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https://dev.to/olegkoval | Ed - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Ed I am a Software Engineer, comfortable and experienced working with the back-end. Over several years of experience, developed a great sense for quality and best practices. Location Amsterdam Joined Joined on Apr 17, 2019 Personal website https://olko.substack.com github website twitter website Work Lead engineer @ Bizcuit.nl Six Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least six years. Got it Close Five Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least five years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Four Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least four years. Got it Close Three Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least three years. Got it Close Two Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least two years. Got it Close One Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least one year. Got it Close Hacktoberfest 2019 Awarded for successful completion of the 2019 Hacktoberfest challenge. Got it Close More info about @olegkoval Organizations publicv.io GitHub Repositories node-serverless-eventing WIP: <SLS, SQS, Kinesis, node.js> JavaScript • 1 star trembita Request wrapper for consuming third-party services JavaScript • 10 stars counter-interview.dev a collaborative collection of interview questions collected from both sides of the game: Interviewer(s) and Interviewee. SCSS • 105 stars language-grammar-api API wrapper for LanguageTool (grammar check) API based as a plugin for Trembita.js JavaScript • 5 stars node-bfs-bitmap Solution for the bitmap challenge using Breadth-first search (BFS) TypeScript • 1 star ya-skeleton 💀 Dockerized skeleton based on express.js framework, with mongo (mongoose) support JavaScript • 8 stars semantic-release-npm-github-publish Github template for sharable configuration of semantic-release It helps with publishing to npm & Github generates changelog & release notes for any type of keywords. JavaScript • 31 stars Skills/Languages Node.js, javascript, mongo, postgres Currently learning go lang Post 6 posts published Comment 5 comments written Tag 1 tag followed 33 Million Accounts Exposed: What the Condé Nast Breach Teaches Engineering Leaders Ed Ed Ed Follow Dec 28 '25 33 Million Accounts Exposed: What the Condé Nast Breach Teaches Engineering Leaders # leadership # privacy # security Comments Add Comment 5 min read Want to connect with Ed? Create an account to connect with Ed. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in When Someone Dismisses Your Work. Why You Should Keep Building Anyway Ed Ed Ed Follow Dec 7 '25 When Someone Dismisses Your Work. Why You Should Keep Building Anyway # discuss # motivation # mentalhealth # softwaredevelopment 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Consistency Models: Why Your Database Lies to You (And When That’s Fine) Ed Ed Ed Follow Nov 5 '25 Consistency Models: Why Your Database Lies to You (And When That’s Fine) # systemdesign # database # computerscience # architecture Comments Add Comment 7 min read What I Learned From 60 Days of Brutal Honesty in My Work Journal Ed Ed Ed Follow Oct 31 '25 What I Learned From 60 Days of Brutal Honesty in My Work Journal # devjournal # mentalhealth # productivity 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 4 min read CAP Theorem: What Senior Engineers Actually Need to Know Ed Ed Ed Follow Oct 29 '25 CAP Theorem: What Senior Engineers Actually Need to Know # distributedsystems # systemdesign # database # architecture 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read A collaborative collection of Interview questions Ed Ed Ed Follow Dec 5 '19 A collaborative collection of Interview questions # help # career # hiring # interview 8 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://core.forem.com/privacy#b-information-collected-automatically | Privacy Policy - Forem Core Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Core Close Privacy Policy Last Updated: September 01, 2023 This Privacy Policy is designed to help you understand how DEV Community Inc. (" DEV ," " we ," or " us ") collects, use, and discloses your personal information. What's With the Defined Terms? You'll notice that some words appear in quotes in this Privacy Policy. They're called "defined terms," and we use them so that we don't have to repeat the same language again and again. They mean the same thing in every instance, to help us make sure that this Privacy Policy is consistent. We've included the defined terms throughout because we want it to be easy for you to read them in context. 1. WHAT DOES THIS PRIVACY POLICY APPLY TO? 2. PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT 3. HOW WE USE YOUR INFORMATION 4. HOW WE DISCLOSE YOUR INFORMATION 5. YOUR PRIVACY CHOICES AND RIGHTS 6. INTERNATIONAL DATA TRANSFERS 7. RETENTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION 8. SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES FOR CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS 9. SUPPLEMENTAL NOTICE FOR NEVADA RESIDENTS 10. CHILDREN'S INFORMATION 11. OTHER PROVISIONS 12. CONTACT US 1. WHAT DOES THIS PRIVACY POLICY APPLY TO? This Privacy Policy applies to personal information processed by us, including on our websites, mobile applications, and other online or offline offerings — basically anything we do. To make this Privacy Policy easier to read, our websites, mobile applications, and other offerings are all collectively called the " Services. " Beyond this Privacy Policy, your use of the Services is subject to our DEV Community Terms and our Forem Terms. The Services include both our own community forum at https://www.dev.to (the " DEV Community ") and the open source tool we provide called " Forem ," available at https://www.forem.com which allows our customers to create and operate their own online forums. We collect personal information from two categories of people: (1) our customers, who use Forem and our hosting services to run and host their own forums (we'll call them " Forem Operators "), and (2) the people who interact with DEV-hosted forums, including forums provided by Forem Operators utilizing Forem and separately our own DEV Community (we'll call them " Users "). An Important Note for Users Since we provide hosting services for Forem Operators, technically we also process your information on their behalf. That processing is governed by the contracts that we have in place with each Forem Operator, not this Privacy Policy. In other words, when you share your data on a DEV-hosted forum operated by a Forem Operator, we at DEV are basically just the "pipes" — we process the data on behalf of the Forem Operator, but don't do anything with it ourselves beyond what we're required to do under our contract (and by law). So, if you post your information on a DEV-powered forum provided by a Forem Operator, that Forem Operator's privacy policy applies, and any questions or requests relating to your data on that service should be directed to that Forem Operator, not us. Likewise, if you use our mobile application, you may also interact with forums that use DEV's open-source tools but do all their hosting and data collection themselves. For those forums, we at DEV have no access to your data, so be sure to read the privacy policy of any third-party hosted forum before posting. 2. PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT The categories of personal information we collect depend on whether you're a User or Forem Operator, how you interact with us, our Services, and the requirements of applicable law. Breaking it down, we collect three types of information: (1) information that you provide to us directly, (2) information we obtain automatically when you use our Services, and (3) information we get about you from other sources (such as third-party services and organizations). More details are below. A. Information You Provide to Us Directly We may collect the following personal information that you provide to us. Account Creation (for Forem Operators): We'll require your name and email address to get started, as well as some details about the Forem you want to run, such as: whether you're running the Forem on your own behalf or as part of an organization, and details about the community you want to support (how big is it, what topics does it cover, where do members currently communicate, how/if the community earns money, whether the community is open, invite-only or paid, any existing social media accounts, etc.) You'll need to tell us a bit about your personal coding background, and you'll have the option to provide your DEV username as well, if you are a member of the DEV.to community. Account Creation (for Users) : We collect name and email address from users that create an account on DEV Community. For other forums created by Forem Operators using Forem, the Forem Operator determines what information is required for User account creation for their respective forums. Interactive Features (for Users) . Like any other social network, both we and other Users of our Services may collect personal information that you submit or make available through our interactive features (e.g., messaging and chat features, commenting functionalities, forums, blogs, posts, and other social media pages). While we do have private messages that are only between you and the person you're messaging (as well as us and the Forem Operator, as applicable), any information you provide using the public sharing features of the Services, such as the information you post to your public profile or the topics you follow is public, including to recruiters and prospective employers, and is not subject to any of the privacy protections we mention in this Privacy Policy except where legally required. Please exercise caution before revealing any information that may identify you in the real world to others. Purchases . If you buy stuff on our shop site https://shop.dev.to/ (as either a User or Forem Operator), or otherwise if you pay us in connection with your use of the Forem service, we may collect personal information and details associated with your purchases, including payment information. Any payments made via our Services are processed by third-party payment processors, such as Stripe, Shopify, and PayPal. We do not directly collect or store any payment card information entered through our Services, but may receive information associated with your payment card information (e.g., your billing details). Your Communications with Us (Users and Forem Operators) . We may collect personal information, such as email address, phone number, or mailing address when you request information about our Services, register for our newsletter or loyalty program, request customer or technical support, apply for a job, or otherwise communicate with us. Surveys . We may contact you to participate in surveys. If you decide to participate, you may be asked to provide certain information, which may include personal information (for example, your home address). Sweepstakes or Contests . We may collect personal information you provide for any sweepstakes or contests that we offer. In some jurisdictions, we are required to publicly share information of sweepstakes and contest winners. Conferences, Trade Shows, and Other Events . We may collect personal information from individuals when we attend conferences, trade shows, and other events. Business Development and Strategic Partnerships . We may collect personal information from individuals and third parties to assess and pursue potential business opportunities. Job Applications . We may post job openings and opportunities on our Services. If you reply to one of these postings by submitting your application, CV and/or cover letter to us, we will collect and use your information to assess your qualifications. B. Information Collected Automatically We may collect personal information automatically when you use our Services: Automatic Data Collection . We may collect certain information automatically when you use our Services, such as your Internet protocol (IP) address, user settings, MAC address, cookie identifiers, mobile carrier, mobile advertising and other unique identifiers, browser or device information, location information (including approximate location derived from IP address), and Internet service provider. We may also automatically collect information regarding your use of our Services, such as pages that you visit before, during and after using our Services, information about the links you click, the types of content you interact with, the frequency and duration of your activities, and other information about how you use our Services. In addition, we may collect information that other people provide about you when they use our Services, including information about you when they tag you in their posts. Cookies, Pixel Tags/Web Beacons, and Other Technologies . We, as well as third parties that provide content, advertising, or other functionality on our Services, may use cookies, pixel tags, local storage, and other technologies (" Technologies ") to automatically collect information through your use of our Services. Cookies . Cookies are small text files placed in device browsers that store preferences and facilitate and enhance your experience. Pixel Tags/Web Beacons . A pixel tag (also known as a web beacon) is a piece of code embedded in our Services that collects information about engagement on our Services. The use of a pixel tag allows us to record, for example, that a user has visited a particular web page or clicked on a particular advertisement. We may also include web beacons in e-mails to understand whether messages have been opened, acted on, or forwarded. Our uses of these Technologies fall into the following general categories: Operationally Necessary . This includes Technologies that allow you access to our Services, applications, and tools that are required to identify irregular website behavior, prevent fraudulent activity and improve security or that allow you to make use of our functionality. Performance-Related . We may use Technologies to assess the performance of our Services, including as part of our analytic practices to help us understand how individuals use our Services ( see Analytics below ). Functionality-Related . We may use Technologies that allow us to offer you enhanced functionality when accessing or using our Services. This may include identifying you when you sign into our Services or keeping track of your specified preferences, interests, or past items viewed. Analytics . We may use Technologies and other third-party tools to process analytics information on our Services. Some of our analytics partners include Google Analytics. For more information,please visit Google Analytics' Privacy Policy . To learn more about how to opt-out of Google Analytics' use of your information, please click here . Social Media Platforms . Our Services may contain social media buttons such as Twitter, Facebook, GitHub, Instagram, and Twitch (that might include widgets such as the "share this" button or other interactive mini programs). These features may collect your IP address, which page you are visiting on our Services, and may set a cookie to enable the feature to function properly. Your interactions with these platforms are governed by the privacy policy of the company providing it. See the "Your Privacy Choices and Rights" section below to understand your choices regarding these Technologies. C. Information Collected from Other Sources We may obtain information about you from other sources, including through third-party services and organizations. For example, if you access our Services through a third-party application, such as an app store, a third-party login service (e.g., through Twitter, Apple, or GitHub), or a social networking site, we may collect whatever information about you from that third-party application that you have made available via your privacy settings. 3. HOW WE USE YOUR INFORMATION We use your information for a variety of business purposes, including to provide our Services, for administrative purposes, and to market our products and Services, as described below. A. Provide Our Services We use your information to fulfill our contract with you and provide you with our Services, such as: Managing your information and accounts; Providing access to certain areas, functionalities, and features of our Services; Answering requests for customer or technical support; Communicating with you about your account, activities on our Services, and policy changes; Processing your financial information and other payment methods for products or Services purchased; Processing applications if you apply for a job we post on our Services; and Allowing you to register for events. B. Administrative Purposes We use your information for various administrative purposes, such as: Pursuing our legitimate interests such as direct marketing, research and development (including marketing research), network and information security, and fraud prevention; Detecting security incidents, protecting against malicious, deceptive, fraudulent or illegal activity, and prosecuting those responsible for that activity; Measuring interest and engagement in our Services, including for usage-based billing purposes; Short-term, transient use, such as contextual customization of ads; Improving, optimizing, upgrading, or enhancing our Services; Developing new products and Services; Ensuring internal quality control and safety; Authenticating and verifying individual identities, including requests to exercise your rights under this policy; Debugging to identify and repair errors with our Services; Auditing relating to interactions, transactions and other compliance activities; Enforcing our agreements and policies; and Complying with our legal obligations. C. Marketing and Advertising our Products and Services We may use your personal information to tailor and provide you with content and advertisements for our Services, such as via email. If you have any questions about our marketing practices, you may contact us at any time as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. D. Other Purposes We also use your information for other purposes as requested by you or as permitted by applicable law. Consent . We may use personal information for other purposes that are clearly disclosed to you at the time you provide personal information or with your consent. Automated Decision Making. We may engage in automated decision making, including profiling, such as to suggest topics or other Users for you to follow. DEV's processing of your personal information will not result in a decision based solely on automated processing that significantly affects you unless such a decision is necessary as part of a contract we have with you, we have your consent, or we are permitted by law to engage in such automated decision making. If you have questions about our automated decision making, you may contact us as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. De-identified and Aggregated Information . We may use personal information and other information about you to create de-identified and/or aggregated information, such as de-identified demographic information, information about the device from which you access our Services, or other analyses we create. For example, we may collect system-wide information to ensure availability of the platform, or measure aggregate data trends to analyze and optimize our Services. Share Content with Friends or Colleagues. Our Services may offer various tools and functionalities. For example, we may allow you to provide information about your friends through our referral services. Our referral services may allow you to forward or share certain content with a friend or colleague, such as an email inviting your friend to use our Services. Please only share with us contact information of people with whom you have a relationship (e.g., relative, friend neighbor, or co-worker). 4. HOW WE DISCLOSE YOUR INFORMATION We disclose your information to third parties for a variety of business purposes, including to provide our Services, to protect us or others, or in the event of a major business transaction such as a merger, sale, or asset transfer, as described below. A. Disclosures to Provide our Services The categories of third parties with whom we may share your information are described below. Service Providers . We may share your personal information with our third-party service providers who use that information to help us provide our Services. This includes service providers that provide us with IT support, hosting, payment processing, customer service, and related services. For example, our Shop site is run by Shopify, who handle your shipping details on our behalf. Business Partners . We may share your personal information with business partners to provide you with a product or service you have requested. We may also share your personal information to business partners with whom we jointly offer products or services. Other Users . As described above in the "Personal Information We Collect" section of this Privacy Policy, our Service allows Users to share their profiles, and any posts, chats, etc. with other Users and with the general public, including to those who do not use our Services. APIs/SDKs . We may use third-party Application Program Interfaces ("APIs") and Software Development Kits ("SDKs") as part of the functionality of our Services. For more information about our use of APIs and SDKs, please contact us as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. B . Disclosures to Protect Us or Others We may access, preserve, and disclose any information we store associated with you to external parties if we, in good faith, believe doing so is required or appropriate to: comply with law enforcement or national security requests and legal process, such as a court order or subpoena; protect your, our, or others' rights, property, or safety; enforce our policies or contracts; collect amounts owed to us; or assist with an investigation or prosecution of suspected or actual illegal activity. C. Disclosure in the Event of Merger, Sale, or Other Asset Transfers If we are involved in a merger, acquisition, financing due diligence, reorganization, bankruptcy, receivership, purchase or sale of assets, or transition of service to another provider, your information may be sold or transferred as part of such a transaction, as permitted by law and/or contract. 5. YOUR PRIVACY CHOICES AND RIGHTS Your Privacy Choices . The privacy choices you may have about your personal information are determined by applicable law and are described below. Email Communications . If you receive an unwanted email from us, you can use the unsubscribe link found at the bottom of the email to opt out of receiving future emails. Note that you will continue to receive transaction-related emails regarding products or Services you have requested. We may also send you certain non-promotional communications regarding us and our Services, and you will not be able to opt out of those communications (e.g., communications regarding our Services or updates to our Terms or this Privacy Policy). Mobile Devices . We may send you push notifications through our mobile application. You may opt out from receiving these push notifications by changing the settings on your mobile device. "Do Not Track." Do Not Track (" DNT ") is a privacy preference that users can set in certain web browsers. Please note that we do not respond to or honor DNT signals or similar mechanisms transmitted by web browsers. Cookies and Interest-Based Advertising . You may stop or restrict the placement of Technologies on your device or remove them by adjusting your preferences as your browser or device permits. However, if you adjust your preferences, our Services may not work properly. Please note that cookie-based opt-outs are not effective on mobile applications. Please note you must separately opt out in each browser and on each device. Your Privacy Rights . In accordance with applicable law, you may have the right to: Access Personal Information about you, including: (i) confirming whether we are processing your personal information; (ii) obtaining access to or a copy of your personal information; Request Correction of your personal information where it is inaccurate, incomplete or outdated. In some cases, we may provide self-service tools that enable you to update your personal information; Request Deletion, Anonymization or Blocking of your personal information when processing is based on your consent or when processing is unnecessary, excessive or noncompliant; Request Restriction of or Object to our processing of your personal information when processing is noncompliant; Withdraw Your Consent to our processing of your personal information. If you refrain from providing personal information or withdraw your consent to processing, some features of our Service may not be available; Request Data Portability and Receive an Electronic Copy of Personal Information that You Have Provided to Us; Be Informed about third parties with which your personal information has been shared; and Request the Review of Decisions Taken Exclusively Based on Automated Processing if such decisions could affect your data subject rights. If you would like to exercise any of these rights, please contact us as set forth in "Contact Us" below. We will process such requests in accordance with applicable laws. 6. INTERNATIONAL DATA TRANSFERS All information processed by us may be transferred, processed, and stored anywhere in the world, including, but not limited to, the United States or other countries, which may have data protection laws that are different from the laws where you live. We always strive to safeguard your information consistent with the requirements of applicable laws. 7. RETENTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION We store the personal information we collect as described in this Privacy Policy for as long as you use our Services or as necessary: to fulfill the purpose or purposes for which it was collected, to provide our Services, to resolve disputes, to establish legal defenses, to conduct audits, to pursue legitimate business purposes, to enforce our agreements, and to comply with applicable laws. 8. SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES FOR CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS Refer-a-Friend and Similar Incentive Programs . As described above in the How We Use Your Personal Information section ("Share Content with Friends or Colleagues" subsection), we may offer referral programs or other incentivized data collection programs. For example, we may offer incentives to you such as discounts or promotional items or credit in connection with these programs, wherein you provide your personal information in exchange for a reward, or provide personal information regarding your friends or colleagues (such as their email address) and receive rewards when they sign up to use our Services. (The referred party may also receive rewards for signing up via your referral.) These programs are entirely voluntary and allow us to grow our business and provide additional benefits to you. The value of your data to us depends on how you ultimately use our Services, whereas the value of the referred party's data to us depends on whether the referred party ultimately becomes a User or Forem Operator and uses our Services. Said value will be reflected in the incentive offered in connection with each program. Accessibility . This Privacy Policy uses industry-standard technologies and was developed in line with the World Wide Web Consortium's Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, version 2.1* . * If you wish to print this policy, please do so from your web browser or by saving the page as a PDF. California Shine the Light . The California "Shine the Light" law permits users who are California residents to request and obtain from us once a year, free of charge, a list of the third parties to whom we have disclosed their personal information (if any) for their direct marketing purposes in the prior calendar year, as well as the type of personal information disclosed to those parties. Right for Minors to Remove Posted Content . Where required by law, California residents under the age of 18 may request to have their posted content or information removed from the publicly-viewable portions of the Services by contacting us directly as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below or by logging into their account and removing the content or information using our self-service tools. 9. SUPPLEMENTAL NOTICE FOR NEVADA RESIDENTS If you are a resident of Nevada, you have the right to opt-out of the sale of certain Personal Information to third parties who intend to license or sell that Personal Information. You can exercise this right by contacting us as set forth in the "Contact Us\" section below with the subject line "Nevada Do Not Sell Request" and providing us with your name and the email address associated with your account. Please note that we do not currently sell your Personal Information as sales are defined in Nevada Revised Statutes Chapter 603A. 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We encourage our users to read the privacy policies of each website and application with which they interact. We do not endorse, screen or approve, and are not responsible for, the privacy practices or content of such other websites or applications. Providing personal information to third-party websites or applications is at your own risk. Changes to Our Privacy Policy . We may revise this Privacy Policy from time to time in our sole discretion. If there are any material changes to this Privacy Policy, we will notify you as required by applicable law. You understand and agree that you will be deemed to have accepted the updated Privacy Policy if you continue to use our Services after the new Privacy Policy takes effect. 12. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Zerod0wn Gaming software engineer, MSc in Data Science Joined Joined on Jan 13, 2025 More info about @rollingindo Badges 2 Week Community Wellness Streak Keep the community conversation going! Post at least 2 comments for 2 straight weeks and unlock the 4 Week Badge. Got it Close 1 Week Community Wellness Streak For actively engaging with the community by posting at least 2 comments in a single week. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Post 34 posts published Comment 53 comments written Tag 3 tags followed Oasis for Developers: an underrated EVM for privacy-first dApps Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Follow Jan 11 Oasis for Developers: an underrated EVM for privacy-first dApps # solidity # cryptocurrency # blockchain # privacy 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 1 min read Want to connect with Zerod0wn Gaming? Create an account to connect with Zerod0wn Gaming. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in Oasis & TEE Vulnerabilities and Why Oasis Survived the Storm Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Follow Dec 21 '25 Oasis & TEE Vulnerabilities and Why Oasis Survived the Storm # blockchain # cryptocurrency # privacy # computervision 3 reactions Comments 5 comments 1 min read Verifiable Compute for Onchain Prop Trading: Carrot Meets Oasis ROFL Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Follow Dec 21 '25 Verifiable Compute for Onchain Prop Trading: Carrot Meets Oasis ROFL # blockchain # web3 # privacy 3 reactions Comments 4 comments 2 min read Oasis launches a strategic investment arm and backs SemiLiquid to build confidential RWA credit infrastructure Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Follow Dec 16 '25 Oasis launches a strategic investment arm and backs SemiLiquid to build confidential RWA credit infrastructure # blockchain # web3 # cryptocurrency # programming 3 reactions Comments 4 comments 2 min read ERC 8004 and Trustless AI Agents Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Follow Nov 28 '25 ERC 8004 and Trustless AI Agents # ethereum # blockchain # ai # web3 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read ROFL Proxy for HTTPS Hosting Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Follow Nov 16 '25 ROFL Proxy for HTTPS Hosting # oasisnetwork # cryptocurrency # web3 # blockchain 3 reactions Comments 4 comments 1 min read x402: Internet-Native Payments for the Modern Web Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Follow Nov 16 '25 x402: Internet-Native Payments for the Modern Web # web3 # cryptocurrency # crypto # payments 5 reactions Comments 5 comments 2 min read ERC-8004: Enabling Trustless Autonomous Agents onchain & offchain Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Follow Oct 24 '25 ERC-8004: Enabling Trustless Autonomous Agents onchain & offchain # blockchain # cryptocurrency # web3 # privacy 4 reactions Comments 3 comments 2 min read Huralya: Building Private AI Assistants on Oasis Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Follow Oct 20 '25 Huralya: Building Private AI Assistants on Oasis # privacy # cryptocurrency # web3 # blockchain 4 reactions Comments 5 comments 2 min read Building Private AI Assistants with Oasis Sapphire Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Follow Oct 17 '25 Building Private AI Assistants with Oasis Sapphire # cryptocurrency # blockchain # privacy # ai 3 reactions Comments 3 comments 1 min read How Confidential MCP Servers on Oasis Unlock Privacy-Preserving AI Agents Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Follow Sep 25 '25 How Confidential MCP Servers on Oasis Unlock Privacy-Preserving AI Agents # web3 # privacy # cryptocurrency # confidentiality 2 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read Talos + ROFL: A New Model for Onchain Intelligence by Oasis Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Follow Sep 22 '25 Talos + ROFL: A New Model for Onchain Intelligence by Oasis # oasisnetwork # blockchain # web3 # cryptocurrency 2 reactions Comments 3 comments 2 min read Trustless Trading Agents with zkAGI Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Follow Sep 18 '25 Trustless Trading Agents with zkAGI # cryptocurrency # privacy # web3 # development 1 reaction Comments 3 comments 1 min read zkAGI: Trustless Trading Agents Powered by Oasis Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Follow Sep 14 '25 zkAGI: Trustless Trading Agents Powered by Oasis # cryptocurrency # web3 # privacy 3 reactions Comments 4 comments 1 min read Discover Oasis Sapphire: The Future of Smart Privacy on EVM Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Follow Aug 22 '25 Discover Oasis Sapphire: The Future of Smart Privacy on EVM # cryptocurrency # web3 # privacy 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 1 min read Privacy in DePIN — Why It Matters for Builders Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Follow Aug 14 '25 Privacy in DePIN — Why It Matters for Builders 3 reactions Comments 4 comments 2 min read Privacy in DePIN: Hardware Enclaves, Data Risks & Real-world Solutions Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Follow Aug 7 '25 Privacy in DePIN: Hardware Enclaves, Data Risks & Real-world Solutions # blockchain # web3 # cryptocurrency # data 2 reactions Comments 3 comments 1 min read Building Privacy-Respecting Identity Systems with Oasis's Confidential Smart Contracts Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Follow Jul 23 '25 Building Privacy-Respecting Identity Systems with Oasis's Confidential Smart Contracts # blockchain # cryptocurrency 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 1 min read Rethinking AI Training: Why Confidential Smart Contracts Might Be the Missing Piece Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Follow Jul 20 '25 Rethinking AI Training: Why Confidential Smart Contracts Might Be the Missing Piece 2 reactions Comments 4 comments 1 min read ROFL Mainnet Is Live – Verifiable Off-Chain Compute with Oasis Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Follow Jul 4 '25 ROFL Mainnet Is Live – Verifiable Off-Chain Compute with Oasis # web3 # cryptocurrency # privacy # blockchain 2 reactions Comments 4 comments 1 min read The “agent” hype in AI/crypto is peaking—but behind the noise is a real shift in how software works Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Follow Jun 29 '25 The “agent” hype in AI/crypto is peaking—but behind the noise is a real shift in how software works # ai # cryptocurrency # web3 # privacy 2 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read Liquefaction on Oasis Sapphire – the NFT rental protocol that just broke records Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Follow Jun 26 '25 Liquefaction on Oasis Sapphire – the NFT rental protocol that just broke records # blockchain # nft # cryptocurrency # web3 1 reaction Comments 4 comments 2 min read Exploring Decentralized Key Management Agents with Oasis Network Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Follow Jun 9 '25 Exploring Decentralized Key Management Agents with Oasis Network # blockchain # web3 # ai # cryptocurrency 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 1 min read Navigating the AI Agent Hype Cycle: Part II Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Follow Jun 7 '25 Navigating the AI Agent Hype Cycle: Part II # web3 # cryptocurrency # ai # blockchain 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 2 min read Navigating the AI Agent Hype Cycle Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Follow May 24 '25 Navigating the AI Agent Hype Cycle # cryptocurrency # web3 # ai 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 2 min read Smart Privacy in Web3: Why It Matters and How Oasis is Delivering It Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Follow May 6 '25 Smart Privacy in Web3: Why It Matters and How Oasis is Delivering It 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 1 min read Oasis Network: Building the Foundation for Privacy-Preserving AI on Web3 Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Follow May 5 '25 Oasis Network: Building the Foundation for Privacy-Preserving AI on Web3 # blockchain # cryptocurrency # web3 # ai 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 1 min read Oasis Engineering Update: zkTLS, RNG, Otomato & More Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Follow Apr 30 '25 Oasis Engineering Update: zkTLS, RNG, Otomato & More # web3 # cryptocurrency # development # blockchain 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 1 min read Trustless DeFi Bots? Oasis WT3 Makes It Real Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Follow Apr 30 '25 Trustless DeFi Bots? Oasis WT3 Makes It Real # web3 # cryptocurrency # defi # wt3 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Oasis Network Launches Secure Random Number Generation for Smart Contracts Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Follow Apr 28 '25 Oasis Network Launches Secure Random Number Generation for Smart Contracts # web3 # blockchain # cryptocurrency # solidity 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read The Future of AI Agents in Web3 – Privacy, Blockchain & Decentralized Computing Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Follow Mar 9 '25 The Future of AI Agents in Web3 – Privacy, Blockchain & Decentralized Computing # cryptocurrency # web3 # ai # blockchain 2 reactions Comments 3 comments 2 min read Oasis Network Expands Ecosystem Funding Initiative to Accelerate Web3 Innovation Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Follow Feb 22 '25 Oasis Network Expands Ecosystem Funding Initiative to Accelerate Web3 Innovation # cryptocurrency # web3 # privacy # development 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 2 min read Zeph x Oasis – Enabling Verifiably Private AI Companions Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Follow Feb 3 '25 Zeph x Oasis – Enabling Verifiably Private AI Companions # privacy # web3 # confidentialcomputing # ai Comments Add Comment 3 min read Unlocking the Potential of AI with Oasis Network Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Zerod0wn Gaming Follow Jan 17 '25 Unlocking the Potential of AI with Oasis Network # ai # blockchain # oasisnetwork 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Mikuz Posted on Dec 30, 2025 Ensuring AI Reliability: Correctness, Consistency, and Availability # ai # architecture # testing AI systems frequently fail to meet performance expectations, producing inaccurate results, behaving unpredictably, or experiencing operational issues that limit their practical value. These shortcomings become particularly problematic in critical applications where errors carry significant consequences. Understanding AI reliability requires examining three distinct dimensions: whether the system generates accurate outputs, whether it behaves predictably under varying conditions, and whether it remains accessible and responsive when users need it. Addressing these challenges demands careful attention throughout every phase of system development and operation. Correctness in AI Systems The accuracy of AI outputs represents the foundation of system reliability. When AI generates incorrect information, it undermines user confidence and creates obstacles to widespread adoption. Large language models demonstrate a persistent tendency to fabricate information while presenting it with unwarranted confidence, leading users to accept false outputs as fact. This phenomenon wastes valuable time and resources while damaging the credibility of AI technology. The business implications of inaccurate AI outputs can be severe. When Alphabet's Bard chatbot provided false information about astronomical observations during its initial public presentation, the company's market valuation dropped by $100 billion. This dramatic response illustrates how errors in AI systems can translate directly into financial losses and reputational damage. Legal and financial consequences also emerge when organizations deploy AI systems that generate incorrect information. Air Canada faced legal liability when a customer relied on fabricated bereavement fare policies produced by the company's chatbot. The airline was compelled to honor the incorrect policy and compensate the affected customer. Similarly, legal professionals who submitted court documents containing fabricated case citations generated by AI faced monetary penalties and professional sanctions for their failure to verify the accuracy of the AI-generated content. The human cost of AI inaccuracy becomes most apparent in sensitive domains like healthcare, law, and finance. Medical AI systems that provide incorrect diagnostic information or dangerous treatment recommendations can directly harm patients. Faulty legal guidance may result in criminal charges, civil liability, or lost legal rights. Inaccurate financial advice can devastate personal wealth through poor investment decisions or costly tax errors. Regulatory bodies have begun addressing AI accuracy through new legislation, though these efforts remain fragmented and continue to evolve. Current best practices emphasize the importance of evidence-based outputs and human oversight, particularly in high-stakes applications. Accuracy problems compound as AI systems grow more complex. Small errors can propagate through multi-step processes, becoming amplified as incorrect outputs feed into subsequent operations. When each stage introduces minor uncertainties, the cumulative error grows exponentially rather than linearly. Human psychology exacerbates this issue, as people naturally trust systems that communicate with apparent confidence and coherence. This cognitive bias leads to trust miscalibration, where users place excessive faith in AI capabilities and fail to catch errors that warrant correction. Agentic systems that select and execute tools face additional accuracy challenges, including choosing inappropriate tools, misunderstanding tool capabilities, and incorrectly processing tool results. Consistency in AI Performance Predictable behavior across similar inputs represents a critical aspect of reliable AI systems. Users expect that semantically identical questions will yield comparable answers, yet large language models frequently violate this expectation. These systems exhibit nondeterministic behavior, generating divergent responses to questions that carry the same meaning. This unpredictability undermines user confidence and complicates the deployment of AI in production environments. The sensitivity of language models to trivial prompt variations creates significant challenges for system designers. Researchers have documented cases where inconsequential modifications—adding a greeting, inserting extra whitespace, or rephrasing a question without changing its meaning—produce materially different outputs. This fragility means that users cannot rely on receiving stable answers even when asking essentially identical questions multiple times. Consistency challenges extend beyond individual interactions to encompass system evolution over time. As organizations update their AI models, adjust system prompts, or modify reference materials, the behavior of the entire system can shift in unexpected ways. This phenomenon, known as drift, describes how system outputs gradually diverge from established patterns as various components change. Input characteristics may evolve as user populations shift or new use cases emerge. Reference document libraries require updates to remain current, potentially altering the information available to the system. Model updates intended to improve performance may inadvertently change response patterns in unforeseen ways. User expectations also drift over time as people become more familiar with AI capabilities and develop new mental models of how systems should behave. What users initially found acceptable may later seem inadequate as their understanding deepens and their requirements become more sophisticated. This creates a moving target for system designers, who must balance stability with the need to meet evolving user needs. The business impact of inconsistent AI behavior manifests in several ways. Customer support applications must provide uniform answers to common questions regardless of how those questions are phrased. Inconsistent responses create confusion and erode trust in the organization's expertise. Internal applications face similar challenges when employees receive contradictory information depending on minor variations in how they formulate their queries. This inconsistency reduces productivity and forces users to develop workarounds or abandon the AI system entirely in favor of more reliable information sources. Maintaining consistency requires ongoing monitoring and adjustment. Organizations must establish processes to detect when system behavior begins to drift and implement mechanisms to preserve desired response patterns across model updates and system modifications. Availability and System Performance The operational readiness of AI systems determines whether they can deliver value when users need them. Even highly accurate and consistent systems fail to meet reliability standards if they cannot respond promptly or remain accessible throughout their required operational periods. Availability encompasses both the responsiveness of the system and its ability to maintain uptime during critical usage windows. Latency represents a primary constraint on AI availability. The time gap between submitting a request and receiving a usable response directly impacts user experience and system utility. Complex queries that require extensive processing can take several minutes to complete, which may be tolerable in some contexts but proves problematic in others. Organizations handling large query volumes face compounding challenges as processing delays accumulate across millions of daily requests. Time-sensitive applications demand particularly high availability standards. Systems supporting real-time decision-making cannot tolerate extended delays without compromising their core purpose. A customer service chatbot that takes minutes to respond fails to meet user expectations for immediate assistance. Financial trading systems that experience significant lag may miss critical market opportunities. Emergency response applications require near-instantaneous responses to fulfill their intended function. System crashes and unplanned downtime create additional availability challenges. Users who encounter frequent service interruptions lose confidence in the system's reliability and may seek alternative solutions. Scheduled maintenance windows must be carefully planned to minimize disruption, particularly for systems that support operations across multiple time zones or serve global user bases. Organizations must balance the need for system updates and improvements against the requirement for continuous availability. The computational demands of large language models contribute to availability constraints. Processing requirements scale with query complexity, context length, and the sophistication of the underlying model. Organizations must provision adequate infrastructure to handle peak demand without degrading response times. This creates tension between deploying more capable models that deliver better results and maintaining acceptable performance characteristics under realistic usage conditions. Availability considerations extend beyond technical performance to encompass business continuity planning. Organizations deploying AI systems must establish redundancy measures, failover procedures, and contingency plans for service disruptions. Clear communication about system status and expected resolution times helps manage user expectations during outages. Service level agreements should explicitly define availability targets and specify remedies when systems fail to meet established standards. These operational frameworks ensure that AI systems remain dependable resources rather than sources of frustration and uncertainty. Conclusion Achieving reliable AI systems requires sustained attention to accuracy, predictability, and operational performance. Organizations cannot afford to treat reliability as an afterthought or assume that sophisticated models will automatically meet production requirements. Each dimension of reliability presents distinct challenges that demand targeted strategies and continuous monitoring. The consequences of unreliable AI extend beyond technical failures to encompass financial losses, legal liability, and potential human harm. These risks are particularly acute in healthcare, legal services, and financial applications where errors carry serious ramifications. Even in lower-stakes contexts, unreliable systems erode user trust and create barriers to adoption that undermine the business value of AI investments. Building reliable systems begins during the design phase and continues throughout deployment and operation. Prompt engineering, retrieval-augmented generation, and careful system architecture contribute to improved correctness. Monitoring for drift and establishing consistent response patterns address predictability concerns. Infrastructure planning and operational procedures ensure adequate availability and performance. Organizations must also recognize that reliability exists on a spectrum rather than as a binary state. Perfect reliability remains unattainable, making it essential to calibrate user expectations appropriately and implement oversight mechanisms proportional to the stakes involved. Human review becomes particularly important in high-consequence applications where AI errors could cause significant harm. As AI technology continues to evolve and regulatory frameworks mature, organizations that prioritize reliability will be better positioned to deploy AI systems that deliver sustained value while managing associated risks effectively. The investment in reliability pays dividends through increased user confidence, reduced operational disruptions, and minimized exposure to adverse outcomes. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Mikuz Follow Joined Jan 12, 2025 More from Mikuz A Practical Guide to LLM Post-Training # tutorial # machinelearning # llm # ai Reinforcement Learning Environments: How AI Agents Learn Through Experience # agents # ai # machinelearning AI Agents and Tool Calling Explained: Architecture, Context Engineering, and Implementation Strategies # agents # architecture # ai # llm 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/help/customizing-your-feed#What-about-my-posts-Google-ranking | Customizing Your Feed - DEV Help - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close DEV Help The latest help documentation, tips and tricks from the DEV Community. Help > Customizing Your Feed Customizing Your Feed In this article The "Feed" Tags Follow Tags Hide Tags Users Follow Users Block Users Your Reading List Common Questions What about my post's Google ranking? Tailor your reading experience on DEV to suit your preferences. The "Feed" The home page is tailored to each individual DEV member based on what they're following. Every now and then, the DEV Team may "pin" a post to the homepage if it's an announcement that is relevant to all folks, but these are generally posts from the DEV Team. Your feed is where you'll discover a diverse range of articles published by developers worldwide. You can filter the content displayed on your feed based on the type of articles you want to read. Currently, we offer three feed sort options: Relevant, Latest, and Top. Follow tags and users to customize your feed and discover content tailored to your interests. Utilize Subscription Options: With subscription indicators, you can subscribe to new articles from users or organizations you follow, as well as through any of your existing comment subscriptions. Easily manage your subscriptions and unsubscribe from any article or thread that's becoming too popular. With these features, you'll never miss out on an interesting discussion happening on DEV. Stay informed and engaged with the latest comments and articles tailored to your interests. Tags Follow Tags Tags are unique keywords attached to posts to categorize related articles under specific and defined groups. They cover a wide range of topics and feature thousands of posts, from coding tutorials to career advice, catering to both beginners and experienced developers. Following tags on DEV means subscribing to updates and content related to specific topics of interest. By following a tag, you'll see relevant posts in your feed or notifications, enabling you to stay informed, personalize your experience, and connect with others who share similar interests within the community. Hide Tags Just as you can follow tags, you can also hide them. Articles with hidden tags will no longer appear in your Relevant feed, providing you with a more tailored browsing experience. Hiding tags gives you greater control over your feed. Just follow these steps: Tags Page: Visit the tags page and use the search feature to find and hide specific tags. Dashboard: Navigate to the "Following tags" section on your dashboard. Press the three dots to access the hide option and conceal tags from your feed. You can easily manage your Hidden Tags directly from your dashboard. Access the "Hidden tags" section to view and unhide tags at any time, bringing articles with those tags back to your feed. Users Follow Users In order to stay in touch with people in your feed, you can follow them! Just navigate to the member's page and tap that follow button to get alerts when they post new content and prioritize their content in your feed. Block Users You are always able to block users from your feed and from seeing your content by navigating to the three dots in the top right corner of their page and clicking Block. If this member is posting especially harmful content or is a spam account, feel free to also flag this member for us in the same location. Your Reading List By clicking the Bookmark button on an article, you can collect posts to read later and keep them forever in your dashboard. To access these articles, simply navigate to your profile icon, click on "Reading List," and you'll find all your saved posts there." Common Questions What about my post's Google ranking? You can set the canonical_url of your post before publishing so that Google knows where to send the link juice (that precious, precious link juice). 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/terms#main-content | Web Site Terms and Conditions of Use - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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General Terms and Conditions applicable to Use of a Web Site. 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
https://dev.to/help/customizing-your-feed#Users | Customizing Your Feed - DEV Help - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close DEV Help The latest help documentation, tips and tricks from the DEV Community. Help > Customizing Your Feed Customizing Your Feed In this article The "Feed" Tags Follow Tags Hide Tags Users Follow Users Block Users Your Reading List Common Questions What about my post's Google ranking? Tailor your reading experience on DEV to suit your preferences. The "Feed" The home page is tailored to each individual DEV member based on what they're following. Every now and then, the DEV Team may "pin" a post to the homepage if it's an announcement that is relevant to all folks, but these are generally posts from the DEV Team. Your feed is where you'll discover a diverse range of articles published by developers worldwide. You can filter the content displayed on your feed based on the type of articles you want to read. Currently, we offer three feed sort options: Relevant, Latest, and Top. Follow tags and users to customize your feed and discover content tailored to your interests. Utilize Subscription Options: With subscription indicators, you can subscribe to new articles from users or organizations you follow, as well as through any of your existing comment subscriptions. Easily manage your subscriptions and unsubscribe from any article or thread that's becoming too popular. With these features, you'll never miss out on an interesting discussion happening on DEV. Stay informed and engaged with the latest comments and articles tailored to your interests. Tags Follow Tags Tags are unique keywords attached to posts to categorize related articles under specific and defined groups. They cover a wide range of topics and feature thousands of posts, from coding tutorials to career advice, catering to both beginners and experienced developers. Following tags on DEV means subscribing to updates and content related to specific topics of interest. By following a tag, you'll see relevant posts in your feed or notifications, enabling you to stay informed, personalize your experience, and connect with others who share similar interests within the community. Hide Tags Just as you can follow tags, you can also hide them. Articles with hidden tags will no longer appear in your Relevant feed, providing you with a more tailored browsing experience. Hiding tags gives you greater control over your feed. Just follow these steps: Tags Page: Visit the tags page and use the search feature to find and hide specific tags. Dashboard: Navigate to the "Following tags" section on your dashboard. Press the three dots to access the hide option and conceal tags from your feed. You can easily manage your Hidden Tags directly from your dashboard. Access the "Hidden tags" section to view and unhide tags at any time, bringing articles with those tags back to your feed. Users Follow Users In order to stay in touch with people in your feed, you can follow them! Just navigate to the member's page and tap that follow button to get alerts when they post new content and prioritize their content in your feed. Block Users You are always able to block users from your feed and from seeing your content by navigating to the three dots in the top right corner of their page and clicking Block. If this member is posting especially harmful content or is a spam account, feel free to also flag this member for us in the same location. Your Reading List By clicking the Bookmark button on an article, you can collect posts to read later and keep them forever in your dashboard. To access these articles, simply navigate to your profile icon, click on "Reading List," and you'll find all your saved posts there." Common Questions What about my post's Google ranking? You can set the canonical_url of your post before publishing so that Google knows where to send the link juice (that precious, precious link juice). 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
https://www.w3.org/OWL/ | OWL - Semantic Web Standards Jump to content Main menu Main menu move to sidebar hide Navigation Main Page Recent changes Tools Books Validators Other W3C resources Activity news Publications Logos, buttons Activity home page W3C RSS feeds Activity newsfeed W3C blogs Use cases, case studies Account request W3C Member Public Semantic Web Standards Search Search Appearance Log in Personal tools Log in OWL Page Discussion English Read View source View history Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions Read View source View history Refresh General What links here Related changes Special pages Printable version Permanent link Page information Browse properties Appearance move to sidebar hide From Semantic Web Standards Publication date: 2012-12-11 (with a previous version published at: 2009-10-27) Created by: OWL Working Group List of documents at: http://www.w3.org/standards/techs/owl Web Ontology Language (OWL) Overview The W3C Web Ontology Language (OWL) is a Semantic Web language designed to represent rich and complex knowledge about things, groups of things, and relations between things. OWL is a computational logic-based language such that knowledge expressed in OWL can be exploited by computer programs, e.g., to verify the consistency of that knowledge or to make implicit knowledge explicit. OWL documents, known as ontologies, can be published in the World Wide Web and may refer to or be referred from other OWL ontologies. OWL is part of the W3C’s Semantic Web technology stack, which includes RDF , RDFS , SPARQL , etc. The current version of OWL, also referred to as “OWL 2”, was developed by the [ W3C OWL Working Group ] (now closed) and published in 2009, with a Second Edition published in 2012. OWL 2 is an extension and revision of the 2004 version of OWL developed by the [ W3C Web Ontology Working Group ] (now closed) and published in 2004. The deliverables that make up the OWL 2 specification include a Document Overview , which serves as an introduction to OWL 2, describes the relationship between OWL 1 and OWL 2, and provides an entry point to the remaining deliverables via a Documentation Roadmap . Recommended Reading As can be seen from the above mentioned Documentation Roadmap , OWL 2 is normatively defined by five core specification documents describing its conceptual structure, primary exchange syntax (RDF/XML), two alternative semantics (Direct and RDF-Based), and conformance requirements. Three additional specification documents describe optional features that may be supported by some implementations: the language profiles, and two alternative concrete syntaxes (OWL/XML and Manchester). These documents are, however, all rather technical and mainly aimed at OWL 2 implementers and tool developers. Those looking for a more approachable guide to the features and usage of OWL 2 may prefer to consult one of the user documents, which include a Primer and a Quick Reference Guide . A number of textbooks have been published on OWL, and on Semantic Web in general. Please, refer to a separate page listing some of those, as maintained by the community. That list also includes references to conference proceedings and article collections that might be of general interest. Tools that are listed as relevant to OWL (Note that you can browse tools per tool categories or programming languages , too.) Last modified and/or added The description of the following tools have been added and/or modified most recently. Ontop (last modified: 23 June 2022) Ontopic Studio (last modified: 23 June 2022) Cowl (last modified: 3 May 2022) RDFox (last modified: 11 February 2021) Oracle Spatial and Graph 19c (last modified: 18 February 2020) All relevant tools This is a list of all tools listed on this wiki, and that are marked as relevant to OWL. AllegroGraph RDF Store (programming environment, reasoner, triple store, development environment, rdfs reasoner). Directly usable from Java, LISP, Python, Prolog, C, Ruby, Perl Apache Jena (programming environment, reasoner, triple store, rdfs reasoner, rule reasoner, owl reasoner, parser). Directly usable from Java Cowl (programming environment, parser). Directly usable from C, C++ FRED (rdf generator, tagging, knowledge graph extractor). Mobi (programming environment, development environment). Directly usable from Java, Javascript OntoStudio (editor, development environment). Ontop (reasoner, rdfs reasoner, owl reasoner, rdf generator, sparql endpoint, rdb2rdf, converter). Directly usable from Java Ontopic Studio (reasoner, rdfs reasoner, owl reasoner, rdf generator, sparql endpoint, rdb2rdf, converter). OpenLink Virtuoso (reasoner, triple store, rdfs reasoner, owl reasoner, rdf generator, sparql endpoint, rdb2rdf). Directly usable from Java, Python, C, Ruby, Perl, PHP, Javascript, C++, ActionScript, Tcl, Obj-C Oracle Spatial and Graph 19c (reasoner, triple store, owl reasoner). Directly usable from Java GraphDB (reasoner, triple store, rdfs reasoner, owl reasoner, sparql endpoint). Directly usable from Java, C RDFox (reasoner, triple store, rdfs reasoner, rule reasoner, owl reasoner). Directly usable from Java, C++ Altova's SemanticWorks (editor, development environment). Spyder (sparql endpoint, rdb2rdf). Retrieved from " https://www.w3.org/2001/sw/wiki/index.php?title=OWL&oldid=4118 " Categories : Work Recommendation Facts ... more about " OWL " RDF feed Creator http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/#owl + Description The W3C Web Ontology Language (OWL) is a Semantic Web language designed to represent rich and complex knowledge about things, groups of things, and relations between things. + SameAs http://www.w3.org/2002/01/tr-automation/techs#owl + SeeAlso http://www.w3.org/standards/techs/owl + Date "Date" is a type and predefined property provided by Semantic MediaWiki to represent date values. December 11, 2012 + This page was last edited on 12 January 2026, at 18:59. Privacy policy About Semantic Web Standards Disclaimers | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
