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https://dev.to/shuckle_xd | pri - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions pri Building https://x-vertice.com/ Joined Joined on Jan 12, 2026 twitter website More info about @shuckle_xd Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Post 1 post published Comment 0 comments written Tag 2 tags followed You can't trust Images anymore pri pri pri Follow Jan 12 You can't trust Images anymore # showdev # computervision 11 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
https://dev.to/kafeel-ahmad | kafeel ahmad - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions kafeel ahmad Software Engineer Location Mumbai, India Joined Joined on Jan 28, 2025 Personal website https://kafeel-ahmad.in Work Senior Software Engineer More info about @kafeel-ahmad Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Skills/Languages Javascript, Typescript, Angular, Nodejs, Nestjs, MySql, MongoDB, Express.js, AWS Currently learning Sharing content with the sole intention of educating and helping others, not for personal benefit or to claim it as my own. Post 19 posts published Comment 0 comments written Tag 24 tags followed Node.js in 2026: Modern Practices You Should Be Using kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad Follow Jan 9 Node.js in 2026: Modern Practices You Should Be Using # webdev # node # javascript # backend Comments Add Comment 12 min read Node.js Architecture Patterns for Scalable Apps (2026 Guide) kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad Follow Jan 9 Node.js Architecture Patterns for Scalable Apps (2026 Guide) # webdev # node # javascript Comments Add Comment 8 min read Domain-Driven Design (DDD) with Node.js: Best Practices for Large Projects kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad Follow Jan 7 Domain-Driven Design (DDD) with Node.js: Best Practices for Large Projects # webdev # node # javascript # beginners Comments Add Comment 10 min read Building a Simple REST API with Express.js — The Right Way kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad Follow Jan 7 Building a Simple REST API with Express.js — The Right Way # webdev # node # javascript # beginners Comments Add Comment 11 min read How to Become a Pro in Node.js ( Roadmap for Serious Devs) kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad Follow Jan 7 How to Become a Pro in Node.js ( Roadmap for Serious Devs) # webdev # node # java # tutorial Comments Add Comment 10 min read How To Replace Over-Complicated NgRx Stores With Angular Signals — Without Losing Control kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad Follow Jan 7 How To Replace Over-Complicated NgRx Stores With Angular Signals — Without Losing Control # webdev # javascript # beginners # angular Comments Add Comment 27 min read Unlocking Productivity: AI Tools Every Angular Developer Should Know kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad Follow Jan 7 Unlocking Productivity: AI Tools Every Angular Developer Should Know # webdev # ai # angular # javascript Comments Add Comment 9 min read How we stopped shipping broken Angular code by making mistakes impossible kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad Follow Jan 7 How we stopped shipping broken Angular code by making mistakes impossible # webdev # javascript # angular # beginners Comments Add Comment 12 min read Understanding afterNextRender(), afterEveryRender(), and afterRenderEffect() in Angular 18+ kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad Follow Jan 1 Understanding afterNextRender(), afterEveryRender(), and afterRenderEffect() in Angular 18+ # webdev # angular # tutorial # beginners Comments Add Comment 11 min read How Angular Signal Forms Handle Validation CSS Classes kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad Follow Dec 31 '25 How Angular Signal Forms Handle Validation CSS Classes # webdev # beginners # angular # programming 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 8 min read The Developer's Guide to Stunning UI: How to Build Without a Designer kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad Follow Dec 31 '25 The Developer's Guide to Stunning UI: How to Build Without a Designer # webdev # ai # design # ui 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 21 min read 11 Things I Wish Someone Told Me Before Learning Angular kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad Follow Dec 31 '25 11 Things I Wish Someone Told Me Before Learning Angular # webdev # angular # beginners # tutorial Comments Add Comment 6 min read Reusable Angular Components Library in a Monorepo (Without Nx Overkill) kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad Follow Dec 31 '25 Reusable Angular Components Library in a Monorepo (Without Nx Overkill) # webdev # programming # angular # beginners Comments Add Comment 8 min read Deploying Angular in 2026: An Architect's Guide to 'Build Once, Run Everywhere' kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad Follow Dec 31 '25 Deploying Angular in 2026: An Architect's Guide to 'Build Once, Run Everywhere' # webdev # angular # programming # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 16 min read This one Helper Eliminates 90% of CSS Status Class Duplication in Angular kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad Follow Dec 31 '25 This one Helper Eliminates 90% of CSS Status Class Duplication in Angular # angular # css # beginners # webdev Comments Add Comment 9 min read Step-by-Step Guide: Upgrading Angular 12 to Angular 19 kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad Follow Dec 31 '25 Step-by-Step Guide: Upgrading Angular 12 to Angular 19 # webdev # programming # beginners # angular Comments Add Comment 9 min read Angular Change Detection kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad Follow Dec 31 '25 Angular Change Detection # webdev # angular # programming # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 19 min read Angular vs React vs Vue: Which Should You Learn in 2026? kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad Follow Dec 31 '25 Angular vs React vs Vue: Which Should You Learn in 2026? # vue # react # javascript # angular Comments Add Comment 16 min read 11 Must-Know Websites Every Developer Should Bookmark kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad kafeel ahmad Follow Dec 31 '25 11 Must-Know Websites Every Developer Should Bookmark # webdev # javascript # beginners # tutorial Comments Add Comment 5 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
https://dev.to/t/tutorial/page/72 | Tutorial Page 72 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # tutorial Follow Hide Tutorial is a general purpose tag. We welcome all types of tutorial - code related or not! It's all about learning, and using tutorials to teach others! Create Post submission guidelines Tutorials should teach by example. This can include an interactive component or steps the reader can follow to understand. Older #tutorial posts 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu How I Automated YouTube Metadata Generation Using the new TypeScript ADK Connie Leung Connie Leung Connie Leung Follow Dec 21 '25 How I Automated YouTube Metadata Generation Using the new TypeScript ADK # gemini3 # adk # tutorial # typescript Comments Add Comment 14 min read 🔰How to Build a Real-Time Chat App in Flutter Using ZEGOCLOUD ZIMKit (No Backend Needed) Hazem Hamdy Hazem Hamdy Hazem Hamdy Follow Dec 10 '25 🔰How to Build a Real-Time Chat App in Flutter Using ZEGOCLOUD ZIMKit (No Backend Needed) # flutter # zegocloud # mobileappdevelopment # tutorial 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 4 min read Unlocking PDF Management: How to Split PDF Files in Java with Spire.PDF lu liu lu liu lu liu Follow Nov 18 '25 Unlocking PDF Management: How to Split PDF Files in Java with Spire.PDF # java # tooling # tutorial Comments Add Comment 4 min read Building Custom Ruby on Rails Model Validators in Gems: A Complete Guide Jordan Hudgens Jordan Hudgens Jordan Hudgens Follow Nov 16 '25 Building Custom Ruby on Rails Model Validators in Gems: A Complete Guide # ruby # rails # rubygems # tutorial Comments Add Comment 7 min read The magic of auto-fit and auto-fill (and the difference between them) Mahbubur Rahman Mahbubur Rahman Mahbubur Rahman Follow Nov 17 '25 The magic of auto-fit and auto-fill (and the difference between them) # css # tutorial # webdev Comments Add Comment 1 min read Creating production-ready authentication and authorization Nandalal Shukla Nandalal Shukla Nandalal Shukla Follow Nov 22 '25 Creating production-ready authentication and authorization # javascript # security # node # tutorial Comments Add Comment 3 min read Build a Blue/Green deployment with Nginx Auto-Failover Mart Young Mart Young Mart Young Follow Dec 9 '25 Build a Blue/Green deployment with Nginx Auto-Failover # devops # node # architecture # tutorial 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 9 min read How to Monitor Network Device Health Using SNMP Exporter and Prometheus Alex Umansky Alex Umansky Alex Umansky Follow Nov 16 '25 How to Monitor Network Device Health Using SNMP Exporter and Prometheus # networking # monitoring # tutorial # devops Comments Add Comment 7 min read 🎨 *Programming as an Art* — Why Coding Is More Than Cod Prasoon Jadon Prasoon Jadon Prasoon Jadon Follow Dec 21 '25 🎨 *Programming as an Art* — Why Coding Is More Than Cod # discuss # programming # learning # tutorial 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Create a Text Editor in Go - A Text Editor Andres Court Andres Court Andres Court Follow Nov 17 '25 Create a Text Editor in Go - A Text Editor # go # tutorial # softwaredevelopment # softwareengineering Comments Add Comment 6 min read Get Good Git Ninja, don't Get Got (눈_눈) O=('-'Q) Brian Kim Brian Kim Brian Kim Follow Nov 16 '25 Get Good Git Ninja, don't Get Got (눈_눈) O=('-'Q) # beginners # programming # git # tutorial Comments Add Comment 1 min read Your Database Isn’t a Teenager’s Bedroom: Why Privileges Actually Matter Dorottya Nyárády Dorottya Nyárády Dorottya Nyárády Follow Nov 29 '25 Your Database Isn’t a Teenager’s Bedroom: Why Privileges Actually Matter # security # database # tutorial # kozen 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Exploring AWS Generative AI & AI Services: A Practical Guide for Builders Shubham Kumar Shubham Kumar Shubham Kumar Follow Dec 20 '25 Exploring AWS Generative AI & AI Services: A Practical Guide for Builders # aws # architecture # tutorial # ai 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read I Built a Recipe Finder App with Vanilla JS and an API. Here's How We Fixed the 404 and 403 Errors. Michael Nganga Michael Nganga Michael Nganga Follow Nov 16 '25 I Built a Recipe Finder App with Vanilla JS and an API. Here's How We Fixed the 404 and 403 Errors. # showdev # javascript # api # tutorial Comments Add Comment 1 min read 🌐 How to Choose the Best Domain Kozosvyst Stas (StasX) Kozosvyst Stas (StasX) Kozosvyst Stas (StasX) Follow Nov 16 '25 🌐 How to Choose the Best Domain # beginners # startup # tutorial # website Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building a Premium New Year 2026 Celebration Site 🎉 Srijan Kumar Srijan Kumar Srijan Kumar Follow Dec 20 '25 Building a Premium New Year 2026 Celebration Site 🎉 # webdev # javascript # tutorial # newyear 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read Debugging Java ClassNotFoundException: A Beginner's Guide to Finding Missing Dependencies itzsrikanth itzsrikanth itzsrikanth Follow Nov 16 '25 Debugging Java ClassNotFoundException: A Beginner's Guide to Finding Missing Dependencies # beginners # java # tutorial Comments Add Comment 9 min read Complete Guide to Run AI Models Locally, Even on Mid-Tier Laptop Payam Hoseini Payam Hoseini Payam Hoseini Follow Dec 20 '25 Complete Guide to Run AI Models Locally, Even on Mid-Tier Laptop # ai # machinelearning # productivity # tutorial Comments 1 comment 6 min read Conventional Commits Kadir Belkuyu Kadir Belkuyu Kadir Belkuyu Follow Nov 16 '25 Conventional Commits # git # productivity # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to Use curl in .NET (VB.NET) IronSoftware IronSoftware IronSoftware Follow Nov 16 '25 How to Use curl in .NET (VB.NET) # api # dotnet # tutorial Comments Add Comment 4 min read The mental checklist I use when troubleshooting Linux servers Danielius Navickas Danielius Navickas Danielius Navickas Follow Dec 20 '25 The mental checklist I use when troubleshooting Linux servers # linux # beginners # productivity # tutorial Comments Add Comment 1 min read LANGUAGE MODELS USING MLP (Part 1) Hưng Lê Tiến Hưng Lê Tiến Hưng Lê Tiến Follow Nov 17 '25 LANGUAGE MODELS USING MLP (Part 1) # deeplearning # llm # tutorial # machinelearning Comments Add Comment 15 min read Method Overloading in Java VIDHYA VARSHINI VIDHYA VARSHINI VIDHYA VARSHINI Follow Nov 16 '25 Method Overloading in Java # beginners # java # tutorial # programming Comments Add Comment 2 min read Command Line for Total Beginners Nwafor Onyebuchi Nwafor Onyebuchi Nwafor Onyebuchi Follow Nov 17 '25 Command Line for Total Beginners # beginners # cli # tutorial Comments Add Comment 4 min read Code Block Click Copy Sam Sam Sam Follow Dec 9 '25 Code Block Click Copy # hugo # webdev # javascript # tutorial 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/t/tmux | Tmux - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # tmux Follow Hide Terminal multiplexer Create Post Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu I Built a Desktop App to Supercharge My TMUX + Claude Code Workflow joe-re joe-re joe-re Follow Jan 12 I Built a Desktop App to Supercharge My TMUX + Claude Code Workflow # claudecode # tauri # productivity # tmux 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read iTerm2 + tmux -CC: The Remote Development Setup Nobody Talks About Eugene Oleinik Eugene Oleinik Eugene Oleinik Follow Dec 25 '25 iTerm2 + tmux -CC: The Remote Development Setup Nobody Talks About # terminal # tmux # ssh # remotedevelopment Comments Add Comment 4 min read ☕ coffee.tmux: A Modern tmux Plugin Manager Praanesh S Praanesh S Praanesh S Follow Oct 7 '25 ☕ coffee.tmux: A Modern tmux Plugin Manager # tmux # coffeetmux # opensource # terminal 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Wait a minute, Mr POSTman Boyd Duffee Boyd Duffee Boyd Duffee Follow Oct 16 '25 Wait a minute, Mr POSTman # perl # restapi # tmux # tdd 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Desto: A Web Dashboard for Long-Running Background Processes Yannis Yannis Yannis Follow Sep 21 '25 Desto: A Web Dashboard for Long-Running Background Processes # productivity # python # bash # tmux 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read Master tmux Like a Pro: Boost Your Terminal Workflow 🚀 masoomjethwa masoomjethwa masoomjethwa Follow Sep 21 '25 Master tmux Like a Pro: Boost Your Terminal Workflow 🚀 # tmux # productivity # linux # cli Comments 1 comment 4 min read Opening Files in Neovim from Terminal Output with tmux-fzf-open-files-nvim Peter-McKinney Peter-McKinney Peter-McKinney Follow Jul 27 '25 Opening Files in Neovim from Terminal Output with tmux-fzf-open-files-nvim # tmux # neovim # tpm # terminal Comments Add Comment 3 min read Managing Multiple SSH Servers Across Windows & macOS with SSH Config & Tmux Yousuf Basir Yousuf Basir Yousuf Basir Follow Aug 20 '25 Managing Multiple SSH Servers Across Windows & macOS with SSH Config & Tmux # ssh # linux # pem # tmux 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Work Smarter with Tmux in Red Hat Linux — Keep Your Terminal Tasks Safe and Organized Alexand Alexand Alexand Follow Jul 12 '25 Work Smarter with Tmux in Red Hat Linux — Keep Your Terminal Tasks Safe and Organized # cloudwhistler # tmux # linux # commandline Comments Add Comment 2 min read tmux Cheatsheet Zen Oh Zen Oh Zen Oh Follow Jul 9 '25 tmux Cheatsheet # tmux # cli # productivity # networking Comments Add Comment 1 min read Created a new tool called wye (rust) gusto gusto gusto Follow Jun 20 '25 Created a new tool called wye (rust) # rust # cli # linux # tmux Comments Add Comment 1 min read XTide86: A Terminal IDE That Brings Neovim, tmux, C/C++, and Python Together Pavle Dzakula Pavle Dzakula Pavle Dzakula Follow May 26 '25 XTide86: A Terminal IDE That Brings Neovim, tmux, C/C++, and Python Together # terminal # neovim # tmux # python Comments Add Comment 1 min read Easily Set Up Your Usual tmux Pane Layout xrc xrc xrc Follow Jun 15 '25 Easily Set Up Your Usual tmux Pane Layout # tmux # cli # terminal 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 2 min read Split, Zoom, Detach: tmux is the Productivity Tool You’re Missing Rijul Rajesh Rijul Rajesh Rijul Rajesh Follow May 1 '25 Split, Zoom, Detach: tmux is the Productivity Tool You’re Missing # tmux # developer # productivity 16 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Mastering Tmux: The Terminal Multiplexer Every Developer Should Know Govind Govind Govind Follow Apr 22 '25 Mastering Tmux: The Terminal Multiplexer Every Developer Should Know # tmux # terminal # productivity # linux 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read My text editor setup in 2025 and how I came out of extension hell Giuseppe Gallitto Giuseppe Gallitto Giuseppe Gallitto Follow Jan 4 '25 My text editor setup in 2025 and how I came out of extension hell # vscode # vim # tmux # gdb Comments Add Comment 3 min read Aumentare la produttività con Tmux e Vim Marco Bollero Marco Bollero Marco Bollero Follow Jan 28 '25 Aumentare la produttività con Tmux e Vim # vim # neovim # tmux 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Faster Terminal Navigation with Tmux and Fuzzy finder Siddarth Siddarth Siddarth Follow Jan 21 '25 Faster Terminal Navigation with Tmux and Fuzzy finder # linux # tmux # cli 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read How to Enable Undercurl in Neovim: Terminal and Tmux Setup Guide Anurag Pramanik Anurag Pramanik Anurag Pramanik Follow Jan 14 '25 How to Enable Undercurl in Neovim: Terminal and Tmux Setup Guide # neovim # tmux # undercurl 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read foot with true-color tmux support (à la Alacritty) sailorfe sailorfe sailorfe Follow Jan 6 '25 foot with true-color tmux support (à la Alacritty) # wayland # linux # tmux 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read TMUX: Terminal Multiplexer Mohammad Ridowan Sikder Mohammad Ridowan Sikder Mohammad Ridowan Sikder Follow Oct 4 '24 TMUX: Terminal Multiplexer # linux # bash # shell # tmux 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Minha saga com Tmux: Copiar e colar com Clipboard Lukasveiga Lukasveiga Lukasveiga Follow Aug 30 '24 Minha saga com Tmux: Copiar e colar com Clipboard # linux # tmux Comments Add Comment 2 min read Best Way to Open URLs in Your Terminal via Tmux Tömő Viktor Tömő Viktor Tömő Viktor Follow Jul 7 '24 Best Way to Open URLs in Your Terminal via Tmux # tmux # fzf # linux 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Two Simple Tmux Keybinds that Help Me Everyday Tömő Viktor Tömő Viktor Tömő Viktor Follow Jul 7 '24 Two Simple Tmux Keybinds that Help Me Everyday # fzf # tmux # keybinds 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read WSL com Neovim + Tmux + WezTerm Pedro Henrique Pedro Henrique Pedro Henrique Follow Apr 7 '24 WSL com Neovim + Tmux + WezTerm # wsl # neovim # tmux # productivity Comments Add Comment 4 min read loading... trending guides/resources iTerm2 + tmux -CC: The Remote Development Setup Nobody Talks About I Built a Desktop App to Supercharge My TMUX + Claude Code Workflow 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/ivanjurina | Ivan Jurina - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Forem Close Follow User actions Ivan Jurina Skateboarding and programming enthusiast Joined Joined on Apr 19, 2022 github website Education Mendel University Work Developer More info about @ivanjurina Badges Three Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least three years. Got it Close Two Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least two years. Got it Close One Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least one year. Got it Close Skills/Languages C#, .NET MVC,.NET core Azure Web App, Azure Functions, Azure DevOps, Azure Pipelines UML, Visual Paradigm, Enterprise Architect git, SQL, unix, python Post 3 posts published Comment 0 comments written Tag 10 tags followed I built a free URL shortener with QR codes and click tracking — looking for feedback Ivan Jurina Ivan Jurina Ivan Jurina Follow Jan 12 I built a free URL shortener with QR codes and click tracking — looking for feedback # microsaas # url # qrcode # minimalink 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read I built a free URL shortener with QR codes and click tracking — looking for feedback Ivan Jurina Ivan Jurina Ivan Jurina Follow Jan 12 I built a free URL shortener with QR codes and click tracking — looking for feedback # discuss # showdev # tooling # webdev Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
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https://www.w3.org/WAI/fundamentals/accessibility-intro/ | Introduction to Web Accessibility | Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) | W3C Skip to Content Change Text Size or Colors This page in: English العربية čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά español français Bahasa Indonesia 한국어 polski Português do Brasil русский язык 简体中文 All Translations Show Customization, Languages, Translations' data-hidetext='Hide Options'> Show Customization, Languages, Translations W3C homepage Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) homepage Strategies, standards, resources to make the Web accessible to people with disabilities Menu Get Involved About W3C WAI Search: Accessibility Fundamentals Planning & Policies Design & Develop Test & Evaluate Teach & Advocate Standards/ Guidelines Home Accessibility Fundamentals Introduction to Accessibility Accessibility Fundamentals Introduction to Accessibility Video Introduction Accessibility is About People Perspectives Videos Keyboard Compatibility Colors with Good Contrast Clear Layout and Design Text to Speech Large Links, Buttons, and Controls Video Captions Customizable Text Speech Recognition Understandable Content Notifications and Feedback How People with Disabilities Use the Web Stories of Web Users Ade's Story Ian's Story Lakshmi's Story Lexie's Story Sophie's Story Dhruv's Story Marta's Story Stefan's Story Elias' Story Diverse Abilities and Barriers Auditory Cognitive and Learning Physical Speech Visual Tools and Techniques Perception Presentation Input Interaction Older Users and Accessibility How WCAG 2 Applies Literature Review Accessibility, Usability, Inclusion Components of Web Accessibility Accessibility Principles Research User Requirements AI and Accessibility Digital Accessibility Courses W3C Foundations Online Course Course List Languages/Translations English (original) العربية čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά español français Bahasa Indonesia 한국어 polski Português do Brasil русский язык 简体中文 All Translations Translating WAI Resources Introduction to Web Accessibility Summary When websites and web tools are properly designed and coded, people with disabilities can use them. However, currently many sites and tools are developed with accessibility barriers that make them difficult or impossible for some people to use. Making the web accessible benefits individuals, businesses, and society. International web standards define what is needed for accessibility. Page Contents Accessibility in Context What is Web Accessibility Accessibility is Important for Individuals, Businesses, Society Making the Web Accessible Evaluating Accessibility Examples For More Information Related Resource Video Introduction to Web Accessibility and W3C Standards (4 minutes) Accessibility in Context The power of the Web is in its universality. Access by everyone regardless of disability is an essential aspect. Tim Berners-Lee, W3C Director and inventor of the World Wide Web The Web is fundamentally designed to work for all people, whatever their hardware, software, language, location, or ability. When the Web meets this goal, it is accessible to people with a diverse range of hearing, movement, sight, and cognitive ability. Thus the impact of disability is radically changed on the Web because the Web removes barriers to communication and interaction that many people face in the physical world. However, when websites, applications, technologies, or tools are badly designed, they can create barriers that exclude people from using the Web. Accessibility is essential for developers and organizations that want to create high-quality websites and web tools, and not exclude people from using their products and services. What is Web Accessibility Web accessibility means that websites, tools, and technologies are designed and developed so that people with disabilities can use them. More specifically, people can: perceive, understand, navigate, and interact with the Web contribute to the Web Web accessibility encompasses all disabilities that affect access to the Web, including: auditory cognitive neurological physical speech visual Web accessibility also benefits people without disabilities, for example: people using mobile phones, smart watches, smart TVs, and other devices with small screens, different input modes, etc. older people with changing abilities due to ageing people with “temporary disabilities” such as a broken arm or lost glasses people with “situational limitations” such as in bright sunlight or in an environment where they cannot listen to audio people using a slow Internet connection, or who have limited or expensive bandwidth For a 7-minute video with examples of how accessibility is essential for people with disabilities and useful for everyone in a variety of situations, see: Web Accessibility Perspectives Video (YouTube) More Info on What is Accessibility When you want to learn more about how different disabilities affect Web use, and read about scenarios of people with disabilities using the Web, see How People with Disabilities Use the Web . If you want more examples of benefits for others, see the multimedia resource Used by People With and Without Disabilities , the archived resource Web Accessibility Benefits People With and Without Disabilities and the archived mobile resource Shared Web Experiences: Barriers Common to Mobile Device Users and People with Disabilities . Accessibility is Important for Individuals, Businesses, Society The Web is an increasingly important resource in many aspects of life: education, employment, government, commerce, health care, recreation, and more. It is essential that the Web be accessible in order to provide equal access and equal opportunity to people with diverse abilities. Access to information and communications technologies, including the Web, is defined as a basic human right in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UN CRPD ). The Web offers the possibility of unprecedented access to information and interaction for many people with disabilities. That is, the accessibility barriers to print, audio, and visual media can be much more easily overcome through web technologies. Accessibility supports social inclusion for people with disabilities as well as others, such as: older people people in rural areas people in developing countries There is also a strong business case for accessibility. As shown in the previous section, accessible design improves overall user experience and satisfaction, especially in a variety of situations, across different devices, and for older users. Accessibility can enhance your brand, drive innovation, and extend your market reach. Web accessibility is required by law in many situations. More Info on Accessibility is Important General information on business benefits is in The Business Case for Digital Accessibility . Examples of the benefits of making audio and video media accessible is in the section Benefits to Organizations . Guidance on figuring out legal requirements is in the archived Legal and Policy Factors . Making the Web Accessible Web accessibility depends on several components working together, including web technologies, web browsers and other "user agents", authoring tools, and websites. The W3C Web Accessibility Initiative ( WAI ) develops technical specifications, guidelines, techniques, and supporting resources that describe accessibility solutions. These are considered international standards for web accessibility; for example, WCAG 2.0 is also an ISO standard: ISO/ IEC 40500. More Info on Making the Web Accessible More about these aspects of accessibility working together is in Essential Components of Web Accessibility . Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG), Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines (ATAG), ARIA for Accessible Rich Internet Applications, and other important resources are introduced in W3C Accessibility Standards Overview . To learn more about how W3C WAI develops material through multi-stakeholder, international participation and how you can contribute, see About W3C WAI and Participating in WAI . Making Your Website Accessible Many aspects of accessibility are fairly easy to understand and implement. Some accessibility solutions are more complex and take more knowledge to implement. It is most efficient and effective to incorporate accessibility from the very beginning of projects, so you don’t need go back and to re-do work. More Info on Making Your Website Accessible For an introduction to accessibility requirements and international standards, see Accessibility Principles . To understand some common accessibility barriers from the perspective of testing, see Easy Checks – A First Review of Web Accessibility . For some basic considerations on designing, writing, and developing for accessibility, see Tips for Getting Started . When you’re ready to know more about developing and designing, you’ll probably use resources such as: How to Meet WCAG (Quick Reference) Web Accessibility Tutorials For project management and organizational considerations, see Planning and Managing Web Accessibility . If you need to make quick fixes now, see Web Accessibility First Aid: Approaches for Interim Repairs . Evaluating Accessibility When developing or redesigning a website, evaluate accessibility early and throughout the development process to identify accessibility problems early, when it is easier to address them. Simple steps, such as changing settings in a browser, can help you evaluate some aspects of accessibility. Comprehensive evaluation to determine if a website meets all accessibility guidelines takes more effort. There are evaluation tools that help with evaluation. However, no tool alone can determine if a site meets accessibility guidelines. Knowledgeable human evaluation is required to determine if a site is accessible. More Info on Evaluating Accessibility Resources to help with accessibility evaluation are described in Evaluating Web Accessibility Overview . Examples Alternative Text for Images Images should include equivalent alternative text (alt text) in the markup/code. If alt text isn’t provided for images, the image information is inaccessible, for example, to people who cannot see and use a screen reader that reads aloud the information on a page, including the alt text for the visual image. When equivalent alt text is provided, the information is available to people who are blind, as well as to people who turn off images (for example, in areas with expensive or low bandwidth). It’s also available to technologies that cannot see images, such as search engines. Keyboard Input Some people cannot use a mouse, including many older users with limited fine motor control. An accessible website does not rely on the mouse; it makes all functionality available from a keyboard . Then people with disabilities can use assistive technologies that mimic the keyboard, such as speech input. Transcripts for Audio Just as images aren’t available to people who can’t see, audio files aren’t available to people who can’t hear. Providing a text transcript makes the audio information accessible to people who are deaf or hard of hearing, as well as to search engines and other technologies that can’t hear. It’s easy and relatively inexpensive for websites to provide transcripts. There are also transcription services that create text transcripts in HTML format. More Examples Tips for Getting Started Easy Checks – A First Review of Web Accessibility Web Accessibility Perspectives — videos and descriptions For More Information W3C WAI provides a wide range of resources on different aspects of web accessibility standards , education , testing/evaluation , project management, and policy . We encourage you to explore this website, or look through the WAI Resources list. Digital Accessibility Foundations - Free Online Course provides the foundation you need to make your digital technology accessible. Help improve this page Please share your ideas, suggestions, or comments via e-mail to the publicly-archived list wai@w3.org or via GitHub. E-mail Fork & Edit on GitHub New GitHub Issue Back to Top Updated: 7 March 2024. Latest changes . First published February 2005. Editor: Shawn Lawton Henry . Developed by the Education and Outreach Working Group ( EOWG ). W3C Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) Strategies, standards, resources to make the Web accessible to people with disabilities Get News in Email LinkedIn Mastodon YouTube Home Contact Site map Support WAI News Accessibility statement All Translations Resources for roles Copyright © 2026 World Wide Web Consortium . W3C ® liability , trademark and permissive license rules apply unless otherwise noted. See Permission to Use WAI Material . | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
