI Agent For Kubernetes Performance Optimization Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Jan 27 '25 Creating An AI Agent For Kubernetes Performance Optimization # kubernetes # ai # devops # cloud 7 reactions Comments 2 comments 5 min read SDLC Breakdown Quickstart For All Engineers Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Jan 21 '25 SDLC Breakdown Quickstart For All Engineers # kubernetes # programming # devops # cloud 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read AKS Automatic: Configure k8s Without Configuring k8s Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Jan 13 '25 AKS Automatic: Configure k8s Without Configuring k8s # azure # kubernetes # programming # docker 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Combining Kubernetes And wasmCloud Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Jan 6 '25 Combining Kubernetes And wasmCloud # kubernetes # docker # cloud # programming 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Getting Started With wasmCloud Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Dec 30 '24 Getting Started With wasmCloud # kubernetes # docker # cloud # programming 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Sharing A Nvidia GPU Between Pods In Kubernetes Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Dec 23 '24 Sharing A Nvidia GPU Between Pods In Kubernetes # kubernetes # devops # programming # docker 18 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Ollama LLM On Kubernetes Locally (Run It On Your Laptop) Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Dec 16 '24 Ollama LLM On Kubernetes Locally (Run It On Your Laptop) # kubernetes # cloud # programming # docker 25 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read WASM and Docker: Quickstart Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Dec 9 '24 WASM and Docker: Quickstart # kubernetes # docker # programming # cloud 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Headlamp: Microsoft’s Open-Source k8s Manager Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Dec 2 '24 Headlamp: Microsoft’s Open-Source k8s Manager # kubernetes # devops # programming # cloud 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read WASM Terminology For TypeScript/JavaScript Workloads (Quickstart) Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Nov 30 '24 WASM Terminology For TypeScript/JavaScript Workloads (Quickstart) # kubernetes # devops # cloud # programming Comments Add Comment 1 min read Building And Running Apps In WASM Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Nov 25 '24 Building And Running Apps In WASM # kubernetes # devops # programming # cloud 43 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read What's A WIT (Wasm Interface Type): Quickstart Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Nov 24 '24 What's A WIT (Wasm Interface Type): Quickstart # kubernetes # docker # cloud # programming 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Why WASM: Quickstart Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Nov 19 '24 Why WASM: Quickstart # kubernetes # docker # cloud # programming 67 reactions Comments 8 comments 4 min read Will AI Take Kubernetes And Developer Jobs? Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Nov 3 '24 Will AI Take Kubernetes And Developer Jobs? # kubernetes # devops # cloud # programming 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read SDLC Breakdown Quickstart For All Engineers Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Oct 29 '24 SDLC Breakdown Quickstart For All Engineers # kubernetes # product # cloud # devops Comments Add Comment 5 min read Using Nvidia GPUs With Docker In 5 Minutes Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Oct 22 '24 Using Nvidia GPUs With Docker In 5 Minutes # nvidia # kubernetes # devops # docker 14 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read GPUs In Kubernetes: Installation And Configuration Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Oct 13 '24 GPUs In Kubernetes: Installation And Configuration # kubernetes # devops # nvidia # programming 21 reactions Comments 2 comments 7 min read Implementing Istio (2024) Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Oct 1 '24 Implementing Istio (2024) # devops # programming # cloud # kubernetes 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Port: An Enterprise IDP (Getting Started) Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Sep 23 '24 Port: An Enterprise IDP (Getting Started) # kubernetes # devops # programming # cloud 13 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read QuickStart: Installing KubeVirt In Under 5 Minutes Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Sep 16 '24 QuickStart: Installing KubeVirt In Under 5 Minutes # kubernetes # programming # devops # cloud 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Open Cluster Management: Manage All k8s Clusters In One Place Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Sep 10 '24 Open Cluster Management: Manage All k8s Clusters In One Place # kubernetes # cloud # programming # docker 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Cloud Security: Who’s Responsibility Is It? Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Sep 2 '24 Cloud Security: Who’s Responsibility Is It? # devops # programming # cybersecurity # cloud 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read 3 Security Teams To Think About Implementing For Your Organization Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Aug 26 '24 3 Security Teams To Think About Implementing For Your Organization # cybersecurity # kubernetes # cloud # devsecops 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read PURPOSELY Exploiting A Kubernetes Cluster Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Aug 22 '24 PURPOSELY Exploiting A Kubernetes Cluster # cybersecurity # kubernetes # programming # cloud 19 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Exploiting (Pentesting) An AWS EKS Cluster Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Aug 20 '24 Exploiting (Pentesting) An AWS EKS Cluster # kubernetes # cloud # cybersecurity # programming 14 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read AppSec: The Security Specialty That Rules Them All Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Aug 16 '24 AppSec: The Security Specialty That Rules Them All # cybersecurity # kubernetes # devops # programming 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read What You ACTUALLY Need To Know For A Cybersecurity Job Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Aug 12 '24 What You ACTUALLY Need To Know For A Cybersecurity Job # cybersecurity # security # programming # cloud 35 reactions Comments 4 comments 4 min read Why Python Is Good For Cybersecurity Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Aug 5 '24 Why Python Is Good For Cybersecurity # cybersecurity # security # programming # python 11 reactions Comments 2 comments 4 min read Using LLMs For Kubernetes: Enter k8sgpt Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Aug 5 '24 Using LLMs For Kubernetes: Enter k8sgpt # kubernetes # cybersecurity # docker # programming 46 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Implementing Kubernetes Pod Security Standards Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Jul 29 '24 Implementing Kubernetes Pod Security Standards # programming # cybersecurity # kubernetes # docker 20 reactions Comments 1 comment 5 min read Running Machine Learning Workflows On Kubeflow Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Jul 23 '24 Running Machine Learning Workflows On Kubeflow # kubernetes # ai # devops # programming 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Attacking A Kubernetes Cluster (Enter Red Team Mode) Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Jul 15 '24 Attacking A Kubernetes Cluster (Enter Red Team Mode) # kubernetes # programming # docker # devops 19 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Screw The AI Hype: What Can It ACTUALLY Do For Cloud Native? Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Jul 9 '24 Screw The AI Hype: What Can It ACTUALLY Do For Cloud Native? # kubernetes # programming # devops # docker 6 reactions Comments 2 comments 4 min read The 4 C’s Of Kubernetes Security Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Jul 1 '24 The 4 C’s Of Kubernetes Security # kubernetes # devops # programming # docker 11 reactions Comments 1 comment 7 min read Optimize the Kubernetes Dev Experience By Creating Silos Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Jun 25 '24 Optimize the Kubernetes Dev Experience By Creating Silos # kubernetes # devops # docker # cloud 19 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read From Theory To Installation: Kubeflow Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Jun 17 '24 From Theory To Installation: Kubeflow # kubernetes # docker # github # programming 11 reactions Comments 2 comments 6 min read Securing Kubernetes Pods For Production Workloads Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Jun 11 '24 Securing Kubernetes Pods For Production Workloads # kubernetes # devops # cloud # docker 34 reactions Comments 1 comment 9 min read Combing Kubeflow With A Dedicated Stack: Enter deployKF Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Jun 4 '24 Combing Kubeflow With A Dedicated Stack: Enter deployKF # kubernetes # devops # programming # git 7 reactions Comments 3 comments 5 min read Network Visibility For Application Performance Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow May 30 '24 Network Visibility For Application Performance # kubernetes # devops # programming # cloud 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Monitoring and Observability (Enter Mezmo) Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow May 29 '24 Monitoring and Observability (Enter Mezmo) # kubernetes # devops # programming # cloud 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read GCP Cloud Run vs Kubernetes Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow May 29 '24 GCP Cloud Run vs Kubernetes # kubernetes # devops # programming # docker 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Is Serverless Still Relevant? (GCP Addition) Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow May 29 '24 Is Serverless Still Relevant? (GCP Addition) # kubernetes # devops # cloud # programming 9 reactions Comments 3 comments 4 min read KEDA On Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS) Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow May 26 '24 KEDA On Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS) # kubernetes # devops # cloud # programming 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Resilience And Chaos In Kubernetes Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow May 12 '24 Resilience And Chaos In Kubernetes # kubernetes # docker # programming # cloud 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read Stormforge and Karpenter With EKS Michael Levan Michael Levan Michael Levan Follow Mar 25 '24 Stormforge and Karpenter With EKS # kubernetes # devops # platform # programming 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Redux Follow Hide A predictable state container for JS apps Create Post Older #redux posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Understanding Stateful Functions Through JavaScript Closures jabo Landry jabo Landry jabo Landry Follow Jan 12 Understanding Stateful Functions Through JavaScript Closures # react # redux # javascript # programming Comments Add Comment 8 min read The Missing “M” in React: I Built Zenith to Restore a Real Model Layer do-md do-md do-md Follow Dec 24 '25 The Missing “M” in React: I Built Zenith to Restore a Real Model Layer # react # frontend # redux Comments Add Comment 3 min read React + Redux Toolkit + Axios Prakash Bhatt Prakash Bhatt Prakash Bhatt Follow Dec 6 '25 React + Redux Toolkit + Axios # react # redux # reduxtoolkit # javascript 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🧩 React Redux Toolkit — A Beginner’s Guide (Modern Redux Explained Clearly) Vishwark Vishwark Vishwark Follow Nov 8 '25 🧩 React Redux Toolkit — A Beginner’s Guide (Modern Redux Explained Clearly) # react # redux # frontend # webdev 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Cómo dejé de re-renderizar el universo: Una historia de suscripciones atómicas en React quojs quojs quojs Follow Nov 5 '25 Cómo dejé de re-renderizar el universo: Una historia de suscripciones atómicas en React # webdev # react # redux # performance Comments Add Comment 8 min read 🧠 Mastering Zustand — The Modern React State Manager (v4 & v5 Guide) Vishwark Vishwark Vishwark Follow Nov 6 '25 🧠 Mastering Zustand — The Modern React State Manager (v4 & v5 Guide) # zustand # webdev # react # redux 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Do You Need State Management in 2025? React Context vs Zustand vs Jotai vs Redux Saswata Pal Saswata Pal Saswata Pal Follow Dec 4 '25 Do You Need State Management in 2025? React Context vs Zustand vs Jotai vs Redux # react # statemanagement # zustand # redux 8 reactions Comments 5 comments 12 min read Top 20 Redux Interview Questions and Answers for Modern Developers Devin Rosario Devin Rosario Devin Rosario Follow Oct 29 '25 Top 20 Redux Interview Questions and Answers for Modern Developers # redux # reduxtoolkit # react # rtkquery 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 8 min read Setting up Redux Toolkit in NextJs Femi Abimbola Femi Abimbola Femi Abimbola Follow Nov 30 '25 Setting up Redux Toolkit in NextJs # webdev # nextjs # frontend # redux Comments Add Comment 3 min read Atomic State or Atomic Subscriptions? quojs quojs quojs Follow Oct 25 '25 Atomic State or Atomic Subscriptions? # discuss # webdev # react # redux Comments Add Comment 1 min read RTK Query vs Custom Axios Hooks: What Actually Happens When Your Project Grows Hossain MD Athar Hossain MD Athar Hossain MD Athar Follow Nov 23 '25 RTK Query vs Custom Axios Hooks: What Actually Happens When Your Project Grows # frontend # react # redux # axios Comments Add Comment 2 min read The REAL Difference Between React Context & Global State Managers (Redux / Zustand) — And Why Most Developers Explain It Wrong KhaledSalem KhaledSalem KhaledSalem Follow Nov 19 '25 The REAL Difference Between React Context & Global State Managers (Redux / Zustand) — And Why Most Developers Explain It Wrong # webdev # javascript # redux # react 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🛒 Understand Redux State Management: The Department Store analogy Cathy Lai Cathy Lai Cathy Lai Follow Nov 18 '25 🛒 Understand Redux State Management: The Department Store analogy # redux # react # reactnative 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Inglorious Store: a Redux-compatible state manager inspired by ECS Matteo Antony Mistretta Matteo Antony Mistretta Matteo Antony Mistretta Follow Oct 17 '25 Inglorious Store: a Redux-compatible state manager inspired by ECS # redux # opensource # react # webdev Comments Add Comment 4 min read I built (another) Elm-style `useEffectReducer` hook for React ⚛️ c4605 c4605 c4605 Follow Nov 12 '25 I built (another) Elm-style `useEffectReducer` hook for React ⚛️ # architecture # react # elm # redux Comments Add Comment 3 min read Redux Toolkit vs React Query: Do You Really Need Both? 