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Report Abuse Daniel for Datalaria Posted on Jan 12 • Originally published at datalaria.com Weather Service Project (Part 1): Building the Data Collector with Python and GitHub Actions or Netlify # api # python # automation # tutorial As I mentioned in a previous post, one of my goals with Datalaria is to get my hands dirty with projects that allow me to learn and connect different technologies in the data world. Today, we begin a series dedicated to one of those projects: the creation of a complete global weather service , from data collection to visualization and prediction, all serverless and using free tools. In this first installment, we will focus on the heart of the system: the backend data collector . We'll see how to build a "robot" that works for us 24/7, connecting to an external API, saving structured information, and doing all this automatically and for free. Let's dive in! The First Step: Talking to the OpenWeatherMap API Every weather service needs a data source. I chose OpenWeatherMap for its popularity and generous free plan. The initial process is straightforward: Register : Create an account on their website. Get the API Key : Generate a unique key that will identify us in each call. It's like our "key" to access their data. Store the Key : Never directly in the code! We'll discuss this further below. With the key in hand (or almost!), I wrote a first test_clima.py script to test the connection using Python's fantastic requests library: import requests API_KEY = " YOUR_API_KEY_HERE " # Temporarily! We'll use Secrets later CITY = " Madrid " URL = f " [https://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q=](https://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q=) { CITY } &appid= { API_KEY } &units=metric&lang=es " try : response = requests . get ( URL ) response . raise_for_status () # Raises an exception for HTTP errors (4xx or 5xx) data = response . json () print ( f " Temperature in { CITY } : { data [ ' main ' ][ ' temp ' ] } °C " ) except requests . exceptions . RequestException as e : print ( f " Error connecting to the API: { e } " ) except KeyError as e : print ( f " Unexpected API response, key missing: { e } " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode First Obstacle Overcome (with Patience): When I first ran it, I got a 401 Unauthorized error! 😱 It turns out that OpenWeatherMap API Keys can take a few hours to activate after being generated. The lesson: sometimes, the solution is simply to wait. ⏳ The "Database": Why CSV and Not SQL? With data flowing, I needed to store it. I could have set up an SQL database (PostgreSQL, MySQL...), but that would involve complexity, a server (cost), and for this project, it was overkill. I opted for radical simplicity: CSV (Comma Separated Values) files . Advantages : Easy to read and write with Python, perfectly versionable with Git (we can track changes), and sufficient for the initial data volume we'd be handling. Key Logic : I needed to append a new row to each city's file daily, but only write the header ( date_time , city , temperature_c , etc.) the first time. Python's native csv library and os.path.exists make this trivial: import csv import os from datetime import datetime # ... (code to fetch API data for a city) ... now = datetime . now (). strftime ( ' %Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S ' ) data_row = [ now , city , temperature , ...] # List with the data header = [ ' date_time ' , ' city ' , ' temperature_c ' , ...] # List with column names file_name = f " data/ { city } .csv " # We'll create a 'data' folder # Ensure the 'data' folder exists os . makedirs ( os . path . dirname ( file_name ), exist_ok = True ) is_new_file = not os . path . exists ( file_name ) try : with open ( file_name , mode = ' a ' , newline = '' , encoding = ' utf-8 ' ) as f : writer = csv . writer ( f ) if is_new_file : writer . writerow ( header ) # Write header ONLY if new file writer . writerow ( data_row ) # Append the new data row print ( f " Data saved for { city } " ) except IOError as e : print ( f " Error writing to { file_name } : { e } " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The Automation Robot: GitHub Actions to the Rescue 🤖 Here comes the magic: how to make this script run daily without having a server constantly on? The answer is GitHub Actions , the automation engine integrated into GitHub. It's like having a small robot working for us for free. Security First: Never Upload Your API Key! The biggest mistake would be to upload registrar_clima.py with the API_KEY written directly in the code. Anyone could see it on GitHub. Solution : Use GitHub's Repository Secrets . Go to Settings > Secrets and variables > Actions in your GitHub repository. Create a new secret named OPENWEATHER_API_KEY and paste your key there. In your Python script, read the key securely using os.environ.get("OPENWEATHER_API_KEY") . The Robot's Brain: The .github/workflows/update-weather.yml File This YAML file tells GitHub Actions what to do and when: name : Daily Weather Data Update on : workflow_dispatch : # Allows manual triggering from GitHub push : branches : [ main ] # Triggers if changes are pushed to the main branch schedule : - cron : ' 0 6 * * *' # The key: triggers daily at 06:00 UTC jobs : update_data : runs-on : ubuntu-latest # Use a free Linux virtual machine steps : - name : Checkout repository code uses : actions/checkout@v4 # Downloads our code - name : Set up Python uses : actions/setup-python@v5 with : python-version : ' 3.10' # Or your preferred version - name : Install necessary dependencies run : pip install -r requirements.txt # Reads requirements.txt and installs requests, etc. - name : Execute data collection script run : python registrar_clima.py # Our main script! env : OPENWEATHER_API_KEY : ${{ secrets.OPENWEATHER_API_KEY }} # Securely injects the secret - name : Save new data to repository (Commit & Push) run : | git config user.name 'github-actions[bot]' # Identifies the 'bot' git config user.email 'github-actions[bot]@users.noreply.github.com' git add data/*.csv # Adds ONLY the modified CSV files in the 'data' folder # Check if there are changes before committing to avoid empty commits git diff --staged --quiet || git commit -m "Automated weather data update 🤖" git push # Pushes changes to the repository env : GITHUB_TOKEN : ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }} # Automatic token to allow the push Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This last step is crucial! The Action itself acts as a user, performing git add , git commit , and git push of the CSV files that the Python script has just modified. This way, the updated data is saved in our repository every day. The Serverless Alternative: Deployment and Automation with Netlify 🚀 While GitHub Actions is a fantastic automation tool, for this project I decided to explore an alternative even more integrated with the "serverless" concept: Netlify . Netlify not only allows us to deploy our static frontend (like GitHub Pages) but also offers serverless functions and, crucially for our backend, scheduled functions (or Cron Jobs) . Deploying the Static Frontend with Netlify Connect Your Repository : The process is incredibly simple. Log in to Netlify, click "Add new site," and select "Import an existing project." Connect with your GitHub account and choose your Weather Service project repository. Basic Configuration : Netlify will automatically detect your project. Ensure that the "Build command" is empty (as it's a static site with no build process) and that the "Publish directory" is the root of your repository ( ./ ). Continuous Deployment : Netlify will automatically configure continuous deployment. Every time you git push to your main branch (or whichever branch you've configured), Netlify will rebuild and deploy your site. Automating the Backend with Netlify Functions (and Cron Jobs) This is where Netlify Serverless Functions shine for our data collector. Instead of a GitHub Actions workflow, we can use a Netlify function to run our Python script on a schedule: Project Structure : Create a netlify/functions/ folder at the root of your project. Inside, you can have a Python file like collect_weather.py . Dependency Management : You'll need a requirements.txt file at the root of your project for Netlify to install Python dependencies ( requests , pandas , scikit-learn ). netlify.toml Configuration : This file at your project's root is crucial for defining your functions and their schedules: [build] publish = "." # Directory where your index.html is located command = "" # No build command needed for a static site [functions] directory = "netlify/functions" # Where your functions are located node_bundler = "esbuild" # For JS/TS functions. Netlify will detect Python. [[edge_functions]] # For scheduling a function (requires Netlify Edge Functions) function = "collect_weather" # The name of your function (without the .py extension) path = "/.netlify/functions/collect_weather" # The function path (can be different) schedule = "@daily" # Or use a cron string like "0 6 * * *" The Python Function ( netlify/functions/collect_weather.py ) : This function will encapsulate the logic of your registrar_clima.py . Netlify will execute it in a Python environment. # netlify/functions/collect_weather.py import json import requests import os import time from datetime import datetime import csv # ... (all your registrar_clima.py script code goes here) ... # Ensure API_KEYs are read from os.environ # and that data is written directly to the repository using GitPython # or in a way that Netlify can persist changes. # **Important**: Netlify Functions are ephemeral. # To persist changes in the repo, you would need Git integration # similar to what GitHub Actions would do (using a Personal Access Token). # However, for a static frontend, the simplest approach is for this function # to only generate a predictions JSON and upload it to storage like S3, # or for the Python collection script to continue running on GitHub Actions # and Netlify only serve the frontend. # If the idea is for Netlify to ALSO commit, this is more complex # and would require a Git API or a PAT token from Netlify. def handler ( event , context ): # The main call to your data collection logic would go here # This is a simplified example try : # Your logic to fetch and save data, generate CSVs/JSONs # If you want this to commit to GitHub, you would need: # 1. A GitHub PAT token stored as an environment variable in Netlify. # 2. A library like GitPython to interact with Git. # It is more common for serverless functions to persist data in databases # or object storage services (e.g., S3), not in the Git repo itself. # For this project, the GitHub Actions approach for the backend # that directly commits to the repo is still simpler # for CSV storage. Netlify would be ideal for the frontend # and functions for real-time APIs or lightweight predictions. print ( " Netlify function for weather collection executed. " ) # If the function generates any JSON output for the frontend, it would return it here: # return { # "statusCode": 200, # "body": json.dumps({"message": "Data collection complete"}), # } return { " statusCode " : 200 , " body " : json . dumps ({ " message " : " Backend logic would run here. For data persistence in GitHub, GitHub Actions is more direct. " }), } except Exception as e : return { " statusCode " : 500 , " body " : json . dumps ({ " error " : str ( e )}), } Environment Variables in Netlify : For the OPENWEATHER_API_KEY , go to Site settings > Build & deploy > Environment variables and add your key there. Important Consideration : For the Netlify function to persist changes directly to your GitHub repository (like committing the CSVs), you would need a more advanced setup (such as using a GitHub Personal Access Token within the Netlify function to perform git push ), which is more complex. To maintain simplicity and direct storage in the Git repository with automatic CSV commits, the GitHub Actions solution remains the most straightforward and efficient for the data collector backend in this specific case . Netlify excels at frontend deployment and for functions that interact with external services or databases without committing to the main application's Git repository. In this project, we use GitHub Actions for the backend (collecting and committing CSVs) and Netlify for frontend deployment and potentially for lighter, real-time functions that don't need to modify the Git repo. This last step is crucial! The Action itself acts as a user, performing git add , git commit , and git push of the CSV files that the Python script has just modified. This way, the updated data is saved in our repository every day. The Scaling Problem (and the Necessary Architectural Pivot) My initial idea was to monitor about 1000 cities and store everything in a single weather_data.csv file. I did a quick calculation: 1000 cities * ~200 bytes/day * 365 days * 3 years... over 200 MB! 😱 Why is this a problem? Because the frontend (our dashboard, which we'll see in the next post) runs in the user's browser. It would have to download that entire 200 MB just to display the graph for one city. Totally unacceptable in terms of performance. 🐢 The Architectural Solution: Switch to a "one file per entity" strategy. We create a data/ folder. The registrar_clima.py script now generates (or appends data to) one CSV file per city: data/Madrid.csv , data/Leon.csv , data/Tokyo.csv , etc. This way, when the user wants to see the weather for Leon, the frontend will only download the data/Leon.csv file, which will be just a few kilobytes. Instant loading! ✨ Second Scaling Obstacle (API Limits): OpenWeatherMap, in its free plan, allows about 60 calls per minute. My loop to get data for 155 cities (my current list) would make these calls too quickly. Vital Solution: Add import time at the beginning of the Python script and time.sleep(1.1) at the end of the for city in cities: loop. This introduces a pause of slightly more than 1 second between each API call, ensuring we stay below the limit and avoid being blocked. 🚦 Conclusion (Part 1) We've got the foundation! We've built a robust and automated system that: Connects to an external API securely. Processes and stores historical data for multiple entities (cities). Runs daily, at no cost, thanks to GitHub Actions. Is designed to scale efficiently. In the next post, we'll put on our frontend developer hats and build the interactive dashboard that will allow any user to explore this data with dynamic graphs. Don't miss it! References and Links of Interest: Complete Web Service : See the live project in action here: https://datalaria.com/apps/weather/ Project GitHub Repository : Explore the source code and project structure: https://github.com/Dalaez/app_weather OpenWeatherMap : Weather API documentation: https://openweathermap.org/api Python Requests : Documentation for the HTTP requests library: https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/master/ GitHub Actions : Official GitHub Actions guide: https://docs.github.com/en/actions Netlify : Official Netlify website: https://www.netlify.com/ Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . 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https://www.framer.com | Framer: Create a professional website, free. No code website builder loved by designers. ');opacity:1"> Log in Sign up Copy Logo as SVG Brand Guidelines Product Teams Resources Community Support Enterprise Pricing ');opacity:1"> ');opacity:1"> Search... Get Started Overview Compare FAQ Plugins Introduction Quick Start Publishing Changelog Reference Guides ')"> Fetch Introduction Examples Components Introduction Examples Asset Sharing Auto-Sizing Property Controls Reference Overrides Introduction Examples Developers Search Search... Get Started Overview Compare FAQ Plugins Introduction Quick Start Publishing Changelog Reference Guides ')"> Fetch Introduction Examples Components Introduction Examples Asset Sharing Auto-Sizing Property Controls Reference Overrides Introduction Examples Developers Search Search... Get Started Overview Compare FAQ Plugins Introduction Quick Start Publishing Changelog Reference Guides ')"> Fetch Introduction Examples Components Introduction Examples Asset Sharing Auto-Sizing Property Controls Reference Overrides Introduction Examples 2025 Framer Awards Submissions now open 2025 Framer Awards Submissions now open Build better sites, faster Framer is the site builder trusted by leading startups and Fortune 500 companies. Build fast and scale with an integrated CMS, Analytics, Localization, and SEO. Framer is the site builder trusted by startups to Fortune 500. Build fast and scale with an integrated CMS, SEO, Analytics, and more. Start for free Start for free Start with AI Start with AI Meet our customers ')"> ')"> ')"> ')"> ')"> ')"> ')"> ')"> Meet our customers ')"> ')"> ')"> ')"> ')"> ')"> ')"> ')"> Create, collaborate, and go live AI Generate site layouts and advanced components in seconds with AI, so you can skip the blank canvas and start designing with confidence. Learn more Design Craft responsive layouts and bring them to life with smooth effects, interactions, and animations. Build exactly what you imagine, visually. Learn more CMS Manage and update your content effortlessly with a built-in CMS. Keep your site fresh without touching code. Learn more Collaborate Whether you’re collaborating on the canvas or editing copy directly on the page, updates are seamless and handoff-free. Learn more ')"> Wireframer ')"> I created three unique landing pages in dark mode for your modern design startup: a main landing page, a creative-focused page, and a studio showcase page. Landing Page 1 Landing Page 2 Landing Page 3 100% Benjamin Paul 100% Title Image Date Category Slug ')"> Search 153 items… ')"> Free Custom Domains Jan 8, 2026 Publishing free-custom-domains ')"> On-Page Editing 2.0 Jan 8, 2026 CMS on-page-editing-2.0 ')"> Plugins 3.9: Collections Dec 18, 2025 Plugins plugins-3-9 ')"> Custom Code Dec 15, 2025 Publishing custom-code ')"> Flow Effect Dec 11, 2025 Effects flow-effect ')"> Localized Page Paths Dec 11, 2025 Localization localized-page-paths ')"> December Update: Squircle Dec 10, 2025 Design december-update-2025 ')"> Masonry Grids Nov 27, 2025 Design masonry ')"> Font Drop 16 Nov 21, 2025 Design font-drop-16 ')"> Ticker Effect Nov 13, 2025 AI ticker-effect Title Free Custom Domains Image free-custom-domains.jpg Categories Publishing ')"> Slug free-custom-domains ')"> framer.com/updates/free-custom-domains Content Paragraph " verticalalignment="top" innerref="[object Object]" parentsize="0" _constraints="[object Object]" rotation="0" shadows class="framer-1q5b6fw" style="outline:none;display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:flex-start;flex-shrink:0;line-height:1px;font-size:0px;--framer-text-alignment:left;transform:none"> Paragraph ')"> ')"> ')"> ')"> ')"> ')"> ')"> ')"> ')"> ')"> ')"> Today, we’re shipping an update where we offer a free custom domain for the first year when you upgrade your site to a yearly plan. We’ve partnered with Hover to provide a seamless flow where you can select a free or discounted domain that will be automatically connected to your Framer site after purchase. To make use of this offer, upgrade your site to a yearly plan, then head over to the Domains tab in your project settings and select the “Claim a free custom domain” option. This offer can be redeemed once per subscription This offer is available only for sites on a yearly plan Your domain will automatically renew at the standard rate Redeeming this offer forfeits the option to request a refund This offer is not valid in combination with a 100% discount code Your domain and its subscription will be managed through Hover baseform.framer.website Baseform® Art Direction Visual Design Work, Archive, Profile, Journal Let's Talk Latest News <p style="--font-selector:R0Y7TW9uYSBTYW5zLTUwMA==;--framer-font-family:"Mona Sans", "Mona Sans Placeholder", sans | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
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https://dev.to/supremerumham | Alex - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Alex Wrote a book about podcasting. Location Bay Area Joined Joined on Mar 15, 2019 Personal website https://convertifyapps.com twitter website Work Podcast Host Six Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least six years. Got it Close Five Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least five years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Four Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least four years. 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Got it Close More info about @supremerumham Organizations Convertify Shopify Apps Skills/Languages CSS and HTML Currently learning Javascript Post 106 posts published Comment 28 comments written Tag 6 tags followed How to use AI to Increase Organic Traffic to a Shopify Store Alex Alex Alex Follow Jan 12 How to use AI to Increase Organic Traffic to a Shopify Store # shopify # ecommerce # ai # tutorial Comments Add Comment 3 min read Want to connect with Alex? Create an account to connect with Alex. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in How to Increase CTR for Shopify Store Alex Alex Alex Follow Dec 8 '24 How to Increase CTR for Shopify Store # shopify # webdev # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to Increase Average Order Value for a Shopify Store Alex Alex Alex Follow Nov 17 '24 How to Increase Average Order Value for a Shopify Store # shopify # webdev # tutorial Comments Add Comment 4 min read First WannaDog.com Sales Alex Alex Alex Follow Feb 2 '24 First WannaDog.com Sales # podcast Comments Add Comment 1 min read How to Remove Powered by WordPress in 2023 Alex Alex Alex Follow Jan 3 '23 How to Remove Powered by WordPress in 2023 # webdev # wordpress # beginners # tutorial 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to Install a WordPress Theme Alex Alex Alex Follow Dec 13 '22 How to Install a WordPress Theme # webdev # wordpress # beginners 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read smashingthemes.com Alex Alex Alex Follow Sep 23 '22 smashingthemes.com # podcast 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Creating Snackitos w/ Joy Valerie Carrera Alex Alex Alex Follow May 17 '21 Creating Snackitos w/ Joy Valerie Carrera # podcast # design Comments Add Comment 1 min read Podcasting SEO: How to Optimize a Podcast Website For Google- The Building an Indie Business Podcast Alex Alex Alex Follow Dec 5 '20 Podcasting SEO: How to Optimize a Podcast Website For Google- The Building an Indie Business Podcast # webdev # podcast 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Podcasting and Transcripts- The Building an Indie Business Podcast Alex Alex Alex Follow Oct 19 '20 Podcasting and Transcripts- The Building an Indie Business Podcast # podcast # a11y 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read How to Create Podcast Transcripts Alex Alex Alex Follow Oct 22 '20 How to Create Podcast Transcripts # podcast # writing # a11y 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read How to Do Podcast Advertisements Like Bill Burr- The Building an Indie Business Podcast Alex Alex Alex Follow Oct 12 '20 How to Do Podcast Advertisements Like Bill Burr- The Building an Indie Business Podcast # podcast Comments Add Comment 1 min read Does Dog Content Increase Views and Clicks? Alex Alex Alex Follow Oct 13 '20 Does Dog Content Increase Views and Clicks? # podcast # writing 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to Make $1 Million Creating and Selling an eBook- The Building an Indie Business Podcast Alex Alex Alex Follow Oct 6 '20 How to Make $1 Million Creating and Selling an eBook- The Building an Indie Business Podcast # podcast 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Podcast Website Explanation- The Building an Indie Business Podcast Alex Alex Alex Follow Sep 28 '20 Podcast Website Explanation- The Building an Indie Business Podcast # podcast # webdev # html # css 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read What I Learned Writing A Podcasting Book- The Building an Indie Business Podcast Alex Alex Alex Follow Sep 21 '20 What I Learned Writing A Podcasting Book- The Building an Indie Business Podcast # podcast # writing 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Comparing Big Podcasts Alex Alex Alex Follow Sep 30 '20 Comparing Big Podcasts # writing # podcast Comments Add Comment 3 min read How Learning Storytelling Can Improve A Podcast Alex Alex Alex Follow Sep 17 '20 How Learning Storytelling Can Improve A Podcast # podcast # writing Comments Add Comment 6 min read Podcasting Book Promotion Strategies- The Building an Indie Business Podcast Alex Alex Alex Follow Sep 14 '20 Podcasting Book Promotion Strategies- The Building an Indie Business Podcast # podcast 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Mistakes I Made Releasing A Podcasting Book- The Building an Indie Business Alex Alex Alex Follow Sep 7 '20 Mistakes I Made Releasing A Podcasting Book- The Building an Indie Business # podcast 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read How to Own the Content of a Podcast Alex Alex Alex Follow Sep 8 '20 How to Own the Content of a Podcast # podcast # writing Comments Add Comment 5 min read Interesting BAIB Facts- The Building an Indie Business Alex Alex Alex Follow Aug 31 '20 Interesting BAIB Facts- The Building an Indie Business # podcast 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Growing A Podcast with Email Alex Alex Alex Follow Sep 3 '20 Growing A Podcast with Email # writing # podcast Comments Add Comment 9 min read How Movie Theaters Make Money- The Building an Indie Business Alex Alex Alex Follow Aug 24 '20 How Movie Theaters Make Money- The Building an Indie Business # podcast 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Podcasting Metrics to Track Alex Alex Alex Follow Aug 26 '20 Podcasting Metrics to Track # podcast # writing Comments Add Comment 5 min read Why I Wrote A Podcasting Book- The Building an Indie Business Podcast Alex Alex Alex Follow Aug 17 '20 Why I Wrote A Podcasting Book- The Building an Indie Business Podcast # podcast 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Growing The Podcast Industry Alex Alex Alex Follow Aug 18 '20 Growing The Podcast Industry # podcast 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read How To Grow An Industry- The Building an Indie Business Podcast Alex Alex Alex Follow Aug 10 '20 How To Grow An Industry- The Building an Indie Business Podcast # podcast 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read How to Write A Podcast Episode Alex Alex Alex Follow Aug 11 '20 How to Write A Podcast Episode # podcast # writing 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read How Comedians Relax On Stage Alex Alex Alex Follow Aug 4 '20 How Comedians Relax On Stage # podcast # writing 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 6 min read The Building an Indie Business Podcast- Editing Process for Podcasting Book Alex Alex Alex Follow Aug 3 '20 The Building an Indie Business Podcast- Editing Process for Podcasting Book # podcast 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Donating Profits of the Podcasting Book Alex Alex Alex Follow Jul 30 '20 Donating Profits of the Podcasting Book # podcast # writing 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Building an Indie Business Podcast- Donating the Podcasting Book Proceeds Alex Alex Alex Follow Jul 27 '20 The Building an Indie Business Podcast- Donating the Podcasting Book Proceeds # podcast 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Podcast To Podcast Promotions Alex Alex Alex Follow Jul 21 '20 Podcast To Podcast Promotions # podcast # writing 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 6 min read The Building an Indie Business- The Benefits of Podcasting (Part 2) Alex Alex Alex Follow Jul 20 '20 The Building an Indie Business- The Benefits of Podcasting (Part 2) # podcast 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Writing to Promote a Podcast Alex Alex Alex Follow Jul 14 '20 Writing to Promote a Podcast # writing # podcast 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 7 min read How To Promote A Podcast At Meetups and Conferences Alex Alex Alex Follow Jun 16 '20 How To Promote A Podcast At Meetups and Conferences # podcast # writing 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read Creating Videos To Grow A Podcast Audience Alex Alex Alex Follow Jun 9 '20 Creating Videos To Grow A Podcast Audience # podcast # writing 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read How To Use Social Media To Grow A Podcast Audience Alex Alex Alex Follow Jun 2 '20 How To Use Social Media To Grow A Podcast Audience # podcast # writing 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read How to Grow A Podcast with Surveys Alex Alex Alex Follow May 27 '20 How to Grow A Podcast with Surveys # podcast # writing 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read How to Make Money from Podcasting Alex Alex Alex Follow May 18 '20 How to Make Money from Podcasting # podcast # writing 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Building a Community Around a Podcast Alex Alex Alex Follow May 11 '20 Building a Community Around a Podcast # podcast # writing # beginners 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read How To Host A Podcast By Yourself Alex Alex Alex Follow May 5 '20 How To Host A Podcast By Yourself # podcast # writing # beginners 6 reactions Comments 2 comments 4 min read Writing A Book About Podcasting Alex Alex Alex Follow Apr 23 '20 Writing A Book About Podcasting # podcast # writing # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read The Building an Indie Business Podcast- How Storytelling Can Improve Your Podcast Alex Alex Alex Follow Mar 23 '20 The Building an Indie Business Podcast- How Storytelling Can Improve Your Podcast # podcast 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read The Building an Indie Business Podcast- Running A Community Alex Alex Alex Follow Mar 16 '20 The Building an Indie Business Podcast- Running A Community # podcast 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read The Building an Indie Business- How to Live-Streaming Podcast Recordings Alex Alex Alex Follow Mar 10 '20 The Building an Indie Business- How to Live-Streaming Podcast Recordings # podcast 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read How to Interview A Podcast Guest Alex Alex Alex Follow Mar 9 '20 How to Interview A Podcast Guest # podcast 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read The Building an Indie Business Podcast- Using Podcasting as a Lead Magnet Alex Alex Alex Follow Mar 2 '20 The Building an Indie Business Podcast- Using Podcasting as a Lead Magnet # podcast # startup 5 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read The Building an Indie Business Podcast- Time Spent Listening as a Metric for Your Podcast Alex Alex Alex Follow Feb 24 '20 The Building an Indie Business Podcast- Time Spent Listening as a Metric for Your Podcast # podcast # startup 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read The Building an Indie Business Podcast- How to Interview A Podcast Guest Alex Alex Alex Follow Feb 18 '20 The Building an Indie Business Podcast- How to Interview A Podcast Guest # podcast # startup 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read The Building an Indie Business Podcast- Interview with Brendan Weinstein Alex Alex Alex Follow Feb 11 '20 The Building an Indie Business Podcast- Interview with Brendan Weinstein # podcast 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read The Building an Indie Business Podcast- The Importance of Owning Your Content Alex Alex Alex Follow Feb 4 '20 The Building an Indie Business Podcast- The Importance of Owning Your Content # podcast # writing # beginners 6 reactions Comments 2 comments 1 min read The Building an Indie Business Podcast- Newsletter Launch Alex Alex Alex Follow Jan 28 '20 The Building an Indie Business Podcast- Newsletter Launch # startup # podcast 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read The Building an Indie Business Podcast- Solo Podcasting Alex Alex Alex Follow Jan 20 '20 The Building an Indie Business Podcast- Solo Podcasting # startup # podcast 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read The Building an Indie Business Podcast- Monetization of Open Podcast Alex Alex Alex Follow Jan 13 '20 The Building an Indie Business Podcast- Monetization of Open Podcast # podcast # startup 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read The Building an Indie Business Podcast- Coffee and Web Development: Results Alex Alex Alex Follow Jan 6 '20 The Building an Indie Business Podcast- Coffee and Web Development: Results # podcast # startup 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Building an Indie Business Podcast- Great Podcasts from 2019🎙 Alex Alex Alex Follow Dec 23 '19 Building an Indie Business Podcast- Great Podcasts from 2019🎙 # podcast 6 reactions Comments 2 comments 1 min read The Building an Indie Business Podcast- Podcast Monetization Alex Alex Alex Follow Dec 9 '19 The Building an Indie Business Podcast- Podcast Monetization # podcast # startup 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read The Building an Indie Business Podcast- Podcast Marketing🎙 Alex Alex Alex Follow Dec 2 '19 The Building an Indie Business Podcast- Podcast Marketing🎙 # startup # podcast 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/medvedevdenis12/claude-cli-context-window-solved-j7g | Claude CLI Context Window Solved - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Denys Meddediev Posted on Jan 8 Claude CLI Context Window Solved # ai # opensource # productivity # programming Hey folks! You know how AI coding assistants forget everything between sessions? You explain your codebase on Monday, and by Tuesday it's suggesting code that already exists. That's the context window problem. Every AI has a limit on what it can hold in memory. Your codebase is bigger than that limit. I built Cortex to fix this. How It Works Cortex indexes your codebase into a local vector database. When your AI needs context, it queries Cortex via MCP and gets the relevant code back. It's smart about what to index - skips node_modules, build artifacts, and other noise. Only syncs on git commit, so your AI only sees verified code. Everything runs locally. PostgreSQL + Ollama. No cloud, no API costs. Quick Start git submodule add https://github.com/Remskill/Cortex.git cortex cd cortex && npm install docker-compose up -d npm run setup 5 minutes to set up. Check the README for MCP config. Links GitHub: github.com/Remskill/Cortex MIT licensed. Free forever. Let me know what you think! - Denys Medvediev Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Denys Meddediev Follow Sosftware developer and architect Location Brasov, Romania Joined Jul 22, 2020 Trending on DEV Community Hot I Didn’t “Become” a Senior Developer. I Accumulated Damage. # programming # ai # career # discuss Everyone is a Product engineer now # programming # ai # genai # webdev Build in Public: Week 8. We Finally Deployed This Thing # ai # buildinpublic # development # saas 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
https://dev.to/help/customizing-your-feed#Hide-Tags | Customizing Your Feed - DEV Help - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close DEV Help The latest help documentation, tips and tricks from the DEV Community. Help > Customizing Your Feed Customizing Your Feed In this article The "Feed" Tags Follow Tags Hide Tags Users Follow Users Block Users Your Reading List Common Questions What about my post's Google ranking? Tailor your reading experience on DEV to suit your preferences. The "Feed" The home page is tailored to each individual DEV member based on what they're following. Every now and then, the DEV Team may "pin" a post to the homepage if it's an announcement that is relevant to all folks, but these are generally posts from the DEV Team. Your feed is where you'll discover a diverse range of articles published by developers worldwide. You can filter the content displayed on your feed based on the type of articles you want to read. Currently, we offer three feed sort options: Relevant, Latest, and Top. Follow tags and users to customize your feed and discover content tailored to your interests. Utilize Subscription Options: With subscription indicators, you can subscribe to new articles from users or organizations you follow, as well as through any of your existing comment subscriptions. Easily manage your subscriptions and unsubscribe from any article or thread that's becoming too popular. With these features, you'll never miss out on an interesting discussion happening on DEV. Stay informed and engaged with the latest comments and articles tailored to your interests. Tags Follow Tags Tags are unique keywords attached to posts to categorize related articles under specific and defined groups. They cover a wide range of topics and feature thousands of posts, from coding tutorials to career advice, catering to both beginners and experienced developers. Following tags on DEV means subscribing to updates and content related to specific topics of interest. By following a tag, you'll see relevant posts in your feed or notifications, enabling you to stay informed, personalize your experience, and connect with others who share similar interests within the community. Hide Tags Just as you can follow tags, you can also hide them. Articles with hidden tags will no longer appear in your Relevant feed, providing you with a more tailored browsing experience. Hiding tags gives you greater control over your feed. Just follow these steps: Tags Page: Visit the tags page and use the search feature to find and hide specific tags. Dashboard: Navigate to the "Following tags" section on your dashboard. Press the three dots to access the hide option and conceal tags from your feed. You can easily manage your Hidden Tags directly from your dashboard. Access the "Hidden tags" section to view and unhide tags at any time, bringing articles with those tags back to your feed. Users Follow Users In order to stay in touch with people in your feed, you can follow them! Just navigate to the member's page and tap that follow button to get alerts when they post new content and prioritize their content in your feed. Block Users You are always able to block users from your feed and from seeing your content by navigating to the three dots in the top right corner of their page and clicking Block. If this member is posting especially harmful content or is a spam account, feel free to also flag this member for us in the same location. Your Reading List By clicking the Bookmark button on an article, you can collect posts to read later and keep them forever in your dashboard. To access these articles, simply navigate to your profile icon, click on "Reading List," and you'll find all your saved posts there." Common Questions What about my post's Google ranking? You can set the canonical_url of your post before publishing so that Google knows where to send the link juice (that precious, precious link juice). 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://core.forem.com/privacy#d-other-purposes | Privacy Policy - Forem Core Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Core Close Privacy Policy Last Updated: September 01, 2023 This Privacy Policy is designed to help you understand how DEV Community Inc. (" DEV ," " we ," or " us ") collects, use, and discloses your personal information. What's With the Defined Terms? You'll notice that some words appear in quotes in this Privacy Policy. They're called "defined terms," and we use them so that we don't have to repeat the same language again and again. They mean the same thing in every instance, to help us make sure that this Privacy Policy is consistent. We've included the defined terms throughout because we want it to be easy for you to read them in context. 1. WHAT DOES THIS PRIVACY POLICY APPLY TO? 2. PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT 3. HOW WE USE YOUR INFORMATION 4. HOW WE DISCLOSE YOUR INFORMATION 5. YOUR PRIVACY CHOICES AND RIGHTS 6. INTERNATIONAL DATA TRANSFERS 7. RETENTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION 8. SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES FOR CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS 9. SUPPLEMENTAL NOTICE FOR NEVADA RESIDENTS 10. CHILDREN'S INFORMATION 11. OTHER PROVISIONS 12. CONTACT US 1. WHAT DOES THIS PRIVACY POLICY APPLY TO? This Privacy Policy applies to personal information processed by us, including on our websites, mobile applications, and other online or offline offerings — basically anything we do. To make this Privacy Policy easier to read, our websites, mobile applications, and other offerings are all collectively called the " Services. " Beyond this Privacy Policy, your use of the Services is subject to our DEV Community Terms and our Forem Terms. The Services include both our own community forum at https://www.dev.to (the " DEV Community ") and the open source tool we provide called " Forem ," available at https://www.forem.com which allows our customers to create and operate their own online forums. We collect personal information from two categories of people: (1) our customers, who use Forem and our hosting services to run and host their own forums (we'll call them " Forem Operators "), and (2) the people who interact with DEV-hosted forums, including forums provided by Forem Operators utilizing Forem and separately our own DEV Community (we'll call them " Users "). An Important Note for Users Since we provide hosting services for Forem Operators, technically we also process your information on their behalf. That processing is governed by the contracts that we have in place with each Forem Operator, not this Privacy Policy. In other words, when you share your data on a DEV-hosted forum operated by a Forem Operator, we at DEV are basically just the "pipes" — we process the data on behalf of the Forem Operator, but don't do anything with it ourselves beyond what we're required to do under our contract (and by law). So, if you post your information on a DEV-powered forum provided by a Forem Operator, that Forem Operator's privacy policy applies, and any questions or requests relating to your data on that service should be directed to that Forem Operator, not us. Likewise, if you use our mobile application, you may also interact with forums that use DEV's open-source tools but do all their hosting and data collection themselves. For those forums, we at DEV have no access to your data, so be sure to read the privacy policy of any third-party hosted forum before posting. 2. PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT The categories of personal information we collect depend on whether you're a User or Forem Operator, how you interact with us, our Services, and the requirements of applicable law. Breaking it down, we collect three types of information: (1) information that you provide to us directly, (2) information we obtain automatically when you use our Services, and (3) information we get about you from other sources (such as third-party services and organizations). More details are below. A. Information You Provide to Us Directly We may collect the following personal information that you provide to us. Account Creation (for Forem Operators): We'll require your name and email address to get started, as well as some details about the Forem you want to run, such as: whether you're running the Forem on your own behalf or as part of an organization, and details about the community you want to support (how big is it, what topics does it cover, where do members currently communicate, how/if the community earns money, whether the community is open, invite-only or paid, any existing social media accounts, etc.) You'll need to tell us a bit about your personal coding background, and you'll have the option to provide your DEV username as well, if you are a member of the DEV.to community. Account Creation (for Users) : We collect name and email address from users that create an account on DEV Community. For other forums created by Forem Operators using Forem, the Forem Operator determines what information is required for User account creation for their respective forums. Interactive Features (for Users) . Like any other social network, both we and other Users of our Services may collect personal information that you submit or make available through our interactive features (e.g., messaging and chat features, commenting functionalities, forums, blogs, posts, and other social media pages). While we do have private messages that are only between you and the person you're messaging (as well as us and the Forem Operator, as applicable), any information you provide using the public sharing features of the Services, such as the information you post to your public profile or the topics you follow is public, including to recruiters and prospective employers, and is not subject to any of the privacy protections we mention in this Privacy Policy except where legally required. Please exercise caution before revealing any information that may identify you in the real world to others. Purchases . If you buy stuff on our shop site https://shop.dev.to/ (as either a User or Forem Operator), or otherwise if you pay us in connection with your use of the Forem service, we may collect personal information and details associated with your purchases, including payment information. Any payments made via our Services are processed by third-party payment processors, such as Stripe, Shopify, and PayPal. We do not directly collect or store any payment card information entered through our Services, but may receive information associated with your payment card information (e.g., your billing details). Your Communications with Us (Users and Forem Operators) . We may collect personal information, such as email address, phone number, or mailing address when you request information about our Services, register for our newsletter or loyalty program, request customer or technical support, apply for a job, or otherwise communicate with us. Surveys . We may contact you to participate in surveys. If you decide to participate, you may be asked to provide certain information, which may include personal information (for example, your home address). Sweepstakes or Contests . We may collect personal information you provide for any sweepstakes or contests that we offer. In some jurisdictions, we are required to publicly share information of sweepstakes and contest winners. Conferences, Trade Shows, and Other Events . We may collect personal information from individuals when we attend conferences, trade shows, and other events. Business Development and Strategic Partnerships . We may collect personal information from individuals and third parties to assess and pursue potential business opportunities. Job Applications . We may post job openings and opportunities on our Services. If you reply to one of these postings by submitting your application, CV and/or cover letter to us, we will collect and use your information to assess your qualifications. B. Information Collected Automatically We may collect personal information automatically when you use our Services: Automatic Data Collection . We may collect certain information automatically when you use our Services, such as your Internet protocol (IP) address, user settings, MAC address, cookie identifiers, mobile carrier, mobile advertising and other unique identifiers, browser or device information, location information (including approximate location derived from IP address), and Internet service provider. We may also automatically collect information regarding your use of our Services, such as pages that you visit before, during and after using our Services, information about the links you click, the types of content you interact with, the frequency and duration of your activities, and other information about how you use our Services. In addition, we may collect information that other people provide about you when they use our Services, including information about you when they tag you in their posts. Cookies, Pixel Tags/Web Beacons, and Other Technologies . We, as well as third parties that provide content, advertising, or other functionality on our Services, may use cookies, pixel tags, local storage, and other technologies (" Technologies ") to automatically collect information through your use of our Services. Cookies . Cookies are small text files placed in device browsers that store preferences and facilitate and enhance your experience. Pixel Tags/Web Beacons . A pixel tag (also known as a web beacon) is a piece of code embedded in our Services that collects information about engagement on our Services. The use of a pixel tag allows us to record, for example, that a user has visited a particular web page or clicked on a particular advertisement. We may also include web beacons in e-mails to understand whether messages have been opened, acted on, or forwarded. Our uses of these Technologies fall into the following general categories: Operationally Necessary . This includes Technologies that allow you access to our Services, applications, and tools that are required to identify irregular website behavior, prevent fraudulent activity and improve security or that allow you to make use of our functionality. Performance-Related . We may use Technologies to assess the performance of our Services, including as part of our analytic practices to help us understand how individuals use our Services ( see Analytics below ). Functionality-Related . We may use Technologies that allow us to offer you enhanced functionality when accessing or using our Services. This may include identifying you when you sign into our Services or keeping track of your specified preferences, interests, or past items viewed. Analytics . We may use Technologies and other third-party tools to process analytics information on our Services. Some of our analytics partners include Google Analytics. For more information,please visit Google Analytics' Privacy Policy . To learn more about how to opt-out of Google Analytics' use of your information, please click here . Social Media Platforms . Our Services may contain social media buttons such as Twitter, Facebook, GitHub, Instagram, and Twitch (that might include widgets such as the "share this" button or other interactive mini programs). These features may collect your IP address, which page you are visiting on our Services, and may set a cookie to enable the feature to function properly. Your interactions with these platforms are governed by the privacy policy of the company providing it. See the "Your Privacy Choices and Rights" section below to understand your choices regarding these Technologies. C. Information Collected from Other Sources We may obtain information about you from other sources, including through third-party services and organizations. For example, if you access our Services through a third-party application, such as an app store, a third-party login service (e.g., through Twitter, Apple, or GitHub), or a social networking site, we may collect whatever information about you from that third-party application that you have made available via your privacy settings. 3. HOW WE USE YOUR INFORMATION We use your information for a variety of business purposes, including to provide our Services, for administrative purposes, and to market our products and Services, as described below. A. Provide Our Services We use your information to fulfill our contract with you and provide you with our Services, such as: Managing your information and accounts; Providing access to certain areas, functionalities, and features of our Services; Answering requests for customer or technical support; Communicating with you about your account, activities on our Services, and policy changes; Processing your financial information and other payment methods for products or Services purchased; Processing applications if you apply for a job we post on our Services; and Allowing you to register for events. B. Administrative Purposes We use your information for various administrative purposes, such as: Pursuing our legitimate interests such as direct marketing, research and development (including marketing research), network and information security, and fraud prevention; Detecting security incidents, protecting against malicious, deceptive, fraudulent or illegal activity, and prosecuting those responsible for that activity; Measuring interest and engagement in our Services, including for usage-based billing purposes; Short-term, transient use, such as contextual customization of ads; Improving, optimizing, upgrading, or enhancing our Services; Developing new products and Services; Ensuring internal quality control and safety; Authenticating and verifying individual identities, including requests to exercise your rights under this policy; Debugging to identify and repair errors with our Services; Auditing relating to interactions, transactions and other compliance activities; Enforcing our agreements and policies; and Complying with our legal obligations. C. Marketing and Advertising our Products and Services We may use your personal information to tailor and provide you with content and advertisements for our Services, such as via email. If you have any questions about our marketing practices, you may contact us at any time as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. D. Other Purposes We also use your information for other purposes as requested by you or as permitted by applicable law. Consent . We may use personal information for other purposes that are clearly disclosed to you at the time you provide personal information or with your consent. Automated Decision Making. We may engage in automated decision making, including profiling, such as to suggest topics or other Users for you to follow. DEV's processing of your personal information will not result in a decision based solely on automated processing that significantly affects you unless such a decision is necessary as part of a contract we have with you, we have your consent, or we are permitted by law to engage in such automated decision making. If you have questions about our automated decision making, you may contact us as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. De-identified and Aggregated Information . We may use personal information and other information about you to create de-identified and/or aggregated information, such as de-identified demographic information, information about the device from which you access our Services, or other analyses we create. For example, we may collect system-wide information to ensure availability of the platform, or measure aggregate data trends to analyze and optimize our Services. Share Content with Friends or Colleagues. Our Services may offer various tools and functionalities. For example, we may allow you to provide information about your friends through our referral services. Our referral services may allow you to forward or share certain content with a friend or colleague, such as an email inviting your friend to use our Services. Please only share with us contact information of people with whom you have a relationship (e.g., relative, friend neighbor, or co-worker). 4. HOW WE DISCLOSE YOUR INFORMATION We disclose your information to third parties for a variety of business purposes, including to provide our Services, to protect us or others, or in the event of a major business transaction such as a merger, sale, or asset transfer, as described below. A. Disclosures to Provide our Services The categories of third parties with whom we may share your information are described below. Service Providers . We may share your personal information with our third-party service providers who use that information to help us provide our Services. This includes service providers that provide us with IT support, hosting, payment processing, customer service, and related services. For example, our Shop site is run by Shopify, who handle your shipping details on our behalf. Business Partners . We may share your personal information with business partners to provide you with a product or service you have requested. We may also share your personal information to business partners with whom we jointly offer products or services. Other Users . As described above in the "Personal Information We Collect" section of this Privacy Policy, our Service allows Users to share their profiles, and any posts, chats, etc. with other Users and with the general public, including to those who do not use our Services. APIs/SDKs . We may use third-party Application Program Interfaces ("APIs") and Software Development Kits ("SDKs") as part of the functionality of our Services. For more information about our use of APIs and SDKs, please contact us as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. B . Disclosures to Protect Us or Others We may access, preserve, and disclose any information we store associated with you to external parties if we, in good faith, believe doing so is required or appropriate to: comply with law enforcement or national security requests and legal process, such as a court order or subpoena; protect your, our, or others' rights, property, or safety; enforce our policies or contracts; collect amounts owed to us; or assist with an investigation or prosecution of suspected or actual illegal activity. C. Disclosure in the Event of Merger, Sale, or Other Asset Transfers If we are involved in a merger, acquisition, financing due diligence, reorganization, bankruptcy, receivership, purchase or sale of assets, or transition of service to another provider, your information may be sold or transferred as part of such a transaction, as permitted by law and/or contract. 5. YOUR PRIVACY CHOICES AND RIGHTS Your Privacy Choices . The privacy choices you may have about your personal information are determined by applicable law and are described below. Email Communications . If you receive an unwanted email from us, you can use the unsubscribe link found at the bottom of the email to opt out of receiving future emails. Note that you will continue to receive transaction-related emails regarding products or Services you have requested. 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For example, we may offer incentives to you such as discounts or promotional items or credit in connection with these programs, wherein you provide your personal information in exchange for a reward, or provide personal information regarding your friends or colleagues (such as their email address) and receive rewards when they sign up to use our Services. (The referred party may also receive rewards for signing up via your referral.) These programs are entirely voluntary and allow us to grow our business and provide additional benefits to you. The value of your data to us depends on how you ultimately use our Services, whereas the value of the referred party's data to us depends on whether the referred party ultimately becomes a User or Forem Operator and uses our Services. Said value will be reflected in the incentive offered in connection with each program. Accessibility . This Privacy Policy uses industry-standard technologies and was developed in line with the World Wide Web Consortium's Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, version 2.1* . * If you wish to print this policy, please do so from your web browser or by saving the page as a PDF. California Shine the Light . The California "Shine the Light" law permits users who are California residents to request and obtain from us once a year, free of charge, a list of the third parties to whom we have disclosed their personal information (if any) for their direct marketing purposes in the prior calendar year, as well as the type of personal information disclosed to those parties. Right for Minors to Remove Posted Content . 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We encourage our users to read the privacy policies of each website and application with which they interact. We do not endorse, screen or approve, and are not responsible for, the privacy practices or content of such other websites or applications. Providing personal information to third-party websites or applications is at your own risk. Changes to Our Privacy Policy . We may revise this Privacy Policy from time to time in our sole discretion. If there are any material changes to this Privacy Policy, we will notify you as required by applicable law. You understand and agree that you will be deemed to have accepted the updated Privacy Policy if you continue to use our Services after the new Privacy Policy takes effect. 12. CONTACT US If you have any questions about our privacy practices or this Privacy Policy, or to exercise your rights as detailed in this Privacy Policy, please contact us at: support@dev.to . 