https://reactjs.org/docs/hooks-faq.html#do-hooks-cover-all-use-cases-for-classes | Hooks FAQ – React We want to hear from you! Take our 2021 Community Survey! This site is no longer updated. Go to react.dev React Docs Tutorial Blog Community v 18.2.0 Languages GitHub Hooks FAQ These docs are old and won’t be updated. Go to react.dev for the new React docs. The new documentation pages teaches React with Hooks. Hooks are a new addition in React 16.8. They let you use state and other React features without writing a class. This page answers some of the frequently asked questions about Hooks . `${' '.repeat(2 * +a.parentNode.nodeName.slice(1))}` + `[${a.parentNode.textContent}](${a.getAttribute('href')})` ).join('\n') --> Adoption Strategy Which versions of React include Hooks? Do I need to rewrite all my class components? What can I do with Hooks that I couldn’t with classes? How much of my React knowledge stays relevant? Should I use Hooks, classes, or a mix of both? Do Hooks cover all use cases for classes? Do Hooks replace render props and higher-order components? What do Hooks mean for popular APIs like Redux connect() and React Router? Do Hooks work with static typing? How to test components that use Hooks? What exactly do the lint rules enforce? From Classes to Hooks How do lifecycle methods correspond to Hooks? How can I do data fetching with Hooks? Is there something like instance variables? Should I use one or many state variables? Can I run an effect only on updates? How to get the previous props or state? Why am I seeing stale props or state inside my function? How do I implement getDerivedStateFromProps? Is there something like forceUpdate? Can I make a ref to a function component? How can I measure a DOM node? What does const [thing, setThing] = useState() mean? Performance Optimizations Can I skip an effect on updates? Is it safe to omit functions from the list of dependencies? What can I do if my effect dependencies change too often? How do I implement shouldComponentUpdate? How to memoize calculations? How to create expensive objects lazily? Are Hooks slow because of creating functions in render? How to avoid passing callbacks down? How to read an often-changing value from useCallback? Under the Hood How does React associate Hook calls with components? What is the prior art for Hooks? Adoption Strategy Which versions of React include Hooks? Starting with 16.8.0, React includes a stable implementation of React Hooks for: React DOM React Native React DOM Server React Test Renderer React Shallow Renderer Note that to enable Hooks, all React packages need to be 16.8.0 or higher . Hooks won’t work if you forget to update, for example, React DOM. React Native 0.59 and above support Hooks. Do I need to rewrite all my class components? No. There are no plans to remove classes from React — we all need to keep shipping products and can’t afford rewrites. We recommend trying Hooks in new code. What can I do with Hooks that I couldn’t with classes? Hooks offer a powerful and expressive new way to reuse functionality between components. “Building Your Own Hooks” provides a glimpse of what’s possible. This article by a React core team member dives deeper into the new capabilities unlocked by Hooks. How much of my React knowledge stays relevant? Hooks are a more direct way to use the React features you already know — such as state, lifecycle, context, and refs. They don’t fundamentally change how React works, and your knowledge of components, props, and top-down data flow is just as relevant. Hooks do have a learning curve of their own. If there’s something missing in this documentation, raise an issue and we’ll try to help. Should I use Hooks, classes, or a mix of both? When you’re ready, we’d encourage you to start trying Hooks in new components you write. Make sure everyone on your team is on board with using them and familiar with this documentation. We don’t recommend rewriting your existing classes to Hooks unless you planned to rewrite them anyway (e.g. to fix bugs). You can’t use Hooks inside a class component, but you can definitely mix classes and function components with Hooks in a single tree. Whether a component is a class or a function that uses Hooks is an implementation detail of that component. In the longer term, we expect Hooks to be the primary way people write React components. Do Hooks cover all use cases for classes? Our goal is for Hooks to cover all use cases for classes as soon as possible. There are no Hook equivalents to the uncommon getSnapshotBeforeUpdate , getDerivedStateFromError and componentDidCatch lifecycles yet, but we plan to add them soon. Do Hooks replace render props and higher-order components? Often, render props and higher-order components render only a single child. We think Hooks are a simpler way to serve this use case. There is still a place for both patterns (for example, a virtual scroller component might have a renderItem prop, or a visual container component might have its own DOM structure). But in most cases, Hooks will be sufficient and can help reduce nesting in your tree. What do Hooks mean for popular APIs like Redux connect() and React Router? You can continue to use the exact same APIs as you always have; they’ll continue to work. React Redux since v7.1.0 supports Hooks API and exposes hooks like useDispatch or useSelector . React Router supports hooks since v5.1. Other libraries might support hooks in the future too. Do Hooks work with static typing? Hooks were designed with static typing in mind. Because they’re functions, they are easier to type correctly than patterns like higher-order components. The latest Flow and TypeScript React definitions include support for React Hooks. Importantly, custom Hooks give you the power to constrain React API if you’d like to type them more strictly in some way. React gives you the primitives, but you can combine them in different ways than what we provide out of the box. How to test components that use Hooks? From React’s point of view, a component using Hooks is just a regular component. If your testing solution doesn’t rely on React internals, testing components with Hooks shouldn’t be different from how you normally test components. Note Testing Recipes include many examples that you can copy and paste. For example, let’s say we have this counter component: function Example ( ) { const [ count , setCount ] = useState ( 0 ) ; useEffect ( ( ) => { document . title = ` You clicked ${ count } times ` ; } ) ; return ( < div > < p > You clicked { count } times </ p > < button onClick = { ( ) => setCount ( count + 1 ) } > Click me </ button > </ div > ) ; } We’ll test it using React DOM. To make sure that the behavior matches what happens in the browser, we’ll wrap the code rendering and updating it into ReactTestUtils.act() calls: import React from 'react' ; import ReactDOM from 'react-dom/client' ; import { act } from 'react-dom/test-utils' ; import Counter from './Counter' ; let container ; beforeEach ( ( ) => { container = document . createElement ( 'div' ) ; document . body . appendChild ( container ) ; } ) ; afterEach ( ( ) => { document . body . removeChild ( container ) ; container = null ; } ) ; it ( 'can render and update a counter' , ( ) => { // Test first render and effect act ( ( ) => { ReactDOM . createRoot ( container ) . render ( < Counter /> ) ; } ) ; const button = container . querySelector ( 'button' ) ; const label = container . querySelector ( 'p' ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 0 times' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 0 times' ) ; // Test second render and effect act ( ( ) => { button . dispatchEvent ( new MouseEvent ( 'click' , { bubbles : true } ) ) ; } ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 1 times' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 1 times' ) ; } ) ; The calls to act() will also flush the effects inside of them. If you need to test a custom Hook, you can do so by creating a component in your test, and using your Hook from it. Then you can test the component you wrote. To reduce the boilerplate, we recommend using React Testing Library which is designed to encourage writing tests that use your components as the end users do. For more information, check out Testing Recipes . What exactly do the lint rules enforce? We provide an ESLint plugin that enforces rules of Hooks to avoid bugs. It assumes that any function starting with ” use ” and a capital letter right after it is a Hook. We recognize this heuristic isn’t perfect and there may be some false positives, but without an ecosystem-wide convention there is just no way to make Hooks work well — and longer names will discourage people from either adopting Hooks or following the convention. In particular, the rule enforces that: Calls to Hooks are either inside a PascalCase function (assumed to be a component) or another useSomething function (assumed to be a custom Hook). Hooks are called in the same order on every render. There are a few more heuristics, and they might change over time as we fine-tune the rule to balance finding bugs with avoiding false positives. From Classes to Hooks How do lifecycle methods correspond to Hooks? constructor : Function components don’t need a constructor. You can initialize the state in the useState call. If computing the initial state is expensive, you can pass a function to useState . getDerivedStateFromProps : Schedule an update while rendering instead. shouldComponentUpdate : See React.memo below . render : This is the function component body itself. componentDidMount , componentDidUpdate , componentWillUnmount : The useEffect Hook can express all combinations of these (including less common cases). getSnapshotBeforeUpdate , componentDidCatch and getDerivedStateFromError : There are no Hook equivalents for these methods yet, but they will be added soon. How can I do data fetching with Hooks? Here is a small demo to get you started. To learn more, check out this article about data fetching with Hooks. Is there something like instance variables? Yes! The useRef() Hook isn’t just for DOM refs. The “ref” object is a generic container whose current property is mutable and can hold any value, similar to an instance property on a class. You can write to it from inside useEffect : function Timer ( ) { const intervalRef = useRef ( ) ; useEffect ( ( ) => { const id = setInterval ( ( ) => { // ... } ) ; intervalRef . current = id ; return ( ) => { clearInterval ( intervalRef . current ) ; } ; } ) ; // ... } If we just wanted to set an interval, we wouldn’t need the ref ( id could be local to the effect), but it’s useful if we want to clear the interval from an event handler: // ... function handleCancelClick ( ) { clearInterval ( intervalRef . current ) ; } // ... Conceptually, you can think of refs as similar to instance variables in a class. Unless you’re doing lazy initialization , avoid setting refs during rendering — this can lead to surprising behavior. Instead, typically you want to modify refs in event handlers and effects. Should I use one or many state variables? If you’re coming from classes, you might be tempted to always call useState() once and put all state into a single object. You can do it if you’d like. Here is an example of a component that follows the mouse movement. We keep its position and size in the local state: function Box ( ) { const [ state , setState ] = useState ( { left : 0 , top : 0 , width : 100 , height : 100 } ) ; // ... } Now let’s say we want to write some logic that changes left and top when the user moves their mouse. Note how we have to merge these fields into the previous state object manually: // ... useEffect ( ( ) => { function handleWindowMouseMove ( e ) { // Spreading "...state" ensures we don't "lose" width and height setState ( state => ( { ... state , left : e . pageX , top : e . pageY } ) ) ; } // Note: this implementation is a bit simplified window . addEventListener ( 'mousemove' , handleWindowMouseMove ) ; return ( ) => window . removeEventListener ( 'mousemove' , handleWindowMouseMove ) ; } , [ ] ) ; // ... This is because when we update a state variable, we replace its value. This is different from this.setState in a class, which merges the updated fields into the object. If you miss automatic merging, you could write a custom useLegacyState Hook that merges object state updates. However, we recommend to split state into multiple state variables based on which values tend to change together. For example, we could split our component state into position and size objects, and always replace the position with no need for merging: function Box ( ) { const [ position , setPosition ] = useState ( { left : 0 , top : 0 } ) ; const [ size , setSize ] = useState ( { width : 100 , height : 100 } ) ; useEffect ( ( ) => { function handleWindowMouseMove ( e ) { setPosition ( { left : e . pageX , top : e . pageY } ) ; } // ... Separating independent state variables also has another benefit. It makes it easy to later extract some related logic into a custom Hook, for example: function Box ( ) { const position = useWindowPosition ( ) ; const [ size , setSize ] = useState ( { width : 100 , height : 100 } ) ; // ... } function useWindowPosition ( ) { const [ position , setPosition ] = useState ( { left : 0 , top : 0 } ) ; useEffect ( ( ) => { // ... } , [ ] ) ; return position ; } Note how we were able to move the useState call for the position state variable and the related effect into a custom Hook without changing their code. If all state was in a single object, extracting it would be more difficult. Both putting all state in a single useState call, and having a useState call per each field can work. Components tend to be most readable when you find a balance between these two extremes, and group related state into a few independent state variables. If the state logic becomes complex, we recommend managing it with a reducer or a custom Hook. Can I run an effect only on updates? This is a rare use case. If you need it, you can use a mutable ref to manually store a boolean value corresponding to whether you are on the first or a subsequent render, then check that flag in your effect. (If you find yourself doing this often, you could create a custom Hook for it.) How to get the previous props or state? There are two cases in which you might want to get previous props or state. Sometimes, you need previous props to clean up an effect. For example, you might have an effect that subscribes to a socket based on the userId prop. If the userId prop changes, you want to unsubscribe from the previous userId and subscribe to the next one. You don’t need to do anything special for this to work: useEffect ( ( ) => { ChatAPI . subscribeToSocket ( props . userId ) ; return ( ) => ChatAPI . unsubscribeFromSocket ( props . userId ) ; } , [ props . userId ] ) ; In the above example, if userId changes from 3 to 4 , ChatAPI.unsubscribeFromSocket(3) will run first, and then ChatAPI.subscribeToSocket(4) will run. There is no need to get “previous” userId because the cleanup function will capture it in a closure. Other times, you might need to adjust state based on a change in props or other state . This is rarely needed and is usually a sign you have some duplicate or redundant state. However, in the rare case that you need this pattern, you can store previous state or props in state and update them during rendering . We have previously suggested a custom Hook called usePrevious to hold the previous value. However, we’ve found that most use cases fall into the two patterns described above. If your use case is different, you can hold a value in a ref and manually update it when needed. Avoid reading and updating refs during rendering because this makes your component’s behavior difficult to predict and understand. Why am I seeing stale props or state inside my function? Any function inside a component, including event handlers and effects, “sees” the props and state from the render it was created in. For example, consider code like this: function Example ( ) { const [ count , setCount ] = useState ( 0 ) ; function handleAlertClick ( ) { setTimeout ( ( ) => { alert ( 'You clicked on: ' + count ) ; } , 3000 ) ; } return ( < div > < p > You clicked { count } times </ p > < button onClick = { ( ) => setCount ( count + 1 ) } > Click me </ button > < button onClick = { handleAlertClick } > Show alert </ button > </ div > ) ; } If you first click “Show alert” and then increment the counter, the alert will show the count variable at the time you clicked the “Show alert” button . This prevents bugs caused by the code assuming props and state don’t change. If you intentionally want to read the latest state from some asynchronous callback, you could keep it in a ref , mutate it, and read from it. Finally, another possible reason you’re seeing stale props or state is if you use the “dependency array” optimization but didn’t correctly specify all the dependencies. For example, if an effect specifies [] as the second argument but reads someProp inside, it will keep “seeing” the initial value of someProp . The solution is to either remove the dependency array, or to fix it. Here’s how you can deal with functions , and here’s other common strategies to run effects less often without incorrectly skipping dependencies. Note We provide an exhaustive-deps ESLint rule as a part of the eslint-plugin-react-hooks package. It warns when dependencies are specified incorrectly and suggests a fix. How do I implement getDerivedStateFromProps ? While you probably don’t need it , in rare cases that you do (such as implementing a <Transition> component), you can update the state right during rendering. React will re-run the component with updated state immediately after exiting the first render so it wouldn’t be expensive. Here, we store the previous value of the row prop in a state variable so that we can compare: function ScrollView ( { row } ) { const [ isScrollingDown , setIsScrollingDown ] = useState ( false ) ; const [ prevRow , setPrevRow ] = useState ( null ) ; if ( row !== prevRow ) { // Row changed since last render. Update isScrollingDown. setIsScrollingDown ( prevRow !== null && row > prevRow ) ; setPrevRow ( row ) ; } return ` Scrolling down: ${ isScrollingDown } ` ; } This might look strange at first, but an update during rendering is exactly what getDerivedStateFromProps has always been like conceptually. Is there something like forceUpdate? Both useState and useReducer Hooks bail out of updates if the next value is the same as the previous one. Mutating state in place and calling setState will not cause a re-render. Normally, you shouldn’t mutate local state in React. However, as an escape hatch, you can use an incrementing counter to force a re-render even if the state has not changed: const [ ignored , forceUpdate ] = useReducer ( x => x + 1 , 0 ) ; function handleClick ( ) { forceUpdate ( ) ; } Try to avoid this pattern if possible. Can I make a ref to a function component? While you shouldn’t need this often, you may expose some imperative methods to a parent component with the useImperativeHandle Hook. How can I measure a DOM node? One rudimentary way to measure the position or size of a DOM node is to use a callback ref . React will call that callback whenever the ref gets attached to a different node. Here is a small demo : function MeasureExample ( ) { const [ height , setHeight ] = useState ( 0 ) ; const measuredRef = useCallback ( node => { if ( node !== null ) { setHeight ( node . getBoundingClientRect ( ) . height ) ; } } , [ ] ) ; return ( < > < h1 ref = { measuredRef } > Hello, world </ h1 > < h2 > The above header is { Math . round ( height ) } px tall </ h2 > </ > ) ; } We didn’t choose useRef in this example because an object ref doesn’t notify us about changes to the current ref value. Using a callback ref ensures that even if a child component displays the measured node later (e.g. in response to a click), we still get notified about it in the parent component and can update the measurements. Note that we pass [] as a dependency array to useCallback . This ensures that our ref callback doesn’t change between the re-renders, and so React won’t call it unnecessarily. In this example, the callback ref will be called only when the component mounts and unmounts, since the rendered <h1> component stays present throughout any rerenders. If you want to be notified any time a component resizes, you may want to use ResizeObserver or a third-party Hook built on it. If you want, you can extract this logic into a reusable Hook: function MeasureExample ( ) { const [ rect , ref ] = useClientRect ( ) ; return ( < > < h1 ref = { ref } > Hello, world </ h1 > { rect !== null && < h2 > The above header is { Math . round ( rect . height ) } px tall </ h2 > } </ > ) ; } function useClientRect ( ) { const [ rect , setRect ] = useState ( null ) ; const ref = useCallback ( node => { if ( node !== null ) { setRect ( node . getBoundingClientRect ( ) ) ; } } , [ ] ) ; return [ rect , ref ] ; } What does const [thing, setThing] = useState() mean? If you’re not familiar with this syntax, check out the explanation in the State Hook documentation. Performance Optimizations Can I skip an effect on updates? Yes. See conditionally firing an effect . Note that forgetting to handle updates often introduces bugs , which is why this isn’t the default behavior. Is it safe to omit functions from the list of dependencies? Generally speaking, no. function Example ( { someProp } ) { function doSomething ( ) { console . log ( someProp ) ; } useEffect ( ( ) => { doSomething ( ) ; } , [ ] ) ; // 🔴 This is not safe (it calls `doSomething` which uses `someProp`) } It’s difficult to remember which props or state are used by functions outside of the effect. This is why usually you’ll want to declare functions needed by an effect inside of it. Then it’s easy to see what values from the component scope that effect depends on: function Example ( { someProp } ) { useEffect ( ( ) => { function doSomething ( ) { console . log ( someProp ) ; } doSomething ( ) ; } , [ someProp ] ) ; // ✅ OK (our effect only uses `someProp`) } If after that we still don’t use any values from the component scope, it’s safe to specify [] : useEffect ( ( ) => { function doSomething ( ) { console . log ( 'hello' ) ; } doSomething ( ) ; } , [ ] ) ; // ✅ OK in this example because we don't use *any* values from component scope Depending on your use case, there are a few more options described below. Note We provide the exhaustive-deps ESLint rule as a part of the eslint-plugin-react-hooks package. It helps you find components that don’t handle updates consistently. Let’s see why this matters. If you specify a list of dependencies as the last argument to useEffect , useLayoutEffect , useMemo , useCallback , or useImperativeHandle , it must include all values that are used inside the callback and participate in the React data flow. That includes props, state, and anything derived from them. It is only safe to omit a function from the dependency list if nothing in it (or the functions called by it) references props, state, or values derived from them. This example has a bug: function ProductPage ( { productId } ) { const [ product , setProduct ] = useState ( null ) ; async function fetchProduct ( ) { const response = await fetch ( 'http://myapi/product/' + productId ) ; // Uses productId prop const json = await response . json ( ) ; setProduct ( json ) ; } useEffect ( ( ) => { fetchProduct ( ) ; } , [ ] ) ; // 🔴 Invalid because `fetchProduct` uses `productId` // ... } The recommended fix is to move that function inside of your effect . That makes it easy to see which props or state your effect uses, and to ensure they’re all declared: function ProductPage ( { productId } ) { const [ product , setProduct ] = useState ( null ) ; useEffect ( ( ) => { // By moving this function inside the effect, we can clearly see the values it uses. async function fetchProduct ( ) { const response = await fetch ( 'http://myapi/product/' + productId ) ; const json = await response . json ( ) ; setProduct ( json ) ; } fetchProduct ( ) ; } , [ productId ] ) ; // ✅ Valid because our effect only uses productId // ... } This also allows you to handle out-of-order responses with a local variable inside the effect: useEffect ( ( ) => { let ignore = false ; async function fetchProduct ( ) { const response = await fetch ( 'http://myapi/product/' + productId ) ; const json = await response . json ( ) ; if ( ! ignore ) setProduct ( json ) ; } fetchProduct ( ) ; return ( ) => { ignore = true } ; } , [ productId ] ) ; We moved the function inside the effect so it doesn’t need to be in its dependency list. Tip Check out this small demo and this article to learn more about data fetching with Hooks. If for some reason you can’t move a function inside an effect, there are a few more options: You can try moving that function outside of your component . In that case, the function is guaranteed to not reference any props or state, and also doesn’t need to be in the list of dependencies. If the function you’re calling is a pure computation and is safe to call while rendering, you may call it outside of the effect instead, and make the effect depend on the returned value. As a last resort, you can add a function to effect dependencies but wrap its definition into the useCallback Hook. This ensures it doesn’t change on every render unless its own dependencies also change: function ProductPage ( { productId } ) { // ✅ Wrap with useCallback to avoid change on every render const fetchProduct = useCallback ( ( ) => { // ... Does something with productId ... } , [ productId ] ) ; // ✅ All useCallback dependencies are specified return < ProductDetails fetchProduct = { fetchProduct } /> ; } function ProductDetails ( { fetchProduct } ) { useEffect ( ( ) => { fetchProduct ( ) ; } , [ fetchProduct ] ) ; // ✅ All useEffect dependencies are specified // ... } Note that in the above example we need to keep the function in the dependencies list. This ensures that a change in the productId prop of ProductPage automatically triggers a refetch in the ProductDetails component. What can I do if my effect dependencies change too often? Sometimes, your effect may be using state that changes too often. You might be tempted to omit that state from a list of dependencies, but that usually leads to bugs: function Counter ( ) { const [ count , setCount ] = useState ( 0 ) ; useEffect ( ( ) => { const id = setInterval ( ( ) => { setCount ( count + 1 ) ; // This effect depends on the `count` state } , 1000 ) ; return ( ) => clearInterval ( id ) ; } , [ ] ) ; // 🔴 Bug: `count` is not specified as a dependency return < h1 > { count } </ h1 > ; } The empty set of dependencies, [] , means that the effect will only run once when the component mounts, and not on every re-render. The problem is that inside the setInterval callback, the value of count does not change, because we’ve created a closure with the value of count set to 0 as it was when the effect callback ran. Every second, this callback then calls setCount(0 + 1) , so the count never goes above 1. Specifying [count] as a list of dependencies would fix the bug, but would cause the interval to be reset on every change. Effectively, each setInterval would get one chance to execute before being cleared (similar to a setTimeout .) That may not be desirable. To fix this, we can use the functional update form of setState . It lets us specify how the state needs to change without referencing the current state: function Counter ( ) { const [ count , setCount ] = useState ( 0 ) ; useEffect ( ( ) => { const id = setInterval ( ( ) => { setCount ( c => c + 1 ) ; // ✅ This doesn't depend on `count` variable outside } , 1000 ) ; return ( ) => clearInterval ( id ) ; } , [ ] ) ; // ✅ Our effect doesn't use any variables in the component scope return < h1 > { count } </ h1 > ; } (The identity of the setCount function is guaranteed to be stable so it’s safe to omit.) Now, the setInterval callback executes once a second, but each time the inner call to setCount can use an up-to-date value for count (called c in the callback here.) In more complex cases (such as if one state depends on another state), try moving the state update logic outside the effect with the useReducer Hook . This article offers an example of how you can do this. The identity of the dispatch function from useReducer is always stable — even if the reducer function is declared inside the component and reads its props. As a last resort, if you want something like this in a class, you can use a ref to hold a mutable variable. Then you can write and read to it. For example: function Example ( props ) { // Keep latest props in a ref. const latestProps = useRef ( props ) ; useEffect ( ( ) => { latestProps . current = props ; } ) ; useEffect ( ( ) => { function tick ( ) { // Read latest props at any time console . log ( latestProps . current ) ; } const id = setInterval ( tick , 1000 ) ; return ( ) => clearInterval ( id ) ; } , [ ] ) ; // This effect never re-runs } Only do this if you couldn’t find a better alternative, as relying on mutation makes components less predictable. If there’s a specific pattern that doesn’t translate well, file an issue with a runnable example code and we can try to help. How do I implement shouldComponentUpdate ? You can wrap a function component with React.memo to shallowly compare its props: const Button = React . memo ( ( props ) => { // your component } ) ; It’s not a Hook because it doesn’t compose like Hooks do. React.memo is equivalent to PureComponent , but it only compares props. (You can also add a second argument to specify a custom comparison function that takes the old and new props. If it returns true, the update is skipped.) React.memo doesn’t compare state because there is no single state object to compare. But you can make children pure too, or even optimize individual children with useMemo . How to memoize calculations? The useMemo Hook lets you cache calculations between multiple renders by “remembering” the previous computation: const memoizedValue = useMemo ( ( ) => computeExpensiveValue ( a , b ) , [ a , b ] ) ; This code calls computeExpensiveValue(a, b) . But if the dependencies [a, b] haven’t changed since the last value, useMemo skips calling it a second time and simply reuses the last value it returned. Remember that the function passed to useMemo runs during rendering. Don’t do anything there that you wouldn’t normally do while rendering. For example, side effects belong in useEffect , not useMemo . You may rely on useMemo as a performance optimization, not as a semantic guarantee. In the future, React may choose to “forget” some previously memoized values and recalculate them on next render, e.g. to free memory for offscreen components. Write your code so that it still works without useMemo — and then add it to optimize performance. (For rare cases when a value must never be recomputed, you can lazily initialize a ref.) Conveniently, useMemo also lets you skip an expensive re-render of a child: function Parent ( { a , b } ) { // Only re-rendered if `a` changes: const child1 = useMemo ( ( ) => < Child1 a = { a } /> , [ a ] ) ; // Only re-rendered if `b` changes: const child2 = useMemo ( ( ) => < Child2 b = { b } /> , [ b ] ) ; return ( < > { child1 } { child2 } </ > ) } Note that this approach won’t work in a loop because Hook calls can’t be placed inside loops. But you can extract a separate component for the list item, and call useMemo there. How to create expensive objects lazily? useMemo lets you memoize an expensive calculation if the dependencies are the same. However, it only serves as a hint, and doesn’t guarantee the computation won’t re-run. But sometimes you need to be sure an object is only created once. The first common use case is when creating the initial state is expensive: function Table ( props ) { // ⚠️ createRows() is called on every render const [ rows , setRows ] = useState ( createRows ( props . count ) ) ; // ... } To avoid re-creating the ignored initial state, we can pass a function to useState : function Table ( props ) { // ✅ createRows() is only called once const [ rows , setRows ] = useState ( ( ) => createRows ( props . count ) ) ; // ... } React will only call this function during the first render. See the useState API reference . You might also occasionally want to avoid re-creating the useRef() initial value. For example, maybe you want to ensure some imperative class instance only gets created once: function Image ( props ) { // ⚠️ IntersectionObserver is created on every render const ref = useRef ( new IntersectionObserver ( onIntersect ) ) ; // ... } useRef does not accept a special function overload like useState . Instead, you can write your own function that creates and sets it lazily: function Image ( props ) { const ref = useRef ( null ) ; // ✅ IntersectionObserver is created lazily once function getObserver ( ) { if ( ref . current === null ) { ref . current = new IntersectionObserver ( onIntersect ) ; } return ref . current ; } // When you need it, call getObserver() // ... } This avoids creating an expensive object until it’s truly needed for the first time. If you use Flow or TypeScript, you can also give getObserver() a non-nullable type for convenience. Are Hooks slow because of creating functions in render? No. In modern browsers, the raw performance of closures compared to classes doesn’t differ significantly except in extreme scenarios. In addition, consider that the design of Hooks is more efficient in a couple ways: Hooks avoid a lot of the overhead that classes require, like the cost of creating class instances and binding event handlers in the constructor. Idiomatic code using Hooks doesn’t need the deep component tree nesting that is prevalent in codebases that use higher-order components, render props, and context. With smaller component trees, React has less work to do. Traditionally, performance concerns around inline functions in React have been related to how passing new callbacks on each render breaks shouldComponentUpdate optimizations in child components. Hooks approach this problem from three sides. The useCallback Hook lets you keep the same callback reference between re-renders so that shouldComponentUpdate continues to work: // Will not change unless `a` or `b` changes const memoizedCallback = useCallback ( ( ) => { doSomething ( a , b ) ; } , [ a , b ] ) ; The useMemo Hook makes it easier to control when individual children update, reducing the need for pure components. Finally, the useReducer Hook reduces the need to pass callbacks deeply, as explained below. How to avoid passing callbacks down? We’ve found that most people don’t enjoy manually passing callbacks through every level of a component tree. Even though it is more explicit, it can feel like a lot of “plumbing”. In large component trees, an alternative we recommend is to pass down a dispatch function from useReducer via context: const TodosDispatch = React . createContext ( null ) ; function TodosApp ( ) { // Note: `dispatch` won't change between re-renders const [ todos , dispatch ] = useReducer ( todosReducer ) ; return ( < TodosDispatch.Provider value = { dispatch } > < DeepTree todos = { todos } /> </ TodosDispatch.Provider > ) ; } Any child in the tree inside TodosApp can use the dispatch function to pass actions up to TodosApp : function DeepChild ( props ) { // If we want to perform an action, we can get dispatch from context. const dispatch = useContext ( TodosDispatch ) ; function handleClick ( ) { dispatch ( { type : 'add' , text : 'hello' } ) ; } return ( < button onClick = { handleClick } > Add todo </ button > ) ; } This is both more convenient from the maintenance perspective (no need to keep forwarding callbacks), and avoids the callback problem altogether. Passing dispatch down like this is the recommended pattern for deep updates. Note that you can still choose whether to pass the application state down as props (more explicit) or as context (more convenient for very deep updates). If you use context to pass down the state too, use two different context types — the dispatch context never changes, so components that read it don’t need to rerender unless they also need the application state. How to read an often-changing value from useCallback ? Note We recommend to pass dispatch down in context rather than individual callbacks in props. The approach below is only mentioned here for completeness and as an escape hatch. In some rare cases you might need to memoize a callback with useCallback but the memoization doesn’t work very well because the inner function has to be re-created too often. If the function you’re memoizing is an event handler and isn’t used during rendering, you can use ref as an instance variable , and save the last committed value into it manually: function Form ( ) { const [ text , updateText ] = useState ( '' ) ; const textRef = useRef ( ) ; useEffect ( ( ) => { textRef . current = text ; // Write it to the ref } ) ; const handleSubmit = useCallback ( ( ) => { const currentText = textRef . current ; // Read it from the ref alert ( currentText ) ; } , [ textRef ] ) ; // Don't recreate handleSubmit like [text] would do return ( < > < input value = { text } onChange = { e => updateText ( e . target . value ) } /> < ExpensiveTree onSubmit = { handleSubmit } /> </ > ) ; } This is a rather convoluted pattern but it shows that you can do this escape hatch optimization if you need it. It’s more bearable if you extract it to a custom Hook: function Form ( ) { const [ text , updateText ] = useState ( '' ) ; // Will be memoized even if `text` changes: const handleSubmit = useEventCallback ( ( ) => { alert ( text ) ; } , [ text ] ) ; return ( < > < input value = { text } onChange = { e => updateText ( e . target . value ) } /> < ExpensiveTree onSubmit = { handleSubmit } /> </ > ) ; } function useEventCallback ( fn , dependencies ) { const ref = useRef ( ( ) => { throw new Error ( 'Cannot call an event handler while rendering.' ) ; } ) ; useEffect ( ( ) => { ref . current = fn ; } , [ fn , ... dependencies ] ) ; return useCallback ( ( ) => { const fn = ref . current ; return fn ( ) ; } , [ ref ] ) ; } In either case, we don’t recommend this pattern and only show it here for completeness. Instead, it is preferable to avoid passing callbacks deep down . Under the Hood How does React associate Hook calls with components? React keeps track of the currently rendering component. Thanks to the Rules of Hooks , we know that Hooks are only called from React components (or custom Hooks — which are also only called from React components). There is an internal list of “memory cells” associated with each component. They’re just JavaScript objects where we can put some data. When you call a Hook like useState() , it reads the current cell (or initializes it during the first render), and then moves the pointer to the next one. This is how multiple useState() calls each get independent local state. What is the prior art for Hooks? Hooks synthesize ideas from several different sources: Our old experiments with functional APIs in the react-future repository. React community’s experiments with render prop APIs, including Ryan Florence ’s Reactions Component . Dominic Gannaway ’s adopt keyword proposal as a sugar syntax for render props. State variables and state cells in DisplayScript . Reducer components in ReasonReact. Subscriptions in Rx. Algebraic effects in Multicore OCaml. Sebastian Markbåge came up with the original design for Hooks, later refined by Andrew Clark , Sophie Alpert , Dominic Gannaway , and other members of the React team. Is this page useful? Edit this page Installation Getting Started Add React to a Website Create a New React App CDN Links Release Channels Main Concepts 1. Hello World 2. Introducing JSX 3. Rendering Elements 4. Components and Props 5. State and Lifecycle 6. Handling Events 7. Conditional Rendering 8. Lists and Keys 9. Forms 10. Lifting State Up 11. Composition vs Inheritance 12. Thinking In React Advanced Guides Accessibility Code-Splitting Context Error Boundaries Forwarding Refs Fragments Higher-Order Components Integrating with Other Libraries JSX In Depth Optimizing Performance Portals Profiler React Without ES6 React Without JSX Reconciliation Refs and the DOM Render Props Static Type Checking Strict Mode Typechecking With PropTypes Uncontrolled Components Web Components API Reference React React.Component ReactDOM ReactDOMClient ReactDOMServer DOM Elements SyntheticEvent Test Utilities Test Renderer JS Environment Requirements Glossary Hooks 1. Introducing Hooks 2. Hooks at a Glance 3. Using the State Hook 4. Using the Effect Hook 5. Rules of Hooks 6. Building Your Own Hooks 7. Hooks API Reference 8. 