🤔 Taron Vardanyan Taron Vardanyan Taron Vardanyan Follow Nov 12 '25 Redux Toolkit vs React Query: Do You Really Need Both? 🤔 # redux # reactquery # frontend Comments Add Comment 3 min read Context vs Redux for Theme Management in React Native: Which One Should You Choose? Amina Tariq Amina Tariq Amina Tariq Follow Oct 7 '25 Context vs Redux for Theme Management in React Native: Which One Should You Choose? # reactnative # mobile # redux # tutorial Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Redux Mystery: Why Does It Feel So Hard? Saleh Ahmed Mahin Saleh Ahmed Mahin Saleh Ahmed Mahin Follow Oct 6 '25 The Redux Mystery: Why Does It Feel So Hard? # webdev # react # redux # reduxtoolkit Comments Add Comment 7 min read RTK query usage in Meshery codebase. Ramu Narasinga Ramu Narasinga Ramu Narasinga Follow Oct 6 '25 RTK query usage in Meshery codebase. # opensource # cloud # redux # rtkquery Comments Add Comment 4 min read Letting the ducks fly: How we’re switching from Redux to React Query Mathieu Tinoco Mathieu Tinoco Mathieu Tinoco Follow for Wecasa Nov 6 '25 Letting the ducks fly: How we’re switching from Redux to React Query # react # reactnative # redux # reactquery 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Introducing Quo.js: Declarative, Ultra-simple, Expressive State Management for React quojs quojs quojs Follow Oct 18 '25 Introducing Quo.js: Declarative, Ultra-simple, Expressive State Management for React # webdev # programming # react # redux Comments Add Comment 3 min read Contemporary State Management and Data Operations in React Rahman Nugar Rahman Nugar Rahman Nugar Follow Oct 16 '25 Contemporary State Management and Data Operations in React # react # useeffect # webdev # redux 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read Mastering Redux-Saga: The Missing Piece for Async Redux Flows Rajat Yadav Rajat Yadav Rajat Yadav Follow Oct 2 '25 Mastering Redux-Saga: The Missing Piece for Async Redux Flows # redux # reduxsaga # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read 🧐 Do You Really Need Redux? Mourya Vamsi Modugula Mourya Vamsi Modugula Mourya Vamsi Modugula Follow Oct 3 '25 🧐 Do You Really Need Redux? # webdev # programming # javascript # redux 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Subtle Art of State Management Without Redux or Zustand Anish Anish Anish Follow Aug 30 '25 The Subtle Art of State Management Without Redux or Zustand # webdev # react # redux # frontend Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... trending guides/resources Redux Toolkit vs React Query: Do You Really Need Both? 🤔 Letting the ducks fly: How we’re switching from Redux to React Query Setting up Redux Toolkit in NextJs Do You Need State Management in 2025? React Context vs Zustand vs Jotai vs Redux 🧠 Mastering Zustand — The Modern React State Manager (v4 & v5 Guide) I built (another) Elm-style `useEffectReducer` hook for React ⚛️ The REAL Difference Between React Context & Global State Managers (Redux / Zustand) — And Why Mos... Cómo dejé de re-renderizar el universo: Una historia de suscripciones atómicas en React 🛒 Understand Redux State Management: The Department Store analogy RTK Query vs Custom Axios Hooks: What Actually Happens When Your Project Grows The Missing “M” in React: I Built Zenith to Restore a Real Model Layer React + Redux Toolkit + Axios Understanding Stateful Functions Through JavaScript Closures 🧩 React Redux Toolkit — A Beginner’s Guide (Modern Redux Explained Clearly) 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:13 |
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View solutions Google Weather-Based Campaign Management with OpenWeatherMap API Run your advertising campaign with the OpenWeatherMap API through Google AdWords. Read more Connect your weather station to OpenWeatherMap Feel free to join our network of private weather stations. At the moment, we have more than 80,000 weather stations around the world. Connect Get weather data for free for open source project We are happy to support open projects with open source code. If you need to make a large number of API calls and you have published your code on GitHub or BitBucket, please contact us and we will provide you with extended conditions. Contact us Product Collections Current and Forecast APIs Historical Weather Data Weather Maps Weather Dashboard Widgets Subscription How to start Pricing Subscribe for free FAQ Company OpenWeather is a team of IT experts and data scientists that has been practising deep weather data science. For each point on the globe, OpenWeather provides historical, current and forecasted weather data via light-speed APIs. Headquarters in London, UK. Technologies Our technology Accuracy and quality of weather data Connect your weather station Terms & Conditions Terms and conditions of sale Privacy Policy Website terms and conditions Contact us --> About us Our offices Blog OpenWeather for Business Ulla, OpenWeather AI assistant Ask a question info@openweathermap.org --> Download OpenWeather app Supplier of Achilles UVDB community We use cookies to personalize content and to analyze our traffic. Please decide if you are willing to accept cookies from our website. Advanced Settings Decline Accept × Ulla Weather Assistant | 2026-01-13T08:49:13 |
https://maker.forem.com/emma-suntech/the-no-flicker-addressable-led-strip-build-power-signal-gamma-1b3p#comments | The “No-Flicker” Addressable LED Strip Build (Power + Signal + Gamma) - Maker Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Maker Forem Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse emmma Posted on Dec 29, 2025 The “No-Flicker” Addressable LED Strip Build (Power + Signal + Gamma) # arduino # esp32 If you’ve ever built a WS2812 / SK6812 / WS2815 project that looked perfect on the bench but started dimming, shifting colors, or flickering once installed… you’re not alone. After a few long-run installs (cove lighting, shelves, signage edges), I realized most LED strip “bugs” are not software bugs — they’re power and signal problems. Here’s the setup that made my builds boringly reliable. What usually goes wrong (real-world symptoms) Voltage drop (power) The far end looks dimmer RGB “white” becomes yellow/pink near the end Gradients look uneven or “stepped” Signal integrity (data) Random flicker / wrong colors Works for the first N pixels, then chaos Works on desk, fails when installed (longer wires, more noise) Perceptual brightness (gamma) Low brightness steps look jumpy Fades look harsh or banded My “rock-solid” checklist A) Power like you mean it Don’t feed long runs from only one end. Use power injection (middle/end). Use thicker wire than you think you need (especially for +V and GND). Always test at full white / full brightness first. Problems hide at low brightness. For long runs, consider higher voltage strips (12V/24V) to reduce current, then regulate down if needed. B) Make data boring (stable) Common ground is non-negotiable: controller GND must connect to strip GND. Keep the data wire to the first pixel short. Long data leads act like antennas. Add a small series resistor on the data line near the strip input (often ~330Ω). Add a big capacitor across +V/GND at the strip input (e.g., 1000µF+). If your MCU is 3.3V (ESP32/ESP8266) and your pixels expect 5V data, use a level shifter (or a proven 3.3V-friendly approach). C) Don’t skip gamma Even when everything is “working,” the output can look cheap without gamma correction. Linear brightness (0–255) doesn’t look linear to human eyes. Gamma correction instantly makes dimming and fades look smoother and more “premium.” A simple build recipe (what I actually do) Mount strip in a diffuser channel (better light + protection) Inject power every few meters (depends on density/brightness) Data line: short run + series resistor Capacitor at strip input Run a full-brightness stress test for 10–15 minutes before final install Quick safety note If you’re pushing high brightness on long strips, current adds up fast. Use fuses where appropriate, don’t undersize wire, and don’t assume “it’s only 5V so it’s safe.” Question for other makers: What’s been your biggest LED strip headache — voltage drop, flicker, connectors, controllers, or something else? Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse emmma Follow I am from China Location 中国 Pronouns led lover Joined Sep 10, 2025 More from emmma Made a $10 “Mood Lamp” with ESP32, WS2812B, and Ambient Light Sensor # arduino # esp32 # leds # diy What are the differences in control methods between RGB light strips and monochrome light strips? # arduino # beginners # iot 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Maker Forem — A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://maker.forem.com/ben_ducket_f335eec9428ad8/is-a-solid-state-relay-the-future-of-efficient-and-reliable-power-switching-technology-55o6 | Is a Solid State Relay the Future of Efficient and Reliable Power Switching Technology? - Maker Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. 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Report Abuse BEN DUCKET Posted on Oct 28, 2025 Is a Solid State Relay the Future of Efficient and Reliable Power Switching Technology? # beginners # iot # robotics In the rapidly advancing world of automation, control systems, and industrial machinery, the demand for precision, reliability, and longevity in power switching devices has never been higher. Among the most revolutionary innovations in this field is the solid state relay, commonly known as the SSR. Unlike traditional electromechanical relays that rely on physical contacts, a solid state relay uses semiconductor components to switch electrical loads. This technology offers faster response times, greater durability, and higher efficiency, making it a preferred choice for modern electrical systems across industries. Function and Structure of a Solid State Relay A solid state relay is an electronic switching device that operates without any moving parts. It uses semiconductor elements such as thyristors, triacs, or transistors to perform the switching function. When an external control signal, typically from a microcontroller, PLC, or control circuit, is applied, the SSR activates and allows current to flow through the output circuit. When the control signal is removed, the circuit is opened, stopping the current flow. This non-contact operation is what makes the solid state relay distinct from traditional electromechanical relays. The absence of mechanical components means there is no wear and tear, leading to an extended operational life. The device is composed of three main sections: the input circuit, the isolation circuit, and the output circuit. The input circuit receives the control signal, which is then isolated from the output side using an optical isolator or optocoupler to prevent electrical interference. The output circuit switches the load using solid-state components, ensuring precise and noise-free operation. Solid state relays can handle both AC and DC loads, and they are designed to perform in high-speed environments where traditional relays may fail due to mechanical limitations. Their reliability, speed, and silent operation make them ideal for automation, temperature control, and high-frequency switching applications. Applications and Industrial Use of Solid State Relays Solid state relays are used extensively in industries where speed, precision, and durability are critical. One of the most common applications is temperature control in heating systems, ovens, and plastic molding machines. In these applications, SSRs control heaters and thermal elements, providing accurate temperature regulation without the noise or wear associated with mechanical relays. In the field of industrial automation, solid state relays are employed in control panels, motor drives, and production machinery to handle repetitive switching cycles. Their fast response and high switching frequency make them suitable for robotic systems, conveyors, and programmable controllers. In the HVAC industry, they are used to control fans, compressors, and pumps efficiently, ensuring energy savings and long-term reliability. In addition, SSRs play a vital role in renewable energy systems, particularly in solar and wind applications, where they manage power conversion and load control. Their ability to operate silently and resist vibration makes them ideal for harsh environments. In lighting control systems, especially in theaters or architectural installations, SSRs provide smooth dimming and silent operation, enhancing user experience and equipment performance. The medical and semiconductor industries also rely heavily on solid state relays due to their clean operation and immunity to electromagnetic interference. In such sensitive environments, even minor electrical noise can affect performance, making SSRs the preferred solution. Design Advantages and Technical Superiority of Solid State Relays The rise of the solid state relay can be attributed to its significant advantages over traditional electromechanical relays. One of the most prominent benefits is its longevity. Since there are no physical contacts to wear out or corrode, SSRs can perform millions of switching operations without degradation. This reliability ensures lower maintenance costs and longer service life. Another major advantage is the fast switching speed. Solid state relays can switch on and off within milliseconds, which is essential for precision control and high-speed applications. Their silent operation is also beneficial in environments where noise reduction is necessary, such as laboratories or offices. The electrical isolation between input and output circuits provides safety and prevents interference from voltage spikes or transients. Additionally, SSRs generate less electrical noise compared to mechanical relays, resulting in more stable system performance. Their compact size and lightweight design make them suitable for modern control systems where space is often limited. From an efficiency standpoint, SSRs consume minimal power in the control circuit, making them energy-efficient and suitable for applications requiring continuous operation. The heat generated during switching is minimal, but in high-power applications, proper heat sinking or thermal management ensures optimal performance and longevity. Selection Considerations and Performance Factors of Solid State Relays Selecting the right solid state relay depends on several factors, including the type of load, current capacity, voltage rating, and environmental conditions. Since SSRs are available for both AC and DC loads, choosing the appropriate type is crucial. For resistive loads such as heaters, AC SSRs are ideal, while DC SSRs are more suited for controlling motors or LED systems. The mounting and cooling method are also important aspects. Because SSRs dissipate heat during operation, proper thermal design ensures stability and prevents overheating. Many industrial models come with integrated heat sinks to improve thermal performance and extend service life. The input control voltage must match the control circuit’s output to ensure accurate triggering. In precision applications, the SSR’s switching characteristics, such as zero-crossing or random turn-on types, must be considered. Zero-crossing SSRs minimize electrical