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem Core — Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem Core © 2016 - 2026. Community building community Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Java Follow Hide More than just a cup of coffee, Java is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. Create Post Older #java posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 … 75 … 611 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu 🐌 “My Spring Boot API Became Slow… Until I Learned Pagination & Sorting” Shashwath S H Shashwath S H Shashwath S H Follow Jan 13 🐌 “My Spring Boot API Became Slow… Until I Learned Pagination & Sorting” # springboot # backend # java # sorting 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read We Made OpenAPI Generator Think in Generics Barış Saylı Barış Saylı Barış Saylı Follow Jan 12 We Made OpenAPI Generator Think in Generics # java # springboot # openapi # microservices Comments Add Comment 4 min read The Underlying Process of Request Processing Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Sergiy Yevtushenko Follow Jan 12 The Underlying Process of Request Processing # java # functional # architecture # backend Comments Add Comment 4 min read Infrastructure for Extensible Multi-Stage Workflows Across Multiple Data Types Michael Gantman Michael Gantman Michael Gantman Follow Jan 12 Infrastructure for Extensible Multi-Stage Workflows Across Multiple Data Types # architecture # java # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 48 min read First Test of Java on the Orange Pi (ARM and RISC-V) Frank Delporte Frank Delporte Frank Delporte Follow Jan 12 First Test of Java on the Orange Pi (ARM and RISC-V) # java # orangepi # riscv # arm Comments Add Comment 6 min read Building EmbedQA: An Open Source API Testing Tool with Spring Boot 🚀 Akash Bhuiyan Akash Bhuiyan Akash Bhuiyan Follow Jan 12 Building EmbedQA: An Open Source API Testing Tool with Spring Boot 🚀 # java # springboot # opensource # api Comments Add Comment 6 min read Q&A on "Why XLang Is an Innovative Programming Language" canonical canonical canonical Follow Jan 12 Q&A on "Why XLang Is an Innovative Programming Language" # nop # programming # architecture # java Comments Add Comment 15 min read Amazon Nova 2 Multimodal Embeddings with Amazon S3 Vectors and AWS Java SDK - Part 1 Introduction Vadym Kazulkin Vadym Kazulkin Vadym Kazulkin Follow for AWS Heroes Jan 12 Amazon Nova 2 Multimodal Embeddings with Amazon S3 Vectors and AWS Java SDK - Part 1 Introduction # aws # amazonnova # s3vectorstore # java Comments Add Comment 5 min read Database Migration Scripts in Spring Boot Manikanta Yarramsetti Manikanta Yarramsetti Manikanta Yarramsetti Follow Jan 12 Database Migration Scripts in Spring Boot # database # devops # java # springboot Comments Add Comment 2 min read Java Variables Kesavarthini Kesavarthini Kesavarthini Follow Jan 12 Java Variables # java # beginners # learning # programming Comments Add Comment 1 min read Understanding the A2UI Protocol: Building with Java and Spring Boot vishalmysore vishalmysore vishalmysore Follow Jan 10 Understanding the A2UI Protocol: Building with Java and Spring Boot # ai # architecture # springboot # java Comments Add Comment 6 min read Building a Fast JSON Formatter: Lessons Learned Vanshit Mehta Vanshit Mehta Vanshit Mehta Follow Jan 12 Building a Fast JSON Formatter: Lessons Learned # webdev # javascript # java # tools Comments Add Comment 2 min read Liquibase in Spring Boot Manikanta Yarramsetti Manikanta Yarramsetti Manikanta Yarramsetti Follow Jan 12 Liquibase in Spring Boot # database # java # springboot # tutorial 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read ✨I Didn’t Write a Single SQL Query… Yet Spring Data JPA Queried My Database Shashwath S H Shashwath S H Shashwath S H Follow Jan 11 ✨I Didn’t Write a Single SQL Query… Yet Spring Data JPA Queried My Database # springboot # java # backend # springdatajpa 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read [Simple SNS Project] Step 4. Search Implementation & Logging Strategy JongHwa JongHwa JongHwa Follow Jan 10 [Simple SNS Project] Step 4. Search Implementation & Logging Strategy # sql # database # springboot # java Comments Add Comment 1 min read How Does @Async Work Internally in Spring Boot? realNameHidden realNameHidden realNameHidden Follow Jan 10 How Does @Async Work Internally in Spring Boot? # java # interview # spring # springboot 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building a Kafka Wikimedia Producer: Solving 403 Errors and Understanding Java Fundamentals Byron Hsieh Byron Hsieh Byron Hsieh Follow Jan 10 Building a Kafka Wikimedia Producer: Solving 403 Errors and Understanding Java Fundamentals # kafka # java # tutorial # backend Comments Add Comment 9 min read EventBus Zaw Htut Win Zaw Htut Win Zaw Htut Win Follow Jan 9 EventBus # architecture # java # programming Comments Add Comment 1 min read Building a Cleaner Projection Layer on Top of JPA Criteria API Júlio Bueno Júlio Bueno Júlio Bueno Follow Jan 12 Building a Cleaner Projection Layer on Top of JPA Criteria API # programming # java # database # opensource 13 reactions Comments 5 comments 2 min read [Simple SNS Project] Step 3. Building the Follow System & Timeline (N:M Relationship) JongHwa JongHwa JongHwa Follow Jan 9 [Simple SNS Project] Step 3. Building the Follow System & Timeline (N:M Relationship) # backend # java # mysql # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read Java Basics: Variables and Data Types Explained for Beginners Kesavarthini Kesavarthini Kesavarthini Follow Jan 10 Java Basics: Variables and Data Types Explained for Beginners # java # beginners # learning # programming Comments Add Comment 2 min read I left Windows for Ubuntu. Here’s everything I configured and what I learned Melia Log Melia Log Melia Log Follow Jan 9 I left Windows for Ubuntu. Here’s everything I configured and what I learned # ubuntu # devjournal # node # java Comments Add Comment 3 min read highestOneBit ဆိုတာဘာလဲ Zaw Htut Win Zaw Htut Win Zaw Htut Win Follow Jan 9 highestOneBit ဆိုတာဘာလဲ # java 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Breaking the interface barrier: CGLIB and ByteBuddy Rajat Arora Rajat Arora Rajat Arora Follow Jan 9 Breaking the interface barrier: CGLIB and ByteBuddy # java # programming # learning # backend 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read The Java Developer's Roadmap for 2026: From First Program to Production-Ready Professional dbc2201 dbc2201 dbc2201 Follow Jan 9 The Java Developer's Roadmap for 2026: From First Program to Production-Ready Professional # beginners # career # java # tutorial Comments Add Comment 23 min read loading... trending guides/resources 6 Must-Read Spring Boot and Spring Framework Books for Java developers in 2026 SOLID explicado com exemplos em Java — do jeito simples que todo dev gostaria de ter aprendido A Metamorfose da Plataforma Java: Uma Análise Exaustiva da Evolução Arquitetural, Funcional e Ope... Is the Java ecosystem cursed? A dependency analysis perspective Java 25: Top 3 Features That Redefine Performance, Startup, and Efficiency Spring Boot Security tokens Validation locally using Keycloak’s public keys (JWKS) A Practical Guide to Building AI Agents With Java and Spring AI - Part 1 - Create an AI Agent Unit Testing Using Spring Boot, JUnit and Mockito What is the Spring Bean Lifecycle? Efficient S3 File Uploads: Speed & Large File Handling in Spring Boot Spring ShedLock A Practical Guide to Building AI Agents with Java and Spring AI - Part 2 - Add Memory Java Collections Cheat Sheet with Examples Spring AI RAG, Demystified: From Toy Demos to Production-Grade Retrieval Building a Fully-Featured Custom WebView App in Android: Complete Guide How to Use JWT Authentication in Spring Boot (Java 21) — An End-to-End Beginner Guide A Practical Guide to Building AI Agents with Java and Spring AI - Part 3 - Add Knowledge Important Spring Boot Annotations: What They Do, Why, and How They Work Behind the Scenes A Practical Guide to Building AI Agents with Java and Spring AI - Part 5 - Add MCP Java String getBytes() Explained: Your Ultimate Guide to Character Encoding 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # junit Follow Hide Create Post Older #junit posts 1 2 3 4 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Java 테스트 작성하기 - JUnit 기초 dss99911 dss99911 dss99911 Follow Dec 31 '25 Java 테스트 작성하기 - JUnit 기초 # programming # java # junit # testing Comments Add Comment 1 min read Are you really wasting your time in Java without these 10 libraries? Nicolas Fränkel Nicolas Fränkel Nicolas Fränkel Follow Nov 20 '25 Are you really wasting your time in Java without these 10 libraries? # java # libraries # lombok # junit 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Wednesday Links - Edition 2025-10-01 Chris Kocel Chris Kocel Chris Kocel Follow Oct 1 '25 Wednesday Links - Edition 2025-10-01 # java # jvm # junit # springboot 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Exploring JUnit: A Model of Community, Innovation, and Sustainable Funding Rachel Duncan Rachel Duncan Rachel Duncan Follow Mar 6 '25 Exploring JUnit: A Model of Community, Innovation, and Sustainable Funding # junit # community # sustainablefunding Comments Add Comment 4 min read Automação de Testes com Kotlin, JUnit e Gradle Daniel Mertins Daniel Mertins Daniel Mertins Follow Mar 19 '25 Automação de Testes com Kotlin, JUnit e Gradle # test # kotlin # junit # gradle 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 30 min read Important Notes on JUnit 5.12.0+ in Gradle Ryosuke Hasebe Ryosuke Hasebe Ryosuke Hasebe Follow Mar 15 '25 Important Notes on JUnit 5.12.0+ in Gradle # junit # gradle 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read any() method in Mockito Spring Boot example realNameHidden realNameHidden realNameHidden Follow Feb 23 '25 any() method in Mockito Spring Boot example # springboot # java # junit # mockito 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read doNothing()method example Spring Boot realNameHidden realNameHidden realNameHidden Follow Feb 16 '25 doNothing()method example Spring Boot # spring # boot # junit # mockito 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read thenThrow() method in Mockito example realNameHidden realNameHidden realNameHidden Follow Feb 1 '25 thenThrow() method in Mockito example # java # mockito # junit # springboot 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read thenReturn() method in Mockito example realNameHidden realNameHidden realNameHidden Follow Jan 26 '25 thenReturn() method in Mockito example # junit # mockito # java # testing 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read verify() method in Mockito example realNameHidden realNameHidden realNameHidden Follow Jan 12 '25 verify() method in Mockito example # java # interview # mockito # junit 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Uses of @spy annotation in junit testing Shivam Tyagi Shivam Tyagi Shivam Tyagi Follow Aug 12 '24 Uses of @spy annotation in junit testing # testing # junit # java # springboot Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to simulate real BeforeAll and AfterAll in JUnit 5 Elias Nogueira Elias Nogueira Elias Nogueira Follow Jul 5 '24 How to simulate real BeforeAll and AfterAll in JUnit 5 # unittest # junit # java # testing 9 reactions Comments 1 comment 7 min read Spring Boot Testing Best Practices Abhishek Singh Abhishek Singh Abhishek Singh Follow Jun 23 '24 Spring Boot Testing Best Practices # spring # springboot # junit # mockito 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 4 min read Why there are so many assertAll methods in Junit class AssertAll? What is the use of each. Kasid Khan Kasid Khan Kasid Khan Follow Jun 9 '24 Why there are so many assertAll methods in Junit class AssertAll? What is the use of each. # junit Comments 1 comment 1 min read Testando das trincheiras: Como criar mocks e stubs dinâmico com mockito em java Hugo Marques Hugo Marques Hugo Marques Follow May 24 '24 Testando das trincheiras: Como criar mocks e stubs dinâmico com mockito em java # java # mockito # junit 20 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read Mastering Selenium Testing: JUnit Asserts With Examples Hari Sapna Nair Hari Sapna Nair Hari Sapna Nair Follow May 31 '24 Mastering Selenium Testing: JUnit Asserts With Examples # selenium # testing # junit # devops 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 19 min read JUnit Tutorial: An Inclusive Guide [With Enhanced Features] Saniya Gazala Saniya Gazala Saniya Gazala Follow May 13 '24 JUnit Tutorial: An Inclusive Guide [With Enhanced Features] # junit # testing # cloud # programming 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 65 min read Junit Badge For Git Project vishalmysore vishalmysore vishalmysore Follow May 4 '24 Junit Badge For Git Project # github # junit # java # maven Comments Add Comment 2 min read Testes Unitários com JUnit no Java Anderson Leite Anderson Leite Anderson Leite Follow Mar 21 '24 Testes Unitários com JUnit no Java # junit # unittest # java # tdd 20 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read JUnit 5 – When to use CSV Providers Elias Nogueira Elias Nogueira Elias Nogueira Follow Mar 10 '24 JUnit 5 – When to use CSV Providers # java # junit # testing 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read Less Code, More Tests: Exploring Parameterized Tests in JUnit Willian Ferreira Moya Willian Ferreira Moya Willian Ferreira Moya Follow Mar 6 '24 Less Code, More Tests: Exploring Parameterized Tests in JUnit # java # junit # testing # tutorial 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to find bugs before sending it to production using boundary testing technique Willian Ferreira Moya Willian Ferreira Moya Willian Ferreira Moya Follow Dec 23 '23 How to find bugs before sending it to production using boundary testing technique # java # testing # programming # junit 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Test utilities, or set-up methods considered harmful Adam Brandizzi Adam Brandizzi Adam Brandizzi Follow Nov 14 '23 Test utilities, or set-up methods considered harmful # unittest # tdd # java # junit Comments 1 comment 3 min read Dominando o Poder dos Testes Unitários em Java com JUnit: Construa Código Sólido e Confiável! 🚀🧪🔨 Antonio Serra Antonio Serra Antonio Serra Follow Sep 24 '23 Dominando o Poder dos Testes Unitários em Java com JUnit: Construa Código Sólido e Confiável! 🚀🧪🔨 # java # beginners # junit # braziliandevs 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... trending guides/resources Are you really wasting your time in Java without these 10 libraries? 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # webgpu Follow Hide Create Post Older #webgpu posts 1 2 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Stop Sending Sensitive Data to the Cloud: Build a Local-First Mental Health AI with WebLLM Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Follow Jan 13 Stop Sending Sensitive Data to the Cloud: Build a Local-First Mental Health AI with WebLLM # privacy # typescript # webgpu # webllm Comments Add Comment 4 min read Building a Production WebGPU Engine... for a psychotherapy practice? x0101010011 x0101010011 x0101010011 Follow Dec 23 '25 Building a Production WebGPU Engine... for a psychotherapy practice? # webgpu # webgl2 # design # genart Comments Add Comment 3 min read WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 12: Ambient Lighting ndesmic ndesmic ndesmic Follow Dec 22 '25 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 12: Ambient Lighting # webgpu # vanillajs # computergraphics 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 33 min read Visual Scripting with JS&NodeJS Nikola Nikola Nikola Follow Dec 18 '25 Visual Scripting with JS&NodeJS # visualscripting # online # webgpu # engine Comments Add Comment 2 min read Learning shader effect with Three.js TSL Gen Gen Gen Follow Dec 7 '25 Learning shader effect with Three.js TSL # threejs # webgl # webgpu # tsl Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building Hy-CAD: A WebGPU-Powered CAD Viewer with Rust and Kiro zyg zyg zyg Follow Dec 5 '25 Building Hy-CAD: A WebGPU-Powered CAD Viewer with Rust and Kiro # kiro # rust # webassembly # webgpu Comments Add Comment 2 min read GPU Compute Shaders in Pure Go: gogpu/gg v0.15.3 Andrey Kolkov Andrey Kolkov Andrey Kolkov Follow Dec 26 '25 GPU Compute Shaders in Pure Go: gogpu/gg v0.15.3 # go # gpu # graphics # webgpu 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 7 min read Deno X WebGPU X Threejs James Kaguru Kihuha James Kaguru Kihuha James Kaguru Kihuha Follow Dec 2 '25 Deno X WebGPU X Threejs # webdev # deno # threejs # webgpu Comments Add Comment 2 min read WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 11 - 2: True Scene Graph ndesmic ndesmic ndesmic Follow Dec 16 '25 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 11 - 2: True Scene Graph # webgpu # vanillajs # computergraphics 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 18 min read How to Render an MMD Anime Character with WebGPU from Scratch Amyang Amyang Amyang Follow Nov 21 '25 How to Render an MMD Anime Character with WebGPU from Scratch # webdev # programming # webgpu # animation 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 10 min read Rendering 15 Million Moving Nodes in the Browser with WebGPU Adam Laston Adam Laston Adam Laston Follow Nov 15 '25 Rendering 15 Million Moving Nodes in the Browser with WebGPU # javascript # webgpu # webdev # ai Comments Add Comment 1 min read GoGPU: From Idea to 100K Lines in Two Weeks — Building Go's GPU Ecosystem Andrey Kolkov Andrey Kolkov Andrey Kolkov Follow Dec 17 '25 GoGPU: From Idea to 100K Lines in Two Weeks — Building Go's GPU Ecosystem # go # graphics # gpu # webgpu Comments Add Comment 5 min read naga v0.8.0: Pure Go Shader Compiler Reaches Stability Milestone Andrey Kolkov Andrey Kolkov Andrey Kolkov Follow Dec 12 '25 naga v0.8.0: Pure Go Shader Compiler Reaches Stability Milestone # go # gpu # graphics # webgpu Comments Add Comment 4 min read Why I Rebuilt My WebGPU Triangle Demo From Scratch Bradley Matera Bradley Matera Bradley Matera Follow Nov 14 '25 Why I Rebuilt My WebGPU Triangle Demo From Scratch # webgpu # webdev # learning # webgl 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Making My Triangle WebGPU Demo Match What It Actually Is Bradley Matera Bradley Matera Bradley Matera Follow Nov 14 '25 Making My Triangle WebGPU Demo Match What It Actually Is # learning # webdev # nextjs # webgpu Comments Add Comment 3 min read FFmpeg video Playback in Native WGPU The Lone Engineer The Lone Engineer The Lone Engineer Follow Sep 20 '25 FFmpeg video Playback in Native WGPU # webgpu # ffmpeg # programming # gamedev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 15 min read WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 11 - 1: Visual Testing ndesmic ndesmic ndesmic Follow Oct 13 '25 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 11 - 1: Visual Testing # playwright # webgpu 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read [Tutorial] Procedural Voronoi Texture generation in WGPU The Lone Engineer The Lone Engineer The Lone Engineer Follow Oct 11 '25 [Tutorial] Procedural Voronoi Texture generation in WGPU # webgpu # procedural # cpp # gamedev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 17 min read WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 10: Markup Language and Scene Graph ndesmic ndesmic ndesmic Follow Oct 6 '25 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 10: Markup Language and Scene Graph # webgpu # vanillajs 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 18 min read WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 7: Specular Lighting ndesmic ndesmic ndesmic Follow Sep 1 '25 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 7: Specular Lighting # webgpu # vanillajs 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 8: Physically Based Lighting (PBR) ndesmic ndesmic ndesmic Follow Sep 8 '25 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 8: Physically Based Lighting (PBR) # webgpu # vanillajs 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 14 min read WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 6: Diffuse Lighting ndesmic ndesmic ndesmic Follow Aug 25 '25 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 6: Diffuse Lighting # webgpu # vanillajs 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 5: More Pipeline Improvements ndesmic ndesmic ndesmic Follow Aug 18 '25 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 5: More Pipeline Improvements # webgpu # vanillajs 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 4: Updating the Pipeline ndesmic ndesmic ndesmic Follow Aug 11 '25 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 4: Updating the Pipeline # webgpu # vanillajs 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 13 min read WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 9: Shadow Maps ndesmic ndesmic ndesmic Follow Sep 15 '25 WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 9: Shadow Maps # webgpu # vanillajs 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 17 min read loading... trending guides/resources WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 11 - 2: True Scene Graph GoGPU: From Idea to 100K Lines in Two Weeks — Building Go's GPU Ecosystem How to Render an MMD Anime Character with WebGPU from Scratch Rendering 15 Million Moving Nodes in the Browser with WebGPU Why I Rebuilt My WebGPU Triangle Demo From Scratch WebGPU Engine from Scratch Part 12: Ambient Lighting Visual Scripting with JS&NodeJS GPU Compute Shaders in Pure Go: gogpu/gg v0.15.3 naga v0.8.0: Pure Go Shader Compiler Reaches Stability Milestone Learning shader effect with Three.js TSL Building Hy-CAD: A WebGPU-Powered CAD Viewer with Rust and Kiro Making My Triangle WebGPU Demo Match What It Actually Is Building a Production WebGPU Engine... for a psychotherapy practice? 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Core Close Privacy Policy Last Updated: September 01, 2023 This Privacy Policy is designed to help you understand how DEV Community Inc. (" DEV ," " we ," or " us ") collects, use, and discloses your personal information. What's With the Defined Terms? You'll notice that some words appear in quotes in this Privacy Policy. They're called "defined terms," and we use them so that we don't have to repeat the same language again and again. They mean the same thing in every instance, to help us make sure that this Privacy Policy is consistent. We've included the defined terms throughout because we want it to be easy for you to read them in context. 1. WHAT DOES THIS PRIVACY POLICY APPLY TO? 2. PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT 3. HOW WE USE YOUR INFORMATION 4. HOW WE DISCLOSE YOUR INFORMATION 5. YOUR PRIVACY CHOICES AND RIGHTS 6. INTERNATIONAL DATA TRANSFERS 7. RETENTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION 8. SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES FOR CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS 9. SUPPLEMENTAL NOTICE FOR NEVADA RESIDENTS 10. CHILDREN'S INFORMATION 11. OTHER PROVISIONS 12. CONTACT US 1. WHAT DOES THIS PRIVACY POLICY APPLY TO? This Privacy Policy applies to personal information processed by us, including on our websites, mobile applications, and other online or offline offerings — basically anything we do. To make this Privacy Policy easier to read, our websites, mobile applications, and other offerings are all collectively called the " Services. " Beyond this Privacy Policy, your use of the Services is subject to our DEV Community Terms and our Forem Terms. The Services include both our own community forum at https://www.dev.to (the " DEV Community ") and the open source tool we provide called " Forem ," available at https://www.forem.com which allows our customers to create and operate their own online forums. We collect personal information from two categories of people: (1) our customers, who use Forem and our hosting services to run and host their own forums (we'll call them " Forem Operators "), and (2) the people who interact with DEV-hosted forums, including forums provided by Forem Operators utilizing Forem and separately our own DEV Community (we'll call them " Users "). An Important Note for Users Since we provide hosting services for Forem Operators, technically we also process your information on their behalf. That processing is governed by the contracts that we have in place with each Forem Operator, not this Privacy Policy. In other words, when you share your data on a DEV-hosted forum operated by a Forem Operator, we at DEV are basically just the "pipes" — we process the data on behalf of the Forem Operator, but don't do anything with it ourselves beyond what we're required to do under our contract (and by law). So, if you post your information on a DEV-powered forum provided by a Forem Operator, that Forem Operator's privacy policy applies, and any questions or requests relating to your data on that service should be directed to that Forem Operator, not us. Likewise, if you use our mobile application, you may also interact with forums that use DEV's open-source tools but do all their hosting and data collection themselves. For those forums, we at DEV have no access to your data, so be sure to read the privacy policy of any third-party hosted forum before posting. 2. PERSONAL INFORMATION WE COLLECT The categories of personal information we collect depend on whether you're a User or Forem Operator, how you interact with us, our Services, and the requirements of applicable law. Breaking it down, we collect three types of information: (1) information that you provide to us directly, (2) information we obtain automatically when you use our Services, and (3) information we get about you from other sources (such as third-party services and organizations). More details are below. A. Information You Provide to Us Directly We may collect the following personal information that you provide to us. Account Creation (for Forem Operators): We'll require your name and email address to get started, as well as some details about the Forem you want to run, such as: whether you're running the Forem on your own behalf or as part of an organization, and details about the community you want to support (how big is it, what topics does it cover, where do members currently communicate, how/if the community earns money, whether the community is open, invite-only or paid, any existing social media accounts, etc.) You'll need to tell us a bit about your personal coding background, and you'll have the option to provide your DEV username as well, if you are a member of the DEV.to community. Account Creation (for Users) : We collect name and email address from users that create an account on DEV Community. For other forums created by Forem Operators using Forem, the Forem Operator determines what information is required for User account creation for their respective forums. Interactive Features (for Users) . Like any other social network, both we and other Users of our Services may collect personal information that you submit or make available through our interactive features (e.g., messaging and chat features, commenting functionalities, forums, blogs, posts, and other social media pages). While we do have private messages that are only between you and the person you're messaging (as well as us and the Forem Operator, as applicable), any information you provide using the public sharing features of the Services, such as the information you post to your public profile or the topics you follow is public, including to recruiters and prospective employers, and is not subject to any of the privacy protections we mention in this Privacy Policy except where legally required. Please exercise caution before revealing any information that may identify you in the real world to others. Purchases . If you buy stuff on our shop site https://shop.dev.to/ (as either a User or Forem Operator), or otherwise if you pay us in connection with your use of the Forem service, we may collect personal information and details associated with your purchases, including payment information. Any payments made via our Services are processed by third-party payment processors, such as Stripe, Shopify, and PayPal. We do not directly collect or store any payment card information entered through our Services, but may receive information associated with your payment card information (e.g., your billing details). Your Communications with Us (Users and Forem Operators) . We may collect personal information, such as email address, phone number, or mailing address when you request information about our Services, register for our newsletter or loyalty program, request customer or technical support, apply for a job, or otherwise communicate with us. Surveys . We may contact you to participate in surveys. If you decide to participate, you may be asked to provide certain information, which may include personal information (for example, your home address). Sweepstakes or Contests . We may collect personal information you provide for any sweepstakes or contests that we offer. In some jurisdictions, we are required to publicly share information of sweepstakes and contest winners. Conferences, Trade Shows, and Other Events . We may collect personal information from individuals when we attend conferences, trade shows, and other events. Business Development and Strategic Partnerships . We may collect personal information from individuals and third parties to assess and pursue potential business opportunities. Job Applications . We may post job openings and opportunities on our Services. If you reply to one of these postings by submitting your application, CV and/or cover letter to us, we will collect and use your information to assess your qualifications. B. Information Collected Automatically We may collect personal information automatically when you use our Services: Automatic Data Collection . We may collect certain information automatically when you use our Services, such as your Internet protocol (IP) address, user settings, MAC address, cookie identifiers, mobile carrier, mobile advertising and other unique identifiers, browser or device information, location information (including approximate location derived from IP address), and Internet service provider. We may also automatically collect information regarding your use of our Services, such as pages that you visit before, during and after using our Services, information about the links you click, the types of content you interact with, the frequency and duration of your activities, and other information about how you use our Services. In addition, we may collect information that other people provide about you when they use our Services, including information about you when they tag you in their posts. Cookies, Pixel Tags/Web Beacons, and Other Technologies . We, as well as third parties that provide content, advertising, or other functionality on our Services, may use cookies, pixel tags, local storage, and other technologies (" Technologies ") to automatically collect information through your use of our Services. Cookies . Cookies are small text files placed in device browsers that store preferences and facilitate and enhance your experience. Pixel Tags/Web Beacons . A pixel tag (also known as a web beacon) is a piece of code embedded in our Services that collects information about engagement on our Services. The use of a pixel tag allows us to record, for example, that a user has visited a particular web page or clicked on a particular advertisement. We may also include web beacons in e-mails to understand whether messages have been opened, acted on, or forwarded. Our uses of these Technologies fall into the following general categories: Operationally Necessary . This includes Technologies that allow you access to our Services, applications, and tools that are required to identify irregular website behavior, prevent fraudulent activity and improve security or that allow you to make use of our functionality. Performance-Related . We may use Technologies to assess the performance of our Services, including as part of our analytic practices to help us understand how individuals use our Services ( see Analytics below ). Functionality-Related . We may use Technologies that allow us to offer you enhanced functionality when accessing or using our Services. This may include identifying you when you sign into our Services or keeping track of your specified preferences, interests, or past items viewed. Analytics . We may use Technologies and other third-party tools to process analytics information on our Services. Some of our analytics partners include Google Analytics. For more information,please visit Google Analytics' Privacy Policy . To learn more about how to opt-out of Google Analytics' use of your information, please click here . Social Media Platforms . Our Services may contain social media buttons such as Twitter, Facebook, GitHub, Instagram, and Twitch (that might include widgets such as the "share this" button or other interactive mini programs). These features may collect your IP address, which page you are visiting on our Services, and may set a cookie to enable the feature to function properly. Your interactions with these platforms are governed by the privacy policy of the company providing it. See the "Your Privacy Choices and Rights" section below to understand your choices regarding these Technologies. C. Information Collected from Other Sources We may obtain information about you from other sources, including through third-party services and organizations. For example, if you access our Services through a third-party application, such as an app store, a third-party login service (e.g., through Twitter, Apple, or GitHub), or a social networking site, we may collect whatever information about you from that third-party application that you have made available via your privacy settings. 3. HOW WE USE YOUR INFORMATION We use your information for a variety of business purposes, including to provide our Services, for administrative purposes, and to market our products and Services, as described below. A. Provide Our Services We use your information to fulfill our contract with you and provide you with our Services, such as: Managing your information and accounts; Providing access to certain areas, functionalities, and features of our Services; Answering requests for customer or technical support; Communicating with you about your account, activities on our Services, and policy changes; Processing your financial information and other payment methods for products or Services purchased; Processing applications if you apply for a job we post on our Services; and Allowing you to register for events. B. Administrative Purposes We use your information for various administrative purposes, such as: Pursuing our legitimate interests such as direct marketing, research and development (including marketing research), network and information security, and fraud prevention; Detecting security incidents, protecting against malicious, deceptive, fraudulent or illegal activity, and prosecuting those responsible for that activity; Measuring interest and engagement in our Services, including for usage-based billing purposes; Short-term, transient use, such as contextual customization of ads; Improving, optimizing, upgrading, or enhancing our Services; Developing new products and Services; Ensuring internal quality control and safety; Authenticating and verifying individual identities, including requests to exercise your rights under this policy; Debugging to identify and repair errors with our Services; Auditing relating to interactions, transactions and other compliance activities; Enforcing our agreements and policies; and Complying with our legal obligations. C. Marketing and Advertising our Products and Services We may use your personal information to tailor and provide you with content and advertisements for our Services, such as via email. If you have any questions about our marketing practices, you may contact us at any time as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. D. Other Purposes We also use your information for other purposes as requested by you or as permitted by applicable law. Consent . We may use personal information for other purposes that are clearly disclosed to you at the time you provide personal information or with your consent. Automated Decision Making. We may engage in automated decision making, including profiling, such as to suggest topics or other Users for you to follow. DEV's processing of your personal information will not result in a decision based solely on automated processing that significantly affects you unless such a decision is necessary as part of a contract we have with you, we have your consent, or we are permitted by law to engage in such automated decision making. If you have questions about our automated decision making, you may contact us as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. De-identified and Aggregated Information . We may use personal information and other information about you to create de-identified and/or aggregated information, such as de-identified demographic information, information about the device from which you access our Services, or other analyses we create. For example, we may collect system-wide information to ensure availability of the platform, or measure aggregate data trends to analyze and optimize our Services. Share Content with Friends or Colleagues. Our Services may offer various tools and functionalities. For example, we may allow you to provide information about your friends through our referral services. Our referral services may allow you to forward or share certain content with a friend or colleague, such as an email inviting your friend to use our Services. Please only share with us contact information of people with whom you have a relationship (e.g., relative, friend neighbor, or co-worker). 4. HOW WE DISCLOSE YOUR INFORMATION We disclose your information to third parties for a variety of business purposes, including to provide our Services, to protect us or others, or in the event of a major business transaction such as a merger, sale, or asset transfer, as described below. A. Disclosures to Provide our Services The categories of third parties with whom we may share your information are described below. Service Providers . We may share your personal information with our third-party service providers who use that information to help us provide our Services. This includes service providers that provide us with IT support, hosting, payment processing, customer service, and related services. For example, our Shop site is run by Shopify, who handle your shipping details on our behalf. Business Partners . We may share your personal information with business partners to provide you with a product or service you have requested. We may also share your personal information to business partners with whom we jointly offer products or services. Other Users . As described above in the "Personal Information We Collect" section of this Privacy Policy, our Service allows Users to share their profiles, and any posts, chats, etc. with other Users and with the general public, including to those who do not use our Services. APIs/SDKs . We may use third-party Application Program Interfaces ("APIs") and Software Development Kits ("SDKs") as part of the functionality of our Services. For more information about our use of APIs and SDKs, please contact us as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below. B . Disclosures to Protect Us or Others We may access, preserve, and disclose any information we store associated with you to external parties if we, in good faith, believe doing so is required or appropriate to: comply with law enforcement or national security requests and legal process, such as a court order or subpoena; protect your, our, or others' rights, property, or safety; enforce our policies or contracts; collect amounts owed to us; or assist with an investigation or prosecution of suspected or actual illegal activity. C. Disclosure in the Event of Merger, Sale, or Other Asset Transfers If we are involved in a merger, acquisition, financing due diligence, reorganization, bankruptcy, receivership, purchase or sale of assets, or transition of service to another provider, your information may be sold or transferred as part of such a transaction, as permitted by law and/or contract. 5. YOUR PRIVACY CHOICES AND RIGHTS Your Privacy Choices . The privacy choices you may have about your personal information are determined by applicable law and are described below. Email Communications . If you receive an unwanted email from us, you can use the unsubscribe link found at the bottom of the email to opt out of receiving future emails. Note that you will continue to receive transaction-related emails regarding products or Services you have requested. We may also send you certain non-promotional communications regarding us and our Services, and you will not be able to opt out of those communications (e.g., communications regarding our Services or updates to our Terms or this Privacy Policy). Mobile Devices . We may send you push notifications through our mobile application. You may opt out from receiving these push notifications by changing the settings on your mobile device. "Do Not Track." Do Not Track (" DNT ") is a privacy preference that users can set in certain web browsers. Please note that we do not respond to or honor DNT signals or similar mechanisms transmitted by web browsers. Cookies and Interest-Based Advertising . You may stop or restrict the placement of Technologies on your device or remove them by adjusting your preferences as your browser or device permits. However, if you adjust your preferences, our Services may not work properly. Please note that cookie-based opt-outs are not effective on mobile applications. Please note you must separately opt out in each browser and on each device. Your Privacy Rights . In accordance with applicable law, you may have the right to: Access Personal Information about you, including: (i) confirming whether we are processing your personal information; (ii) obtaining access to or a copy of your personal information; Request Correction of your personal information where it is inaccurate, incomplete or outdated. In some cases, we may provide self-service tools that enable you to update your personal information; Request Deletion, Anonymization or Blocking of your personal information when processing is based on your consent or when processing is unnecessary, excessive or noncompliant; Request Restriction of or Object to our processing of your personal information when processing is noncompliant; Withdraw Your Consent to our processing of your personal information. If you refrain from providing personal information or withdraw your consent to processing, some features of our Service may not be available; Request Data Portability and Receive an Electronic Copy of Personal Information that You Have Provided to Us; Be Informed about third parties with which your personal information has been shared; and Request the Review of Decisions Taken Exclusively Based on Automated Processing if such decisions could affect your data subject rights. If you would like to exercise any of these rights, please contact us as set forth in "Contact Us" below. We will process such requests in accordance with applicable laws. 6. INTERNATIONAL DATA TRANSFERS All information processed by us may be transferred, processed, and stored anywhere in the world, including, but not limited to, the United States or other countries, which may have data protection laws that are different from the laws where you live. We always strive to safeguard your information consistent with the requirements of applicable laws. 7. RETENTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION We store the personal information we collect as described in this Privacy Policy for as long as you use our Services or as necessary: to fulfill the purpose or purposes for which it was collected, to provide our Services, to resolve disputes, to establish legal defenses, to conduct audits, to pursue legitimate business purposes, to enforce our agreements, and to comply with applicable laws. 8. SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES FOR CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS Refer-a-Friend and Similar Incentive Programs . As described above in the How We Use Your Personal Information section ("Share Content with Friends or Colleagues" subsection), we may offer referral programs or other incentivized data collection programs. For example, we may offer incentives to you such as discounts or promotional items or credit in connection with these programs, wherein you provide your personal information in exchange for a reward, or provide personal information regarding your friends or colleagues (such as their email address) and receive rewards when they sign up to use our Services. (The referred party may also receive rewards for signing up via your referral.) These programs are entirely voluntary and allow us to grow our business and provide additional benefits to you. The value of your data to us depends on how you ultimately use our Services, whereas the value of the referred party's data to us depends on whether the referred party ultimately becomes a User or Forem Operator and uses our Services. Said value will be reflected in the incentive offered in connection with each program. Accessibility . This Privacy Policy uses industry-standard technologies and was developed in line with the World Wide Web Consortium's Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, version 2.1* . * If you wish to print this policy, please do so from your web browser or by saving the page as a PDF. California Shine the Light . The California "Shine the Light" law permits users who are California residents to request and obtain from us once a year, free of charge, a list of the third parties to whom we have disclosed their personal information (if any) for their direct marketing purposes in the prior calendar year, as well as the type of personal information disclosed to those parties. Right for Minors to Remove Posted Content . Where required by law, California residents under the age of 18 may request to have their posted content or information removed from the publicly-viewable portions of the Services by contacting us directly as set forth in the "Contact Us" section below or by logging into their account and removing the content or information using our self-service tools. 9. SUPPLEMENTAL NOTICE FOR NEVADA RESIDENTS If you are a resident of Nevada, you have the right to opt-out of the sale of certain Personal Information to third parties who intend to license or sell that Personal Information. You can exercise this right by contacting us as set forth in the "Contact Us\" section below with the subject line "Nevada Do Not Sell Request" and providing us with your name and the email address associated with your account. Please note that we do not currently sell your Personal Information as sales are defined in Nevada Revised Statutes Chapter 603A. If you have any questions, please contact us as set forth below. 10. CHILDREN'S INFORMATION The Services are not directed to children under 13 (or other age as required by local law), and we do not knowingly collect personal information from children. If you are a parent or guardian and believe your child has uploaded personal information to our site without your consent, you may contact us as described in the "Contact Us" section below. If we become aware that a child has provided us with personal information in violation of applicable law, we will delete any personal information we have collected, unless we have a legal obligation to keep it, and terminate the child's account if applicable. 11. OTHER PROVISIONS Third-Party Websites or Applications . The Services may contain links to other websites or applications, and other websites or applications may reference or link to our Services. These third-party services are not controlled by us. 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CONTACT US If you have any questions about our privacy practices or this Privacy Policy, or to exercise your rights as detailed in this Privacy Policy, please contact us at: support@dev.to . 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem Core — Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem Core © 2016 - 2026. Community building community Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
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https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Execution_model | JavaScript execution model - JavaScript | MDN Skip to main content Skip to search MDN HTML HTML: Markup language HTML reference Elements Global attributes Attributes See all… HTML guides Responsive images HTML cheatsheet Date & time formats See all… Markup languages SVG MathML XML CSS CSS: Styling language CSS reference Properties Selectors At-rules Values See all… CSS guides Box model Animations Flexbox Colors See all… Layout cookbook Column layouts Centering an element Card component See all… JavaScript JS JavaScript: Scripting language JS reference Standard built-in objects Expressions & operators Statements & declarations Functions See all… JS guides Control flow & error handing Loops and iteration Working with objects Using classes See all… Web APIs Web APIs: Programming interfaces Web API reference File system API Fetch API Geolocation API HTML DOM API Push API Service worker API See all… Web API guides Using the Web animation API Using the Fetch API Working with the History API Using the Web speech API Using web workers All All web technology Technologies Accessibility HTTP URI Web extensions WebAssembly WebDriver See all… Topics Media Performance Privacy Security Progressive web apps Learn Learn web development Frontend developer course Getting started modules Core modules MDN Curriculum Learn HTML Structuring content with HTML module Learn CSS CSS styling basics module CSS layout module Learn JavaScript Dynamic scripting with JavaScript module Tools Discover our tools Playground HTTP Observatory Border-image generator Border-radius generator Box-shadow generator Color format converter Color mixer Shape generator About Get to know MDN better About MDN Advertise with us Community MDN on GitHub Blog Toggle sidebar Web JavaScript Reference JavaScript execution model Theme OS default Light Dark English (US) Remember language Learn more Deutsch English (US) Español Français 日本語 한국어 Português (do Brasil) Русский 中文 (简体) 正體中文 (繁體) JavaScript execution model This page introduces the basic infrastructure of the JavaScript runtime environment. The model is largely theoretical and abstract, without any platform-specific or implementation-specific details. Modern JavaScript engines heavily optimize the described semantics. This page is a reference. It assumes you are already familiar with the execution model of other programming languages, such as C and Java. It makes heavy references to existing concepts in operating systems and programming languages. In this article The engine and the host Agent execution model Realms Stack and execution contexts Job queue and event loop Agent clusters and memory sharing Specifications See also The engine and the host JavaScript execution requires the cooperation of two pieces of software: the JavaScript engine and the host environment . The JavaScript engine implements the ECMAScript (JavaScript) language , providing the core functionality. It takes source code, parses it, and executes it. However, in order to interact with the outside world, such as to produce any meaningful output, to interface with external resources, or to implement security- or performance-related mechanisms, we need additional environment-specific mechanisms provided by the host environment. For example, the HTML DOM is the host environment when JavaScript is executed in a web browser. Node.js is another host environment that allows JavaScript to be run on the server side. While we focus primarily on the mechanisms defined in ECMAScript in this reference, we will occasionally talk about mechanisms defined in the HTML spec, which is often mimicked by other host environments like Node.js or Deno. This way, we can give a coherent picture of the JavaScript execution model as used on the web and beyond. Agent execution model In the JavaScript specification, each autonomous executor of JavaScript is called an agent , which maintains its facilities for code execution: Heap (of objects): this is just a name to denote a large (mostly unstructured) region of memory. It gets populated as objects get created in the program. Note that in the case of shared memory, each agent has its own heap with its own version of a SharedArrayBuffer object, but the underlying memory represented by the buffer is shared. Queue (of jobs) : this is known in HTML (and also commonly) as the event loop which enables asynchronous programming in JavaScript while being single-threaded. It's called a queue because it's generally first-in-first-out: earlier jobs are executed before later ones. Stack (of execution contexts) : this is what's known as a call stack and allows transferring control flow by entering and exiting execution contexts like functions. It's called a stack because it's last-in-first-out. Every job enters by pushing a new frame onto the (empty) stack, and exits by emptying the stack. These are three distinct data structures that keep track of different data. We will introduce the queue and the stack in more detail in the following sections. To read more about how heap memory is allocated and freed, see memory management . Each agent is analogous to a thread (note that the underlying implementation may or may not be an actual operating system thread). Each agent can own multiple realms (which 1-to-1 correlate with global objects) that can synchronously access each other, and thus needs to run in a single execution thread. An agent also has a single memory model, indicating whether it's little-endian, whether it can be synchronously blocked , whether atomic operations are lock-free , etc. An agent on the web can be one of the following: A Similar-origin window agent , which contains various Window objects which can potentially reach each other, either directly or by using document.domain . If the window is origin-keyed , then only same-origin windows can reach each other. A Dedicated worker agent containing a single DedicatedWorkerGlobalScope . A Shared worker agent containing a single SharedWorkerGlobalScope . A Service worker agent containing a single ServiceWorkerGlobalScope . A Worklet agent containing a single WorkletGlobalScope . In other words, each worker creates its own agent, while one or more windows may be within the same agent—usually a main document and its similar-origin iframes. In Node.js, a similar concept called worker threads is available. The diagram below illustrates the execution model of agents: Realms Each agent owns one or more realms . Each piece of JavaScript code is associated with a realm when it's loaded, which remains the same even when called from another realm. A realm consists of the following information: A list of intrinsic objects like Array , Array.prototype , etc. Globally declared variables, the value of globalThis , and the global object A cache of template literal arrays , because evaluation of the same tagged template literal expression always causes the tag to receive the same array object On the web, the realm and the global object are 1-to-1 corresponded. The global object is either a Window , a WorkerGlobalScope , or a WorkletGlobalScope . So for example, every iframe executes in a different realm, though it may be in the same agent as the parent window. Realms are usually mentioned when talking about the identities of global objects. For example, we need methods such as Array.isArray() or Error.isError() , because an array constructed in another realm will have a different prototype object than the Array.prototype object in the current realm, so instanceof Array will wrongly return false . Stack and execution contexts We first consider synchronous code execution. Each job enters by calling its associated callback. Code inside this callback may create variables, call functions, or exit. Each function needs to keep track of its own variable environments and where to return to. To handle this, the agent needs a stack to keep track of the execution contexts. An execution context , also known generally as a stack frame , is the smallest unit of execution. It tracks the following information: Code evaluation state The module or script, the function (if applicable), and the currently executing generator that contains this code The current realm Bindings , including: Variables defined with var , let , const , function , class , etc. Private identifiers like #foo which are only valid in the current context this reference Imagine a program consisting of a single job defined by the following code: js function foo(b) { const a = 10; return a + b + 11; } function bar(x) { const y = 3; return foo(x * y); } const baz = bar(7); // assigns 42 to baz When the job starts, the first frame is created, where the variables foo , bar , and baz are defined. It calls bar with the argument 7 . A second frame is created for the bar call, containing bindings for the parameter x and the local variable y . It first performs the multiplication x * y , then calls foo with the result. A third frame is created for the foo call, containing bindings for the parameter b and the local variable a . It first performs the addition a + b + 11 , then returns the result. When foo returns, the top frame element is popped out of the stack, and the call expression foo(x * y) resolves to the return value. It then continues execution, which is just to return this result. When bar returns, the top frame element is popped out of the stack, and the call expression bar(7) resolves to the return value. This initializes baz with the return value. We reach the end of the job's source code, so the stack frame for the entrypoint is popped out of the stack. The stack is empty, so the job is considered completed. Generators and reentry When a frame is popped, it's not necessarily gone forever, because sometimes we need to come back to it. For example, consider a generator function: js function* gen() { console.log(1); yield; console.log(2); } const g = gen(); g.next(); // logs 1 g.next(); // logs 2 In this case, calling gen() first creates an execution context which is suspended—no code inside gen gets executed yet. The generator g saves this execution context internally. The current running execution context remains to be the entrypoint. When g.next() is called, the execution context for gen is pushed onto the stack, and the code inside gen is executed until the yield expression. Then, the generator execution context gets suspended and removed from the stack, which returns control back to the entrypoint. When g.next() is called again, the generator execution context is pushed back onto the stack, and the code inside gen resumes from where it left off. Tail calls One mechanism defined in the specification is proper tail call (PTC). A function call is a tail call if the caller does nothing after the call except return the value: js function f() { return g(); } In this case, the call to g is a tail call. If a function call is in tail position, the engine is required to discard the current execution context and replace it with the context of the tail call, instead of pushing a new frame for the g() call. This means that tail recursion is not subject to the stack size limits: js function factorial(n, acc = 1) { if (n <= 1) return acc; return factorial(n - 1, n * acc); } In reality, discarding the current frame causes debugging problems, because if g() throws an error, f is no longer on the stack and won't appear in the stack trace. Currently, only Safari (JavaScriptCore) implements PTC, and they have invented some specific infrastructure to address the debuggability issue. Closures Another interesting phenomenon related to variable scoping and function calls is closures . Whenever a function is created, it also memorizes internally the variable bindings of the current running execution context. Then, these variable bindings can outlive the execution context. js let f; { let x = 10; f = () => x; } console.log(f()); // logs 10 Job queue and event loop An agent is a thread, which means the interpreter can only process one statement at a time. When the code is all synchronous, this is fine because we can always make progress. But if the code needs to perform asynchronous action, then we cannot progress unless that action is completed. However, it would be detrimental to user experience if that halts the whole program—the nature of JavaScript as a web scripting language requires it to be never blocking . Therefore, the code that handles the completion of that asynchronous action is defined as a callback. This callback defines a job , which gets placed into a job queue —or, in HTML terminology, an event loop—once the action is completed. Every time, the agent pulls a job from the queue and executes it. When the job is executed, it may create more jobs, which are added to the end of the queue. Jobs can also be added via the completion of asynchronous platform mechanisms, such as timers, I/O, and events. A job is considered completed when the stack is empty; then, the next job is pulled from the queue. Jobs might not be pulled with uniform priority—for example, HTML event loops split jobs into two categories: tasks and microtasks . Microtasks have higher priority and the microtask queue is drained first before the task queue is pulled. For more information, check the HTML microtask guide . If the job queue is empty, the agent waits for more jobs to be added. "Run-to-completion" Each job is processed completely before any other job is processed. This offers some nice properties when reasoning about your program, including the fact that whenever a function runs, it cannot be preempted and will run entirely before any other code runs (and can modify data the function manipulates). This differs from C, for instance, where if a function runs in a thread, it may be stopped at any point by the runtime system to run some other code in another thread. For example, consider this example: js const promise = Promise.resolve(); let i = 0; promise.then(() => { i += 1; console.log(i); }); promise.then(() => { i += 1; console.log(i); }); In this example, we create an already-resolved promise, which means any callback attached to it will be immediately scheduled as jobs. The two callbacks seem to cause a race condition, but actually, the output is fully predictable: 1 and 2 will be logged in order. This is because each job runs to completion before the next one is executed, so the overall order is always i += 1; console.log(i); i += 1; console.log(i); and never i += 1; i += 1; console.log(i); console.log(i); . A downside of this model is that if a job takes too long to complete, the web application is unable to process user interactions like click or scroll. The browser mitigates this with the "a script is taking too long to run" dialog. A good practice to follow is to make job processing short and, if possible, cut down one job into several jobs. Never blocking Another important guarantee offered by the event loop model is that JavaScript execution is never blocking. Handling I/O is typically performed via events and callbacks, so when the application is waiting for an IndexedDB query to return or a fetch() request to return, it can still process other things like user input. The code that executes after the completion of an asynchronous action is always provided as a callback function (for example, the promise then() handler, the callback function in setTimeout() , or the event handler), which defines a job to be added to the job queue once the action completes. Of course, the guarantee of "never-blocking" requires the platform API to be inherently asynchronous, but some legacy exceptions exist like alert() or synchronous XHR. It is considered good practice to avoid them to ensure the responsiveness of the application. Agent clusters and memory sharing Multiple agents can communicate via memory sharing, forming an agent cluster . Agents are within the same cluster if and only if they can share memory. There is no built-in mechanism for two agent clusters to exchange any information, so they can be regarded as completely isolated execution models. When creating an agent (such as by spawning a worker), there are some criteria for whether it's in the same cluster as the current agent, or a new cluster is created. For example, the following pairs of global objects are each within the same agent cluster, and thus can share memory with each other: A Window object and a dedicated worker that it created. A worker (of any type) and a dedicated worker it created. A Window object A and the Window object of a same-origin iframe element that A created. A Window object and a same-origin Window object that opened it. A Window object and a worklet that it created. The following pairs of global objects are not within the same agent cluster, and thus cannot share memory: A Window object and a shared worker it created. A worker (of any type) and a shared worker it created. A Window object and a service worker it created. A Window object A and the Window object of an iframe element that A created that cannot be same origin-domain with A. Any two Window objects with no opener or ancestor relationship. This holds even if the two Window objects are same origin. For the exact algorithm, check the HTML specification . Cross-agent communication and memory model As aforementioned, agents communicate via memory sharing. On the web, memory is shared via the postMessage() method. The using web workers guide provides an overview of this. Typically, data is passed by value only (via structured cloning ), and therefore does not involve any concurrency complications. To share memory, one must post a SharedArrayBuffer object, which can be simultaneously accessed by multiple agents. Once two agents share access to the same memory via a SharedArrayBuffer , they can synchronize executions via the Atomics object. There are two ways to access shared memory: via normal memory access (which is not atomic) and via atomic memory access. The latter is sequentially consistent (which means there is a strict total ordering of events agreed upon by all agents in the cluster), while the former is unordered (which means no ordering exists); JavaScript does not provide operations with other ordering guarantees. The spec provides the following guidelines for programmers working with shared memory: We recommend programs be kept data race free, i.e., make it so that it is impossible for there to be concurrent non-atomic operations on the same memory location. Data race free programs have interleaving semantics where each step in the evaluation semantics of each agent are interleaved with each other. For data race free programs, it is not necessary to understand the details of the memory model. The details are unlikely to build intuition that will help one to better write ECMAScript. More generally, even if a program is not data race free it may have predictable behavior, so long as atomic operations are not involved in any data races and the operations that race all have the same access size. The simplest way to arrange for atomics not to be involved in races is to ensure that different memory cells are used by atomic and non-atomic operations and that atomic accesses of different sizes are not used to access the same cells at the same time. Effectively, the program should treat shared memory as strongly typed as much as possible. One still cannot depend on the ordering and timing of non-atomic accesses that race, but if memory is treated as strongly typed the racing accesses will not "tear" (bits of their values will not be mixed). Concurrency and ensuring forward progress When multiple agents cooperate, the never-blocking guarantee does not always hold. An agent can become blocked , or paused, while waiting for another agent to perform some action. This is different from waiting on a promise in the same agent, because it halts the entire agent and does not allow any other code to run in the meantime—in other words, it cannot make forward progress . To prevent deadlocks, there are some strong restrictions on when and which agents can become blocked. Every unblocked agent with a dedicated executing thread eventually makes forward progress. In a set of agents that share an executing thread, one agent eventually makes forward progress. An agent does not cause another agent to become blocked except via explicit APIs that provide blocking. Only certain agents can be blocked. On the web, this includes dedicated workers and shared workers, but not similar-origin windows or service workers. The agent cluster ensures some level of integrity over the activeness of its agents, in the case of external pauses or terminations: An agent may be paused or resumed without its knowledge or cooperation. For example, navigating away from a window may suspend code execution but preserve its state. However, an agent cluster is not allowed to be partially deactivated, to avoid an agent starving because another agent has been deactivated. For example, shared workers are never in the same agent cluster as the creator window or other dedicated workers. This is because a shared worker's lifetime is independent of documents: if a document is deactivated while its dedicated worker holds a lock, the shared worker is blocked from acquiring the lock until the dedicated worker is reactivated, if ever. Meanwhile other workers trying to access the shared worker from other windows will starve. Similarly, an agent may be terminated by factors external to the cluster. For example, operating systems or users killing a browser process, or the browser force-terminating one agent because it's using too many resources. In this case, all the agents in the cluster get terminated. (The spec also allows a second strategy, which is an API that allows at least one remaining member of the cluster to identify the termination and the agent that was terminated, but this is not implemented on the web.) Specifications Specification ECMAScript® 2026 Language Specification ECMAScript® 2026 Language Specification HTML See also Event loops in the HTML standard What is the Event Loop? in the Node.js docs Help improve MDN Was this page helpful to you? Yes No Learn how to contribute This page was last modified on Nov 7, 2025 by MDN contributors . 