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This Open-Source WAF Does It. Sharon Sharon Sharon Follow May 16 '25 Real-Time Threat Modeling with AI? This Open-Source WAF Does It. # ai # opensource # devsecops # apisecurity 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read API Key Exposure & Insecure Supabase Access: a Bug Hunt Shamit Shamit Shamit Follow Apr 22 '25 API Key Exposure & Insecure Supabase Access: a Bug Hunt # apisecurity # fullstack # supabase Comments Add Comment 2 min read Stop Exposing Secrets! Secure Your APIs in Postman Like a Pro Bello Gbadebo Bello Gbadebo Bello Gbadebo Follow for Postman Mar 7 '25 Stop Exposing Secrets! Secure Your APIs in Postman Like a Pro # apisecurity # postman # authentication # security 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read 5 Reasons Startups Should Consider Using Locker.io for Secrets Management Meomeo Peo Meomeo Peo Meomeo Peo Follow Jan 16 '25 5 Reasons Startups Should Consider Using Locker.io for Secrets Management # secretsmanagement # cybersecurity # dataprotection # apisecurity Comments Add Comment 2 min read Cách giảm thiểu nguy cơ rò rỉ Secrets khi làm việc đội nhóm Nguyễn Hải My Nguyễn Hải My Nguyễn Hải My Follow Jan 20 '25 Cách giảm thiểu nguy cơ rò rỉ Secrets khi làm việc đội nhóm # secretsmanagement # cybersecurity # apisecurity # devopstips 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read How to Minimize the Risk of Secrets Leakage in Teamwork Nguyễn Hải My Nguyễn Hải My Nguyễn Hải My Follow Jan 20 '25 How to Minimize the Risk of Secrets Leakage in Teamwork # secretsmanagement # cybersecurity # devopstips # apisecurity 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Authentication Vs Authorization In Backend Systems Akam Chidi Akam Chidi Akam Chidi Follow Jan 30 '25 Authentication Vs Authorization In Backend Systems # backend # security # authorization # apisecurity 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 2 min read 10 Best Practices for Ensuring API Security Fahad Hossain Fahad Hossain Fahad Hossain Follow Dec 26 '24 10 Best Practices for Ensuring API Security # apisecurity # bestpractich # webdev # api Comments Add Comment 2 min read Top API Security Companies and Their Products for 2024 🔐 Makita Tunsill Makita Tunsill Makita Tunsill Follow Nov 17 '24 Top API Security Companies and Their Products for 2024 🔐 # api # apisecurity # cybersecurity # vendors Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Difference Between Basic Auth and Bearer Token: Which API Tool Should You Choose? Philip Philip Philip Follow Nov 8 '24 The Difference Between Basic Auth and Bearer Token: Which API Tool Should You Choose? # api # apiauthentication # apisecurity # http 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read What’s New in Treblle 3.0: API Compliance Vedran Cindrić Vedran Cindrić Vedran Cindrić Follow for Treblle Jan 21 '25 What’s New in Treblle 3.0: API Compliance # trebllenews # treblle30 # apisecurity Comments Add Comment 7 min read Building Secure APIs: Best Practices for Data Protection Obinna Obinna Obinna Follow Nov 4 '24 Building Secure APIs: Best Practices for Data Protection # apisecurity # dataprotection # backenddevelopment # cybersecurity 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Top 5 Ways to Secure Your Express.js APIs Rigal Patel Rigal Patel Rigal Patel Follow Nov 27 '24 Top 5 Ways to Secure Your Express.js APIs # express # apisecurity # node # codingtips 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Building Resilient Backends: Secure Development Practices for Modern Applications MAHAVEER A MAHAVEER A MAHAVEER A Follow Nov 19 '24 Building Resilient Backends: Secure Development Practices for Modern Applications # backenddevelopment # securecoding # apisecurity # databasesecurity 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read 10. Understanding API Rate Limiting Vipul Kumar Vipul Kumar Vipul Kumar Follow Nov 5 '24 10. Understanding API Rate Limiting # apisecurity # systemdesign # architecture # knowledgebytes Comments Add Comment 2 min read API Security Scanning Tools: Ensuring the Safety of Your APIs Iroro Chadere Iroro Chadere Iroro Chadere Follow Jul 25 '24 API Security Scanning Tools: Ensuring the Safety of Your APIs # scanningscanning # apisecurity # apiscanningtools # apidog 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 8 min read loading... trending guides/resources Zero-Trust in Internal Microservices: Service Security with an API Gateway API Security : Understand in 3 Minutes 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/whaaat_9819bdb68eccf5b8a/why-your-secret-sharing-tool-needs-post-quantum-cryptography-today-20j3#resources | Why Your Secret Sharing Tool Needs Post-Quantum Cryptography Today - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Whaaat! Posted on Jan 12 Why Your Secret Sharing Tool Needs Post-Quantum Cryptography Today # security # cryptography # webdev # privacy The "Harvest Now, Decrypt Later" Threat Quantum computers capable of breaking RSA and ECC encryption don't exist yet. But here's the problem: adversaries are already collecting encrypted data today, planning to decrypt it once quantum computers arrive. For sensitive data that needs to remain confidential for years, this is a real threat. What is Post-Quantum Cryptography? Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) uses mathematical problems that are hard for both classical AND quantum computers to solve. In August 2024, NIST standardized three PQC algorithms: ML-KEM (Kyber) - Key encapsulation ML-DSA (Dilithium) - Digital signatures SLH-DSA (SPHINCS+) - Hash-based signatures Implementing PQC in a Web Application I recently added PQC support to NoTrust.now , a zero-knowledge secret sharing tool. Here's how: Key Exchange with ML-KEM-768 // Using crystals-kyber-js library import { MlKem768 } from ' crystals-kyber-js ' ; // Receiver generates keypair const [ publicKey , privateKey ] = await MlKem768 . generateKeyPair (); // Sender encapsulates a shared secret const [ ciphertext , sharedSecret ] = await MlKem768 . encapsulate ( publicKey ); // Receiver decapsulates to get the same shared secret const decryptedSecret = await MlKem768 . decapsulate ( ciphertext , privateKey ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Hybrid Approach For defense in depth, combine PQC with classical crypto: Generate ephemeral X25519 keypair (classical) Generate ephemeral ML-KEM-768 keypair (post-quantum) Combine both shared secrets: finalKey = HKDF(x25519Secret || kyberSecret) This ensures security even if one algorithm is broken. Try It Out You can test PQC secret sharing at NoTrust.now/createpqc . The encryption happens entirely in your browser - zero-knowledge architecture means the server never sees your plaintext. Resources NIST PQC Standards crystals-kyber-js Post-Quantum Cryptography for Developers What do you think about PQC adoption? Too early or just in time? Let me know in the comments. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Whaaat! 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https://dev.to/crisiscoresystems | CrisisCore-Systems - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions CrisisCore-Systems Collapse systems engineer at CrisisCore-Systems. I build trauma-aware health tools, privacy-first security utilities, and write about resilient architectures under real pressure. Location Kelowna, BC Joined Joined on Nov 27, 2025 Personal website https://paintracker.ca github website twitter website Education Self-taught engineer; educated by production outages, open source, and collapse-era survival. Pronouns he/him Work Collapse systems engineer & founder at CrisisCore-Systems (security-hardened, trauma-aware software) More info about @crisiscoresystems Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close GitHub Repositories pain-tracker Pain Tracker is a privacy-first PWA for chronic pain management with offline tracking, clinical analytics, and WorkSafe BC compliance. All health data stays local to your device. Tech: React 18 • TypeScript • IndexedDB • PWA Status: v0.1.0-beta | MIT Licensed TypeScript • 1 star Skills/Languages TypeScript, JavaScript, React, PWAs, IndexedDB, Node, Playwright, Vite, GitHub Actions, security-first architecture, API design, debugging ugly real-world failures. Currently learning Deep PWA internals, Background Sync, trauma-informed UX, and how to harden JS apps without sacrificing empathy. Currently hacking on Pain Tracker – an offline-first, trauma-aware pain journal PWA – plus CrisisCore-Systems security tools and docs that turn lived chaos into reproducible architecture. Available for Collabs on privacy-first PWAs, security-hardening JS apps, trauma-aware UX, and writing honest build logs about systems that have to work under pressure. Post 22 posts published Comment 4 comments written Tag 0 tags followed Testing Recovery: Proving Your App Helps People Stabilize CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems Follow Jan 8 Testing Recovery: Proving Your App Helps People Stabilize # testing # a11y # healthcare # react Comments Add Comment 10 min read Want to connect with CrisisCore-Systems? Create an account to connect with CrisisCore-Systems. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in Test Your Tests: Does Your Crisis Simulation Match Reality? CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems Follow Jan 7 Test Your Tests: Does Your Crisis Simulation Match Reality? # testing # a11y # healthcare # react Comments Add Comment 10 min read When Crises Stack: Testing Co-Occurrence Without Cascading Failures CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems Follow Dec 30 '25 When Crises Stack: Testing Co-Occurrence Without Cascading Failures # testing # a11y # healthcare # react Comments Add Comment 9 min read Launched: Pain Tracker v1.0.0 (Open Source, Local-First, Trauma-Informed) CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems Follow Dec 25 '25 Launched: Pain Tracker v1.0.0 (Open Source, Local-First, Trauma-Informed) # showdev # opensource # react # privacy Comments Add Comment 2 min read Testing Across the Stack: UI Storage Encryption Offline Resilience CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems Follow Dec 23 '25 Testing Across the Stack: UI Storage Encryption Offline Resilience # testing # a11y # healthcare # react Comments Add Comment 11 min read Performance Under Pressure: Crisis Detection Without UI Lag CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems Follow Dec 18 '25 Performance Under Pressure: Crisis Detection Without UI Lag # testing # a11y # healthcare # react Comments Add Comment 10 min read Privacy-Preserving Analytics: Proving You Can Measure Without Identity CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems Follow Dec 16 '25 Privacy-Preserving Analytics: Proving You Can Measure Without Identity # testing # a11y # healthcare # react Comments Add Comment 11 min read Start Here: PainTracker + CrisisCore Build Log (Privacy-First, Offline-First, No Surveillance) CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems Follow Dec 14 '25 Start Here: PainTracker + CrisisCore Build Log (Privacy-First, Offline-First, No Surveillance) # privacy # security # architecture # react Comments Add Comment 1 min read Visual Regression for Adaptive Interfaces: Testing That Crisis Mode Actually Looks Different CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems Follow Dec 13 '25 Visual Regression for Adaptive Interfaces: Testing That Crisis Mode Actually Looks Different # testing # a11y # healthcare # react Comments Add Comment 9 min read The Ethics of Simulation: How to Test Trauma-Informed Features Without Exploiting Real Pain CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems Follow Dec 12 '25 The Ethics of Simulation: How to Test Trauma-Informed Features Without Exploiting Real Pain # testing # a11y # healthcare # react Comments 3 comments 9 min read How to Test “User Is in Crisis” Without Treating Humans Like Mock Objects CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems Follow Dec 10 '25 How to Test “User Is in Crisis” Without Treating Humans Like Mock Objects # testing # a11y # react Comments Add Comment 4 min read The False Positive Problem: Calibrating Crisis Detection Without Becoming The Boy Who Cried Wolf CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems Follow Dec 9 '25 The False Positive Problem: Calibrating Crisis Detection Without Becoming The Boy Who Cried Wolf # testing # a11y # healthcare # react Comments Add Comment 6 min read Two People, Same Body: A Developer's Crisis Architecture CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems Follow Dec 8 '25 Two People, Same Body: A Developer's Crisis Architecture # mentalhealth # opensource # webdev # react Comments Add Comment 4 min read Keeping Your Health Data Out of Court CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems Follow Dec 8 '25 Keeping Your Health Data Out of Court # encryption # security # typescript # privacy Comments Add Comment 4 min read "If Your Health App Can't Explain Its Encryption, It Doesn't Have Any" CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems Follow Dec 7 '25 "If Your Health App Can't Explain Its Encryption, It Doesn't Have Any" # security # privacy # healthtech # webdev Comments Add Comment 7 min read Trauma-Informed React Hooks CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems Follow Dec 7 '25 Trauma-Informed React Hooks # react # a11y # typescript # ux 6 reactions Comments 3 comments 5 min read No Backend, No Excuses: Building a Pain Tracker That Doesn't Sell You Out CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems Follow Dec 7 '25 No Backend, No Excuses: Building a Pain Tracker That Doesn't Sell You Out # react # typescript # healthtech # privacy 2 reactions Comments 2 comments 4 min read Client-Side Encryption for Healthcare Apps CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems Follow Dec 7 '25 Client-Side Encryption for Healthcare Apps # react # typescript # privacy # healthtech 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Building a Pain Tracker That Actually Gets It — No Market Research Required CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems Follow Nov 30 '25 Building a Pain Tracker That Actually Gets It — No Market Research Required # webdev # pwa # ux # privacy Comments Add Comment 4 min read Trauma-informed design left everyone asking: "How does it actually know I'm struggling without spying?" CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems Follow Nov 29 '25 Trauma-informed design left everyone asking: "How does it actually know I'm struggling without spying?" # privacy # mentalhealth # opensource # webdev Comments Add Comment 7 min read Building Software That Actually Gives a Damn: My Journey with Trauma-Informed Design CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems Follow Nov 28 '25 Building Software That Actually Gives a Damn: My Journey with Trauma-Informed Design # healthtech # ux # react # a11y Comments Add Comment 6 min read Building a Healthcare PWA That Actually Works When It Matters CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems CrisisCore-Systems Follow Nov 27 '25 Building a Healthcare PWA That Actually Works When It Matters # pwa # webdev # javascript # healthcare Comments Add Comment 8 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close User Experience Follow Hide User Experience tips, tricks, discussions, and more! Create Post submission guidelines Have you tried a new approach to UX design? This is the tag for you to tell us all about it. Older #ux posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 … 75 … 121 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Why Your E Commerce Filters Feel Slow Even When Your Site Is Fast ar abid ar abid ar abid Follow Jan 13 Why Your E Commerce Filters Feel Slow Even When Your Site Is Fast # webdev # frontend # ecommerce # ux 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Micro-Interactions Explained: How Tiny UI Details Create Massive UX Gains Parth G Parth G Parth G Follow Jan 13 Micro-Interactions Explained: How Tiny UI Details Create Massive UX Gains # react # ux # frontend # webdev 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 4 min read User flows are the new apps Bruno Pérez Bruno Pérez Bruno Pérez Follow Jan 12 User flows are the new apps # chatgpt # ux # agents # webdev 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Deconstructing TikTok’s Live Shopping UX Sarah Lindauer Sarah Lindauer Sarah Lindauer Follow for Stream Jan 12 Deconstructing TikTok’s Live Shopping UX # liveshopping # livecommerce # tiktokliveshopping # ux Comments Add Comment 9 min read Performance First UI Taught Me More Than Any Framework Ever Did Shubhra Pokhariya Shubhra Pokhariya Shubhra Pokhariya Follow Jan 12 Performance First UI Taught Me More Than Any Framework Ever Did # frontend # webperf # ux # inp 1 reaction Comments 1 comment 3 min read Why Streaming AI Responses Feels Faster Than It Is (Android + SSE) Shubham Verma Shubham Verma Shubham Verma Follow Jan 12 Why Streaming AI Responses Feels Faster Than It Is (Android + SSE) # android # ai # ux # kotlin Comments Add Comment 3 min read Navigating Long AI Chats Is Broken — So I Built a Chrome Extension to Fix It Lingarao Yechuri Lingarao Yechuri Lingarao Yechuri Follow Jan 12 Navigating Long AI Chats Is Broken — So I Built a Chrome Extension to Fix It # chatgpt # gemini # productivity # ux Comments Add Comment 2 min read LINE Messaging API New Features: Mark as Read API Evan Lin Evan Lin Evan Lin Follow Jan 11 LINE Messaging API New Features: Mark as Read API # news # api # ux Comments Add Comment 5 min read Designing Natural AI Memory: Why It Feels Awkward and How to Fix It web3nomad.eth web3nomad.eth web3nomad.eth Follow Jan 11 Designing Natural AI Memory: Why It Feels Awkward and How to Fix It # ai # agents # ux 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read Using Color and Typography to Shape Brand Personality — A UI/UX Design Company Perspective Pixel Mosaic Pixel Mosaic Pixel Mosaic Follow Jan 9 Using Color and Typography to Shape Brand Personality — A UI/UX Design Company Perspective # ai # ui # ux # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read When Upfront Paywalls Work—and When They Hurt Conversion paywallpro paywallpro paywallpro Follow Jan 9 When Upfront Paywalls Work—and When They Hurt Conversion # product # startup # ux Comments Add Comment 6 min read Incident report: AI-generated code injected unrequested semantics, disrupting developer workflow and violating minimal intent Brain Brain Brain Follow Jan 7 Incident report: AI-generated code injected unrequested semantics, disrupting developer workflow and violating minimal intent # discuss # ai # tooling # ux Comments Add Comment 3 min read Transforming Customer Queries into Conversions with LLM-Powered Search SciForce SciForce SciForce Follow Jan 7 Transforming Customer Queries into Conversions with LLM-Powered Search # ai # llm # ux Comments Add Comment 9 min read The Digital Mismatch: Why University Search Fails the "Education 4.0" Student Annie Ng Annie Ng Annie Ng Follow Jan 11 The Digital Mismatch: Why University Search Fails the "Education 4.0" Student # discuss # design # ux 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read WebP in 2026: Why Frontend Devs Should Care Again Allisson Faiad Allisson Faiad Allisson Faiad Follow Jan 5 WebP in 2026: Why Frontend Devs Should Care Again # frontend # performance # ux # webdev Comments Add Comment 3 min read LLMs Are Becoming an Explanation Layer And Our Interaction Defaults Are Breaking Systems yuer yuer yuer Follow Jan 5 LLMs Are Becoming an Explanation Layer And Our Interaction Defaults Are Breaking Systems # discuss # ai # llm # ux Comments Add Comment 3 min read Running a Bilingual IT Agency Site with Wotech: Field Notes Bashar Forrestad Bashar Forrestad Bashar Forrestad Follow Jan 7 Running a Bilingual IT Agency Site with Wotech: Field Notes # devjournal # ux # wordpress Comments Add Comment 7 min read Comment j’ai créé et préparé pour le Store une application mobile avec React Native Expo et Supabase Mhd Almouchafaou Mhd Almouchafaou Mhd Almouchafaou Follow Jan 5 Comment j’ai créé et préparé pour le Store une application mobile avec React Native Expo et Supabase # webdev # react # android # ux Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Architecture of Addiction: Deconstructing Why We Were Hooked on Omegle Flavius Belisarius Flavius Belisarius Flavius Belisarius Follow Jan 7 The Architecture of Addiction: Deconstructing Why We Were Hooked on Omegle # discuss # ux # psychology # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Facebook Grupları Neden Kırık Bir Ürün ve Biz Bu Sorunu Nasıl Dar Bir Odakla Çözmeye Çalışıyoruz? Cengiz Özşaylan Cengiz Özşaylan Cengiz Özşaylan Follow Jan 6 Facebook Grupları Neden Kırık Bir Ürün ve Biz Bu Sorunu Nasıl Dar Bir Odakla Çözmeye Çalışıyoruz? # product # startup # ux Comments Add Comment 2 min read Implementing a swipeable component using the Animated API Paulo Sérgio Paulo Sérgio Paulo Sérgio Follow Jan 6 Implementing a swipeable component using the Animated API # reactnative # typescript # ux # ui Comments Add Comment 9 min read Why Most Language Learning Apps Fail at Vocabulary HUSSEIN KHALIL HUSSEIN KHALIL HUSSEIN KHALIL Follow Jan 5 Why Most Language Learning Apps Fail at Vocabulary # discuss # learning # product # ux Comments Add Comment 2 min read Why "Seamless" AI is a Design Failure: The Judgment Transparency Principle (JTP) Daiki Kadowaki Daiki Kadowaki Daiki Kadowaki Follow Jan 4 Why "Seamless" AI is a Design Failure: The Judgment Transparency Principle (JTP) # ai # ux Comments Add Comment 2 min read What Building a Simple Niche Website Taught Me About Content Structure emaa emaa emaa Follow Jan 4 What Building a Simple Niche Website Taught Me About Content Structure # design # html # learning # ux Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to Scan QR Codes Safely Using Your Phone EditFlowSuite EditFlowSuite EditFlowSuite Follow Jan 3 How to Scan QR Codes Safely Using Your Phone # android # mobile # productivity # ux Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... trending guides/resources 10 UI UX Principles That Will Transform Your Design Process Experience-First Portfolio: A New Approach to Showcasing Engineering Skills How We Automate Accessibility Testing with Playwright and Axe Haptic Feedback in iOS: A Comprehensive Guide Anatomy of an Effective SaaS Navigation Menu Design How to Disable Automatic Rearrangement of Desktops (Spaces) on Mac Tips and Tricks for Creating a Good Login Page Design Gasless Transactions on Solana UI/UX Design Trends for 2026: What Every Designer Should Know Progress Indicators Explained: Types, Variations & Best Practices for SaaS Design An Overview of EIP-3009: Transfer With Authorisation Revolutionizing Mobile App Success with A/B Testing Top UI/UX Design Trends for 2026: AI-First, Context-Aware Interfaces & Spatial Experiences The Psychology of UI: Why Certain Interfaces Just ‘Feel’ Better Progressive Web Apps (PWAs) for Offline Functionality: The Future of Reliable Web Experiences Transforming Customer Queries into Conversions with LLM-Powered Search How I Made an Electron Window Draggable and Kept Mouse Enter/Leave Detection UX/UI in 2026: Why Beautiful Design No Longer Guarantees Success Moving From Strategy to Design: 2025 Review and 2026 Roadmap Adding a Hover Tooltip to a Polygon Layer in Mapbox GL JS 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/t/news/page/2#main-content | News Page 2 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close News Follow Hide Expect to see announcements of new and updated products, services, and features for languages & frameworks. You also will find high-level news relevant to the tech and software development industry covered here. Create Post submission guidelines When to use this tag : new service or product launched service, product, framework, library or language itself got updated (brief summary must be included as well as the source) covering broader tech industry/development news When NOT to use this tag : general news from media to promote people political posts to talk about personal goals (for example "I started to meditate every morning to increase my productivity" is nothing for this tag). about #news Use this tag to announce new products, services, or tools recently launched or updated. Notable changes in frameworks, libraries, or languages are ideal to cover. General tech industry news with a software development slant is also acceptable. This tag is not to be used for promotion of people, personal goals, or news unrelated to software development. Older #news posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu Wallet-as-a-Service as an Infrastructure Layer for Digital Products Dan Keller Dan Keller Dan Keller Follow Jan 11 Wallet-as-a-Service as an Infrastructure Layer for Digital Products # news # development # architecture # learning 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Glaucoma Awareness Month Tatyana Bayramova, CPACC Tatyana Bayramova, CPACC Tatyana Bayramova, CPACC Follow Jan 11 Glaucoma Awareness Month # discuss # a11y # news 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read NVIDIA Unveils DLSS 4.5, G-SYNC Pulsar, and RTX Upgrades for Gaming and AI Toolsat CES 2026 Saiki Sarkar Saiki Sarkar Saiki Sarkar Follow Jan 6 NVIDIA Unveils DLSS 4.5, G-SYNC Pulsar, and RTX Upgrades for Gaming and AI Toolsat CES 2026 # news # ai # deeplearning # gamedev Comments Add Comment 2 min read Decompiling the New C# 14 field Keyword Ivan Kahl Ivan Kahl Ivan Kahl Follow Jan 5 Decompiling the New C# 14 field Keyword # news # csharp # dotnet # programming Comments Add Comment 11 min read Web3 Wealth Creation by Geography: Where Millionaires of 2025 Are Emerging Emir Taner Emir Taner Emir Taner Follow Jan 5 Web3 Wealth Creation by Geography: Where Millionaires of 2025 Are Emerging # news # web3 # career # performance 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read AI Moving from Hype to Reality: 8 Stories Shaping the Industry Right Now Ethan Zhang Ethan Zhang Ethan Zhang Follow Jan 5 AI Moving from Hype to Reality: 8 Stories Shaping the Industry Right Now # news # ai # technology # development Comments Add Comment 6 min read WebForms Core in NuGet Elanat Framework Elanat Framework Elanat Framework Follow Jan 4 WebForms Core in NuGet # news # dotnet # nuget # webformscore 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read OpenAI boosts audio AI development as it prepares to launch an audio-basedpersonal device Saiki Sarkar Saiki Sarkar Saiki Sarkar Follow Jan 5 OpenAI boosts audio AI development as it prepares to launch an audio-basedpersonal device # news # ai # openai # product Comments Add Comment 2 min read Announcing globalGlob(**/*), the best thing to happen to developers since the Cathode Ray Tube globalGlob(**/*) Staff globalGlob(**/*) Staff globalGlob(**/*) Staff Follow for globalGlob(**/*) Jan 10 Announcing globalGlob(**/*), the best thing to happen to developers since the Cathode Ray Tube # news # announcement # satire Comments Add Comment 1 min read Your Weekly AI Coffee Break: 5 Stories Shaping AI in January 2026 Ethan Zhang Ethan Zhang Ethan Zhang Follow Jan 4 Your Weekly AI Coffee Break: 5 Stories Shaping AI in January 2026 # news # ai # machinelearning # technology Comments Add Comment 5 min read Question: Can a UAE Freezone company legally operate in other freezones or the mainland in 2026? Mandeep Singh Mandeep Singh Mandeep Singh Follow Jan 4 Question: Can a UAE Freezone company legally operate in other freezones or the mainland in 2026? # help # news # startup Comments Add Comment 2 min read Cloudflare vs Vercel vs Netlify: The Truth about Edge Performance 2026 DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Jan 2 Cloudflare vs Vercel vs Netlify: The Truth about Edge Performance 2026 # news Comments Add Comment 11 min read Game Dev Digest — Issue #312 - New Year, New Ways, and more Game Dev Digest - The Newsletter On Unity Game Dev Game Dev Digest - The Newsletter On Unity Game Dev Game Dev Digest - The Newsletter On Unity Game Dev Follow Jan 2 Game Dev Digest — Issue #312 - New Year, New Ways, and more # news # gamedev # unity3d # csharp Comments Add Comment 8 min read Designing High-Performance RTP Media Infrastructure at Massive Scale Ecosmob Technologies Ecosmob Technologies Ecosmob Technologies Follow Jan 2 Designing High-Performance RTP Media Infrastructure at Massive Scale # news # development # rtpmedia Comments Add Comment 4 min read AI Coding Tools Bias: Why Niche Frameworks are Dying in 2026 DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Jan 3 AI Coding Tools Bias: Why Niche Frameworks are Dying in 2026 # news # ai # agentic # automation Comments Add Comment 15 min read CES 2026: The Year AI Got Real Cyrus Tse Cyrus Tse Cyrus Tse Follow Jan 7 CES 2026: The Year AI Got Real # news # ai # iot Comments Add Comment 6 min read Node.js what’s happening here Vishal Thakkar Vishal Thakkar Vishal Thakkar Follow Jan 2 Node.js what’s happening here # news # node # product Comments Add Comment 1 min read Vitest vs Jest 30: Why 2026 is the Year of Browser-Native Testing DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Jan 2 Vitest vs Jest 30: Why 2026 is the Year of Browser-Native Testing # news # testing # javascript # codequality Comments Add Comment 7 min read Announcing NocoBase 2.0-beta NocoBase NocoBase NocoBase Follow Jan 1 Announcing NocoBase 2.0-beta # news # opensource # lowcode # nocode Comments Add Comment 17 min read CI/CD Deep Dive: Why Jenkins, GitLab, and CircleCI Still Rule in 2026 DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Jan 1 CI/CD Deep Dive: Why Jenkins, GitLab, and CircleCI Still Rule in 2026 # news # cicd # devops # automation Comments Add Comment 7 min read 🚀 AWS Introduces Regional NAT Gateway: Simplifying Outbound Connectivity Prithiviraj R Prithiviraj R Prithiviraj R Follow Dec 31 '25 🚀 AWS Introduces Regional NAT Gateway: Simplifying Outbound Connectivity # news # architecture # networking # aws Comments Add Comment 2 min read This Tiny Chip Could Turn Quantum From Lab Toy To Scalable Product Max aka Mosheh Max aka Mosheh Max aka Mosheh Follow Dec 31 '25 This Tiny Chip Could Turn Quantum From Lab Toy To Scalable Product # news # computerscience # product # science Comments Add Comment 1 min read Zod vs Yup vs TypeBox: The Ultimate Schema Validation Guide for 2025 DataFormatHub DataFormatHub DataFormatHub Follow Dec 31 '25 Zod vs Yup vs TypeBox: The Ultimate Schema Validation Guide for 2025 # news # validation # typescript # data Comments Add Comment 8 min read Elanat Roadmap in 2026 Elanat Framework Elanat Framework Elanat Framework Follow Jan 1 Elanat Roadmap in 2026 # news # opensource # productivity # backend Comments Add Comment 3 min read Server and Domain Selection: Why It Matters at the Initial Level of Any Project Reet Reet Reet Follow Dec 31 '25 Server and Domain Selection: Why It Matters at the Initial Level of Any Project # discuss # microservices # news # startup Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://www.jamsadr.com/DPF-Dispute-Resolution | Data Privacy Framework Resolution | JAMS Mediation, Arbitration, ADR Services Skip to main content Skip to main content Submit a Case JAMS Access Login JAMS Pathways MENU Neutrals Rules & Clauses Arbitration Rules & Procedures Comprehensive Rules Streamlined Rules Discovery Protocols Appeal Procedures Class Action Procedures Consumer Minimum Standards Mass Arbitration Procedures Artificial Intelligence AI Disputes Clause and Rules AI Disputes Protective Order Smart Contracts Smart Contract Clause & Rules International Rules International Mediation Rules International Arbitration Rules International Arbitration Guidelines Construction Arbitration Construction Arbitration Rules Expedited Construction Arbitration Rules Surety Adjudication Rules Labor and Employment Arbitration Rules Employment Arbitration Rules Labor Arbitration Rules Employment Minimum Standards Download Rules / Forms Download Rules / Forms Rules Archive ADR Sample Clauses Clause Workbook (U.S. Domestic) Clause Workbook (International) Artificial Intelligence Disputes Clause Construction Clauses Employment Clauses Locations ADR Services Alternative Dispute Resolution What do we do? 