noise by switching only when the AC voltage crosses zero, while random turn-on models are used when immediate activation is required. Environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and vibration resistance also influence SSR performance. Sealed and dust-proof designs are ideal for harsh industrial conditions, while compact and high-speed variants are preferred for electronic systems. Advancements in Solid State Relay Technology Recent advancements have made solid state relays even more efficient and versatile. Manufacturers now incorporate microcontroller-based control and smart diagnostics into SSR designs, allowing real-time monitoring of load conditions and thermal performance. These intelligent relays can detect faults, such as short circuits or overloads, and automatically protect connected equipment. Integration with industrial automation systems has also become easier, with SSRs supporting communication interfaces compatible with PLCs, SCADA systems, and IoT platforms. This connectivity enables predictive maintenance and remote monitoring, enhancing system reliability and efficiency. Moreover, advancements in semiconductor materials, such as silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN), have led to improved efficiency, higher power handling, and reduced heat generation. These developments make SSRs suitable for emerging industries such as electric vehicles, renewable energy, and advanced robotics. Reliability and Safety Features of Solid State Relays Safety and reliability are key strengths of solid state relays. Their sealed construction protects against dust, moisture, and corrosion, allowing them to operate in harsh environments where mechanical relays might fail. Built-in protection features, including overvoltage, overcurrent, and thermal shutdown, safeguard both the relay and the connected load. Because there are no sparks or arcing during switching, SSRs are ideal for use in explosive or sensitive environments. This feature not only improves safety but also ensures consistent performance in applications that demand cleanliness and quiet operation. The consistent operation and stable output of SSRs make them a trusted component for critical systems where downtime is unacceptable. Whether used in power control, automation, or precision manufacturing, the reliability of solid state relays is a major reason for their widespread adoption. Conclusion The solid state relay has transformed the way electrical systems control and switch power. With its fast response, silent operation, and exceptional durability, it represents the next step in relay technology. Its ability to perform millions of cycles without failure, combined with advanced safety and control features, makes it a cornerstone of modern automation and electronic design. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse BEN DUCKET Follow Joined Oct 23, 2025 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Maker Forem — A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Maker Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a space where makers create, share, and bring ideas to life. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:13 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Maker Forem Close Follow User actions v. Splicer nonhuman entity, possesed instigator, deepweb diy enthusiast... ai dominator... looking for new ways to express myself every day. creation/destruction. beauty in all things. Location charlotte, nc Joined Joined on Aug 6, 2024 Personal website https://voidrane.nekoweb.org github website twitter website Education school of hard knocks Pronouns it/its Work despondent at Hidden Layer Media More info about @numbpill3d Badges #Discuss Awarded for sharing the top weekly post under the #discuss tag. Got it Close 2025 Hacktoberfest Writing Challenge Completion Awarded for completing at least one prompt in the 2025 Hacktoberfest Writing Challenge. Thank you for sharing your open source story! 🎃✍️ Got it Close 2 Frontend Challenge Completion Badge Awarded for completing at least one prompt in a Frontend Challenge. Thank you for participating! 💖 Got it Close One Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least one year. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Organizations Hidden Layer Media GitHub Repositories layer_3_notes JavaScript urbindex urbindex is a social app that allows users to document, mark, rate, and discuss various hyperlocal areas, such as places to find power outlets, trails, campsites,abandoned buildings. JavaScript • 1 star wirebase-social a social media site for folks to host their own site in the unverse, and to also upload and share their own embeds, gifs, layouts, etc. html css and js based design terminal. JavaScript • 2 stars KEYREAPER_2133.R4 Self-hosted RFID/NFC reader-writer on Arduino Uno R4 WiFi + PN532. Dumps, cracks, and rewrites tags via onboard web interface. C++ • 1 star AlterVeil asset_exposure_visualizer python tool for pentesting driftone handheld super lofi sampler/sequencer on esp32 + tft resistive touchscreen C++ remu.ii hackable and modular software for a esp32/tft 2.8" resistive touch screen handheld os/device C++ • 1 star xcan A CAN BUS decoder that translates and relates codes between makes and models of different cars. Python Skills/Languages html, css, threejs, assembly, rust, ..... Currently learning html5, react, vercel. backend to my frontend. working on a neocities-adjacent social media. Currently hacking on automation of botnets for phishing 'studies', car hacking, malware deobfuscation, feverish frontend development and maniacal python automation/daemons on arch via EWW interfaces Available for art, expression, anything frontend, i can interface your weird hacking tool,, will provide you the schematics to the baddest assest car hacking device you could ever build Post 2 posts published Comment 6 comments written Tag 0 tags followed Designing Parts That Actually Print on Cheap Hardware v. Splicer v. Splicer v. Splicer Follow Dec 23 '25 Designing Parts That Actually Print on Cheap Hardware # beginners # 3dprinting # budget # hardware Comments Add Comment 4 min read Want to connect with v. Splicer? Create an account to connect with v. Splicer. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in What an ESP32 Teaches You About Resource Scarcity v. Splicer v. Splicer v. Splicer Follow Dec 23 '25 What an ESP32 Teaches You About Resource Scarcity # esp32 # iot # project # electronics Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Maker Forem — A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Maker Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a space where makers create, share, and bring ideas to life. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:13 |
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Burks Follow Dec 17 '25 Pattern Test # testing # pattern Comments Add Comment 1 min read Rate my website Sami.s Sami.s Sami.s Follow Dec 17 '25 Rate my website # showdev # webdev # javascript # testing Comments Add Comment 1 min read How to Build a Low-Code Evaluation Framework for LLMs Using n8n Omer Dahan Omer Dahan Omer Dahan Follow Dec 15 '25 How to Build a Low-Code Evaluation Framework for LLMs Using n8n # testing # llm # automation # tutorial Comments Add Comment 6 min read Testability vs. Automatability: Why Most Automation Efforts Fail Before They Begin tanvi Mittal tanvi Mittal tanvi Mittal Follow for AI and QA Leaders Dec 18 '25 Testability vs. Automatability: Why Most Automation Efforts Fail Before They Begin # webdev # ai # programming # testing 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Selenium and its Uses in Automation Testing using Python Sindu Raghul Sindu Raghul Sindu Raghul Follow Jan 8 Selenium and its Uses in Automation Testing using Python # automation # opensource # python # testing Comments 1 comment 3 min read I’m experimenting with purchase history as a signal for product recommendations. 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https://dev.to/eachampagne | eachampagne - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close Follow User actions eachampagne 404 bio not found Joined Joined on Sep 5, 2025 github website More info about @eachampagne Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Post 5 posts published Comment 0 comments written Tag 0 tags followed Websockets with Socket.IO eachampagne eachampagne eachampagne Follow Jan 12 Websockets with Socket.IO # javascript # networking # node # webdev 5 reactions Comments 2 comments 5 min read Garbage Collection eachampagne eachampagne eachampagne Follow Nov 17 '25 Garbage Collection # computerscience # performance # programming 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read Parallelization eachampagne eachampagne eachampagne Follow Nov 10 '25 Parallelization # beginners # performance # programming # computerscience Comments Add Comment 6 min read Graphing in JavaScript eachampagne eachampagne eachampagne Follow Nov 3 '25 Graphing in JavaScript # data # javascript # science 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read Memoization eachampagne eachampagne eachampagne Follow Sep 5 '25 Memoization Comments Add Comment 6 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:13 |
https://dev.to/t/productivity/page/1272#main-content | Productivity Page 1272 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Productivity Follow Hide Productivity includes tips on how to use tools and software, process optimization, useful references, experience, and mindstate optimization. Create Post submission guidelines Please check if your article contains information or discussion bases about productivity. From posts with the tag #productivity we expect tips on how to use tools and software, process optimization, useful references, experience, and mindstate optimization. Productivity is a very broad term with many aspects and topics. From the color design of the office to personal rituals, anything can contribute to increase / optimize your own productivity or that of a team. about #productivity Does my article fit the tag? It depends! Productivity is a very broad term with many aspects and topics. From the color design of the office to personal rituals, anything can contribute to increase / optimize your own productivity or that of a team. Older #productivity posts 1269 1270 1271 1272 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:13 |
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Right menu Compliance 4.0: Integrating Finance, Data and Cyber in U.S. Firms Md Tauhid Hossain Rubel Md Tauhid Hossain Rubel Md Tauhid Hossain Rubel Follow Dec 29 '25 Compliance 4.0: Integrating Finance, Data and Cyber in U.S. Firms # discuss # news Comments Add Comment 7 min read Cleanup of Inactive AD Accounts (User & Computer) – Over 1 Year Old Thiyagarajan Thangavel Thiyagarajan Thangavel Thiyagarajan Thangavel Follow Dec 2 '25 Cleanup of Inactive AD Accounts (User & Computer) – Over 1 Year Old # discuss # azure # networksec Comments 1 comment 2 min read Why The Festive Season is a Goldmine for Cybercriminals GuardingPearSoftware GuardingPearSoftware GuardingPearSoftware Follow Dec 1 '25 Why The Festive Season is a Goldmine for Cybercriminals # discuss # networksec Comments Add Comment 3 min read Tor or Onion Browser: Which One Truly Protects Your Privacy in 2025 shiva shiva shiva Follow Dec 1 '25 Tor or Onion Browser: Which One Truly Protects Your Privacy in 2025 # discuss # networksec Comments Add Comment 3 min read Shadow Routes: Threading Yourself Through The Cracks In A City v. 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The Overlooked Attack Surface: Behavioral Sensors in IoT Devices How Modern Operators Use Psychology To Map Targets Before First Contact I put an Air-Gapped Neural Network in my pocket (Python on Android) 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Security Forem — Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Security Forem © 2016 - 2026. Share. Secure. Succeed Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:13 |
https://dev.to/jwebsite-go/sinie-zielienoie-razviertyvaniie-na-eks-14e3#main-content | Сине-зеленое развертывание на EKS - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Posted on Jan 9 Сине-зеленое развертывание на EKS # eks # aws # bluegreen # programming EKS = Управляемый Kubernetes от Amazon Web Services EKS предоставляет вам: Управляющая плоскость ** Kubernetes** (API-сервер, планировщик). AWS управляет этим за вас. Вам всё ещё необходимо: Рабочие узлы (EC2) → для запуска подов kubectl **→ для связи с кластером **YAML → для указания Kubernetes, что нужно запустить. Очень важная ментальная модель _`Your laptop (kubectl) | v EKS API Server (managed by AWS) | v Worker Nodes (EC2) → Pods → Containers`_ Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Подключаться к узлам по SSH НИКОГДА нельзя. Шаг 1 — Создайте EKS вручную (через консоль AWS, без использования инструментов). 1. Откройте консоль AWS → EKS Выберите регион (например: us-east-1) Нажмите «Создать кластер» . 2. Конфигурация кластера Заполнять только: Имя * : bluegreen-demo * Версия Kubernetes : по умолчанию Роль кластерной службы * : Если AWS отображает её, выберите её. Если нет, нажмите * «Создать роль» (AWS создаст её автоматически). Нажмите Далее 3. Сетевое взаимодействие Использовать значения по умолчанию : VPC по умолчанию Как минимум 2 подсети Доступ к общедоступной конечной точке Нажмите « Создать ». ⏳ Дождитесь активации В этот момент: Kubernetes существует НО пока ничего не может бежать Шаг 2 — Создание рабочих узлов (ЭТО создаст EC2) Зачем нам это нужно Kubernetes размещает поды на узлах . Нет узлов = нет подов. Создать группу узлов Внутри вашего кластера: Перейдите в раздел «Вычисления» → «Добавить группу узлов». Наполнять: Имя: bg-nodes Роль IAM: создать/выбрать роль работника по умолчанию Настройки узла: Тип экземпляра:t3.medium Желательно: 2 Мин.: 2 Макс.: 3 Создать группу узлов → дождаться активации Теперь EC2 существует автоматически. Шаг 3 — Подключите kubectl (так работает DevOps) С вашего ноутбука: aws eks update-kubeconfig \ --region us-east-1 \ --name bluegreen-demo Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Проверять: kubectl get nodes Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Если вы видите узлы → значит, вы соединены. Впредь: Консоль AWS практически неактуальна. Всё делается с помощью kubectl Почему существуют стратегии развертывания (ОЧЕНЬ ВАЖНО) До Kubernetes (старый мир) Остановить приложение Развернуть новую версию Запустите приложение снова. Пользователи видят время простоя Откат происходит медленно. Проблемы, с которыми сталкивался DevOps Простои во время развертывания Пользователи получают ошибки Быстрый откат недоступен. Страх перед развертыванием войск Проблема с Kubernetes решена: - Капсулы - Услуги - Самоисцеление Однако стратегия развертывания определяет, как будет перемещаться трафик. Именно поэтому * существуют стратегии развертывания * . Что такое сине-зеленая стратегия (в простом виде)? Сине-зеленый = две версии, работающие одновременно. Синий → текущее производство Зеленый → новая версия, протестирована Транспортный поток резко меняет направление движения. Отсутствие частичного трафика. Отсутствие замедления развертывания. Почему сине-зеленый цвет используется в DevOps Преимущества Отсутствие простоев Мгновенный откат Безопасные релизы Легко понять Предсказуемое поведение Когда DevOps выбирает сине-зеленый подход Критические приложения API Финансовые системы Внутренние платформы Когда неудача обходится дорого Как работает принцип «сине-зеленого» взаимодействия в Kubernetes (простая истина) Kubernetes уже предоставляет нам такой инструмент: 👉 Сервис Решение принимает служба: «Какие модули посещают пользователи?» Сине-зеленый = * изменить селектор услуги * Вот и все. Внедрение сине-зеленого подхода (с нуля) 1️⃣ Развертывание Blue (версия 1 – в рабочем режиме) apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: app-blue spec: replicas: 2 selector: matchLabels: app: demo color: blue template: metadata: labels: app: demo color: blue spec: containers: - name: app image: hashicorp/http-echo:0.2.3 args: ["-text=BLUE v1"] ports: - containerPort: 5678 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2️⃣ Экологичное развертывание (версия 2 – не запущена) apiVersion: apps/v1 kind: Deployment metadata: name: app-green spec: replicas: 2 selector: matchLabels: app: demo color: green template: metadata: labels: app: demo color: green spec: containers: - name: app image: hashicorp/http-echo:0.2.3 args: ["-text=GREEN v2"] ports: - containerPort: 5678 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3️⃣ Сервис (производственный трафик) apiVersion: v1 kind: Service metadata: name: prod-svc spec: selector: app: demo color: blue # LIVE VERSION ports: - port: 80 targetPort: 5678 Это переключатель управления . Разверните всё kubectl apply -f blue.yaml kubectl apply -f green.yaml kubectl apply -f service.yaml Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Трафик → СИНИЙ Само развертывание (синий → зеленый) Измените одну строку: color: green Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Подайте заявку снова: kubectl apply -f service.yaml Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Транспортный поток мгновенно переключается. Перезагрузка Pod не требуется. Простой отсутствует. Откат (безопасность DevOps) Вернитесь назад: color: blue Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Применить → откат завершен. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Follow DevOps Engineer. AWS, Terraform, Docker and CI/CD. Building real projects and sharing my DevOps journey. Location United States Work DevOps Engineer Joined Dec 20, 2025 More from Khadijah (Dana Ordalina) Readiness probe # aws # kubernetes # beginners # devops Kubernetes #1 # kubernetes # nginx # docker # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. 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https://dev.to/mohammadidrees/contrast-sync-vs-async-failure-classes-using-first-principles-d12#failure-class-3-completion-invisibility | Contrast sync vs async failure classes using first principles - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Mohammad-Idrees Posted on Jan 13 Contrast sync vs async failure classes using first principles # architecture # computerscience # systemdesign 1. Start from First Principles: What Is a “Failure Class”? A failure class is not: a bug a timeout an outage A failure class is: A category of things that can go wrong because of how responsibility, time, and state are structured So we ask: What must be true for correctness? What assumptions does the model silently make? What breaks when those assumptions are false? 2. Core Difference (One Sentence) Synchronous systems fail by blocking and cascading. Asynchronous systems fail by duplication, reordering, and invisibility. Everything else is a consequence. 3. Synchronous Systems — Failure Classes Definition (First Principles) A synchronous system assumes: “The caller waits while the callee finishes the work.” This couples: time availability correctness Failure Class 1: Blocking Amplification Question asked: What happens while the system waits? Reality: Threads blocked Connections held Memory retained Failure mode: Load increases → latency increases → throughput collapses This is not just “slow.” It is non-linear failure . Failure Class 2: Cascading Failure Question asked: What if a dependency slows down? Because everything is waiting: Agent slows → backend slows Backend slows → frontend retries Retries amplify load Failure mode: One slow dependency can take down the entire system Failure Class 3: Availability Coupling Question asked: Can the system function if the dependency is down? Answer in sync systems: No Failure mode: Partial outage becomes total outage Summary: Sync Failure Classes Category Root Cause Blocking Time is coupled Cascades Dependencies are inline Global outage Availability is transitive 4. Asynchronous Systems — Failure Classes Definition (First Principles) An async system assumes: “Work can finish later, possibly multiple times, possibly out of order.” This decouples time but removes guarantees . Failure Class 1: Duplicate Execution Question asked: What happens if work is retried? Reality: At-least-once delivery Worker crashes Message reprocessed Failure mode: Same logical action happens multiple times This breaks: Exactly-once semantics Idempotency assumptions Failure Class 2: Ordering Violations Question asked: What defines sequence? Reality: Queues don’t know business order Workers process independently Failure mode: Effects appear out of logical order For chat systems: Responses based on future messages Context corruption Failure Class 3: Completion Invisibility Question asked: How does the user know when work is done? Reality: No direct signal Polling or guessing Failure mode: Users wait blindly or see stale state Failure Class 4: Orphaned Work Question asked: What if the user disappears? Reality: Job keeps running Response stored but never consumed Failure mode: Wasted compute, leaked state Summary: Async Failure Classes Category Root Cause Duplication Retries Reordering Decoupled execution Invisibility No direct completion path Orphans Detached lifecycles 5. Side-by-Side Contrast (Mental Model) Dimension Synchronous Asynchronous Time Coupled Decoupled Failure style Blocking, cascades Duplication, disorder Availability All-or-nothing Partial Correctness risk Latency-based Logic-based Debugging Easier Harder 6. Deep Insight (This Is the Interview Gold) Synchronous systems fail loudly and immediately. Asynchronous systems fail quietly and later. Sync failures are obvious (timeouts, errors) Async failures are subtle (double writes, wrong order) 7. Why Neither Is “Better” From first principles: Sync systems protect causality but sacrifice availability Async systems protect availability but sacrifice causality Real systems exist to reintroduce the lost property : Async systems add idempotency, ordering, state machines Sync systems add timeouts, circuit breakers, fallbacks 8. One-Line Rule to Remember Sync breaks under load. Async breaks under ambiguity. If you want next, we can: Map these failure classes to real outages Show how streaming combines both failure types Practice identifying failure classes on a fresh system Tell me the next direction. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Mohammad-Idrees Follow Joined Mar 16, 2023 More from Mohammad-Idrees Thinking in First Principles: How to Question an Async Queue–Based Design # architecture # interview # learning # systemdesign How to Identify System Design Problems from First Principles # architecture # interview # systemdesign # tutorial 🧱 The Blueprint of Success: Mastering the Technical Requirements Document (TRD) # architecture # career # systemdesign 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Maker Forem Close Follow User actions emmma I am from China Location 中国 Joined Joined on Sep 10, 2025 Pronouns led lover More info about @emma-suntech Badges 2 Week Community Wellness Streak Keep the community conversation going! Post at least 2 comments for 2 straight weeks and unlock the 4 Week Badge. Got it Close 1 Week Community Wellness Streak For actively engaging with the community by posting at least 2 comments in a single week. Got it Close Post 11 posts published Comment 6 comments written Tag 8 tags followed The Most Common LED Strip “Fails” Aren’t the Strip — They’re Optics + Power Planning emmma emmma emmma Follow Jan 6 The Most Common LED Strip “Fails” Aren’t the Strip — They’re Optics + Power Planning # beginners # tutorial Comments 1 comment 3 min read Want to connect with emmma? Create an account to connect with emmma. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in The “No-Flicker” Addressable LED Strip Build (Power + Signal + Gamma) emmma emmma emmma Follow Dec 29 '25 The “No-Flicker” Addressable LED Strip Build (Power + Signal + Gamma) # arduino # esp32 Comments Add Comment 2 min read What I Learned After Building a Simple LED Lighting Setup emmma emmma emmma Follow Dec 15 '25 What I Learned After Building a Simple LED Lighting Setup 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 1 min read Exploring Long-Run LED Strips for Open-Source Makers: How to Achieve Stable, Reliable Lighting Over Distance emmma emmma emmma Follow Dec 12 '25 Exploring Long-Run LED Strips for Open-Source Makers: How to Achieve Stable, Reliable Lighting Over Distance # programming # ai # beginners # productivity 2 reactions Comments 3 comments 2 min read Unlocking the Full Potential of LED Strips: Long-Run Solutions for Makers emmma emmma emmma Follow Dec 12 '25 Unlocking the Full Potential of LED Strips: Long-Run Solutions for Makers # light # beginners 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 2 min read How I built a budget-friendly LED strip lighting setup for my workspace / bedroom — and what worked (and didn’t) emmma emmma emmma Follow Dec 10 '25 How I built a budget-friendly LED strip lighting setup for my workspace / bedroom — and what worked (and didn’t) # electronics # leds # beginners Comments Add Comment 2 min read Why Your DIY LED Strips Die Too Soon (And My $15 Fix That Lasted 2 Years) emmma emmma emmma Follow Dec 10 '25 Why Your DIY LED Strips Die Too Soon (And My $15 Fix That Lasted 2 Years) # leds # diy Comments Add Comment 2 min read Made a $10 “Mood Lamp” with ESP32, WS2812B, and Ambient Light Sensor emmma emmma emmma Follow Dec 9 '25 Made a $10 “Mood Lamp” with ESP32, WS2812B, and Ambient Light Sensor # arduino # esp32 # leds # diy Comments 1 comment 1 min read Why High-Power LEDs Often Fail Early (And How to Prevent It) emmma emmma emmma Follow Dec 3 '25 Why High-Power LEDs Often Fail Early (And How to Prevent It) # led 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 3 min read What are the differences in control methods between RGB light strips and monochrome light strips? emmma emmma emmma Follow Dec 1 '25 What are the differences in control methods between RGB light strips and monochrome light strips? # arduino # beginners # iot 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read NEW COMER emmma emmma emmma Follow Oct 9 '25 NEW COMER Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Maker Forem — A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. 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https://dev.to/eachampagne/garbage-collection-43nk#other-approaches-to-memory-management | Garbage Collection - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse eachampagne Posted on Nov 17, 2025 • Edited on Dec 6, 2025 Garbage Collection # computerscience # performance # programming It’s easy to forget, while working in the abstract in terms of functions and algorithms, that the memory our programs depend on is real . The values we use in our programs actually exist on the hardware at specific addresses. If we don’t keep track of where we’ve stored data, we run the risk of overwriting something important and getting the wrong information when we go to look it up again. On the other hand, if we’re too guarded about protecting our data, even after we’re finished with it, we waste memory that the program could better use on other tasks. Most programming languages today implement garbage collection to automate periodically releasing memory we no longer need. The garbage collector cannot predict exactly which values will be used again by our program, but it can find some that cannot due to no longer having any way to use them, and safely free them. Garbage Collection Algorithms Reference Counting The simplest algorithm is just to keep a count of references to a piece of memory. If the number of references ever reaches zero, that memory can no longer be reached and can be safely disposed of. However, this strategy fails with circular references. If two objects, for example, reference each other, their reference counts with never reach zero, even if they are otherwise inaccessible from the main program. Tracing Tracing (usually mark-and-sweep), is a more sophisticated approach to memory management. Starting from some defined root(s), the garbage collector visits every piece of memory accessible from either the root or its descendants, marking that memory as still reachable. Any memory not traversed is unreachable and is garbage collected. This avoids the problem of circular references “trapping” memory, since the cycle will not be reached from the main memory graph. However, this approach has more overhead than the reference counting strategy. Many garbage collectors reduce the overhead of mark-and-search by having two (or more) “generations” of allocations. The generational hypothesis states that most allocations die young (think how many variables you use once in a for loop and never again), but those that survive are much more likely to survive a long time. Thus, the pool of young allocations (the “nursery”) is garbage collected frequently, while the old (“tenured”) pool is checked less often. It’s possible to combine both strategies in a hybrid collector. For example, Python uses reference counting as its primary algorithm, then uses a mark-and-sweep pass over the (now smaller) pool of allocated memory to find and eliminate circular references. The Downsides of Garbage Collection Of course, the garbage collector itself introduces some overhead. Depending on the implementation, it may bring the program to a halt while it scans and frees data or defragments the remaining memory. It is also impossible to create a perfectly efficient garbage collector due to the inherent uncertainty in which values will be used again. Other Approaches to Memory Management There are alternatives to garbage collection. A few languages, such as C and C++, require the programmer to manage memory manually (although you can add garbage collectors to both languages yourself if you wish), both while allocating memory to new variables and when deciding when to free memory. Manual memory management avoids the overhead of garbage collection, but adds to program complexity, since this now must be handled by the code itself rather than happening in the background. This also gives the programmer many opportunities to make mistakes , from creating floating pointers by freeing too soon to leaking memory by freeing too late or not at all, to say nothing of the difficulty of using pointers themselves. Rust takes a third option and introduces the concept of “ ownership ” – only one variable can own a piece of data at a time, and that data is released as soon as its owner goes out of scope. This eliminates the need for garbage collection at runtime, as well with its associated performance costs. However, the programmer