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Word boundary assertion: \b, \B Errors AggregateError: No Promise in Promise.any was resolved Error: Permission denied to access property "x" InternalError: too much recursion RangeError: argument is not a valid code point RangeError: BigInt division by zero RangeError: BigInt negative exponent RangeError: form must be one of 'NFC', 'NFD', 'NFKC', or 'NFKD' RangeError: invalid array length RangeError: invalid date RangeError: precision is out of range RangeError: radix must be an integer RangeError: repeat count must be less than infinity RangeError: repeat count must be non-negative RangeError: x can't be converted to BigInt because it isn't an integer ReferenceError: "x" is not defined ReferenceError: assignment to undeclared variable "x" ReferenceError: can't access lexical declaration 'X' before initialization ReferenceError: must call super constructor before using 'this' in derived class constructor ReferenceError: super() called twice in derived class constructor SyntaxError: 'arguments'/'eval' can't be defined or assigned to in strict mode code SyntaxError: "0"-prefixed octal literals are deprecated SyntaxError: "use strict" not allowed in function with non-simple parameters SyntaxError: "x" is a reserved identifier SyntaxError: \ at end of pattern SyntaxError: a declaration in the head of a for-of loop can't have an initializer SyntaxError: applying the 'delete' operator to an unqualified name is deprecated SyntaxError: arguments is not valid in fields SyntaxError: await is only valid in async functions, async generators and modules SyntaxError: await/yield expression can't be used in parameter SyntaxError: cannot use `??` unparenthesized within `||` and `&&` expressions SyntaxError: character class escape cannot be used in class range in regular expression SyntaxError: continue must be inside loop SyntaxError: duplicate capture group name in regular expression SyntaxError: duplicate formal argument x SyntaxError: for-in loop head declarations may not have initializers SyntaxError: function statement requires a name SyntaxError: functions cannot be labelled SyntaxError: getter and setter for private name #x should either be both static or non-static SyntaxError: getter functions must have no arguments SyntaxError: identifier starts immediately after numeric literal SyntaxError: illegal character SyntaxError: import declarations may only appear at top level of a module SyntaxError: incomplete quantifier in regular expression SyntaxError: invalid assignment left-hand side SyntaxError: invalid BigInt syntax SyntaxError: invalid capture group name in regular expression SyntaxError: invalid character in class in regular expression SyntaxError: invalid class set operation in regular expression SyntaxError: invalid decimal escape in regular expression SyntaxError: invalid identity escape in regular expression SyntaxError: invalid named capture reference in regular expression SyntaxError: invalid property name in regular expression SyntaxError: invalid range in character class SyntaxError: invalid regexp group SyntaxError: invalid regular expression flag "x" SyntaxError: invalid unicode escape in regular expression SyntaxError: JSON.parse: bad parsing SyntaxError: label not found SyntaxError: missing : after property id SyntaxError: missing ) after argument list SyntaxError: missing ) after condition SyntaxError: missing ] after element list SyntaxError: missing } after function body SyntaxError: missing } after property list SyntaxError: missing = in const declaration SyntaxError: missing formal parameter SyntaxError: missing name after . operator SyntaxError: missing variable name SyntaxError: negated character class with strings in regular expression SyntaxError: new keyword cannot be used with an optional chain SyntaxError: nothing to repeat SyntaxError: numbers out of order in {} quantifier. SyntaxError: octal escape sequences can't be used in untagged template literals or in strict mode code SyntaxError: parameter after rest parameter SyntaxError: private fields can't be deleted SyntaxError: property name __proto__ appears more than once in object literal SyntaxError: raw bracket is not allowed in regular expression with unicode flag SyntaxError: redeclaration of formal parameter "x" SyntaxError: reference to undeclared private field or method #x SyntaxError: rest parameter may not have a default SyntaxError: return not in function SyntaxError: setter functions must have one argument SyntaxError: string literal contains an unescaped line break SyntaxError: super() is only valid in derived class constructors SyntaxError: tagged template cannot be used with optional chain SyntaxError: Unexpected '#' used outside of class body SyntaxError: Unexpected token SyntaxError: unlabeled break must be inside loop or switch SyntaxError: unparenthesized unary expression can't appear on the left-hand side of '**' SyntaxError: use of super property/member accesses only valid within methods or eval code within methods SyntaxError: Using //@ to indicate sourceURL pragmas is deprecated. Use //# instead TypeError: 'caller', 'callee', and 'arguments' properties may not be accessed TypeError: 'x' is not iterable TypeError: "x" is (not) "y" TypeError: "x" is not a constructor TypeError: "x" is not a function TypeError: "x" is not a non-null object TypeError: "x" is read-only TypeError: already executing generator TypeError: BigInt value can't be serialized in JSON TypeError: calling a builtin X constructor without new is forbidden TypeError: can't access/set private field or method: object is not the right class TypeError: can't assign to property "x" on "y": not an object TypeError: can't convert BigInt to number TypeError: can't convert x to BigInt TypeError: can't define property "x": "obj" is not extensible TypeError: can't delete non-configurable array element TypeError: can't redefine non-configurable property "x" TypeError: can't set prototype of this object TypeError: can't set prototype: it would cause a prototype chain cycle TypeError: cannot use 'in' operator to search for 'x' in 'y' TypeError: class constructors must be invoked with 'new' TypeError: cyclic object value TypeError: derived class constructor returned invalid value x TypeError: getting private setter-only property TypeError: Initializing an object twice is an error with private fields/methods TypeError: invalid 'instanceof' operand 'x' TypeError: invalid Array.prototype.sort argument TypeError: invalid assignment to const "x" TypeError: Iterator/AsyncIterator constructor can't be used directly TypeError: matchAll/replaceAll must be called with a global RegExp TypeError: More arguments needed TypeError: null/undefined has no properties TypeError: property "x" is non-configurable and can't be deleted TypeError: Reduce of empty array with no initial value TypeError: setting getter-only property "x" TypeError: WeakSet key/WeakMap value 'x' must be an object or an unregistered symbol TypeError: X.prototype.y called on incompatible type URIError: malformed URI sequence Warning: -file- is being assigned a //# sourceMappingURL, but already has one Warning: unreachable code after return statement Misc JavaScript technologies overview Execution model Lexical grammar Iteration protocols Strict mode Template literals Trailing commas Deprecated features Your blueprint for a better internet. 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https://dev.to/endykaufman/my-dashboard-kak-ia-prievratil-staryie-android-ustroistva-v-krossplatformiennyie-dashbordy-s-pomoshchiu-ai-1dh9#comments | My Dashboard: как я превратил старые Android-устройства в кроссплатформенные дашборды с помощью AI и типобезопасного fullstack - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. 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Report Abuse ILshat Khamitov Posted on Jan 11 My Dashboard: как я превратил старые Android-устройства в кроссплатформенные дашборды с помощью AI и типобезопасного fullstack # webdev # programming # ai # javascript my-dashboard (2 Part Series) 1 My Dashboard 2 My Dashboard: как я превратил старые Android-устройства в кроссплатформенные дашборды с помощью AI и типобезопасного fullstack Введение У меня дома лежали несколько старых Android-устройств. Рабочие, но без дела. Я задумался: «А что если их использовать как интерактивные дашборды?» — и решил реализовать веб + мобильное приложение , где устройства показывают информацию и позволяют вводить данные. В разработке активно помогал AI-ассистент Qoder , который написал большую часть кода, а я корректировал ошибки и адаптировал под проект. Цель проекта Основная цель: типобезопасный fullstack , где фронт автоматически подтягивает типы с бэка через TypeScript без генерации SDK. Второстепенная цель: кроссплатформенное приложение , где часть кода и логики используется одновременно на вебе и мобильных устройствах. Технологический стек Backend : tRPC + Zod схемы Frontend : AnalogJS + Formly (SSR, генерация форм с серверной валидацией) Mobile : Ionic + Capacitor (поддержка старых Android, интеграция с веб-виджетами) AI : генерация виджетов, форм и части UI (~70% кода) Архитектура и подход Все виджеты используют Zod схемы , которые автоматически подтягиваются на фронт для генерации форм. Формы на фронте получают серверные ошибки валидации прямо в поля формы. Для SSR пришлось решать несколько нестандартных задач: Кэширование между SSR и фронтом иногда срабатывало некорректно → отключил transfer cache . Добавил возможность подмены fetch для передачи куки и токенов авторизации. Частично решены кейсы авторизованных и неавторизованных запросов при SSR. На мобильной части с Capacitor/Ionic столкнулся с: Поддержкой старых Android SDK JS-версией QR-сканеров, так как встроенные не работали Шарингом тем и виджетов между вебом и мобильной частью Что удалось достичь в MVP Минимальный дашборд с несколькими виджетами, полностью кроссплатформенный (веб + мобильное приложение) Настроен CI/CD для деплоя веба и мобильного приложения Частичная поддержка SSR + авторизация Генерация UI и бизнес-логики с помощью AI Быстрое прототипирование MVP всего за 1,5 месяца Выводы и инсайты AI ускоряет разработку : 70% кода было сгенерировано, а я сосредоточился на архитектуре и интеграции. Типобезопасный fullstack работает : фронт подтягивает все типы автоматически, без ручной генерации SDK. Кроссплатформенность возможна , если правильно спроектировать общие виджеты и бизнес-логику. SSR + авторизация — нюансная тема, но с отключением transfer cache и подменой fetch можно решать кейсы авторизации. Ресурсы и ссылки Онлайн версия: https://site15-my-dashboard.vercel.app Репозиторий: https://github.com/site15/my-dashboard Статьи о проекте: Хабр Dev.to my-dashboard (2 Part Series) 1 My Dashboard 2 My Dashboard: как я превратил старые Android-устройства в кроссплатформенные дашборды с помощью AI и типобезопасного fullstack Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse ILshat Khamitov Follow Principal Engineer · Backend Architecture · NestJS Location Ufa, Russia Education Tomsk State University of Control Systems and Radioelectronics Work Software Developer Joined Jul 1, 2019 Trending on DEV Community Hot If a problem can be solved without AI, does AI actually make it better? # ai # architecture # discuss AI should not be in Code Editors # programming # ai # productivity # discuss What was your win this week??? # weeklyretro # discuss 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/t/testing/page/12 | Testing Page 12 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Testing Follow Hide Find those bugs before your users do! 🐛 Create Post Older #testing posts 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu PAGI::Server: Stress-Testing an Async Perl HTTP Server the Hard Way John Napiorkowski John Napiorkowski John Napiorkowski Follow Jan 1 PAGI::Server: Stress-Testing an Async Perl HTTP Server the Hard Way # architecture # backend # testing # performance 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 4 min read Applying API Testing Frameworks with Postman: Real-World Code Examples Christian Dennis HINOJOSA MUCHO Christian Dennis HINOJOSA MUCHO Christian Dennis HINOJOSA MUCHO Follow Dec 3 '25 Applying API Testing Frameworks with Postman: Real-World Code Examples # testing # tutorial # automation # api 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to Build an End‑to‑End LLM Evaluation Pipeline Kuldeep Paul Kuldeep Paul Kuldeep Paul Follow Nov 29 '25 How to Build an End‑to‑End LLM Evaluation Pipeline # testing # machinelearning # llm # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read I spent 18 years breaking software, now I built a tool that does it faster than I ever could Liudas Liudas Liudas Follow Jan 2 I spent 18 years breaking software, now I built a tool that does it faster than I ever could # showdev # testing # automation # api 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Create Reliable Unit Tests with Claude Code Alfredo Perez Alfredo Perez Alfredo Perez Follow Jan 2 Create Reliable Unit Tests with Claude Code # ai # angular # claudecode # testing Comments Add Comment 12 min read Building Bulletproof Data Pipelines: Orchestration, Testing, and Monitoring (Part 3 of 3) Karthikeyan Rajasekaran Karthikeyan Rajasekaran Karthikeyan Rajasekaran Follow Jan 2 Building Bulletproof Data Pipelines: Orchestration, Testing, and Monitoring (Part 3 of 3) # dataengineering # dagster # dataquality # testing Comments Add Comment 9 min read Making Pytest Beautiful: A Complete Guide to Improving Test Output (with Plugins & Examples) Ajit Kumar Ajit Kumar Ajit Kumar Follow Dec 12 '25 Making Pytest Beautiful: A Complete Guide to Improving Test Output (with Plugins & Examples) # pytest # testing # output # formatting 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read TestRail vs TestLink: A Performance and Cost Analysis Sebastian Rodrigo ARCE BRACAMONTE Sebastian Rodrigo ARCE BRACAMONTE Sebastian Rodrigo ARCE BRACAMONTE Follow Dec 2 '25 TestRail vs TestLink: A Performance and Cost Analysis # testing # devops # qa # api 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 8 min read Introducing Automated Testing Late in a Django + DRF Project: Setup, Requirements, and Best Practices - Part-1 Ajit Kumar Ajit Kumar Ajit Kumar Follow Dec 12 '25 Introducing Automated Testing Late in a Django + DRF Project: Setup, Requirements, and Best Practices - Part-1 # django # pytest # drf # testing 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Architecting for Efficiency and Reliability with Performance Testing at Scale Eliana Lam Eliana Lam Eliana Lam Follow Nov 29 '25 Architecting for Efficiency and Reliability with Performance Testing at Scale # testing # architecture # performance # aws Comments Add Comment 1 min read 💥 Break your API before your users do. Automated Network Chaos for CI/CD. Ilya Ploskovitov Ilya Ploskovitov Ilya Ploskovitov Follow Dec 21 '25 💥 Break your API before your users do. Automated Network Chaos for CI/CD. # launch # devops # chaosengineering # testing Comments Add Comment 2 min read Modern React template for 2026 Adrian Sudbury Adrian Sudbury Adrian Sudbury Follow Jan 1 Modern React template for 2026 # testing # typescript # tooling # react 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Announcing Chaos Proxy API: Automate Network Chaos in CI/CD 🚀 Ilya Ploskovitov Ilya Ploskovitov Ilya Ploskovitov Follow Dec 21 '25 Announcing Chaos Proxy API: Automate Network Chaos in CI/CD 🚀 # cicd # automation # api # testing 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to Debug LLM Failures: A Comprehensive Guide for AI Engineers Kuldeep Paul Kuldeep Paul Kuldeep Paul Follow Nov 29 '25 How to Debug LLM Failures: A Comprehensive Guide for AI Engineers # testing # llm # tutorial # ai Comments Add Comment 9 min read V8 Coverage Limitations and How to Work Around Them Steve Zhang Steve Zhang Steve Zhang Follow Jan 1 V8 Coverage Limitations and How to Work Around Them # nextjs # testing # react # playwright Comments Add Comment 5 min read Se faire du pied… Sans se marcher sur les pieds : convergence entre test et accessibilité Henri Gauffriau Henri Gauffriau Henri Gauffriau Follow for Onepoint Dec 21 '25 Se faire du pied… Sans se marcher sur les pieds : convergence entre test et accessibilité # a11y # qa # testing 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read 8 Simple Tips For Testing Payment Gateway Integrations uma victor uma victor uma victor Follow for Flutterwave Engineering Nov 28 '25 8 Simple Tips For Testing Payment Gateway Integrations # fintech # payment # testing # flutterwave 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read Maestro on Real iOS Devices: Working Guide Om Narayan Om Narayan Om Narayan Follow Dec 22 '25 Maestro on Real iOS Devices: Working Guide # ios # testing # mobile # automation Comments Add Comment 4 min read nextcov - Collecting Test Coverage for Next.js Server Components Steve Zhang Steve Zhang Steve Zhang Follow Jan 1 nextcov - Collecting Test Coverage for Next.js Server Components # nextjs # playwright # react # testing 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 5 min read Stop Shipping "Zombie Tests": Introducing Project Vandal v0.2.0 Dhiraj Das Dhiraj Das Dhiraj Das Follow Dec 21 '25 Stop Shipping "Zombie Tests": Introducing Project Vandal v0.2.0 # python # automation # testing 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Automated Testing using MCP & AI Agents Eliana Lam Eliana Lam Eliana Lam Follow Nov 27 '25 Automated Testing using MCP & AI Agents # testing # automation # ai # aws 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 4 min read Snap-Test.in Is Live! A Simple & Powerful Fake API Service for Developers Sagar Kapase Sagar Kapase Sagar Kapase Follow Nov 27 '25 Snap-Test.in Is Live! A Simple & Powerful Fake API Service for Developers # showdev # frontend # testing # api Comments Add Comment 1 min read Black Friday: Why load testing is a must (and how Gatling helps) Gatling.io Gatling.io Gatling.io Follow Nov 28 '25 Black Friday: Why load testing is a must (and how Gatling helps) # devops # testing # performance Comments Add Comment 8 min read 🚀 22s to 4s: How AI Fixed Our Vitest Performance 56kode 56kode 56kode Follow Nov 26 '25 🚀 22s to 4s: How AI Fixed Our Vitest Performance # testing # react # ci # vitest Comments Add Comment 2 min read Optimizing CI/CD Pipelines on AWS: From 45 Minutes to Under 15 Maureen Chebet Maureen Chebet Maureen Chebet Follow Nov 26 '25 Optimizing CI/CD Pipelines on AWS: From 45 Minutes to Under 15 # cicd # optimization # testing # performance Comments Add Comment 11 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/sagarparmarr/genx-from-childhood-flipbooks-to-premium-scroll-animation-1j4#the-plot-twist-idle-repaints-battery-vampires | GenX: From Childhood Flipbooks to Premium Scroll Animation - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Sagar Posted on Jan 13 • Originally published at sagarparmarr.hashnode.dev GenX: From Childhood Flipbooks to Premium Scroll Animation # webdev # performance # animation Build buttery-smooth, Apple-style image sequence animations on canvas + the tiny redraw hack that saves up to 80% GPU/battery power Hey there, fellow web dev enthusiasts! 🖐️ Remember those childhood flipbooks where you'd scribble a stick figure on the corner of your notebook pages, flip through them furiously, and suddenly – bam – your doodle was dancing? That's the nostalgic spark behind one of the coolest tricks in modern web design: image sequence animations . You've seen them on slick landing pages – those buttery-smooth, scroll-driven "videos" that feel alive as you navigate the site. But here's the plot twist: they're not videos at all . They're just a clever stack of images, orchestrated like a symphony on a <canvas> element. In this post, we're diving into how these animations work, why they're a game-changer for interactive storytelling, and – drumroll please 🥁 – a tiny optimization that stops your user's device from chugging power like it's training for a marathon. Let's flip the page and get started! ✨ Classic flipbook magic – the inspiration behind modern web wizardry Quick access (want to play right away?) → Live Demo → Full source code on GitHub Now let's get into how this magic actually works... Chapter 1: The Flipbook Reborn – What Is Image Sequence Animation? Picture this: You're on a high-end e-commerce site, scrolling down a product page. As your finger glides, a 3D model spins seamlessly, or a background scene morphs from day to night. It looks like high-def video, but peek at the network tab – no MP4 in sight . Instead, it's a barrage of optimized images (usually 100–200 WebP files) doing the heavy lifting. At its core, image sequence animation is digital flipbook wizardry : Export a video/animation as individual frames Preload them into memory as HTMLImageElement objects Drive playback with scroll position (0% = frame 1, 100% = last frame) Render the right frame on <canvas> Why choose this over <video> ? 🎮 Total control — perfect sync with scroll, hover, etc. ⚡ Lightweight hosting — images cache beautifully on CDNs, compress with WebP/AVIF 😅 No encoding drama — skip codecs, bitrates, and cross-browser video nightmares But every hero has a weakness: lots of network requests + heavy repainting = GPU sweat & battery drain on big/retina screens. We'll fix that soon. Smooth scroll-triggered image sequence in action Chapter 2: Behind the Curtain – How the Magic Happens (With Code!) Here's the typical flow in a React-ish world (pseudocode – adapt to vanilla/Vue/Svelte/whatever you love): // React-style pseudocode – hook it up to your scroll listener! const FRAME_COUNT = 192 ; // Your total frames const targetFrameRef = useRef ( 0 ); // Scroll-driven goal const currentFrameRef = useRef ( 0 ); // Current position const rafRef = useRef < number | null > ( null ); // Update target on scroll (progress: 0-1) function onScrollChange ( progress : number ) { const nextTarget = Math . round ( progress * ( FRAME_COUNT - 1 )); targetFrameRef . current = Math . clamp ( nextTarget , 0 , FRAME_COUNT - 1 ); // Assuming a clamp util } // The animation loop: Lerp and draw useEffect (() => { const tick = () => { const curr = currentFrameRef . current ; const target = targetFrameRef . current ; const diff = target - curr ; const step = Math . abs ( diff ) < 0.001 ? 0 : diff * 0.2 ; // Close the gap by 20% each frame const next = step === 0 ? target : curr + step ; currentFrameRef . current = next ; drawFrame ( Math . round ( next )); // Render the frame rafRef . current = requestAnimationFrame ( tick ); }; rafRef . current = requestAnimationFrame ( tick ); return () => { if ( rafRef . current ) cancelAnimationFrame ( rafRef . current ); }; }, []); function drawFrame ( index : number ) { const ctx = canvasRef . current ?. getContext ( ' 2d ' ); if ( ! ctx ) return ; // Clear, fill background, and draw image with contain-fit const img = preloadedImages [ index ]; ctx . clearRect ( 0 , 0 , canvas . width , canvas . height ); // ...aspect ratio calculations and drawImage() here... } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Elegant, right? But here's the villain... The Plot Twist: Idle Repaints = Battery Vampires 🧛♂️ When users pause to read copy or admire the product, that requestAnimationFrame loop keeps churning 60 times per second … redrawing the exact same frame over and over. On high-DPI/4K retina screens? → Massive canvas clears → Repeated image scaling & smoothing → Constant GPU compositing The result: laptop fans kick into overdrive, the device heats up, and battery life tanks fast. I've seen (and measured) this in real projects — idle GPU/CPU spikes that turn a "premium" experience into a power hog. Time for the hero upgrade! Here are real before/after screenshots from my own testing using Chrome DevTools with Frame Rendering Stats enabled (GPU memory + frame rate overlay visible): Before: ~15.6 MB GPU idle After: ~2.4 MB GPU idle Before Optimization After Optimization Idle state with constant repaints – 15.6 MB GPU memory used Idle state post-hack – only 2.4 MB GPU memory used See the difference? Before : ~15.6 MB GPU memory in idle → heavy, wasteful repainting After : ~2.4 MB GPU memory → zen-like efficiency This tiny check eliminates redundant drawImage() calls and can drop idle GPU usage by up to 80% in heavy canvas scenarios (your mileage may vary based on resolution, DPR, and image size). Pro tip: Enable Paint flashing (green highlights) + Frame Rendering Stats in DevTools → scroll a bit, then pause. Watch the green flashes disappear and GPU stats stabilize after applying the fix. Battery saved = happier users + longer sessions 🌍⚡ Chapter 3: The Hero's Hack – Redraw Only When It Matters Super simple fix: track the last drawn frame index and skip drawImage() if nothing changed. useEffect (() => { let prevFrameIndex = Math . round ( currentFrameRef . current ); const tick = () => { // ... same lerp logic ... currentFrameRef . current = next ; const nextFrameIndex = Math . round ( next ); // ★ The magic line ★ if ( nextFrameIndex !== prevFrameIndex ) { drawFrame ( nextFrameIndex ); prevFrameIndex = nextFrameIndex ; } rafRef . current = requestAnimationFrame ( tick ); }; rafRef . current = requestAnimationFrame ( tick ); return () => cancelAnimationFrame ( rafRef . current ! ); }, []); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Why this feels like a superpower Scrolling → still buttery-smooth (draws only when needed) Idle → zen mode (just cheap math, no GPU pain) Real-world wins → up to 80% less idle GPU usage in my tests Pro tip: Use Paint Flashing + Performance tab in DevTools to see the difference yourself. Try it yourself! Here's a minimal, production-ready demo you can fork and play with: → Live Demo → Full source code on GitHub Extra Twists: Level Up Your Animation Game ⚙️ DPR Clamp → cap devicePixelRatio at 2 🖼️ Smart contain-fit drawing (calculate once) 🚀 WebP/AVIF + CDN caching 👀 IntersectionObserver + document.hidden → pause when out of view 🔼 Smart preloading → prioritize first visible frames The Grand Finale: Flipbooks for the Future Image sequence animations are the unsung heroes of immersive web experiences – turning static pages into interactive stories without video baggage . With this tiny redraw check, you're building cool and efficient experiences. Your users (and their batteries) will thank you. Got questions, your own hacks, or want to share a project? Drop them in the comments – let's geek out together! 🚀 Happy coding & happy low-power animating! ⚡ Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Sagar Follow Joined Mar 28, 2024 Trending on DEV Community Hot Prompt Engineering Won’t Fix Your Architecture # discuss # career # ai # programming What was your win this week??? # weeklyretro # discuss Inside the SQLite Frontend: Tokenizer, Parser, and Code Generator # webdev # programming # database # architecture 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/datalaria/proyecto-weather-service-parte-2-construyendo-el-frontend-interactivo-con-github-pages-o-netlify-3oc0#4-mostrar-predicciones-de-ia | Proyecto Weather Service (Parte 2): Construyendo el Frontend Interactivo con GitHub Pages o Netlify y JavaScript - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Daniel for Datalaria Posted on Jan 13 • Originally published at datalaria.com Proyecto Weather Service (Parte 2): Construyendo el Frontend Interactivo con GitHub Pages o Netlify y JavaScript # frontend # javascript # spanish # tutorial En la primera parte de esta serie , sentamos las bases de nuestro servicio meteorológico global. Construimos un script de Python para obtener datos del clima de OpenWeatherMap, los almacenamos eficientemente en ficheros CSV separados por ciudad y automatizamos todo el proceso de recolección utilizando GitHub Actions. Nuestro "robot" está diligentemente recopilando datos 24/7. Pero, ¿de qué sirven los datos si no puedes verlos? Hoy, cambiamos nuestro enfoque al frontend : la construcción de un dashboard interactivo y fácil de usar que permita a cualquiera explorar los datos meteorológicos que hemos recopilado. Aprovecharemos el poder del alojamiento de sitios estáticos con GitHub Pages o Netlify , utilizaremos JavaScript "vainilla" para darle vida y nos apoyaremos en algunas excelentes librerías para el manejo y la visualización de datos. ¡Hagamos que nuestros datos brillen! Alojamiento Web Gratuito: GitHub Pages vs. Netlify El primer obstáculo para cualquier proyecto web es el alojamiento. Los servidores tradicionales pueden ser costosos y complejos de gestionar. Siguiendo nuestra filosofía "serverless y gratis", tanto GitHub Pages como Netlify son soluciones perfectas para alojar sitios web estáticos directamente desde tu repositorio de GitHub. Opción 1: GitHub Pages Permite alojar sitios web estáticos directamente desde tu repositorio de GitHub. La activación es trivial: Ve a Settings > Pages en tu repositorio. Selecciona tu rama main (o la rama que contenga tu contenido web) como fuente. Elige la carpeta /root (o una carpeta /docs si lo prefieres) como la ubicación de tus archivos web. Haz clic en Save . Y así, tu archivo index.html (y cualquier recurso vinculado) se vuelve accesible públicamente en una URL como https://tu-usuario.github.io/tu-nombre-de-repositorio/ . ¡Sencillo, efectivo y gratuito! 🚀 Opción 2: Netlify (¡la elección final para este proyecto!) Para este proyecto, finalmente he optado por Netlify por su flexibilidad, la facilidad para gestionar dominios personalizados y su integración con el despliegue continuo. Además, me permite alojar el proyecto directamente bajo mi dominio de Datalaria ( https://datalaria.com/apps/weather/ ). Pasos para desplegar en Netlify: Conectar tu Repositorio : Inicia sesión en Netlify. Haz clic en "Add new site" y luego en "Import an existing project". Conecta tu cuenta de GitHub y selecciona el repositorio de tu proyecto Weather Service. Configuración de Despliegue : Owner : Tu cuenta de GitHub. Branch to deploy : main (o la rama donde tengas tu código frontend). Base directory : Deja esto vacío si tu index.html y assets están en la raíz del repositorio, o especifica una subcarpeta si es el caso (ej., /frontend ). Build command : Déjalo vacío, ya que nuestro frontend es puramente estático sin necesidad de un paso de build (sin frameworks como React/Vue). Publish directory : . (o la subcarpeta que contenga tus archivos estáticos, ej., /frontend ). Desplegar Sitio : Haz clic en "Deploy site". Netlify tomará tu repositorio, lo desplegará y te proporcionará una URL aleatoria. Dominio Personalizado (Opcional pero recomendado) : Para usar un dominio como datalaria.com/apps/weather/ : Ve a Site settings > Domain management > Domains > Add a custom domain . Sigue los pasos para añadir tu dominio y configurarlo con los DNS de tu proveedor (añadiendo registros CNAME o A ). Para la ruta específica ( /apps/weather/ ), necesitarás configurar una "subcarpeta" o "base URL" en tu aplicación si no está directamente en la raíz del dominio. En este caso, nuestro index.html está diseñado para ser servido desde una subruta. Netlify gestiona esto de forma transparente una vez que el sitio está desplegado y tu dominio configurado. ¡Así de sencillo! Cada git push a tu rama configurada activará un nuevo despliegue en Netlify, manteniendo tu dashboard siempre actualizado. La Pila Tecnológica del Frontend: HTML, CSS y JavaScript (con una pequeña ayuda) Para este dashboard, opté por un enfoque ligero: HTML puro para la estructura, un poco de CSS para los estilos y JavaScript "vainilla" (sin frameworks complejos) para la interactividad. Para manejar tareas específicas, incorporé dos librerías fantásticas: PapaParse.js : El mejor parser de CSV del lado del cliente para el navegador. Es el puente entre nuestros archivos CSV en bruto y las estructuras de datos de JavaScript que necesitamos para la visualización. Chart.js : Una potente y flexible librería de gráficos JavaScript que facilita enormemente la creación de gráficos bonitos, responsivos e interactivos. La Lógica del Dashboard: Dando Vida a los Datos en index.html Nuestro index.html actúa como el lienzo principal, orquestando la obtención, el parseo y la representación de los datos meteorológicos. 1. Carga Dinámica de Ciudades En lugar de codificar una lista de ciudades, queremos que nuestro dashboard se actualice automáticamente si añadimos nuevas ciudades en el backend. Lo logramos obteniendo un simple archivo ciudades.txt (que contiene un nombre de ciudad por línea) y poblando dinámicamente un elemento desplegable <select> utilizando la API fetch de JavaScript. const citySelector = document . getElementById ( ' citySelector ' ); let myChart = null ; // Variable global para almacenar la instancia de Chart.js async function cargarListaCiudades () { try { const response = await fetch ( ' ciudades.txt ' ); const text = await response . text (); // Filtramos las líneas vacías del archivo de texto const ciudades = text . split ( ' \n ' ). filter ( line => line . trim () !== '' ); ciudades . forEach ( ciudad => { const option = document . createElement ( ' option ' ); option . value = ciudad ; option . textContent = ciudad ; citySelector . appendChild ( option ); }); // Cargamos la primera ciudad por defecto al inicio de la página if ( ciudades . length > 0 ) { cargarYDibujarDatos ( ciudades [ 0 ]); } } catch ( error ) { console . error ( ' Error cargando la lista de ciudades: ' , error ); // Opcional: Mostrar un mensaje de error amigable al usuario } } // Disparamos la carga de ciudades cuando el DOM esté completamente cargado document . addEventListener ( ' DOMContentLoaded ' , cargarListaCiudades ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Reacción a la Selección del Usuario Cuando un usuario selecciona una ciudad del desplegable, necesitamos responder de inmediato. Un addEventListener en el elemento <select> detecta el evento change y llama a nuestra función principal para obtener y dibujar los datos de la ciudad recién seleccionada. citySelector . addEventListener ( ' change ' , ( event ) => { const ciudadSeleccionada = event . target . value ; cargarYDibujarDatos ( ciudadSeleccionada ); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3. Obtención, Parseo y Dibujado de Datos Esta es la función central donde todo cobra vida. Es responsable de: Construir la URL para el archivo CSV específico de la ciudad (ej., datos/León.csv ). Utilizar Papa.parse para descargar y procesar el contenido del CSV directamente en el navegador. PapaParse maneja la obtención y el parseo asíncronos, lo que lo hace increíblemente fácil. Extraer las etiquetas (fechas) y los datos (temperaturas) relevantes del CSV parseado para Chart.js. ¡Crucial! : Antes de dibujar un nuevo gráfico, debemos destruir la instancia anterior de Chart.js ( if (myChart) { myChart.destroy(); } ). ¡Olvidar este paso lleva a gráficos superpuestos y problemas de rendimiento! 💥 Crear una nueva instancia de Chart() con los datos actualizados. Adicionalmente, llama a una función para cargar y mostrar la predicción de IA para esa ciudad, integrándola sin problemas en el dashboard. function cargarYDibujarDatos ( ciudad ) { const csvUrl = `datos/ ${ ciudad } .csv` ; // Nota la carpeta 'datos/' de la Parte 1 const ctx = document . getElementById ( ' weatherChart ' ). getContext ( ' 2d ' ); Papa . parse ( csvUrl , { download : true , // Indica a PapaParse que descargue el archivo header : true , // Trata la primera fila como encabezados skipEmptyLines : true , complete : function ( results ) { const datosClimaticos = results . data ; // Extraer etiquetas (fechas) y datos (temperaturas) const etiquetas = datosClimaticos . map ( fila => fila . fecha_hora . split ( ' ' )[ 0 ]); // Extraer solo la fecha const tempMax = datosClimaticos . map ( fila => parseFloat ( fila . temp_max_c )); const tempMin = datosClimaticos . map ( fila => parseFloat ( fila . temp_min_c )); // Destruir la instancia de gráfico anterior si existe para evitar superposiciones if ( myChart ) { myChart . destroy (); } // Crear una nueva instancia de Chart.js myChart = new Chart ( ctx , { type : ' line ' , data : { labels : etiquetas , datasets : [{ label : `Temp Máx (°C) - ${ ciudad } ` , data : tempMax , borderColor : ' rgb(255, 99, 132) ' , tension : 0.1 }, { label : `Temp Mín (°C) - ${ ciudad } ` , data : tempMin , borderColor : ' rgb(54, 162, 235) ' , tension : 0.1 }] }, options : { // Opciones del gráfico para responsividad, título, etc. responsive : true , maintainAspectRatio : false , scales : { y : { beginAtZero : false } }, plugins : { legend : { position : ' top ' }, title : { display : true , text : `Datos Históricos del Clima para ${ ciudad } ` } } } }); // Cargar y mostrar la predicción de IA cargarPrediccion ( ciudad ); }, error : function ( err , file ) { console . error ( " Error al parsear el CSV: " , err , file ); // Opcional: mostrar un mensaje de error amigable en el dashboard if ( myChart ) { myChart . destroy (); } // Limpiar gráfico si falla la carga } }); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 4. Mostrar Predicciones de IA La integración de las predicciones de IA (en las que profundizaremos en la Parte 3) también se gestiona desde el frontend. El backend genera un archivo predicciones.json , y nuestro JavaScript simplemente obtiene este JSON, encuentra la predicción para la ciudad seleccionada y la muestra. async function cargarPrediccion ( ciudad ) { const predictionElement = document . getElementById ( ' prediction ' ); try { const response = await fetch ( ' predicciones.json ' ); const predicciones = await response . json (); if ( predicciones && predicciones [ ciudad ]) { predictionElement . textContent = `Predicción de Temp. Máx. para mañana: ${ predicciones [ ciudad ]. toFixed ( 1 )} °C` ; } else { predictionElement . textContent = ' Predicción no disponible. ' ; } } catch ( error ) { console . error ( ' Error cargando predicciones: ' , error ); predictionElement . textContent = ' Error al cargar la predicción. ' ; } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Conclusión (Parte 2) ¡Hemos transformado los datos en bruto en una experiencia atractiva e interactiva! Al combinar el alojamiento estático de GitHub Pages o Netlify, JavaScript "vainilla" para la lógica, PapaParse.js para el manejo de CSV y Chart.js para visualizaciones hermosas, hemos construido un frontend potente que es a la vez gratuito y muy efectivo. El dashboard ahora proporciona información inmediata sobre los patrones climáticos históricos de cualquier ciudad seleccionada. Pero, ¿qué pasa con el futuro? En la tercera y última parte de esta serie , nos adentraremos en el emocionante mundo del Machine Learning para añadir una capa predictiva a nuestro servicio. Exploraremos cómo usar datos históricos para pronosticar el tiempo de mañana, convirtiendo nuestro servicio en un verdadero "oráculo" meteorológico. ¡No te lo pierdas! Referencias y Enlaces de Interés: Servicio Web Completo : Puedes ver el resultado final de este proyecto en acción aquí: https://datalaria.com/apps/weather/ Repositorio GitHub del Proyecto : Explora el código fuente y la estructura del proyecto en mi repositorio: https://github.com/Dalaez/app_weather PapaParse.js : Parser de CSV rápido en el navegador para JavaScript: https://www.papaparse.com/ Chart.js : Gráficos JavaScript simples pero flexibles para diseñadores y desarrolladores: https://www.chartjs.org/ GitHub Pages : Documentación oficial sobre cómo alojar tus sitios: https://docs.github.com/es/pages Netlify : Página oficial de Netlify: https://www.netlify.com/ Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Datalaria Follow More from Datalaria Weather Service Project (Part 2): Building the Interactive Frontend with GitHub Pages or Netlify and JavaScript # frontend # javascript # tutorial # webdev Weather Service Project (Part 1): Building the Data Collector with Python and GitHub Actions or Netlify # api # automation # python # tutorial Proyecto Weather Service (Parte 1): Construyendo el Recolector de Datos con Python y GitHub Actions o Netlify # dataengineering # python # spanish # tutorial 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://maker.forem.com/messin_tom/interactive-led-chaser-with-555-timer-cd4017-diy-guide-18e2#comments | Interactive LED Chaser with 555 Timer & CD4017 DIY Guide - Maker Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Maker Forem Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Messin Posted on Dec 28, 2025 Interactive LED Chaser with 555 Timer & CD4017 DIY Guide # tutorial # diy # beginners Build an engaging LED chaser using a 555 timer oscillator and CD4017 decade counter — perfect for beginners, decorations, and electronics learning. Bring LEDs to Life: Build a 555 Timer & CD4017 LED Chaser Have you ever wanted to create eye-catching lighting patterns without writing a single line of code? This LED chaser circuit uses the classic 555 timer IC and a CD4017 decade counter to produce a smooth, sequential lighting effect that’s perfect for DIY displays, home decor, or learning core electronics principles. With just a handful of components and a breadboard, you can bring dynamic running lights to life. 🔌 What You’ll Build An LED chaser (or running lights) where each LED lights up one after the other in a repeating sequence — similar to marquee lights or equalizer visualizers. This effect is generated by combining: A 555 timer functioning as a pulse generator (clock). A CD4017 decade counter that advances its output with each pulse. 🧰 Required Components NE555 Timer IC — The heart of your clock source CD4017 Decade Counter IC — Generates sequenced outputs 10 LEDs — Visual output for the chaser Resistors — 1×1 kΩ, and one current-limiting resistor per LED 50 kΩ Potentiometer — Controls the chase speed Capacitors — 10 µF timing cap + 0.1 µF decoupling cap 9 V Battery or DC supply (5–12 V range) Breadboard + Jumper wires This minimal component list makes it ideal for beginners and hobbyists alike. 🧠 How It Works 1. 555 Timer as Clock Oscillator The 555 timer is configured in astable mode, meaning it continuously oscillates between HIGH and LOW states, producing a train of square wave pulses. These pulses act as the clock signal for the CD4017. The potentiometer and timing capacitor control the frequency — turn the knob to speed up or slow down the LED chase effect. 2. CD4017 Decade Counter Logic The CD4017 is a 10-stage counter with outputs labeled Q0 through Q9. Each rising edge of the clock advances the counter, turning only one output HIGH at a time. By connecting each output to one LED (with current-limiting resistors), you create a sequential lighting pattern: LED 1 → LED 2 → … → LED 10 → back to LED 1, looping indefinitely. 🛠 Circuit Assembly (Step-by-Step) Power Rails: Connect your 9 V battery’s +ve to the breadboard’s power rail and −ve to ground. Place the 555: Align Pin 1 in the ground rail and Pin 8 to +ve. Timing Components: Add the 1 kΩ resistor, potentiometer, and 10 µF capacitor around the 555 to set the clock frequency. Hook Up CD4017: Insert the CD4017 and tie its Pin 14 (clock) to the 555 timer’s output (Pin 3). LED Array: Connect each CD4017 output (Q0–Q9) to an LED → resistor → ground line. Stabilize Power: Add a 0.1 µF decoupling capacitor across the power rails near the ICs. Double-Check: Inspect all connections before powering up. 💡 Observing the Chaser Effect Once powered, you’ll see the LEDs light up one after another in a rhythmic chase. Turn the potentiometer to adjust how fast the sequence advances — from slow waves to rapid bursts — all driven by the 555’s clock pulses. ✨ Expand & Customize Once you master the basic LED chaser, you can take it further: Cascading counters for 20+ LEDs Bidirectional chasing Multi-color RGB versions Music-responsive chasing effects by adding audio triggers 🎯 Summary This LED Chaser Circuit with 555 Timer IC is more than just a fun decoration — it’s a hands-on way to explore timing circuits, digital counters, and real-time signal control. With under a dozen parts and basic tools, you’ll build something visually striking and educational. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Messin Follow Circuit Digest - Electronics Engineering News, Latest Products, Articles and Projects visit https://circuitdigest.com/ Location India Joined Jul 2, 2025 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Maker Forem — A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. 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https://future.forem.com/t/news/page/9 | News Page 9 - Future Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Future Close News Follow Hide Expect to see announcements of new and updated products, services, and features for languages & frameworks. You also will find high-level news relevant to the tech and software development industry covered here. Create Post submission guidelines When to use this tag : new service or product launched service, product, framework, library or language itself got updated (brief summary must be included as well as the source) covering broader tech industry/development news When NOT to use this tag : general news from media to promote people political posts to talk about personal goals (for example "I started to meditate every morning to increase my productivity" is nothing for this tag). about #news Use this tag to announce new products, services, or tools recently launched or updated. Notable changes in frameworks, libraries, or languages are ideal to cover. General tech industry news with a software development slant is also acceptable. This tag is not to be used for promotion of people, personal goals, or news unrelated to software development. Older #news posts 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Future — News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Future © 2025 - 2026. Stay on the cutting edge, and shape tomorrow Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
https://dev.to/toriseidenstein/i-built-an-agent-that-turns-customer-calls-into-linear-tickets-39mc | I built an agent that turns customer calls into Linear tickets - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Tori Posted on Jan 12 I built an agent that turns customer calls into Linear tickets # ai # aiops # tutorial # programming The goal: get more ideas into production faster We’re a small startup, and spend lots of time on video calls with users. We faced a problem that after calls ended, those good ideas would often drop, especially lots of small product improvements that would add up to level-up the product. What we built We created an agent that reviews customer call recordings and automatically creates Linear tickets with the implementations for the suggested new features. The outcome: In the first week, the agent implemented 3 small feature improvements for us. The implementation: At a high level, the agent is defined with a prompt and a set of MCP tools. You are a product intelligence agent that analyzes customer calls to identify actionable insights. You have access to Fathom (call recordings), Linear (issue tracking), and Slack through the MCP server. You also have access to the local codebase at ${config.platformCodebasePath} to validate and find concrete solutions. Your workflow: 1. Fetch and analyze customer call data from Fathom 2. Identify bugs and small improvements from conversations 3. Scan the codebase to validate issues and find concrete solutions 4. Create Linear tickets ONLY for high-certainty, actionable items (prefix all titles with "[AGENT]" and tag with "agent" label) 5. Notify the team via Slack with updates ... Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode What made the agent effective A few details mattered a lot: Being conservative: If the agent is noisy, we'd disregard it's output. So we say Be SELECTIVE. It's better to create 0 tickets than to create tickets for vague or uncertain issues. Codebase access We check out the repo via a GitHub Action so the agent can grep, inspect files, and validate feasibility. The ticket contains the proposed code implementation (and in a next step, we can go all the way to opening the PR for the new feature). Strict ticket norms The agent follows our existing Linear conventions. Create a Linear ticket with title prefixed with "[AGENT]". Put the ticket in the "Engineering" team. Set status to "Triage". Add labels: "Agent" (always), plus "Bug" or "Feature" as appropriate. Duplicate prevention Before creating a ticket, the agent checks for similar existing issues to avoid noise. Want to try it? If you want to create your own agent, our platform Tadata offers a free tier where you can grab MCP connectors, and create agents customized to your team's specific needs. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Tori Follow Joined Mar 27, 2025 Trending on DEV Community Hot How to Crack Any Software Developer Interview in 2026 (Updated for AI & Modern Hiring) # softwareengineering # programming # career # interview I Am 38, I Am a Nurse, and I Have Always Wanted to Learn Coding # career # learning # beginners # coding 🌠Beginner-Friendly Guide 'Smallest Subtree with all the Deepest Nodes' – LeetCode 865 (C++, Python, JavaScript) # programming # cpp # python # javascript 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/mohammadidrees/how-to-question-any-system-design-problem-with-live-interview-walkthrough-2cd4#what-youre-really-asking | How to Question Any System Design Problem (With Live Interview Walkthrough) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Mohammad-Idrees Posted on Jan 13 How to Question Any System Design Problem (With Live Interview Walkthrough) # systemdesign # interview # architecture # career Thinking in First Principles: Most system design interview failures are not caused by missing knowledge of tools. They are caused by missing questions . Strong candidates do not start by designing systems. They start by interrogating the problem . This post teaches you: How to question a system from first principles How to apply that questioning live in an interview What mistakes candidates commonly make A printable one-page checklist you can memorize and reuse No prior system design experience required. What “First Principles” Means in System Design First principles means reducing a problem to fundamental truths that must always hold , regardless of: Programming language Framework Infrastructure Scale Every system—chat apps, payment systems, video processing pipelines—must answer the same core questions about: State Time Failure Order Scale If a design cannot answer one of these, it is incomplete. The 5-Step First-Principles Questioning Framework You will apply these questions in order . State – Where does information live? When is it durable? Time – How long does each step take? Failure – What breaks independently? Order – What defines correct sequence? Scale – What grows fastest under load? This is not a checklist you recite. It is a thinking sequence . Let’s walk through each one. 1. State — Where Does It Live? When Is It Durable? The Question Where does the system’s information exist, and when is it safe from loss? This is always the first question because nothing else matters if data disappears. What You’re Really Asking Is data stored in memory or persisted? What survives a crash or restart? What is the source of truth? Example Case Imagine a system that accepts user requests and processes them later. If the request only lives in memory: A restart loses it A crash loses it Another instance can’t see it You have discovered a correctness problem , not a performance one. Key Insight If state only exists in a running process, it does not exist. 2. Time — How Long Does Each Step Take? Once state exists, time becomes unavoidable. The Question Which steps are fast, and which are slow? You are comparing orders of magnitude , not exact numbers. What You’re Really Asking Is there long-running work? Does the user wait for it? Is fast work blocked by slow work? Example Case A system: Accepts a request (milliseconds) Performs heavy processing (seconds) If the request waits for processing: Latency is dominated by the slowest step Throughput collapses under load Key Insight The slowest step defines the user experience. 3. Failure — What Breaks Independently? Now assume something goes wrong. It always will. The Question Which parts of the system can fail without the others failing? What You’re Really Asking What if the system crashes mid-operation? What if work is retried? Can the same work run twice? Example Case If work can be retried: It may run twice Side effects may duplicate State may become inconsistent This is not a bug. It is the default behavior of distributed systems. Key Insight Distributed systems fail partially, not cleanly. 4. Order — What Defines Correct Sequence? Ordering issues appear only after state, time, and failure are considered. The Question Does correctness depend on the order of operations? What You’re Really Asking Does arrival order equal processing order? Can later work finish earlier? Does that matter? Example Case Two requests arrive: A then B If B completes before A: Is the system still correct? If the answer is “no,” order must be explicitly enforced. Key Insight If order matters, it must be designed—not assumed. 5. Scale — What Grows Fastest? Only now do we talk about scale. The Question As usage increases, which dimension grows fastest? What You’re Really Asking Requests? Stored data? Concurrent operations? Waiting work? Example Case If each request waits on slow work: Concurrent waiting grows with latency Resources exhaust quickly Key Insight Systems fail at the fastest-growing dimension. Live Mock Interview Case Study (Detailed) Interviewer “Design a system where users submit tasks and receive results later.” Candidate (Correct Approach) Candidate: Before designing, I’d like to understand what state the system must preserve. Step 1: State Candidate: We must store: The user’s request The result A way to associate them This state must survive crashes, so it needs to be persisted. Interviewer: Good. Continue. Step 2: Time Candidate: Submitting a request is likely fast. Producing a result could be slow. If we make users wait for result generation, latency will be high and throughput limited. So the system likely separates request acceptance from processing. Step 3: Failure Candidate: Now I’ll assume failures. If processing crashes mid-way: The request still exists Processing may retry That means the same task could execute twice. So we must consider whether duplicate execution is safe. Step 4: Order Candidate: If users submit multiple tasks: Does order matter? If yes: Arrival order ≠ completion order We need to explicitly preserve sequence If no: Tasks can be processed independently Step 5: Scale Candidate: Under load, the fastest-growing dimension is: Pending background work If processing is slow, the backlog grows quickly. So the system must degrade gracefully under that pressure. Interviewer Assessment The candidate: Asked structured questions Identified real failure modes Avoided premature tools Demonstrated systems thinking No tools were required to pass this interview. Common Mistakes Candidates Make 1. Jumping to Solutions ❌ “We’ll use Kafka” ✅ “What happens if work runs twice?” 2. Treating State as Implementation Detail ❌ “We’ll store it somewhere” ✅ “What must never be lost?” 3. Ignoring Failure ❌ “Retries should work” ✅ “What if retries duplicate effects?” 4. Assuming Order ❌ “Requests are processed in order” ✅ “What enforces that order?” 5. Talking About Scale Too Early ❌ “Millions of users” ✅ “Which dimension explodes first?” Printable One-Page Interview Checklist You can print or memorize this. First-Principles System Design Checklist Ask these in order: State What information must exist? Where does it live? When is it durable? Time Which steps are fast? Which are slow? Does slow work block fast work? Failure What can fail independently? Can work be retried? What happens if it runs twice? Order Does correctness depend on sequence? Is arrival order preserved? What enforces ordering? Scale What grows fastest? How does the system fail under load? Final Mental Model Great system design is not about building systems. It is about exposing hidden assumptions. This framework helps you do that—calmly, systematically, and convincingly. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Mohammad-Idrees Follow Joined Mar 16, 2023 More from Mohammad-Idrees Contrast sync vs async failure classes using first principles # architecture # computerscience # systemdesign Applying First-Principles Questioning to a Real Company Interview Question # career # interview # systemdesign Thinking in First Principles: How to Question an Async Queue–Based Design # architecture # interview # learning # systemdesign 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