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The effective date of the EU-U.S. DPF Principles, including the Supplemental Principles and Annex I of the Principles is July 10, 2023, which is the date of entry into force of the European Commission’s adequacy decision for the EU-U.S. DPF. The adequacy decision enables the transfer of EU personal data to participating organizations consistent with EU law. Effective as of July 17, 2023, eligible organizations in the United States that wish to self-certify their compliance pursuant to the UK Extension to the EU-U.S. DPF may do so; however, personal data cannot be received from the United Kingdom and Gibraltar in reliance on the UK Extension to the EU-U.S. DPF before the date that the adequacy regulations implementing the data bridge for the UK Extension to the EU-U.S. DPF enter into force. The data bridge will enable the transfer of UK and Gibraltar personal data to participating organizations consistent with UK law. The effective date of the Swiss-U.S. DPF Principles, including the Supplemental Principles and Annex I of the Principles is July 17, 2023; however, personal data cannot be received from Switzerland in reliance on the Swiss-U.S. DPF until the date of entry into force of Switzerland’s recognition of adequacy for the Swiss-U.S. DPF. The recognition of adequacy will enable the transfer of Swiss personal data to participating organizations consistent with Swiss law. The Data Privacy Framework (DPF) Program, which is administered by the International Trade Administration (ITA) within the U.S. Department of Commerce, enables eligible U.S.-based organizations to self-certify their compliance pursuant to the EU-U.S. DPF and, as applicable, the UK Extension to the EU-U.S. DPF, and/or the Swiss-U.S. DPF. To participate in the DPF Program, a U.S.-based organization is required to self-certify to the ITA via the Department's DPF Program website (www.dataprivacyframework.gov) and publicly commit to comply with the DPF Principles. While the decision by an eligible U.S.-based organization to self-certify its compliance pursuant to and participate in the relevant part(s) of the DPF Program is voluntary, effective compliance upon self-certification is compulsory. Once such an organization self-certifies to the ITA and publicly declares its commitment to adhere to the DPF Principles that commitment is enforceable under U.S. law. All organizations interested in self-certifying their compliance pursuant to the EU-U.S. DPF and, as applicable, the UK Extension to the EU-U.S. DPF, and/or the Swiss-U.S. DPF should review the requirements in their entirety. The Department’s DPF Program website provides useful information regarding the benefits and requirements of participation in the relevant parts of that program. U.S.-based organizations that self-certify their compliance pursuant to the relevant part(s) of the DPF Program must, amongst other things, provide readily available recourse mechanisms available to investigate unresolved complaints, including a system of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) by an independent third party. The independent recourse mechanisms must be in place prior to self-certification, and must be available at no cost to the individual. Although organizations self-certifying their compliance pursuant to the relevant part(s) of the DPF Program may utilize private sector developed dispute resolution programs for most categories of personal data covered under their self-certifications, those organizations covering human resources data (i.e., personal information about employees, past or present, collected in the context of the employment relationship) transferred from the European Union, the United Kingdom, or Switzerland must agree to cooperate and comply with the EU data protection authorities (DPAs), the UK Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO), and the Swiss Federal Data Protection and Information Commissioner (FDPIC) respectively with regard to such data. JAMS is available to serve as your organization’s designated ADR provider and to assist in resolving disputes brought under the DPF Principles, up to the point of any final arbitration invoked in accordance with the procedures and conditions set forth in the EU-U.S. DPF Principles and/or the Swiss-U.S. DPF Principles. With a panel of over 400 neutrals around the world, JAMS specializes in resolving disputes of all sizes and levels of complexity and our neutrals have significant experience resolving issues involving privacy. Mediation Rules Mediations will be conducted pursuant to JAMS International Mediation Rules unless the parties have specified a different set of Rules or Procedures. Download the JAMS International Mediation Rules Fees JAMS DOES NOT charge any fees for an organization to name it as an ADR provider. If an organization names JAMS as its ADR provider under the EU-U.S. DPF and, as applicable, the UK Extension to the EU-U.S. DPF, and/or the Swiss-U.S. DPF, we request that you notify JAMS by registering here . When a consumer initiates a mediation or an arbitration against an organization (whether under JAMS Rules or another set of rules) all fees for the mediation, including the JAMS Case Management Fee, must be borne by the Organization. The fee arrangement is common to all DPF Dispute Resolution cases for the European Union / European Economic Area, the United Kingdom (and Gibralter), and Switzerland. For any other matters, standard JAMS policies apply. Name JAMS as Your Dispute Resolution Provider If you wish to name JAMS as your Dispute Resolution provider under the EU-U.S. DPF and, as applicable, the UK Extension to the EU-U.S. DPF, and/or the Swiss-U.S. DPF, please register using the link below: JAMS Data Privacy Framework (DPF) Dispute Resolution Registration Customer URL If you do name JAMS as your Dispute Resolution provider under the EU-U.S. DPF and, as applicable, the UK Extension to the EU-U.S. DPF, and/or the Swiss-U.S. DPF, the URL that you will need to provide in your customer-facing privacy policy/ies through which your customers could find information on how to open an EU-U.S. DPF and, as applicable, UK Extension to the EU-U.S. DPF, and/or Swiss-U.S. DPF Dispute Resolution case is: https://www.jamsadr.com/DPF-Dispute-Resolution File a DPF Dispute Resolution Claim If you are a consumer and wish to open an EU-U.S. DPF and, as applicable, UK Extension to the EU-U.S. DPF, and/or a Swiss-U.S. DPF Dispute Resolution case, please file a claim using the link below: File a Data Privacy Framework (DPF) Claim Additional Resources Questions/Contact If you have any additional questions you may contact our DPF coordinator via email . Mara Satterthwaite, msatterthwaite@jamsadr.com JAMS DPF Dispute Resolution Fee Schedule PROFESSIONAL FEES There is no fee associated with listing JAMS as the ADR provider in a self-certification submission under the DPF Program. Fees apply only if a DPF matter is brought to JAMS. Hourly and daily rates vary depending on neutral. Neutrals are independent contractors and set their own Professional Fees. In compliance with the EU, UK, and Swiss data protection initiatives, 100% of ADR fees associated with a DPF matter brought by a consumer will be the responsibility of the respondent company; consumers will not be responsible for any portion of these fees. For non-consumer matters, hearing fees are divided equally among all parties. Professional Fees include time spent for hearings, pre- and post-hearing reading and research, and award preparation. MEDIATION FEES Initial non-refundable fee of $300 per party, applies to first 10 hours of professional time Time in excess of initial 10 hours is billed at 13% of Professional Fees The Case Management Fee includes access to an exclusive nationwide panel of judges, attorneys, and other ADR experts, dedicated services including all administration through the duration of the case, document handling, and use of JAMS conference facilities including after hours and on-site business support. Weekends and holidays are subject to additional charges. Click here for a PDF of this fee schedule JAMS agreement to render services is with the attorney, the party, and/or other representatives of the party. www.jamsadr.com • Updated 08/30/2023 Contact Information Mara E. Satterthwaite, Esq. msatterthwaite@jamsadr.com 7160 Rafael Rivera Way Suite #400 Las Vegas, NV 89113 Need more information or assistance? Connect with our team. Contact Us Need to submit a case with JAMS? 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https://dev.to/getlumos | LUMOS - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow Organization actions LUMOS Type-safe schema language for Solana development. Write data structures once in .lumos syntax, generate synchronized Rust + TypeScript with guaranteed Borsh serialization compatibility. Location Open Source / Worldwide Joined Joined on Dec 17, 2025 GitHub logo External link icon Support email rheza10@gmail.com Employees 1 Meet the team Our story LUMOS was created to solve the pain of maintaining duplicate type definitions in Solana full-stack apps. Write schemas once, generate synchronized Rust + TypeScript with guaranteed Borsh compatibility. Our stack Rust, TypeScript, Solana, Anchor, Borsh, Tree-sitter, LSP Post 6 posts published Member 1 member Migrating from Manual Borsh to LUMOS: A Step-by-Step Guide RECTOR SOL RECTOR SOL RECTOR SOL Follow Dec 17 '25 Migrating from Manual Borsh to LUMOS: A Step-by-Step Guide # solana # rust # typescript # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read LUMOS + Anchor: The Perfect Combo for Solana Development RECTOR SOL RECTOR SOL RECTOR SOL Follow Dec 17 '25 LUMOS + Anchor: The Perfect Combo for Solana Development # solana # anchor # rust # typescript Comments Add Comment 2 min read Type-Safe Rust ↔ TypeScript Communication for Solana RECTOR SOL RECTOR SOL RECTOR SOL Follow Dec 17 '25 Type-Safe Rust ↔ TypeScript Communication for Solana # solana # rust # typescript # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read LUMOS in 5 Minutes: Your First Solana Schema RECTOR SOL RECTOR SOL RECTOR SOL Follow Dec 17 '25 LUMOS in 5 Minutes: Your First Solana Schema # solana # rust # typescript # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read Use LUMOS Without Installing Rust - npm Package Guide RECTOR SOL RECTOR SOL RECTOR SOL Follow Dec 17 '25 Use LUMOS Without Installing Rust - npm Package Guide # solana # typescript # javascript # npm Comments Add Comment 2 min read LUMOS vs Codama: Understanding Solana's Schema Generation Tools RECTOR SOL RECTOR SOL RECTOR SOL Follow Dec 17 '25 LUMOS vs Codama: Understanding Solana's Schema Generation Tools # solana # rust # typescript # webdev Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
https://dev.to/mohammadidrees/applying-first-principles-questioning-to-a-real-company-interview-question-2c0j#critical-question | Applying First-Principles Questioning to a Real Company Interview Question - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Mohammad-Idrees Posted on Jan 13 Applying First-Principles Questioning to a Real Company Interview Question # career # interview # systemdesign Case Study: Designing a Chat System (Meta / WhatsApp–Style) This section answers a common follow-up interview request: “Okay, now apply this thinking to a real problem.” We will do exactly that — without jumping to tools or architectures first . The goal is not to “design WhatsApp,” but to demonstrate how interviewers expect you to think . The Interview Question (Realistic & Common) “Design a chat system like WhatsApp.” This is a real company interview question asked (in variants) at: Meta Uber Amazon Stripe Most candidates fail this question not because it’s hard, but because they start in the wrong place . What Most Candidates Do (Wrong Start) Typical opening: “We’ll use WebSockets” “We’ll use Kafka” “We’ll shard by user ID” This skips reasoning. A strong candidate pauses and applies the checklist. Applying the First-Principles Checklist Live We will apply the same five questions , in order, and show what problems naturally surface. 1. State “Where does state live? When is it durable?” Ask This Out Loud in the Interview What information must the chat system remember for it to function correctly? Identify Required State (No Design Yet) Users Conversations Messages Message delivery status Now ask: Which of this state must never be lost? Answer: Messages (core product) Conversation membership First-Principles Conclusion Messages must be persisted In-memory-only solutions are insufficient What the Interviewer Sees You identified correctness-critical state before touching architecture. 2. Time “How long does each step take?” Now we introduce time. Break the Chat Flow User sends message Message is stored Message is delivered to recipient(s) Ask: Which of these must be fast? Sending a message → must feel instant Delivery → may be delayed (offline users) Critical Question Does the sender wait for delivery confirmation? If yes: Latency depends on recipient availability If no: Sending and delivery are time-decoupled First-Principles Conclusion Message acceptance must be fast Delivery can happen later This naturally introduces asynchrony , without naming any tools. 3. Failure “What breaks independently?” Now assume failures — explicitly. Ask What happens if the system crashes after accepting a message but before delivery? Possible states: Message stored Recipient not notified yet Now ask: Can delivery be retried safely? This surfaces a key invariant: A message must not be delivered zero times or multiple times incorrectly. Failure Scenarios Discovered Duplicate delivery Message loss Inconsistent delivery status First-Principles Conclusion Message delivery must be idempotent Storage and delivery failures must be decoupled The interviewer now sees you understand distributed failure , not just happy paths. 4. Order “What defines correct sequence?” Now introduce multiple messages . Ask Does message order matter in a conversation? Answer: Yes — chat messages must appear in order Now ask the dangerous question: Does arrival order equal delivery order? In distributed systems: No guarantee Messages can: Be processed by different servers Experience different delays First-Principles Conclusion Ordering is part of correctness It must be explicitly modeled (e.g., sequence per conversation) This is a senior-level insight , derived from questioning alone. 5. Scale “What grows fastest under load?” Now — and only now — do we talk about scale. Ask As usage grows, what increases fastest? Likely answers: Number of messages Concurrent active connections Offline message backlog Now ask: What happens during spikes (e.g., group chats, viral events)? You discover: Hot conversations Uneven load Memory pressure from live connections First-Principles Conclusion The system must scale on messages , not users Load is not uniform What We Have Discovered (Before Any Design) Without choosing any tools, we now know: Messages must be durable Sending and delivery must be decoupled Failures must not cause duplicates or loss Ordering is a correctness requirement Message volume, not user count, dominates scale This is exactly what interviewers want to hear before you propose architecture. What Comes Next (And Why It’s Easy Now) Only after this reasoning does it make sense to talk about: Persistent storage Async delivery Streaming connections Partitioning strategies At this point, architecture choices are obvious , not arbitrary. Why This Approach Scores High in Interviews Interviewers are evaluating: How you reason under ambiguity Whether you surface hidden constraints Whether you understand failure modes They are not testing whether you know WhatsApp’s internals. This method shows: Structured thinking Calm problem decomposition Senior-level judgment Common Candidate Mistakes (Seen in This Question) Jumping to WebSockets without discussing durability Ignoring offline users Assuming message order “just works” Treating retries as harmless Talking about scale before correctness Every one of these mistakes is prevented by the checklist. Final Reinforcement: The Checklist (Again) Use this verbatim in interviews: Where does state live? When is it durable? Which steps are fast vs slow? What can fail independently? What defines correct order? What grows fastest under load? Final Mental Model Strong candidates design systems. Exceptional candidates design reasoning . 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Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Mohammad-Idrees Follow Joined Mar 16, 2023 More from Mohammad-Idrees Contrast sync vs async failure classes using first principles # architecture # computerscience # systemdesign How to Question Any System Design Problem (With Live Interview Walkthrough) # architecture # career # interview # systemdesign Thinking in First Principles: How to Question an Async Queue–Based Design # architecture # interview # learning # systemdesign 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-mapping-to-rdf/ | OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Mapping to RDF Graphs (Second Edition) OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Mapping to RDF Graphs (Second Edition) W3C Recommendation 11 December 2012 This version: http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/REC-owl2-mapping-to-rdf-20121211/ Latest version (series 2): http://www.w3.org/TR/owl2-mapping-to-rdf/ Latest Recommendation: http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-mapping-to-rdf Previous version: http://www.w3.org/TR/2012/PER-owl2-mapping-to-rdf-20121018/ Editors: Peter F. Patel-Schneider, Nuance Communications Boris Motik , University of Oxford Contributors: (in alphabetical order) Bernardo Cuenca Grau , University of Oxford Ian Horrocks , University of Oxford Bijan Parsia , University of Manchester Alan Ruttenberg , Science Commons (Creative Commons) Michael Schneider , FZI Research Center for Information Technology Please refer to the errata for this document, which may include some normative corrections. A color-coded version of this document showing changes made since the previous version is also available. This document is also available in these non-normative formats: PDF version . See also translations . Copyright © 2012 W3C ® ( MIT , ERCIM , Keio ), All Rights Reserved. W3C liability , trademark and document use rules apply. Abstract The OWL 2 Web Ontology Language, informally OWL 2, is an ontology language for the Semantic Web with formally defined meaning. OWL 2 ontologies provide classes, properties, individuals, and data values and are stored as Semantic Web documents. OWL 2 ontologies can be used along with information written in RDF, and OWL 2 ontologies themselves are primarily exchanged as RDF documents. The OWL 2 Document Overview describes the overall state of OWL 2, and should be read before other OWL 2 documents. This document defines the mapping of OWL 2 ontologies into RDF graphs, and vice versa. Status of this Document May Be Superseded This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at http://www.w3.org/TR/. Summary of Changes There have been no substantive changes since the previous version . For details on the minor changes see the change log and color-coded diff . Please Send Comments Please send any comments to public-owl-comments@w3.org ( public archive ). Although work on this document by the OWL Working Group is complete, comments may be addressed in the errata or in future revisions. Open discussion among developers is welcome at public-owl-dev@w3.org ( public archive ). Endorsed By W3C This document has been reviewed by W3C Members, by software developers, and by other W3C groups and interested parties, and is endorsed by the Director as a W3C Recommendation. It is a stable document and may be used as reference material or cited from another document. W3C's role in making the Recommendation is to draw attention to the specification and to promote its widespread deployment. This enhances the functionality and interoperability of the Web. Patents This document was produced by a group operating under the 5 February 2004 W3C Patent Policy . W3C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. Table of Contents 1 Introduction and Preliminaries 2 Mapping from the Structural Specification to RDF Graphs 2.1 Translation of Axioms without Annotations 2.2 Translation of Annotations 2.3 Translation of Axioms with Annotations 2.3.1 Axioms that Generate a Main Triple 2.3.2 Axioms that are Translated to Multiple Triples 2.3.3 Axioms Represented by Blank Nodes 3 Mapping from RDF Graphs to the Structural Specification 3.1 Extracting Declarations and the IRIs of the Directly Imported Ontology Documents 3.1.1 Resolving Included RDF Graphs 3.1.2 Parsing of the Ontology Header and Declarations 3.2 Populating an Ontology 3.2.1 Analyzing Declarations 3.2.2 Parsing of Annotations 3.2.3 Parsing of Ontology Annotations 3.2.4 Parsing of Expressions 3.2.5 Parsing of Axioms 4 Appendix: Change Log (Informative) 4.1 Changes Since Recommendation 4.2 Changes Since Proposed Recommendation 4.3 Changes Since Candidate Recommendation 4.4 Changes Since Last Call 5 Acknowledgments 6 References 1 Introduction and Preliminaries This document defines two mappings between the structural specification of OWL 2 [ OWL 2 Specification ] and RDF graphs [ RDF Concepts ]. The mapping presented in Section 2 can be used to transform any OWL 2 ontology O into an RDF graph T(O) . The mapping presented in Section 3 can be used to transform an RDF graph G satisfying certain restrictions into an OWL 2 DL ontology O G . These transformations do not incur any change in the formal meaning of the ontology. More precisely, for any OWL 2 DL ontology O , let G = T(O) be the RDF graph obtained by transforming O as specified in Section 2 , and let O G be the OWL 2 DL ontology obtained by applying the reverse transformation from Section 3 to G ; then, O and O G are logically equivalent — that is, they have exactly the same set of models. The mappings presented in this document are backwards-compatible with that of OWL 1 DL: every OWL 1 DL ontology encoded as an RDF graph can be mapped into a valid OWL 2 DL ontology using the mapping from Section 3 such that the resulting OWL 2 DL ontology has exactly the same set of models as the original OWL 1 DL ontology. The syntax for triples used in this document is the one used in the RDF Semantics [ RDF Semantics ]. Full IRIs are abbreviated using the prefixes from the OWL 2 Specification [ OWL 2 Specification ]. OWL 2 ontologies mentioned in this document should be understood as instances of the structural specification of OWL 2 [ OWL 2 Specification ]; when required, these are written in this document using the functional-style syntax. The following notation is used throughout this document for referring to parts of RDF graphs: *:x denotes an IRI; _:x denotes a blank node; x denotes a blank node or an IRI; lt denotes a literal; and xlt denotes a blank node, an IRI, or a literal. The italicized keywords MUST , MUST NOT , SHOULD , SHOULD NOT , and MAY are used to specify normative features of OWL 2 documents and tools, and are interpreted as specified in RFC 2119 [ RFC 2119 ]. 2 Mapping from the Structural Specification to RDF Graphs This section defines a mapping of an OWL 2 ontology O into an RDF graph T(O) . The mapping is presented in three parts. Section 2.1 shows how to translate axioms that do not contain annotations, Section 2.2 shows how to translate annotations, and Section 2.3 shows how to translate axioms containing annotations. 2.1 Translation of Axioms without Annotations Table 1 presents the operator T that maps an OWL 2 ontology O into an RDF graph T(O) , provided that no axiom in O is annotated. The mapping is defined recursively; that is, the mapping of a construct often depends on the mappings of its subconstructs, but in a slightly unusual way: if the mapping of a construct refers to the mapping of a subconstruct, then the triples generated by the recursive invocation of the mapping on the subconstruct are added to the graph under construction, and the main node of the mapping of the subconstruct is used in place of the recursive invocation itself. The definition of the operator T uses the operator TANN in order to translate annotations. The operator TANN is defined in Section 2.2 . It takes an annotation and an IRI or a blank node and produces the triples that attach the annotation to the supplied object. In the mapping, each generated blank node (i.e., each blank node that does not correspond to an anonymous individual) is fresh in each application of a mapping rule. Furthermore, possible conditions on the mapping rules are enclosed in curly braces '{ }'. Finally, the following conventions are used in this section to denote different parts of OWL 2 ontologies: OP denotes an object property; OPE denotes an object property expression; DP denotes a data property; DPE denotes a data property expression; AP denotes an annotation property; C denotes a class; CE denotes a class expression; DT denotes a datatype; DR denotes a data range; U denotes an IRI; F denotes a constraining facet; a denotes an individual (named or anonymous); *:a denotes a named individual; lt denotes a literal; as denotes an annotation source; and av denotes an annotation value. In this section, T(SEQ y 1 ... y n ) denotes the translation of a sequence of objects from the structural specification into an RDF list, as shown in Table 1. Table 1. Transformation to Triples Element E of the Structural Specification Triples Generated in an Invocation of T(E) Main Node of T(E) SEQ rdf:nil SEQ y 1 ... y n _:x rdf:first T(y 1 ) . _:x rdf:rest T(SEQ y 2 ... y n ) . _:x Ontology( ontologyIRI [ versionIRI ] Import( importedOntologyIRI 1 ) ... Import( importedOntologyIRI k ) annotation 1 ... annotation m axiom 1 ... axiom n ) ontologyIRI rdf:type owl:Ontology . [ ontologyIRI owl:versionIRI versionIRI ] . ontologyIRI owl:imports importedOntologyIRI 1 . ... ontologyIRI owl:imports importedOntologyIRI k . TANN(annotation 1 , ontologyIRI) . ... TANN(annotation m , ontologyIRI) . T(axiom 1 ) . ... T(axiom n ) . ontologyIRI Ontology( Import( importedOntologyIRI 1 ) ... Import( importedOntologyIRI k ) annotation 1 ... annotation m axiom 1 ... axiom n ) _:x rdf:type owl:Ontology . _:x owl:imports importedOntologyIRI 1 . ... _:x owl:imports importedOntologyIRI k . TANN(annotation 1 , _:x) . ... TANN(annotation m , _:x) . T(axiom 1 ) . ... T(axiom n ) . _:x C C DT DT OP OP DP DP AP AP U U a a "abc@"^^ rdf:PlainLiteral "abc" "abc@langTag"^^ rdf:PlainLiteral "abc"@langTag lt { where lt is a literal of datatype other than rdf:PlainLiteral } lt Declaration( Datatype( DT ) ) T(DT) rdf:type rdfs:Datatype . Declaration( Class( C ) ) T(C) rdf:type owl:Class . Declaration( ObjectProperty( OP ) ) T(OP) rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty . Declaration( DataProperty( DP ) ) T(DP) rdf:type owl:DatatypeProperty . Declaration( AnnotationProperty( AP ) ) T(AP) rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . Declaration( NamedIndividual( *:a ) ) T(*:a) rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual . ObjectInverseOf( OP ) _:x owl:inverseOf T(OP) . _:x DataIntersectionOf( DR 1 ... DR n ) _:x rdf:type rdfs:Datatype . _:x owl:intersectionOf T(SEQ DR 1 ... DR n ) . _:x DataUnionOf( DR 1 ... DR n ) _:x rdf:type rdfs:Datatype . _:x owl:unionOf T(SEQ DR 1 ... DR n ) . _:x DataComplementOf( DR ) _:x rdf:type rdfs:Datatype . _:x owl:datatypeComplementOf T(DR) . _:x DataOneOf( lt 1 ... lt n ) _:x rdf:type rdfs:Datatype . _:x owl:oneOf T(SEQ lt 1 ... lt n ) . _:x DatatypeRestriction( DT F 1 lt 1 ... F n lt n ) _:x rdf:type rdfs:Datatype . _:x owl:onDatatype T(DT) . _:x owl:withRestrictions T(SEQ _:y 1 ... _:y n ) . _:y 1 F 1 lt 1 . ... _:y n F n lt n . _:x ObjectIntersectionOf( CE 1 ... CE n ) _:x rdf:type owl:Class . _:x owl:intersectionOf T(SEQ CE 1 ... CE n ) . _:x ObjectUnionOf( CE 1 ... CE n ) _:x rdf:type owl:Class . _:x owl:unionOf T(SEQ CE 1 ... CE n ) . _:x ObjectComplementOf( CE ) _:x rdf:type owl:Class . _:x owl:complementOf T(CE) . _:x ObjectOneOf( a 1 ... a n ) _:x rdf:type owl:Class . _:x owl:oneOf T(SEQ a 1 ... a n ) . _:x ObjectSomeValuesFrom( OPE CE ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(OPE) . _:x owl:someValuesFrom T(CE) . _:x ObjectAllValuesFrom( OPE CE ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(OPE) . _:x owl:allValuesFrom T(CE) . _:x ObjectHasValue( OPE a ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(OPE) . _:x owl:hasValue T(a) . _:x ObjectHasSelf( OPE ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(OPE) . _:x owl:hasSelf "true"^^ xsd:boolean . _:x ObjectMinCardinality( n OPE ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(OPE) . _:x owl:minCardinality "n"^^ xsd:nonNegativeInteger . _:x ObjectMinCardinality( n OPE CE ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(OPE) . _:x owl:minQualifiedCardinality "n"^^ xsd:nonNegativeInteger . _:x owl:onClass T(CE) . _:x ObjectMaxCardinality( n OPE ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(OPE) . _:x owl:maxCardinality "n"^^ xsd:nonNegativeInteger . _:x ObjectMaxCardinality( n OPE CE ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(OPE) . _:x owl:maxQualifiedCardinality "n"^^ xsd:nonNegativeInteger . _:x owl:onClass T(CE) . _:x ObjectExactCardinality( n OPE ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(OPE) . _:x owl:cardinality "n"^^ xsd:nonNegativeInteger . _:x ObjectExactCardinality( n OPE CE ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(OPE) . _:x owl:qualifiedCardinality "n"^^ xsd:nonNegativeInteger . _:x owl:onClass T(CE) . _:x DataSomeValuesFrom( DPE DR ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(DPE) . _:x owl:someValuesFrom T(DR) . _:x DataSomeValuesFrom( DPE 1 ... DPE n DR ), n ≥ 2 _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperties T(SEQ DPE 1 ... DPE n ) . _:x owl:someValuesFrom T(DR) . _:x DataAllValuesFrom( DPE DR ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(DPE) . _:x owl:allValuesFrom T(DR) . _:x DataAllValuesFrom( DPE 1 ... DPE n DR ), n ≥ 2 _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperties T(SEQ DPE 1 ... DPE n ) . _:x owl:allValuesFrom T(DR) . _:x DataHasValue( DPE lt ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(DPE) . _:x owl:hasValue T(lt) . _:x DataMinCardinality( n DPE ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(DPE) . _:x owl:minCardinality "n"^^ xsd:nonNegativeInteger . _:x DataMinCardinality( n DPE DR ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(DPE) . _:x owl:minQualifiedCardinality "n"^^ xsd:nonNegativeInteger . _:x owl:onDataRange T(DR) . _:x DataMaxCardinality( n DPE ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(DPE) . _:x owl:maxCardinality "n"^^ xsd:nonNegativeInteger . _:x DataMaxCardinality( n DPE DR ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(DPE) . _:x owl:maxQualifiedCardinality "n"^^ xsd:nonNegativeInteger . _:x owl:onDataRange T(DR) . _:x DataExactCardinality( n DPE ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(DPE) . _:x owl:cardinality "n"^^ xsd:nonNegativeInteger . _:x DataExactCardinality( n DPE DR ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty T(DPE) . _:x owl:qualifiedCardinality "n"^^ xsd:nonNegativeInteger . _:x owl:onDataRange T(DR) . _:x SubClassOf( CE 1 CE 2 ) T(CE 1 ) rdfs:subClassOf T(CE 2 ) . EquivalentClasses( CE 1 ... CE n ) T(CE 1 ) owl:equivalentClass T(CE 2 ) . ... T(CE n-1 ) owl:equivalentClass T(CE n ) . DisjointClasses( CE 1 CE 2 ) T(CE 1 ) owl:disjointWith T(CE 2 ) . DisjointClasses( CE 1 ... CE n ), n > 2 _:x rdf:type owl:AllDisjointClasses . _:x owl:members T(SEQ CE 1 ... CE n ) . DisjointUnion( C CE 1 ... CE n ) T(C) owl:disjointUnionOf T(SEQ CE 1 ... CE n ) . SubObjectPropertyOf( OPE 1 OPE 2 ) T(OPE 1 ) rdfs:subPropertyOf T(OPE 2 ) . SubObjectPropertyOf( ObjectPropertyChain( OPE 1 ... OPE n ) OPE ) T(OPE) owl:propertyChainAxiom T(SEQ OPE 1 ... OPE n ) . EquivalentObjectProperties( OPE 1 ... OPE n ) T(OPE 1 ) owl:equivalentProperty T(OPE 2 ) . ... T(OPE n-1 ) owl:equivalentProperty T(OPE n ) . DisjointObjectProperties( OPE 1 OPE 2 ) T(OPE 1 ) owl:propertyDisjointWith T(OPE 2 ) . DisjointObjectProperties( OPE 1 ... OPE n ), n > 2 _:x rdf:type owl:AllDisjointProperties . _:x owl:members T(SEQ OPE 1 ... OPE n ) . ObjectPropertyDomain( OPE CE ) T(OPE) rdfs:domain T(CE) . ObjectPropertyRange( OPE CE ) T(OPE) rdfs:range T(CE) . InverseObjectProperties( OPE 1 OPE 2 ) T(OPE 1 ) owl:inverseOf T(OPE 2 ) . FunctionalObjectProperty( OPE ) T(OPE) rdf:type owl:FunctionalProperty . InverseFunctionalObjectProperty( OPE ) T(OPE) rdf:type owl:InverseFunctionalProperty . ReflexiveObjectProperty( OPE ) T(OPE) rdf:type owl:ReflexiveProperty . IrreflexiveObjectProperty( OPE ) T(OPE) rdf:type owl:IrreflexiveProperty . SymmetricObjectProperty( OPE ) T(OPE) rdf:type owl:SymmetricProperty . AsymmetricObjectProperty( OPE ) T(OPE) rdf:type owl:AsymmetricProperty . TransitiveObjectProperty( OPE ) T(OPE) rdf:type owl:TransitiveProperty . SubDataPropertyOf( DPE 1 DPE 2 ) T(DPE 1 ) rdfs:subPropertyOf T(DPE 2 ) . EquivalentDataProperties( DPE 1 ... DPE n ) T(DPE 1 ) owl:equivalentProperty T(DPE 2 ) . ... T(DPE n-1 ) owl:equivalentProperty T(DPE n ) . DisjointDataProperties( DPE 1 DPE 2 ) T(DPE 1 ) owl:propertyDisjointWith T(DPE 2 ) . DisjointDataProperties( DPE 1 ... DPE n ), n > 2 _:x rdf:type owl:AllDisjointProperties . _:x owl:members T(SEQ DPE 1 ... DPE n ) . DataPropertyDomain( DPE CE ) T(DPE) rdfs:domain T(CE) . DataPropertyRange( DPE DR ) T(DPE) rdfs:range T(DR) . FunctionalDataProperty( DPE ) T(DPE) rdf:type owl:FunctionalProperty . DatatypeDefinition( DT DR ) T(DT) owl:equivalentClass T(DR) . HasKey( CE ( OPE 1 ... OPE m ) ( DPE 1 ... DPE n ) ) T(CE) owl:hasKey T(SEQ OPE 1 ... OPE m DPE 1 ... DPE n ) . SameIndividual( a 1 ... a n ) T(a 1 ) owl:sameAs T(a 2 ) . ... T(a n-1 ) owl:sameAs T(a n ) . DifferentIndividuals( a 1 a 2 ) T(a 1 ) owl:differentFrom T(a 2 ) . DifferentIndividuals( a 1 ... a n ), n > 2 _:x rdf:type owl:AllDifferent . _:x owl:members T(SEQ a 1 ... a n ) . ClassAssertion( CE a ) T(a) rdf:type T(CE) . ObjectPropertyAssertion( OP a 1 a 2 ) T(a 1 ) T(OP) T(a 2 ) . ObjectPropertyAssertion( ObjectInverseOf( OP ) a 1 a 2 ) T(a 2 ) T(OP) T(a 1 ) . NegativeObjectPropertyAssertion( OPE a 1 a 2 ) _:x rdf:type owl:NegativePropertyAssertion . _:x owl:sourceIndividual T(a 1 ) . _:x owl:assertionProperty T(OPE) . _:x owl:targetIndividual T(a 2 ) . DataPropertyAssertion( DPE a lt ) T(a) T(DPE) T(lt) . NegativeDataPropertyAssertion( DPE a lt ) _:x rdf:type owl:NegativePropertyAssertion . _:x owl:sourceIndividual T(a) . _:x owl:assertionProperty T(DPE) . _:x owl:targetValue T(lt) . AnnotationAssertion( AP as av ) T(as) T(AP) T(av) . SubAnnotationPropertyOf( AP 1 AP 2 ) T(AP 1 ) rdfs:subPropertyOf T(AP 2 ) . AnnotationPropertyDomain( AP U ) T(AP) rdfs:domain T(U) . AnnotationPropertyRange( AP U ) T(AP) rdfs:range T(U) . 