has to keep track of ownership and borrowing of data, which limits how data can be read or changed at certain points of the program. This requires thinking in a different way from other languages, since some familiar patterns simply won’t compile, and increases Rust’s learning curve sharply. Garbage Collection in JavaScript JavaScript follows the majority of programming languages in using a garbage collector. However, the garbage collector itself is implemented and run by the JavaScript engine, not the script we write ourselves, so implementation varies slightly across engines. However, the general principles are the same. Modern JavaScript libraries all use a mark-and-sweep algorithm with the global object as the algorithm’s root. Since I regularly use Firefox and Node, I’ll look at their engines in a bit more detail. SpiderMonkey , the engine used by Firefox, applies the principle of generational collection, dividing allocations into young and old. It attempts to garbage collect incrementally to avoid long pauses, and runs parts of garbage collection in parallel with itself or concurrently with the main thread when possible. The V8 engine’s Orinoco garbage collector , has three generations: nursery, young, and old, and claims (as of 2019) to be a “mostly parallel and concurrent collector with incremental fallback.” V8 also brags about interweaving garbage collection into the idle time between drawing frames when possible, minimizing the time spent forcing JavaScript execution to pause. Based only on these descriptions, V8’s garbage collector seems a bit more advanced, perhaps because V8 used by Chromium-based browsers in addition to Node.js and thus has more support. However, they seem to have independently converged to similar architectures. The serious demands to provide a smooth user experience means that browser-based garbage collectors must be efficient and eliminate as much overhead as possible, because, as the Node guide to tracing garbage collection neatly summarizes, “ when GC is running, your code is not. ” I admit I’ve rather taken memory management for granted, since most of the languages I’ve studied have garbage collectors. I’ve been fascinated by Rust for years but haven’t managed to wrap my head around its ownership and borrowing rules. (Maybe this is the time it will finally click for me.) But if I struggle with memory management when the compiler itself is looking out for me, I’m not sure how I’d fare in a manual memory management scheme without guardrails. So for now, I’m very grateful to garbage collectors everywhere for making my life easier. The Memory Management Reference was invaluable while researching this blog post, in addition to many other engine- and language-specific references (linked throughout the text). Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse eachampagne Follow Joined Sep 5, 2025 More from eachampagne Parallelization # beginners # performance # programming # computerscience 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. 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https://dev.to/sagarparmarr/genx-from-childhood-flipbooks-to-premium-scroll-animation-1j4#why-choose-this-over-raw-ltvideogt-endraw- | GenX: From Childhood Flipbooks to Premium Scroll Animation - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Sagar Posted on Jan 13 • Originally published at sagarparmarr.hashnode.dev GenX: From Childhood Flipbooks to Premium Scroll Animation # webdev # performance # animation Build buttery-smooth, Apple-style image sequence animations on canvas + the tiny redraw hack that saves up to 80% GPU/battery power Hey there, fellow web dev enthusiasts! 🖐️ Remember those childhood flipbooks where you'd scribble a stick figure on the corner of your notebook pages, flip through them furiously, and suddenly – bam – your doodle was dancing? That's the nostalgic spark behind one of the coolest tricks in modern web design: image sequence animations . You've seen them on slick landing pages – those buttery-smooth, scroll-driven "videos" that feel alive as you navigate the site. But here's the plot twist: they're not videos at all . They're just a clever stack of images, orchestrated like a symphony on a <canvas> element. In this post, we're diving into how these animations work, why they're a game-changer for interactive storytelling, and – drumroll please 🥁 – a tiny optimization that stops your user's device from chugging power like it's training for a marathon. Let's flip the page and get started! ✨ Classic flipbook magic – the inspiration behind modern web wizardry Quick access (want to play right away?) → Live Demo → Full source code on GitHub Now let's get into how this magic actually works... Chapter 1: The Flipbook Reborn – What Is Image Sequence Animation? Picture this: You're on a high-end e-commerce site, scrolling down a product page. As your finger glides, a 3D model spins seamlessly, or a background scene morphs from day to night. It looks like high-def video, but peek at the network tab – no MP4 in sight . Instead, it's a barrage of optimized images (usually 100–200 WebP files) doing the heavy lifting. At its core, image sequence animation is digital flipbook wizardry : Export a video/animation as individual frames Preload them into memory as HTMLImageElement objects Drive playback with scroll position (0% = frame 1, 100% = last frame) Render the right frame on <canvas> Why choose this over <video> ? 🎮 Total control — perfect sync with scroll, hover, etc. ⚡ Lightweight hosting — images cache beautifully on CDNs, compress with WebP/AVIF 😅 No encoding drama — skip codecs, bitrates, and cross-browser video nightmares But every hero has a weakness: lots of network requests + heavy repainting = GPU sweat & battery drain on big/retina screens. We'll fix that soon. Smooth scroll-triggered image sequence in action Chapter 2: Behind the Curtain – How the Magic Happens (With Code!) Here's the typical flow in a React-ish world (pseudocode – adapt to vanilla/Vue/Svelte/whatever you love): // React-style pseudocode – hook it up to your scroll listener! const FRAME_COUNT = 192 ; // Your total frames const targetFrameRef = useRef ( 0 ); // Scroll-driven goal const currentFrameRef = useRef ( 0 ); // Current position const rafRef = useRef < number | null > ( null ); // Update target on scroll (progress: 0-1) function onScrollChange ( progress : number ) { const nextTarget = Math . round ( progress * ( FRAME_COUNT - 1 )); targetFrameRef . current = Math . clamp ( nextTarget , 0 , FRAME_COUNT - 1 ); // Assuming a clamp util } // The animation loop: Lerp and draw useEffect (() => { const tick = () => { const curr = currentFrameRef . current ; const target = targetFrameRef . current ; const diff = target - curr ; const step = Math . abs ( diff ) < 0.001 ? 0 : diff * 0.2 ; // Close the gap by 20% each frame const next = step === 0 ? target : curr + step ; currentFrameRef . current = next ; drawFrame ( Math . round ( next )); // Render the frame rafRef . current = requestAnimationFrame ( tick ); }; rafRef . current = requestAnimationFrame ( tick ); return () => { if ( rafRef . current ) cancelAnimationFrame ( rafRef . current ); }; }, []); function drawFrame ( index : number ) { const ctx = canvasRef . current ?. getContext ( ' 2d ' ); if ( ! ctx ) return ; // Clear, fill background, and draw image with contain-fit const img = preloadedImages [ index ]; ctx . clearRect ( 0 , 0 , canvas . width , canvas . height ); // ...aspect ratio calculations and drawImage() here... } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Elegant, right? But here's the villain... The Plot Twist: Idle Repaints = Battery Vampires 🧛♂️ When users pause to read copy or admire the product, that requestAnimationFrame loop keeps churning 60 times per second … redrawing the exact same frame over and over. On high-DPI/4K retina screens? → Massive canvas clears → Repeated image scaling & smoothing → Constant GPU compositing The result: laptop fans kick into overdrive, the device heats up, and battery life tanks fast. I've seen (and measured) this in real projects — idle GPU/CPU spikes that turn a "premium" experience into a power hog. Time for the hero upgrade! Here are real before/after screenshots from my own testing using Chrome DevTools with Frame Rendering Stats enabled (GPU memory + frame rate overlay visible): Before: ~15.6 MB GPU idle After: ~2.4 MB GPU idle Before Optimization After Optimization Idle state with constant repaints – 15.6 MB GPU memory used Idle state post-hack – only 2.4 MB GPU memory used See the difference? Before : ~15.6 MB GPU memory in idle → heavy, wasteful repainting After : ~2.4 MB GPU memory → zen-like efficiency This tiny check eliminates redundant drawImage() calls and can drop idle GPU usage by up to 80% in heavy canvas scenarios (your mileage may vary based on resolution, DPR, and image size). Pro tip: Enable Paint flashing (green highlights) + Frame Rendering Stats in DevTools → scroll a bit, then pause. Watch the green flashes disappear and GPU stats stabilize after applying the fix. Battery saved = happier users + longer sessions 🌍⚡ Chapter 3: The Hero's Hack – Redraw Only When It Matters Super simple fix: track the last drawn frame index and skip drawImage() if nothing changed. useEffect (() => { let prevFrameIndex = Math . round ( currentFrameRef . current ); const tick = () => { // ... same lerp logic ... currentFrameRef . current = next ; const nextFrameIndex = Math . round ( next ); // ★ The magic line ★ if ( nextFrameIndex !== prevFrameIndex ) { drawFrame ( nextFrameIndex ); prevFrameIndex = nextFrameIndex ; } rafRef . current = requestAnimationFrame ( tick ); }; rafRef . current = requestAnimationFrame ( tick ); return () => cancelAnimationFrame ( rafRef . current ! ); }, []); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Why this feels like a superpower Scrolling → still buttery-smooth (draws only when needed) Idle → zen mode (just cheap math, no GPU pain) Real-world wins → up to 80% less idle GPU usage in my tests Pro tip: Use Paint Flashing + Performance tab in DevTools to see the difference yourself. Try it yourself! Here's a minimal, production-ready demo you can fork and play with: → Live Demo → Full source code on GitHub Extra Twists: Level Up Your Animation Game ⚙️ DPR Clamp → cap devicePixelRatio at 2 🖼️ Smart contain-fit drawing (calculate once) 🚀 WebP/AVIF + CDN caching 👀 IntersectionObserver + document.hidden → pause when out of view 🔼 Smart preloading → prioritize first visible frames The Grand Finale: Flipbooks for the Future Image sequence animations are the unsung heroes of immersive web experiences – turning static pages into interactive stories without video baggage . With this tiny redraw check, you're building cool and efficient experiences. Your users (and their batteries) will thank you. Got questions, your own hacks, or want to share a project? Drop them in the comments – let's geek out together! 🚀 Happy coding & happy low-power animating! ⚡ Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Sagar Follow Joined Mar 28, 2024 Trending on DEV Community Hot Prompt Engineering Won’t Fix Your Architecture # discuss # career # ai # programming What was your win this week??? # weeklyretro # discuss Inside the SQLite Frontend: Tokenizer, Parser, and Code Generator # webdev # programming # database # architecture 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close React Follow Hide Official tag for Facebook's React JavaScript library for building user interfaces Create Post submission guidelines 1️⃣ Post Facebook's React ⚛ related posts/questions/discussion topics here~ 2️⃣ There are no silly posts or questions as we all learn from each other👩🎓👨🎓 3️⃣ Adhere to dev.to 👩💻👨💻 Code of Conduct about #react React is a declarative, component-based library, you can learn once, and write anywhere Editor Guide Check out this Editor Guide or this post to learn how to add code syntax highlights, embed CodeSandbox/Codepen, etc Official Documentations & Source Docs Tutorial Community Blog Source code on GitHub Improving Your Chances for a Reply by putting a minimal example to either JSFiddle , Code Sandbox , or StackBlitz . Describe what you want it to do, and things you've tried. Don't just post big blocks of code! Where else to ask questions StackOverflow tagged with [reactjs] Beginner's Thread / Easy Questions (Jan 2020) on r/reactjs subreddit. Note: a new "Beginner's Thread" created as sticky post on the first day of each month Learn in Public Don't afraid to post an article or being wrong. Learn in public . Older #react posts 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu 🔑 O que é useId no React? Nathana Facion Nathana Facion Nathana Facion Follow Dec 27 '25 🔑 O que é useId no React? # react # hook # useid Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🌟 O que é o eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y? Nathana Facion Nathana Facion Nathana Facion Follow Dec 27 '25 🌟 O que é o eslint-plugin-jsx-a11y? # acessibilidade # react # a11y Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🚀 O Poder da Teoria dos Conjuntos na Programação: Lodash como Aliado na União e Diferença de Dados Nathana Facion Nathana Facion Nathana Facion Follow Dec 27 '25 🚀 O Poder da Teoria dos Conjuntos na Programação: Lodash como Aliado na União e Diferença de Dados # react # lodash # union Comments Add Comment 2 min read 🚀 Maximizando a Performance de Tabelas: 4 Estratégias Essenciais no Frontend! Nathana Facion Nathana Facion Nathana Facion Follow Dec 27 '25 🚀 Maximizando a Performance de Tabelas: 4 Estratégias Essenciais no Frontend! # frontend # react # tabelas Comments Add Comment 2 min read Practical Next.js Caching: Routes, Data, Revalidation, and Tags Sumeet Shroff Freelancer Sumeet Shroff Freelancer Sumeet Shroff Freelancer Follow Jan 1 Practical Next.js Caching: Routes, Data, Revalidation, and Tags # tutorial # performance # nextjs # react Comments Add Comment 5 min read Next.js 15 Upgrade Playbook: App Router, Caching Pitfalls, and Safe Migration Steps Sumeet Shroff Freelancer Sumeet Shroff Freelancer Sumeet Shroff Freelancer Follow Jan 1 Next.js 15 Upgrade Playbook: App Router, Caching Pitfalls, and Safe Migration Steps # tutorial # performance # nextjs # react Comments Add Comment 4 min read Pare de lutar com a URL no Next.js! 🚀 Nathana Facion Nathana Facion Nathana Facion Follow Dec 27 '25 Pare de lutar com a URL no Next.js! 🚀 # nextjs # react # tooling # typescript Comments Add Comment 1 min read Why Istanbul Coverage Doesn't Work with Next.js App Router Steve Zhang Steve Zhang Steve Zhang Follow Jan 1 Why Istanbul Coverage Doesn't Work with Next.js App Router # nextjs # react # testing # playwright Comments Add Comment 5 min read Securing React Application Pasindu Dewviman Pasindu Dewviman Pasindu Dewviman Follow Dec 28 '25 Securing React Application # react # webdev # cybersecurity # reactnative Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🧠 Otimização no React: O Que, Quando e Por Quê Nathana Facion Nathana Facion Nathana Facion Follow Dec 27 '25 🧠 Otimização no React: O Que, Quando e Por Quê # otimizacao # react # usememo # usecallback Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🌞 Dominando padrões de composição em React para código mais limpo e reuso de lógica! Nathana Facion Nathana Facion Nathana Facion Follow Dec 27 '25 🌞 Dominando padrões de composição em React para código mais limpo e reuso de lógica! # architecture # javascript # react Comments Add Comment 1 min read ✨ Simplificando o Reuso de Lógica com Render Props no React Nathana Facion Nathana Facion Nathana Facion Follow Dec 27 '25 ✨ Simplificando o Reuso de Lógica com Render Props no React # react # reuso # render # props Comments Add Comment 1 min read Found this on Product Hunt today. Is gamified pricing the new way to trick people into paying for QR codes? Keshav Agrawal Keshav Agrawal Keshav Agrawal Follow Dec 28 '25 Found this on Product Hunt today. 