https://docs.suprsend.com/docs/preferences | User Preferences - SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams Skip to main content SuprSend, Notification infrastructure for Product teams home page Search... ⌘ K Community Trust Center Platform Status Postman Collection GETTING STARTED What is SuprSend? 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Navigation Preferences User Preferences Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Documentation API Reference Management API CLI Reference Developer Resources Changelog Preferences User Preferences OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Learn how user preferences work in SuprSend and how to capture them. OpenAI Open in ChatGPT Before you start: Make sure you’ve set up notification categories first. See Manage Categories and Preferences for step-by-step instructions. Preferences let users control which notifications they receive. Instead of an all-or-nothing approach, users can opt out of specific categories, choose preferred channels, and set notification frequency. This granular control reduces the chance that users disable all notifications from your platform. In SuprSend, you can use ready-made UI and APIs to manage multi-tenant preference use cases. This includes letting admins set preferences for internal teams and handle notifications for enterprise customers, where companies, customers, and end users have distinct preferences. How It Works Preferences are evaluated in priority order: User Preference → Tenant Default → Category Default Three Levels of Control Global channel opt-outs, category preferences, and channel opt-outs within categories What are user preferences? Preferences only work with sub-categories: User preferences apply to sub-categories you create, not root-categories (System, Transactional, Promotional). Use sub-category slugs in workflows for preferences to work. Each user has a preference set that controls which notifications they receive. A preference set has three levels of control: channel_preferences — Global channel opt-outs (e.g., opt out of all email) categories — Category-level preferences (opt in/out of all channels of a notification type) opt_out_channels — Opt-in/out of specific channels within a category Example: Copy Ask AI { "channel_preferences" : [ { "channel" : "email" , "is_restricted" : true } ], "categories" : [ { "category" : "invoice-ready" , "preference" : "opt_out" }, { "category" : "payment-reminder" , "preference" : "opt_in" , "opt_out_channels" : [ "slack" ] } ] } In this example: user opted out of email globally, opted out of invoice-ready category completely, and stays opted in to payment-reminder but without Slack. How preferences are determined When a user hasn’t set their own preferences in a category, SuprSend uses defaults in this order: User Preference — Individual user’s explicit choices (highest priority) Tenant Default Preference — Default preferences set by tenant for the category Category Default Preference — Default preferences set at the category level (lowest priority) Preference precedence: User Preference → Tenant Default Preference → Category Default Preference Preference precedence is determined at category level . So, if a user overrides preference for a category but doesn’t touch other categories, defaults continue to apply to the untouched categories. Setting up preference categories Before users can set their preferences, you must first create and configure preference categories. For step-by-step setup instructions, see Manage Categories and Preferences . Default preferences Default preferences determine how users receive notifications when they haven’t set their own preferences. Configure these at the sub-category level when setting up categories. What default preferences control Default preferences control: Channel or Category defaults : Which categories or channels will be turned on/off by default on users’ preference page. Mandatory channels : Which channel or category users cannot opt out of (shown as disabled on preference page) Visibility : Whether a category appears on the preference page Preference types On — Users receive this category's notifications by default Users will receive notifications in this category by default. You can configure Opt-in Channels to specify which channels are included in the default “On” state: All : All available channels are enabled by default Selected Channels only : Only specific channels you select are enabled by default (e.g., Email, Android Push, iOS Push, In-App Inbox, MS Teams, Slack) Off — Users must opt in to get notifications Users will not receive notifications unless they change the preference. Can't Unsubscribe — Users cannot opt out of mandatory channels in this category Prevents users from fully opting out of the category. When selected, you can configure: Mandatory Channels : Channels which can’t be opted out of by the user. Set to “All” or “Selected Channels”. Opt-in Channels : In case of “Selected” Mandatory Channels, you can configure the channels that will be opted in by default. Channels other than mandatory and opt-in will be skipped for sending notification unless user explicitly opts in to them. Even when a category is set to “Can’t Unsubscribe,” users can still control channel-level preferences if your channel-level settings allow it. This configuration gives you fine-grained control over which channels a user is opted into by default, letting you differentiate between must-deliver channels, default-on channels, and optional channels. Capturing user preferences Users can set their preferences through one of the following methods: Hosted preference page Once you publish preference categories, SuprSend automatically generates a dedicated unsubscription webpage for collecting user preferences . Users can set channel-specific preferences from the hosted page. If the link is included in an email, the hosted page will show and save email preferences. Include it in your templates using {{$hosted_preference_url}} . This page is currently hosted on a SuprSend domain, but you can reach out to [email protected] if you’d prefer it hosted on your own domain. Embed in your product You can embed the preference interface directly inside your product using SuprSend’s ready-made UI components. SDKs exist in the languages below. Update your product preference page link on the tenant page and render it in templates using {{$embedded_preference_url}} . Javascript React Angular Embeddable preference page Controlling what categories to show on UI It’s always a good practice to show only the categories that are relevant to the user. There are two ways to achieve this: Hide categories for tenant users In a multi-tenant setup, tenants or admins can control which categories their users see. Setting visible_to_subscriber: false in tenant preferences hides the category from tenant users’ preference pages. Hidden categories won’t send notifications to those users, even if they previously opted in. Filter categories with tags Use tags to show categories based on user roles, departments, or teams. Filter categories in the preference center using the tags query parameter. 1 Setting Preference tags Tags can be added to sections and sub-categories directly from Developers → Notification Categories in the SuprSend Console. When a tag is assigned at the section level, it automatically applies to all categories under that section—so filtering by a section tag also filters its child categories. 2 Filter Categories with Tags You can filter categories using the tags query parameter in the API. This can be a simple tag match (e.g. tags=tag1 ) or a more advanced filter using logical operators. Supported operators: Operator Operand Datatype Description Example exists boolean Returns categories where any tag is set tags={ "exists": true } not string Excludes categories that have the specified tag tags={ "not": "admin" } or array Returns categories that match any of the provided tags tags={ "or": ["sales", "marketing"] } and array Returns categories that match all provided tags tags={ "and": ["sales", "manager"] } You can combine these operators for nested filtering like tags={ "or": [{ "and": ["sales", "manager"] }, { "and": ["marketing", "associate"] }] } . If no tags are provided, the preference center returns all visible categories. For details on how tags work, see Tags . Translating preference categories in user’s locale Upload translation files for your category names and descriptions. See How to manage Category translations for details. Once uploaded, pass a locale parameter (e.g., es , fr , de ) when: Loading the embeddable preference center As a query parameter in the get user preference API . The hosted preference page picks the locale from user’s profile. On hosted preference page, Dynamic content (category names, descriptions) is translated using translation files you upload. Static content (CTA text, labels, buttons, etc.) is translated automatically using SuprSend’s built-in i18n support for commonly used languages. You can see the list of supported languages below. Supported languages Language Code English en Spanish es French fr German de Italian it Portuguese pt Catalan ca Russian ru Dutch nl Polish pl Japanese ja Vietnamese vi Language Code Indonesian id Korean ko Serbian sr Norwegian no Hebrew he Chinese zh Finnish fi Swedish sv Czech cs Lithuanian lt Arabic ar How preferences are evaluated SuprSend evaluates user preferences at send time. For every recipient, the system checks user-level preferences first, then tenant-level overrides, and finally category defaults. For detailed information on the evaluation process, see Preference Evaluation . Other ways to unsubcribe from notifications In addition to the preference center within SuprSend, communication channels provide their own opt-out options, which SuprSend manages internally. Email: Unsubscribe URL header Gmail requires an unsubscribe URL in email headers when sending bulk emails (5,000+ emails/day). Most email providers expect you to add your own unsubscription page or offer a basic all-or-nothing opt-out option. You can add {{$hosted_preference_url}} here to load the SuprSend hosted preference page from the email header. Inbox (In-App): Render preference page inside your Inbox Companies also give users the option to load preference settings inside their in-app Inbox or provide a link to redirect users to the Preference center in their product. Mobile Push: Preference Page in App settings For mobile push notifications, users typically manage their preferences through the app settings. The category you assign in your workflow is also sent as the push “category” (used by Android/iOS to group notifications). If you set preference categories, the system automatically reflects them in the user’s app settings, loading similar preference controls. SMS & Whatsapp: Reply `STOP` Users generally unsubscribe from Short Message Service (SMS) by replying “STOP.” SuprSend automatically marks the SMS channel as inactive in the user’s profile when it receives a STOP reply. For WhatsApp, opt-out behavior depends on the provider; where supported, users can reply STOP and SuprSend will mark the channel inactive. FAQ How do I set up a digest schedule? You can create sub-categories for different digest schedules or set the digest schedule in the user profile and pass a dynamic schedule in the workflow digest node. An option to set the digest schedule directly on your preference page will be available soon. I have a use case where a company has multiple departments/roles, and the admin will set preferences for users in these departments. You can manage this with tenant preferences. In the SuprSend system, each tenant represents an organization, and the administrator sets which categories to send to their internal team using the tenant preference API . What happens to existing user preference view if I change default preference setting? Changing the default preference for a category doesn’t affect users who have already made changes to that category. For categories where users haven’t made any changes, the preferences update according to the new default settings. I have multiple enterprise customers with various product offerings. Customers should only receive notifications for the products they have enabled, and the same should be visible on their preference page. How can I manage this in SuprSend? You can turn off categories for tenants from the tenant page on the SuprSend console. Turning off the preference for a category automatically removes it from the tenant preference APIs and UI view. To further apply this to the tenant’s users, set visible to subscriber to false in the default tenant preferences to hide the category from the tenant’s end users. Why don't I see the 'inbox' channel in my user preferences? The inbox channel preference is behind a feature flag and needs to be enabled for your account. If you don’t see the inbox channel in your user preferences, contact [email protected] to have the feature flag enabled for your workspace. Why do users still receive promotional notifications even after unsubscribing from all categories? Unsubscribing from top-level categories (System, Transactional, Promotional) is not supported . Preferences only work with sub-categories you create. If you’re sending notifications using a top-level category like "promotional" in your workflows, users cannot unsubscribe from those notifications through the preference center, even if they unsubscribe from all visible categories. Solution: Create sub-categories under the Promotional category (e.g., “Marketing”, “Newsletter”, “Product Updates”) and use those sub-category slugs in your workflows instead of the top-level category. This allows users to: See and control preferences for each notification type Opt out of specific sub-categories Have their preferences respected when you send notifications Best practice: Organize notifications into meaningful sub-categories rather than using top-level categories directly. This provides users with granular control and improves their experience. Can I use user preferences in workflow branching to control which notifications are sent? User preferences are not passed in the workflow payload, so you cannot directly access them in branch conditions or other workflow nodes. Workaround: If you need to use preference-based logic in workflows (e.g., to route notifications based on user preferences or combine multiple notification scenarios in a single workflow), you can: Store the same preference data as custom properties in the user profile Use those custom properties in branch conditions to route notifications Example use case: If you want to combine multiple notification scenarios (e.g., “New Comment”, “Reply on my comment”, “I am mentioned”) in a single workflow to avoid duplicate notifications, you can: Store user preferences for each scenario as custom properties (e.g., wants_new_comment_notifications: true , wants_mention_notifications: true ) Use branch conditions to check these properties and route notifications accordingly This allows you to have one workflow that handles all scenarios while respecting user preferences Alternative approach: Create separate workflows for each notification scenario with conditions in the Trigger node. Each workflow can use its own preference category, allowing users to control each scenario independently. How do I let users control both notification on/off and the time they want to be reminded (e.g., medicine reminders)? You can combine preference categories with dynamic digest schedules to achieve this: 1. Set up preference categories: Create a preference category (e.g., “medicine-reminders”) that users can opt in/out of using the preference APIs or preference center UI . 2. Store time preference as user property: When users select their preferred reminder time, store it as a custom property in their user profile. For example: Copy Ask AI user.set({ "medicineReminderTime" : { "frequency" : "daily" , "time" : "09:00" , "tz_selection" : "recipient" } }) 3. Use dynamic schedule in digest node: In your workflow’s digest node, configure it to use a dynamic schedule that references the user property (e.g., ."$recipient".medicineReminderTime ). The digest will only send if the user has opted in to the category, and it will send at their preferred time. Implementation flow: Client side (React Native) : Capture user’s time preference and call your backend API Server side (Supabase Edge Function) : Update both the user’s preference (opt in/out) via SuprSend preference API and store the time preference as a user property Workflow : Use preference category to control on/off, and dynamic schedule to control timing For detailed information, see Dynamic Schedule in the digest documentation. Related documentation Notification Categories - Setting up categories & defaults Manage Categories and Preferences - Complete guide to setting up and managing categories and preferences Tenant Preferences - Managing tenant-level preferences Preference Evaluation - How SuprSend evaluates preferences at runtime Was this page helpful? Yes No Suggest edits Raise issue Previous Tenant Preferences Learn how to manage preferences for your tenants and their users. Next ⌘ I x github linkedin youtube Powered by On this page What are user preferences? How preferences are determined Setting up preference categories Default preferences What default preferences control Preference types Capturing user preferences Hosted preference page Embed in your product Controlling what categories to show on UI Hide categories for tenant users Filter categories with tags Translating preference categories in user’s locale How preferences are evaluated Other ways to unsubcribe from notifications FAQ Related documentation | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
https://design.forem.com/ethannoww | Ethan - Design Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Design Community Close Follow User actions Ethan Founder of Pinterest for Miro. Helping designers build mood boards in seconds. Indie hacker sharing lessons on SaaS pricing and growth. Joined Joined on Nov 29, 2025 More info about @ethannoww Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Post 2 posts published Comment 1 comment written Tag 1 tag followed Top 5 Miro Plugins for Designers in 2025 Ethan Ethan Ethan Follow Dec 29 '25 Top 5 Miro Plugins for Designers in 2025 # design # productivity # miro # resources 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Want to connect with Ethan? Create an account to connect with Ethan. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in Stop Screenshotting! The Fastest Way to Create Moodboards in Miro (2025 Guide) Ethan Ethan Ethan Follow Dec 26 '25 Stop Screenshotting! The Fastest Way to Create Moodboards in Miro (2025 Guide) # productivity # design # ux # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Design Community — Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Design Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where designers share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
https://maker.forem.com/0xlama/made-a-resistor-color-code-calculator-2o3f | Made a Resistor Color Code Calculator - Maker Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Maker Forem Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Amal Mathew Posted on Sep 29, 2025 Made a Resistor Color Code Calculator # electronics # webtool # project Yes, I hear you—“there are tons already.” Exactly. That’s why I made it differently. Because I thought: what if it worked both ways? ➤ Choose 3–6 bands → get the resistance (standard stuff). ➤ Enter a resistance → get the color code and nearest standard values (E12, E24, E96). ➤ Flip it—match it however you hold the resistor. Check it out: https://tinkererway.dev/the_dev_calc/resistor_color_code_calc Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Amal Mathew Follow Amal – Tinkerer @ tinkererway.dev I work on fun and makes-sense projects — mostly born out of frustration (too pricey, too overrated, annoying ads, or missing features). I debug both code and life. Location Earth Joined Aug 2, 2025 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Maker Forem — A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Maker Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a space where makers create, share, and bring ideas to life. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Raspberry Pi Follow Hide All things related to the range of accessible and affordable single board Raspberry Pi computers, HATs, Raspberry Pi Pico, Raspberry Pi OS, and more. Share what you’re building! Create Post submission guidelines Please keep your posts to this topic specifically related to the Raspberry Pi family and projects. about #raspberrypi You can learn much more about Raspberry Pi around the web: ◦ Raspberry Pi Foundation , the educational charity ◦ Official Documentation ◦ Community Forums ◦ Raspberry Pi Trading , the technology company You can also read more about Raspberry Pi on Wikipedia , and explore code and other projects on GitHub . Raspberry Pi is a trademark of Raspberry Pi Trading. Older #raspberrypi posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Banana Pi — Como Habilitar o SSH no Raspbian Henrique Otogami Henrique Otogami Henrique Otogami Follow Oct 22 '25 Banana Pi — Como Habilitar o SSH no Raspbian # bananapi # raspberrypi # ssh # henriqueotogami Comments Add Comment 4 min read Kiwi Pi Pro 5: Just another SBC? 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Hedy Hedy Hedy Follow Aug 18 '25 How to connect sensors with Raspberry Pi GPIO? # sensors # raspberrypi # gpio # bme280 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Liten: A Tiny API Gateway for Solo Devs - Looking for Feedback! Brett Moore Brett Moore Brett Moore Follow Sep 4 '25 Liten: A Tiny API Gateway for Solo Devs - Looking for Feedback! # programming # node # raspberrypi # tooling 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read How to Flash Raspberry Pi OS to an SD Card? (Step-by-Step Guide) Hedy Hedy Hedy Follow Aug 8 '25 How to Flash Raspberry Pi OS to an SD Card? (Step-by-Step Guide) # raspberrypi # raspberrypios # sdcard # memorycard Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to Boot Your Raspberry Pi from USB (and Ditch Unreliable SD Cards) David Thomas David Thomas David Thomas Follow Sep 8 '25 How to Boot Your Raspberry Pi from USB (and Ditch Unreliable SD Cards) # raspberrypi # usb # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read Home Labs #1: Install Raspberry Pi OS Lite (64-bit) on Raspberry Aris Kurniawan Aris Kurniawan Aris Kurniawan Follow Jul 30 '25 Home Labs #1: Install Raspberry Pi OS Lite (64-bit) on Raspberry # raspberrypi # linux # homelabs # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building a Kubernetes Cluster on Raspberry Pi for Home Lab Learning Purushotam Adhikari Purushotam Adhikari Purushotam Adhikari Follow Sep 1 '25 Building a Kubernetes Cluster on Raspberry Pi for Home Lab Learning # javascript # raspberrypi # docker # containers Comments Add Comment 10 min read Programming on the Kiwi 3 Ultra: A Powerful Single-Board Computer with RK3568 Leonard Liao Leonard Liao Leonard Liao Follow Jul 29 '25 Programming on the Kiwi 3 Ultra: A Powerful Single-Board Computer with RK3568 # programming # raspberrypi # sbc # arm 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building an Edge AI Sound Classifier (Part 1): Collecting and Preparing the Dataset Ertugrul Ertugrul Ertugrul Follow Aug 29 '25 Building an Edge AI Sound Classifier (Part 1): Collecting and Preparing the Dataset # raspberrypi # python # cpp # programming 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Turn Any Bluetooth Speaker into an AirPlay Speaker with Shairport Sync Henry Lim Henry Lim Henry Lim Follow Aug 29 '25 Turn Any Bluetooth Speaker into an AirPlay Speaker with Shairport Sync # raspberrypi # tutorial # opensource 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building an Edge AI Sound Classifier (Part 2): Feature Extraction & Training Ertugrul Ertugrul Ertugrul Follow Aug 29 '25 Building an Edge AI Sound Classifier (Part 2): Feature Extraction & Training # raspberrypi # python # cpp # programming Comments Add Comment 5 min read Building an Edge AI Sound Classifier (Part 3): Pico Firmware & Live Demo Ertugrul Ertugrul Ertugrul Follow Aug 29 '25 Building an Edge AI Sound Classifier (Part 3): Pico Firmware & Live Demo # raspberrypi # python # cpp # programming Comments Add Comment 3 min read Part 2 — Training model on Raspberry Pi Pico for Edge AI Trend Alarm Ertugrul Ertugrul Ertugrul Follow Aug 28 '25 Part 2 — Training model on Raspberry Pi Pico for Edge AI Trend Alarm # python # edgeai # cpp # raspberrypi Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://business.x.com/help/account-setup/professional-accounts.html | Professional Accounts Skip to main content Business <path opacity="0" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" /> <path d="M17.207 11.293l-7.5-7.5c-.39-.39-1.023-.39-1.414 0s-.39 1.023 0 1.414L15.086 12l-6.793 6.793c-.39.39-.39 1.023 0 1.414.195.195.45.293.707.293s.512-.098.707-.293l7.5-7.5c.39-.39.39-1.023 0-1.414z" /> </svg>" data-icon-arrow-left="<svg width="28px" height="28px" viewbox="0 0 28 28" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" role="none" class="twtr-icon u01b__icon-arrow-left"> <g stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd" stroke-linecap="round"> <g transform="translate(-1216.000000, -298.000000)" stroke-width="2.25"> <g transform="translate(1200.000000, 282.000000)"> <g transform="translate(17.000000, 17.000000)"> <path d="M0.756410256,12.8589744 L25.7179487,12.8589744"></path> <path d="M13.2371795,25.3397436 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height="3027" /> </defs> <clippath id="SVGID_2_"> <use xlink:href="#SVGID_1_" style="overflow:visible;" /> </clippath> </g> </g> <rect x="-468" y="-1360" class="st0" width="1440" height="3027" style="fill:rgb(0,0,0,0);stroke-width:3;stroke:rgb(0,0,0)" /> <path d="M13.4,12l5.8-5.8c0.4-0.4,0.4-1,0-1.4c-0.4-0.4-1-0.4-1.4,0L12,10.6L6.2,4.8c-0.4-0.4-1-0.4-1.4,0c-0.4,0.4-0.4,1,0,1.4 l5.8,5.8l-5.8,5.8c-0.4,0.4-0.4,1,0,1.4c0.2,0.2,0.4,0.3,0.7,0.3s0.5-0.1,0.7-0.3l5.8-5.8l5.8,5.8c0.2,0.2,0.5,0.3,0.7,0.3 s0.5-0.1,0.7-0.3c0.4-0.4,0.4-1,0-1.4L13.4,12z" /> </svg>" data-icon-search="<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="24" height="24" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" role="none" class="twtr-icon"> <path opacity="0" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" /> <path d="M22.06 19.94l-3.73-3.73C19.38 14.737 20 12.942 20 11c0-4.97-4.03-9-9-9s-9 4.03-9 9 4.03 9 9 9c1.943 0 3.738-.622 5.21-1.67l3.73 3.73c.292.294.676.44 1.06.44s.768-.146 1.06-.44c.586-.585.586-1.535 0-2.12zM11 17c-3.308 0-6-2.692-6-6s2.692-6 6-6 6 2.692 6 6-2.692 6-6 6z" /> </svg>" data-icon-search-submit="<svg width="21" height="21" viewbox="0 0 21 21" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" role="none" class="twtr-icon"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M16.33 14.21L20.06 17.94C20.646 18.525 20.646 19.475 20.06 20.06C19.768 20.354 19.384 20.5 19 20.5C18.616 20.5 18.232 20.354 17.94 20.06L14.21 16.33C12.738 17.378 10.943 18 9 18C4.03 18 0 13.97 0 9C0 4.03 4.03 0 9 0C13.97 0 18 4.03 18 9C18 10.942 17.38 12.737 16.33 14.21ZM3 9C3 12.308 5.692 15 9 15C12.308 15 15 12.308 15 9C15 5.692 12.308 3 9 3C5.692 3 3 5.692 3 9Z" fill="white" /> </svg>" data-bg-color="white-neutral" data-root-page-title="Business" data-search-placeholder="Search" data-search-query-key="q" data-search-query-type="?" data-scribe-element="FX4D" data-scribe-section="u01b-navigation" data-profile-enabled="true" data-cta-link-new-tab="false"> Professional Accounts <path opacity="0" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"/> <path d="M20.207 14.543l-7.5-7.5c-.39-.39-1.023-.39-1.414 0l-7.5 7.5c-.39.39-.39 1.023 0 1.414.195.195.45.293.707.293s.512-.098.707-.293L12 9.164l6.793 6.793c.195.195.45.293.707.293s.512-.098.707-.293c.39-.39.39-1.023 0-1.414z"/> </svg> " data-ellipses-svg="<svg width="10" height="2" viewBox="0 0 10 2" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <path d="M0.119995 1.77397H1.674V0.219971H0.119995V1.77397Z" fill="#B6C4CE"/> <path d="M4.21648 1.77397H5.77048V0.219971H4.21648V1.77397Z" fill="#B6C4CE"/> <path d="M8.31296 1.77397H9.86696V0.219971H8.31296V1.77397Z" fill="#B6C4CE"/> </svg> " data-theme-color="light" data-page-title="Professional Accounts" data-breadcrumbs-json="[ { "title": "Help Center", "path": "https://business.x.com/en/help" }, { "title": "Get started in your ads account", "path": "https://business.x.com/en/help/account-setup" }, { "title": "Professional Accounts", "path": "https://business.x.com/en/help/account-setup/professional-accounts" } ]"> Unlock a suite of tools available exclusively to Professionals Professional Accounts allow businesses, brands, creators, and publishers to have a unique and clearly defined presence on the platform and the ability to grow and strengthen their presence on X. Professional Accounts are a gateway to a wide range of tools not available to non-professionals, which include: Professional Home , a centralized dashboard that gives professionals the ability to track performance, discover product offerings, tap into additional resources and drive performance. Professional Category , which allows professionals to showcase what kind of professional they identify as directly on their profile. Profile Spotlights , a dedicated space on a professional’s profile to showcase what’s most important to them (more details about Profile Spotlights below). X Shopping , a suite of products available to professionals who want to sell their goods directly on X. X Ads and Quick Promote And more to come! Above is a depiction of how to convert to a Professional Account. You can get the process started by clicking here (Note: you must already be logged into your X account to access this page). Professional Home Profile Spotlights Spotlight Configuration Page FAQ Professional Home Profile Spotlights Spotlight Configuration Page FAQ Professional Home Professional Home is a centralized resource hub that gives professionals the ability to view analytics, discover the latest product offerings, drive performance, and tap into additional resources. In its first iteration, Professional Home provides resources and guidance on: Account analytics Profile Spotlights Making more connections Promoting Posts via X Ads products Monetization Additional resources Professional Home FAQ Profile Spotlights By converting to a Professional Account, you can add legitimacy to your business’ presence on X Professional Accounts currently offers four spotlights: Location Spotlight, Shop Spotlight , Mobile App Spotlight, and Link Spotlight. To qualify for a Professional Account, your account must adhere to the following requirements: You must not have a history of repeatedly violating the X User Agreement. You must have a complete profile with an account name, a bio, and a profile picture. Your authentic identity must be clear on your profile. Your profile must not feature another person’s identity, brand, or organization, nor does it use a fake identity intended to deceive others. Profiles that feature animals or fictional characters are ineligible unless directly affiliated with your brand or organization. Parody and fan accounts are not eligible for Professional Accounts. Location Spotlight Shop Spotlight Mobile App Spotlight Link Spotlight Location Spotlight Shop Spotlight Mobile App Spotlight Link Spotlight Location Spotlight The Location Spotlight allows you to display your business’ location, hours of operation, and additional contact methods. Features of Location Spotlight include: Business location : Listed and shown on a small map in the profile spotlight. People can tap on the location map/listing to open Google Maps, or their default map app, for easier navigation to the business’ space. Hours of operation : This field is optional but can be customized to showcase the days and times businesses want people to visit their location. Methods of contact information : When the contact button in the spotlight is enabled, it can kick off one or more of the following directly to the business: Phone call Text message X Direct Message Email Location Spotlight FAQ US Only Shop Spotlight The Shop Spotlight on your account (currently available to some qualifying accounts ) is a dedicated space at the top of a profile where businesses can showcase their products. This spotlight is meant to enable serendipitous shopping moments right on X. Features of Shop Spotlight include: A dedicated space to showcase products at the top of a Professional Account where businesses can showcase their products.When this spotlight is enabled, potential customers can scroll through the carousel of products and tap through on a single product to learn more and purchase – seamlessly in an in-app browser, without having to leave X. Shop Spotlight FAQ US Only Mobile App Spotlight The Mobile App Spotlight (currently available to US-based professionals) provides mobile developers and professionals the ability to display their associated app at the top of their account to encourage app downloads. By enabling this spotlight: Professionals have the ability to display mobile applications that are available in the iOS AppStore and Android Playstore. Users on iOS viewing a professional’s Mobile App Spotlight will see the iOS AppStore link to download the app to their phone, while users on Android will see the Android PlayStore link. Mobile App Spotlight FAQ US Only Link Spotlight The Link Spotlight (currently available to US-based professionals) allows professionals to display an interactive button on their account to drive potential customers to take the action they care about most. To enable the Link Spotlight, professionals will be prompted to enter the url of their choosing and pair it with one of the Call to Action prompts included in a drop-down menu. Professionals may choose from the following list of CTA options for their Link Spotlight: Listen now See live Watch now Stream live Read now View Menu Book an appointment Make a reservation Note: Only URLs from an allowlist of domains may be added to Link Spotlight (more info visit the FAQ section below). Link Spotlight FAQ Spotlight Configuration Page (SCP) For professionals who are unsure which spotlight is right for their business, the Spotlight Configuration Page acts as a one-stop-shop for professionals to test out and discover new spotlights that become available and simplify the enablement of a spotlight on their profile. Frequently Asked Questions Professional Account FAQ Professional Home FAQ Location Spotlight FAQ Mobile App Spotlight FAQ Shop Spotlight FAQ Link Spotlight FAQ Professional Account FAQ Professional Home FAQ Location Spotlight FAQ Mobile App Spotlight FAQ Shop Spotlight FAQ Link Spotlight FAQ Professional Account FAQs Who are professionals? Professionals are any person or entity who uses X for commercial purposes. X is home to many professionals, ranging from traditional businesses to creators, publishers, and developers. Anyone who uses X for work and their livelihood is a professional. What are the benefits of a Professional Account? Professional Accounts allow users to access advanced professional tools, like Professional Profiles, X Shopping, and Quick Promote. How much do Professional Accounts cost? Converting to a Professional Account is completely free. Who can use a Professional Account? To qualify for a Professional Account, user accounts must adhere to the following requirements: You must not have a history of repeatedly violating the X User Agreement. You must have a complete profile with an account name, a bio, and a profile picture. Your authentic identity must be clear on your profile. Your profile must not feature the identity of another person, brand, or organization, nor does it use a fake identity that is intended to deceive others. Profiles that feature animals or fictional characters are ineligible unless directly affiliated with your brand or organization. Parody and fan accounts are not eligible for Professional Accounts. How can I get a Professional Account? Follow these steps to switch your existing account to a Professional Account. 1. Go to either your profile settings or swipe open the sidebar when on your Home timeline in the app. If you’re in the sidebar, scroll until you see the “X for Professionals” tab and select it. If you’re in your profile settings, scroll until you see “Switch to Professional” and select it. 2. Once you've entered the conversion flow, select "Get Started". 3. Select a category for your Professional Account and select “Next.” Remember to search for your most relevant category if you don’t immediately see it in the list. 4. Choose either “Business” or “Creator” and select “Next.” Remember to select whichever option is closest to how you identify as a professional on X. 5. Congratulations! You are now a Professional on X! After you’ve converted to a Professional Account, select any of the options listed on the final menu to learn more about the tools and features that are now available to you. Customize your profile : This prompt will bring you to your profile settings. From here, you can enable and update your Professional Category and configure the Professional Profile your account qualifies for. Pick Topics to follow : This prompt will bring you to the Topics selector. We recommend you review the topics lists and follow any relevant to your brand or business. Promote a post : This prompt will enable you to learn more about Quick Promote and kick off a campaign. If none of these options interest you, tap “Skip for now” Remember, you can always revisit the “X for Professionals” menu by swiping the sidebar open from your Home timeline Can I designate my account a Professional Account upon account sign-up? No, at this time, you can only convert an existing X account into a Professional Account. Can I switch my account back to a personal account after converting? Yes, you can convert back to a personal account at any time. Follow these steps to convert: 1. Go to your profile and select “Edit Profile.” 2. Select “Edit Professional Profile” 3.Select “Switch Account Type” 4. Select the type of account you’d like from the menu of options Can I change my identification as a business or a creator after converting? Yes, you can convert back to a personal account at any time. Follow these steps to convert: 1. Go to your profile and select “Edit Profile.” 2. Select “Edit Professional Profile” 3. Select “Switch Account Type” 4. Select the type of account you’d like from the menu of options Can I target Professional Accounts in my ad campaigns? No, we do not have any immediate plans to build Professional Account targeting. Can I sync my phone contacts with my X Professional Account? If you didn't sync your phone contacts when you created your X profile, you can do so by visiting the X for Professionals welcome screen. To get here, visit the X for Professionals tab located in the left navigation menu of the app, click on the “make more connections” section of the welcome screen, then follow the prompts on the subsequent pages to sync and follow your contacts who have a presence on X. How do I sync my contacts on X? To add your contacts, visit the X for Professionals tab located in the left navigation menu of the app, click on the “make more connections” section of the welcome screen, then follow the prompts on the subsequent pages to sync and follow your contacts who have a presence on X. Why should I sync my contacts on X? Syncing your contacts is one way to find people to follow and build your timeline. Professional Home FAQs How can I access Professional Home? Those who have converted to a X Professional Account can access the Professional Home and see information relevant to their account. Professional Home is gated behind a X Professional Account. What does Professional Home do? Professional Home is a centralized resource hub within X for Professionals; designed for Professionals to discover the most relevant tools and information necessary for helping them succeed on X. In its first iteration, Professional Home will provide professionals with resources and guidance on: Account analytics over the past 28 days Leveraging existing Professional tools Making more connections on X Promoting their Posts via our Quick Promote Product Monetizing their X account Accessing additional educational resources Why can’t I see Professional Home? There may be a few reasons why you are unable to see Professional Home: You must have a X Professional Account to access Professional Home You must be logged into your X Professional Account Professional Home has not yet rolled out to you - keep checking back to see if you have access! What else will be launched within Professional Home? Our plan in future iterations of the product include: providing more granular analytics and insights, information about top posts, top followers, information about new product launches and more personalized experiences based on your professional identity (creator/business). Where is Professional Home available? Today, the first iteration of Professional Home is available globally on desktop. Why don’t I see Professional Home when I’m logged into my Professional Account? Not all users have access to Professional Home while we are still testing the product. We’re working on it and keep checking back to see if you have access. Location Spotlight Where is Location Spotlight available? The Location spotlight is available to professionals globally. How can I update the information on my Location Spotlight? You can update any of the information in your Location Spotlight, directly in the X app. Follow these steps to make changes: 1. Open the X app and navigate to your X profile 2. Tap “Edit profile” in the top-right corner, then navigate to “Edit professional profile” or “Switch to Professional” 3. From there you can edit the information in your Location Spotlight by tapping “Professional Spotlight” and then “Edit” 4. You can update the information in your Location Spotlight by tapping on the field you’d wish to update. 5. When you’re done updating, tap “Save” and return to your profile to ensure you’re happy with the new information in your Location Spotlight. How can I remove Location Spotlight from my profile? You can remove your Location Spotlight at anytime by following these steps: 1. Open the X app and navigate to your X profile. 2. Click “Edit profile” in the top-right corner, then navigate to “Edit professional profile” > “Profile Spotlight”. 3. From there you can toggle your Location Spotlight on or off at anytime. Mobile App Spotlight What is Mobile App Spotlight? The Mobile App Spotlight provides mobile developers and professionals the ability to display their associated app at the top of their account to encourage app downloads. Developers will have the ability to display apps that are available in the iOS AppStore and Android PlayStore. How many applications can I display on my Professional Account at one time? You can display one app from the iOS AppStore and one app from the Android Playstore at a time. These apps may be for the same service or product. If someone visits my page on their desktop, how will they be directed to download the app(s) I have chosen to display? The Mobile App Spotlight is available only on iOS and Android at this time. It is not currently available on desktop. How do I enable Mobile App Spotlight on my X Professional Account? To enable the Mobile App Spotlight, professionals will need to: Select “Edit Profile” button on their Professional Account Select “Edit Professional profile” on the following screen Select “Profile Spotlight” Toggle on the ‘Mobile App’ spotlight from the list of available Profile Spotlights Follow the subsequent prompts to link an app from the iOS and/or Android store. Confirm and save the app preview that was retrieved from the AppStore or PlayStore. Why can’t I access the Mobile App Spotlight? There may be a few reasons why you are unable to access the Mobile App Spotlight: You must have a X Professional Account to access the Mobile App Spotlight You must be logged into your X Professional Account to enable a spotlight on your account Mobile App Spotlight has not yet rolled out to you - it is currently available to Professionals in the United States. Why doesn’t the application I want to display in my Mobile App Spotlight work? This could be happening for a few reasons: The app store link that was entered may be incorrect. Go to the app store, copy and paste the entire link to the mobile app into the app store field in the Mobile App Spotlight set up flow. The app store link may be for the wrong app store. Make sure the iOS app store link is in the iOS app store field and the Android app store link is in the Android app store field. Our service may not be able to find the app in the app store. Try accessing the app from the official app store to make sure it is available for download. Our service may not have stored the app’s information if it is a new app. Please wait 5 minutes while we fetch the information and try again. Where is Mobile App Spotlight available? Today, the Mobile App Spotlight is available to Professionals located in the United States on iOS and Android. Why don’t I see Mobile App Spotlight when I’m logged into my Professional Account? Not all users have access to Mobile App Spotlight at this time. We are currently testing this product with professionals in the United States, but we have plans to expand access to more professionals in the coming months. How will the Mobile App Spotlight appear to users who are on an Android or iPhone if I include links to my applications from both stores? iOS users will see the iOS application and Android users will see the Android version. Can I display the same application on different X Professional Accounts that I manage? Yes, mobile developers will be able to display the same app link on multiple X Professional Accounts. If my app is only available in the iOS AppStore and a user visits my account on Android, does my app still appear for them? Yes, The Mobile App Spotlight will display, but will notify the user that the app is only available on iOS (or Android, depending on the scenario being reversed). Can I display my desktop app in the Mobile App Spotlight? No. The Mobile Application Spotlight is only intended for mobile applications in the iOS and Android app stores. Shop Spotlight What is X Shopping? To learn more about X Shopping, check out our policy page. Link Spotlight What is Link Spotlight? Link Spotlight allows professionals to display a call to action button of their choosing on their Professional Account to drive potential customers to take the action they care about most. How do I enable Link Spotlight on my Twitter Professional Account? To enable the Link Spotlight, professionals will be prompted to add the url of their choosing from the supported list of URLs and pair it with one of the Call to Action prompts included in a drop-down menu. To enable Link Spotlight: Select Edit Profile on the X Professional Account Click Edit professional profile Select Profile Spotlight Locate the Link Spotlight from the menu of spotlight options and toggle it on Enter a URL that has a domain in the supported list (see list of supported domains below) Select a label, or Call to Action, that you wish to appear on your account Click Save Why can’t I access the Link Spotlight? There may be a few reasons why you are unable to access Link Spotlight: You must have a X Professional Account to access the Link Spotlight You must be logged into your X Professional Account to enable a spotlight on your account Link Spotlight has not yet rolled out to you - it is currently available to a select number of Professionals in the United States. Will you be updating the list of Call To Action options available in the drop-down? The list of Call to Action options is limited while we test the Link Spotlight. We will consider expanding the list in response to requests from professionals and how they use the spotlight. Will I be able to create custom text for my Link Spotlight button in the future? The goal of the Link Spotlight is simplicity (for professionals to use and for the team to maintain), so custom text is not part of the plan for Link Spotlight. As with any customer input, free text fields introduce additional complexity and trust and safety considerations. If a professional wants to pair custom text with a link, they can still use existing fields on the profile like the bio. Why doesn’t the url I want to use for my Link Spotlight work? In order to address technical complexity and trust and safety concerns, we are limiting URLs that can be used with the Link Spotlight to an allowlist. We will consider expanding this list in response to requests from professionals and how the spotlight is being used. The domains that are currently allowed to be used with Link Spotlight are: open.spotify.com music.apple.com pandora.com music.amazon.com listen.tidal.com deezer.com music.youtube.com boomplay.com play.anghami.com napster.com soundcloud.com bandcamp.com mixcloud.com toneden.io odesli.co ticketmaster.com bandsintown.com substack.com youtube.com twitch.tv vimeo.com podcasts.google.com podcasts.apple.com open.spotify.com/show menupages.com styleseat.com opentable.com calendly.com etsy.com github.com kickstarter.com indiegogo.com grubhub.com chownow.com Where is Link Spotlight available? Today, Link Spotlight is available in the US on iOS and Android. Why don’t I see Link Spotlight when I’m logged into my Professional Account? Not all users have access to Link Spotlight at this time. We are currently piloting this product with a select number of professionals in the United States, but we have plans to expand access to more professionals in the coming months. 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https://future.forem.com/t/news/page/5 | News Page 5 - Future Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Future Close News Follow Hide Expect to see announcements of new and updated products, services, and features for languages & frameworks. You also will find high-level news relevant to the tech and software development industry covered here. Create Post submission guidelines When to use this tag : new service or product launched service, product, framework, library or language itself got updated (brief summary must be included as well as the source) covering broader tech industry/development news When NOT to use this tag : general news from media to promote people political posts to talk about personal goals (for example "I started to meditate every morning to increase my productivity" is nothing for this tag). about #news Use this tag to announce new products, services, or tools recently launched or updated. Notable changes in frameworks, libraries, or languages are ideal to cover. General tech industry news with a software development slant is also acceptable. This tag is not to be used for promotion of people, personal goals, or news unrelated to software development. Older #news posts 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Future — News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Future © 2025 - 2026. Stay on the cutting edge, and shape tomorrow Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
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https://maker.forem.com/t/project#main-content | Project - Maker Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Maker Forem Close # project Follow Hide Create Post Older #project posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu What an ESP32 Teaches You About Resource Scarcity v. Splicer v. Splicer v. Splicer Follow Dec 23 '25 What an ESP32 Teaches You About Resource Scarcity # esp32 # iot # project # electronics Comments Add Comment 4 min read Made a Resistor Color Code Calculator Amal Mathew Amal Mathew Amal Mathew Follow Sep 29 '25 Made a Resistor Color Code Calculator # electronics # webtool # project Comments Add Comment 1 min read Alec Steele: Turning a Picture into a Damascus Pattern Maker YouTube Maker YouTube Maker YouTube Follow Aug 6 '25 Alec Steele: Turning a Picture into a Damascus Pattern # project # tutorial 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Maker's Muse: 8 Things that RUIN 3D print accuracy (and how to fix it) Maker YouTube Maker YouTube Maker YouTube Follow Aug 4 '25 Maker's Muse: 8 Things that RUIN 3D print accuracy (and how to fix it) # help # project # tutorial 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read 3D Printing Nerd: HOW to 3D PRINT a HAT! Maker YouTube Maker YouTube Maker YouTube Follow Aug 1 '25 3D Printing Nerd: HOW to 3D PRINT a HAT! # tutorial # project 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read I Like To Make Stuff: What Can I Make With 3D Printing & Pool Noodles?! Maker YouTube Maker YouTube Maker YouTube Follow Aug 1 '25 I Like To Make Stuff: What Can I Make With 3D Printing & Pool Noodles?! # project # tutorial 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read The Hacksmith: The Power Armor Legs Are Complete! ⚡| Real Life Power Armor (Part 7/6) Maker YouTube Maker YouTube Maker YouTube Follow Aug 1 '25 The Hacksmith: The Power Armor Legs Are Complete! ⚡| Real Life Power Armor (Part 7/6) # robotics # project 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Alec Steele: I Turned a Picture of My Dog into Damascus Steel Maker YouTube Maker YouTube Maker YouTube Follow Aug 1 '25 Alec Steele: I Turned a Picture of My Dog into Damascus Steel # project 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... trending guides/resources What an ESP32 Teaches You About Resource Scarcity 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Maker Forem — A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Maker Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a space where makers create, share, and bring ideas to life. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Raspberry Pi Follow Hide All things related to the range of accessible and affordable single board Raspberry Pi computers, HATs, Raspberry Pi Pico, Raspberry Pi OS, and more. Share what you’re building! Create Post submission guidelines Please keep your posts to this topic specifically related to the Raspberry Pi family and projects. about #raspberrypi You can learn much more about Raspberry Pi around the web: ◦ Raspberry Pi Foundation , the educational charity ◦ Official Documentation ◦ Community Forums ◦ Raspberry Pi Trading , the technology company You can also read more about Raspberry Pi on Wikipedia , and explore code and other projects on GitHub . Raspberry Pi is a trademark of Raspberry Pi Trading. Older #raspberrypi posts 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Running Raspberry Pi OS in a Docker Container Michael Michael Michael Follow Nov 25 '24 Running Raspberry Pi OS in a Docker Container # raspberrypi # docker # iot # virtualmachine 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read The Smart House Experience: Crafting Innovation with a Raspberry Pi Yassine Aouni Yassine Aouni Yassine Aouni Follow Nov 24 '24 The Smart House Experience: Crafting Innovation with a Raspberry Pi # ai # raspberrypi # python # machinelearning 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read From Mobile Simplicity to Pi Complexity Mihai Chiorean Mihai Chiorean Mihai Chiorean Follow Oct 15 '24 From Mobile Simplicity to Pi Complexity # raspberrypi # robotics # iot Comments Add Comment 5 min read 🏠 GPT Home 🤖💬 an Open-source Raspberry Pi Home Assistant! Judah Paul Judah Paul Judah Paul Follow Nov 13 '24 🏠 GPT Home 🤖💬 an Open-source Raspberry Pi Home Assistant! # ai # python # raspberrypi # javascript 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Controlling an LED with a Snap Using the KY-037 Sound Sensor and Raspberry Pi Shilleh Shilleh Shilleh Follow Oct 6 '24 Controlling an LED with a Snap Using the KY-037 Sound Sensor and Raspberry Pi # raspberrypi # python # beginners # tutorial Comments Add Comment 5 min read How to Build Your Own Website with a Raspberry Pi: An Entertaining Guide Yongkang Cheng Yongkang Cheng Yongkang Cheng Follow Nov 9 '24 How to Build Your Own Website with a Raspberry Pi: An Entertaining Guide # beginners # raspberrypi # webdev # linux Comments Add Comment 13 min read How to self-host Postgres Database on Linux The Smartbug The Smartbug The Smartbug Follow Nov 7 '24 How to self-host Postgres Database on Linux # postgres # database # raspberrypi # docker 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read [K8s] A Complete Series of Articles on Kubernetes Environment Locally Steven Hoang Steven Hoang Steven Hoang Follow Oct 4 '24 [K8s] A Complete Series of Articles on Kubernetes Environment Locally # k8s # raspberrypi # kubernetes Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to control a Noctua NF-A20 PWM fan from Raspberry Pi (OFF or 20%-100%) Andrei Telteu Andrei Telteu Andrei Telteu Follow Nov 17 '24 How to control a Noctua NF-A20 PWM fan from Raspberry Pi (OFF or 20%-100%) # raspberrypi # homelab Comments 4 comments 3 min read Rockchip SoC Roadmap for AI & Vision as-jackson as-jackson as-jackson Follow Nov 5 '24 Rockchip SoC Roadmap for AI & Vision # linux # ubuntu # raspberrypi 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read Raspberry Pi 4B: Natively Build a 64 Bit Fully Preemptible Kernel (Real-Time) with Desktop Be Hai Nguyen Be Hai Nguyen Be Hai Nguyen Follow Nov 3 '24 Raspberry Pi 4B: Natively Build a 64 Bit Fully Preemptible Kernel (Real-Time) with Desktop # raspberrypi # preempt # rt # kernel 4 reactions Comments 6 comments 12 min read How to Use L298N Motor Driver with Raspberry Pi Pico W Shilleh Shilleh Shilleh Follow Nov 1 '24 How to Use L298N Motor Driver with Raspberry Pi Pico W # raspberrypi # python # micropython # beginners 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Building A Weather Station with a Raspberry Pi and Python - Part Two dev_neil_a dev_neil_a dev_neil_a Follow Oct 29 '24 Building A Weather Station with a Raspberry Pi and Python - Part Two # python # raspberrypi # tutorial # beginners 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 15 min read I'm building robots Ben Halpern Ben Halpern Ben Halpern Follow Oct 18 '24 I'm building robots # robotics # raspberrypi # hardware # automation 35 reactions Comments 7 comments 1 min read How to avoid bricking your device during update rollouts David G. Simmons David G. Simmons David G. Simmons Follow Sep 20 '24 How to avoid bricking your device during update rollouts # raspberrypi # security # iot Comments Add Comment 2 min read Setting Up Home Assistant on a Raspberry Pi 3 Model B Takeru O'oyama Takeru O'oyama Takeru O'oyama Follow Oct 14 '24 Setting Up Home Assistant on a Raspberry Pi 3 Model B # homeassistant # raspberrypi 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Create an AP with Network Manager Hidenori FUJIMURA Hidenori FUJIMURA Hidenori FUJIMURA Follow Oct 12 '24 Create an AP with Network Manager # raspberrypi # smartmaps Comments Add Comment 1 min read Turing Pi 2 Home cluster Tomas Sirio Tomas Sirio Tomas Sirio Follow Oct 7 '24 Turing Pi 2 Home cluster # kubernetes # architecture # raspberrypi # learning 31 reactions Comments 7 comments 10 min read Building A Weather Station with a Raspberry Pi and Python - Part One dev_neil_a dev_neil_a dev_neil_a Follow Oct 9 '24 Building A Weather Station with a Raspberry Pi and Python - Part One # python # raspberrypi # linux # vscode 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 10 min read How to generate an executable file for an AI program using SPVM ? Yuki Kimoto Yuki Kimoto Yuki Kimoto Follow Oct 8 '24 How to generate an executable file for an AI program using SPVM ? # spvm # perl # ai # raspberrypi 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read Rasp-Pi Network ID tool Peter G. Peter G. Peter G. Follow Oct 5 '24 Rasp-Pi Network ID tool # raspberrypi # networking # waveshare # pfsense Comments Add Comment 4 min read How to set up VNC on a headless Raspberry Pi with Ubuntu Server 24.04 Okinea Dev Okinea Dev Okinea Dev Follow Oct 5 '24 How to set up VNC on a headless Raspberry Pi with Ubuntu Server 24.04 # ubuntu # ubuntuserver # vnc # raspberrypi 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Getting Started with KY-037 Sound Sensor & Raspberry Pi Shilleh Shilleh Shilleh Follow Oct 3 '24 Getting Started with KY-037 Sound Sensor & Raspberry Pi # raspberrypi # programming # beginners # tutorial 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Running a Discord Bot on Raspberry Pi beretests beretests beretests Follow Oct 1 '24 Running a Discord Bot on Raspberry Pi # python # raspberrypi # discord # aws 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Sending IoT Device Data via MQTT broker. J Fowler J Fowler J Fowler Follow Sep 23 '24 Sending IoT Device Data via MQTT broker. # iot # mqtt # go # raspberrypi Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
https://pyfound.blogspot.com/2025/11/python-is-for-everyone-join-in-psf-year.html | Python Software Foundation News: Python is for everyone: Join in the PSF year-end fundraiser & membership drive!   News from the Python Software Foundation Wednesday, November 12, 2025 Python is for everyone: Join in the PSF year-end fundraiser & membership drive! The Python Software Foundation (PSF) is the charitable organization behind Python, dedicated to advancing, supporting, and protecting the Python programming language and the community that sustains it. That mission and cause are more than just words we believe in. Our tiny but mighty team works hard to deliver the projects and services that allow Python to be the thriving, independent, community-driven language it is today. Some of what the PSF does includes producing PyCon US , hosting the Python Package Index (PyPI) , supporting 5 Developers-in-Residence , maintaining critical community infrastructure , and more. Python is for teaching, learning, playing, researching, exploring, creating, working– the list goes on and on and on! Support this year's fundraiser with your donations and memberships to help the PSF, the Python community, and the language stay strong and sustainable. Because Python is for everyone, thanks to you. There are two direct ways to join through donate.python.org : Donate directly to the PSF! Your donation is a direct way to support and power the future of the Python programming language and community you love. Every donation makes a difference, and we work hard to make a little go a long way. Become a PSF Supporting Member! When you sign up as a Supporting Member of the PSF, you become a part of the PSF, are eligible to vote in PSF elections, and help us sustain our mission with your annual support. You can sign up as a Supporting Member at the usual annual rate ($99 USD), or you can take advantage of our sliding scale option (starting at $25 USD)! >>> Donate or Become a Member Today! <<< If you already donated and/or you’re already a member, you can: Share the fundraiser with your regional and project-based communities: Share this blog post in your Python-related Discords, Slacks, social media accounts- wherever your Python community is! Keep an eye on our social media accounts to see the latest stories and news for the campaign. Share your Python story with a call to action: We invite you to share your personal Python, PyCon, or PSF story. What impact has it made in your life, in your community, in your career? Share your story in a blog post or on your social media platform of choice and add a link to donate.python.org. Ask your employer to sponsor: If your company is using Python to build its products and services, check to see if they already sponsor the PSF on our Sponsors page . If not, reach out to your organization's internal decision-makers and impress on them just how important it is for us to power the future of Python together, and send them our sponsor prospectus . Your donations and support: Keep Python thriving Support CPython and PyPI progress Increase security across the Python ecosystem Bring the global Python community together Make our community more diverse and robust every year Highlights from 2025: Producing another wonderful PyCon US: We welcomed 2,225 attendees for PyCon US 2025 – 1,404 of whom were newcomers– at the David L. Lawrence Convention Center in beautiful downtown Pittsburgh. PyCon US 2025 was packed with 9 days of content, education, and networking for the Python community, including 6 Keynote Sessions, 91 Talks, including the Charlas Spanish track, 24 Tutorials, 20 Posters, 30+ Sprint Projects, 146 Open Spaces, and 60 Booths! Continuing to enhance Python and PyPI’s security through Developers-in-Residence: The PSF’s PyPI Safety and Security Engineer, Mike Fiedler, has implemented new safeguards, including automation to detect expiring email domains and prevent impersonation attacks, as well as guidance for maintainers to use more secure authentication methods like WebAuthn and Trusted Publishers. The PSF’s Security Developer-in-Residence, Seth Larson, continues to lead efforts to strengthen Python’s security and transparency. His work on PEP 770 introduces standardized Software Bill-of-Materials (SBOMs) within Python packages, improving visibility into dependencies for stronger supply chain security. A new white paper co-authored with Alpha-Omega outlines how these improvements enhance trust and measurability across the ecosystem. Adoption of pypistats.org : The PSF infrastructure team has officially adopted the operation of pypistats.org , which had been run by volunteer Christopher Flynn for over six years (thank you, Christopher!). The PSF’s Infrastructure Team now handles the service’s infrastructure, costs, and domain registration– and the service itself remains open source and community-maintained. Advancing PyPI Organizations: The rollout of PyPI Organizations is now well underway, marking a major milestone in improving project management and collaboration across the Python ecosystem. With new Terms of Service finalized and supporting tools in place, the PSF has cleared its backlog of requests and approved thousands of organizations—including 2,409 Community and 4979 Company organizations as of today. Hundreds of these organizations have already begun adding members, transferring projects, and subscribing to the new Company tier, generating sustainable support for the PSF. We’re excited to see how teams are using these new features to better organize and maintain their projects on PyPI. Empowering the Python community through Fiscal Sponsorship: We are proud to continue supporting our 20 fiscal sponsoree organizations with their initiatives and events all year round. The PSF provides 501(c)(3) tax-exempt status to fiscal sponsorees such as PyLadies and Pallets, and provides back office support so they can focus on their missions. Consider donating to your favorite PSF Fiscal Sponsoree and check out our Fiscal Sponsorees page to learn more about what each of these awesome organizations is all about! Serving our community with grants: The PSF Grants Program awarded approximately $340K to 86 grantees around the world; supporting local conferences, workshops, and community initiatives that keep Python growing and accessible to all. While we had to make the difficult decision to pause the program early to ensure financial sustainability, we would love to reopen it as soon as possible. Your participation in this year’s fundraiser fuels that effort! Honoring community leaders: The PSF honored three leaders with Distinguished Service Awards this year. Ewa Jodlowska helped transform the PSF into a professional, globally supportive organization. Thomas Wouters has contributed decades of leadership, guidance, and institutional knowledge. Van Lindberg provided essential legal expertise that guided the PSF through growth and governance. Their dedication has left a lasting impact on the PSF, Python, and its community. The PSF was also thrilled to recognize Katie McLaughlin, Sarah Kuchinsky, and Rodrigo Girão Serrão with Community Service Awards (CSA) for their outstanding contributions to the Python community. Their dedication, creativity, and generosity embody the spirit of Python and strengthen our global community. We recognized Jay Miller with a CSA for his work to improve diversity, inclusion, and equity in the global Python community through founding and sustaining Black Python Devs. We also honored Matt Lebrun and Micaela Reyes with CSA's for their efforts to grow and support the Python community in the Philippines through conferences, meetups, and volunteer programs. Finding strength in the Python community: When the PSF shared the news about turning down a NSF grant , the outpouring of support from the Python community was nothing short of incredible. In just one day, you helped raise over $60K and welcomed 125 new Supporting Members- in the week after, that number jumped to $150K+ and 270+ new Supporting Members! A community-led matching campaign and countless messages of support, solidarity, and encouragement reminded us that while some choices are tough, we never face them alone. The PSF Board & Staff are deeply moved and energized by your words, actions, and continued belief in our shared mission. This moment has set the stage for a record-breaking end-of-year fundraiser, and we are so incredibly grateful to be in community with each of you. Posted by Marie Nordin at 11/12/2025 11:39:00 AM Newer Post Older Post Home Mission The mission of the Python Software Foundation is to promote, protect, and advance the Python programming language, and to support and facilitate the growth of a diverse and international community of Python programmers. Python Software Foundation Grants Program Membership Awards Meeting Minutes PSF Sponsors A big thank you to the above PSF sponsors for supporting our mission! Blog Archive ▼  2025 (50) ►  December (1) ▼  November (4) PSF Code of Conduct Working Group Shares First Tra... Python is for Everyone: Grab PyCharm Pro for 30% o... Python is for everyone: Join in the PSF year-end f... 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Testing Follow Hide Find those bugs before your users do! 🐛 Create Post Older #testing posts 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu I built my own S3 for $5/mo Shared Hosting (because no one else did) Nityam Sheth Nityam Sheth Nityam Sheth Follow Dec 28 '25 I built my own S3 for $5/mo Shared Hosting (because no one else did) # aws # php # sideprojects # testing 8 reactions Comments 3 comments 2 min read Revolutionizing Mobile App Success with A/B Testing Visakh Vijayan Visakh Vijayan Visakh Vijayan Follow Nov 27 '25 Revolutionizing Mobile App Success with A/B Testing # mobile # testing # ux Comments Add Comment 2 min read Run Cypress autotests in parallel for Allure report Ivan Ivan Ivan Follow Nov 30 '25 Run Cypress autotests in parallel for Allure report # testing # tutorial # cypress # allure Comments Add Comment 4 min read Rethinking Serverless Application Workflows from a Testing Perspective Eliana Lam Eliana Lam Eliana Lam Follow Nov 27 '25 Rethinking Serverless Application Workflows from a Testing Perspective # testing # serverless # devops # aws Comments Add Comment 3 min read How To Create a Jira Test Case Template To Boost Efficiency viktoriiagolovtseva viktoriiagolovtseva viktoriiagolovtseva Follow Dec 30 '25 How To Create a Jira Test Case Template To Boost Efficiency # testing # tutorial # automation # productivity 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 7 min read Rethinking Serverless Application Workflows from a Testing Perspective Eliana Lam Eliana Lam Eliana Lam Follow Nov 27 '25 Rethinking Serverless Application Workflows from a Testing Perspective # testing # serverless # cicd # aws 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Our AI Automation Agent Got Accepted at RoboCon 2026 Conference Gaddour Gaddour Gaddour Follow Nov 26 '25 Our AI Automation Agent Got Accepted at RoboCon 2026 Conference # testing # automation # ai # opensource 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read From Genin to Kage - Understanding the Test Pyramid with Naruto Alicia Marianne 🇧🇷 Alicia Marianne 🇧🇷 Alicia Marianne 🇧🇷 Follow Dec 23 '25 From Genin to Kage - Understanding the Test Pyramid with Naruto # testing # beginners # basic # automation 72 reactions Comments 5 comments 4 min read How to Debug LLM Failures: A Practical, End-to-End Guide for AI Engineers Kuldeep Paul Kuldeep Paul Kuldeep Paul Follow Nov 29 '25 How to Debug LLM Failures: A Practical, End-to-End Guide for AI Engineers # testing # llm # tutorial # ai Comments Add Comment 6 min read How Regression Testing Keeps Agile Teams Fast, Reliable, and Release-Ready AIO Tests AIO Tests AIO Tests Follow Nov 26 '25 How Regression Testing Keeps Agile Teams Fast, Reliable, and Release-Ready # regressiontesting # software # testing Comments Add Comment 5 min read The Evolution of Software Testing: Moving from Automation Tools to Automation Strategy Ankit Kumar Sinha Ankit Kumar Sinha Ankit Kumar Sinha Follow Nov 26 '25 The Evolution of Software Testing: Moving from Automation Tools to Automation Strategy # testing # automation # devops # productivity Comments Add Comment 4 min read QA for AI Systems vs Traditional Software: Key Differences and Practices Serhii Romanov Serhii Romanov Serhii Romanov Follow Dec 30 '25 QA for AI Systems vs Traditional Software: Key Differences and Practices # qa # ai # testing 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Why React Testing Library is a Game-Changer for React Testing Sheikh Limon Sheikh Limon Sheikh Limon Follow Dec 8 '25 Why React Testing Library is a Game-Changer for React Testing # react # testing # tdd # reacttestinglibrary 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Convert Chrome Dev Tools Recording to WebDriver Java Code Using Free OpenCode AI Agent Alan Richardson Alan Richardson Alan Richardson Follow Dec 19 '25 Convert Chrome Dev Tools Recording to WebDriver Java Code Using Free OpenCode AI Agent # testing # java # automation # ai Comments Add Comment 4 min read 🌍 Uniface Localization Series (Part 3): Testing & Best Practices 🏁 Peter + AI Peter + AI Peter + AI Follow Nov 23 '25 🌍 Uniface Localization Series (Part 3): Testing & Best Practices 🏁 # qa # testing # bestpractices # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read Level Up Code Quality with an AI Assistant Karun Japhet Karun Japhet Karun Japhet Follow Dec 27 '25 Level Up Code Quality with an AI Assistant # ai # programming # testing # tutorial Comments Add Comment 7 min read From browser journeys to Gatling tests in minutes: introducing Gatling Studio Gatling.io Gatling.io Gatling.io Follow Nov 24 '25 From browser journeys to Gatling tests in minutes: introducing Gatling Studio # testing Comments Add Comment 4 min read How to Test Legacy Laravel Code Without Refactoring First CodeCraft Diary CodeCraft Diary CodeCraft Diary Follow Dec 15 '25 How to Test Legacy Laravel Code Without Refactoring First # programming # webdev # php # testing 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read 🚀 What is Minikube? Shiva Charan Shiva Charan Shiva Charan Follow Nov 27 '25 🚀 What is Minikube? # beginners # kubernetes # testing Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building SynthDB: A Context-Aware Database Seeder in Rust (and Why I Need Your Help!) ABHINAVRAJ T ABHINAVRAJ T ABHINAVRAJ T Follow Nov 25 '25 Building SynthDB: A Context-Aware Database Seeder in Rust (and Why I Need Your Help!) # postgres # testing # rust # opensource Comments Add Comment 3 min read Top Postman Alternatives for API Testing in 2025 Dulaj Thiwanka Dulaj Thiwanka Dulaj Thiwanka Follow Nov 21 '25 Top Postman Alternatives for API Testing in 2025 # api # testing # tooling # resources Comments Add Comment 2 min read Doc-First Development: Because 'We'll Document It Later' Is a Lie Mr. 0x1 Mr. 0x1 Mr. 0x1 Follow Dec 26 '25 Doc-First Development: Because 'We'll Document It Later' Is a Lie # go # testing # openapi # architecture Comments Add Comment 5 min read Selenium Architecture & Python Virtual Environ Pooja Shyam Pooja Shyam Pooja Shyam Follow Nov 22 '25 Selenium Architecture & Python Virtual Environ # architecture # testing # python # automation Comments Add Comment 2 min read Agent Evaluation in Copilot Studio: Test Methods, Thresholds, and Regression Checks Ippu Ito Ippu Ito Ippu Ito Follow Dec 25 '25 Agent Evaluation in Copilot Studio: Test Methods, Thresholds, and Regression Checks # powerplatform # copilotstudio # testing 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 8 min read Introducing "badtrace". Generate "bad" OpenTelemetry traces easily Adam Gardner Adam Gardner Adam Gardner Follow Nov 22 '25 Introducing "badtrace". Generate "bad" OpenTelemetry traces easily # showdev # testing # monitoring # tooling Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. 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https://dev.to/mohammadidrees/how-to-question-any-system-design-problem-with-live-interview-walkthrough-2cd4#3-failure-what-breaks-independently | How to Question Any System Design Problem (With Live Interview Walkthrough) - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Mohammad-Idrees Posted on Jan 13 How to Question Any System Design Problem (With Live Interview Walkthrough) # systemdesign # interview # architecture # career Thinking in First Principles: Most system design interview failures are not caused by missing knowledge of tools. They are caused by missing questions . Strong candidates do not start by designing systems. They start by interrogating the problem . This post teaches you: How to question a system from first principles How to apply that questioning live in an interview What mistakes candidates commonly make A printable one-page checklist you can memorize and reuse No prior system design experience required. What “First Principles” Means in System Design First principles means reducing a problem to fundamental truths that must always hold , regardless of: Programming language Framework Infrastructure Scale Every system—chat apps, payment systems, video processing pipelines—must answer the same core questions about: State Time Failure Order Scale If a design cannot answer one of these, it is incomplete. The 5-Step First-Principles Questioning Framework You will apply these questions in order . State – Where does information live? When is it durable? Time – How long does each step take? Failure – What breaks independently? Order – What defines correct sequence? Scale – What grows fastest under load? This is not a checklist you recite. It is a thinking sequence . Let’s walk through each one. 1. State — Where Does It Live? When Is It Durable? The Question Where does the system’s information exist, and when is it safe from loss? This is always the first question because nothing else matters if data disappears. What You’re Really Asking Is data stored in memory or persisted? What survives a crash or restart? What is the source of truth? Example Case Imagine a system that accepts user requests and processes them later. If the request only lives in memory: A restart loses it A crash loses it Another instance can’t see it You have discovered a correctness problem , not a performance one. Key Insight If state only exists in a running process, it does not exist. 2. Time — How Long Does Each Step Take? Once state exists, time becomes unavoidable. The Question Which steps are fast, and which are slow? You are comparing orders of magnitude , not exact numbers. What You’re Really Asking Is there long-running work? Does the user wait for it? Is fast work blocked by slow work? Example Case A system: Accepts a request (milliseconds) Performs heavy processing (seconds) If the request waits for processing: Latency is dominated by the slowest step Throughput collapses under load Key Insight The slowest step defines the user experience. 3. Failure — What Breaks Independently? Now assume something goes wrong. It always will. The Question Which parts of the system can fail without the others failing? What You’re Really Asking What if the system crashes mid-operation? What if work is retried? Can the same work run twice? Example Case If work can be retried: It may run twice Side effects may duplicate State may become inconsistent This is not a bug. It is the default behavior of distributed systems. Key Insight Distributed systems fail partially, not cleanly. 4. Order — What Defines Correct Sequence? Ordering issues appear only after state, time, and failure are considered. The Question Does correctness depend on the order of operations? What You’re Really Asking Does arrival order equal processing order? Can later work finish earlier? Does that matter? Example Case Two requests arrive: A then B If B completes before A: Is the system still correct? If the answer is “no,” order must be explicitly enforced. Key Insight If order matters, it must be designed—not assumed. 5. Scale — What Grows Fastest? Only now do we talk about scale. The Question As usage increases, which dimension grows fastest? What You’re Really Asking Requests? Stored data? Concurrent operations? Waiting work? Example Case If each request waits on slow work: Concurrent waiting grows with latency Resources exhaust quickly Key Insight Systems fail at the fastest-growing dimension. Live Mock Interview Case Study (Detailed) Interviewer “Design a system where users submit tasks and receive results later.” Candidate (Correct Approach) Candidate: Before designing, I’d like to understand what state the system must preserve. Step 1: State Candidate: We must store: The user’s request The result A way to associate them This state must survive crashes, so it needs to be persisted. Interviewer: Good. Continue. Step 2: Time Candidate: Submitting a request is likely fast. Producing a result could be slow. If we make users wait for result generation, latency will be high and throughput limited. So the system likely separates request acceptance from processing. Step 3: Failure Candidate: Now I’ll assume failures. If processing crashes mid-way: The request still exists Processing may retry That means the same task could execute twice. So we must consider whether duplicate execution is safe. Step 4: Order Candidate: If users submit multiple tasks: Does order matter? If yes: Arrival order ≠ completion order We need to explicitly preserve sequence If no: Tasks can be processed independently Step 5: Scale Candidate: Under load, the fastest-growing dimension is: Pending background work If processing is slow, the backlog grows quickly. So the system must degrade gracefully under that pressure. Interviewer Assessment The candidate: Asked structured questions Identified real failure modes Avoided premature tools Demonstrated systems thinking No tools were required to pass this interview. Common Mistakes Candidates Make 1. Jumping to Solutions ❌ “We’ll use Kafka” ✅ “What happens if work runs twice?” 2. Treating State as Implementation Detail ❌ “We’ll store it somewhere” ✅ “What must never be lost?” 3. Ignoring Failure ❌ “Retries should work” ✅ “What if retries duplicate effects?” 4. Assuming Order ❌ “Requests are processed in order” ✅ “What enforces that order?” 5. Talking About Scale Too Early ❌ “Millions of users” ✅ “Which dimension explodes first?” Printable One-Page Interview Checklist You can print or memorize this. First-Principles System Design Checklist Ask these in order: State What information must exist? Where does it live? When is it durable? Time Which steps are fast? Which are slow? Does slow work block fast work? Failure What can fail independently? Can work be retried? What happens if it runs twice? Order Does correctness depend on sequence? Is arrival order preserved? What enforces ordering? Scale What grows fastest? How does the system fail under load? Final Mental Model Great system design is not about building systems. It is about exposing hidden assumptions. This framework helps you do that—calmly, systematically, and convincingly. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. 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Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Mohammad-Idrees Follow Joined Mar 16, 2023 More from Mohammad-Idrees Contrast sync vs async failure classes using first principles # architecture # computerscience # systemdesign Applying First-Principles Questioning to a Real Company Interview Question # career # interview # systemdesign Thinking in First Principles: How to Question an Async Queue–Based Design # architecture # interview # learning # systemdesign 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