2.2 Translation of Annotations The operator TANN , which translates annotations and attaches them to an IRI or a blank node, is defined in Table 2. Table 2. Translation of Annotations Annotation ann Triples Generated in an Invocation of TANN(ann, y) Annotation( AP av ) T(y) T(AP) T(av) . Annotation( annotation 1 ... annotation n AP av ) T(y) T(AP) T(av) . _:x rdf:type owl:Annotation . _:x owl:annotatedSource T(y) . _:x owl:annotatedProperty T(AP) . _:x owl:annotatedTarget T(av) . TANN(annotation 1 , _:x) ... TANN(annotation n , _:x) Let ann be the following annotation. Annotation( rdfs:label "Peter Griffin" ) An invocation of TANN(ann, a:Peter) then produces the following triples. a:Peter rdfs:label "Peter Griffin" . Let ann be the following annotation, which is itself annotated. Annotation( Annotation( a:author a:Seth_MacFarlane ) rdfs:label "Peter Griffin" ) An invocation of TANN(ann, a:Peter) then produces the following triples: a:Peter rdfs:label "Peter Griffin" . _:x rdf:type owl:Annotation . _:x owl:annotatedSource a:Peter . _:x owl:annotatedProperty rdfs:label . _:x owl:annotatedTarget "Peter Griffin" . _:x a:author a:Seth_MacFarlane . 2.3 Translation of Axioms with Annotations If an axiom ax contains embedded annotations annotation 1 ... annotation m , its serialization into RDF depends on the type of the axiom. Let ax' be the axiom that is obtained from ax by removing all axiom annotations. 2.3.1 Axioms that Generate a Main Triple If the row of Table 1 corresponding to the type of ax' contains a single main triple s p xlt . , then the axiom ax is translated into the following triples: s p xlt . _:x rdf:type owl:Axiom . _:x owl:annotatedSource s . _:x owl:annotatedProperty p . _:x owl:annotatedTarget xlt . TANN(annotation 1 , _:x) ... TANN(annotation m , _:x) This is the case if ax' is of type SubClassOf , DisjointClasses with two classes, SubObjectPropertyOf without a property chain as the subproperty expression, SubDataPropertyOf , ObjectPropertyDomain , DataPropertyDomain , ObjectPropertyRange , DataPropertyRange , InverseObjectProperties , FunctionalObjectProperty , FunctionalDataProperty , InverseFunctionalObjectProperty , ReflexiveObjectProperty , IrreflexiveObjectProperty , SymmetricObjectProperty , AsymmetricObjectProperty , TransitiveObjectProperty , DisjointObjectProperties with two properties, DisjointDataProperties with two properties, ClassAssertion , ObjectPropertyAssertion , DataPropertyAssertion , Declaration , DifferentIndividuals with two individuals, or AnnotationAssertion . Consider the following subclass axiom: SubClassOf( Annotation( rdfs:comment "Children are people." ) a:Child a:Person ) Without the annotation, the axiom would be translated into the following triple: a:Child rdfs:subClassOf a:Person . Thus, the annotated axiom is transformed into the following triples: a:Child rdfs:subClassOf a:Person . _:x rdf:type owl:Axiom . _:x owl:annotatedSource a:Child . _:x owl:annotatedProperty rdfs:subClassOf . _:x owl:annotatedTarget a:Person . _:x rdfs:comment "Children are people." . For ax' of type DisjointUnion , SubObjectPropertyOf with a subproperty chain, or HasKey , the first triple from the corresponding row of Table 1 is the main triple and it is subjected to the transformation described above; the other triples from the corresponding row of Table 1 — called side triples — are output without any change. Consider the following subproperty axiom: SubObjectPropertyOf( Annotation( rdfs:comment "An aunt is a mother's sister." ) ObjectPropertyChain( a:hasMother a:hasSister ) a:hasAunt ) ) Without the annotation, the axiom would be translated into the following triples: a:hasAunt owl:propertyChainAxiom _:y 1 . _:y 1 rdf:first a:hasMother . _:y 1 rdf:rest _:y 2 . _:y 2 rdf:first a:hasSister . _:y 2 rdf:rest rdf:nil . In order to capture the annotation on the axiom, the first triple plays the role of the main triple for the axiom, so it is represented using a fresh blank node _:x in order to be able to attach the annotation to it. The original triple is output alongside all other triples as well. _:x rdf:type owl:Axiom . _:x owl:annotatedSource a:hasAunt . _:x owl:annotatedProperty owl:propertyChainAxiom . _:x owl:annotatedTarget _:y 1 . _:x rdfs:comment "An aunt is a mother's sister." . a:hasAunt owl:propertyChainAxiom _:y 1 . _:y 1 rdf:first a:hasMother . _:y 1 rdf:rest _:y 2 . _:y 2 rdf:first a:hasSister . _:y 2 rdf:rest rdf:nil . Consider the following key axiom: HasKey( Annotation( rdfs:comment "SSN uniquely determines a person." ) a:Person () ( a:hasSSN ) ) Without the annotation, the axiom would be translated into the following triples: a:Person owl:hasKey _:y . _:y rdf:first a:hasSSN . _:y rdf:rest rdf:nil . In order to capture the annotation on the axiom, the first triple plays the role of the main triple for the axiom, so it is represented using a fresh blank node _:x in order to be able to attach the annotation to it. _:x rdf:type owl:Axiom . _:x owl:annotatedSource a:Person . _:x owl:annotatedProperty owl:hasKey . _:x owl:annotatedTarget _:y . _:x rdfs:comment "SSN uniquely determines a person." . a:Person owl:hasKey _:y . _:y rdf:first a:hasSSN . _:y rdf:rest rdf:nil . 2.3.2 Axioms that are Translated to Multiple Triples If the axiom ax' is of type EquivalentClasses , EquivalentObjectProperties , EquivalentDataProperties , or SameIndividual , its translation into RDF can be broken up into several RDF triples (because RDF can only represent binary relations). In this case, each of the RDF triples obtained by the translation of ax' is transformed as described in previous section, and the annotations are repeated for each of the triples obtained in the translation. Consider the following individual equality axiom: SameIndividual( Annotation( a:source a:Fox ) a:Meg a:Megan a:Megan_Griffin ) This axiom is first split into the following equalities between pairs of individuals, and the annotation is repeated on each axiom obtained in this process: SameIndividual( Annotation( a:source a:Fox ) a:Meg a:Megan ) SameIndividual( Annotation( a:source a:Fox ) a:Megan a:Megan_Griffin ) Each of these axioms is now transformed into triples as explained in the previous section: a:Meg owl:sameAs a:Megan . _:x 1 rdf:type owl:Axiom . _:x 1 owl:annotatedSource a:Meg . _:x 1 owl:annotatedProperty owl:sameAs . _:x 1 owl:annotatedTarget a:Megan . _:x 1 a:source a:Fox . a:Megan owl:sameAs a:Megan_Griffin . _:x 2 rdf:type owl:Axiom . _:x 2 owl:annotatedSource a:Megan . _:x 2 owl:annotatedProperty owl:sameAs . _:x 2 owl:annotatedTarget a:Megan_Griffin . _:x 2 a:source a:Fox . 2.3.3 Axioms Represented by Blank Nodes If the axiom ax' is of type NegativeObjectPropertyAssertion , NegativeDataPropertyAssertion , DisjointClasses with more than two classes, DisjointObjectProperties with more than two properties, DisjointDataProperties with more than two properties, or DifferentIndividuals with more than two individuals, then its translation already requires introducing a blank node _:x . In such cases, ax is translated by first translating ax' into _:x as shown in Table 1, and then attaching the annotations of ax to _:x . Consider the following negative object property assertion: NegativeObjectPropertyAssertion( Annotation( a:author a:Seth_MacFarlane ) a:brotherOf a:Chris a:Stewie ) Even without the annotation, this axiom would be represented using a blank node. The annotation can readily be attached to this node, so the axiom is transformed into the following triples: _:x rdf:type owl:NegativePropertyAssertion . _:x owl:sourceIndividual a:Chris . _:x owl:assertionProperty a:brotherOf . _:x owl:targetIndividual a:Stewie . _:x a:author a:Seth_MacFarlane . 3 Mapping from RDF Graphs to the Structural Specification This section specifies the results of steps CP 2.2 and CP 3.3 of the canonical parsing process from Section 3.6 of the OWL 2 Specification [ OWL 2 Specification ] on an ontology document D that can be parsed into an RDF graph G . An OWL 2 tool MAY implement these steps in any way it chooses; however, the results MUST be structurally equivalent to the ones defined in the following sections. These steps do not depend on the RDF syntax used to encode the RDF graph in D ; therefore, the ontology document D is identified in this section with the corresponding RDF graph G . An RDF syntax ontology document is any document accessible from some given IRI that can be parsed into an RDF graph, and that then be transformed into an OWL 2 ontology by the canonical parsing process instantiated as specified in this section. The following sections contain rules in which triple patterns are matched to G . Note that if a triple pattern contains a variable number of triples, the maximal possible subset of G MUST be matched. The following notation is used in the patterns: The notation NN_INT(n) can be matched to any literal whose value n is a nonnegative integer. Possible conditions on the pattern are enclosed in curly braces '{ }'. Some patterns use optional parts, which are enclosed in square brackets '[ ]'. The abbreviation T(SEQ y 1 ... y n ) denotes the pattern corresponding to RDF lists, as shown in Table 3. When a list pattern is matched to G , all list variables _:x i and _:x j with i ≠ j MUST be matched to different nodes; furthermore, it MUST NOT be possible to match the list pattern to two maximal subsets of G such that some list variable in the first pattern instance is matched to the same node as some (possibly different) variable in the second pattern instance. This is necessary in order to detect malformed lists such as lists with internal cycles, lists that share tails, and lists that cross. Table 3. Patterns Corresponding to RDF Lists Sequence S Triples Corresponding to T(S) Main Node of T(S) SEQ rdf:nil SEQ y _:x rdf:first y . _:x rdf:rest rdf:nil . _:x SEQ y 1 ... y n { n>1 } _:x 1 rdf:first y 1 . _:x 1 rdf:rest _:x 2 . ... _:x n rdf:first y n . _:x n rdf:rest rdf:nil . _:x 1 3.1 Extracting Declarations and the IRIs of the Directly Imported Ontology Documents This section specifies the result of step CP 2.2 of the canonical parsing process on an RDF graph G . 3.1.1 Resolving Included RDF Graphs For backwards compatibility with OWL 1 DL, if G contains an owl:imports triple pointing to an RDF document encoding an RDF graph G' where G' does not have an ontology header, this owl:imports triple is interpreted as an include rather than an import — that is, the triples of G' are included into G and are not parsed into a separate ontology. To achieve this, the following transformation is applied to G as long as the following rule is applicable to G . If G contains a pair of triples of the form x rdf:type owl:Ontology . x owl:imports *:y . and the values for x and *:y have not already been considered, the following actions are performed: The document accessible from the IRI *:y is retrieved using the augmented retrieval process from Section 3.2 of the OWL 2 Specification [ OWL 2 Specification ]. The document is parsed into an RDF graph G' . If the parsing succeeds and the graph G' does not contain a triple of the form z rdf:type owl:Ontology . then G' is merged (as in the RDF Semantics [ RDF Semantics ]) into G and the triple x owl:imports *:y . is removed from G . 3.1.2 Parsing of the Ontology Header and Declarations Next, the ontology header is extracted from G by matching patterns from Table 4 to G . It MUST be possible to match exactly one such pattern to G in exactly one way. The matched triples are removed from G . The set Imp(G) of the IRIs of ontology documents that are directly imported into G contains exactly all *:z 1 , ..., *:z k that are matched in the pattern. Table 4. Parsing of the Ontology Header If G contains this pattern... ...then the ontology header has this form. *:x rdf:type owl:Ontology . [ *:x owl:versionIRI *:y .] *:x owl:imports *:z 1 . ... *:x owl:imports *:z k . { k ≥ 0 and the following triple pattern cannot be matched in G : u w *:x . u rdf:type owl:Ontology . w rdf:type owl:OntologyProperty . } Ontology( *:x [ *:y ] Import( *:z 1 ) ... Import( *:z k ) ... ) _:x rdf:type owl:Ontology . _:x owl:imports *:z 1 . ... _:x owl:imports *:z k . { k ≥ 0 and the following triple pattern cannot be matched in G : u w _:x . u rdf:type owl:Ontology . w rdf:type owl:OntologyProperty . } Ontology( Import( *:z 1 ) ... Import( *:z k ) ... ) Next, for backwards compatibility with OWL 1 DL, certain redundant triples are removed from G . In particular, if the triple pattern from the left-hand side of Table 5 is matched in G , then the triples on the right-hand side of Table 5 are removed from G . Table 5. Triples to be Removed for Backwards Compatibility with OWL 1 DL If G contains this pattern... ...then these triples are removed from G . x rdf:type owl:Ontology . x rdf:type owl:Ontology . x rdf:type owl:Class . x rdf:type rdfs:Class . x rdf:type rdfs:Class . x rdf:type rdfs:Datatype . x rdf:type rdfs:Class . x rdf:type rdfs:Class . x rdf:type owl:DataRange . x rdf:type rdfs:Class . x rdf:type rdfs:Class . x rdf:type owl:Restriction . x rdf:type rdfs:Class . x rdf:type rdfs:Class . x rdf:type owl:Restriction . x rdf:type owl:Class . x rdf:type owl:Class . x rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty . x rdf:type rdf:Property . x rdf:type rdf:Property . x rdf:type owl:FunctionalProperty . x rdf:type rdf:Property . x rdf:type rdf:Property . x rdf:type owl:InverseFunctionalProperty . x rdf:type rdf:Property . x rdf:type rdf:Property . x rdf:type owl:TransitiveProperty . x rdf:type rdf:Property . x rdf:type rdf:Property . x rdf:type owl:DatatypeProperty . x rdf:type rdf:Property . x rdf:type rdf:Property . x rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . x rdf:type rdf:Property . x rdf:type rdf:Property . x rdf:type owl:OntologyProperty . x rdf:type rdf:Property . x rdf:type rdf:Property . x rdf:type rdf:List . x rdf:first y . x rdf:rest z . x rdf:type rdf:List . Next, for backwards compatibility with OWL 1 DL, G is modified such that declarations can be properly extracted in the next step. When a triple pattern from the first column of Table 6 is matched in G , the matching triples are replaced in G with the triples from the second column. This matching phase stops when matching a pattern and replacing it as specified does not change G . Note that G is a set and thus cannot contain duplicate triples, so this last condition prevents infinite matches. Table 6. Additional Declaration Triples If G contains this pattern... ...then the matched triples are replaced in G with these triples. *:x rdf:type owl:OntologyProperty . *:x rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . *:x rdf:type owl:InverseFunctionalProperty . *:x rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty . *:x rdf:type owl:InverseFunctionalProperty . *:x rdf:type owl:TransitiveProperty . *:x rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty . *:x rdf:type owl:TransitiveProperty . *:x rdf:type owl:SymmetricProperty . *:x rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty . *:x rdf:type owl:SymmetricProperty . Next, the set of declarations Decl(G) is extracted from G according to Table 7. The matched triples are not removed from G — the triples from Table 7 can contain annotations so, in order to correctly parse the annotations, they will be matched again in the step described in Section 3.2.5 . Table 7. Parsing Declarations in G If G contains this pattern... ...then this declaration is added to Decl(G) . *:x rdf:type owl:Class . Declaration( Class( *:x ) ) *:x rdf:type rdfs:Datatype . Declaration( Datatype( *:x ) ) *:x rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty . Declaration( ObjectProperty( *:x ) ) *:x rdf:type owl:DatatypeProperty . Declaration( DataProperty( *:x ) ) *:x rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . Declaration( AnnotationProperty( *:x ) ) *:x rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual . Declaration( NamedIndividual( *:x ) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Axiom . _:x owl:annotatedSource *:y . _:x owl:annotatedProperty rdf:type . _:x owl:annotatedTarget owl:Class . Declaration( Class( *:y ) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Axiom . _:x owl:annotatedSource *:y . _:x owl:annotatedProperty rdf:type . _:x owl:annotatedTarget rdfs:Datatype . Declaration( Datatype( *:y ) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Axiom . _:x owl:annotatedSource *:y . _:x owl:annotatedProperty rdf:type . _:x owl:annotatedTarget owl:ObjectProperty . Declaration( ObjectProperty( *:y ) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Axiom . _:x owl:annotatedSource *:y . _:x owl:annotatedProperty rdf:type . _:x owl:annotatedTarget owl:DatatypeProperty . Declaration( DataProperty( *:y ) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Axiom . _:x owl:annotatedSource *:y . _:x owl:annotatedProperty rdf:type . _:x owl:annotatedTarget owl:AnnotationProperty . Declaration( AnnotationProperty( *:y ) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Axiom . _:x owl:annotatedSource *:y . _:x owl:annotatedProperty rdf:type . _:x owl:annotatedTarget owl:NamedIndividual . Declaration( NamedIndividual( *:y ) ) Finally, the set RIND of blank nodes used in reification is identified. This is done by initially setting RIND = ∅ and then applying the patterns shown in Table 8. The matched triples are not deleted from G . Table 8. Identifying Reification Blank Nodes If G contains this pattern, then _:x is added to RIND . _:x rdf:type owl:Axiom . _:x rdf:type owl:Annotation . _:x rdf:type owl:AllDisjointClasses . _:x rdf:type owl:AllDisjointProperties . _:x rdf:type owl:AllDifferent . _:x rdf:type owl:NegativePropertyAssertion . 3.2 Populating an Ontology This section specifies the result of step CP 3.3 of the canonical parsing process on an RDF graph G , the corresponding instance O G of the Ontology class, and the set AllDecl(G) of all declarations for G computed as specified in step CP 3.1 of the canonical parsing process. 3.2.1 Analyzing Declarations The following functions map an IRI or a blank node x occurring in G into an object of the structural specification. In particular, CE(x) maps x into a class expression, DR(x) maps x into a data range, OPE(x) maps x into an object property expression, DPE(x) maps x into a data property expression, and AP(x) maps x into an annotation property. Initially, these functions are undefined for all IRIs and blank nodes occurring in G ; this is written as CE(x) = ε , DR(x) = ε , OPE(x) = ε , DPE(x) = ε , and AP(x) = ε . The functions are updated as parsing progresses. All of the following conditions MUST be satisfied at any given point in time during parsing. For each x , at most one of OPE(x) , DPE(x) , and AP(x) is defined. For each x , at most one of CE(x) and DR(x) is defined. Furthermore, the value of any of these functions for any x MUST NOT be redefined during parsing (i.e., if a function is not undefined for x , no attempt should be made to change the function's value for x ). Functions CE , DR , OPE , DPE , and AP are initialized as shown in Table 9. Table 9. Initialization of CE , DR , OPE , DPE , and AP If AllDecl(G) contains this declaration... ...then perform this assignment. Declaration( Class( *:x ) ) CE(*:x) := a class with the IRI *:x Declaration( Datatype( *:x ) ) DR(*:x) := a datatype with the IRI *:x Declaration( ObjectProperty( *:x ) ) OPE(*:x) := an object property with the IRI *:x Declaration( DataProperty( *:x ) ) DPE(*:x) := a data property with the IRI *:x Declaration( AnnotationProperty( *:x ) ) AP(*:x) := an annotation property with the IRI *:x 3.2.2 Parsing of Annotations The annotations in G are parsed next. The function ANN assigns a set of annotations ANN(x) to each IRI or blank node x . This function is initialized by setting ANN(x) = ∅ for each each IRI or blank node x . Next, the triple patterns from Table 10 are matched in G and, for each matched pattern, ANN(x) is extended with an annotation from the right column. Each time one of these triple patterns is matched, the matched triples are removed from G . This process is repeated until no further matches are possible. Table 10. Parsing of Annotations If G contains this pattern... ...then this annotation is added to ANN(x) . x *:y xlt . { AP(*:y) ≠ ε and there is no blank node _:w such that G contains the following triples: _:w rdf:type owl:Annotation . _:w owl:annotatedSource x . _:w owl:annotatedProperty *:y . _:w owl:annotatedTarget xlt . } Annotation( *:y xlt ) x *:y xlt . _:w rdf:type owl:Annotation . _:w owl:annotatedSource x . _:w owl:annotatedProperty *:y . _:w owl:annotatedTarget xlt . { AP(*:y) ≠ ε and no other triple in G contains _:w in subject or object position } Annotation( ANN(_:w) *:y xlt ) 3.2.3 Parsing of Ontology Annotations Let x be the node that was matched in G to *:x or _:x according to the patterns from Table 4; then, ANN(x) determines the set of ontology annotations of O G . 3.2.4 Parsing of Expressions Next, functions OPE , DR , and CE are extended as shown in Tables 11, 12, and 13, as well as in Tables 14 and 15. The patterns in the latter two tables are not generated by the mapping from Section 2 , but they can be present in RDF graphs that encode OWL 1 DL ontologies. Each time a pattern is matched, the matched triples are removed from G . Pattern matching is repeated until no triple pattern can be matched to G . Table 11. Parsing Object Property Expressions If G contains this pattern... ...then OPE(_:x) is set to this object property expression. _:x owl:inverseOf *:y . { OPE(_:x) = ε and OPE(*:y) ≠ ε } ObjectInverseOf( OPE(*:y) ) Table 12. Parsing of Data Ranges If G contains this pattern... ...then DR(_:x) is set to this data range. _:x rdf:type rdfs:Datatype . _:x owl:intersectionOf T(SEQ y 1 ... y n ) . { n ≥ 2 and DR(y i ) ≠ ε for each 1 ≤ i ≤ n } DataIntersectionOf( DR(y 1 ) ... DR(y n ) ) _:x rdf:type rdfs:Datatype . _:x owl:unionOf T(SEQ y 1 ... y n ) . { n ≥ 2 and DR(y i ) ≠ ε for each 1 ≤ i ≤ n } DataUnionOf( DR(y 1 ) ... DR(y n ) ) _:x rdf:type rdfs:Datatype . _:x owl:datatypeComplementOf y . { DR(y) ≠ ε } DataComplementOf( DR(y) ) _:x rdf:type rdfs:Datatype . _:x owl:oneOf T(SEQ lt 1 ... lt n ) . { n ≥ 1 } DataOneOf( lt 1 ... lt n ) _:x rdf:type rdfs:Datatype . _:x owl:onDatatype *:y . _:x owl:withRestrictions T(SEQ _:z 1 ... _:z n ) . _:z 1 *:w 1 lt 1 . ... _:z n *:w n lt n . { DR(*:y) is a datatype } DatatypeRestriction( DR(*:y) *:w 1 lt 1 ... *:w n lt n ) Table 13. Parsing of Class Expressions If G contains this pattern... ...then CE(_:x) is set to this class expression. _:x rdf:type owl:Class . _:x owl:intersectionOf T(SEQ y 1 ... y n ) . { n ≥ 2 and CE(y i ) ≠ ε for each 1 ≤ i ≤ n } ObjectIntersectionOf( CE(y 1 ) ... CE(y n ) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Class . _:x owl:unionOf T(SEQ y 1 ... y n ) . { n ≥ 2 and CE(y i ) ≠ ε for each 1 ≤ i ≤ n } ObjectUnionOf( CE(y 1 ) ... CE(y n ) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Class . _:x owl:complementOf y . { CE(y) ≠ ε } ObjectComplementOf( CE(y) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Class . _:x owl:oneOf T(SEQ *:y 1 ... *:y n ) . { n ≥ 1 } ObjectOneOf( *:y 1 ... *:y n ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty y . _:x owl:someValuesFrom z . { OPE(y) ≠ ε and CE(z) ≠ ε } ObjectSomeValuesFrom( OPE(y) CE(z) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty y . _:x owl:allValuesFrom z . { OPE(y) ≠ ε and CE(z) ≠ ε } ObjectAllValuesFrom( OPE(y) CE(z) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty y . _:x owl:hasValue *:z . { OPE(y) ≠ ε } ObjectHasValue( OPE(y) *:z ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty y . _:x owl:hasSelf "true"^^ xsd:boolean . { OPE(y) ≠ ε } ObjectHasSelf( OPE(y) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:minQualifiedCardinality NN_INT(n) . _:x owl:onProperty y . _:x owl:onClass z . { OPE(y) ≠ ε and CE(z) ≠ ε } ObjectMinCardinality( n OPE(y) CE(z) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:maxQualifiedCardinality NN_INT(n) . _:x owl:onProperty y . _:x owl:onClass z . { OPE(y) ≠ ε and CE(z) ≠ ε } ObjectMaxCardinality( n OPE(y) CE(z) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:qualifiedCardinality NN_INT(n) . _:x owl:onProperty y . _:x owl:onClass z . { OPE(y) ≠ ε and CE(z) ≠ ε } ObjectExactCardinality( n OPE(y) CE(z) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:minCardinality NN_INT(n) . _:x owl:onProperty y . { OPE(y) ≠ ε } ObjectMinCardinality( n OPE(y) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:maxCardinality NN_INT(n) . _:x owl:onProperty y . { OPE(y) ≠ ε } ObjectMaxCardinality( n OPE(y) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:cardinality NN_INT(n) . _:x owl:onProperty y . { OPE(y) ≠ ε } ObjectExactCardinality( n OPE(y) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty y . _:x owl:hasValue lt . { DPE(y) ≠ ε } DataHasValue( DPE(y) lt ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty y . _:x owl:someValuesFrom z . { DPE(y) ≠ ε and DR(z) ≠ ε } DataSomeValuesFrom( DPE(y) DR(z) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperties T(SEQ y 1 ... y n ) . _:x owl:someValuesFrom z . { n ≥ 1, DPE(y i ) ≠ ε for each 1 ≤ i ≤ n, and DR(z) ≠ ε } DataSomeValuesFrom( DPE(y 1 ) ... DPE(y n ) DR(z) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperty y . _:x owl:allValuesFrom z . { DPE(y) ≠ ε and DR(z) ≠ ε } DataAllValuesFrom( DPE(y) DR(z) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:onProperties T(SEQ y 1 ... y n ) . _:x owl:allValuesFrom z . { n ≥ 1, DPE(y i ) ≠ ε for each 1 ≤ i ≤ n, and DR(z) ≠ ε } DataAllValuesFrom( DPE(y 1 ) ... DPE(y n ) DR(z) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:minQualifiedCardinality NN_INT(n) . _:x owl:onProperty y . _:x owl:onDataRange z . { DPE(y) ≠ ε and DR(z) ≠ ε } DataMinCardinality( n DPE(y) DR(z) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:maxQualifiedCardinality NN_INT(n) . _:x owl:onProperty y . _:x owl:onDataRange z . { DPE(y) ≠ ε and DR(z) ≠ ε } DataMaxCardinality( n DPE(y) DR(z) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:qualifiedCardinality NN_INT(n) . _:x owl:onProperty y . _:x owl:onDataRange z . { DPE(y) ≠ ε and DR(z) ≠ ε } DataExactCardinality( n DPE(y) DR(z) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:minCardinality NN_INT(n) . _:x owl:onProperty y . { DPE(y) ≠ ε } DataMinCardinality( n DPE(y) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:maxCardinality NN_INT(n) . _:x owl:onProperty y . { DPE(y) ≠ ε } DataMaxCardinality( n DPE(y) ) _:x rdf:type owl:Restriction . _:x owl:cardinality NN_INT(n) . _:x owl:onProperty y . { DPE(y) ≠ ε } DataExactCardinality( n DPE(y) ) Table 14. Parsing of Data Ranges for Compatibility with OWL 1 DL If G contains this pattern... ...then DR(_:x) is set to this object property expression. _:x rdf:type owl:DataRange . _:x owl:oneOf T(SEQ lt 1 ... lt n ) . { n ≥ 1 } DataOneOf( lt 1 ... lt n ) _:x rdf:type owl:DataRange . _:x owl:oneOf T(SEQ) . DataComplementOf( rdfs:Literal ) Table 15. Parsing of Class Expressions for Compatibility with OWL 1 DL If G contains this pattern... ...then CE(_:x) is set to this class expression. _:x rdf:type owl:Class . _:x owl:unionOf T(SEQ) . owl:Nothing _:x rdf:type owl:Class . _:x owl:unionOf T(SEQ y) . { CE(y) ≠ ε } CE(y) _:x rdf:type owl:Class . _:x owl:intersectionOf T(SEQ) . owl:Thing _:x rdf:type owl:Class . _:x owl:intersectionOf T(SEQ y) . { CE(y) ≠ ε } CE(y) _:x rdf:type owl:Class . _:x owl:oneOf T(SEQ) . owl:Nothing 3.2.5 Parsing of Axioms Next, O G is populated with axioms. For clarity, the axiom patterns are split into two tables. Table 16 presents the patterns for axioms without annotations. Annotated axioms are parsed as follows: In case of the patterns for owl:AllDisjointClasses , owl:AllDisjointProperties , owl:AllDifferent , and owl:NegativePropertyAssertion , axiom annotations are defined by ANN(_:x) . For all other axioms, axiom annotations are obtained by additionally matching patterns from Table 17 in G during axiom matching. The axioms in G are parsed as follows: All annotated axioms are parsed first. Only when no pattern for annotated axioms can be matched in G , then the patterns for axioms without annotations are matched. In either case, each time a triple pattern is matched, the matched triples are removed from G . Table 16. Parsing of Axioms without Annotations If G contains this pattern... ...then the following axiom is added to O G . *:x rdf:type owl:Class . Declaration( Class( *:x ) ) *:x rdf:type rdfs:Datatype . Declaration( Datatype( *:x ) ) *:x rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty . Declaration( ObjectProperty( *:x ) ) *:x rdf:type owl:DatatypeProperty . Declaration( DataProperty( *:x ) ) *:x rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . Declaration( AnnotationProperty( *:x ) ) *:x rdf:type owl:NamedIndividual . Declaration( NamedIndividual( *:x ) ) x rdfs:subClassOf y . { CE(x) ≠ ε and CE(y) ≠ ε } SubClassOf( CE(x) CE(y) ) x owl:equivalentClass y . { CE(x) ≠ ε and CE(y) ≠ ε } EquivalentClasses( CE(x) CE(y) ) x owl:disjointWith y . { CE(x) ≠ ε and CE(y) ≠ ε } DisjointClasses( CE(x) CE(y) ) _:x rdf:type owl:AllDisjointClasses . _:x owl:members T(SEQ y 1 ... y n ) . { n ≥ 2 and CE(y i ) ≠ ε for each 1 ≤ i ≤ n } DisjointClasses( CE(y 1 ) ... CE(y n ) ) *:x owl:disjointUnionOf T(SEQ y 1 ... y n ) . { n ≥ 2, CE(x) ≠ ε, and CE(y i ) ≠ ε for each 1 ≤ i ≤ n } DisjointUnion( CE(*:x) CE(y 1 ) ... CE(y n ) ) x rdfs:subPropertyOf y . { OPE(x) ≠ ε and OPE(y) ≠ ε } SubObjectPropertyOf( OPE(x) OPE(y) ) x owl:propertyChainAxiom T(SEQ y 1 ... y n ) . { n ≥ 2, OPE(y i ) ≠ ε for each 1 ≤ i ≤ n, and OPE(x) ≠ ε } SubObjectPropertyOf( ObjectPropertyChain( OPE(y 1 ) ... OPE(y n ) ) OPE(x) ) x owl:equivalentProperty y . { OPE(x) ≠ ε and OPE(y) ≠ ε } EquivalentObjectProperties( OPE(x) OPE(y) ) x owl:propertyDisjointWith y . { OPE(x) ≠ ε and OPE(y) ≠ ε } DisjointObjectProperties( OPE(x) OPE(y) ) _:x rdf:type owl:AllDisjointProperties . _:x owl:members T(SEQ y 1 ... y n ) . { n ≥ 2 and OPE(y i ) ≠ ε for each 1 ≤ i ≤ n } DisjointObjectProperties( OPE(y 1 ) ... OPE(y n ) ) x rdfs:domain y . { OPE(x) ≠ ε and CE(y) ≠ ε } ObjectPropertyDomain( OPE(x) CE(y) ) x rdfs:range y . { OPE(x) ≠ ε and CE(y) ≠ ε } ObjectPropertyRange( OPE(x) CE(y) ) x owl:inverseOf y . { OPE(x) ≠ ε and OPE(y) ≠ ε } InverseObjectProperties( OPE(x) OPE(y) ) x rdf:type owl:FunctionalProperty . { OPE(x) ≠ ε } FunctionalObjectP | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