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https://www.dev.to/privacy | Privacy Policy - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Privacy Policy Last Updated: September 01, 2023 This Privacy Policy is designed to help you understand how DEV Community Inc. (" DEV ," " we ," or " us ") collects, use, and discloses your personal information. What's With the Defined Terms? You'll notice that some words appear in quotes in this Privacy Policy. They're called "defined terms," and we use them so that we don't have to repeat the same language again and again. They mean the same thing in every instance, to help us make sure that this Privacy Policy is consistent. We've included the defined terms throughout because we want it to be easy for you to read them in context. 1. WHAT DOES THIS PRIVACY POLICY APPLY TO? 2. PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT 3. HOW WE USE YOUR INFORMATION 4. HOW WE DISCLOSE YOUR INFORMATION 5. YOUR PRIVACY CHOICES AND RIGHTS 6. INTERNATIONAL DATA TRANSFERS 7. RETENTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION 8. SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES FOR CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS 9. SUPPLEMENTAL NOTICE FOR NEVADA RESIDENTS 10. CHILDREN'S INFORMATION 11. OTHER PROVISIONS 12. CONTACT US 1. WHAT DOES THIS PRIVACY POLICY APPLY TO? This Privacy Policy applies to personal information processed by us, including on our websites, mobile applications, and other online or offline offerings — basically anything we do. To make this Privacy Policy easier to read, our websites, mobile applications, and other offerings are all collectively called the " Services. " Beyond this Privacy Policy, your use of the Services is subject to our DEV Community Terms and our Forem Terms. The Services include both our own community forum at https://www.dev.to (the " DEV Community ") and the open source tool we provide called " Forem ," available at https://www.forem.com which allows our customers to create and operate their own online forums. We collect personal information from two categories of people: (1) our customers, who use Forem and our hosting services to run and host their own forums (we'll call them " Forem Operators "), and (2) the people who interact with DEV-hosted forums, including forums provided by Forem Operators utilizing Forem and separately our own DEV Community (we'll call them " Users "). An Important Note for Users Since we provide hosting services for Forem Operators, technically we also process your information on their behalf. That processing is governed by the contracts that we have in place with each Forem Operator, not this Privacy Policy. In other words, when you share your data on a DEV-hosted forum operated by a Forem Operator, we at DEV are basically just the "pipes" — we process the data on behalf of the Forem Operator, but don't do anything with it ourselves beyond what we're required to do under our contract (and by law). So, if you post your information on a DEV-powered forum provided by a Forem Operator, that Forem Operator's privacy policy applies, and any questions or requests relating to your data on that service should be directed to that Forem Operator, not us. Likewise, if you use our mobile application, you may also interact with forums that use DEV's open-source tools but do all their hosting and data collection themselves. For those forums, we at DEV have no access to your data, so be sure to read the privacy policy of any third-party hosted forum before posting. 2. PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT The categories of personal information we collect depend on whether you're a User or Forem Operator, how you interact with us, our Services, and the requirements of applicable law. Breaking it down, we collect three types of information: (1) information that you provide to us directly, (2) information we obtain automatically when you use our Services, and (3) information we get about you from other sources (such as third-party services and organizations). More details are below. A. Information You Provide to Us Directly We may collect the following personal information that you provide to us. Account Creation (for Forem Operators): We'll require your name and email address to get started, as well as some details about the Forem you want to run, such as: whether you're running the Forem on your own behalf or as part of an organization, and details about the community you want to support (how big is it, what topics does it cover, where do members currently communicate, how/if the community earns money, whether the community is open, invite-only or paid, any existing social media accounts, etc.) You'll need to tell us a bit about your personal coding background, and you'll have the option to provide your DEV username as well, if you are a member of the DEV.to community. Account Creation (for Users) : We collect name and email address from users that create an account on DEV Community. For other forums created by Forem Operators using Forem, the Forem Operator determines what information is required for User account creation for their respective forums. Interactive Features (for Users) . Like any other social network, both we and other Users of our Services may collect personal information that you submit or make available through our interactive features (e.g., messaging and chat features, commenting functionalities, forums, blogs, posts, and other social media pages). While we do have private messages that are only between you and the person you're messaging (as well as us and the Forem Operator, as applicable), any information you provide using the public sharing features of the Services, such as the information you post to your public profile or the topics you follow is public, including to recruiters and prospective employers, and is not subject to any of the privacy protections we mention in this Privacy Policy except where legally required. Please exercise caution before revealing any information that may identify you in the real world to others. Purchases . If you buy stuff on our shop site https://shop.dev.to/ (as either a User or Forem Operator), or otherwise if you pay us in connection with your use of the Forem service, we may collect personal information and details associated with your purchases, including payment information. Any payments made via our Services are processed by third-party payment processors, such as Stripe, Shopify, and PayPal. We do not directly collect or store any payment card information entered through our Services, but may receive information associated with your payment card information (e.g., your billing details). Your Communications with Us (Users and Forem Operators) . We may collect personal information, such as email address, phone number, or mailing address when you request information about our Services, register for our newsletter or loyalty program, request customer or technical support, apply for a job, or otherwise communicate with us. Surveys . We may contact you to participate in surveys. If you decide to participate, you may be asked to provide certain information, which may include personal information (for example, your home address). Sweepstakes or Contests . We may collect personal information you provide for any sweepstakes or contests that we offer. In some jurisdictions, we are required to publicly share information of sweepstakes and contest winners. Conferences, Trade Shows, and Other Events . We may collect personal information from individuals when we attend conferences, trade shows, and other events. Business Development and Strategic Partnerships . We may collect personal information from individuals and third parties to assess and pursue potential business opportunities. Job Applications . We may post job openings and opportunities on our Services. If you reply to one of these postings by submitting your application, CV and/or cover letter to us, we will collect and use your information to assess your qualifications. B. Information Collected Automatically We may collect personal information automatically when you use our Services: Automatic Data Collection . We may collect certain information automatically when you use our Services, such as your Internet protocol (IP) address, user settings, MAC address, cookie identifiers, mobile carrier, mobile advertising and other unique identifiers, browser or device information, location information (including approximate location derived from IP address), and Internet service provider. We may also automatically collect information regarding your use of our Services, such as pages that you visit before, during and after using our Services, information about the links you click, the types of content you interact with, the frequency and duration of your activities, and other information about how you use our Services. In addition, we may collect information that other people provide about you when they use our Services, including information about you when they tag you in their posts. Cookies, Pixel Tags/Web Beacons, and Other Technologies . We, as well as third parties that provide content, advertising, or other functionality on our Services, may use cookies, pixel tags, local storage, and other technologies (" Technologies ") to automatically collect information through your use of our Services. Cookies . Cookies are small text files placed in device browsers that store preferences and facilitate and enhance your experience. Pixel Tags/Web Beacons . A pixel tag (also known as a web beacon) is a piece of code embedded in our Services that collects information about engagement on our Services. The use of a pixel tag allows us to record, for example, that a user has visited a particular web page or clicked on a particular advertisement. We may also include web beacons in e-mails to understand whether messages have been opened, acted on, or forwarded. Our uses of these Technologies fall into the following general categories: Operationally Necessary . This includes Technologies that allow you access to our Services, applications, and tools that are required to identify irregular website behavior, prevent fraudulent activity and improve security or that allow you to make use of our functionality. Performance-Related . We may use Technologies to assess the performance of our Services, including as part of our analytic practices to help us understand how individuals use our Services ( see Analytics below ). Functionality-Related . We may use Technologies that allow us to offer you enhanced functionality when accessing or using our Services. This may include identifying you when you sign into our Services or keeping track of your specified preferences, interests, or past items viewed. Analytics . We may use Technologies and other third-party tools to process analytics information on our Services. Some of our analytics partners include Google Analytics. For more information,please visit Google Analytics' Privacy Policy . To learn more about how to opt-out of Google Analytics' use of your information, please click here . Social Media Platforms . Our Services may contain social media buttons such as Twitter, Facebook, GitHub, Instagram, and Twitch (that might include widgets such as the "share this" button or other interactive mini programs). These features may collect your IP address, which page you are visiting on our Services, and may set a cookie to enable the feature to function properly. Your interactions with these platforms are governed by the privacy policy of the company providing it. See the "Your Privacy Choices and Rights" section below to understand your choices regarding these Technologies. C. Information Collected from Other Sources We may obtain information about you from other sources, including through third-party services and organizations. For example, if you access our Services through a third-party application, such as an app store, a third-party login service (e.g., through Twitter, Apple, or GitHub), or a social networking site, we may collect whatever information about you from that third-party application that you have made available via your privacy settings. 3. HOW WE USE YOUR INFORMATION We use your information for a variety of business purposes, including to provide our Services, for administrative purposes, and to market our products and Services, as described below. A. Provide Our Services We use your information to fulfill our contract with you and provide you with our Services, such as: Managing your information and accounts; Providing access to certain areas, functionalities, and features of our Services; Answering requests for customer or technical support; Communicating with you about your account, activities on our Services, and policy changes; Processing your financial information and other payment methods for products or Services purchased; Processing applications if you apply for a job we post on our Services; and Allowing you to register for events. B. Administrative Purposes We use your information for various administrative purposes, such as: Pursuing our legitimate interests such as direct marketing, research and development (including marketing research), network and information security, and fraud prevention; Detecting security incidents, protecting against malicious, deceptive, fraudulent or illegal activity, and prosecuting those responsible for that activity; Measuring interest and engagement in our Services, including for usage-based billing purposes; Short-term, transient use, such as contextual customization of ads; Improving, optimizing, upgrading, or enhancing our Services; Developing new products and Services; Ensuring internal quality control and safety; Authenticating and verifying individual identities, including requests to exercise your rights under this policy; Debugging to identify and repair errors with our Services; Auditing relating to interactions, transactions and other compliance activities; Enforcing our agreements and policies; and Complying with our legal obligations. C. Marketing and Advertising our Products and Services We may use your personal information to tailor and provide you with content and advertisements for our Services, such as via email. If you have any questions about our marketing practices, you may contact us at any time as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. D. Other Purposes We also use your information for other purposes as requested by you or as permitted by applicable law. Consent . We may use personal information for other purposes that are clearly disclosed to you at the time you provide personal information or with your consent. Automated Decision Making. We may engage in automated decision making, including profiling, such as to suggest topics or other Users for you to follow. DEV's processing of your personal information will not result in a decision based solely on automated processing that significantly affects you unless such a decision is necessary as part of a contract we have with you, we have your consent, or we are permitted by law to engage in such automated decision making. If you have questions about our automated decision making, you may contact us as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. De-identified and Aggregated Information . We may use personal information and other information about you to create de-identified and/or aggregated information, such as de-identified demographic information, information about the device from which you access our Services, or other analyses we create. For example, we may collect system-wide information to ensure availability of the platform, or measure aggregate data trends to analyze and optimize our Services. Share Content with Friends or Colleagues. Our Services may offer various tools and functionalities. For example, we may allow you to provide information about your friends through our referral services. Our referral services may allow you to forward or share certain content with a friend or colleague, such as an email inviting your friend to use our Services. Please only share with us contact information of people with whom you have a relationship (e.g., relative, friend neighbor, or co-worker). 