https://dev.to/beck_moulton | Beck_Moulton - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Beck_Moulton 404 bio not found Joined Joined on Aug 22, 2022 Personal website https://www.wellally.tech/ github website twitter website More info about @beck_moulton Badges Three Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least three years. Got it Close Two Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least two years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close One Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least one year. Got it Close Post 23 posts published Comment 3 comments written Tag 15 tags followed Stop Sending Sensitive Data to the Cloud: Build a Local-First Mental Health AI with WebLLM Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Follow Jan 13 Stop Sending Sensitive Data to the Cloud: Build a Local-First Mental Health AI with WebLLM # privacy # typescript # webgpu # webllm Comments Add Comment 4 min read Want to connect with Beck_Moulton? Create an account to connect with Beck_Moulton. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in Private & Fast: Building a Browser-Based Dermatology Screener with WebLLM and WebGPU Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Follow Jan 12 Private & Fast: Building a Browser-Based Dermatology Screener with WebLLM and WebGPU # privacy # ai # web # webdev Comments Add Comment 4 min read Beyond Image Labels: Estimating Food Portions and Calories using Grounding DINO + SAM Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Follow Jan 11 Beyond Image Labels: Estimating Food Portions and Calories using Grounding DINO + SAM # ai # fastapi # sam # webdev Comments Add Comment 4 min read Stop Manually Booking Doctors: Build an Autonomous Health Agent with LangGraph & Playwright Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Follow Jan 10 Stop Manually Booking Doctors: Build an Autonomous Health Agent with LangGraph & Playwright # ai # python # machinelearning # opensource Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Ultimate AI Diet Agent: Syncing Real-Time Health Data with Local Supermarket Inventory using CrewAI Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Follow Jan 9 The Ultimate AI Diet Agent: Syncing Real-Time Health Data with Local Supermarket Inventory using CrewAI # ai # python # opensource # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 4 min read From Pixels to Calories: Building a Multimodal Meal Analysis Engine with GPT-4o Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Follow Jan 8 From Pixels to Calories: Building a Multimodal Meal Analysis Engine with GPT-4o # webdev # ai # python # fastapi Comments Add Comment 4 min read Time-Series Alchemy: Predicting Glucose Trends 2 Hours Out with Transformers and PyTorch Lightning Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Follow Jan 7 Time-Series Alchemy: Predicting Glucose Trends 2 Hours Out with Transformers and PyTorch Lightning # python # machinelearning # webdev # datascience Comments Add Comment 4 min read Claude-Ally-Health: Your Private AI Medical Assistant & Health Data Manager Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Follow Jan 7 Claude-Ally-Health: Your Private AI Medical Assistant & Health Data Manager # ai # python # mentalhealth Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building a Medical-Grade Knowledge Graph: Mapping Drug Interactions with Neo4j and LlamaIndex 🩺💻 Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Follow Jan 6 Building a Medical-Grade Knowledge Graph: Mapping Drug Interactions with Neo4j and LlamaIndex 🩺💻 # 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programming # generative # healthcare Comments Add Comment 4 min read The Impossible Normalization: Why Your Database Hates Biology 🧬 Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Follow Dec 29 '25 The Impossible Normalization: Why Your Database Hates Biology 🧬 # database # architecture # healthtech # programming 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Security Gap in AI Agent Ecosystems: A Deep Dive into Static Analysis for Claude Skills Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Follow Dec 29 '25 The Security Gap in AI Agent Ecosystems: A Deep Dive into Static Analysis for Claude Skills # programming # ai # mcp Comments Add Comment 3 min read Federated Learning or Bust: Architecting Privacy-First Health AI Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Follow Dec 28 '25 Federated Learning or Bust: Architecting Privacy-First Health AI # machinelearning # architecture # privacy # devops Comments Add Comment 3 min read Surviving the HL7 Nightmare: Strategies for Decoupling Modern SaaS from Legacy Hospital Systems Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Follow Dec 27 '25 Surviving the HL7 Nightmare: Strategies for Decoupling Modern SaaS from Legacy Hospital Systems # webdev # architecture # systems # beginners Comments Add Comment 4 min read Why Your Health Data Belongs on Your Device (Not the Cloud): A Local-First Manifesto Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Follow Dec 26 '25 Why Your Health Data Belongs on Your Device (Not the Cloud): A Local-First Manifesto # architecture # privacy # offlinefirst # database 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 4 min read Ingesting 100M Heartbeats: Scaling Wearable Tech Without Going Broke Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Follow Dec 25 '25 Ingesting 100M Heartbeats: Scaling Wearable Tech Without Going Broke # programming # systemdesign # database # performance Comments Add Comment 3 min read Unstructured Text is the Final Boss: Parsing Doctor's Notes with LLMs 🏥 Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Follow Dec 25 '25 Unstructured Text is the Final Boss: Parsing Doctor's Notes with LLMs 🏥 # programming # ai # python 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 3 min read Rust IoT Platform Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Follow Nov 14 '24 Rust IoT Platform # rust # iot # webdev # javascript Comments Add Comment 4 min read Securing IoT Data Integrity with Go IoT Platform Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Follow Sep 20 '24 Securing IoT Data Integrity with Go IoT Platform # go # webdev # iot # javascript Comments Add Comment 4 min read I wish to study rust Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Beck_Moulton Follow Nov 2 '22 I wish to study rust # rust # tutorial 4 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://maker.forem.com/messin_tom | Messin - Maker Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Maker Forem Close Follow User actions Messin Circuit Digest - Electronics Engineering News, Latest Products, Articles and Projects visit https://circuitdigest.com/ Location India Joined Joined on Jul 2, 2025 Personal website https://circuitdigest.com/ More info about @messin_tom Badges 1 Week Community Wellness Streak For actively engaging with the community by posting at least 2 comments in a single week. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Post 2 posts published Comment 2 comments written Tag 0 tags followed Interactive LED Chaser with 555 Timer & CD4017 DIY Guide Messin Messin Messin Follow Dec 28 '25 Interactive LED Chaser with 555 Timer & CD4017 DIY Guide # tutorial # diy # beginners Comments Add Comment 3 min read Want to connect with Messin? Create an account to connect with Messin. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in Mastering the Clocked JK Flip Flop: The Universal Building Block of Digital Circuits Messin Messin Messin Follow Oct 17 '25 Mastering the Clocked JK Flip Flop: The Universal Building Block of Digital Circuits # flip # clocked # jk # circuits Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Maker Forem — A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Maker Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a space where makers create, share, and bring ideas to life. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
https://dev.to/t/postwriting | Postwriting - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # postwriting Follow Hide Create Post Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu How to add code highlighting to your Dev.to posts. Hendrik Hendrik Hendrik Follow Sep 10 '18 How to add code highlighting to your Dev.to posts. # explainlikeimfive # postwriting # markdown # codeception 230 reactions Comments 41 comments 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
https://dev.to/t/architecture/page/13 | Architecture Page 13 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Architecture Follow Hide The fundamental structures of a software system. Create Post Older #architecture posts 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu The Decoupled Revolution: Engineering High-Performance Front-Ends with React and Next.js Neo Neo Neo Follow Jan 2 The Decoupled Revolution: Engineering High-Performance Front-Ends with React and Next.js # react # nextjs # architecture # frontend Comments Add Comment 3 min read Linux Kernel Basics: User Space vs. Kernel Space, System Calls, strace (debugging processes). Shivakumar Shivakumar Shivakumar Follow Jan 5 Linux Kernel Basics: User Space vs. Kernel Space, System Calls, strace (debugging processes). # architecture # beginners # devops # linux Comments Add Comment 5 min read Google Cloud: la Gerarchia delle Risorse Mirko Scapellato Mirko Scapellato Mirko Scapellato Follow Jan 1 Google Cloud: la Gerarchia delle Risorse # architecture # beginners # googlecloud Comments Add Comment 4 min read Bitmask Operations: The Math You Skipped (And Why It Matters) Abdullah Bashir Abdullah Bashir Abdullah Bashir Follow Jan 6 Bitmask Operations: The Math You Skipped (And Why It Matters) # programming # webdev # architecture # learning 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Model Context Protocol (MCP) Gokul S Gokul S Gokul S Follow Jan 2 Model Context Protocol (MCP) # rag # architecture # agents # llm Comments Add Comment 1 min read 5 Flutter Architecture Mistakes That Only Appeared After Release Abdul Wahab Abdul Wahab Abdul Wahab Follow Jan 1 5 Flutter Architecture Mistakes That Only Appeared After Release # flutter # architecture # productivity # startup Comments Add Comment 3 min read EP 6.3: Master-Slave Architecture Hrishikesh Dalal Hrishikesh Dalal Hrishikesh Dalal Follow Jan 1 EP 6.3: Master-Slave Architecture # architecture # database # systemdesign Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why Settlement Layers Will Outlast Smart Contract Platforms: The Case for Stellar Rohan Kumar Rohan Kumar Rohan Kumar Follow Jan 1 Why Settlement Layers Will Outlast Smart Contract Platforms: The Case for Stellar # discuss # architecture # blockchain Comments Add Comment 16 min read Docify v2: Moving Beyond Standard RAG to Multi-Document Agents Keshav Ashiya Keshav Ashiya Keshav Ashiya Follow Jan 1 Docify v2: Moving Beyond Standard RAG to Multi-Document Agents # showdev # ai # opensource # architecture Comments Add Comment 2 min read Controllable AI: A Runtime Legitimacy Layer for AI Governance yuer yuer yuer Follow Jan 1 Controllable AI: A Runtime Legitimacy Layer for AI Governance # architecture # agents # llm # ai Comments 1 comment 3 min read You Can't Build a Vault on Quicksand: Lessons from Rebuilding VibeVault's Backend THIYAGARAJAN varadharajan THIYAGARAJAN varadharajan THIYAGARAJAN varadharajan Follow Jan 1 You Can't Build a Vault on Quicksand: Lessons from Rebuilding VibeVault's Backend # django # architecture # backend # learning Comments Add Comment 2 min read Part 6: Silver Layer – Cleansing, Enrichment, and Dimensions Nithyalakshmi Kamalakkannan Nithyalakshmi Kamalakkannan Nithyalakshmi Kamalakkannan Follow Jan 2 Part 6: Silver Layer – Cleansing, Enrichment, and Dimensions # analytics # architecture # dataengineering Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Best Practices for Secure API Integration in Financial Services prakash gowda prakash gowda prakash gowda Follow Jan 2 The Best Practices for Secure API Integration in Financial Services # api # architecture # security Comments Add Comment 4 min read SaijinOS Part 20 — Trust as a Temporal Resource Masato Kato Masato Kato Masato Kato Follow Jan 11 SaijinOS Part 20 — Trust as a Temporal Resource # ai # architecture # humancomputerinteraction # emotion 3 reactions Comments 4 comments 5 min read Consistent Hashing - System Design Kader Khan Kader Khan Kader Khan Follow Dec 31 '25 Consistent Hashing - System Design # systemdesign # algorithms # architecture # computerscience Comments Add Comment 4 min read An Algebraic View of Databases Athreya aka Maneshwar Athreya aka Maneshwar Athreya aka Maneshwar Follow Dec 31 '25 An Algebraic View of Databases # webdev # programming # database # architecture 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Google Calendar’s Secret Engineering Weapon: Restraint Tyler Dane Tyler Dane Tyler Dane Follow Dec 31 '25 Google Calendar’s Secret Engineering Weapon: Restraint # webdev # architecture # tutorial # learning Comments Add Comment 4 min read Understanding How Applications Talk to SQLite Internally Athreya aka Maneshwar Athreya aka Maneshwar Athreya aka Maneshwar Follow Jan 4 Understanding How Applications Talk to SQLite Internally # webdev # programming # database # architecture 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Refactor Anytime synthaicode synthaicode synthaicode Follow Dec 31 '25 Refactor Anytime # ai # pro # produ # architecture Comments Add Comment 4 min read Rebuild Success Often Comes from Realignment, Not New Technology Steven Stuart Steven Stuart Steven Stuart Follow Dec 31 '25 Rebuild Success Often Comes from Realignment, Not New Technology # leadership # architecture # projectmanagement # softwaredevelopment Comments Add Comment 7 min read VPS vs PaaS: How to choose the perfect hosting Solution Kuberns Kuberns Kuberns Follow Jan 2 VPS vs PaaS: How to choose the perfect hosting Solution # architecture # cloud # devops Comments Add Comment 4 min read AgentOrchestra Explained: A Mental Model for Hierarchical Multi-Agent Systems NARESH NARESH NARESH Follow Jan 1 AgentOrchestra Explained: A Mental Model for Hierarchical Multi-Agent Systems # systemdesign # architecture # agents # ai Comments Add Comment 14 min read QEMU AARCH64 RUN Sahrul Gunawan ID Sahrul Gunawan ID Sahrul Gunawan ID Follow Jan 1 QEMU AARCH64 RUN # programming # beginners # tutorial # architecture Comments Add Comment 1 min read Scaling Autonomy: Architecting Cost-Efficient Agentic AI for the Enterprise Devdas Gupta Devdas Gupta Devdas Gupta Follow Dec 31 '25 Scaling Autonomy: Architecting Cost-Efficient Agentic AI for the Enterprise # architecture # agents # ai # llm Comments Add Comment 6 min read 🚀 AWS Introduces Regional NAT Gateway: Simplifying Outbound Connectivity Prithiviraj R Prithiviraj R Prithiviraj R Follow Dec 31 '25 🚀 AWS Introduces Regional NAT Gateway: Simplifying Outbound Connectivity # news # architecture # networking # aws Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://design.forem.com/no_codestartup/criar-imagem-com-inteligencia-artificial-online-guia-completo-para-dominar-a-arte-visual-com-ia-1gi | Criar Imagem com Inteligência Artificial Online: Guia Completo para Dominar a Arte Visual com IA - Design Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. 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Report Abuse No code Startup Posted on Nov 18, 2025 Criar Imagem com Inteligência Artificial Online: Guia Completo para Dominar a Arte Visual com IA # aiindesign # resources # tools A capacidade de criar imagem com inteligência artificial online transformou completamente a forma como designers, criadores de conteúdo, empreendedores e usuários comuns produzem imagens impressionantes em poucos segundos. Nos primeiros usos, já fica evidente que as plataformas modernas de IA conseguem entender descrições complexas, estilos artísticos, iluminação e até emoções, permitindo que qualquer pessoa gere visuais dignos de profissionais sem precisar dominar softwares avançados. Como funciona o processo de criar imagem com inteligência artificial online Criar imagens com IA envolve modelos treinados com bilhões de dados visuais que aprendem padrões estéticos, formas, composições e estilos. Quando alguém decide criar imagem com inteligência artificial online , a plataforma interpreta o texto digitado e converte essa descrição em pixels organizados de forma coerente. Esse processo, chamado de geração difusional ou generative modeling, é explicado em pesquisas presentes em fontes como https://arxiv.org/ , onde diversos estudos detalham como esses modelos evoluem. A inteligência artificial entende mais que simples palavras: ela identifica contextos, combinações de cores, estilos possíveis e até tendências artísticas. Isso explica por que imagens geradas hoje possuem realismo tão elevado e qualidade suficiente para publicidade, conteúdo editorial e projetos pessoais. A evolução das ferramentas mais populares para gerar imagens com IA As ferramentas disponíveis atualmente se popularizaram porque permitem criar imagens diretamente pelo navegador, sem instalações. As plataformas mais modernas focam na simplicidade, oferecendo campos de texto onde o usuário descreve sua ideia e recebe a arte pronta. Quem busca criar imagem com inteligência artificial online encontra opções gratuitas, pagas e híbridas, cada uma com recursos distintos. Para quem gosta de entender o lado técnico, análises profundas sobre IA aplicada estão disponíveis em bases renomadas como https://www.sciencedirect.com/ , que explicam como os modelos aprendem a reconhecer detalhes minuciosos dentro de padrões visuais complexos. Essas pesquisas ajudam a compreender por que imagens geradas por IA evoluem de forma tão acelerada. Por que essas ferramentas se tornaram tão populares A popularidade se deve principalmente à velocidade. Antes, criar uma arte personalizada podia levar horas; agora, basta descrever o que deseja. Além disso, usuários utilizam essas plataformas para redes sociais, logos experimentais, capas, thumbnails e até projetos escolares. A precisão dos modelos permite que ideias abstratas ganhem forma realista. Como aprimorar resultados ao criar imagem com inteligência artificial online Para gerar imagens melhores, é necessário aprender a descrever de forma clara. O texto enviado para a IA funciona como o “pincel” da criação. Termos como iluminação, textura, estilo e ambiente guiam o modelo para um resultado mais fiel. Essa etapa é essencial para dominar totalmente o ato de criar imagem com inteligência artificial online . Outro elemento importante é entender como diferentes plataformas interpretam comandos. Algumas priorizam realismo fotográfico, enquanto outras focam em estilos artísticos como aquarela, pintura digital ou conceitos futuristas. Por isso, testar variações de descrição ajuda a identificar a abordagem visual ideal. Como a IA interpreta descrições detalhadas A IA analisa cada palavra separadamente e também o contexto. Um pedido como “paisagem futurista com luzes neon e atmosfera cinematográfica” resulta em algo completamente diferente de “desenho infantil colorido de uma paisagem futurista”. Para quem deseja se aprofundar nesses mecanismos, relatórios avançados publicados pela OpenAI em https://openai.com/research ajudam a visualizar como esses sistemas compreendem estilos e intenções. Aplicações reais das imagens criadas com IA no mundo moderno As imagens geradas por IA já fazem parte do cotidiano de diversas áreas. Criadores utilizam essas ferramentas para ilustrar artigos, desenvolver capas, criar conceitos visuais, produzir banners e dar vida a personagens. Empresas investem na IA para criar artes rápidas para testes de campanhas. Artistas usam para explorar novas ideias sem precisar começar do zero manualmente. O processo de criar imagem com inteligência artificial online também se tornou popular entre estudantes e professores, que transformam conceitos abstratos em gráficos explicativos. Como a IA entrega resultados em segundos, o processo criativo fica mais ágil e intuitivo. Exemplos que mostram o impacto dessa transformação Produtores independentes utilizam IA para gerar thumbnails profissionais para vídeos. Fotógrafos criam composições impossíveis no mundo real usando apenas descrições. Equipes de marketing testam dezenas de variações visuais para campanhas em minutos. Esses casos demonstram que a IA não substitui a criatividade humana, mas amplia suas possibilidades. Tendências futuras para quem deseja criar imagem com inteligência artificial online As plataformas estão seguindo um caminho cada vez mais realista, com maior fidelidade de texturas, sombras e anatomia. Em breve, os modelos permitirão criar imagens tridimensionais completas, manipular objetos com precisão e integrar vídeo junto da imagem estática. Especialistas acreditam que essa evolução tornará o ato de criar imagem com inteligência artificial online ainda mais acessível e avançado. Pesquisadores da NVIDIA compartilham análises profundas sobre o futuro da IA visual em https://developer.nvidia.com/ , onde explicam como essa tecnologia se integrará com sistemas multimodais. Essas previsões indicam que, em poucos anos, qualquer pessoa poderá gerar ambientes completos, cenas animadas e composições interativas a partir de simples descrições textuais. Encerramento O avanço das ferramentas de geração visual mudou o cenário criativo global, permitindo que qualquer pessoa consiga criar imagem com inteligência artificial online com qualidade profissional. Dominar esse processo abre portas para resultados mais expressivos, ideias mais sofisticadas e uma liberdade artística que antes era restrita a especialistas. À medida que os modelos continuam evoluindo, a criação visual se transforma em um campo ainda mais rico e acessível, permitindo que novos criadores expandam suas habilidades e construam projetos visualmente impressionantes com poucos cliques. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse No code Startup Follow Fundada em fevereiro de 2023 por Matheus Castelo e Neto Camarano, a NoCode StartUp é uma plataforma educacional que transforma a criação de tecnologia em algo acessível para todos. Joined Aug 7, 2025 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Design Community — Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Design Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where designers share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
https://dev.to/bingkahu/seeking-peer-connections-for-codechat-p2p-testing-4inh#project-overview | Seeking Peer Connections for CodeChat P2P Testing - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse bingkahu Posted on Jan 12 Seeking Peer Connections for CodeChat P2P Testing # coding # github # watercooler # gamedev Project Overview I am currently testing the stability of CodeChat , a decentralized communication tool built with vanilla JavaScript and PeerJS. Unlike traditional messaging apps, this platform establishes direct WebRTC links between browsers, bypasses central databases, and ensures that data stays between the two connected nodes. Connection Invitation I am looking to establish active peer links to test the performance of the data channels and the "Identity Vault" local authentication system. How to Test it If you are interested in testing the node-to-node link: Access the repository at https://github.com/bingkahu/p2p-comms . Open the application in a modern browser. Use the 8-Digit Room ID provided in the sidebar to link your node with another persons ID (If you do not have another person you can simply open another tab, open the same link use your own account and test it by messaging yourself). Current Testing Focus Latency: Measuring message delivery speed across different network environments. Admin Controls: Testing the master broadcast and session wipe functions. UI Feedback: Evaluating the glassmorphism interface across various screen resolutions. Future Technical Milestones End-to-End Encryption: Integrating SubtleCrypto for payload security. P2P File Buffering: Enabling direct document transfer via ArrayBuffer streams. Contact and Collaboration For more detailed technical discussions or to coordinate a specific testing window, please contact me directly: Email: mgrassi1@outlook.com GitHub: bingkahu Legal and Privacy Notice By connecting to this prototype, you acknowledge that this is an experimental P2P environment. No data is stored on a server, but your Peer ID is visible to the connected party to facilitate the link. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse bingkahu Follow Full-stack developer focused on decentralized communication and privacy-centric web applications. Lead maintainer of CodeChat, an open-source peer-to-peer messaging platform built on WebRTC and PeerJS Education School Work Student Joined Jan 11, 2026 More from bingkahu I let an AI with "20 years experience" architect my project and it was a disaster # github # opensource # ai # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. 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https://dev.to/kelina_cowell_qa | Kelina Cowell - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Kelina Cowell I am a UK-based aspiring Game QA Tester, building hands-on experience through self-directed portfolio projects on shipped games across PC Game Pass, mobile, and VR. Location United Kingdom Joined Joined on Dec 21, 2025 Personal website https://kelinacowellqa.github.io/ Work Game Qa Tester More info about @kelina_cowell_qa Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Post 3 posts published Comment 0 comments written Tag 5 tags followed Regression testing workflow: the risk first checks that keep releases stable Kelina Cowell Kelina Cowell Kelina Cowell Follow Dec 29 '25 Regression testing workflow: the risk first checks that keep releases stable # gamedev # testing # qualityassurance # ux Comments Add Comment 6 min read Exploratory testing on mobile: the messy checks that find real bugs Kelina Cowell Kelina Cowell Kelina Cowell Follow Dec 22 '25 Exploratory testing on mobile: the messy checks that find real bugs # gamedev # ux # testing # qualityassurance Comments Add Comment 5 min read Functional testing: the boring basics that catch real bugs Kelina Cowell Kelina Cowell Kelina Cowell Follow Dec 21 '25 Functional testing: the boring basics that catch real bugs # gametesting # qualityassurance # gamedev # ux Comments Add Comment 5 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
https://oshwa.org/resources/open-source-hardware-definition/ | Open Source Hardware Definition | OSHWA menu menu chevron_left home About Team Programs Community Membership Events OSHW 101 Documents and Policies Resources Announcements English العَرَبِيةُ Català 中文 Français Deutsch Ελληνικά עִבְרִית Italiano 日本語 한글 Latina Português Español Svenska Open Source Hardware Definition Open source hardware is hardware whose design is made publicly available so that anyone can study, modify, distribute, make, and sell the design or hardware based on that design. The hardware’s source, the design from which it is made, is available in the preferred format for making modifications to it. Ideally, open source hardware uses readily-available components and materials, standard processes, open infrastructure, unrestricted content, and open-source design tools to maximize the ability of individuals to make and use hardware. Open source hardware gives people the freedom to control their technology while sharing knowledge and encouraging commerce through the open exchange of designs. The open-source hardware statement of principles and definition were developed by members of the OSHWA board and working group along with others. These documents were originally edited on the wiki at freedomdefined.org , which you can visit to see endorsements of the definition and to add your own. Open Source Hardware (OSHW) Statement of Principles 1.0 Open source hardware is hardware whose design is made publicly available so that anyone can study, modify, distribute, make, and sell the design or hardware based on that design. The hardware’s source, the design from which it is made, is available in the preferred format for making modifications to it. Ideally, open source hardware uses readily-available components and materials, standard processes, open infrastructure, unrestricted content, and open-source design tools to maximize the ability of individuals to make and use hardware. Open source hardware gives people the freedom to control their technology while sharing knowledge and encouraging commerce through the open exchange of designs. Open Source Hardware (OSHW) Definition 1.0 The Open Source Hardware (OSHW) Definition 1.0 is based on the Open Source Definition for Open Source Software. That definition was created by Bruce Perens and the Debian developers as the Debian Free Software Guidelines. Introduction Open Source Hardware (OSHW) is a term for tangible artifacts — machines, devices, or other physical things — whose design has been released to the public in such a way that anyone can make, modify, distribute, and use those things. This definition is intended to help provide guidelines for the development and evaluation of licenses for Open Source Hardware. Hardware is different from software in that physical resources must always be committed for the creation of physical goods. Accordingly, persons or companies producing items (“products”) under an OSHW license have an obligation to make it clear that such products are not manufactured, sold, warrantied, or otherwise sanctioned by the original designer and also not to make use of any trademarks owned by the original designer. The distribution terms of Open Source Hardware must comply with the following criteria: 1. Documentation The hardware must be released with documentation including design files, and must allow modification and distribution of the design files. Where documentation is not furnished with the physical product, there must be a well-publicized means of obtaining this documentation for no more than a reasonable reproduction cost, preferably downloading via the Internet without charge. The documentation must include design files in the preferred format for making changes, for example the native file format of a CAD program. Deliberately obfuscated design files are not allowed. Intermediate forms analogous to compiled computer code — such as printer-ready copper artwork from a CAD program — are not allowed as substitutes. The license may require that the design files are provided in fully-documented, open format(s). 2. Scope The documentation for the hardware must clearly specify what portion of the design, if not all, is being released under the license. 3. Necessary Software If the licensed design requires software, embedded or otherwise, to operate properly and fulfill its essential functions, then the license may require that one of the following conditions are met: a) The interfaces are sufficiently documented such that it could reasonably be considered straightforward to write open source software that allows the device to operate properly and fulfill its essential functions. For example, this may include the use of detailed signal timing diagrams or pseudocode to clearly illustrate the interface in operation. b) The necessary software is released under an OSI-approved open source license. 4. Derived Works The license shall allow modifications and derived works, and shall allow them to be distributed under the same terms as the license of the original work. The license shall allow for the manufacture, sale, distribution, and use of products created from the design files, the design files themselves, and derivatives thereof. 5. Free redistribution The license shall not restrict any party from selling or giving away the project documentation. The license shall not require a royalty or other fee for such sale. The license shall not require any royalty or fee related to the sale of derived works. 6. Attribution The license may require derived documents, and copyright notices associated with devices, to provide attribution to the licensors when distributing design files, manufactured products, and/or derivatives thereof. The license may require that this information be accessible to the end-user using the device normally, but shall not specify a specific format of display. The license may require derived works to carry a different name or version number from the original design. 7. No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups The license must not discriminate against any person or group of persons. 8. No Discrimination Against Fields of Endeavor The license must not restrict anyone from making use of the work (including manufactured hardware) in a specific field of endeavor. For example, it must not restrict the hardware from being used in a business, or from being used in nuclear research. 9. Distribution of License The rights granted by the license must apply to all to whom the work is redistributed without the need for execution of an additional license by those parties. 10. License Must Not Be Specific to a Product The rights granted by the license must not depend on the licensed work being part of a particular product. If a portion is extracted from a work and used or distributed within the terms of the license, all parties to whom that work is redistributed should have the same rights as those that are granted for the original work. 11. License Must Not Restrict Other Hardware or Software The license must not place restrictions on other items that are aggregated with the licensed work but not derivative of it. For example, the license must not insist that all other hardware sold with the licensed item be open source, nor that only open source software be used external to the device. 12. License Must Be Technology-Neutral No provision of the license may be predicated on any individual technology, specific part or component, material, or style of interface or use thereof. Afterword The signatories of this Open Source Hardware definition recognize that the open source movement represents only one way of sharing information. We encourage and support all forms of openness and collaboration, whether or not they fit this definition. Become a Member Donate Newsletter | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
https://dev.to/flameofudun/flutter-ecs-mastering-async-operations-and-complex-workflows-463g#comments | Flutter ECS: Mastering Async Operations and Complex Workflows - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Dr. E Posted on Jan 11 Flutter ECS: Mastering Async Operations and Complex Workflows # flutter # dart # programming # opensource Part 2 — Mastering Async Operations and Complex Workflows Flutter ECS just got seriously practical. This new article takes the abstract ideas from Part 1 and shows how to use an Event-Component-System architecture to tame real-world async workflows in production Flutter apps. Why this article matters Focuses on the messy realities of production apps: API failures, multi-step auth flows, race conditions, and error handling, not just counter examples. Shows how to model async work with a LoadingState enum (idle/running/success/error) and keep loading, success, and error logic in a single, coherent system. Demonstrates how ECS can replace bloated BLoCs with a smaller set of predictable, testable systems. What you’ll learn How to pass contextual data through events using triggerWith...() methods, then safely clear it with clearData() to keep events reusable and stateless by default. How to do dependency injection “the ECS way” by treating services as components, declared once in the feature constructor for explicit, traceable architecture. How to build a complete async flow (fetch user, shopping cart, checkout, etc.) where a single reactive system owns loading, success, and error transitions. Patterns you can steal today Use reactsIf to prevent duplicate operations, enforce prerequisites (auth, business hours, cart not empty), or react only to significant state changes. Batch component updates with notify: false to avoid unnecessary rebuilds, then trigger a single final update for optimal performance. Implement robust retry logic with capped attempts and exponential backoff inside a system, keeping error recovery centralized and predictable. Production-ready examples included A full shopping cart feature: components, events, systems, checkout flow, error handling, and cross-feature communication (e.g., pulling payment info from another feature). UI integration via ECSWidget and ecs.watch(), showing exactly how to wire loading, error, and data components into real screens. Call to action If you’re hitting the limits of your current state management (bloated BLoCs, tangled async code, scattered error handling), this piece is a concrete blueprint for refactoring toward a predictable, testable, and debuggable async architecture with Flutter ECS. 👉 Read: Flutter ECS: Mastering Async Operations and Complex Workflows . Then try the challenge: build your own shopping cart feature with retries, loading states, and inspector-friendly debugging, backed by the open-source flutter_event_component_system package on GitHub. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Dr. E Follow Medical doctor turned software engineer. Building health-tech, real-time, AI-powered tools. Sharing my coding journey, side projects, and open-source work. Location Manchester, GB Joined Oct 18, 2025 More from Dr. E Flutter ECS: Rethinking State Management for Flutter Apps # flutter # dart # mobile # programming 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
https://dev.to/rakshath | Rakshath - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close Follow User actions Rakshath 404 bio not found Joined Joined on Nov 28, 2025 More info about @rakshath Post 3 posts published Comment 3 comments written Tag 0 tags followed Pin Pinned What 30 Years of Python Reveal About Programming Language Design? Rakshath Rakshath Rakshath Follow Dec 15 '25 What 30 Years of Python Reveal About Programming Language Design? # discuss # programming # python # news 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 4 min read Write Python Like a Senior Dev: The Secret to Professional Comments and Syntax Rakshath Rakshath Rakshath Follow Nov 28 '25 Write Python Like a Senior Dev: The Secret to Professional Comments and Syntax # programming # beginners # tutorial # python Comments 1 comment 2 min read Want to connect with Rakshath? Create an account to connect with Rakshath. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in Python Programming Tutorial ( Beginners to Advanced) Rakshath Rakshath Rakshath Follow Nov 28 '25 Python Programming Tutorial ( Beginners to Advanced) # programming # python # beginners # tutorial Comments 1 comment 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
https://dev.to/t/news/page/6#main-content | News Page 6 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close News Follow Hide Expect to see announcements of new and updated products, services, and features for languages & frameworks. You also will find high-level news relevant to the tech and software development industry covered here. 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Right menu What 30 Years of Python Reveal About Programming Language Design? Rakshath Rakshath Rakshath Follow Dec 15 '25 What 30 Years of Python Reveal About Programming Language Design? # discuss # programming # python # news 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 4 min read Filikod : le plugin WP qui prend soin de vos images Lyode freelance Lyode freelance Lyode freelance Follow Dec 11 '25 Filikod : le plugin WP qui prend soin de vos images # news # wordpress # pluginwordpress # programming Comments Add Comment 2 min read n8n 2.0: Enhanced Security, Reliability & Performance | Automation Upgrade Omer Dahan Omer Dahan Omer Dahan Follow Dec 11 '25 n8n 2.0: Enhanced Security, Reliability & Performance | Automation Upgrade # news # performance # automation # security Comments Add Comment 5 min read Navigating the Future: Key Data Engineering Trends for 2024 and Beyond DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Dec 10 '25 Navigating the Future: Key Data Engineering Trends for 2024 and Beyond # news # dataengineering # etl # trends Comments Add Comment 6 min read Introducing AI Usage Measurement Framework (Track AI-Assisted Development in Your Repositories) SATINATH MONDAL SATINATH MONDAL SATINATH MONDAL Follow Dec 10 '25 Introducing AI Usage Measurement Framework (Track AI-Assisted Development in Your Repositories) # news # ai # opensource # github 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read NocoBase Weekly Updates: Optimization and Bug Fixes NocoBase NocoBase NocoBase Follow Dec 11 '25 NocoBase Weekly Updates: Optimization and Bug Fixes # news # opensource # lowcode # nocode Comments Add Comment 14 min read sunpeak: ChatGPT App Framework Abe Wheeler Abe Wheeler Abe Wheeler Follow Dec 11 '25 sunpeak: ChatGPT App Framework # showdev # mcp # githunt # news 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read New AWS Lambda Durable Functions – Do they replace Step Functions? 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https://design.forem.com/design_youtube/bring-your-own-laptop-free-figma-advanced-course-become-a-figma-pro-3f83#comments | Bring Your Own Laptop: Free Figma Advanced Course: Become a Figma Pro! - Design Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Design Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Design YouTube Posted on Nov 29, 2025 Bring Your Own Laptop: Free Figma Advanced Course: Become a Figma Pro! # design # tools # resources # webdesign Ready to level up your Figma game? Dan Scott’s 9-hour free advanced course dives into everything from AI-powered draft and auto-layout wizardry to bulletproof components, multi-dimensional variants, slick effects (liquid glass, progressive blur, texture noise) and animations that pop. You’ll work through real app briefs—genre listings, band pages, responsive nav—so by the end you've got a polished UX/UI project for your portfolio. On the way you’ll master nested responsive frames, auto-layout grids, constraints vs. grids, workflow hacks to clean up styles and speed up copy/paste, plus pro tips for hardware setups that make design feel like magic. All you need is Figma (free plan works) and a bit of basic Figma know-how—just grab the exercise files, follow along and watch your UI skills go pro. Watch on YouTube Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Design YouTube Follow Joined Jul 11, 2025 More from Design YouTube Bring Your Own Laptop: Davinci Essentials Course Launch Party! # design # tools # recommendations # resources Bring Your Own Laptop: Elevate Your Designs with Motion (After Effects Tips for Designers) # design # tools # recommendations # resources Jesse Showalter: Beginners Guide to Freelancing # recommendations # resources # sideprojects # career 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Design Community — Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Design Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where designers share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
https://dev.to/pcraig3/cloud-run-vs-app-engine-a-head-to-head-comparison-using-facts-and-science-1225#main-content | Cloud Run vs App Engine: a head-to-head comparison using facts and science - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Paul Craig Posted on Nov 12, 2020 • Edited on Nov 27, 2020 Cloud Run vs App Engine: a head-to-head comparison using facts and science # cloud # googlecloud # docker # serverless For low-traffic applications, Cloud Run is dramatically cheaper than App Engine. Abstract I was hosting a small web app as a side-project and looking to spend less money. I started out using Heroku, then moved to Google’s Cloud Platform. Using rigorous methods and markdown tables, I performed a science-inspired “how much does this cost?” comparison between App Engine and Cloud Run. This study finds that Cloud Run is usually the best option , although if you have money to burn are a “price insensitive consumer,” then App Engine is a bit zippier. Introduction Imagine you have a side-project-type web app and you’re looking to host it on Google’s Cloud Platform (GCP) but you don’t want to spend too much ca$h. Which GCP service do 4 out of 5 scientists recommend? Let’s find out. Background My incredible journey went basically thus: I built a small express app for upcoming Canadian holidays and wanted cheap but usable hosting. Initially, I was using Heroku’s $7/month Hobby Plan because at the end of the day month, it’s only $7. (ie, that’s like 3 coffees: ‘a coffee’ being the base unit of diminutive purchases.) Heroku was really easy to get going with, to integrate with GitHub Actions , and to ssh into when I needed to fiddle with something. But around month five, it dawned on me that it was going to cost $7/month for the rest of my life, so I started looking for other options. Pivoting to Google Cloud Platform (GCP) GCP was the cloud vendor with the most bonus cash on sign-up, so I figured that was a pretty neutral and unbiased reason to pick it. However, as a hapless first-time user, there are a lot of “ solutions ” to choose from. It seems like you’re not a real cloud vendor unless you can bury newcomers under an avalanche of vaguely differentiated products with abstract geometrical logos, so a straightforward question like “where do I host a basic express app?” didn’t have an obvious answer. Cutting through the media bias with facts and logic, I was able to narrow it down by following the research methodology of googling “ google cloud how do I host express app ”. The two options that popped up were: App Engine Cloud Run Both services will run apps and I had an app to run. Seemed perfect: they anticipated me like how I anticipated Canadians are looking for information about holidays. Methodology By signing up, I was granted 300 (!!) GCP bucks, and as a long-time government employee I knew this meant I had to find a creative way to spend it before the end of the fiscal year. Are you thinking what I’m thinking? Let’s run a research study! (This is where the science comes in.) My research question was “Should I use App Engine or Cloud Run to host my fun but unprofitable app?”, and to investigate that I opted for the immersion method where I would assume the role of a developer trying to host an app on Google Cloud. Setup As a precursor, I needed to set up my app on both services simultaneously. For the initial setup, I used the Quickstart material provided by Google at no cost to embedded researchers like me. (Both Quicks-start are pretty easy to follow once you have the gcloud command-line tools installed .) Overview: App Engine (AE) Node.js Quickstart for App Engine On AE, my express app runs as a node process, like booting it up with npm start locally. AE is a traditional hosting platform: it runs continuously and serves requests as they come in. At the end of the month, you pay for the amount of time it was running, which is typically “the entire month”. Overview: Cloud Run “Build and Deploy” Quickstart for Cloud Run Cloud Run runs containers, so for each release you have to build a container and push it to GCP. Unlike App Engine, Cloud Run only runs when requests come in, so you don’t pay for time spent idling. Containerized apps are more portable but not always something you focus on during development. It’s worth noting that the Cloud Run Quickstart provides 9 example Dockerfiles depending on your language of choice. (I used the Node.js one as a basis.) Simulating traffic At this point in the study, I had 2 instances of my app running: In App Engine: https://hols-ae.nn.r.appspot.com/ In Cloud Run: https://hols-hzlcxvebra-ue.a.run.app/ Because real applications have real traffic, I set up a ping service to send requests to each site exactly once every 47 minutes for the rest of time, just like how a Real Human Being™️ would browse. Having completed my setup, it was time to let the experiment run its course, so I passed the time doing highly academic things like rinsing noobs at dominion.games . Duration 2 months. Findings There were 2 principal findings of the study. For a low-traffic application, Cloud Run is dramatically cheaper than App Engine App Engine seems to respond slightly faster 1. Ongoing costs — Cloud Run wins ✅ Cloud Run App Engine Heroku Hobby Plan Monthly cost $0.09 $11.29 $7.00 Wow. App Engine runs 24/7 for the entire month whereas Cloud Run only runs when serving requests, and the difference is startling. Previously, I had been paying $7 a month for Heroku’s Hobby Plan . App Engine would cost me about 50% more Cloud Run costs 99% less , oh my goodness So basically it’s a blowout win for Cloud Run here. 2. Request latency — App Engine (usually) wins ✅ I also used some online speed test tools to measure the response times of my 2 instances. The results weren’t totally consistent, but App Engine generally responded more quickly. Pingdom Speed test (Results of 3 runs from São Paulo) Cloud Run App Engine Run 1 632 ms 471 ms Run 2 485 ms 568 ms Run 3 562 ms 470 ms Average 559 ms 503 ms Here we see App Engine responding on average 56 ms faster than Cloud Run (although in 1 case, Cloud Run was faster). The huge caveat here is that these times vary widely between runs, sometimes tripling or quadrupling depending on Who The F*ck Knows. WebPageTest (Results of 3 runs using “3G” download speed.) Cloud Run App Engine Run 1 5.217 s 5.010 s Run 2 5.310 s 4.922 s Run 3 5.353 s 5.089 s Average 5.293 s 5.007 s Again, keep in mind that these numbers shift around between runs. Why is App Engine faster? This isn’t totally clear to me, but I can speculate. The one measurable difference I noticed is that that the total request size from Cloud Run was larger because it doesn’t gzip files by default. Cloud Run App Engine Page size 125.8 KB 119.4 KB The Pingdom Speed Test for Cloud Run recommended I Compress components with gzip , and looking through the requests, my combined .js assets are indeed about 6 KB larger. Downloading bigger files makes your site slower, but I don’t think that’s the whole story. The big difference between the two services is that Cloud Run doesn’t run your container unless it’s getting requests. When a request comes in, it does 3 things: boots up the container serves the request shuts down the container It seems likely that the extra time needed to boot up the container adds to the total request time, leading to an average slower response time from Cloud Run. Of course, you also save a lot of money doing it this way, so the tradeoff here is whether you care more about optimizing your speed or your cost. Findings For me, the findings are decisive. If you’re a hobbyist developer and you want to host your fun app for next-to-free, you should definitely use Google Cloud Run. However, if money is no object, then you can pay exponentially more per month for a marginal speed boost on App Engine. Further reading Read more about why Google Cloud Run is better than other hosting options For an excellent intro to Docker, check out this excellent guide by Robert Cooper Check out Google’s “Build and Deploy” Quickstart for Cloud Run Use Github Actions to deploy automatically to Cloud Run Top comments (29) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Ashish “Logmaster” Boston Ashish “Logmaster” Boston Ashish “Logmaster” Boston Follow Joined Jan 4, 2021 • Jan 4 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Your app-engine was setup to "autoscale" hence the instance would stay up constantly costing you $. If you changed it to "basic" auto-scaling, GAE would have auto scale down and stop the instance and costs should be similar to cloud run. Could you pls re-test with this setting so its a more fair comparison. Thanks, cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/st... Like comment: Like comment: 16 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand msl00 msl00 msl00 Follow Joined Jan 12, 2021 • Jan 12 '21 • Edited on Jan 12 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide The linked documentation could be more clear, but it is not correct to say that "autoscaled" instances are "up constantly costing you $". You linked to the "Instance State" section, and it is saying that "autoscaled" instances will only ever show as being in the "running" state (vs the "stopped" state possible for "manual" or "basic" scaling). This is because "autoscaled" instances are shut down after some time (if no requests come in), not that the instances are running 24/7. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Igor Konforti Igor Konforti Igor Konforti Follow Location Berlin-ב Work SRE Joined Aug 14, 2020 • Apr 1 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I have to agree with @msl00 here! It's unclear and AFAIK AppEngine can NOT auto-scale to 0! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Thread Thread Vajahath Vajahath Vajahath Follow Joined Mar 22, 2019 • May 15 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide App engine standard environment can scale down to zero. I'm paying zero for for my hobby project. cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/th... Like comment: Like comment: 7 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Vugar Vugar Vugar Follow Joined May 9, 2021 • Mar 12 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide The problem with autoscaling to 0 is that it causes cold start. Assume your app is idle state(usually after 20 minutes when no new requests coming) so the total number of instance would be 0. So it take about 10 seconds to start the server in AppEngine for a first request. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Izzy Young Izzy Young Izzy Young Follow Joined Jul 19, 2019 • Mar 18 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I laughed out a loud a couple of times reading this article. You have a great sense of humor and a fantastic writing style :) Like comment: Like comment: 10 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand mdovn mdovn mdovn Follow ... Joined Feb 12, 2020 • Sep 1 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide "sometimes tripling or quadrupling depending on Who The F*ck Knows." =)) Like comment: Like comment: 8 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand bharatsawnani bharatsawnani bharatsawnani Follow Joined Dec 9, 2020 • Dec 9 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Nice tests and post, but you should specify which environment you're using for GAE. I primarily code in Java (Haven't deployed with Node.js on GAE so far) and from my experience the Standard environment works similarly to Cloud Run, as it spins up a new instance when a request is made (if there wasn't one already idle). The instance stays idle for 15 mins after that it's shutted down. Google gives you a daily free usage quota of 28 hours for instances. Hence if you tests were runnning once every 47 mins (and the requests didn't require much processing power)... then your daily cost would be 0.00$ as you wouldn't be surpassing the daily free quota. If your tests were on the Flexible Environment then that's a whole different story as an instance has to be idle all the time and I am not so sure what machine type they start of from there. In Standard the lowest instance is an F1, whicho would have 256mb RAM, which is not much but enough for a simple app. Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Samuel Favarin Samuel Favarin Samuel Favarin Follow I am a Software Engineer and a Bachelor of Computer Science Location Florianópolis, Brazil Work Software Engineer at Conecta Nuvem Joined Nov 12, 2020 • Nov 13 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Nice post! In the future would be cool to do a benchmark to compare with a similar AWS service. Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Paul Craig Paul Craig Paul Craig Follow Writes code, drinks tea, etc. Certainly would never get a haircut. Location Ottawa, Canada Work Dev at Canadian Digital Service Joined Oct 30, 2020 • Nov 13 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide It's a good question. At work we use Fargate a lot, which I find a lot more complex than Cloud Run to set up, but it has a similar "serverless container" platform concept as CR does. Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Mario La Menza Perello Mario La Menza Perello Mario La Menza Perello Follow Joined Aug 9, 2021 • Aug 9 '21 • Edited on Aug 9 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I was unsuccessful trying to find out something about your app's datasource. Because IMO there is the big cost, when using Cloud Run. I agree with you, Cloud Run is cheap, but you have to use Cloud SQL as a datasource and in my experience it is far expensive compared with a SQL instance running in GCE. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Mike Neilens Mike Neilens Mike Neilens Follow Joined Mar 25, 2020 • Jun 21 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I’ve been running a couple of applications on App Engine for several years and never been billed more than $0.50 per month. I think you may have set up App Engine incorrectly for the workload you are using. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Dom Dom Dom Follow Joined Feb 12, 2020 • Jan 12 '21 • Edited on Jan 12 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Misleading post as the premise is that you pay for App Engine 24/7 which isn't true on the standard instances (predefined languages versions e.g. Go 1.12) only if you choose flex (custom versions). Otherwise you have a point but it's not clear and standard App Engine covers most use cases. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Maxim Tan Maxim Tan Maxim Tan Follow Joined Dec 26, 2021 • Dec 26 '21 • Edited on Dec 26 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Just to chime in for anyone confused by the huge price difference. In my experience, App Engine Standard Environment with automatic scaling will effectively scale down to "0 instances": After 15 minutes with no request, with automatic scaling, you are billed NOTHING. ( dev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/up... ) Google states on their pricing page: Accrual of instance hours begins when an instance starts and ends as described below, depending on the type of scaling you specify for the instance: Basic or automatic scaling: accrual ends fifteen minutes after an instance finishes processing its last request. Manual scaling: accrual ends fifteen minutes after an instance shuts down. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand lostinthefield lostinthefield lostinthefield Follow Work Web Developer at Field Museum Joined Apr 27, 2021 • Apr 27 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Paul, thanks for this hilarious and informative comparison! I was wondering if you had also considered deploying this site as a static site on something like Firebase Hosting/Vercel/Netlify/Github Pages, etc. (straight to a CDN, instead of worrying about hosting)? Next.js takes cares of a lot of pain points (data fetching, caching etc.). We're considering something like that for our own site. You do lose the benefit of having a proper node.js backend, but so far our needs can be met by Next.js mixed with maybe some serverless functions. Overall, that could maybe bring costs down even further than an auto-scaling container, as long as you don't need access to a real server...? Just food for thought. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Lars Rye Jeppesen Lars Rye Jeppesen Lars Rye Jeppesen Follow Aspartam Junkie Location Vice City Pronouns Grand Master Joined Feb 10, 2017 • Dec 18 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide NextJs is great but locks you in to using old hat React, not everybody's cup of tea, mind you. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand dmytro lysak dmytro lysak dmytro lysak Follow Joined Oct 8, 2021 • Oct 8 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide What about the 1 million requests are free per month on cloud run? Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Lisa Guinn Lisa Guinn Lisa Guinn Follow Joined Oct 19, 2021 • Oct 19 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This is the monthly free tier on Cloud Run: 180,000 vCPU-seconds 360,000 GiB-seconds (memory) 2 million requests 1 GiB free data egress within North America So the app must have exceeded one of these parameters to incur a monthly charge cf. cloud.google.com/run/pricing Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply View full discussion (29 comments) Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Paul Craig Follow Writes code, drinks tea, etc. Certainly would never get a haircut. Location Ottawa, Canada Work Dev at Canadian Digital Service Joined Oct 30, 2020 More from Paul Craig Quickstart: Continuous deployment to Google Cloud Run using Github Actions # github # serverless # googlecloud # tutorial Google Cloud Run: the best hosting platform for dynamic apps # cloud # googlecloud # docker # serverless 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/eachampagne/websockets-with-socketio-5edp#establishing-connections | Websockets with Socket.IO - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse eachampagne Posted on Jan 12 Websockets with Socket.IO # javascript # node # webdev # networking This post contains a flashing gif. HTTP requests have taken me pretty far, but I’m starting to run into their limits. How do I tell a client that the server updated at midnight, and it needs to fetch the newest data? How do I notify one user when another user makes a post? In short, how do I get information to the client without it initiating the request? Websockets One possible solution is to use websockets , which establish a persistent connection between the client and server. This will allow us to send data to the client when we want to, without waiting for the client’s next request. Websockets have their own protocol (though the connection is initiated with HTTP requests) and are language-agnostic. We could, if we wanted, implement a websocket client and its corresponding server from scratch or with Deno … or we could use one of the libraries that’s already done the hard work for us. I’ve used Socket.IO in a previous project, so we’ll go with that. I enjoyed working with it before, and it even has the advantage of a fallback in case the websocket fails. Colorsocket For immediate visual feedback, we’ll make a small demo where any one client can affect the colors displayed on all. Each client on the /color endpoint has a slider to control one primary color, plus a button to invert all the other /color clients. (The server assigns a color in order to each client when the client connects, so you just have to refresh a few times until you get all three colors. I did make sure duplicate colors would work in sync, however.) The /admin user can turn primary colors on or off. Here’s the app in action: The clients aren’t all constantly making requests to the server. How do they know to update? Establishing Connections When each client runs its <script> , it creates a new socket, which opens a connection to the server. // color.html const socket = io ( ' /color ' ); // we’ll come back to the argument Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The script then assigns handlers on the new socket for the various events we expect to receive from the server: // color.html socket . on ( ' assign-color ' , ( color , colorSettings , activeSettings ) => { document . getElementById ( ' color-name ' ). innerText = color ; controllingColor = color ; currentBackground = colorSettings ; active = activeSettings ; colorSlider . disabled = ! active [ controllingColor ]; document . getElementById ( ' active ' ). innerText = active [ controllingColor ] ? ' active ' : ' inactive ' ; colorSlider . value = colorSettings [ controllingColor ]; updateBackground (); }); socket . on ( ' set-color ' , ( color , value ) => { currentBackground [ color ] = value ; if ( controllingColor === color ) { colorSlider . value = value ; } updateBackground (); }); socket . on ( ' invert ' , () => { inverted = ! inverted ; document . getElementById ( ' inverted ' ). innerText = inverted ? '' : ' not ' ; updateBackground (); }); socket . on ( ' toggle-active ' , ( color ) => { active [ color ] = ! active [ color ]; if ( controllingColor === color ) { colorSlider . disabled = ! active [ color ]; } document . getElementById ( ' active ' ). innerText = active [ controllingColor ] ? ' active ' : ' inactive ' ; updateBackground (); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Meanwhile, the server detects the new connection. It assigns the client a color, sends that color and current state of the application to the client, and sets up its own handlers for events received through the socket: // index.js colorNamespace . on ( ' connection ' , ( socket ) => { const color = colors [ colorCount % 3 ]; // pick the next color in the list, then loop colorCount ++ ; socket . emit ( ' assign-color ' , color , colorSettings , activeSettings ); // synchronize the client with the application state socket . data . color = color ; // you can save information to a socket’s data key, but I didn’t end up using this for anything socket . on ( ' set-color ' , ( color , value ) => { colorSettings [ color ] = value ; colorNamespace . emit ( ' set-color ' , color , value ); }); socket . on ( ' invert ' , () => { socket . broadcast . emit ( ' invert ' ); }); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The /admin page follows similar setup. Sending Information to the Client Let’s follow how user interaction on one page changes all the others. When a user on the blue page moves the slider, the slider emits a change event, which is caught by the slider’s event listener: // color.html colorSlider . addEventListener ( ' change ' , ( event ) => { socket . emit ( ' set-color ' , controllingColor , event . target . value ); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode That event listener emits a new set-color event with the color and new value. The server receives the client’s set-color , then emits its own to transmit that data to all clients. Each client receives the message and updates its blue value accordingly. Broadcasting to Other Sockets But clicking the “Invert others” button affects the other /color users, but not the user who actually clicked the button! The key here is the broadcast flag when the server receives and retransmits the invert message: // server.js socket . on ( ' invert ' , () => { socket . broadcast . emit ( ' invert ' ); // broadcast }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This flag means that that the server will send the event to every socket except the one it’s called on. Here this is just a neat trick, but in practice, it might be useful to avoid sending a post to the user who originally wrote it, because their client already has that information. Namespaces You may have noticed that the admin tab isn’t changing color with the other three. For simplicity, I didn’t set up any handlers for the admin page. But even if I had, they wouldn’t do anything, because the admin socket isn’t receiving those events at all. This is because the admin tab is in a different namespace . // color.html const socket = io ( ' /color ' ); // ======================= // admin.html const socket = io ( ' /admin ' ); // ======================= // index.js const colorNamespace = io . of ( ' /color ' ); const adminNamespace = io . of ( ' /admin ' ); … colorNamespace . emit ( ' set-color ' , color , value ); // the admin page doesn’t receive this event Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode (For clarity, I gave my two namespaces the same names as the two endpoints the pages are located at, but I didn’t have to. The namespaces could have had arbitrary names with no change in functionality, as long as the client matched the server.) Namespaces provide a convenient way to target a subset of sockets. However, namespaces can communicate with each other: // admin.html const toggleFunction = ( color ) => { socket . emit ( ' toggle-active ' , color ); }; // ======================= // index.js // clicking the buttons on the admin page triggers changes on the color pages adminNamespace . on ( ' connection ' , ( socket ) => { socket . on ( ' toggle-active ' , color => { activeSettings [ color ] = ! activeSettings [ color ]; colorNamespace . emit ( ' toggle-active ' , color ); }); }); // ======================= // color.html socket . on ( ' toggle-active ' , ( color ) => { active [ color ] = ! active [ color ]; if ( controllingColor === color ) { colorSlider . disabled = ! active [ color ]; } document . getElementById ( ' active ' ). innerText = active [ controllingColor ] ? ' active ' : ' inactive ' ; updateBackground (); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In all of the examples, events were caused by some interaction on one of the clients. An event was emitted to the server, and a second message was emitted by the server to the appropriate clients. However, this is only a small sample of the possibilities. For example, a server could use websockets to update all clients on a regular cycle, or get information from some API and pass it on. This demo is only a small showcase of what I’ve been learning and hope to keep applying in my projects going forward. References and Further Reading Socket.IO , especially the tutorial , which got me up and running very quickly Websockets on MDN – API reference and glossary , plus the articles on writing your own clients and servers ( Deno version ) Cover Photo by Scott Rodgerson on Unsplash Top comments (2) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Art light Art light Art light Follow Trust yourself🌞your capabilities are your true power. ❤Telegram - ✔lighthouse4661 ❤Discord - ✔lighthouse4661 Email art.miclight@gmail.com Pronouns He/him Work CTO Joined Nov 21, 2025 • Jan 12 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Wow, this is an incredibly clear and practical explanation! I really appreciate how you broke down the client-server flow with Socket.IO—it makes even the trickier concepts like namespaces and broadcasting feel approachable. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Lars Rye Jeppesen Lars Rye Jeppesen Lars Rye Jeppesen Follow Aspartam Junkie Location Vice City Pronouns Grand Master Joined Feb 10, 2017 • Jan 12 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great article. A question though: why use Socket.IO when NodeJs now has it natively built in? 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Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse eachampagne Follow Joined Sep 5, 2025 More from eachampagne Graphing in JavaScript # data # javascript # science 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. 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https://dev.to/pcraig3/cloud-run-vs-app-engine-a-head-to-head-comparison-using-facts-and-science-1225#background | Cloud Run vs App Engine: a head-to-head comparison using facts and science - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Paul Craig Posted on Nov 12, 2020 • Edited on Nov 27, 2020 Cloud Run vs App Engine: a head-to-head comparison using facts and science # cloud # googlecloud # docker # serverless For low-traffic applications, Cloud Run is dramatically cheaper than App Engine. Abstract I was hosting a small web app as a side-project and looking to spend less money. I started out using Heroku, then moved to Google’s Cloud Platform. Using rigorous methods and markdown tables, I performed a science-inspired “how much does this cost?” comparison between App Engine and Cloud Run. This study finds that Cloud Run is usually the best option , although if you have money to burn are a “price insensitive consumer,” then App Engine is a bit zippier. Introduction Imagine you have a side-project-type web app and you’re looking to host it on Google’s Cloud Platform (GCP) but you don’t want to spend too much ca$h. Which GCP service do 4 out of 5 scientists recommend? Let’s find out. Background My incredible journey went basically thus: I built a small express app for upcoming Canadian holidays and wanted cheap but usable hosting. Initially, I was using Heroku’s $7/month Hobby Plan because at the end of the day month, it’s only $7. (ie, that’s like 3 coffees: ‘a coffee’ being the base unit of diminutive purchases.) Heroku was really easy to get going with, to integrate with GitHub Actions , and to ssh into when I needed to fiddle with something. But around month five, it dawned on me that it was going to cost $7/month for the rest of my life, so I started looking for other options. Pivoting to Google Cloud Platform (GCP) GCP was the cloud vendor with the most bonus cash on sign-up, so I figured that was a pretty neutral and unbiased reason to pick it. However, as a hapless first-time user, there are a lot of “ solutions ” to choose from. It seems like you’re not a real cloud vendor unless you can bury newcomers under an avalanche of vaguely differentiated products with abstract geometrical logos, so a straightforward question like “where do I host a basic express app?” didn’t have an obvious answer. Cutting through the media bias with facts and logic, I was able to narrow it down by following the research methodology of googling “ google cloud how do I host express app ”. The two options that popped up were: App Engine Cloud Run Both services will run apps and I had an app to run. Seemed perfect: they anticipated me like how I anticipated Canadians are looking for information about holidays. Methodology By signing up, I was granted 300 (!!) GCP bucks, and as a long-time government employee I knew this meant I had to find a creative way to spend it before the end of the fiscal year. Are you thinking what I’m thinking? Let’s run a research study! (This is where the science comes in.) My research question was “Should I use App Engine or Cloud Run to host my fun but unprofitable app?”, and to investigate that I opted for the immersion method where I would assume the role of a developer trying to host an app on Google Cloud. Setup As a precursor, I needed to set up my app on both services simultaneously. For the initial setup, I used the Quickstart material provided by Google at no cost to embedded researchers like me. (Both Quicks-start are pretty easy to follow once you have the gcloud command-line tools installed .) Overview: App Engine (AE) Node.js Quickstart for App Engine On AE, my express app runs as a node process, like booting it up with npm start locally. AE is a traditional hosting platform: it runs continuously and serves requests as they come in. At the end of the month, you pay for the amount of time it was running, which is typically “the entire month”. Overview: Cloud Run “Build and Deploy” Quickstart for Cloud Run Cloud Run runs containers, so for each release you have to build a container and push it to GCP. Unlike App Engine, Cloud Run only runs when requests come in, so you don’t pay for time spent idling. Containerized apps are more portable but not always something you focus on during development. It’s worth noting that the Cloud Run Quickstart provides 9 example Dockerfiles depending on your language of choice. (I used the Node.js one as a basis.) Simulating traffic At this point in the study, I had 2 instances of my app running: In App Engine: https://hols-ae.nn.r.appspot.com/ In Cloud Run: https://hols-hzlcxvebra-ue.a.run.app/ Because real applications have real traffic, I set up a ping service to send requests to each site exactly once every 47 minutes for the rest of time, just like how a Real Human Being™️ would browse. Having completed my setup, it was time to let the experiment run its course, so I passed the time doing highly academic things like rinsing noobs at dominion.games . Duration 2 months. Findings There were 2 principal findings of the study. For a low-traffic application, Cloud Run is dramatically cheaper than App Engine App Engine seems to respond slightly faster 1. Ongoing costs — Cloud Run wins ✅ Cloud Run App Engine Heroku Hobby Plan Monthly cost $0.09 $11.29 $7.00 Wow. App Engine runs 24/7 for the entire month whereas Cloud Run only runs when serving requests, and the difference is startling. Previously, I had been paying $7 a month for Heroku’s Hobby Plan . App Engine would cost me about 50% more Cloud Run costs 99% less , oh my goodness So basically it’s a blowout win for Cloud Run here. 2. Request latency — App Engine (usually) wins ✅ I also used some online speed test tools to measure the response times of my 2 instances. The results weren’t totally consistent, but App Engine generally responded more quickly. Pingdom Speed test (Results of 3 runs from São Paulo) Cloud Run App Engine Run 1 632 ms 471 ms Run 2 485 ms 568 ms Run 3 562 ms 470 ms Average 559 ms 503 ms Here we see App Engine responding on average 56 ms faster than Cloud Run (although in 1 case, Cloud Run was faster). The huge caveat here is that these times vary widely between runs, sometimes tripling or quadrupling depending on Who The F*ck Knows. WebPageTest (Results of 3 runs using “3G” download speed.) Cloud Run App Engine Run 1 5.217 s 5.010 s Run 2 5.310 s 4.922 s Run 3 5.353 s 5.089 s Average 5.293 s 5.007 s Again, keep in mind that these numbers shift around between runs. Why is App Engine faster? This isn’t totally clear to me, but I can speculate. The one measurable difference I noticed is that that the total request size from Cloud Run was larger because it doesn’t gzip files by default. Cloud Run App Engine Page size 125.8 KB 119.4 KB The Pingdom Speed Test for Cloud Run recommended I Compress components with gzip , and looking through the requests, my combined .js assets are indeed about 6 KB larger. Downloading bigger files makes your site slower, but I don’t think that’s the whole story. The big difference between the two services is that Cloud Run doesn’t run your container unless it’s getting requests. When a request comes in, it does 3 things: boots up the container serves the request shuts down the container It seems likely that the extra time needed to boot up the container adds to the total request time, leading to an average slower response time from Cloud Run. Of course, you also save a lot of money doing it this way, so the tradeoff here is whether you care more about optimizing your speed or your cost. Findings For me, the findings are decisive. If you’re a hobbyist developer and you want to host your fun app for next-to-free, you should definitely use Google Cloud Run. However, if money is no object, then you can pay exponentially more per month for a marginal speed boost on App Engine. Further reading Read more about why Google Cloud Run is better than other hosting options For an excellent intro to Docker, check out this excellent guide by Robert Cooper Check out Google’s “Build and Deploy” Quickstart for Cloud Run Use Github Actions to deploy automatically to Cloud Run Top comments (29) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Ashish “Logmaster” Boston Ashish “Logmaster” Boston Ashish “Logmaster” Boston Follow Joined Jan 4, 2021 • Jan 4 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Your app-engine was setup to "autoscale" hence the instance would stay up constantly costing you $. If you changed it to "basic" auto-scaling, GAE would have auto scale down and stop the instance and costs should be similar to cloud run. Could you pls re-test with this setting so its a more fair comparison. Thanks, cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/st... Like comment: Like comment: 16 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand msl00 msl00 msl00 Follow Joined Jan 12, 2021 • Jan 12 '21 • Edited on Jan 12 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide The linked documentation could be more clear, but it is not correct to say that "autoscaled" instances are "up constantly costing you $". You linked to the "Instance State" section, and it is saying that "autoscaled" instances will only ever show as being in the "running" state (vs the "stopped" state possible for "manual" or "basic" scaling). This is because "autoscaled" instances are shut down after some time (if no requests come in), not that the instances are running 24/7. Like comment: Like comment: 3 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Igor Konforti Igor Konforti Igor Konforti Follow Location Berlin-ב Work SRE Joined Aug 14, 2020 • Apr 1 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I have to agree with @msl00 here! It's unclear and AFAIK AppEngine can NOT auto-scale to 0! Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Thread Thread Vajahath Vajahath Vajahath Follow Joined Mar 22, 2019 • May 15 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide App engine standard environment can scale down to zero. I'm paying zero for for my hobby project. cloud.google.com/appengine/docs/th... Like comment: Like comment: 7 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Vugar Vugar Vugar Follow Joined May 9, 2021 • Mar 12 '23 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide The problem with autoscaling to 0 is that it causes cold start. Assume your app is idle state(usually after 20 minutes when no new requests coming) so the total number of instance would be 0. So it take about 10 seconds to start the server in AppEngine for a first request. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Izzy Young Izzy Young Izzy Young Follow Joined Jul 19, 2019 • Mar 18 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I laughed out a loud a couple of times reading this article. You have a great sense of humor and a fantastic writing style :) Like comment: Like comment: 10 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand mdovn mdovn mdovn Follow ... Joined Feb 12, 2020 • Sep 1 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide "sometimes tripling or quadrupling depending on Who The F*ck Knows." =)) Like comment: Like comment: 8 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand bharatsawnani bharatsawnani bharatsawnani Follow Joined Dec 9, 2020 • Dec 9 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Nice tests and post, but you should specify which environment you're using for GAE. I primarily code in Java (Haven't deployed with Node.js on GAE so far) and from my experience the Standard environment works similarly to Cloud Run, as it spins up a new instance when a request is made (if there wasn't one already idle). The instance stays idle for 15 mins after that it's shutted down. Google gives you a daily free usage quota of 28 hours for instances. Hence if you tests were runnning once every 47 mins (and the requests didn't require much processing power)... then your daily cost would be 0.00$ as you wouldn't be surpassing the daily free quota. If your tests were on the Flexible Environment then that's a whole different story as an instance has to be idle all the time and I am not so sure what machine type they start of from there. In Standard the lowest instance is an F1, whicho would have 256mb RAM, which is not much but enough for a simple app. Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Samuel Favarin Samuel Favarin Samuel Favarin Follow I am a Software Engineer and a Bachelor of Computer Science Location Florianópolis, Brazil Work Software Engineer at Conecta Nuvem Joined Nov 12, 2020 • Nov 13 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Nice post! In the future would be cool to do a benchmark to compare with a similar AWS service. Like comment: Like comment: 4 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Paul Craig Paul Craig Paul Craig Follow Writes code, drinks tea, etc. Certainly would never get a haircut. Location Ottawa, Canada Work Dev at Canadian Digital Service Joined Oct 30, 2020 • Nov 13 '20 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide It's a good question. At work we use Fargate a lot, which I find a lot more complex than Cloud Run to set up, but it has a similar "serverless container" platform concept as CR does. Like comment: Like comment: 5 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Mario La Menza Perello Mario La Menza Perello Mario La Menza Perello Follow Joined Aug 9, 2021 • Aug 9 '21 • Edited on Aug 9 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I was unsuccessful trying to find out something about your app's datasource. Because IMO there is the big cost, when using Cloud Run. I agree with you, Cloud Run is cheap, but you have to use Cloud SQL as a datasource and in my experience it is far expensive compared with a SQL instance running in GCE. Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Mike Neilens Mike Neilens Mike Neilens Follow Joined Mar 25, 2020 • Jun 21 '24 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide I’ve been running a couple of applications on App Engine for several years and never been billed more than $0.50 per month. I think you may have set up App Engine incorrectly for the workload you are using. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Dom Dom Dom Follow Joined Feb 12, 2020 • Jan 12 '21 • Edited on Jan 12 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Misleading post as the premise is that you pay for App Engine 24/7 which isn't true on the standard instances (predefined languages versions e.g. Go 1.12) only if you choose flex (custom versions). Otherwise you have a point but it's not clear and standard App Engine covers most use cases. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Maxim Tan Maxim Tan Maxim Tan Follow Joined Dec 26, 2021 • Dec 26 '21 • Edited on Dec 26 • Edited Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Just to chime in for anyone confused by the huge price difference. In my experience, App Engine Standard Environment with automatic scaling will effectively scale down to "0 instances": After 15 minutes with no request, with automatic scaling, you are billed NOTHING. ( dev-to-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com/up... ) Google states on their pricing page: Accrual of instance hours begins when an instance starts and ends as described below, depending on the type of scaling you specify for the instance: Basic or automatic scaling: accrual ends fifteen minutes after an instance finishes processing its last request. Manual scaling: accrual ends fifteen minutes after an instance shuts down. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand lostinthefield lostinthefield lostinthefield Follow Work Web Developer at Field Museum Joined Apr 27, 2021 • Apr 27 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Paul, thanks for this hilarious and informative comparison! I was wondering if you had also considered deploying this site as a static site on something like Firebase Hosting/Vercel/Netlify/Github Pages, etc. (straight to a CDN, instead of worrying about hosting)? Next.js takes cares of a lot of pain points (data fetching, caching etc.). We're considering something like that for our own site. You do lose the benefit of having a proper node.js backend, but so far our needs can be met by Next.js mixed with maybe some serverless functions. Overall, that could maybe bring costs down even further than an auto-scaling container, as long as you don't need access to a real server...? Just food for thought. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Lars Rye Jeppesen Lars Rye Jeppesen Lars Rye Jeppesen Follow Aspartam Junkie Location Vice City Pronouns Grand Master Joined Feb 10, 2017 • Dec 18 '22 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide NextJs is great but locks you in to using old hat React, not everybody's cup of tea, mind you. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand dmytro lysak dmytro lysak dmytro lysak Follow Joined Oct 8, 2021 • Oct 8 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide What about the 1 million requests are free per month on cloud run? Like comment: Like comment: 2 likes Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Lisa Guinn Lisa Guinn Lisa Guinn Follow Joined Oct 19, 2021 • Oct 19 '21 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide This is the monthly free tier on Cloud Run: 180,000 vCPU-seconds 360,000 GiB-seconds (memory) 2 million requests 1 GiB free data egress within North America So the app must have exceeded one of these parameters to incur a monthly charge cf. cloud.google.com/run/pricing Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply View full discussion (29 comments) Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Paul Craig Follow Writes code, drinks tea, etc. Certainly would never get a haircut. Location Ottawa, Canada Work Dev at Canadian Digital Service Joined Oct 30, 2020 More from Paul Craig Quickstart: Continuous deployment to Google Cloud Run using Github Actions # github # serverless # googlecloud # tutorial Google Cloud Run: the best hosting platform for dynamic apps # cloud # googlecloud # docker # serverless 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/kapusto/ensuring-ai-reliability-correctness-consistency-and-availability-349p | Ensuring AI Reliability: Correctness, Consistency, and Availability - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Mikuz Posted on Dec 30, 2025 Ensuring AI Reliability: Correctness, Consistency, and Availability # ai # architecture # testing AI systems frequently fail to meet performance expectations, producing inaccurate results, behaving unpredictably, or experiencing operational issues that limit their practical value. These shortcomings become particularly problematic in critical applications where errors carry significant consequences. Understanding AI reliability requires examining three distinct dimensions: whether the system generates accurate outputs, whether it behaves predictably under varying conditions, and whether it remains accessible and responsive when users need it. Addressing these challenges demands careful attention throughout every phase of system development and operation. Correctness in AI Systems The accuracy of AI outputs represents the foundation of system reliability. When AI generates incorrect information, it undermines user confidence and creates obstacles to widespread adoption. Large language models demonstrate a persistent tendency to fabricate information while presenting it with unwarranted confidence, leading users to accept false outputs as fact. This phenomenon wastes valuable time and resources while damaging the credibility of AI technology. The business implications of inaccurate AI outputs can be severe. When Alphabet's Bard chatbot provided false information about astronomical observations during its initial public presentation, the company's market valuation dropped by $100 billion. This dramatic response illustrates how errors in AI systems can translate directly into financial losses and reputational damage. Legal and financial consequences also emerge when organizations deploy AI systems that generate incorrect information. Air Canada faced legal liability when a customer relied on fabricated bereavement fare policies produced by the company's chatbot. The airline was compelled to honor the incorrect policy and compensate the affected customer. Similarly, legal professionals who submitted court documents containing fabricated case citations generated by AI faced monetary penalties and professional sanctions for their failure to verify the accuracy of the AI-generated content. The human cost of AI inaccuracy becomes most apparent in sensitive domains like healthcare, law, and finance. Medical AI systems that provide incorrect diagnostic information or dangerous treatment recommendations can directly harm patients. Faulty legal guidance may result in criminal charges, civil liability, or lost legal rights. Inaccurate financial advice can devastate personal wealth through poor investment decisions or costly tax errors. Regulatory bodies have begun addressing AI accuracy through new legislation, though these efforts remain fragmented and continue to evolve. Current best practices emphasize the importance of evidence-based outputs and human oversight, particularly in high-stakes applications. Accuracy problems compound as AI systems grow more complex. Small errors can propagate through multi-step processes, becoming amplified as incorrect outputs feed into subsequent operations. When each stage introduces minor uncertainties, the cumulative error grows exponentially rather than linearly. Human psychology exacerbates this issue, as people naturally trust systems that communicate with apparent confidence and coherence. This cognitive bias leads to trust miscalibration, where users place excessive faith in AI capabilities and fail to catch errors that warrant correction. Agentic systems that select and execute tools face additional accuracy challenges, including choosing inappropriate tools, misunderstanding tool capabilities, and incorrectly processing tool results. Consistency in AI Performance Predictable behavior across similar inputs represents a critical aspect of reliable AI systems. Users expect that semantically identical questions will yield comparable answers, yet large language models frequently violate this expectation. These systems exhibit nondeterministic behavior, generating divergent responses to questions that carry the same meaning. This unpredictability undermines user confidence and complicates the deployment of AI in production environments. The sensitivity of language models to trivial prompt variations creates significant challenges for system designers. Researchers have documented cases where inconsequential modifications—adding a greeting, inserting extra whitespace, or rephrasing a question without changing its meaning—produce materially different outputs. This fragility means that users cannot rely on receiving stable answers even when asking essentially identical questions multiple times. Consistency challenges extend beyond individual interactions to encompass system evolution over time. As organizations update their AI models, adjust system prompts, or modify reference materials, the behavior of the entire system can shift in unexpected ways. This phenomenon, known as drift, describes how system outputs gradually diverge from established patterns as various components change. Input characteristics may evolve as user populations shift or new use cases emerge. Reference document libraries require updates to remain current, potentially altering the information available to the system. Model updates intended to improve performance may inadvertently change response patterns in unforeseen ways. User expectations also drift over time as people become more familiar with AI capabilities and develop new mental models of how systems should behave. What users initially found acceptable may later seem inadequate as their understanding deepens and their requirements become more sophisticated. This creates a moving target for system designers, who must balance stability with the need to meet evolving user needs. The business impact of inconsistent AI behavior manifests in several ways. Customer support applications must provide uniform answers to common questions regardless of how those questions are phrased. Inconsistent responses create confusion and erode trust in the organization's expertise. Internal applications face similar challenges when employees receive contradictory information depending on minor variations in how they formulate their queries. This inconsistency reduces productivity and forces users to develop workarounds or abandon the AI system entirely in favor of more reliable information sources. Maintaining consistency requires ongoing monitoring and adjustment. Organizations must establish processes to detect when system behavior begins to drift and implement mechanisms to preserve desired response patterns across model updates and system modifications. Availability and System Performance The operational readiness of AI systems determines whether they can deliver value when users need them. Even highly accurate and consistent systems fail to meet reliability standards if they cannot respond promptly or remain accessible throughout their required operational periods. Availability encompasses both the responsiveness of the system and its ability to maintain uptime during critical usage windows. Latency represents a primary constraint on AI availability. The time gap between submitting a request and receiving a usable response directly impacts user experience and system utility. Complex queries that require extensive processing can take several minutes to complete, which may be tolerable in some contexts but proves problematic in others. Organizations handling large query volumes face compounding challenges as processing delays accumulate across millions of daily requests. Time-sensitive applications demand particularly high availability standards. Systems supporting real-time decision-making cannot tolerate extended delays without compromising their core purpose. A customer service chatbot that takes minutes to respond fails to meet user expectations for immediate assistance. Financial trading systems that experience significant lag may miss critical market opportunities. Emergency response applications require near-instantaneous responses to fulfill their intended function. System crashes and unplanned downtime create additional availability challenges. Users who encounter frequent service interruptions lose confidence in the system's reliability and may seek alternative solutions. Scheduled maintenance windows must be carefully planned to minimize disruption, particularly for systems that support operations across multiple time zones or serve global user bases. Organizations must balance the need for system updates and improvements against the requirement for continuous availability. The computational demands of large language models contribute to availability constraints. Processing requirements scale with query complexity, context length, and the sophistication of the underlying model. Organizations must provision adequate infrastructure to handle peak demand without degrading response times. This creates tension between deploying more capable models that deliver better results and maintaining acceptable performance characteristics under realistic usage conditions. Availability considerations extend beyond technical performance to encompass business continuity planning. Organizations deploying AI systems must establish redundancy measures, failover procedures, and contingency plans for service disruptions. Clear communication about system status and expected resolution times helps manage user expectations during outages. Service level agreements should explicitly define availability targets and specify remedies when systems fail to meet established standards. These operational frameworks ensure that AI systems remain dependable resources rather than sources of frustration and uncertainty. Conclusion Achieving reliable AI systems requires sustained attention to accuracy, predictability, and operational performance. Organizations cannot afford to treat reliability as an afterthought or assume that sophisticated models will automatically meet production requirements. Each dimension of reliability presents distinct challenges that demand targeted strategies and continuous monitoring. The consequences of unreliable AI extend beyond technical failures to encompass financial losses, legal liability, and potential human harm. These risks are particularly acute in healthcare, legal services, and financial applications where errors carry serious ramifications. Even in lower-stakes contexts, unreliable systems erode user trust and create barriers to adoption that undermine the business value of AI investments. Building reliable systems begins during the design phase and continues throughout deployment and operation. Prompt engineering, retrieval-augmented generation, and careful system architecture contribute to improved correctness. Monitoring for drift and establishing consistent response patterns address predictability concerns. Infrastructure planning and operational procedures ensure adequate availability and performance. Organizations must also recognize that reliability exists on a spectrum rather than as a binary state. Perfect reliability remains unattainable, making it essential to calibrate user expectations appropriately and implement oversight mechanisms proportional to the stakes involved. Human review becomes particularly important in high-consequence applications where AI errors could cause significant harm. As AI technology continues to evolve and regulatory frameworks mature, organizations that prioritize reliability will be better positioned to deploy AI systems that deliver sustained value while managing associated risks effectively. The investment in reliability pays dividends through increased user confidence, reduced operational disruptions, and minimized exposure to adverse outcomes. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Mikuz Follow Joined Jan 12, 2025 More from Mikuz A Practical Guide to LLM Post-Training # tutorial # machinelearning # llm # ai Reinforcement Learning Environments: How AI Agents Learn Through Experience # agents # ai # machinelearning AI Agents and Tool Calling Explained: Architecture, Context Engineering, and Implementation Strategies # agents # architecture # ai # llm 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://www.w3.org/TR/2012/REC-owl2-syntax-20121211/ | OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Structural Specification and Functional-Style Syntax (Second Edition) OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Structural Specification and Functional-Style Syntax (Second Edition) W3C Recommendation 11 December 2012 This version: http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/REC-owl2-syntax-20121211/ Latest version (series 2): http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-syntax/ Latest Recommendation: http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-syntax Previous version: http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/PER-owl2-syntax-20121018/ Editors: Boris Motik , University of Oxford Peter F. Patel-Schneider, Nuance Communications Bijan Parsia , University of Manchester Contributors: (in alphabetical order) Conrad Bock, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Achille Fokoue , IBM Corporation Peter Haase , FZI Research Center for Information Technology Rinke Hoekstra , University of Amsterdam Ian Horrocks , University of Oxford Alan Ruttenberg , Science Commons (Creative Commons) Uli Sattler , University of Manchester Michael Smith , Clark & Parsia Please refer to the errata for this document, which may include some normative corrections. A color-coded version of this document showing changes made since the previous version is also available. This document is also available in these non-normative formats: PDF version . See also translations . Copyright © 2012 W3C ® ( MIT , ERCIM , Keio ), All Rights Reserved. W3C liability , trademark and document use rules apply. Abstract The OWL 2 Web Ontology Language, informally OWL 2, is an ontology language for the Semantic Web with formally defined meaning. OWL 2 ontologies provide classes, properties, individuals, and data values and are stored as Semantic Web documents. OWL 2 ontologies can be used along with information written in RDF, and OWL 2 ontologies themselves are primarily exchanged as RDF documents. The OWL 2 Document Overview describes the overall state of OWL 2, and should be read before other OWL 2 documents. The meaningful constructs provided by OWL 2 are defined in terms of their structure. As well, a functional-style syntax is defined for these constructs, with examples and informal descriptions. One can reason with OWL 2 ontologies under either the RDF-Based Semantics [ OWL 2 RDF-Based Semantics ] or the Direct Semantics [ OWL 2 Direct Semantics ]. If certain restrictions on OWL 2 ontologies are satisfied and the ontology is in OWL 2 DL, reasoning under the Direct Semantics can be implemented using techniques well known in the literature. Status of this Document May Be Superseded This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at http://www.w3.org/TR/. Summary of Changes There have been no substantive changes since the previous version . For details on the minor changes see the change log and color-coded diff . Please Send Comments Please send any comments to public-owl-comments@w3.org ( public archive ). Although work on this document by the OWL Working Group is complete, comments may be addressed in the errata or in future revisions. Open discussion among developers is welcome at public-owl-dev@w3.org ( public archive ). Endorsed By W3C This document has been reviewed by W3C Members, by software developers, and by other W3C groups and interested parties, and is endorsed by the Director as a W3C Recommendation. It is a stable document and may be used as reference material or cited from another document. W3C's role in making the Recommendation is to draw attention to the specification and to promote its widespread deployment. This enhances the functionality and interoperability of the Web. Patents This document was produced by a group operating under the 5 February 2004 W3C Patent Policy . W3C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. Table of Contents 1 Introduction 2 Preliminary Definitions 2.1 Structural Specification 2.2 BNF Notation 2.3 Integers, Characters, Strings, Language Tags, and Node IDs 2.4 IRIs 3 Ontologies 3.1 Ontology IRI and Version IRI 3.2 Ontology Documents 3.3 Versioning of OWL 2 Ontologies 3.4 Imports 3.5 Ontology Annotations 3.6 Canonical Parsing of OWL 2 Ontologies 3.7 Functional-Style Syntax 4 Datatype Maps 4.1 Real Numbers, Decimal Numbers, and Integers 4.2 Floating-Point Numbers 4.3 Strings 4.4 Boolean Values 4.5 Binary Data 4.6 IRIs 4.7 Time Instants 4.8 XML Literals 5 Entities, Literals, and Anonymous Individuals 5.1 Classes 5.2 Datatypes 5.3 Object Properties 5.4 Data Properties 5.5 Annotation Properties 5.6 Individuals 5.6.1 Named Individuals 5.6.2 Anonymous Individuals 5.7 Literals 5.8 Entity Declarations and Typing 5.8.1 Typing Constraints of OWL 2 DL 5.8.2 Declaration Consistency 5.9 Metamodeling 6 Property Expressions 6.1 Object Property Expressions 6.1.1 Inverse Object Properties 6.2 Data Property Expressions 7 Data Ranges 7.1 Intersection of Data Ranges 7.2 Union of Data Ranges 7.3 Complement of Data Ranges 7.4 Enumeration of Literals 7.5 Datatype Restrictions 8 Class Expressions 8.1 Propositional Connectives and Enumeration of Individuals 8.1.1 Intersection of Class Expressions 8.1.2 Union of Class Expressions 8.1.3 Complement of Class Expressions 8.1.4 Enumeration of Individuals 8.2 Object Property Restrictions 8.2.1 Existential Quantification 8.2.2 Universal Quantification 8.2.3 Individual Value Restriction 8.2.4 Self-Restriction 8.3 Object Property Cardinality Restrictions 8.3.1 Minimum Cardinality 8.3.2 Maximum Cardinality 8.3.3 Exact Cardinality 8.4 Data Property Restrictions 8.4.1 Existential Quantification 8.4.2 Universal Quantification 8.4.3 Literal Value Restriction 8.5 Data Property Cardinality Restrictions 8.5.1 Minimum Cardinality 8.5.2 Maximum Cardinality 8.5.3 Exact Cardinality 9 Axioms 9.1 Class Expression Axioms 9.1.1 Subclass Axioms 9.1.2 Equivalent Classes 9.1.3 Disjoint Classes 9.1.4 Disjoint Union of Class Expressions 9.2 Object Property Axioms 9.2.1 Object Subproperties 9.2.2 Equivalent Object Properties 9.2.3 Disjoint Object Properties 9.2.4 Inverse Object Properties 9.2.5 Object Property Domain 9.2.6 Object Property Range 9.2.7 Functional Object Properties 9.2.8 Inverse-Functional Object Properties 9.2.9 Reflexive Object Properties 9.2.10 Irreflexive Object Properties 9.2.11 Symmetric Object Properties 9.2.12 Asymmetric Object Properties 9.2.13 Transitive Object Properties 9.3 Data Property Axioms 9.3.1 Data Subproperties 9.3.2 Equivalent Data Properties 9.3.3 Disjoint Data Properties 9.3.4 Data Property Domain 9.3.5 Data Property Range 9.3.6 Functional Data Properties 9.4 Datatype Definitions 9.5 Keys 9.6 Assertions 9.6.1 Individual Equality 9.6.2 Individual Inequality 9.6.3 Class Assertions 9.6.4 Positive Object Property Assertions 9.6.5 Negative Object Property Assertions 9.6.6 Positive Data Property Assertions 9.6.7 Negative Data Property Assertions 10 Annotations 10.1 Annotations of Ontologies, Axioms, and other Annotations 10.2 Annotation Axioms 10.2.1 Annotation Assertion 10.2.2 Annotation Subproperties 10.2.3 Annotation Property Domain 10.2.4 Annotation Property Range 11 Global Restrictions on Axioms in OWL 2 DL 11.1 Property Hierarchy and Simple Object Property Expressions 11.2 The Restrictions on the Axiom Closure 12 Appendix: Internet Media Type, File Extension, and Macintosh File Type 13 Appendix: Complete Grammar (Normative) 13.1 General Definitions 13.2 Definitions of OWL 2 Constructs 14 Appendix: Change Log (Informative) 14.1 Changes Since Recommendation 14.2 Changes Since Proposed Recommendation 14.3 Changes Since Candidate Recommendation 14.4 Changes Since Last Call 15 Acknowledgments 16 References 16.1 Normative References 16.2 Nonnormative References 1 Introduction This document defines the OWL 2 language. The core part of this specification — called the structural specification — is independent of the concrete exchange syntaxes for OWL 2 ontologies. The structural specification describes the conceptual structure of OWL 2 ontologies and thus provides a normative abstract representation for all (normative and nonnormative) syntaxes of OWL 2. This allows for a clear separation of the essential features of the language from issues related to any particular syntax. Furthermore, such a structural specification of OWL 2 provides the foundation for the implementation of OWL 2 tools such as APIs and reasoners. Each OWL 2 ontology represented as an instance of this conceptual structure can be converted into an RDF graph [ OWL 2 RDF Mapping ]; conversely, most OWL 2 ontologies represented as RDF graphs can be converted into the conceptual structure defined in this document [ OWL 2 RDF Mapping ]. This document also defines the functional-style syntax , which closely follows the structural specification and allows OWL 2 ontologies to be written in a compact form. This syntax is used in the definitions of the semantics of OWL 2 ontologies, the mappings from and into the RDF/XML exchange syntax, and the different profiles of OWL 2. Concrete syntaxes, such as the functional-style syntax, often provide features not found in the structural specification, such as a mechanism for abbreviating IRIs. Finally, this document defines OWL 2 DL — the subset of OWL 2 with favorable computational properties. Each RDF graph obtained by applying the RDF mapping to an OWL 2 DL ontology can be converted back into the conceptual structure defined in this document by means of the reverse RDF mapping [ OWL 2 RDF Mapping ]. An OWL 2 ontology is a formal description of a domain of interest. OWL 2 ontologies consist of the following three different syntactic categories: Entities , such as classes, properties, and individuals, are identified by IRIs. They form the primitive terms of an ontology and constitute the basic elements of an ontology. For example, a class a:Person can be used to represent the set of all people. Similarly, the object property a:parentOf can be used to represent the parent-child relationship. Finally, the individual a:Peter can be used to represent a particular person called "Peter" . Expressions represent complex notions in the domain being described. For example, a class expression describes a set of individuals in terms of the restrictions on the individuals' characteristics. Axioms are statements that are asserted to be true in the domain being described. For example, using a subclass axiom , one can state that the class a:Student is a subclass of the class a:Person . These three syntactic categories are used to express the logical part of OWL 2 ontologies — that is, they are interpreted under a precisely defined semantics that allows useful inferences to be drawn. For example, if an individual a:Peter is an instance of the class a:Student , and a:Student is a subclass of a:Person , then from the OWL 2 semantics one can derive that a:Peter is also an instance of a:Person . In addition, entities, axioms, and ontologies can be annotated in OWL 2. For example, a class can be given a human-readable label that provides a more descriptive name for the class. Annotations have no effect on the logical aspects of an ontology — that is, for the purposes of the OWL 2 semantics, annotations are treated as not being present. Instead, the use of annotations is left to the applications that use OWL 2. For example, a graphical user interface might choose to visualize a class using one of its labels. Finally, OWL 2 provides basic support for ontology modularization. In particular, an OWL 2 ontology O can import another OWL 2 ontology O' and thus gain access to all entities, expressions, and axioms in O' . This document defines the structural specification of OWL 2, the functional syntax for OWL 2, the behavior of datatype maps, and OWL 2 DL. Only the parts of the document related to these three purposes are normative. The examples in this document are informative and any part of the document that is specifically identified as informative is not normative. Further, the informal descriptions of the semantics of OWL 2 constructs in this document are informative; the Direct Semantics [ OWL 2 Direct Semantics ] and the RDF-Based [ OWL 2 RDF-Based Semantics ] are precisely specified in separate documents. The italicized keywords MUST , MUST NOT , SHOULD , SHOULD NOT , and MAY are used to specify normative features of OWL 2 documents and tools, and are interpreted as specified in RFC 2119 [ RFC 2119 ]. 2 Preliminary Definitions This section presents certain preliminary definitions that are used in the rest of this document. 2.1 Structural Specification The structural specification of OWL 2 consists of all the figures in this document and the notion of structural equivalence given below. It is used throughout this document to precisely specify the structure of OWL 2 ontologies and the observable behavior of OWL 2 tools. An OWL 2 tool MAY base its APIs and/or internal storage model on the structural specification; however, it MAY also choose a completely different approach as long as its observable behavior conforms to the one specified in this document. The structural specification is defined using the Unified Modeling Language (UML) [ UML ], and the notation used is compatible with the Meta-Object Facility (MOF) [ MOF ]. This document uses only a very simple form of UML class diagrams that are expected to be easily understandable by readers familiar with the basic concepts of object-oriented systems. The following list summarizes the UML notation used in this document. The names of the UML classes from the structural specification are written in bold font. The names of abstract UML classes (i.e., UML classes that are not intended to be instantiated) are written in bold and italic font. Instances of the UML classes of the structural specification are connected by associations, many of which are of the one-to-many type. Associations whose name is preceded by / are derived — that is, their value is determined based on the value of other associations and attributes. Whether the objects participating in associations are ordered and whether repetitions are allowed is made clear by the following standard UML conventions: By default, all associations are sets; that is, the objects in them are unordered and repetitions are disallowed. The { ordered,nonunique } attribute is placed next to the association ends that are ordered and in which repetitions are allowed. Such associations have the semantics of lists. The narrative in this document often refers to various parts of the structural specification. These references are mainly intended to be informal, but they can often be interpreted as statements about the instances of the UML classes from the structural specification. When precision is required, such statements are captured using the functional-style syntax, which is defined in Section 3.7 and other relevant parts of this document. In order to avoid confusion, the term "UML class" is used to refer to elements of the structural specification of OWL 2, whereas the term "class" is used to refer to OWL 2 classes (see Section 5.1 ). The sentence "The individual I is an instance of the class C " can be understood as a statement that I is an instance of the UML class Individual , C is an instance of the UML class Class , and there is an instance of the UML class ClassAssertion that connects I with C . This statement can be captured precisely using the structural specification as ClassAssertion( C I ) . Objects o 1 and o 2 from the structural specification are structurally equivalent if the following conditions hold: If o 1 and o 2 are atomic values, such as strings or integers, they are structurally equivalent if they are equal according to the notion of equality of the respective UML type. If o 1 and o 2 are unordered associations without repetitions, they are structurally equivalent if each element of o 1 is structurally equivalent to some element of o 2 and vice versa. If o 1 and o 2 are ordered associations with repetitions, they are structurally equivalent if they contain the same number of elements and each element of o 1 is structurally equivalent to the element of o 2 with the same index. If o 1 and o 2 are instances of UML classes from the structural specification, they are structurally equivalent if both o 1 and o 2 are instances of the same UML class, and each association of o 1 is structurally equivalent to the corresponding association of o 2 and vice versa. The notion of structural equivalence is used throughout this specification to define various conditions on the structure of OWL 2 ontologies. Note that this is a syntactic, rather than a semantic notion — that is, it compares structures, rather than their meaning under a formal semantics. The class expression Functional-Style Syntax: ObjectUnionOf( a:Person a:Animal ) RDF: _:x rdf:type owl:Class . _:x owl:unionOf ( a:Person a:Animal ) . is structurally equivalent to the class expression Functional-Style Syntax: ObjectUnionOf( a:Animal a:Person ) RDF: _:x rdf:type owl:Class . _:x owl:unionOf ( a:Animal a:Person ) . because the order of the elements in an unordered association is not important. In contrast, the class expression Functional-Style Syntax: ObjectUnionOf( a:Person ObjectComplementOf( a:Person ) ) RDF: _:x rdf:type owl:Class . _:x owl:unionOf ( a:Person _:y ) . _:y rdf:type owl:Class . _:y owl:complementOf a:Person . is not structurally equivalent to owl:Thing even though the two expressions are semantically equivalent. Sets written in one of the exchange syntaxes (e.g., XML or RDF/XML) are not necessarily expected to be duplicate free. Duplicates SHOULD be eliminated when ontology documents written in such syntaxes are converted into instances of the UML classes of the structural specification. An ontology written in functional-style syntax can contain the following class expression: Functional-Style Syntax: ObjectUnionOf( a:Person a:Animal a:Animal ) RDF: _:x rdf:type owl:Class . _:x owl:unionOf ( a:Person a:Animal a:Animal ) . During parsing, this expression should be "flattened" to the following expression: Functional-Style Syntax: ObjectUnionOf( a:Person a:Animal ) RDF: _:x rdf:type owl:Class . _:x owl:unionOf ( a:Person a:Animal ) . 