https://docs.sui.io/guides/developer/getting-started/connect | Hello, World! | Sui Documentation Skip to main content Sui Documentation Guides Concepts Standards References Search Overview Getting Started Install Sui Install from Source Install from Binaries Configure a Sui Client Create a Sui Address Get SUI from Faucet Hello, World! Connect a Frontend Next Steps Sui Essentials Objects Packages Currencies and Tokens NFTs Cryptography Nautilus Advanced App Examples Dev Cheat Sheet Operator Guides SuiPlay0X1 🗳️ Book Office Hours → 💬 Join Discord → Getting Started Hello, World! On this page Hello, World! You'll build a "Hello, World!" program to learn the fundamentals of programming on Sui. You create programs on Sui by writing and deploying smart contracts to the network. The most basic unit of storage on Sui is an object . Other blockchains typically structure storage using key-value stores. Sui centers storage around objects with unique ID addresses on-chain. Every Sui smart contract is an object that manipulates other objects. Objects can be immutable or mutable: Immutable objects cannot be transferred, changed, or deleted. No one owns them and anyone can access them publicly. Mutable objects can be transferred, changed, and deleted. A Sui address can own them, or they can be shared for public access. Every object's unique ID and version number references it on-chain. Every transaction on the network takes objects as input, then reads, writes, and mutates the inputs to produce new or altered objects as output. Every object knows the hash of the transaction that produced it. When an object is modified by a transaction, the transaction's output writes the object's mutated contents to the same object ID but with a new version number. Sui has limits on the maximum transaction size (128KB) and number of objects (2,048) used in a transaction. For more information on limits, see Building Against Limits in The Move Book. What is Move? Move is the programming language Sui uses to create smart contracts. It is platform agnostic and enables common libraries, tooling, and developer communities across blockchains with vastly different data and execution models. There are three ways to use Move in the context of Sui: Move packages, Move modules, and Move objects. A Sui Move package is also referred to as a Move smart contract. It is a set of Move bytecode published to the Sui network. It is immutable and cannot be changed or removed, however you can upgrade it. Upgrading creates a new version of the package object on-chain, leaving the original intact. All prior versions of a package still exist on-chain. Once you publish it, other packages can import and use the modules it provides. Anyone can view a package's contents and use a Sui Explorer to see how its logic manipulates other objects. Every Move package on Sui includes one or more Sui Move modules that define the package's interaction with on-chain objects. A module's name is always unique within the package that contains it. A Sui Move module governs a Sui Move object , which is typed data from a Sui Move package. Each Move object value is a struct with fields that can contain primitive types, such as integers and addresses, other objects, and non-object structs. Clone "Hello, World!" Prerequisites Install the latest version of Sui . Configure the Sui client . Create a Sui address . Get SUI Testnet tokens . Download and install an IDE. The following are recommended, as they offer Move extensions: VSCode , corresponding Move extension Emacs , corresponding Move extension Vim , corresponding Move extension Zed , corresponding Move extension Alternatively, you can use the Move web IDE , which does not require a download. It does not support all functions necessary for this guide, however. Download and install Git . To demonstrate creating objects, packages, and how to build your first Sui application, start by cloning the "Hello, World!" example: $ git clone \ https://github.com/MystenLabs/sui-stack-hello-world.git $ cd sui-stack-hello-world/move/hello-world In this project, there are two important files that define the package's logic, information, and its dependencies: move/hello-world/sources/greeting.move : Defines the package's logic. In this example, it defines a basic shared greeting object and public functions to interact with it. move/hello-world/Move.toml : The package's configuration file that defines the package name, dependencies, and addresses. Click to open move/hello-world/Move.toml File not found in manifest: move/hello-world/Move.toml . You probably need to run `pnpm prebuild` and restart the site. View the smart contract code Open the greeting.move file in your IDE of choice. You can see the following Move code: File not found in manifest: move/hello-world/sources/greeting.move . You probably need to run `pnpm prebuild` and restart the site. Code explanation First, this code defines a module called greeting : module hello_world :: greeting { use std :: string ; ... } Then, it defines a public struct called Greeting that contains a unique object ID and text. A struct is a type of resource : File not found in manifest: move/hello-world/sources/greeting.move . You probably need to run `pnpm prebuild` and restart the site. Then, it defines the function new that makes an API call to the Greeting struct and initializes it with the text "Hello world!" , storing it in a new shared object: File not found in manifest: move/hello-world/sources/greeting.move . You probably need to run `pnpm prebuild` and restart the site. Lastly, the package defines a function called update_text that can be called to update the text stored in Greeting : File not found in manifest: move/hello-world/sources/greeting.move . You probably need to run `pnpm prebuild` and restart the site. Resource safety A unique aspect of programming applications on Sui is the resource safety enforced by the Move Bytecode Verifier. Move packages must satisfy the following resource safety parameters: All resources must be either moved into global storage or destroyed by the end of a transaction. Resources cannot be copied. In the "Hello, World!" example, the struct Greeting is a resource type. To satisfy the requirement that all resources must be moved or destroyed by the end of a transaction, Greeting is assigned to new_greeting , which the call to transfer::share_object(new_greeting) then moves into global storage. To mutate Greeting , the function update_text takes the input (&mut Greeting) rather than the resource itself. This function satisfies resource safety as the function does not copy the resource and mutates it via a reference. Learn more about the Move Bytecode Verifier. How does this differ from EVM applications? The Ethereum Virtual Machine adopts a gas-based resource safety strategy. Every opcode on an EVM chain has an associated gas price that makes transactions costly, preventing the network from running a single transaction indefinitely. Build the Move package Before you can publish a Move package to the network, you must first build it. Building your package is necessary because the .move source file is a human-readable piece of code, while the network can only understand bytecode. To build your "Hello, World!" package, first confirm your working directory is ~/sui-stack-hello-world/move/hello-world , then run the following command: $ sui move build The build process fetches and compiles the dependencies defined in the Move.toml file. The Move compiler checks your .move code for type errors, syntax errors, and enforces resource safety , then translates your .move code into bytecode that Sui can execute. info You must build your package before you can publish it, but also before you test it. You cannot run tests ( sui move test ) on your code until it has been built. Publish the Move package Now that your package has been built, you need to publish it. After you publish it, other packages and users can use the package's modules and functions by making calls to the package ID. First, confirm your client is configured to use Testnet as the active environment: $ sui client active-env This should return testnet . If it does not return testnet , follow the client configuration instructions before continuing. Then, check your balance of SUI tokens to confirm you have enough to publish to Testnet: $ sui client balance You should have a balance of SUI tokens: ╭────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Balance of coins owned by this address │ ├────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ ╭────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ coin balance (raw) balance │ │ │ ├────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ Sui 56804696124 0.50 SUI │ │ │ ╰────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ ╰────────────────────────────────────────────╯ If you do not have a balance, follow the SUI faucet instructions . Now, publish the package to Testnet with the command: $ sui client publish Click to open Output Transaction Digest: 8R39iKKLGPDG3QkW2SrRW3QX71csRP2BLhK9H7oz9SwW ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Transaction Data │ ├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Sender: 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 │ │ Gas Owner: 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 │ │ Gas Budget: 9843200 MIST │ │ Gas Price: 1000 MIST │ │ Gas Payment: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0x816e5ec6ff457f18232498b57af8a0e1e219307a3a43fb5df5a4c2198296510c │ │ │ Version: 591332925 │ │ │ Digest: FLC4NXntT7WiHcqCkpDuBUq14DFTfi3EFeUiJcSNHdPu │ │ └── │ │ │ │ Transaction Kind: Programmable │ │ ╭─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── ───────────────────────╮ │ │ │ Input Objects │ │ │ ├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ 0 Pure Arg: Type: address, Value: "0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803" │ │ │ ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ │ ╭─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ Commands │ │ │ ├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ │ │ 0 Publish: │ │ │ │ ┌ │ │ │ │ │ Dependencies: │ │ │ │ │ 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 │ │ │ │ │ 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002 │ │ │ │ └ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ 1 TransferObjects: │ │ │ │ ┌ │ │ │ │ │ Arguments: │ │ │ │ │ Result 0 │ │ │ │ │ Address: Input 0 │ │ │ │ └ │ │ │ ╰─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ │ │ │ Signatures: │ │ mUxqMIofPq+yIzPxxYM+2mSIPTFneDxhWGGxJ7tM02hnRBRy5/FosnnWKxd4OSAjmaw6FNylwVdqUoUlJSxWCQ== │ │ │ ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ ╭───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Transaction Effects │ ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Digest: 8R39iKKLGPDG3QkW2SrRW3QX71csRP2BLhK9H7oz9SwW │ │ Status: Success │ │ Executed Epoch: 875 │ │ │ │ Created Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0x136e41f505888066f189fb823d710ec96ab4fd75144b3d8008b91d58de85fd12 │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ Version: 591332926 │ │ │ Digest: BGfc1tihsYPTLLozrj58HmRkDeQ1DWZfqeaR4SZDb1cX │ │ └── │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0xa7ed855d30500c485a94c0849f70b508d6b6adf6b0767ab93cc0756c075ecbb1 │ │ │ Owner: Immutable │ │ │ Version: 1 │ │ │ Digest: EtGAG9RHHCsguX4iuX1cbRDvW4QAkJXgDCMJjiufHtxB │ │ └── │ │ Mutated Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0x816e5ec6ff457f18232498b57af8a0e1e219307a3a43fb5df5a4c2198296510c │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ Version: 591332926 │ │ │ Digest: CiU5KNZALUmuckc2YUFmJq5YXgbB8oG3rs4cnh2rdDXd │ │ └── │ │ Gas Object: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0x816e5ec6ff457f18232498b57af8a0e1e219307a3a43fb5df5a4c2198296510c │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ Version: 591332926 │ │ │ Digest: CiU5KNZALUmuckc2YUFmJq5YXgbB8oG3rs4cnh2rdDXd │ │ └── │ │ Gas Cost Summary: │ │ Storage Cost: 7843200 MIST │ │ Computation Cost: 1000000 MIST │ │ Storage Rebate: 978120 MIST │ │ Non-refundable Storage Fee: 9880 MIST │ │ │ │ Transaction Dependencies: │ │ 2dkJtqsoQcyCZJvjZnskNVPQeynwVtwCcA9goAru6tTi │ │ 7PStztXyh92keJmrDD1aghHaKVdgCoVkVx4ZmLUfmQeK │ │ Dd9pn1zFcSJjinxQewFd2gQdR4XKsHxFioD5MYnwLZQz │ ╰───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ ╭─────────────────────── ──────╮ │ No transaction block events │ ╰─────────────────────────────╯ ╭──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Object Changes │ ├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Created Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ObjectID: 0x136e41f505888066f189fb823d710ec96ab4fd75144b3d8008b91d58de85fd12 │ │ │ Sender: 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ ObjectType: 0x2::package::UpgradeCap │ │ │ Version: 591332926 │ │ │ Digest: BGfc1tihsYPTLLozrj58HmRkDeQ1DWZfqeaR4SZDb1cX │ │ └── │ │ Mutated Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ObjectID: 0x816e5ec6ff457f18232498b57af8a0e1e219307a3a43fb5df5a4c2198296510c │ │ │ Sender: 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ ObjectType: 0x2::coin::Coin<0x2::sui::SUI> │ │ │ Version: 591332926 │ │ │ Digest: CiU5KNZALUmuckc2YUFmJq5YXgbB8oG3rs4cnh2rdDXd │ │ └── │ │ Published Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ PackageID: 0xa7ed855d30500c485a94c0849f70b508d6b6adf6b0767ab93cc0756c075ecbb1 │ │ │ Version: 1 │ │ │ Digest: EtGAG9RHHCsguX4iuX1cbRDvW4QAkJXgDCMJjiufHtxB │ │ │ Modules: greeting │ │ └── │ ╰──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ ╭───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Balance Changes │ ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ ┌── │ │ │ Owner: Account Address ( 0x9ac241b2b3cb87ecd2a58724d4d182b5cd897ad307df62be2ae84beddc9d9803 ) │ │ │ CoinType: 0x2::sui::SUI │ │ │ Amount: -7865080 │ │ └── │ ╰───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ When you publish a Move package to the network, the network uploads and stores the bytecode as a Move package with a unique package ID and version number. The network consumes SUI tokens as gas and processes the transaction on-chain. After successfully executing, the output provides details about the transaction used to publish the package, including the gas cost, transaction digest, dependencies, owner, and sender. For this guide, the most important section is Published Objects , which includes the package's ID, version, and its modules: │ Published Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ PackageID: 0xa7ed855d30500c485a94c0849f70b508d6b6adf6b0767ab93cc0756c075ecbb1 │ │ │ Version: 1 │ │ │ Digest: EtGAG9RHHCsguX4iuX1cbRDvW4QAkJXgDCMJjiufHtxB │ │ │ Modules: greeting │ │ └── Both the package ID and module are required to interact with the package from the command line. Take note of both values for future use in the Connecting a Frontend guide. Interact with the Move package Interact with the newly published package by first making a call to the new function that creates a new Greeting object and initialize it with the text "Hello world!" : $ sui client call --package <PACKAGE_ID> --module greeting --function new Replace <PACKAGE_ID> with the package ID the output of the sui client publish command returned. You must include the --package , --module , and --function flags. The output of this call includes a newly created object: ╭───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ Transaction Effects │ ├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤ │ Digest: 6xB9Foy5vyhXG99xppaCxrNvpPTV3UZsH39zqUKNoGsD │ │ Status: Success │ │ Executed Epoch: 875 │ │ │ │ Created Objects: │ │ ┌── │ │ │ ID: 0x2834aa3d2ed1b5060f4e5d400092544fa9c95430fd894b139b7dfb0312501594 │ │ │ Owner: Shared( 591332927 ) │ │ │ Version: 591332927 │ │ │ Digest: 8xJRijHHp3gNXLExTG98KX5jYAQDVKqsBD8ATFMJXCbA │ │ └── ... To verify that the object contains the text "Hello world!" , make a call to query the object's information: $ sui client object <OBJECT_ID> Replace <OBJECT_ID> with the value under Created Objects, ID: . You should see the object's details, including a value of text: Hello world! : ╭───────────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ objectId │ 0x2834aa3d2ed1b5060f4e5d400092544fa9c95430fd894b139b7dfb0312501594 │ │ version │ 591332927 │ │ digest │ 8xJRijHHp3gNXLExTG98KX5jYAQDVKqsBD8ATFMJXCbA │ │ objType │ 0xa7ed855d30500c485a94c0849f70b508d6b6adf6b0767ab93cc0756c075ecbb1::greeting::Greeting │ │ owner │ ╭────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ │ Shared │ ╭────────────────────────┬─────────────╮ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ initial_shared_version │ 591332927 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ╰────────────────────────┴─────────────╯ │ │ │ │ ╰────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ │ prevTx │ 6xB9Foy5vyhXG99xppaCxrNvpPTV3UZsH39zqUKNoGsD │ │ storageRebate │ 1413600 │ │ content │ ╭───────────────────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ │ dataType │ moveObject │ │ │ │ │ type │ 0xa7ed855d30500c485a94c0849f70b508d6b6adf6b0767ab93cc0756c075ecbb1::greeting::Greeting │ │ │ │ │ hasPublicTransfer │ false │ │ │ │ │ fields │ ╭──────┬───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ id │ ╭────┬──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╮ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ id │ 0x2834aa3d2ed1b5060f4e5d400092544fa9c95430fd894b139b7dfb0312501594 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ╰────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ text │ Hello world! │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ╰──────┴───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ │ │ │ ╰───────────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ │ ╰───────────────┴──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╯ Important transaction considerations You cannot send 2 or more transactions simultaneously, otherwise you encounter an error such as: Failed to sign transaction by a quorum of validators because one or more of its objects is reserved for another transaction. If you receive this error, you must wait until the current epoch is over before submitting your transaction again. You can see how long is left in the current epoch using Sui Explorer or another network explorer like SuiScan . To prevent the same object from being modified by multiple transactions at once, your address 'locks' the object to prevent conflicting modifications. If you'd like to batch multiple transaction commands together, you can use programmable transaction blocks . Transactions also have limitations regarding total size, number of objects, and number of inputs. Learn more about limitations in Building Against Limits in The Move Book. Next steps Create a Full Stack dApp Connect a frontend interface to your "Hello, World!" smart contract. Access Sui Data Learn more about accessing data on Sui. Join the Community Join the Sui developer community, try out other example projects, or read more documentation. Edit this page What is Move? Clone "Hello, World!" View the smart contract code Code explanation Resource safety Build the Move package Publish the Move package Interact with the Move package Important transaction considerations © 2026 Sui Foundation | Documentation distributed under CC BY 4.0 | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
https://dev.to/behruamm/how-i-built-a-magic-move-animation-engine-for-excalidraw-from-scratch-published-4lmp#2-interpolating-properties | How I built a "Magic Move" animation engine for Excalidraw from scratch published - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Behram Posted on Jan 12 How I built a "Magic Move" animation engine for Excalidraw from scratch published # webdev # react # animation # opensource I love Excalidraw for sketching system architectures. But sketches are static. When I want to show how a packet moves through a load balancer, or how a database shard splits, I have to wave my hands frantically or create 10 different slides. I wanted the ability to "Sketch Logic, Export Motion" . The Goal I didn't want a timeline editor (like After Effects). That's too much work for a simple diagram. I wanted "Keyless Animation" : Draw Frame 1 (The start state). Clone it to Frame 2 . Move elements to their new positions. The engine automatically figures out the transition. I built this engine using Next.js , Excalidraw , and Framer Motion . Here is a technical deep dive into how I implemented the logic. 1. The Core Logic: Diffing States The hardest part isn't the animation loop; it's the diffing . When we move from Frame A to Frame B , we identify elements by their stable IDs and categorize them into one of three buckets: Stable: The element exists in both frames (needs to morph/move). Entering: Exists in B but not A (needs to fade in). Exiting: Exists in A but not B (needs to fade out). I wrote a categorizeTransition utility that maps elements efficiently: // Simplified logic from src/utils/editor/transition-logic.ts export function categorizeTransition ( prevElements , currElements ) { const stable = []; const morphed = []; const entering = []; const exiting = []; const prevMap = new Map ( prevElements . map ( e => [ e . id , e ])); const currMap = new Map ( currElements . map ( e => [ e . id , e ])); // 1. Find Morphs (Stable) & Entering currElements . forEach ( curr => { if ( prevMap . has ( curr . id )) { const prev = prevMap . get ( curr . id ); // We separate "Stable" (identical) from "Morphed" (changed) // to optimize the render loop if ( areVisuallyIdentical ( prev , curr )) { stable . push ({ key : curr . id , element : curr }); } else { morphed . push ({ key : curr . id , start : prev , end : curr }); } } else { entering . push ({ key : curr . id , end : curr }); } }); // 2. Find Exiting prevElements . forEach ( prev => { if ( ! currMap . has ( prev . id )) { exiting . push ({ key : prev . id , start : prev }); } }); return { stable , morphed , entering , exiting }; } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Interpolating Properties For the "Morphed" elements, we need to calculate the intermediate state at any given progress (0.0 to 1.0). You can't just use simple linear interpolation for everything. Numbers (x, y, width): Linear works fine. Colors (strokeColor): You must convert Hex to RGBA, interpolate each channel, and convert back. Angles: You need "shortest path" interpolation. If an object is at 10 degrees and rotates to 350 degrees , linear interpolation goes the long way around. We want it to just rotate -20 degrees. // src/utils/smart-animation.ts const angleProgress = ( oldAngle , newAngle , progress ) => { let diff = newAngle - oldAngle ; // Normalize to -PI to +PI to find shortest direction while ( diff > Math . PI ) diff -= 2 * Math . PI ; while ( diff < - Math . PI ) diff += 2 * Math . PI ; return oldAngle + diff * progress ; }; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3. The Render Loop & Overlapping Phases Instead of CSS transitions (which are hard to sync for complex canvas repaints), I used a requestAnimationFrame loop in a React hook called useTransitionAnimation . A key "secret sauce" to making animations feel professional is overlap . If you play animations sequentially (Exit -> Move -> Enter), it feels robotic. I overlapped the phases so the scene feels alive: // Timeline Logic const exitEnd = hasExit ? 300 : 0 ; const morphStart = exitEnd ; const morphEnd = morphStart + 500 ; // [MAGIC TRICK] Start entering elements BEFORE the morph ends // This creates that "Apple Keynote" feel where things arrive // just as others are settling into place. const overlapDuration = 200 ; const enterStart = Math . max ( morphStart , morphEnd - overlapDuration ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 4. Making it feel "Physical" Linear movement ( progress = time / duration ) is boring. I implemented spring-based easing functions. Even though I'm manually calculating specific frames, I apply an easing curve to the progress value before feeding it into the interpolator. // Quartic Ease-Out Approximation for a "Heavy" feel const springEasing = ( t ) => { return 1 - Math . pow ( 1 - t , 4 ); }; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This ensures that big architecture blocks "thud" into place with weight, rather than sliding around like ghosts. What's Next? I'm currently working on: Sub-step animations: Allowing you to click through bullet points within a single frame. Export to MP4: Recording the canvas stream directly to a video file. The project is live, and I built it to help developers communicate better. Try here: https://postara.io/ Free Stripe Promotion Code: postara Let me know what you think of the approach! Top comments (1) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand SinghDevHub SinghDevHub SinghDevHub Follow MLE @CRED ⌛ Sharing on System design, AI, LLMs, ML Email lovepreet.singh@alumni.iitgn.ac.in Location Bangalore, India Work MLE @ CRED Joined Nov 29, 2022 • Jan 13 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide loved it Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Some comments may only be visible to logged-in visitors. Sign in to view all comments. Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Behram Follow Ex-Data Scientist documenting the reality of building AI agent SaaS as a solo founder in the UK. Raw technical logs, AI leverage, and the path to profitability. Location Birmingham,UK Joined Nov 7, 2024 Trending on DEV Community Hot Stop Overengineering: How to Write Clean Code That Actually Ships 🚀 # discuss # javascript # programming # webdev I Didn’t “Become” a Senior Developer. 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Older #raspberrypi posts 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu A simple MQTT application using Go J Fowler J Fowler J Fowler Follow Sep 20 '24 A simple MQTT application using Go # iot # go # mqtt # raspberrypi 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read From Pi to Sky: How My Kubernetes Cluster Evolved Beyond Raspberry Patricio Díaz Patricio Díaz Patricio Díaz Follow Sep 18 '24 From Pi to Sky: How My Kubernetes Cluster Evolved Beyond Raspberry # kubernetes # raspberrypi # sbc 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 14 min read Comment rendre n'importe quelle enceinte compatible Airplay ! 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TES responded with status code: 403 Louis Louis Louis Follow Jun 5 '24 Greengrass - TES responded with status code: 403 # greengrass # raspberrypi # aws # iot Comments Add Comment 1 min read How to Connect MLX90614 Infrared to Raspberry Pi Pico Shilleh Shilleh Shilleh Follow Jul 5 '24 How to Connect MLX90614 Infrared to Raspberry Pi Pico # micropython # raspberrypi # beginners # iot 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read CREATING AN IOT HUB IN AZURE PORTAL Emmanuel Oluajo Emmanuel Oluajo Emmanuel Oluajo Follow Jun 26 '24 CREATING AN IOT HUB IN AZURE PORTAL # azure # tutorial # iot # raspberrypi Comments Add Comment 3 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/Spread_syntax | Spread syntax (...) - JavaScript | MDN Skip to main content Skip to search MDN HTML HTML: Markup language HTML reference Elements Global attributes Attributes See all… HTML guides Responsive images HTML cheatsheet Date & time formats See all… Markup languages SVG MathML XML CSS CSS: Styling language CSS reference Properties Selectors At-rules Values See all… CSS guides Box model Animations Flexbox Colors See all… Layout cookbook Column layouts Centering an element Card component See all… JavaScript JS JavaScript: Scripting language JS reference Standard built-in objects Expressions & operators Statements & declarations Functions See all… JS guides Control flow & error handing Loops and iteration Working with objects Using classes See all… Web APIs Web APIs: Programming interfaces Web API reference File system API Fetch API Geolocation API HTML DOM API Push API Service worker API See all… Web API guides Using the Web animation API Using the Fetch API Working with the History API Using the Web speech API Using web workers All All web technology Technologies Accessibility HTTP URI Web extensions WebAssembly WebDriver See all… Topics Media Performance Privacy Security Progressive web apps Learn Learn web development Frontend developer course Getting started modules Core modules MDN Curriculum Learn HTML Structuring content with HTML module Learn CSS CSS styling basics module CSS layout module Learn JavaScript Dynamic scripting with JavaScript module Tools Discover our tools Playground HTTP Observatory Border-image generator Border-radius generator Box-shadow generator Color format converter Color mixer Shape generator About Get to know MDN better About MDN Advertise with us Community MDN on GitHub Blog Toggle sidebar Web JavaScript Reference Expressions and operators Spread syntax (...) Theme OS default Light Dark English (US) Remember language Learn more Deutsch English (US) Español Français 日本語 한국어 Português (do Brasil) Русский 中文 (简体) Spread syntax (...) Baseline Widely available This feature is well established and works across many devices and browser versions. It’s been available across browsers since October 2015. Learn more See full compatibility Report feedback The spread ( ... ) syntax allows an iterable, such as an array or string, to be expanded in places where zero or more arguments (for function calls) or elements (for array literals) are expected. In an object literal, the spread syntax enumerates the properties of an object and adds the key-value pairs to the object being created. Spread syntax looks exactly like rest syntax. In a way, spread syntax is the opposite of rest syntax. Spread syntax "expands" an array into its elements, while rest syntax collects multiple elements and "condenses" them into a single element. See rest parameters and rest property . In this article Try it Syntax Description Examples Specifications Browser compatibility See also Try it function sum(x, y, z) { return x + y + z; } const numbers = [1, 2, 3]; console.log(sum(...numbers)); // Expected output: 6 console.log(sum.apply(null, numbers)); // Expected output: 6 Syntax js myFunction(a, ...iterableObj, b) [1, ...iterableObj, '4', 'five', 6] { ...obj, key: 'value' } Description Spread syntax can be used when all elements from an object or array need to be included in a new array or object, or should be applied one-by-one in a function call's arguments list. There are three distinct places that accept the spread syntax: Function arguments list ( myFunction(a, ...iterableObj, b) ) Array literals ( [1, ...iterableObj, '4', 'five', 6] ) Object literals ( { ...obj, key: 'value' } ) Although the syntax looks the same, they come with slightly different semantics. Only iterable values, like Array and String , can be spread in array literals and argument lists. Many objects are not iterable, including all plain objects that lack a Symbol.iterator method: js const obj = { key1: "value1" }; const array = [...obj]; // TypeError: obj is not iterable On the other hand, spreading in object literals enumerates the own properties of the value. For typical arrays, all indices are enumerable own properties, so arrays can be spread into objects. js const array = [1, 2, 3]; const obj = { ...array }; // { 0: 1, 1: 2, 2: 3 } All primitives can be spread in objects. Only strings have enumerable own properties, and spreading anything else doesn't create properties on the new object. js const obj = { ...true, ..."test", ...10 }; // { '0': 't', '1': 'e', '2': 's', '3': 't' } When using spread syntax for function calls, be aware of the possibility of exceeding the JavaScript engine's argument length limit. See Function.prototype.apply() for more details. Examples Spread in function calls Replace apply() It is common to use Function.prototype.apply() in cases where you want to use the elements of an array as arguments to a function. js function myFunction(x, y, z) {} const args = [0, 1, 2]; myFunction.apply(null, args); With spread syntax the above can be written as: js function myFunction(x, y, z) {} const args = [0, 1, 2]; myFunction(...args); Any argument in the argument list can use spread syntax, and the spread syntax can be used multiple times. js function myFunction(v, w, x, y, z) {} const args = [0, 1]; myFunction(-1, ...args, 2, ...[3]); Apply for new operator When calling a constructor with new , it's not possible to directly use an array and apply() , because apply() calls the target function instead of constructing it, which means, among other things, that new.target will be undefined . However, an array can be easily used with new thanks to spread syntax: js const dateFields = [1970, 0, 1]; // 1 Jan 1970 const d = new Date(...dateFields); Spread in array literals A more powerful array literal Without spread syntax, the array literal syntax is no longer sufficient to create a new array using an existing array as one part of it. Instead, imperative code must be used using a combination of methods, including push() , splice() , concat() , etc. With spread syntax, this becomes much more succinct: js const parts = ["shoulders", "knees"]; const lyrics = ["head", ...parts, "and", "toes"]; // ["head", "shoulders", "knees", "and", "toes"] Just like spread for argument lists, ... can be used anywhere in the array literal, and may be used more than once. Copying an array You can use spread syntax to make a shallow copy of an array. Each array element retains its identity without getting copied. js const arr = [1, 2, 3]; const arr2 = [...arr]; // like arr.slice() arr2.push(4); // arr2 becomes [1, 2, 3, 4] // arr remains unaffected Spread syntax effectively goes one level deep while copying an array. Therefore, it may be unsuitable for copying multidimensional arrays. The same is true with Object.assign() — no native operation in JavaScript does a deep clone. The web API method structuredClone() allows deep copying values of certain supported types . See shallow copy for more details. js const a = [[1], [2], [3]]; const b = [...a]; b.shift().shift(); // 1 // Oh no! Now array 'a' is affected as well: console.log(a); // [[], [2], [3]] A better way to concatenate arrays Array.prototype.concat() is often used to concatenate an array to the end of an existing array. Without spread syntax, this is done as: js let arr1 = [0, 1, 2]; const arr2 = [3, 4, 5]; // Append all items from arr2 onto arr1 arr1 = arr1.concat(arr2); With spread syntax this becomes: js let arr1 = [0, 1, 2]; const arr2 = [3, 4, 5]; arr1 = [...arr1, ...arr2]; // arr1 is now [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5] Array.prototype.unshift() is often used to insert an array of values at the start of an existing array. Without spread syntax, this is done as: js const arr1 = [0, 1, 2]; const arr2 = [3, 4, 5]; // Prepend all items from arr2 onto arr1 Array.prototype.unshift.apply(arr1, arr2); console.log(arr1); // [3, 4, 5, 0, 1, 2] With spread syntax, this becomes: js let arr1 = [0, 1, 2]; const arr2 = [3, 4, 5]; arr1 = [...arr2, ...arr1]; console.log(arr1); // [3, 4, 5, 0, 1, 2] Note: Unlike unshift() , this creates a new arr1 , instead of modifying the original arr1 array in-place. Conditionally adding values to an array You can make an element present or absent in an array literal, depending on a condition, using a conditional operator . js const isSummer = false; const fruits = ["apple", "banana", ...(isSummer ? ["watermelon"] : [])]; // ['apple', 'banana'] When the condition is false , we spread an empty array, so that nothing gets added to the final array. Note that this is different from the following: js const fruits = ["apple", "banana", isSummer ? "watermelon" : undefined]; // ['apple', 'banana', undefined] In this case, an extra undefined element is added when isSummer is false , and this element will be visited by methods such as Array.prototype.map() . Spread in object literals Copying and merging objects You can use spread syntax to merge multiple objects into one new object. js const obj1 = { foo: "bar", x: 42 }; const obj2 = { bar: "baz", y: 13 }; const mergedObj = { ...obj1, ...obj2 }; // { foo: "bar", x: 42, bar: "baz", y: 13 } A single spread creates a shallow copy of the original object (but without non-enumerable properties and without copying the prototype), similar to copying an array . js const clonedObj = { ...obj1 }; // { foo: "bar", x: 42 } Overriding properties When one object is spread into another object, or when multiple objects are spread into one object, and properties with identical names are encountered, the property takes the last value assigned while remaining in the position it was originally set. js const obj1 = { foo: "bar", x: 42 }; const obj2 = { foo: "baz", y: 13 }; const mergedObj = { x: 41, ...obj1, ...obj2, y: 9 }; // { x: 42, foo: "baz", y: 9 } Conditionally adding properties to an object You can make an element present or absent in an object literal, depending on a condition, using a conditional operator . js const isSummer = false; const fruits = { apple: 10, banana: 5, ...(isSummer ? { watermelon: 30 } : {}), }; // { apple: 10, banana: 5 } The case where the condition is false is an empty object, so that nothing gets spread into the final object. Note that this is different from the following: js const fruits = { apple: 10, banana: 5, watermelon: isSummer ? 30 : undefined, }; // { apple: 10, banana: 5, watermelon: undefined } In this case, the watermelon property is always present and will be visited by methods such as Object.keys() . Because primitives can be spread into objects as well, and from the observation that all falsy values do not have enumerable properties, you can simply use a logical AND operator: js const isSummer = false; const fruits = { apple: 10, banana: 5, ...(isSummer && { watermelon: 30 }), }; In this case, if isSummer is any falsy value, no property will be created on the fruits object. Comparing with Object.assign() Note that Object.assign() can be used to mutate an object, whereas spread syntax can't. js const obj1 = { foo: "bar", x: 42 }; Object.assign(obj1, { x: 1337 }); console.log(obj1); // { foo: "bar", x: 1337 } In addition, Object.assign() triggers setters on the target object, whereas spread syntax does not. js const objectAssign = Object.assign( { set foo(val) { console.log(val); }, }, { foo: 1 }, ); // Logs "1"; objectAssign.foo is still the original setter const spread = { set foo(val) { console.log(val); }, ...