4. HOW WE DISCLOSE YOUR INFORMATION We disclose your information to third parties for a variety of business purposes, including to provide our Services, to protect us or others, or in the event of a major business transaction such as a merger, sale, or asset transfer, as described below. A. Disclosures to Provide our Services The categories of third parties with whom we may share your information are described below. Service Providers . We may share your personal information with our third-party service providers who use that information to help us provide our Services. This includes service providers that provide us with IT support, hosting, payment processing, customer service, and related services. For example, our Shop site is run by Shopify, who handle your shipping details on our behalf. Business Partners . We may share your personal information with business partners to provide you with a product or service you have requested. We may also share your personal information to business partners with whom we jointly offer products or services. Other Users . As described above in the "Personal Information We Collect" section of this Privacy Policy, our Service allows Users to share their profiles, and any posts, chats, etc. with other Users and with the general public, including to those who do not use our Services. APIs/SDKs . We may use third-party Application Program Interfaces ("APIs") and Software Development Kits ("SDKs") as part of the functionality of our Services. For more information about our use of APIs and SDKs, please contact us as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. B . Disclosures to Protect Us or Others We may access, preserve, and disclose any information we store associated with you to external parties if we, in good faith, believe doing so is required or appropriate to: comply with law enforcement or national security requests and legal process, such as a court order or subpoena; protect your, our, or others' rights, property, or safety; enforce our policies or contracts; collect amounts owed to us; or assist with an investigation or prosecution of suspected or actual illegal activity. C. Disclosure in the Event of Merger, Sale, or Other Asset Transfers If we are involved in a merger, acquisition, financing due diligence, reorganization, bankruptcy, receivership, purchase or sale of assets, or transition of service to another provider, your information may be sold or transferred as part of such a transaction, as permitted by law and/or contract. 5. YOUR PRIVACY CHOICES AND RIGHTS Your Privacy Choices . The privacy choices you may have about your personal information are determined by applicable law and are described below. Email Communications . If you receive an unwanted email from us, you can use the unsubscribe link found at the bottom of the email to opt out of receiving future emails. Note that you will continue to receive transaction-related emails regarding products or Services you have requested. We may also send you certain non-promotional communications regarding us and our Services, and you will not be able to opt out of those communications (e.g., communications regarding our Services or updates to our Terms or this Privacy Policy). Mobile Devices . We may send you push notifications through our mobile application. You may opt out from receiving these push notifications by changing the settings on your mobile device. "Do Not Track." Do Not Track (" DNT ") is a privacy preference that users can set in certain web browsers. Please note that we do not respond to or honor DNT signals or similar mechanisms transmitted by web browsers. Cookies and Interest-Based Advertising . You may stop or restrict the placement of Technologies on your device or remove them by adjusting your preferences as your browser or device permits. However, if you adjust your preferences, our Services may not work properly. Please note that cookie-based opt-outs are not effective on mobile applications. Please note you must separately opt out in each browser and on each device. Your Privacy Rights . In accordance with applicable law, you may have the right to: Access Personal Information about you, including: (i) confirming whether we are processing your personal information; (ii) obtaining access to or a copy of your personal information; Request Correction of your personal information where it is inaccurate, incomplete or outdated. In some cases, we may provide self-service tools that enable you to update your personal information; Request Deletion, Anonymization or Blocking of your personal information when processing is based on your consent or when processing is unnecessary, excessive or noncompliant; Request Restriction of or Object to our processing of your personal information when processing is noncompliant; Withdraw Your Consent to our processing of your personal information. If you refrain from providing personal information or withdraw your consent to processing, some features of our Service may not be available; Request Data Portability and Receive an Electronic Copy of Personal Information that You Have Provided to Us; Be Informed about third parties with which your personal information has been shared; and Request the Review of Decisions Taken Exclusively Based on Automated Processing if such decisions could affect your data subject rights. If you would like to exercise any of these rights, please contact us as set forth in "Contact Us" below. We will process such requests in accordance with applicable laws. 6. INTERNATIONAL DATA TRANSFERS All information processed by us may be transferred, processed, and stored anywhere in the world, including, but not limited to, the United States or other countries, which may have data protection laws that are different from the laws where you live. We always strive to safeguard your information consistent with the requirements of applicable laws. 7. RETENTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION We store the personal information we collect as described in this Privacy Policy for as long as you use our Services or as necessary: to fulfill the purpose or purposes for which it was collected, to provide our Services, to resolve disputes, to establish legal defenses, to conduct audits, to pursue legitimate business purposes, to enforce our agreements, and to comply with applicable laws. 8. SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES FOR CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS Refer-a-Friend and Similar Incentive Programs . As described above in the How We Use Your Personal Information section ("Share Content with Friends or Colleagues" subsection), we may offer referral programs or other incentivized data collection programs. For example, we may offer incentives to you such as discounts or promotional items or credit in connection with these programs, wherein you provide your personal information in exchange for a reward, or provide personal information regarding your friends or colleagues (such as their email address) and receive rewards when they sign up to use our Services. (The referred party may also receive rewards for signing up via your referral.) These programs are entirely voluntary and allow us to grow our business and provide additional benefits to you. The value of your data to us depends on how you ultimately use our Services, whereas the value of the referred party's data to us depends on whether the referred party ultimately becomes a User or Forem Operator and uses our Services. Said value will be reflected in the incentive offered in connection with each program. Accessibility . This Privacy Policy uses industry-standard technologies and was developed in line with the World Wide Web Consortium's Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, version 2.1* . * If you wish to print this policy, please do so from your web browser or by saving the page as a PDF. California Shine the Light . The California "Shine the Light" law permits users who are California residents to request and obtain from us once a year, free of charge, a list of the third parties to whom we have disclosed their personal information (if any) for their direct marketing purposes in the prior calendar year, as well as the type of personal information disclosed to those parties. Right for Minors to Remove Posted Content . Where required by law, California residents under the age of 18 may request to have their posted content or information removed from the publicly-viewable portions of the Services by contacting us directly as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below or by logging into their account and removing the content or information using our self-service tools. 9. SUPPLEMENTAL NOTICE FOR NEVADA RESIDENTS If you are a resident of Nevada, you have the right to opt-out of the sale of certain Personal Information to third parties who intend to license or sell that Personal Information. You can exercise this right by contacting us as set forth in the "Contact Us\" section below with the subject line "Nevada Do Not Sell Request" and providing us with your name and the email address associated with your account. Please note that we do not currently sell your Personal Information as sales are defined in Nevada Revised Statutes Chapter 603A. If you have any questions, please contact us as set forth below. 10. CHILDREN'S INFORMATION The Services are not directed to children under 13 (or other age as required by local law), and we do not knowingly collect personal information from children. If you are a parent or guardian and believe your child has uploaded personal information to our site without your consent, you may contact us as described in the "Contact Us" section below. If we become aware that a child has provided us with personal information in violation of applicable law, we will delete any personal information we have collected, unless we have a legal obligation to keep it, and terminate the child's account if applicable. 11. OTHER PROVISIONS Third-Party Websites or Applications . The Services may contain links to other websites or applications, and other websites or applications may reference or link to our Services. These third-party services are not controlled by us. We encourage our users to read the privacy policies of each website and application with which they interact. We do not endorse, screen or approve, and are not responsible for, the privacy practices or content of such other websites or applications. Providing personal information to third-party websites or applications is at your own risk. Changes to Our Privacy Policy . We may revise this Privacy Policy from time to time in our sole discretion. If there are any material changes to this Privacy Policy, we will notify you as required by applicable law. You understand and agree that you will be deemed to have accepted the updated Privacy Policy if you continue to use our Services after the new Privacy Policy takes effect. 12. 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https://react.dev/blog/2023/03/16/introducing-react-dev | Introducing react.dev – React React v 19.2 Search ⌘ Ctrl K Learn Reference Community Blog Blog Introducing react.dev March 16, 2023 by Dan Abramov and Rachel Nabors Today we are thrilled to launch react.dev , the new home for React and its documentation. In this post, we would like to give you a tour of the new site. tl;dr The new React site ( react.dev ) teaches modern React with function components and Hooks. We’ve included diagrams, illustrations, challenges, and over 600 new interactive examples. The previous React documentation site has now moved to legacy.reactjs.org . New site, new domain, new homepage First, a little bit of housekeeping. To celebrate the launch of the new docs and, more importantly, to clearly separate the old and the new content, we’ve moved to the shorter react.dev domain. The old reactjs.org domain will now redirect here. The old React docs are now archived at legacy.reactjs.org . All existing links to the old content will automatically redirect there to avoid “breaking the web”, but the legacy site will not get many more updates. Believe it or not, React will soon be ten years old. In JavaScript years, it’s like a whole century! We’ve refreshed the React homepage to reflect why we think React is a great way to create user interfaces today, and updated the getting started guides to more prominently mention modern React-based frameworks. If you haven’t seen the new homepage yet, check it out! Going all-in on modern React with Hooks When we released React Hooks in 2018, the Hooks docs assumed the reader is familiar with class components. This helped the community adopt Hooks very swiftly, but after a while the old docs failed to serve the new readers. New readers had to learn React twice: once with class components and then once again with Hooks. The new docs teach React with Hooks from the beginning. The docs are divided in two main sections: Learn React is a self-paced course that teaches React from scratch. API Reference provides the details and usage examples for every React API. Let’s have a closer look at what you can find in each section. Note There are still a few rare class component use cases that do not yet have a Hook-based equivalent. Class components remain supported, and are documented in the Legacy API section of the new site. Quick start The Learn section begins with the Quick Start page. It is a short introductory tour of React. It introduces the syntax for concepts like components, props, and state, but doesn’t go into much detail on how to use them. If you like to learn by doing, we recommend checking out the Tic-Tac-Toe Tutorial next. It walks you through building a little game with React, while teaching the skills you’ll use every day. Here’s what you’ll build: App.js App.js Reload Clear Fork import { useState } from 'react' ; function Square ( { value , onSquareClick } ) { return ( < button className = "square" onClick = { onSquareClick } > { value } </ button > ) ; } function Board ( { xIsNext , squares , onPlay } ) { function handleClick ( i ) { if ( calculateWinner ( squares ) || squares [ i ] ) { return ; } const nextSquares = squares . slice ( ) ; if ( xIsNext ) { nextSquares [ i ] = 'X' ; } else { nextSquares [ i ] = 'O' ; } onPlay ( nextSquares ) ; } const winner = calculateWinner ( squares ) ; let status ; if ( winner ) { status = 'Winner: ' + winner ; } else { status = 'Next player: ' + ( xIsNext ? 