2.2 BNF Notation Grammars in this document are written using the BNF notation, summarized in Table 1. Table 1. The BNF Notation Construct Syntax Example terminal symbols enclosed in single quotes 'PropertyRange' a set of terminal symbols described in English italic a finite sequence of characters matching the PNAME_LN production of [SPARQL] nonterminal symbols boldface ClassExpression zero or more curly braces { ClassExpression } zero or one square brackets [ ClassExpression ] alternative vertical bar Assertion | Declaration The grammar presented in this document uses the following two "special" terminal symbols, which affect the process of transforming an input sequence of characters into a sequence of regular (i.e., not "special") terminal symbols: whitespace is a nonempty sequence of space (U+20), horizontal tab (U+9), line feed (U+A), or carriage return (U+D) characters, and a comment is a sequence of characters that starts with the # (U+23) character and does not contain the line feed (U+A) or carriage return (U+D) characters. The following characters are called delimiters : = (U+3D) ( (U+28) ) (U+29) < (U+3C) > (U+3E) @ (U+40) ^ (U+5E) Given an input sequence of characters, an OWL 2 implementation MUST exhibit the same observable behavior as if it applied the BNF grammar rules to the sequence of terminal symbols obtained from the input as follows. For each terminal symbol (including whitespace and comment ) mentioned in this document, a regular expression is created that can recognize the symbol's characters. A pointer p is initialized to point to the beginning of input. All regular expressions are matched to the characters in the input starting from p . Matches are greedy — that is, if several regular expressions match a portion of the input, a regular expression with the longest match wins. The regular expressions corresponding to terminal symbols in this document ensure that there are no ties (i.e., it is not possible for two regular expressions to match a portion of the input of the same length); thus, at most one regular expression can be matched. If there is no match, the input SHOULD be rejected. Otherwise, if the matched regular expression does not correspond to the whitespace or comment terminal symbols, the corresponding terminal symbol is emitted to the output. (In other words, the matches of whitespace and comment are ignored.) Pointer p is moved to the first character after the match. If the terminal symbol matched in step 3 does not end with a delimiter character and p points to a character that is not a delimiter, then the regular expressions for whitespace and comment are matched to the characters in the input starting from p . If there is no match, the input SHOULD be rejected; otherwise, p is moved to the first character after the match (and thus the match is discarded). If p does not point past the end of input, the process is repeated from step 3. Character sequence " #comment\" " #comment "abc" should be processed as follows. The first match is for the regular expression for the quoted string terminal symbol, producing a string containing a space, characters #comment" , and another space. Next, the regular expression for whitespace is matched to a single space, and the match is discarded. Finally, the comment regular expression is matched to characters #comment "abc" , and the match is discarded as well. In similar vein, character sequence <#comment> should be recognized as a full IRI with value #comment (i.e., the occurrence of character # in this example must not be understood as a start of a comment). All regular expressions are matched in step 3 greedily, so character sequence SubClassOf:ABC is parsed as abbreviated IRI with value SubClassOf:ABC . Furthermore, character sequence pref: ABC should be rejected: characters pref: are matched as a prefix name, but then ABC cannot be matched by any regular expression corresponding to a terminal symbol. Character sequence 10abc should be rejected: characters 10 are matched by the regular expression for nonnegative integers; however, since the match does not end with a delimiter and a is not a delimiter either, the match in step 6 fails. Character sequences "10" ^^ xsd:integer "10"^^xsd:integer are both valid should be parsed as a quoted string, terminal symbol ^^ , and an abbreviated IRI. In particular, note that the whitespace surrounding ^^ in the first line is acceptable. In similar vein, character sequences "abc" @en "abc"@en are both valid and should be parsed as a quoted string and a language tag en . In contrast, character sequence "abc"@ en should be rejected: characters @ en do not match the regular expression for language tags. 2.3 Integers, Characters, Strings, Language Tags, and Node IDs Nonnegative integers are defined as usual. nonNegativeInteger := a nonempty finite sequence of digits between 0 and 9 Characters and strings are defined in the same way as in [ RDF:PLAINLITERAL ]. A character is an atomic unit of communication. The structure of characters is not further specified in this document, other than to note that each character has a Universal Character Set (UCS) code point [ ISO/IEC 10646 ] (or, equivalently, a Unicode code point [ UNICODE ]). Each character MUST match the Char production from XML [ XML ]. Code points are written as U+ followed by the hexadecimal value of the code point. A string is a finite sequence of characters, and the length of a string is the number of characters in it. Two strings are identical if and only if they contain exactly the same characters in exactly the same sequence. Strings are written by enclosing them in double quotes (U+22) and using a subset of the N-triples escaping mechanism [ RDF Test Cases ] to encode strings containing quotes. Note that the definition below allows a string to span several lines of a document. quotedString := a finite sequence of characters in which " (U+22) and \ (U+5C) occur only in pairs of the form \" (U+5C, U+22) and \\ (U+5C, U+5C), enclosed in a pair of " (U+22) characters Language tags are used to identify the language in which a string has been written. They are defined in the same way as in [ RDF:PLAINLITERAL ], which follows [ BCP 47 ]. Language tags are written by prepending them with the @ (U+40) character. languageTag := @ (U+40) followed a nonempty sequence of characters matching the langtag production from [ BCP 47 ] Node IDs are used to identify anonymous individuals (aka blank nodes in RDF [ RDF Concepts ]). nodeID := a finite sequence of characters matching the BLANK_NODE_LABEL production of [ SPARQL ] 2.4 IRIs Ontologies and their elements are identified using Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs) [ RFC3987 ]; thus, OWL 2 extends OWL 1, which uses Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs). Each IRI MUST be absolute (i.e., not relative). In the structural specification, IRIs are represented by the IRI UML class. Two IRIs are structurally equivalent if and only if their string representations are identical. IRIs can be written as full IRIs by enclosing them in a pair of < (U+3C) and > (U+3E) characters. These characters are not part of the IRI, but are used for quotation purposes to identify an IRI as a full IRI. Alternatively, IRIs can be abbreviated as in SPARQL [ SPARQL ]. To this end, one can declare a prefix name pn: — that is, a possibly empty string followed by the : (U+3A) character — by associating it with a prefix IRI PI ; then, an IRI I whose string representation consists of PI followed by the remaining characters rc can be abbreviated as pn:rc . By a slight abuse of terminology, a prefix name is often used to refer to the prefix IRI that is associated with the prefix name, and phrases such as "an IRI whose string representation starts with the prefix IRI associated with the prefix name pn: " are typically shortened to less verbose phrases such as "an IRI with prefix pn: ". If a concrete syntax uses this IRI abbreviation mechanism, it SHOULD provide a suitable mechanism for declaring prefix names. Furthermore, abbreviated IRIs are not represented in the structural specification of OWL 2, and OWL 2 implementations MUST exhibit the same observable behavior as if all abbreviated IRIs were expanded into full IRIs during parsing. Concrete syntaxes such as the RDF/XML Syntax [ RDF Syntax ] allow IRIs to be abbreviated in relation to the IRI of the document they are contained in. If used, such mechanisms are independent from the above described abbreviation mechanism. The abbreviated IRIs have the syntactic form of qualified names from the XML Namespaces specification [ XML Namespaces ]; therefore, it is common to refer to PI as a namespace and rc as a local name . This abbreviation mechanism, however, is independent from XML namespaces and can be understood as a simple macro mechanism that expands prefix names with the associated IRIs. fullIRI := an IRI as defined in [ RFC3987 ], enclosed in a pair of < (U+3C) and > (U+3E) characters prefixName := a finite sequence of characters matching the as PNAME_NS production of [ SPARQL ] abbreviatedIRI := a finite sequence of characters matching the PNAME_LN production of [ SPARQL ] IRI := fullIRI | abbreviatedIRI Table 2 declares the prefix names that are commonly used throughout this specification. Table 2. Declarations of the Standard Prefix Names Prefix name Prefix IRI rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> IRIs with prefixes rdf: , rdfs: , xsd: , and owl: constitute the reserved vocabulary of OWL 2. As described in the following sections, the IRIs from the reserved vocabulary that are listed in Table 3 have special treatment in OWL 2. Table 3. Reserved Vocabulary of OWL 2 with Special Treatment owl:backwardCompatibleWith owl:bottomDataProperty owl:bottomObjectProperty owl:deprecated owl:incompatibleWith owl:Nothing owl:priorVersion owl:rational owl:real owl:versionInfo owl:Thing owl:topDataProperty owl:topObjectProperty rdf:langRange rdf:PlainLiteral rdf:XMLLiteral rdfs:comment rdfs:isDefinedBy rdfs:label rdfs:Literal rdfs:seeAlso xsd:anyURI xsd:base64Binary xsd:boolean xsd:byte xsd:dateTime xsd:dateTimeStamp xsd:decimal xsd:double xsd:float xsd:hexBinary xsd:int xsd:integer xsd:language xsd:length xsd:long xsd:maxExclusive xsd:maxInclusive xsd:maxLength xsd:minExclusive xsd:minInclusive xsd:minLength xsd:Name xsd:NCName xsd:negativeInteger xsd:NMTOKEN xsd:nonNegativeInteger xsd:nonPositiveInteger xsd:normalizedString xsd:pattern xsd:positiveInteger xsd:short xsd:string xsd:token xsd:unsignedByte xsd:unsignedInt xsd:unsignedLong xsd:unsignedShort 3 Ontologies An OWL 2 ontology is an instance O of the Ontology UML class from the structural specification of OWL 2 shown in Figure 1 that satisfies certain conditions given below. The main component of an OWL 2 ontology is its set of axioms, the structure of which is described in more detail in Section 9 . Because the association between an ontology and its axioms is a set, an ontology cannot contain two axioms that are structurally equivalent. Apart from axioms, ontologies can also contain ontology annotations (as described in more detail in Section 3.5 ), and they can also import other ontologies (as described in Section 3.4 ). Figure 1. The Structure of OWL 2 Ontologies The following list summarizes all the conditions that O is required to satisfy to be an OWL 2 ontology. O MUST satisfy the restrictions on the presence of the ontology IRI and version IRI from Section 3.1 . Each DataIntersectionOf and DataUnionOf in O MUST satisfy the restrictions from Section 7.1 and Section 7.2 , respectively. Each DataSomeValuesFrom and DataAllValuesFrom class expression in O MUST satisfy the restrictions from Section 8.4.1 and Section 8.4.2 , respectively. Each DataPropertyRange axiom in O MUST satisfy the restriction from Section 9.3.5 . Each DatatypeDefinition axiom in O MUST satisfy the restrictions from Section 9.4 . Each HasKey axiom in O MUST satisfy the restriction from Section 9.5 . Each O' directly imported into O MUST satisfy all of these restrictions as well. The following list summarizes all the conditions that an OWL 2 ontology O is required to satisfy to be an OWL 2 DL ontology. The ontology IRI and the version IRI (if present) of O MUST satisfy the restrictions on usage of the reserved vocabulary from Section 3.1 . Each datatype and each literal in O MUST satisfy the restrictions from Section 5.2 and Section 5.7 , respectively. Each entity in O MUST have an IRI satisfying the restrictions on the usage of the reserved vocabulary from Sections 5.1 – 5.6 . O MUST satisfy the typing constraints from Section 5.8.1 . Each DatatypeRestriction in O MUST satisfy the restriction on the usage of constraining facets from Section 7.5 , respectively. O MUST satisfy the global restriction from Section 11 . Each O' directly imported into O MUST satisfy all of these restrictions as well. An instance O of the Ontology UML class MAY have consistent declarations as specified in Section 5.8.2 ; however, this is not strictly necessary to make O an OWL 2 ontology. 3.1 Ontology IRI and Version IRI Each ontology MAY have an ontology IRI , which is used to identify an ontology. If an ontology has an ontology IRI, the ontology MAY additionally have a version IRI , which is used to identify the version of the ontology. The version IRI MAY be, but need not be, equal to the ontology IRI. An ontology without an ontology IRI MUST NOT contain a version IRI. IRIs from the reserved vocabulary MUST NOT be used as an ontology IRI or a version IRI of an OWL 2 DL ontology. The following list provides conventions for choosing ontology IRIs and version IRIs in OWL 2 ontologies. This specification provides no mechanism for enforcing these constraints across the entire Web; however, OWL 2 tools SHOULD use them to detect problems in ontologies they process. If an ontology has an ontology IRI but no version IRI, then a different ontology with the same ontology IRI but no version IRI SHOULD NOT exist. If an ontology has both an ontology IRI and a version IRI, then a different ontology with the same ontology IRI and the same version IRI SHOULD NOT exist. All other combinations of the ontology IRI and version IRI are not required to be unique. Thus, two different ontologies MAY have no ontology IRI and no version IRI; similarly, an ontology containing only an ontology IRI MAY coexist with another ontology with the same ontology IRI and some other version IRI. The ontology IRI and the version IRI together identify a particular version from an ontology series — the set of all the versions of a particular ontology identified using a common ontology IRI. In each ontology series, exactly one ontology version is regarded as the current one. Structurally, a version of a particular ontology is an instance of the Ontology UML class from the structural specification. Ontology series are not represented explicitly in the structural specification of OWL 2: they exist only as a side effect of the naming conventions described in this and the following sections. 3.2 Ontology Documents An OWL 2 ontology is an abstract notion defined in terms of the structural specification. Each ontology is associated with an ontology document , which physically contains the ontology stored in a particular way. The name "ontology document" reflects the expectation that a large number of ontologies will be stored in physical text documents written in one of the syntaxes of OWL 2. OWL 2 tools, however, are free to devise other types of ontology documents — that is, to introduce other ways of physically storing ontologies. Ontology documents are not represented in the structural specification of OWL 2, and the specification of OWL 2 makes only the following two assumptions about their nature: Each ontology document can be accessed via an IRI by means of an appropriate protocol. Each ontology document can be converted in some well-defined way into an ontology (i.e., into an instance of the Ontology UML class from the structural specification). An OWL 2 tool might publish an ontology as a text document written in the functional-style syntax (see Section 3.7 ) and accessible via the IRI <http://www.example.com/ontology> . An OWL 2 tool could also devise a scheme for storing OWL 2 ontologies in a relational database. In such a case, each subset of the database representing the information about one ontology corresponds to one ontology document. To provide a mechanism for accessing these ontology documents, the OWL 2 tool should identify different database subsets with distinct IRIs. The ontology document of an ontology O SHOULD be accessible via the IRIs determined by the following rules: If O does not contain an ontology IRI (and, consequently, it does not contain a version IRI either), then the ontology document of O MAY be accessible via any IRI. If O contains an ontology IRI OI but no version IRI, then the ontology document of O SHOULD be accessible via the IRI OI . If O contains an ontology IRI OI and a version IRI VI , then the ontology document of O SHOULD be accessible via the IRI VI ; furthermore, if O is the current version of the ontology series with the IRI OI , then the ontology document of O SHOULD also be accessible via the IRI OI . Thus, the document containing the current version of an ontology series with some IRI OI SHOULD be accessible via OI . To access a particular version of OI , one needs to know that version's version IRI VI ; the ontology document of the version SHOULD then be accessible via VI . An ontology document of an ontology that contains an ontology IRI <http://www.example.com/my> but no version IRI should be accessible via the IRI <http://www.example.com/my> . In contrast, an ontology document of an ontology that contains an ontology IRI <http://www.example.com/my> and a version IRI <http://www.example.com/my/2.0> should be accessible via the IRI <http://www.example.com/my/2.0> . In both cases, the ontology document should be accessible via the respective IRIs using the HTTP protocol. OWL 2 tools will often need to implement functionality such as caching or off-line processing, where ontology documents may be stored at addresses different from the ones dictated by their ontology IRIs and version IRIs. OWL 2 tools MAY implement a redirection mechanism: when a tool is used to access an ontology document at IRI I , the tool MAY redirect I to a different IRI DI and access the ontology document via DI instead. The result of accessing the ontology document via DI MUST be the same as if the ontology were accessed via I . Furthermore, once the ontology document is converted into an ontology, the ontology SHOULD satisfy the three conditions from the beginning of this section in the same way as if it the ontology document were accessed via I . No particular redirection mechanism is specified — this is assumed to be implementation dependent. To enable off-line processing, an ontology document that — according to the above rules — should be accessible via <http://www.example.com/my> might be stored in a file accessible via <file:///usr/local/ontologies/example.owl> . To access this ontology document, an OWL 2 tool might redirect the IRI <http://www.example.com/my> and actually access the ontology document via <file:///usr/local/ontologies/example.owl> . The ontology obtained after accessing the ontology document should satisfy the usual accessibility constraints: if the ontology contains only the ontology IRI, then the ontology IRI should be equal to <http://www.example.com/my> , and if the ontology contains both the ontology IRI and the version IRI, then one of them should be equal to <http://www.example.com/my> . 3.3 Versioning of OWL 2 Ontologies The conventions from Section 3.2 provide a simple mechanism for versioning OWL 2 ontologies. An ontology series is identified using an ontology IRI, and each version in the series is assigned a different version IRI. The ontology document of the ontology representing the current version of the series SHOULD be accessible via the ontology IRI and, if present, via its version IRI as well; the ontology documents of the previous versions SHOULD be accessible solely via their respective version IRIs. When a new version O in the ontology series is created, the ontology document of O SHOULD replace the one accessible via the ontology IRI (and it SHOULD also be accessible via its version IRI). The ontology document containing the current version of an ontology series might be accessible via the IRI <http://www.example.com/my> , as well as via the version-specific IRI <http://www.example.com/my/2.0> . When a new version is created, the ontology document of the previous version should remain accessible via <http://www.example.com/my/2.0> ; the ontology document of the new version, called, say, <http://www.example.com/my/3.0> , should be made accessible via both <http://www.example.com/my> and <http://www.example.com/my/3.0> . 3.4 Imports An OWL 2 ontology can import other ontologies in order to gain access to their entities, expressions, and axioms, thus providing the basic facility for ontology modularization. Assume that one wants to describe research projects about diseases. Managing information about the projects and the diseases in the same ontology might be cumbersome. Therefore, one might create a separate ontology O about diseases and a separate ontology O' about projects. The ontology O' would import O in order to gain access to the classes representing diseases; this allows one to use the diseases from O when writing the axioms of O' . From a physical point of view, an ontology contains a set of IRIs, shown in Figure 1 as the directlyImportsDocuments association; these IRIs identify the ontology documents of the directly imported ontologies as specified in Section 3.2 . The logical directly imports relation between ontologies, shown in Figure 1 as the directlyImports association, is obtained by accessing the directly imported ontology documents and converting them into OWL 2 ontologies. The logical imports relation between ontologies, shown in Figure 1 as the imports association, is the transitive closure of directly imports. In Figure 1, associations directlyImports and imports are shown as derived associations, since their values are derived from the value of the directlyImportsDocuments association. Ontology documents usually store the directlyImportsDocuments association. In contrast, the directlyImports and imports associations are typically not stored in ontology documents, but are determined during parsing as specified in Section 3.6 . The following ontology document contains an ontology that directly imports an ontology contained in the ontology document accessible via the IRI <http://www.example.com/my/2.0> . Functional-Style Syntax: Ontology( <http://www.example.com/importing-ontology> Import( <http://www.example.com/my/2.0> ) ... ) RDF: <http://www.example.com/importing-ontology> rdf:type owl:Ontology . <http://www.example.com/importing-ontology> owl:imports <http://www.example.com/my/2.0> . ... The IRIs identifying the ontology documents of the directly imported ontologies can be redirected as described in Section 3.2 . For example, in order to access the above mentioned ontology document from a local cache, the IRI <http://www.example.com/my/2.0> might be redirected to <file:///usr/local/ontologies/imported.v20.owl> . Note that this can be done without changing the ontology document of the importing ontology. The import closure of an ontology O is a set containing O and all the ontologies that O imports. The import closure of O SHOULD NOT contain ontologies O 1 and O 2 such that O 1 and O 2 are different ontology versions from the same ontology series, or O 1 contains an ontology annotation owl:incompatibleWith with the value equal to either the ontology IRI or the version IRI of O 2 . The axiom closure of an ontology O is the smallest set that contains all the axioms from each ontology O' in the import closure of O with all anonymous individuals standardized apart — that is, the anonymous individuals from different ontologies in the import closure of O are treated as being different; see Section 5.6.2 for further details. 3.5 Ontology Annotations An OWL 2 ontology contains a set of annotations. These can be used to associate information with an ontology — for example the ontology creator's name. As discussed in more detail in Section 10 , each annotation consists of an annotation property and an annotation value, and the latter can be a literal, an IRI, or an anonymous individual. ontologyAnnotations := { Annotation } OWL 2 provides several built-in annotation properties for ontology annotations. The usage of these annotation properties on entities other than ontologies is discouraged. The owl:priorVersion annotation property specifies the IRI of a prior version of the containing ontology. The owl:backwardCompatibleWith annotation property specifies the IRI of a prior version of the containing ontology that is compatible with the current version of the containing ontology. The owl:incompatibleWith annotation property specifies the IRI of a prior version of the containing ontology that is incompatible with the current version of the containing ontology. 3.6 Canonical Parsing of OWL 2 Ontologies Many OWL 2 tools need to support ontology parsing — the process of converting an ontology document written in a particular syntax into an OWL 2 ontology. Depending on the syntax used, the ontology parser may need to know which IRIs are used in the ontology as entities of which type. This typing information is extracted from declarations — axioms that associate IRIs with entity types. Please refer to Section 5.8 for more information about declarations. An ontology parser for the ontology documents written in the RDF syntax might encounter the following triples: a:Father rdfs:subClassOf _:x . _:x owl:someValuesFrom a:Child . _:x owl:onProperty a:parentOf . From this axiom alone, it is not clear whether a:parentOf is an object or a data property, and whether a:Child is a class or a datatype. In order to disambiguate the types of these IRIs, the parser needs to look at the declarations in the ontology document being parsed, as well as those in the directly or indirectly imported ontology documents. In OWL 2 there is no requirement for a declaration of an entity to physically precede the entity's usage in ontology documents; furthermore, declarations for entities can be placed in imported ontology documents and imports are allowed to be cyclic. In order to precisely define the result of ontology parsing, this specification defines the notion of canonical parsing . An OWL 2 parser MAY implement parsing in any way it chooses, as long as it produces a result that is structurally equivalent to the result of canonical parsing. An OWL 2 ontology corresponding to an ontology document D GI accessible via a given IRI GI can be obtained using the following canonical parsing process. All steps of this process MUST be successfully completed. CP 1 Make AllDoc and Processed equal to the empty set, and make ToProcess equal to the set containing only the IRI GI . CP 2 While ToProcess is not empty, remove an arbitrary IRI I from it and, if I is not contained in Processed , perform the following steps: CP 2.1 Retrieve the ontology document D I from I as specified in Section 3.2 . CP 2.2 Using the rules of the relevant syntax, analyze D I and compute the set Decl(D I ) of declarations explicitly present in D I and the set Imp(D I ) of IRIs of ontology documents directly imported in D I . CP 2.3 Add D I to AllDoc , add I to Processed , and add each IRI from Imp(D I ) to ToProcess . CP 3 For each ontology document D in AllDoc , perform the following steps: CP 3.1 Compute the set AllDecl(D) as the union of the set Decl(D) , the sets Decl(D') for each ontology document D' that is (directly or indirectly) imported into D , and the set of all declarations listed in Table 5. For an OWL 2 DL ontology, the set AllDecl(D) MUST satisfy the typing constraints from Section 5.8.1 . CP 3.2 Create an instance O D of the Ontology UML class from the structural specification. CP 3.3 Using the rules of the relevant syntax, analyze D and populate O D by instantiating appropriate classes from the structural specification. Use the declarations in AllDecl(D) to disambiguate IRIs if needed; it MUST be possible to disambiguate all IRIs. CP 4 For each pair of ontology documents DS and DT in AllDoc such that the latter is directly imported into the former, add O DT to the directlyImports association of O DS . CP 5 For each ontology document D in AllDoc , set the imports association of O D to the transitive closure of the directlyImports association of O D . CP 6 For each ontology document D in AllDoc , ensure that O D is an OWL 2 ontology — that is, O D MUST satisfy all the restrictions listed in Section 3 . It is important to understand that canonical parsing merely defines the result of the parsing process, and that an implementation of OWL 2 MAY optimize this process in numerous ways. In order to enable efficient parsing, OWL 2 implementations are encouraged to write ontologies into documents by placing all IRI declarations before the axioms that use these IRIs; however, this is not required for conformance. 3.7 Functional-Style Syntax A functional-style syntax ontology document is a sequence of Unicode characters [ UNICODE ] accessible via some IRI by means of the standard protocols such that its text matches the ontologyDocument production of the grammar defined in this specification document, and it can be converted into an ontology by means of the canonical parsing process described in Section 3.6 and other parts of this specification document. A functional-style syntax ontology document SHOULD use the UTF-8 encoding [ RFC 3629 ]. ontologyDocument := { prefixDeclaration } Ontology prefixDeclaration := 'Prefix' '(' prefixName '=' fullIRI ')' Ontology := 'Ontology' '(' [ ontologyIRI [ versionIRI ] ] directlyImportsDocuments ontologyAnnotations axioms ')' ontologyIRI := IRI versionIRI := IRI directlyImportsDocuments := { 'Import' '(' IRI ')' } axioms := { Axiom } Each part of the ontology document matching the prefixDeclaration production declares a prefix name and associates it with a prefix IRI. An ontology document MUST contain at most one such declaration per prefix name, and it MUST NOT declare a prefix name listed in Table 2. Prefix declarations are used during parsing to expand abbreviated IRIs in the ontology document — that is, parts of the ontology document matching the abbreviatedIRI production — into full IRIs. This is do | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
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Right menu Sharing: "How to Build Your Own Open Source Project" Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Sharing: "How to Build Your Own Open Source Project" # beginners # opensource # tutorial Comments Add Comment 11 min read Building a Travel Assistant LINE Chatbot with Cloud Functions, Firebase, and Gemini Pro Vision Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 Building a Travel Assistant LINE Chatbot with Cloud Functions, Firebase, and Gemini Pro Vision # gemini # serverless # python # tutorial Comments Add Comment 5 min read [Golang][Gemini Pro] Build a LINE Bot with Memory Using Chat Sessions Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [Golang][Gemini Pro] Build a LINE Bot with Memory Using Chat Sessions # gemini # llm # go # tutorial Comments Add Comment 6 min read [Learning Notes][OpenAI] About OpenAI's New Function Calling Feature Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [Learning Notes][OpenAI] About OpenAI's New Function Calling Feature # llm # openai # api # tutorial Comments Add Comment 6 min read [Learning Notes] [Golang] Efficiently Preparing FLEX Messages When Developing a LINE Chatbot with Golang Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 [Learning Notes] [Golang] Efficiently Preparing FLEX Messages When Developing a LINE Chatbot with Golang # 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https://dev.to/eachampagne/websockets-with-socketio-5edp#websockets | Websockets with Socket.IO - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse eachampagne Posted on Jan 12 Websockets with Socket.IO # javascript # node # webdev # networking This post contains a flashing gif. HTTP requests have taken me pretty far, but I’m starting to run into their limits. How do I tell a client that the server updated at midnight, and it needs to fetch the newest data? How do I notify one user when another user makes a post? In short, how do I get information to the client without it initiating the request? Websockets One possible solution is to use websockets , which establish a persistent connection between the client and server. This will allow us to send data to the client when we want to, without waiting for the client’s next request. Websockets have their own protocol (though the connection is initiated with HTTP requests) and are language-agnostic. We could, if we wanted, implement a websocket client and its corresponding server from scratch or with Deno … or we could use one of the libraries that’s already done the hard work for us. I’ve used Socket.IO in a previous project, so we’ll go with that. I enjoyed working with it before, and it even has the advantage of a fallback in case the websocket fails. Colorsocket For immediate visual feedback, we’ll make a small demo where any one client can affect the colors displayed on all. Each client on the /color endpoint has a slider to control one primary color, plus a button to invert all the other /color clients. (The server assigns a color in order to each client when the client connects, so you just have to refresh a few times until you get all three colors. I did make sure duplicate colors would work in sync, however.) The /admin user can turn primary colors on or off. Here’s the app in action: The clients aren’t all constantly making requests to the server. How do they know to update? Establishing Connections When each client runs its <script> , it creates a new socket, which opens a connection to the server. // color.html const socket = io ( ' /color ' ); // we’ll come back to the argument Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The script then assigns handlers on the new socket for the various events we expect to receive from the server: // color.html socket . on ( ' assign-color ' , ( color , colorSettings , activeSettings ) => { document . getElementById ( ' color-name ' ). innerText = color ; controllingColor = color ; currentBackground = colorSettings ; active = activeSettings ; colorSlider . disabled = ! active [ controllingColor ]; document . getElementById ( ' active ' ). innerText = active [ controllingColor ] ? ' active ' : ' inactive ' ; colorSlider . value = colorSettings [ controllingColor ]; updateBackground (); }); socket . on ( ' set-color ' , ( color , value ) => { currentBackground [ color ] = value ; if ( controllingColor === color ) { colorSlider . value = value ; } updateBackground (); }); socket . on ( ' invert ' , () => { inverted = ! inverted ; document . getElementById ( ' inverted ' ). innerText = inverted ? '' : ' not ' ; updateBackground (); }); socket . on ( ' toggle-active ' , ( color ) => { active [ color ] = ! active [ color ]; if ( controllingColor === color ) { colorSlider . disabled = ! active [ color ]; } document . getElementById ( ' active ' ). innerText = active [ controllingColor ] ? ' active ' : ' inactive ' ; updateBackground (); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Meanwhile, the server detects the new connection. It assigns the client a color, sends that color and current state of the application to the client, and sets up its own handlers for events received through the socket: // index.js colorNamespace . on ( ' connection ' , ( socket ) => { const color = colors [ colorCount % 3 ]; // pick the next color in the list, then loop colorCount ++ ; socket . emit ( ' assign-color ' , color , colorSettings , activeSettings ); // synchronize the client with the application state socket . data . color = color ; // you can save information to a socket’s data key, but I didn’t end up using this for anything socket . on ( ' set-color ' , ( color , value ) => { colorSettings [ color ] = value ; colorNamespace . emit ( ' set-color ' , color , value ); }); socket . on ( ' invert ' , () => { socket . broadcast . emit ( ' invert ' ); }); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The /admin page follows similar setup. Sending Information to the Client Let’s follow how user interaction on one page changes all the others. When a user on the blue page moves the slider, the slider emits a change event, which is caught by the slider’s event listener: // color.html colorSlider . addEventListener ( ' change ' , ( event ) => { socket . emit ( ' set-color ' , controllingColor , event . target . value ); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode That event listener emits a new set-color event with the color and new value. The server receives the client’s set-color , then emits its own to transmit that data to all clients. Each client receives the message and updates its blue value accordingly. Broadcasting to Other Sockets But clicking the “Invert others” button affects the other /color users, but not the user who actually clicked the button! The key here is the broadcast flag when the server receives and retransmits the invert message: // server.js socket . on ( ' invert ' , () => { socket . broadcast . emit ( ' invert ' ); // broadcast }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This flag means that that the server will send the event to every socket except the one it’s called on. Here this is just a neat trick, but in practice, it might be useful to avoid sending a post to the user who originally wrote it, because their client already has that information. Namespaces You may have noticed that the admin tab isn’t changing color with the other three. For simplicity, I didn’t set up any handlers for the admin page. But even if I had, they wouldn’t do anything, because the admin socket isn’t receiving those events at all. This is because the admin tab is in a different namespace . // color.html const socket = io ( ' /color ' ); // ======================= // admin.html const socket = io ( ' /admin ' ); // ======================= // index.js const colorNamespace = io . of ( ' /color ' ); const adminNamespace = io . of ( ' /admin ' ); … colorNamespace . emit ( ' set-color ' , color , value ); // the admin page doesn’t receive this event Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode (For clarity, I gave my two namespaces the same names as the two endpoints the pages are located at, but I didn’t have to. The namespaces could have had arbitrary names with no change in functionality, as long as the client matched the server.) Namespaces provide a convenient way to target a subset of sockets. However, namespaces can communicate with each other: // admin.html const toggleFunction = ( color ) => { socket . emit ( ' toggle-active ' , color ); }; // ======================= // index.js // clicking the buttons on the admin page triggers changes on the color pages adminNamespace . on ( ' connection ' , ( socket ) => { socket . on ( ' toggle-active ' , color => { activeSettings [ color ] = ! activeSettings [ color ]; colorNamespace . emit ( ' toggle-active ' , color ); }); }); // ======================= // color.html socket . on ( ' toggle-active ' , ( color ) => { active [ color ] = ! active [ color ]; if ( controllingColor === color ) { colorSlider . disabled = ! active [ color ]; } document . getElementById ( ' active ' ). innerText = active [ controllingColor ] ? ' active ' : ' inactive ' ; updateBackground (); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In all of the examples, events were caused by some interaction on one of the clients. An event was emitted to the server, and a second message was emitted by the server to the appropriate clients. However, this is only a small sample of the possibilities. For example, a server could use websockets to update all clients on a regular cycle, or get information from some API and pass it on. This demo is only a small showcase of what I’ve been learning and hope to keep applying in my projects going forward. References and Further Reading Socket.IO , especially the tutorial , which got me up and running very quickly Websockets on MDN – API reference and glossary , plus the articles on writing your own clients and servers ( Deno version ) Cover Photo by Scott Rodgerson on Unsplash Top comments (2) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Art light Art light Art light Follow Trust yourself🌞your capabilities are your true power. ❤Telegram - ✔lighthouse4661 ❤Discord - ✔lighthouse4661 Email art.miclight@gmail.com Pronouns He/him Work CTO Joined Nov 21, 2025 • Jan 12 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Wow, this is an incredibly clear and practical explanation! I really appreciate how you broke down the client-server flow with Socket.IO—it makes even the trickier concepts like namespaces and broadcasting feel approachable. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Lars Rye Jeppesen Lars Rye Jeppesen Lars Rye Jeppesen Follow Aspartam Junkie Location Vice City Pronouns Grand Master Joined Feb 10, 2017 • Jan 12 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great article. A question though: why use Socket.IO when NodeJs now has it natively built in? 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Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse eachampagne Follow Joined Sep 5, 2025 More from eachampagne Graphing in JavaScript # data # javascript # science 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. 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Right menu Decimal: futuro tipo numérico do JavaScript Lucas Pereira de Souza Lucas Pereira de Souza Lucas Pereira de Souza Follow Dec 29 '25 Decimal: futuro tipo numérico do JavaScript # news # javascript # programming Comments Add Comment 4 min read Boost E-Commerce Engagement with AI Product Recommendations using Evoka AI Madlife David Madlife David Madlife David Follow Dec 30 '25 Boost E-Commerce Engagement with AI Product Recommendations using Evoka AI # news # ai # programming # webdev 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Neon Postgres 2025: Why the New Serverless Features Change Everything DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Dec 28 '25 Neon Postgres 2025: Why the New Serverless Features Change Everything # news # database # postgres # cloud Comments Add Comment 13 min read 8 Major Ways AI Is Changing the World in 2026 artificialintelligenceee artificialintelligenceee artificialintelligenceee Follow Jan 1 8 Major Ways AI Is Changing the World in 2026 # news # ai # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 4 min read Latest Trends in Large Language Models (LLMs) Hemanath Kumar J Hemanath Kumar J Hemanath Kumar J Follow Dec 28 '25 Latest Trends in Large Language Models (LLMs) # news # technology # ai # llms Comments Add Comment 2 min read Neon Postgres Deep Dive: Why the 2025 Updates Change Serverless SQL DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Dec 27 '25 Neon Postgres Deep Dive: Why the 2025 Updates Change Serverless SQL # news # database # postgres # cloud Comments Add Comment 8 min read Introducing a new Front-End Framework Elanat Framework Elanat Framework Elanat Framework Follow Dec 26 '25 Introducing a new Front-End Framework # news # javascript # frontend # webformscore 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read NXP & Rimac Team Up to Build Centralized Architecture for Software-Defined Vehicles Sharanu N Dibbadamani Sharanu N Dibbadamani Sharanu N Dibbadamani Follow Dec 26 '25 NXP & Rimac Team Up to Build Centralized Architecture for Software-Defined Vehicles # news # architecture # softwareengineering Comments Add Comment 3 min read LoongArch: China’s homegrown CPU architecture that is now in real laptops Pʀᴀɴᴀᴠ Pʀᴀɴᴀᴠ Pʀᴀɴᴀᴠ Follow Dec 30 '25 LoongArch: China’s homegrown CPU architecture that is now in real laptops # news # architecture # linux 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Generative AI & Diffusion Models: Breaking Developments Hemanath Kumar J Hemanath Kumar J Hemanath Kumar J Follow Dec 27 '25 Generative AI & Diffusion Models: Breaking Developments # news # generativeai # diffusionmodels # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read AWS re:Invent 2025 Deep Dive: The Truth About Lambda and S3's Facelift DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Dec 26 '25 AWS re:Invent 2025 Deep Dive: The Truth About Lambda and S3's Facelift # news # aws # cloud # serverless Comments Add Comment 12 min read Kong vs. AWS API Gateway: The Truth About API Management in 2025 DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Dec 30 '25 Kong vs. AWS API Gateway: The Truth About API Management in 2025 # news # api # cloud # architecture 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 10 min read Dec 26, 2025 | The Tongyi Weekly: Your weekly dose of cutting-edge AI from Tongyi Lab Tongyi Lab Tongyi Lab Tongyi Lab Follow Dec 26 '25 Dec 26, 2025 | The Tongyi Weekly: Your weekly dose of cutting-edge AI from Tongyi Lab # news # ai # opensource Comments Add Comment 3 min read Coffee Break AI: The Week's Top Artificial Intelligence Updates You Need to Know Ethan Zhang Ethan Zhang Ethan Zhang Follow Dec 26 '25 Coffee Break AI: The Week's Top Artificial Intelligence Updates You Need to Know # news # ai # technology # programming Comments Add Comment 5 min read Agentic AI & Autonomous Systems: Trends & Insights Hemanath Kumar J Hemanath Kumar J Hemanath Kumar J Follow Dec 26 '25 Agentic AI & Autonomous Systems: Trends & Insights # news # agenticai # autonomoussystems # ai Comments Add Comment 2 min read Apache SeaTunnel Community Year-End Review 2025 Apache SeaTunnel Apache SeaTunnel Apache SeaTunnel Follow Jan 9 Apache SeaTunnel Community Year-End Review 2025 # news # community # dataengineering # opensource 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 7 min read LLM Deep Dive 2025: Why Claude 4 and GPT-5.1 Change Everything DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Dec 29 '25 LLM Deep Dive 2025: Why Claude 4 and GPT-5.1 Change Everything # news # ai # openai # llm 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 8 min read NocoBase Weekly Updates: Optimization and Bug Fixes NocoBase NocoBase NocoBase Follow Dec 25 '25 NocoBase Weekly Updates: Optimization and Bug Fixes # news # opensource # lowcode # nocode Comments Add Comment 7 min read Rust + WebAssembly 2025: Why WasmGC and SIMD Change Everything DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Dec 25 '25 Rust + WebAssembly 2025: Why WasmGC and SIMD Change Everything # news # webassembly # performance # rust Comments Add Comment 7 min read Modern CLI Deep Dive: Why Rust and GPU Terminals Change Everything in 2025 DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Dec 24 '25 Modern CLI Deep Dive: Why Rust and GPU Terminals Change Everything in 2025 # news # cli # devtools # terminal Comments Add Comment 15 min read x402 V2: What's New in the Internet-Native Payments Protocol jimquote jimquote jimquote Follow Dec 23 '25 x402 V2: What's New in the Internet-Native Payments Protocol # news # api # web3 Comments Add Comment 4 min read Serverless PostgreSQL 2025: The Truth About Supabase, Neon, and PlanetScale DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Dec 23 '25 Serverless PostgreSQL 2025: The Truth About Supabase, Neon, and PlanetScale # news # database # postgres # cloud Comments Add Comment 12 min read Cloudflare vs. Deno: The Truth About Edge Computing in 2025 DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Dec 23 '25 Cloudflare vs. Deno: The Truth About Edge Computing in 2025 # news # edge # serverless # cloud Comments Add Comment 13 min read Database Systems: Latest Trends & Innovations Hemanath Kumar J Hemanath Kumar J Hemanath Kumar J Follow Dec 24 '25 Database Systems: Latest Trends & Innovations # news # database # technology # innovation Comments Add Comment 2 min read AI Agents 2025: Why AutoGPT and CrewAI Still Struggle with Autonomy DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Dec 24 '25 AI Agents 2025: Why AutoGPT and CrewAI Still Struggle with Autonomy # news # ai # automation # llm Comments Add Comment 7 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Design Community Close Code of Conduct Last updated July 31, 2023 All participants of DEV Community are expected to abide by our Code of Conduct and Terms of Service , both online and during in-person events that are hosted and/or associated with DEV Community. Our Pledge In the interest of fostering an open and welcoming environment, we as moderators of DEV Community pledge to make participation in our project and our community a harassment-free experience for everyone, regardless of age, body size, disability, ethnicity, gender identity and expression, level of experience, nationality, personal appearance, race, religion, or sexual identity and orientation. 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We will not act on complaints regarding: 'Reverse' -isms, including 'reverse racism,' 'reverse sexism,' and 'cisphobia' Reasonable communication of boundaries, such as 'leave me alone,' 'go away,' or 'I'm not discussing this with you.' Someone's refusal to explain or debate social justice concepts Criticisms of racist, sexist, cissexist, or otherwise oppressive behavior or assumptions Enforcement Violations of the Code of Conduct may be reported by contacting the team via the abuse report form or by sending an email to support@dev.to . All reports will be reviewed and investigated and will result in a response that is deemed necessary and appropriate to the circumstances. Further details of specific enforcement policies may be posted separately. 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Attribution This Code of Conduct is adapted from: Contributor Covenant, version 1.4 Write/Speak/Code Geek Feminism 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Design Community — Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Design Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where designers share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
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https://dev.to/adventures_in_ml | Adventures in Machine Learning - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close View all podcasts Adventures in Machine Learning Follow Latest episodes The Science-Engineering Blend - ML 146 Adventures in Machine Learning, Apr 4 '24 The Impact of Process on Successful Tech Companies - ML 145 Adventures in Machine Learning, Mar 28 '24 Delivering Scoped Solutions: Lessons in Fixing Production System Issues - ML 144 Adventures in Machine Learning, Mar 21 '24 MLOps 101: Scoping, Latency, Data Curation, and Continuous Model Retraining - ML 143 Adventures in Machine Learning, Mar 14 '24 Navigating Authority and Transparency in Organizations - ML 142 Adventures in Machine Learning, Feb 22 '24 Evolution of Dlib: Addressing Challenges in Machine Learning and Computer Vision - ML 141 Adventures in Machine Learning, Feb 8 '24 Strategies for Improving Code Quality and Maintenance in the Python Environment - ML 140 Adventures in Machine Learning, Jan 25 '24 Lyft's ML Infrastructure Journey - ML 139 Adventures in Machine Learning, Jan 18 '24 From Open Source to Traditional ML with James Lamb - ML 138 Adventures in Machine Learning, Jan 4 '24 Data Visualization and Hugging Face - ML 131 Adventures in Machine Learning, Nov 2 '23 Challenges for LLM Implementation - ML 126 Adventures in Machine Learning, Sep 7 '23 How to Create Team Utils - ML 122 Adventures in Machine Learning, Jul 21 '23 How to Get Sh*t Done - ML 121 Adventures in Machine Learning, Jul 13 '23 How to get Promoted - ML 119 Adventures in Machine Learning, Jun 23 '23 How to Learn a New Tool - ML 117 Adventures in Machine Learning, Jun 8 '23 The Innovation Cycle of AI - ML 116 Adventures in Machine Learning, May 25 '23 All Things Machine Learning - ML 113 Adventures in Machine Learning, Apr 27 '23 How to Think Like a Principal Architect - ML 112 Adventures in Machine Learning, Apr 13 '23 How to Transition from Software Engineer to ML Engineer - ML 111 Adventures in Machine Learning, Apr 7 '23 Machine Learning for Meeting Notes - ML 110 Adventures in Machine Learning, Mar 30 '23 Model Serving at Databricks - ML 109 Adventures in Machine Learning, Mar 27 '23 Where ML and DevOps Meet - ML 108 Adventures in Machine Learning, Mar 17 '23 How Does ChatGPT Work? - ML 107 Adventures in Machine Learning, Mar 10 '23 Protecting Your ML From Phishing And Hackers - ML 101 Adventures in Machine Learning, Jan 27 '23 The Disruptive Power of Artificial Intelligence - ML 100 Adventures in Machine Learning, Jan 19 '23 A History Of ML And How Low Code Tooling Accelerates Solution Development - ML 099 Adventures in Machine Learning, Jan 6 '23 Moving from Dev Notebooks to Production Code - ML 098 Adventures in Machine Learning, Dec 22 '22 How to Edit and Contribute to Existing Code Base - ML 097 Adventures in Machine Learning, Dec 15 '22 Part 2: Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) Next Steps - ML 076 Adventures in Machine Learning, Jun 16 '22 Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) in Machine Learning - ML 075 Adventures in Machine Learning, Jun 9 '22 1 2 3 Next › Last » Browse 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
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https://forem.com/t/esp32/page/3 | Esp32 Page 3 - Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # esp32 Follow Hide Create Post Older #esp32 posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu 🚀 Uploading Your Code with Arduino IDE Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed Follow Oct 5 '25 🚀 Uploading Your Code with Arduino IDE # iot # esp32 # arduino # embedded Comments Add Comment 2 min read Right Chip, Right Place Meraj Meraj Meraj Follow Aug 31 '25 Right Chip, Right Place # esp32 # esp8266 # iot # mcu Comments Add Comment 3 min read Getting Started with IoT: Your First Steps with Arduino IDE and ESP32 Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed Follow Sep 30 '25 Getting Started with IoT: Your First Steps with Arduino IDE and ESP32 # iot # esp32 # beginners # tutorial Comments Add Comment 3 min read Channel-hopping on the ESP32-C3 with ESP-Now Graham Trott Graham Trott Graham Trott Follow Sep 27 '25 Channel-hopping on the ESP32-C3 with ESP-Now # iot # networking # python # esp32 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read ESP-Now master-slave in Micropython Graham Trott Graham Trott Graham Trott Follow Sep 27 '25 ESP-Now master-slave in Micropython # iot # networking # python # esp32 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 9 min read OpenMQTT Gateway for Radio Frequency Signals Sebastian Sebastian Sebastian Follow Aug 25 '25 OpenMQTT Gateway for Radio Frequency Signals # iot # esp32 # mqtt # radio Comments Add Comment 6 min read Resonator_Entropy: Listening to the Noise Beneath the ESP32 v. Splicer v. Splicer v. Splicer Follow Sep 20 '25 Resonator_Entropy: Listening to the Noise Beneath the ESP32 # discuss # programming # showdev # esp32 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 3 min read Live Streaming to Amazon IVS on an ESP32 Microcontroller with Embedded Sensor Metadata Todd Sharp Todd Sharp Todd Sharp Follow Sep 19 '25 Live Streaming to Amazon IVS on an ESP32 Microcontroller with Embedded Sensor Metadata # livestreaming # esp32 # aws # amazonivs 8 reactions Comments 1 comment 4 min read Building an ESP32-C3 WiFi MQTT Client for IoT Data Streaming (DevKitM-1 / Rust-1) John Ajera John Ajera John Ajera Follow Sep 20 '25 Building an ESP32-C3 WiFi MQTT Client for IoT Data Streaming (DevKitM-1 / Rust-1) # esp32 # iot # wifi # mqtt 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Controlling ESP32-C3 Super Mini Onboard LEDs Geoff Geoff Geoff Follow Sep 25 '25 Controlling ESP32-C3 Super Mini Onboard LEDs # esp32 # esphome 11 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read How to configure ESP32 environment with Arduino? Hedy Hedy Hedy Follow Aug 12 '25 How to configure ESP32 environment with Arduino? # arduino # esp32 # arduinoide # vscode Comments Add Comment 2 min read Button Buddy - Helping blind users control devices Alexander Köhle Alexander Köhle Alexander Köhle Follow Aug 6 '25 Button Buddy - Helping blind users control devices # esp32 # tech # mechatronics Comments Add Comment 2 min read How We Cut IoT Backend Calls by 85% with C++ and BLE Pairing on ESP32 Jay Lee Jay Lee Jay Lee Follow Aug 4 '25 How We Cut IoT Backend Calls by 85% with C++ and BLE Pairing on ESP32 # esp32 # iot # ble # embedded Comments Add Comment 2 min read Getting Started with AtomVM: Setup with Prebuilt Firmware (ESP32-S3, September 2025) Masatoshi Nishiguchi Masatoshi Nishiguchi Masatoshi Nishiguchi Follow Sep 2 '25 Getting Started with AtomVM: Setup with Prebuilt Firmware (ESP32-S3, September 2025) # atomvm # elixir # esp32 # iot 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read OpenMQTT Gateway for Bluetooth BLE Signals Sebastian Sebastian Sebastian Follow Sep 4 '25 OpenMQTT Gateway for Bluetooth BLE Signals # iot # esp32 # mqtt # bluetooth Comments Add Comment 5 min read How to use a microcontroller to control a relay? Hedy Hedy Hedy Follow Jul 25 '25 How to use a microcontroller to control a relay? # microcontroller # relay # arduinouno # esp32 Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to migrate from STM32 to ESP32? Hedy Hedy Hedy Follow Jul 7 '25 How to migrate from STM32 to ESP32? # stm32 # esp32 # gpio # uart Comments Add Comment 2 min read Embedded Rust on the ESP32 : Sensor Integration : DHT22 (Temperature and Humidity Sensor) Vaishnav-sabari-girish Vaishnav-sabari-girish Vaishnav-sabari-girish Follow Jul 28 '25 Embedded Rust on the ESP32 : Sensor Integration : DHT22 (Temperature and Humidity Sensor) # sensor # embeddedsystems # rust # esp32 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read My Private AI Assistant: No More Privacy Worries Wojciech Lepczyński Wojciech Lepczyński Wojciech Lepczyński Follow Aug 4 '25 My Private AI Assistant: No More Privacy Worries # programming # ai # esp32 # machinelearning 10 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read Ambient Entropy and the Architecture of Inference v. Splicer v. Splicer v. Splicer Follow Aug 1 '25 Ambient Entropy and the Architecture of Inference # entropy # esoteric # esp32 # analog Comments Add Comment 4 min read DIY Telegram-Controlled ESP32 Security Cam A C A C A C Follow Jul 24 '25 DIY Telegram-Controlled ESP32 Security Cam # arduino # telegram # cpp # esp32 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Embedded Rust on the ESP32 : Blinking an LED Vaishnav-sabari-girish Vaishnav-sabari-girish Vaishnav-sabari-girish Follow Jul 14 '25 Embedded Rust on the ESP32 : Blinking an LED # embeddedsystems # rust # esp32 # led 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read Embedded Rust on the ESP32 : Getting started - Setup Vaishnav-sabari-girish Vaishnav-sabari-girish Vaishnav-sabari-girish Follow Jul 14 '25 Embedded Rust on the ESP32 : Getting started - Setup # embeddedsystems # rust # esp32 # hal Comments Add Comment 3 min read 🐧 Meet Wally — Your Bilingual AI Penguin Buddy! July Wu July Wu July Wu Follow Jun 18 '25 🐧 Meet Wally — Your Bilingual AI Penguin Buddy! # esp32 # c # cpp # ai 5 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read Ambient lighting - DIY 01:19 B Mithilesh B Mithilesh B Mithilesh Follow Jun 15 '25 Ambient lighting - DIY # esp32 # programming # productivity # opensource Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — Your community HQ Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a blogging-forward open source social network where we learn from one another Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
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https://secure.lglforms.com/form_engine/s/SpkKq95XVPOuQ2d-UNFtXQ | Open Source Hardware Association · Donation One moment please... Donation If you are unable to complete payment with this form please contact us at info@oshwa.org for further assisstance Amount * $250 $125 $50 $0 - Offline Donation - Mail Cheque Open Source Hardware Association P.O. Box 4743 Boulder, CO 80306 $ Donation Schedule One Time Monthly Quarterly Yearly Contact Information Name * First Name Last Name Email * Verify Email * Address * Address Line 1 Address Line 2 City City State State/Province ZIP/Postal Code Country | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
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https://www.linkedin.com/company/open-source-hardware-association/ | Open Source Hardware Association | LinkedIn Skip to main content LinkedIn Top Content People Learning Jobs Games Join now Sign in Open Source Hardware Association Civic and Social Organizations Boulder, Colorado 3,282 followers Fostering technological knowledge and encouraging research that is accessible, collaborative and respects user freedom. Follow Discover all 12 employees Report this company About us The Open Source Hardware Association (OSHWA) aims to foster technological knowledge and encourage research that is accessible, collaborative and respects user freedom. OSHWA’s primary activities include hosting the annual Open Hardware Summit and maintaining the Open Source Hardware certification, which allows the community to quickly identify and represent hardware that complies with the community definition of open source hardware. Website https://www.oshwa.org/ External link for Open Source Hardware Association Industry Civic and Social Organizations Company size 2-10 employees Headquarters Boulder, Colorado Type Nonprofit Founded 2012 Locations Primary Boulder, Colorado 80303, US Get directions Employees at Open Source Hardware Association Wendy Ju Katherine Scott Kunvar Chokshi Michael Weinberg See all employees Updates Open Source Hardware Association 3,282 followers 16h Report this post Curious about what's coming with the Open Healthware Certification? Read all about it right here: https://lnkd.in/dEn5TJqK OSHWA’s New Open Healthware Certification: How We Got Here and Where We’re Going oshwa.org 5 Like Comment Share Open Source Hardware Association reposted this Hackster.io 56,590 followers 6d Report this post 11 new certifications were added to the Open Source Hardware Association database in December, including desktop and pocket PCs along with a CPC machine to measure air quality. Here are a few of OSHWA's favorites from last month! https://lnkd.in/eMSF2dd2 32 Like Comment Share Open Source Hardware Association 3,282 followers 3w Report this post going live in ten minutes! come hang and hear about three really cool porjects! Open Source Hardware Association 3,282 followers 3w TOMORROW! another Show & Tell Monthly livestream with work from Nicolás Méndez, Michael Di-Rocco and Nathan Nifong! Join us to learn about their work and how their projects came together: https://lnkd.in/ezMcDDeB 1 Like Comment Share Open Source Hardware Association 3,282 followers 3w Report this post TOMORROW! another Show & Tell Monthly livestream with work from Nicolás Méndez, Michael Di-Rocco and Nathan Nifong! Join us to learn about their work and how their projects came together: https://lnkd.in/ezMcDDeB 9 Like Comment Share Open Source Hardware Association 3,282 followers 4w Report this post It’s the final week to get your proposals in for OHS2026!! https://lnkd.in/eapzPcPD 10 Like Comment Share Open Source Hardware Association 3,282 followers 1mo Report this post Out on Make magazine! Three new projects we think are sooo cool! Check out Nathan Nifong's Stringman robot, Tanmoy Dutta's Autonoe and our very first Colombian certification from Insituto Technologico Metropolitano. Read more: https://lnkd.in/eS_AywMy Open Source Hardware Certifications for November 2025 - Make: https://makezine.com 17 Like Comment Share Open Source Hardware Association reposted this Hackster.io 56,590 followers 1mo Report this post 15 new certifications were added to the Open Source Hardware Association database last month, including a spectrometer, an LED controller, and a laundry-helping robot. Learn more in OSHWA's November roundup! November 2025 Open Source Hardware Certification Roundup hackster.io 11 Like Comment Share Open Source Hardware Association reposted this Helen Leigh 1mo Report this post I'll be hosting this upcoming livestream on Thurs 18th Dec. My guest will be dr lee wilkins : Cyborg, Chair of the Open Hardware Summit and Exec Director of the Montreal-based hackerspace Radio Snack. We'll be talking about some exciting plans for next year's summit, which will be held in Berlin on Friday May 23rd and Saturday May 24th 2026. The call for proposals is open until the 21st Dec, and ticket sales will start soon. If you have questions or ideas, turn up and share them in the live chat. This is one of my fave events on the calendar and lee is always a delight to hang out with. I am also hoping to be able to share some news about Teardown 2026. I hope some of you will join us! - Open Source Hardware Association Crowd Supply 1,562 followers 1mo Join us for a livestream about Open Hardware Summit 2026! Sponsored by Qorvo, Inc. 23 1 Comment Like Comment Share Open Source Hardware Association reposted this SemiTO-V RISC-V Team 294 followers 1mo Edited Report this post Jeff Geerling has showcased our fully open source RP2350 GPIO Expansion Card in his DC-ROMA RISC-V AI PC review video. Thank you Jeff for trying our little card! Thank you DeepComputing , Framework and NextPCB for sponsoring us! Full video here: https://lnkd.in/dBe9xja4 158 9 Comments Like Comment Share Open Source Hardware Association reposted this Katherine Scott 1mo Report this post It is giving Tuesday, if you would like to keep the future of robotics and hardware free and open source the Open Source Hardware Association and Open Robotics could both really use your help. Smaller open source organizations are not nearly as well-funded as you may think, and they rely on gifts from the community to continue operating. Contributions from large tech companies have fallen significantly since the pandemic, and we need individual donors to step up to help sustain these organizations. If you've ever benefited from downloading a pre-compiled ROS binary from apt, or used an open hardware project as a starting point for your own design, please consider supporting the organizations that make these things possible. OSHWA Donation Page: 🔗 https://lnkd.in/g_qKQK92 OSRF Donation Page: 🔗 https://lnkd.in/gnMuxHMv 62 1 Comment Like Comment Share Join now to see what you are missing Find people you know at Open Source Hardware Association Browse recommended jobs for you View all updates, news, and articles Join now Similar pages Hackster.io Software Development San Francisco, CA Red Rabbit Robotics Robotics Engineering Open Robotics Research Services Mountain View, California OpenCV Non-profit Organizations Open Sauce Entertainment Providers Los Angeles , CA Build a CubeSat Space Research and Technology Jara Primary and Secondary Education San Francisco, California Journal of Open Hardware Book and Periodical Publishing Cambridge, Cambridgeshire Hackaday Computers and Electronics Manufacturing Make: Media Production Santa Rosa, CA Show more similar pages Show fewer similar pages Browse jobs Electronic Engineer jobs 37,860 open jobs Electrical Engineer jobs 60,569 open jobs Intern jobs 71,196 open jobs Mechanical Engineer jobs 46,392 open jobs Engineer jobs 555,845 open jobs More searches More searches Electronic Engineer jobs Product Marketing Intern jobs Summer Intern jobs Product Manager jobs Marketing Manager jobs Intern jobs Research And Development Engineer jobs PHD jobs Mechanical Engineer jobs Scientist jobs LinkedIn © 2026 About Accessibility User Agreement Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Copyright Policy Brand Policy Guest Controls Community Guidelines العربية (Arabic) বাংলা (Bangla) Čeština (Czech) Dansk (Danish) Deutsch (German) Ελληνικά (Greek) English (English) Español (Spanish) فارسی (Persian) Suomi (Finnish) Français (French) हिंदी (Hindi) Magyar (Hungarian) Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian) Italiano (Italian) עברית (Hebrew) 日本語 (Japanese) 한국어 (Korean) मराठी (Marathi) Bahasa Malaysia (Malay) Nederlands (Dutch) Norsk (Norwegian) ਪੰਜਾਬੀ (Punjabi) Polski (Polish) Português (Portuguese) Română (Romanian) Русский (Russian) Svenska (Swedish) తెలుగు (Telugu) ภาษาไทย (Thai) Tagalog (Tagalog) Türkçe (Turkish) Українська (Ukrainian) Tiếng Việt (Vietnamese) 简体中文 (Chinese (Simplified)) 正體中文 (Chinese (Traditional)) Language Agree & Join LinkedIn By clicking Continue to join or sign in, you agree to LinkedIn’s User Agreement , Privacy Policy , and Cookie Policy . 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