{ foo: 1 }, }; // Nothing is logged; spread.foo is 1 You cannot naively re-implement the Object.assign() function through a single spreading: js const obj1 = { foo: "bar", x: 42 }; const obj2 = { foo: "baz", y: 13 }; const merge = (...objects) => ({ ...objects }); const mergedObj1 = merge(obj1, obj2); // { 0: { foo: 'bar', x: 42 }, 1: { foo: 'baz', y: 13 } } const mergedObj2 = merge({}, obj1, obj2); // { 0: {}, 1: { foo: 'bar', x: 42 }, 2: { foo: 'baz', y: 13 } } In the above example, the spread syntax does not work as one might expect: it spreads an array of arguments into the object literal, due to the rest parameter. Here is an implementation of merge using the spread syntax, whose behavior is similar to Object.assign() , except that it doesn't trigger setters, nor mutates any object: js const obj1 = { foo: "bar", x: 42 }; const obj2 = { foo: "baz", y: 13 }; const merge = (...objects) => objects.reduce((acc, cur) => ({ ...acc, ...cur })); const mergedObj = merge(obj1, obj2); // { foo: 'baz', x: 42, y: 13 } Specifications Specification ECMAScript® 2026 Language Specification # prod-SpreadElement ECMAScript® 2026 Language Specification # prod-ArgumentList ECMAScript® 2026 Language Specification # prod-PropertyDefinition Browser compatibility Enable JavaScript to view this browser compatibility table. See also Rest parameters Rest property Function.prototype.apply() Help improve MDN Was this page helpful to you? Yes No Learn how to contribute This page was last modified on Jul 20, 2025 by MDN contributors . 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SyntaxError: octal escape sequences can't be used in untagged template literals or in strict mode code SyntaxError: parameter after rest parameter SyntaxError: private fields can't be deleted SyntaxError: property name __proto__ appears more than once in object literal SyntaxError: raw bracket is not allowed in regular expression with unicode flag SyntaxError: redeclaration of formal parameter "x" SyntaxError: reference to undeclared private field or method #x SyntaxError: rest parameter may not have a default SyntaxError: return not in function SyntaxError: setter functions must have one argument SyntaxError: string literal contains an unescaped line break SyntaxError: super() is only valid in derived class constructors SyntaxError: tagged template cannot be used with optional chain SyntaxError: Unexpected '#' used outside of class body SyntaxError: Unexpected token SyntaxError: unlabeled break must be inside loop or switch SyntaxError: unparenthesized unary expression can't appear on the left-hand side of '**' SyntaxError: use of super property/member accesses only valid within methods or eval code within methods SyntaxError: Using //@ to indicate sourceURL pragmas is deprecated. Use //# instead TypeError: 'caller', 'callee', and 'arguments' properties may not be accessed TypeError: 'x' is not iterable TypeError: "x" is (not) "y" TypeError: "x" is not a constructor TypeError: "x" is not a function TypeError: "x" is not a non-null object TypeError: "x" is read-only TypeError: already executing generator TypeError: BigInt value can't be serialized in JSON TypeError: calling a builtin X constructor without new is forbidden TypeError: can't access/set private field or method: object is not the right class TypeError: can't assign to property "x" on "y": not an object TypeError: can't convert BigInt to number TypeError: can't convert x to BigInt TypeError: can't define property "x": "obj" is not extensible TypeError: can't delete non-configurable array element TypeError: can't redefine non-configurable property "x" TypeError: can't set prototype of this object TypeError: can't set prototype: it would cause a prototype chain cycle TypeError: cannot use 'in' operator to search for 'x' in 'y' TypeError: class constructors must be invoked with 'new' TypeError: cyclic object value TypeError: derived class constructor returned invalid value x TypeError: getting private setter-only property TypeError: Initializing an object twice is an error with private fields/methods TypeError: invalid 'instanceof' operand 'x' TypeError: invalid Array.prototype.sort argument TypeError: invalid assignment to const "x" TypeError: Iterator/AsyncIterator constructor can't be used directly TypeError: matchAll/replaceAll must be called with a global RegExp TypeError: More arguments needed TypeError: null/undefined has no properties TypeError: property "x" is non-configurable and can't be deleted TypeError: Reduce of empty array with no initial value TypeError: setting getter-only property "x" TypeError: WeakSet key/WeakMap value 'x' must be an object or an unregistered symbol TypeError: X.prototype.y called on incompatible type URIError: malformed URI sequence Warning: -file- is being assigned a //# sourceMappingURL, but already has one Warning: unreachable code after return statement Misc JavaScript technologies overview Execution model Lexical grammar Iteration protocols Strict mode Template literals Trailing commas Deprecated features Your blueprint for a better internet. 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Report Abuse Daniel for Datalaria Posted on Jan 12 • Originally published at datalaria.com Weather Service Project (Part 1): Building the Data Collector with Python and GitHub Actions or Netlify # api # python # automation # tutorial As I mentioned in a previous post, one of my goals with Datalaria is to get my hands dirty with projects that allow me to learn and connect different technologies in the data world. Today, we begin a series dedicated to one of those projects: the creation of a complete global weather service , from data collection to visualization and prediction, all serverless and using free tools. In this first installment, we will focus on the heart of the system: the backend data collector . We'll see how to build a "robot" that works for us 24/7, connecting to an external API, saving structured information, and doing all this automatically and for free. Let's dive in! The First Step: Talking to the OpenWeatherMap API Every weather service needs a data source. I chose OpenWeatherMap for its popularity and generous free plan. The initial process is straightforward: Register : Create an account on their website. Get the API Key : Generate a unique key that will identify us in each call. It's like our "key" to access their data. Store the Key : Never directly in the code! We'll discuss this further below. With the key in hand (or almost!), I wrote a first test_clima.py script to test the connection using Python's fantastic requests library: import requests API_KEY = " YOUR_API_KEY_HERE " # Temporarily! We'll use Secrets later CITY = " Madrid " URL = f " [https://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q=](https://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q=) { CITY } &appid= { API_KEY } &units=metric&lang=es " try : response = requests . get ( URL ) response . raise_for_status () # Raises an exception for HTTP errors (4xx or 5xx) data = response . json () print ( f " Temperature in { CITY } : { data [ ' main ' ][ ' temp ' ] } °C " ) except requests . exceptions . RequestException as e : print ( f " Error connecting to the API: { e } " ) except KeyError as e : print ( f " Unexpected API response, key missing: { e } " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode First Obstacle Overcome (with Patience): When I first ran it, I got a 401 Unauthorized error! 😱 It turns out that OpenWeatherMap API Keys can take a few hours to activate after being generated. The lesson: sometimes, the solution is simply to wait. ⏳ The "Database": Why CSV and Not SQL? With data flowing, I needed to store it. I could have set up an SQL database (PostgreSQL, MySQL...), but that would involve complexity, a server (cost), and for this project, it was overkill. I opted for radical simplicity: CSV (Comma Separated Values) files . Advantages : Easy to read and write with Python, perfectly versionable with Git (we can track changes), and sufficient for the initial data volume we'd be handling. Key Logic : I needed to append a new row to each city's file daily, but only write the header ( date_time , city , temperature_c , etc.) the first time. Python's native csv library and os.path.exists make this trivial: import csv import os from datetime import datetime # ... (code to fetch API data for a city) ... now = datetime . now (). strftime ( ' %Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S ' ) data_row = [ now , city , temperature , ...] # List with the data header = [ ' date_time ' , ' city ' , ' temperature_c ' , ...] # List with column names file_name = f " data/ { city } .csv " # We'll create a 'data' folder # Ensure the 'data' folder exists os . makedirs ( os . path . dirname ( file_name ), exist_ok = True ) is_new_file = not os . path . exists ( file_name ) try : with open ( file_name , mode = ' a ' , newline = '' , encoding = ' utf-8 ' ) as f : writer = csv . writer ( f ) if is_new_file : writer . writerow ( header ) # Write header ONLY if new file writer . writerow ( data_row ) # Append the new data row print ( f " Data saved for { city } " ) except IOError as e : print ( f " Error writing to { file_name } : { e } " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The Automation Robot: GitHub Actions to the Rescue 🤖 Here comes the magic: how to make this script run daily without having a server constantly on? The answer is GitHub Actions , the automation engine integrated into GitHub. It's like having a small robot working for us for free. Security First: Never Upload Your API Key! The biggest mistake would be to upload registrar_clima.py with the API_KEY written directly in the code. Anyone could see it on GitHub. Solution : Use GitHub's Repository Secrets . Go to Settings > Secrets and variables > Actions in your GitHub repository. Create a new secret named OPENWEATHER_API_KEY and paste your key there. In your Python script, read the key securely using os.environ.get("OPENWEATHER_API_KEY") . The Robot's Brain: The .github/workflows/update-weather.yml File This YAML file tells GitHub Actions what to do and when: name : Daily Weather Data Update on : workflow_dispatch : # Allows manual triggering from GitHub push : branches : [ main ] # Triggers if changes are pushed to the main branch schedule : - cron : ' 0 6 * * *' # The key: triggers daily at 06:00 UTC jobs : update_data : runs-on : ubuntu-latest # Use a free Linux virtual machine steps : - name : Checkout repository code uses : actions/checkout@v4 # Downloads our code - name : Set up Python uses : actions/setup-python@v5 with : python-version : ' 3.10' # Or your preferred version - name : Install necessary dependencies run : pip install -r requirements.txt # Reads requirements.txt and installs requests, etc. - name : Execute data collection script run : python registrar_clima.py # Our main script! env : OPENWEATHER_API_KEY : ${{ secrets.OPENWEATHER_API_KEY }} # Securely injects the secret - name : Save new data to repository (Commit & Push) run : | git config user.name 'github-actions[bot]' # Identifies the 'bot' git config user.email 'github-actions[bot]@users.noreply.github.com' git add data/*.csv # Adds ONLY the modified CSV files in the 'data' folder # Check if there are changes before committing to avoid empty commits git diff --staged --quiet || git commit -m "Automated weather data update 🤖" git push # Pushes changes to the repository env : GITHUB_TOKEN : ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }} # Automatic token to allow the push Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This last step is crucial! The Action itself acts as a user, performing git add , git commit , and git push of the CSV files that the Python script has just modified. This way, the updated data is saved in our repository every day. The Serverless Alternative: Deployment and Automation with Netlify 🚀 While GitHub Actions is a fantastic automation tool, for this project I decided to explore an alternative even more integrated with the "serverless" concept: Netlify . Netlify not only allows us to deploy our static frontend (like GitHub Pages) but also offers serverless functions and, crucially for our backend, scheduled functions (or Cron Jobs) . Deploying the Static Frontend with Netlify Connect Your Repository : The process is incredibly simple. Log in to Netlify, click "Add new site," and select "Import an existing project." Connect with your GitHub account and choose your Weather Service project repository. Basic Configuration : Netlify will automatically detect your project. Ensure that the "Build command" is empty (as it's a static site with no build process) and that the "Publish directory" is the root of your repository ( ./ ). Continuous Deployment : Netlify will automatically configure continuous deployment. Every time you git push to your main branch (or whichever branch you've configured), Netlify will rebuild and deploy your site. Automating the Backend with Netlify Functions (and Cron Jobs) This is where Netlify Serverless Functions shine for our data collector. Instead of a GitHub Actions workflow, we can use a Netlify function to run our Python script on a schedule: Project Structure : Create a netlify/functions/ folder at the root of your project. Inside, you can have a Python file like collect_weather.py . Dependency Management : You'll need a requirements.txt file at the root of your project for Netlify to install Python dependencies ( requests , pandas , scikit-learn ). netlify.toml Configuration : This file at your project's root is crucial for defining your functions and their schedules: [build] publish = "." # Directory where your index.html is located command = "" # No build command needed for a static site [functions] directory = "netlify/functions" # Where your functions are located node_bundler = "esbuild" # For JS/TS functions. Netlify will detect Python. [[edge_functions]] # For scheduling a function (requires Netlify Edge Functions) function = "collect_weather" # The name of your function (without the .py extension) path = "/.netlify/functions/collect_weather" # The function path (can be different) schedule = "@daily" # Or use a cron string like "0 6 * * *" The Python Function ( netlify/functions/collect_weather.py ) : This function will encapsulate the logic of your registrar_clima.py . Netlify will execute it in a Python environment. # netlify/functions/collect_weather.py import json import requests import os import time from datetime import datetime import csv # ... (all your registrar_clima.py script code goes here) ... # Ensure API_KEYs are read from os.environ # and that data is written directly to the repository using GitPython # or in a way that Netlify can persist changes. # **Important**: Netlify Functions are ephemeral. # To persist changes in the repo, you would need Git integration # similar to what GitHub Actions would do (using a Personal Access Token). # However, for a static frontend, the simplest approach is for this function # to only generate a predictions JSON and upload it to storage like S3, # or for the Python collection script to continue running on GitHub Actions # and Netlify only serve the frontend. # If the idea is for Netlify to ALSO commit, this is more complex # and would require a Git API or a PAT token from Netlify. def handler ( event , context ): # The main call to your data collection logic would go here # This is a simplified example try : # Your logic to fetch and save data, generate CSVs/JSONs # If you want this to commit to GitHub, you would need: # 1. A GitHub PAT token stored as an environment variable in Netlify. # 2. A library like GitPython to interact with Git. # It is more common for serverless functions to persist data in databases # or object storage services (e.g., S3), not in the Git repo itself. # For this project, the GitHub Actions approach for the backend # that directly commits to the repo is still simpler # for CSV storage. Netlify would be ideal for the frontend # and functions for real-time APIs or lightweight predictions. print ( " Netlify function for weather collection executed. " ) # If the function generates any JSON output for the frontend, it would return it here: # return { # "statusCode": 200, # "body": json.dumps({"message": "Data collection complete"}), # } return { " statusCode " : 200 , " body " : json . dumps ({ " message " : " Backend logic would run here. For data persistence in GitHub, GitHub Actions is more direct. " }), } except Exception as e : return { " statusCode " : 500 , " body " : json . dumps ({ " error " : str ( e )}), } Environment Variables in Netlify : For the OPENWEATHER_API_KEY , go to Site settings > Build & deploy > Environment variables and add your key there. Important Consideration : For the Netlify function to persist changes directly to your GitHub repository (like committing the CSVs), you would need a more advanced setup (such as using a GitHub Personal Access Token within the Netlify function to perform git push ), which is more complex. To maintain simplicity and direct storage in the Git repository with automatic CSV commits, the GitHub Actions solution remains the most straightforward and efficient for the data collector backend in this specific case . Netlify excels at frontend deployment and for functions that interact with external services or databases without committing to the main application's Git repository. In this project, we use GitHub Actions for the backend (collecting and committing CSVs) and Netlify for frontend deployment and potentially for lighter, real-time functions that don't need to modify the Git repo. This last step is crucial! The Action itself acts as a user, performing git add , git commit , and git push of the CSV files that the Python script has just modified. This way, the updated data is saved in our repository every day. The Scaling Problem (and the Necessary Architectural Pivot) My initial idea was to monitor about 1000 cities and store everything in a single weather_data.csv file. I did a quick calculation: 1000 cities * ~200 bytes/day * 365 days * 3 years... over 200 MB! 😱 Why is this a problem? Because the frontend (our dashboard, which we'll see in the next post) runs in the user's browser. It would have to download that entire 200 MB just to display the graph for one city. Totally unacceptable in terms of performance. 🐢 The Architectural Solution: Switch to a "one file per entity" strategy. We create a data/ folder. The registrar_clima.py script now generates (or appends data to) one CSV file per city: data/Madrid.csv , data/Leon.csv , data/Tokyo.csv , etc. This way, when the user wants to see the weather for Leon, the frontend will only download the data/Leon.csv file, which will be just a few kilobytes. Instant loading! ✨ Second Scaling Obstacle (API Limits): OpenWeatherMap, in its free plan, allows about 60 calls per minute. My loop to get data for 155 cities (my current list) would make these calls too quickly. Vital Solution: Add import time at the beginning of the Python script and time.sleep(1.1) at the end of the for city in cities: loop. This introduces a pause of slightly more than 1 second between each API call, ensuring we stay below the limit and avoid being blocked. 🚦 Conclusion (Part 1) We've got the foundation! We've built a robust and automated system that: Connects to an external API securely. Processes and stores historical data for multiple entities (cities). Runs daily, at no cost, thanks to GitHub Actions. Is designed to scale efficiently. In the next post, we'll put on our frontend developer hats and build the interactive dashboard that will allow any user to explore this data with dynamic graphs. Don't miss it! References and Links of Interest: Complete Web Service : See the live project in action here: https://datalaria.com/apps/weather/ Project GitHub Repository : Explore the source code and project structure: https://github.com/Dalaez/app_weather OpenWeatherMap : Weather API documentation: https://openweathermap.org/api Python Requests : Documentation for the HTTP requests library: https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/master/ GitHub Actions : Official GitHub Actions guide: https://docs.github.com/en/actions Netlify : Official Netlify website: https://www.netlify.com/ Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Datalaria Follow More from Datalaria Data Visualization - Basics # beginners # datascience # tutorial Visualizaciones básicas # tutorial # datascience # beginners # spanish 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Brian Zavala Posted on Jan 13 I built a Meme Creator to roast my own Spaghetti Code (No watermarks, no BS, free!) # webdev # showdev # watercooler # react Head to roastville -> meme-creator.app We've all been there. You push to prod on a Friday. You let the AI write the unit tests because the "vibes were good." And now the database is on fire. I wanted to make a meme about my own bad decisions, but every site I found was a disaster. They wanted a subscription, a login, or they slapped a watermark over my joke that was bigger than the joke itself. So, I found a solution. I built a Local-First, Privacy-Focused Meme Creator specifically for developers who need to roast a coworker (or themselves) hard-core! Make a meme about your current sprint, your legacy codebase, or "Vibe Coding" gone wrong. Drop the image in the comments below 👇 Let the roasting begin my friends 🔥 Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Brian Zavala Follow CS Student & Dad. I build privacy-first apps on Arch Linux (btw). Turning caffeine into code. Location Texas Education Bachelor of science in computer science Pronouns He/Him Work Founder & Lead Dev Joined Sep 2, 2024 Trending on DEV Community Hot Prompt Engineering Won’t Fix Your Architecture # discuss # career # ai # programming Meme Monday # discuss # watercooler # jokes What makes a good tech Meet-up? # discuss # community # a11y # meet 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Beginners Follow Hide "A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step." -Chinese Proverb Create Post submission guidelines UPDATED AUGUST 2, 2019 This tag is dedicated to beginners to programming, development, networking, or to a particular language. Everything should be geared towards that! For Questions... Consider using this tag along with #help, if... You are new to a language, or to programming in general, You want an explanation with NO prerequisite knowledge required. You want insight from more experienced developers. Please do not use this tag if you are merely new to a tool, library, or framework. See also, #explainlikeimfive For Articles... Posts should be specifically geared towards true beginners (experience level 0-2 out of 10). 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Right menu You Know Python Basics—Now Let's Build Something Real Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Samuel Ochaba Follow Jan 8 You Know Python Basics—Now Let's Build Something Real # python # beginners # gamedev # programming Comments Add Comment 3 min read Understanding if, elif, and else in Python with Simple Examples Shahrouz Nikseresht Shahrouz Nikseresht Shahrouz Nikseresht Follow Jan 8 Understanding if, elif, and else in Python with Simple Examples # python # beginners # tutorial # programming Comments Add Comment 2 min read Build Your Own Local AI Agent (Part 4): The PII Scrubber 🧼 Harish Kotra (he/him) Harish Kotra (he/him) Harish Kotra (he/him) Follow Jan 8 Build Your Own Local AI Agent (Part 4): The PII Scrubber 🧼 # programming # ai # beginners # opensource Comments Add Comment 1 min read I finally Deployed on AWS Olamide Olanrewaju Olamide Olanrewaju Olamide Olanrewaju Follow Jan 8 I finally Deployed on AWS # aws # beginners # devjournal Comments Add Comment 3 min read System Design Intro #Day-1 VINAY TEJA ARUKALA VINAY TEJA ARUKALA VINAY TEJA ARUKALA Follow Jan 9 System Design Intro #Day-1 # systemdesign # beginners # computerscience # interview Comments Add Comment 2 min read Day 12: Understanding Constructors in Java Karthick Narayanan Karthick Narayanan Karthick Narayanan Follow Jan 8 Day 12: Understanding Constructors in Java # java # programming # beginners # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read 7 Essential Rust Libraries for Building High-Performance Backends James Miller James Miller James Miller Follow Jan 8 7 Essential Rust Libraries for Building High-Performance Backends # rust # programming # webdev # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read Day 11: Understanding `break` and `continue` Statements in Java Karthick Narayanan Karthick Narayanan Karthick Narayanan Follow Jan 8 Day 11: Understanding `break` and `continue` Statements in Java # beginners # java # programming # tutorial Comments Add Comment 2 min read Introdução ao Deploy Yuri Peixinho Yuri Peixinho Yuri Peixinho Follow Jan 8 Introdução ao Deploy # beginners # devops # webdev Comments Add Comment 2 min read Scrapy Cookie Handling: Master Sessions Like a Pro Muhammad Ikramullah Khan Muhammad Ikramullah Khan Muhammad Ikramullah Khan Follow Jan 8 Scrapy Cookie Handling: Master Sessions Like a Pro # webdev # programming # python # beginners Comments Add Comment 7 min read Gear Up for React: Mastering the Modern Frontend Toolkit! 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https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-mt/ | RDF 1.1 Semantics RDF 1.1 Semantics W3C Recommendation 25 February 2014 This version: http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/REC-rdf11-mt-20140225/ Latest published version: http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-mt/ Test suite: http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/NOTE-rdf11-testcases-20140225/ Implementation report: http://www.w3.org/2013/rdf-mt-reports/index.html Previous version: http://www.w3.org/TR/2014/PR-rdf11-mt-20140109/ Previous Recommendation: http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-mt/ Editors: Patrick J. Hayes , Florida IHMC Peter F. Patel-Schneider , Nuance Communications Please check the errata for any errors or issues reported since publication. The English version of this specification is the only normative version. Non-normative translations may also be available. Copyright © 2004-2014 W3C ® ( MIT , ERCIM , Keio , Beihang ), All Rights Reserved. W3C liability , trademark and document use rules apply. Abstract This document describes a precise semantics for the Resource Description Framework 1.1 [ RDF11-CONCEPTS ] and RDF Schema [ RDF11-SCHEMA ]. It defines a number of distinct entailment regimes and corresponding patterns of entailment. It is part of a suite of documents which comprise the full specification of RDF 1.1. Status of This Document This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this technical report can be found in the W3C technical reports index at http://www.w3.org/TR/. This document is part of RDF 1.1 document suite. This is a revision of the 2004 Semantics specification for RDF [ RDF-MT ] and supersedes that document. For an informal summary of the substantive (non-editorial) changes since then, see Entailment Changes . This document was published by the RDF Working Group as a Recommendation. If you wish to make comments regarding this document, please send them to public-rdf-comments@w3.org ( subscribe , archives ). All comments are welcome. Please see the Working Group's implementation report . This document has been reviewed by W3C Members, by software developers, and by other W3C groups and interested parties, and is endorsed by the Director as a W3C Recommendation. It is a stable document and may be used as reference material or cited from another document. W3C 's role in making the Recommendation is to draw attention to the specification and to promote its widespread deployment. This enhances the functionality and interoperability of the Web. This document was produced by a group operating under the 5 February 2004 W3C Patent Policy . W3C maintains a public list of any patent disclosures made in connection with the deliverables of the group; that page also includes instructions for disclosing a patent. An individual who has actual knowledge of a patent which the individual believes contains Essential Claim(s) must disclose the information in accordance with section 6 of the W3C Patent Policy . Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Conformance 3. Semantic Extensions and Entailment Regimes 4. Notation and Terminology 4.1 Shared blank nodes, unions and merges 5. Simple Interpretations 5.1 Blank nodes 5.1.1 Shared blank nodes (Informative) 5.2 Simple Entailment 5.3 Properties of simple entailment (Informative) 6. Skolemization (Informative) 7. Literals and datatypes 7.1 D-interpretations 7.2 Datatype entailment 7.2.1 Patterns of datatype entailment (Informative) 8. RDF Interpretations 8.1 RDF entailment 8.1.1 Patterns of RDF entailment (Informative) 9. RDFS Interpretations 9.1 A note on rdfs:Literal (Informative) 9.2 RDFS entailment 9.2.1 Patterns of RDFS entailment (Informative) 10. RDF Datasets A. Entailment rules (Informative) B. Finite interpretations (Informative) C. Proofs of some results (Informative) D. RDF reification, containers and collections (Informative) D.1 Reification D.2 RDF containers D.3 RDF collections E. Change Log (informative) F. Acknowledgements G. References G.1 Normative references G.2 Informative references Notes Notes in this style indicate changes from the 2004 RDF 1.0 semantics. Notes in this style are technical asides on obscure or recondite matters. 1. Introduction This document defines a model-theoretic semantics for RDF graphs and the RDF and RDFS vocabularies, providing an exact formal specification of when truth is preserved by transformations of RDF or operations which derive RDF content from other RDF. 2. Conformance As well as sections marked as non-normative, all authoring guidelines, diagrams, examples, and notes in this specification are non-normative. Everything else in this specification is normative. The key words MUST , MUST NOT , REQUIRED , SHOULD , SHOULD NOT , RECOMMENDED , MAY , and OPTIONAL in this specification are to be interpreted as described in [ RFC2119 ]. This specification, RDF 1.1 Semantics , is normative for RDF semantics and the validity of RDF inference processes. It is not normative for many aspects of RDF meaning which are not described or specified by this semantics, including social issues of how IRIs are assigned meanings in use and how the referents of IRIs are related to Web content expressed in other media such as natural language texts. 3. Semantic Extensions and Entailment Regimes RDF is intended for use as a base notation for a variety of extended notations such as OWL [ OWL2-OVERVIEW ] and RIF [ RIF-OVERVIEW ], whose expressions can be encoded as RDF graphs which use a particular vocabulary with a specially defined meaning. Also, particular IRI vocabularies may be given meanings by other specifications or conventions. When such extra meanings are assumed, a given RDF graph may support more extensive entailments than are sanctioned by the basic RDF semantics. In general, the more assumptions that are made about the meanings of IRIs in an RDF graph, the more entailments follow from those assumptions. A particular such set of semantic assumptions is called a semantic extension . Each semantic extension defines an entailment regime (used here in the same sense as in the SPARQL 1.1 Entailment Regime recommendation [ SPARQL11-ENTAILMENT ] ) of entailments which are valid under that extension. RDFS, described later in this document, is one such semantic extension . We will refer to entailment regimes by names such as RDFS entailment , D-entailment , etc. Semantic extension s MAY impose special syntactic conditions or restrictions upon RDF graphs, such as requiring certain triples to be present, or prohibiting particular combinations of IRIs in triples, and MAY consider RDF graphs which do not conform to these conditions to be errors. For example, RDF statements of the form ex:a rdfs:subClassOf "Thing"^^xsd:string . are prohibited in the OWL semantic extension based on description logics [ OWL2-SYNTAX ]. In such cases, basic RDF operations such as taking a subset of triples, or combining RDF graphs, may cause syntax errors in parsers which recognize the extension conditions. None of the semantic extension s normatively defined in this document impose such syntactic restrictions on RDF graphs. All entailment regimes MUST be monotonic extensions of the simple entailment regime described in the document, in the sense that if A simply entail s B then A also entails B under any extended notion of entailment, provided that any syntactic conditions of the extension are also satisfied. Put another way, a semantic extension cannot "cancel" an entailment made by a weaker entailment regime, although it can treat the result as a syntax error. 