'X' : 'O' ) ; } return ( < > < div className = "status" > { status } </ div > < div className = "board-row" > < Square value = { squares [ 0 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 0 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 1 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 1 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 2 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 2 ) } /> </ div > < div className = "board-row" > < Square value = { squares [ 3 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 3 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 4 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 4 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 5 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 5 ) } /> </ div > < div className = "board-row" > < Square value = { squares [ 6 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 6 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 7 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 7 ) } /> < Square value = { squares [ 8 ] } onSquareClick = { ( ) => handleClick ( 8 ) } /> </ div > </ > ) ; } export default function Game ( ) { const [ history , setHistory ] = useState ( [ Array ( 9 ) . fill ( null ) ] ) ; const [ currentMove , setCurrentMove ] = useState ( 0 ) ; const xIsNext = currentMove % 2 === 0 ; const currentSquares = history [ currentMove ] ; function handlePlay ( nextSquares ) { const nextHistory = [ ... history . slice ( 0 , currentMove + 1 ) , nextSquares ] ; setHistory ( nextHistory ) ; setCurrentMove ( nextHistory . length - 1 ) ; } function jumpTo ( nextMove ) { setCurrentMove ( nextMove ) ; } const moves = history . map ( ( squares , move ) => { let description ; if ( move > 0 ) { description = 'Go to move #' + move ; } else { description = 'Go to game start' ; } return ( < li key = { move } > < button onClick = { ( ) => jumpTo ( move ) } > { description } </ button > </ li > ) ; } ) ; return ( < div className = "game" > < div className = "game-board" > < Board xIsNext = { xIsNext } squares = { currentSquares } onPlay = { handlePlay } /> </ div > < div className = "game-info" > < ol > { moves } </ ol > </ div > </ div > ) ; } function calculateWinner ( squares ) { const lines = [ [ 0 , 1 , 2 ] , [ 3 , 4 , 5 ] , [ 6 , 7 , 8 ] , [ 0 , 3 , 6 ] , [ 1 , 4 , 7 ] , [ 2 , 5 , 8 ] , [ 0 , 4 , 8 ] , [ 2 , 4 , 6 ] , ] ; for ( let i = 0 ; i < lines . length ; i ++ ) { const [ a , b , c ] = lines [ i ] ; if ( squares [ a ] && squares [ a ] === squares [ b ] && squares [ a ] === squares [ c ] ) { return squares [ a ] ; } } return null ; } Show more We’d also like to highlight Thinking in React —that’s the tutorial that made React “click” for many of us. We’ve updated both of these classic tutorials to use function components and Hooks, so they’re as good as new. Note The example above is a sandbox . We’ve added a lot of sandboxes—over 600!—everywhere throughout the site. You can edit any sandbox, or press “Fork” in the upper right corner to open it in a separate tab. Sandboxes let you quickly play with the React APIs, explore your ideas, and check your understanding. Learn React step by step We’d like everyone in the world to have an equal opportunity to learn React for free on their own. This is why the Learn section is organized like a self-paced course split into chapters. The first two chapters describe the fundamentals of React. If you’re new to React, or want to refresh it in your memory, start here: Describing the UI teaches how to display information with components. Adding Interactivity teaches how to update the screen in response to user input. The next two chapters are more advanced, and will give you a deeper insight into the trickier parts: Managing State teaches how to organize your logic as your app grows in complexity. Escape Hatches teaches how you can “step outside” React, and when it makes most sense to do so. Every chapter consists of several related pages. Most of these pages teach a specific skill or a technique—for example, Writing Markup with JSX , Updating Objects in State , or Sharing State Between Components . Some of the pages focus on explaining an idea—like Render and Commit , or State as a Snapshot . And there are a few, like You Might Not Need an Effect , that share our suggestions based on what we’ve learned over these years. You don’t have to read these chapters as a sequence. Who has the time for this?! But you could. Pages in the Learn section only rely on concepts introduced by the earlier pages. If you want to read it like a book, go for it! Check your understanding with challenges Most pages in the Learn section end with a few challenges to check your understanding. For example, here are a few challenges from the page about Conditional Rendering . You don’t have to solve them right now! Unless you really want to. 1 . Show an icon for incomplete items with ? : 2 . Show the item importance with && Challenge 1 of 2 : Show an icon for incomplete items with ? : Use the conditional operator ( cond ? a : b ) to render a ❌ if isPacked isn’t true . App.js App.js Reload Clear Fork function Item ( { name , isPacked } ) { return ( < li className = "item" > { name } { isPacked && '✅' } </ li > ) ; } export default function PackingList ( ) { return ( < section > < h1 > Sally Ride's Packing List </ h1 > < ul > < Item isPacked = { true } name = "Space suit" /> < Item isPacked = { true } name = "Helmet with a golden leaf" /> < Item isPacked = { false } name = "Photo of Tam" /> </ ul > </ section > ) ; } Show more Show solution Next Challenge Notice the “Show solution” button in the left bottom corner. It’s handy if you want to check yourself! Build an intuition with diagrams and illustrations When we couldn’t figure out how to explain something with code and words alone, we’ve added diagrams that help provide some intuition. For example, here is one of the diagrams from Preserving and Resetting State : When section changes to div , the section is deleted and the new div is added You’ll also see some illustrations throughout the docs—here’s one of the browser painting the screen : Illustrated by Rachel Lee Nabors We’ve confirmed with the browser vendors that this depiction is 100% scientifically accurate. A new, detailed API Reference In the API Reference , every React API now has a dedicated page. This includes all kinds of APIs: Built-in Hooks like useState . Built-in components like <Suspense> . Built-in browser components like <input> . Framework-oriented APIs like renderToPipeableStream . Other React APIs like memo . You’ll notice that every API page is split into at least two segments: Reference and Usage . Reference describes the formal API signature by listing its arguments and return values. It’s concise, but it can feel a bit abstract if you’re not familiar with that API. It describes what an API does, but not how to use it. Usage shows why and how you would use this API in practice, like a colleague or a friend might explain. It shows the canonical scenarios for how each API was meant to be used by the React team. We’ve added color-coded snippets, examples of using different APIs together, and recipes that you can copy and paste from: Basic useState examples 1 . Counter (number) 2 . Text field (string) 3 . Checkbox (boolean) 4 . Form (two variables) Example 1 of 4 : Counter (number) In this example, the count state variable holds a number. Clicking the button increments it. App.js App.js Reload Clear Fork import { useState } from 'react' ; export default function Counter ( ) { const [ count , setCount ] = useState ( 0 ) ; function handleClick ( ) { setCount ( count + 1 ) ; } return ( < button onClick = { handleClick } > You pressed me { count } times </ button > ) ; } Next Example Some API pages also include Troubleshooting (for common problems) and Alternatives (for deprecated APIs). We hope that this approach will make the API reference useful not only as a way to look up an argument, but as a way to see all the different things you can do with any given API—and how it connects to the other ones. What’s next? That’s a wrap for our little tour! Have a look around the new website, see what you like or don’t like, and keep the feedback coming in our issue tracker . We acknowledge this project has taken a long time to ship. We wanted to maintain a high quality bar that the React community deserves. While writing these docs and creating all of the examples, we found mistakes in some of our own explanations, bugs in React, and even gaps in the React design that we are now working to address. We hope that the new documentation will help us hold React itself to a higher bar in the future. We’ve heard many of your requests to expand the content and functionality of the website, for example: Providing a TypeScript version for all examples; Creating the updated performance, testing, and accessibility guides; Documenting React Server Components independently from the frameworks that support them; Working with our international community to get the new docs translated; Adding missing features to the new website (for example, RSS for this blog). Now that react.dev is out, we will be able to shift our focus from “catching up” with the third-party React educational resources to adding new information and further improving our new website. We think there’s never been a better time to learn React. Who worked on this? On the React team, Rachel Nabors led the project (and provided the illustrations), and Dan Abramov designed the curriculum. They co-authored most of the content together as well. Of course, no project this large happens in isolation. We have a lot of people to thank! Sylwia Vargas overhauled our examples to go beyond “foo/bar/baz” and kittens, and feature scientists, artists and cities from around the world. Maggie Appleton turned our doodles into a clear diagram system. Thanks to David McCabe , Sophie Alpert , Rick Hanlon , Andrew Clark , and Matt Carroll for additional writing contributions. We’d also like to thank Natalia Tepluhina and Sebastian Markbåge for their ideas and feedback. Thanks to Dan Lebowitz for the site design and Razvan Gradinar for the sandbox design. On the development front, thanks to Jared Palmer for prototype development. Thanks to Dane Grant and Dustin Goodman from ThisDotLabs for their support on UI development. Thanks to Ives van Hoorne , Alex Moldovan , Jasper De Moor , and Danilo Woznica from CodeSandbox for their work with sandbox integration. Thanks to Rick Hanlon for spot development and design work, finessing our colors and finer details. Thanks to Harish Kumar and Luna Ruan for adding new features to the site and helping maintain it. Huge thanks to the folks who volunteered their time to participate in the alpha and beta testing program. Your enthusiasm and invaluable feedback helped us shape these docs. A special shout out to our beta tester, Debbie O’Brien , who gave a talk about her experience using the React docs at React Conf 2021. Finally, thanks to the React community for being the inspiration behind this effort. You are the reason we do this, and we hope that the new docs will help you use React to build any user interface that you want. Previous React Labs: What We've Been Working On – March 2023 Next React Labs: What We've Been Working On – June 2022 Copyright © Meta Platforms, Inc no uwu plz uwu? Logo by @sawaratsuki1004 Learn React Quick Start Installation Describing the UI Adding Interactivity Managing State Escape Hatches API Reference React APIs React DOM APIs Community Code of Conduct Meet the Team Docs Contributors Acknowledgements More Blog React Native Privacy Terms | 2026-01-13T08:49:13 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Maxime Gradient developer and accessibility advocate 🥑 Location Stockholm, Sweden Joined Joined on Aug 3, 2018 Personal website https://maxime.dev twitter website Education Bachelor of arts 🤦♂️ Pronouns they/them Work UI engineer at Rebtel Seven Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least seven years. Got it Close Six Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least six years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. 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Got it Close More info about @deammer Skills/Languages React, Typescript, Godot, web architecture Available for Collaborations, mentoring, and helping with small projects Post 6 posts published Comment 10 comments written Tag 4 tags followed Embed responsive YouTube videos in 2021 Maxime Maxime Maxime Follow Dec 14 '21 Embed responsive YouTube videos in 2021 # webdev # tutorial # css 42 reactions Comments 6 comments 2 min read Want to connect with Maxime? Create an account to connect with Maxime. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # tutorial Follow Hide Tutorial is a general purpose tag. We welcome all types of tutorial - code related or not! It's all about learning, and using tutorials to teach others! Create Post submission guidelines Tutorials should teach by example. This can include an interactive component or steps the reader can follow to understand. Older #tutorial posts 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Embedded Systems & IoT: The first journey into Verilog! Javad Javad Javad Follow Jan 6 Embedded Systems & IoT: The first journey into Verilog! # programming # tutorial # embedded # system 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read A Practical Guide to Browser Caching for Web Apps ZeeshanAli-0704 ZeeshanAli-0704 ZeeshanAli-0704 Follow Jan 7 A Practical Guide to Browser Caching for Web Apps # performance # tutorial # webdev Comments Add Comment 6 min read 🛠 Fixing `Undefined property: TwilioSmsMessage::$contentVariables` in Laravel (Twilio Notifications) Ayowande Oluwatosin Ayowande Oluwatosin Ayowande Oluwatosin Follow Jan 6 🛠 Fixing `Undefined property: TwilioSmsMessage::$contentVariables` in Laravel (Twilio Notifications) # webdev # laravel # twilio # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to Tell If a Video Is AI Generated: A Technical and Practical Guide Herman_Sun Herman_Sun Herman_Sun Follow Jan 7 How to Tell If a Video Is AI Generated: A Technical and Practical Guide # ai # tutorial # developers Comments Add Comment 4 min read POST ALL USES IN BRINGBOOT Er. Bhupendra Er. Bhupendra Er. Bhupendra Follow Jan 7 POST ALL USES IN BRINGBOOT # api # java # springboot # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read ALL TYPE OF GET USES IN SPRING BOOT Er. Bhupendra Er. Bhupendra Er. 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Beyond Simple Timestamps # programming # tutorial # python # devops 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 85 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:13 |
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