4. Notation and Terminology This document uses the following terminology for describing RDF graph syntax, all as defined in the companion RDF Concepts specification [ RDF11-CONCEPTS ]: IRI , RDF triple , RDF graph , subject , predicate , object , RDF source , node , blank node , literal , isomorphic , and RDF dataset . All the definitions in this document apply unchanged to generalized RDF triples, graphs, and datasets . An interpretation is a mapping from IRIs and literals into a set, together with some constraints upon the set and the mapping. This document defines various notions of interpretation, each corresponding in a standard way to an entailment regime. These are identified by prefixes such as simple interpretation , etc., and are defined in later sections. The unqualified term interpretation is usually used to refer to any compatible kind of interpretation in general, but if clear from the context might refer to a specific kind of interpretation. The words denote s and refers to are used interchangeably as synonyms for the relationship between an IRI or literal and what it refers to in a given interpretation, itself called the denotation or referent . IRI meanings may also be determined by other constraints external to the RDF semantics; when we wish to refer to such an externally defined naming relationship, we will use the word identify and its cognates. For example, the fact that the IRI http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#decimal is widely used as the name of a datatype described in the XML Schema document [ XMLSCHEMA11-2 ] might be described by saying that the IRI identifies that datatype. If an IRI identifies something it may or may not refer to it in a given interpretation, depending on how the semantics is specified. For example, an IRI used as a graph name identify ing a named graph in an RDF dataset may refer to something different from the graph it identifies. Throughout this document, the equality sign = indicates strict identity. The statement "A = B" means that there is one entity to which both expressions "A" and "B" refer. Angle brackets < x, y > are used to indicate an ordered pair of x and y. Throughout this document, RDF graph s and other fragments of RDF abstract syntax are written using the notational conventions of the Turtle syntax [ TURTLE ]. The namespace prefixes rdf: rdfs: and xsd: are used as in [ RDF11-CONCEPTS ], section 1.4 . When the exact IRI does not matter, the prefix ex: is used. When stating general rules or conditions we use three-character variables such as aaa, xxx, sss to indicate arbitrary IRIs, literals, or other components of RDF syntax. Some cases are illustrated by node-arc diagrams showing the graph structure directly. A name is any IRI or literal. A typed literal contains two name s: itself and its internal type IRI. A vocabulary is a set of name s. The empty graph is the empty set of triples. A subgraph of an RDF graph is a subset of the triples in the graph. A triple is identified with the singleton set containing it, so that each triple in a graph is considered to be a subgraph. A proper subgraph is a proper subset of the triples in the graph. A ground RDF graph is one that contains no blank nodes. Suppose that M is a functional mapping from a set of blank nodes to some set of literals, blank nodes and IRIs. Any graph obtained from a graph G by replacing some or all of the blank nodes N in G by M(N) is an instance of G. Any graph is an instance of itself, an instance of an instance of G is an instance of G, and if H is an instance of G then every triple in H is an instance of at least one triple in G. An instance with respect to a vocabulary V is an instance in which all the name s in the instance that were substituted for blank nodes in the original are name s from V. A proper instance of a graph is an instance in which a blank node has been replaced by a name , or two blank nodes in the graph have been mapped into the same node in the instance. Two graphs are isomorphic when each maps into the other by a 1:1 mapping on blank nodes. Isomorphic graphs are mutual instances with an invertible instance mapping. As blank nodes have no particular identity beyond their location in a graph, we will often treat isomorphic graphs as identical. An RDF graph is lean if it has no instance which is a proper subgraph of itself. Non-lean graphs have internal redundancy and express the same content as their lean subgraphs. For example, the graph ex:a ex:p _:x . _:y ex:p _:x . is not lean, but ex:a ex:p _:x . _:x ex:p _:x . is lean. Ground graphs are lean. 4.1 Shared blank nodes, unions and merges Graphs share blank nodes only if they are derived from graphs described by documents or other structures (such as an RDF dataset) that explicitly provide for the sharing of blank nodes between different RDF graphs. Simply downloading a web document does not mean that the blank nodes in a resulting RDF graph are the same as the blank nodes coming from other downloads of the same document or from the same RDF source . RDF applications which manipulate concrete syntaxes for RDF which use blank node identifiers should take care to keep track of the identity of the blank nodes they identify. Blank node identifiers often have a local scope, so when RDF from different sources is combined, identifiers may have to be changed in order to avoid accidental conflation of distinct blank nodes. For example, two documents may both use the blank node identifier " _:x " to identify a blank node, but unless these documents are in a shared identifier scope or are derived from a common source, the occurrences of " _:x " in one document will identify a different blank node than the one in the graph described by the other document. When graphs are formed by combining RDF from multiple sources, it may be necessary to standardize apart the blank node identifiers by replacing them by others which do not occur in the other document(s). For example, the two graphs represented by the following texts: ex:a ex:p _:x . ex:b ex:q _:x . contain four nodes. Their union would therefore also contain four nodes: However, the document formed by simply concatenating these textual surface representations: ex:a ex:p _:x . ex:b ex:q _:x . describes a graph containing three nodes: since the two occurrences of the blank node identifier " _:x " occurring in a common identifier scope identify the same blank node. The four-node union of these two graphs is more properly described by a surface form such as: ex:a ex:p _:x1 . ex:b ex:q _:x2 . in which the blank node identifiers have been standardize d apart to avoid conflating the distinct blank nodes. (The particular blank node identifiers used have no significance, only that they are distinct.) It is possible for two or more graphs to share a blank node, for example if they are subgraphs of a single larger graph or derived from a common source. In this case, the union of a set of graphs preserves the identity of blank nodes shared between the graphs. In general, the union of a set of RDF graphs accurately represents the same semantic content as the graphs themselves, whether or not they share blank nodes. A related operation, called merging , takes the union after forcing any shared blank nodes, which occur in more than one graph, to be distinct in each graph. The resulting graph is called the merge . The merge of subgraphs of a graph may be larger than the original graph. For example, the result of merging the two singleton subgraphs of the three-node graph is the four-node graph The union is always an instance of the merge. If graphs have no blank nodes in common, then their merge and union are identical. 5. Simple Interpretations This section defines the basic notions of simple interpretation and truth for RDF graphs. All semantic extension s of any vocabulary or higher-level notation encoded in RDF MUST conform to these minimal truth conditions. Other semantic extension s may extend and add to these, but they MUST NOT modify or negate them. For example, because simple interpretations are mappings which apply to IRIs, a semantic extension cannot interpret different occurrences of a single IRI differently. The entire semantics applies to RDF graph s, not to RDF source s. An RDF source has a semantic meaning only through the graph that is its value at a given time, or in a given state. Graphs cannot change their semantics with time. A simple interpretation I is a structure consisting of: Definition of a simple interpretation. 1. A non-empty set IR of resources, called the domain or universe of I. 2. A set IP, called the set of properties of I. 3. A mapping IEXT from IP into the powerset of IR x IR i.e. the set of sets of pairs < x, y > with x and y in IR . 4. A mapping IS from IRIs into (IR union IP) 5. A partial mapping IL from literals into IR The 2004 RDF 1.0 semantics defined simple interpretations relative to a vocabulary. In the 2004 RDF 1.0 semantics, IL was a total, rather than partial, mapping. The 2004 RDF 1.0 specification divided literals into 'plain' literals with no type and optional language tags, and typed literals. Usage has shown that it is important that every literal have a type. RDF 1.1 replaces plain literals without language tags by literals typed with the XML Schema string datatype, and introduces the special type rdf:langString for language-tagged strings. The full semantics for typed literals is given in the next section. Simple interpretations are required to interpret all name s, and are therefore infinite. This simplifies the exposition. However, RDF can be interpreted using finite structures, supporting decidable algorithms. Details are given in Appendix B. IEXT(x), called the extension of x, is a set of pairs which identify the arguments for which the property is true, that is, a binary relational extension. The distinction between IR and IL will become significant below when the semantics of datatypes are defined. IL is allowed to be partial because some literals may fail to have a referent. It is conventional to map a relation name to a relational extension directly. This however presumes that the vocabulary is segregated into relation names and individual names, and RDF makes no such assumption. Moreover, RDF allows an IRI to be used as a relation name applied to itself as an argument. Such self-application structures are used in RDFS, for example. The use of the IEXT mapping to distinguish the relation as an object from its relational extension accommodates both of these requirements. It also provides for a notion of RDFS 'class' which can be distinguished from its set-theoretic extension. A similar technique is used in the ISO/IEC Common Logic standard [ ISO24707 ]. The denotation of a ground RDF graph in a simple interpretation I is then given by the following rules, where the interpretation is also treated as a function from expressions (names, triples and graphs) to elements of the universe and truth values: Semantic conditions for ground graphs. if E is a literal then I(E) = IL(E) if E is an IRI then I(E) = IS(E) if E is a ground triple s p o . then I(E) = true if I(p) is in IP and the pair <I(s),I(o)> is in IEXT(I(p)) otherwise I(E) = false. if E is a ground RDF graph then I(E) = false if I(E') = false for some triple E' in E, otherwise I(E) =true. If IL(E) is undefined for some literal E then E has no semantic value, so any triple containing it will be false, so any graph containing that triple will also be false. The final condition implies that the empty graph (the empty set of triples) is always true. The sets IP and IR may overlap, indeed IP can be a subset of IR. Because of the domain conditions on IEXT, the denotation of the subject and object of any true triple will be in IR; so any IRI which occurs in a graph both as a predicate and as a subject or object will denote something in the intersection of IP and IR. Semantic extension s may impose further constraints upon interpretation mappings by requiring some IRIs to refer in particular ways. For example, D-interpretations, described below, require some IRIs, understood as identify ing and referring to datatypes, to have a fixed denotation. 5.1 Blank nodes Blank nodes are treated as simply indicating the existence of a thing, without using an IRI to identify any particular thing. This is not the same as assuming that the blank node indicates an 'unknown' IRI. Suppose I is a simple interpretation and A is a mapping from a set of blank nodes to the universe IR of I. Define the mapping [I+A] to be I on name s, and A on blank nodes on the set: [I+A](x)=I(x) when x is a name and [I+A](x)=A(x) when x is a blank node; and extend this mapping to triples and RDF graphs using the rules given above for ground graphs. Then the semantic conditions for an RDF graph are: Semantic condition for blank nodes. If E is an RDF graph then I(E) = true if [I+A](E) = true for some mapping A from the set of blank nodes in E to IR, otherwise I(E)= false. Mappings from blank nodes to referents are not part of the definition of a simple interpretation, since the truth condition refers only to some such mapping. Blank nodes themselves differ from other nodes in not being assigned a denotation by a simple interpretation, reflecting the intuition that they have no 'global' meaning. 5.1.1 Shared blank nodes (Informative) This section is non-normative. The semantics for blank nodes are stated in terms of the truth of a graph. However, when two (or more) graphs share a blank node, their meaning is not fully captured by treating them in isolation. For example, consider the overlapping graphs and a simple interpretation I over the universe {Alice, Bob, Monica, Ruth} with: I( ex:Alice )=Alice, I( ex:Bob )=Bob, IEXT(I( ex:hasChild ))={<Alice,Monica>,<Bob,Ruth> } Each of the inner graphs is true under this interpretation, but the two of them together is not, because the three-node graph says that Alice and Bob have a child together. In order to capture the full meaning of graphs sharing a blank node, it is necessary to consider the union graph containing all the triples which contain the blank node. RDF graphs can be viewed as conjunctions of simple atomic sentences in first-order logic, where blank nodes are free variables which are understood to be existential. Taking the union of two graphs is then analogous to syntactic conjunction in this syntax. RDF syntax has no explicit variable-binding quantifiers, so the truth conditions for any RDF graph treat the free variables in that graph as existentially quantified in that graph. Taking the union of graphs which share a blank node changes the implied quantifier scopes. Intuitive summary (Informative) An RDF graph is true exactly when: 1. the IRIs and literals in subject or object position in the graph all refer to things, 2. there is some way to interpret all the blank nodes in the graph as referring to things, 3. the IRIs in property position refer to binary relationships, 4. and under these interpretations, each triple S P O in the graph asserts that the thing referred to as S, and the thing referred to as O, do in fact stand in the relationship referred to by P. --> 5.2 Simple Entailment Following standard terminology, we say that I (simply) satisfies E when I(E)=true, that E is (simply) satisfiable when a simple interpretation exists which satisfies it, otherwise (simply) unsatisfiable , and that a graph G simply entail s a graph E when every interpretation which satisfies G also satisfies E. If two graphs E and F each entail the other then they are logically equivalent . In later sections these notions will be adapted to other classes of interpretations, but throughout this section 'entailment' should be interpreted as meaning simple entailment. We do not define a notion of entailment between sets of graphs. To determine whether a set of graphs entails a graph, the graphs in the set must first be combined into one graph, either by taking the union or the merge of the graphs. Unions preserve the common meaning of shared blank nodes, while merging effectively ignores any sharing of blank nodes. Merging the set of graphs produces the same definition of entailment by a set that was defined in the 2004 RDF 1.0 specification. Any process which constructs a graph E from some other graph S is (simply) valid if S simply entails E in every case, otherwise invalid. The fact that an inference is valid should not be understood as meaning that any RDF application is obliged or required to make the inference. Similarly, the logical invalidity of some RDF transformation or process does not mean that the process is incorrect or prohibited. Nothing in this specification requires or prohibits any particular operations on RDF graphs or sources. Entailment and validity are concerned solely with establishing the conditions on such operations which guarantee the preservation of truth. While logically invalid processes, which do not follow valid entailments, are not prohibited, users should be aware that they may be at risk of introducing falsehoods into true RDF data. Nevertheless, particular uses of logically invalid processes may be justified and appropriate for data processing under circumstances where truth can be ensured by other means. Entailment refers only to the truth of RDF graphs, not to their suitability for any other purpose. It is possible for an RDF graph to be fitted for a given purpose and yet validly entail another graph which is not appropriate for the same purpose. An example is the RDF test cases manifest [ RDF-TESTCASES ] which is provided as an RDF document for user convenience. This document lists examples of correct entailments by describing their antecedents and conclusions. Considered as an RDF graph, the manifest simply entails a subgraph which omits the antecedents, and would therefore be incorrect if used as a test case manifest. This is not a violation of the RDF semantic rules, but it shows that the property of "being a correct RDF test case manifest" is not preserved under RDF entailment, and therefore cannot be described as an RDF semantic extension . Such entailment-risky uses of RDF should be restricted to cases, as here, where it is obvious to all parties what the intended special restrictions on entailment are, in contrast with the more normal case of using RDF for the open publication of data on the Web. 5.3 Properties of simple entailment (Informative) This section is non-normative. The properties described here apply only to simple entailment, not to extended notions of entailment introduced in later sections. Proofs are given in Appendix C. Every graph is simply satisfiable. This does not always hold for extended notions of interpretation. For example, a graph containing an ill-typed literal is D-unsatisfiable . The following interpolation lemma G simply entails a graph E if and only if a subgraph of G is an instance of E. completely characterizes simple entailment in syntactic terms. To detect whether one RDF graph simply entails another, check that there is some instance of the entailed graph which is a subset of the first graph. This is clearly decidable, but it is also difficult to determine in general, since one can encode the NP-hard subgraph problem (detecting whether one mathematical graph is a subgraph of another) as detecting simple entailment between RDF graphs. This construction (due to Jeremy Carroll) uses graphs all of whose nodes are blank nodes. The complexity of checking simple entailment is reduced by having fewer blank nodes in the conclusion E. When E is a ground graph, it is simply a matter of checking the subset relationship on sets of triples. Interpolation has a number of direct consequences, for example: The empty graph is simply entailed by any graph, and does not simply entail any graph except itself. [Proof] --> A graph simply entails all its subgraphs. [Proof] --> A graph is simply entailed by any of its instance s. [Proof] --> If E is a lean graph and E' is a proper instance of E, then E does not simply entail E'. If S is a subgraph of S' and S simply entails E, then S' simply entails E. [Proof] --> If S entails a finite graph E, then some finite subset S' of S entails E. [Proof] --> The property just above is called compactness - RDF is compact. As RDF graphs can be infinite, this is sometimes important. If E contains an IRI which does not occur anywhere in S, then S does not simply entail E. 6. Skolemization (Informative) This section is non-normative. Skolemization is a transformation on RDF graphs which eliminates blank nodes by replacing them with "new" IRIs, which means IRIs which are coined for this purpose and are therefore guaranteed to not occur in any other RDF graph (at the time of creation). See Section 3.5 of [ RDF11-CONCEPTS ] for a fuller discussion. Suppose G is a graph containing blank nodes and sk is a skolemization mapping from the blank nodes in G to the skolem IRIs which are substituted for them, so that sk(G) is a skolemization of G. Then the semantic relationship between them can be summarized as follows. sk(G) simply entails G (since sk(G) is an instance of G.) G does not simply entail sk(G) (since sk(G) contains IRIs not in G.) For any graph H, if sk(G) simply entails H then there is a graph H' such that G entails H' and H=sk(H') . For any graph H which does not contain any of the "new" IRIs introduced into sk(G), sk(G) simply entails H if and only if G simply entails H. The second property means that a graph is not logically equivalent to its skolemization. Nevertheless, they are in a strong sense almost interchangeable, as shown the next two properties. The third property means that even when conclusions are drawn from the skolemized graph which do contain the new vocabulary, these will exactly mirror what could have been derived from the original graph with the original blank nodes in place. The replacement of blank nodes by IRIs does not effectively alter what can be validly derived from the graph, other than by giving new names to what were formerly anonymous entities. The fourth property, which is a consequence of the third, clearly shows that in some sense a skolemization of G can "stand in for" G as far as entailments are concerned. Using sk(G) instead of G will not affect any entailments which do not involve the new skolem vocabulary. 7. Literals and datatypes In the 2004 RDF 1.0 specification, datatype D-entailment was defined as a semantic extension of RDFS-entailment. Here it is defined as a direct extension to basic RDF. This is more in conformity with actual usage, where RDF with datatypes is widely used without the RDFS vocabulary. If there is a need to distinguish this from the 2004 RDF 1.0 terminology, the longer phrasing "simple D-entailment" or "simple datatype entailment" should be used rather than "D-entailment". Datatypes are identified by IRIs. Interpretations will vary according to which IRIs are recognized as denoting datatypes. We describe this using a parameter D on simple interpretations, where D is the set of recognize d datatype IRIs. The previous version of this specification defined the parameter D as a datatype map from IRIs to datatypes, i.e. as a restricted kind of interpretation mapping. As the current semantics presumes that a recognized IRI identifies a unique datatype, this IRI-to-datatype mapping is globally unique and externally specified, so we can think of D as either a set of IRIs or as a fixed datatype map . Formally, the datatype map corresponding to the set D is the restriction of a D-interpretation to the set D. Semantic extensions which are stated in terms of conditions on datatype map s can be interpreted as applying to this mapping. The exact mechanism by which an IRI identifies a datatype is considered to be external to the semantics, but the semantics presumes that a recognized IRI identifies a unique datatype wherever it occurs. RDF processors which are not able to determine which datatype is identified by an IRI cannot recognize that IRI, and should treat any literals with that IRI as their datatype IRI as unknown names. RDF literals and datatypes are fully described in Section 5 of [ RDF11-CONCEPTS ]. In summary: with one exception, RDF literals combine a string and an IRI identify ing a datatype. The exception is language-tagged strings , which have two syntactic components, a string and a language tag, and are assigned the type rdf:langString . A datatype is understood to define a partial mapping, called the lexical-to-value mapping , from a lexical space (a set of character strings) to values. The function L2V maps datatypes to their lexical-to-value mapping. A literal with datatype d denotes the value obtained by applying this mapping to the character string sss: L2V(d)(sss). If the literal string is not in the lexical space, so that the lexical-to-value mapping gives no value for the literal string, then the literal has no referent. The value space of a datatype is the range of the lexical-to-value mapping . Every literal with that type either refers to a value in the value space of the type, or fails to refer at all. An ill-typed literal is one whose datatype IRI is recognize d, but whose character string is assigned no value by the lexical-to-value mapping for that datatype. RDF processors are not required to recognize any datatype IRIs other than rdf:langString and xsd:string , but when IRIs listed in Section 5 of [ RDF11-CONCEPTS ] are recognize d, they MUST be interpreted as described there, and when the IRI rdf:PlainLiteral is recognize d, it MUST be interpreted to refer to the datatype defined in [ RDF-PLAIN-LITERAL ]. RDF processors MAY recognize other datatype IRIs, but when other datatype IRIs are recognize d, the mapping between the datatype IRI and the datatype it refers to MUST be specified unambiguously, and MUST be fixed during all RDF transformations or manipulations. In practice, this can be achieved by the IRI linking to an external specification of the datatype which describes both the components of the datatype itself and the fact that the IRI identifies the datatype, thereby fixing a value of the datatype map of this IRI. Literals with rdf:langString as their datatype are an exceptional case which are given a special treatment. The IRI rdf:langString is classified as a datatype IRI, and interpreted to refer to a datatype, even though no L2V mapping is defined for it. The value space of rdf:langString is the set of all pairs of a string with a language tag. The semantics of literals with this as their type are given below. RDF literal syntax allows any IRI to be used in a typed literal, even when it is not recognize d as referring to a datatype. Literals with such an "unknown" datatype IRI, which is not in the set of recognize d datatypes, SHOULD NOT be treated as errors, although RDF applications MAY issue a warning. Such literals SHOULD be treated like IRIs and assumed to denote some thing in the universe IR. RDF processors which do not recognize a datatype IRI will not be able to detect some entailments which are visible to one which does. For example, the fact that ex:a ex:p "20.0000"^^xsd:decimal . entails ex:a ex:p "20.0"^^xsd:decimal . will not be visible to a processor which does not recognize the datatype IRI xsd:decimal . 7.1 D-interpretations Let D be a set of IRIs identify ing datatypes. A (simple) D-interpretation is a simple interpretation which satisfies the following conditions: Semantic conditions for datatyped literals. If rdf:langString is in D, then for every language-tagged string E with lexical form sss and language tag ttt, IL(E)= < sss, ttt' >, where ttt' is ttt converted to lower case using US-ASCII rules For every other IRI aaa in D, I(aaa) is the datatype identified by aaa, and for every literal "sss"^^aaa, IL("sss"^^aaa) = L2V(I(aaa))(sss) If the literal is ill-typed then the L2V(I(aaa)) mapping has no value, and so the literal cannot denote anything. In this case, any triple containing the literal must be false. Thus, any triple, and hence any graph, containing an ill-typed literal will be D-unsatisfiable , i.e. false in every D-interpretation. This applies only to literals typed with recognized datatype IRIs in D; literals with an unrecognized type IRI are not ill-typed and cannot give rise to a D-unsatisfiable graph. The special datatype rdf:langString has no ill-typed literals. Any syntactically legal literal with this type will denote a value in every D-interpretation where D includes rdf:langString . The only ill-typed literals of type xsd:string are those containing a Unicode code point which does not match the Char production in [ XML10 ]. Such strings cannot be written in an XML-compatible surface syntax. In the 2004 RDF 1.0 specification, ill-typed literals were required to denote a value in IR, and D-unsatisfiability could be recognized only by using the RDFS semantics. 7.2 Datatype entailment A graph is (simply) D-satisfiable or satisfiable recognizing D when it has the value true in some D-interpretation, and a graph S (simply) D-entails or entails recognizing D a graph G when every D-interpretation which satisfies S also D-satisfies G. Unlike the case with simple interpretation s, it is possible for a graph to have no satisfying D-interpretations, i.e. to be D-unsatisfiable . RDF processors MAY treat an unsatisfiable graph as signaling an error condition, but this is not required. A D-unsatisfiable graph D-entails any graph. The fact that an unsatisfiable statement entails any other statement has been known since antiquity. It is called the principle of ex falso quodlibet . It should not be interpreted to mean that it is necessary, or even permissible, to actually draw any conclusion from an unsatisfiable graph. In all of this language, 'D' is being used as a parameter to represent some set of datatype IRIs, and different D sets will yield different notions of satisfiability and entailment. The more datatypes are recognize d, the stronger is the entailment, so that if D ⊂ E and S E-entails G then S must D-entail G. Simple entailment is { }-entailment, i.e. D-entailment when D is the empty set, so if S D-entails G then S simply entails G. 7.2.1 Patterns of datatype entailment (Informative) This section is non-normative. Unlike simple entailment , it is not possible to give a single syntactic criterion to detect all D-entailments, which can hold because of particular properties of the lexical-to-value mappings of the recognize d datatypes. For example, if D contains xsd:decimal then ex:a ex:p "25.0"^^xsd:decimal . D-entails ex:a ex:p "25"^^xsd:decimal . In general, any triple containing a literal with a recognize d datatype IRI D-entails another literal when the lexical strings of the literals map to the same value under the lexical-to-value map of the datatype. If two different datatypes in D map lexical strings to a common value, then a triple containing a literal typed with one datatype may D-entail another triple containing a literal typed with a different datatype. For example, "25"^^xsd:integer and "25.0"^^xsd:decimal have the same value, so the above also D-entails ex:a ex:p "25"^^xsd:integer . when D also contains xsd:integer . (There is a W3C Note [ SWBP-XSCH-DATATYPES ] containing a long discussion of literal values.) Ill-typed literals are the only way in which a graph can be simply D-unsatisfiable , but datatypes can give rise to a variety of other unsatisfiable graphs when combined with the RDFS vocabulary, defined later. 8. RDF Interpretations RDF interpretations impose extra semantic conditions on xsd:string and part of the infinite set of IRIs with the namespace prefix rdf: . RDF vocabulary rdf:type rdf:subject rdf:predicate rdf:object rdf:first rdf:rest rdf:value rdf:nil rdf:List rdf:langString rdf:Property rdf:_1 rdf:_2 ... An RDF interpretation recognizing D is a D-interpretation I where D includes rdf:langString and xsd:string , and which satisfies: RDF semantic conditions. x is in IP if and only if <x, I( rdf:Property )> is in IEXT(I( rdf:type )) For every IRI aaa in D, < x, I(aaa) > is in IEXT(I( rdf:type )) if and only if x is in the value space of I(aaa) and satisfies every triple in the following infinite set: RDF axioms. rdf:type rdf:type rdf:Property . rdf:subject rdf:type rdf:Property . rdf:predicate rdf:type rdf:Property . rdf:object rdf:type rdf:Property . rdf:first rdf:type rdf:Property . rdf:rest rdf:type rdf:Property . rdf:value rdf:type rdf:Property . rdf:nil rdf:type rdf:List . rdf:_1 rdf:type rdf:Property . rdf:_2 rdf:type rdf:Property . ... RDF imposes no particular normative meanings on the rest of the RDF vocabulary. Appendix D describes the intended uses of some of this vocabulary. The datatype IRIs rdf:langString and xsd:string MUST be recognize d by all RDF interpretations. Two other datatypes rdf:XMLLiteral and rdf:HTML are defined in [ RDF11-CONCEPTS ]. RDF-D interpretations MAY fail to recognize these datatypes. 8.1 RDF entailment S RDF entail s E recognizing D when every RDF interpretation recognizing D which satisfies S also satisfies E. When D is { rdf:langString , xsd:string } then we simply say S RDF entails E. E is RDF unsatisfiable (recognizing D) when it has no satisfying RDF interpretation (recognizing D). The properties of simple entailment described earlier do not all apply to RDF entail ment. For example, all the RDF axioms are true in every RDF interpretation , and so are RDF entail ed by the empty graph, contradicting interpolation for RDF entailment. 8.1.1 Patterns of RDF entailment (Informative) This section is non-normative. The last semantic condition in the above table gives the following entailment pattern for recognize d datatype IRIs: RDF entailment pattern. if S contains then S RDF entails, recognizing D rdfD1 xxx aaa " sss "^^ ddd . for ddd in D xxx aaa _:nnn . _:nnn rdf:type ddd . Note, this is valid even when the literal is ill-typed , since an unsatisfiable graph entails any triple. For example, ex:a ex:p "123"^^xsd:integer . RDF entails recognizing { xsd:integer } ex:a ex:p _:x . _:x rdf:type xsd:integer . In addition, the first RDF semantic condition justifies the following entailment pattern: if S contains then S RDF entails, recognizing D rdfD2 xxx aaa yyy . aaa rdf:type rdf:Property . So that the above example also RDF entails ex:p rdf:type rdf:Property . recognizing { xsd:integer }. Some datatypes support idiosyncratic entailment patterns which do not hold for other datatypes. For example, ex:a ex:p "true"^^xsd:boolean . ex:a ex:p "false"^^xsd:boolean . ex:v rdf:type xsd:boolean . together RDF entail ex:a ex:p ex:v . recognizing { xsd:boolean }. In addition, the semantic conditions on value spaces may produce other unsatisfiable graphs. For example, when D contains xsd:integer and xsd:boolean , then the following is RDF unsatisfiable recognizing D: _:x rdf:type xsd:boolean . _:x rdf:type xsd:integer . 9. RDFS Interpretations RDF Schema [ RDF11-SCHEMA ] extends RDF to a larger vocabulary with more complex semantic constraints: RDFS vocabulary rdfs:domain rdfs:range rdfs:Resource rdfs:Literal rdfs:Datatype rdfs:Class rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:subPropertyOf rdfs:member rdfs:Container rdfs:ContainerMembershipProperty rdfs:comment rdfs:seeAlso rdfs:isDefinedBy rdfs:label ( rdfs:comment , rdfs:seeAlso , rdfs:isDefinedBy and rdfs:label are included here because some constraints which apply to their use can be stated using rdfs:domain , rdfs:range and rdfs:subPropertyOf . Other than this, the formal semantics does not constrain their meanings.) It is convenient to state the RDFS semantics in terms of a new semantic construct, a class , i.e. a resource which represents a set of things in the universe which all have that class as a value of their rdf:type property. Class es are defined to be things of type rdfs:Class , and the set of all classes in an interpretation will be called IC. The semantic conditions are stated in terms of a mapping ICEXT (for the C lass Ext ension in I) from IC to the set of subsets of IR. A class may have an empty class extension. Two different classes can have the same class extension. The class extension of rdfs:Class contains the class rdfs:Class . An RDFS interpretation ( recognizing D ) is an RDF interpretation (recognizing D) I which satisfies the semantic conditions in the following table, and all the triples in the subsequent table of RDFS axiomatic triples. RDFS semantic conditions. ICEXT(y) is defined to be { x : < x,y > is in IEXT(I( rdf:type )) } IC is defined to be ICEXT(I( rdfs:Class )) LV is defined to be ICEXT(I( rdfs:Literal )) ICEXT(I( rdfs:Resource )) = IR ICEXT(I( rdf:langString )) is the set {I(E) : E a language-tagged string } for every other IRI aaa in D, ICEXT(I(aaa)) is the value space of I(aaa) for every IRI aaa in D, I(aaa) is in ICEXT(I( rdfs:Datatype )) If < x,y > is in IEXT(I( rdfs:domain )) and < u,v > is in IEXT(x) then u is in ICEXT(y) If < x,y > is in IEXT(I( rdfs:range )) and < u,v > is in IEXT(x) then v is in ICEXT(y) IEXT(I( rdfs:subPropertyOf )) is transitive and reflexive on IP If <x,y> is in IEXT(I( rdfs:subPropertyOf )) then x and y are in IP and IEXT(x) is a subset of IEXT(y) If x is in IC then < x, I( rdfs:Resource ) > is in IEXT(I( rdfs:subClassOf )) IEXT(I( rdfs:subClassOf )) is transitive and reflexive on IC If < x,y > is in IEXT(I( rdfs:subClassOf )) then x and y are in IC and ICEXT(x) is a subset of ICEXT(y) If x is in ICEXT(I( rdfs:ContainerMembershipProperty )) then: < x, I( rdfs:member ) > is in IEXT(I( rdfs:subPropertyOf )) If x is in ICEXT(I( rdfs:Datatype )) then < x, I( rdfs:Literal ) > is in IEXT(I( rdfs:subClassOf )) RDFS axiomatic triples. rdf:type rdfs:domain rdfs:Resource . rdfs:domain rdfs:domain rdf:Property . rdfs:range rdfs:domain rdf:Property . rdfs:subPropertyOf rdfs:domain rdf:Property . rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:domain rdfs:Class . rdf:subject rdfs:domain rdf:Statement . rdf:predicate rdfs:domain rdf:Statement . rdf:object rdfs:domain rdf:Statement . rdfs:member rdfs:domain rdfs:Resource . rdf:first rdfs:domain rdf:List . rdf:rest rdfs:domain rdf:List . rdfs:seeAlso rdfs:domain rdfs:Resource . rdfs:isDefinedBy rdfs:domain rdfs:Resource . rdfs:comment rdfs:domain rdfs:Resource . rdfs:label rdfs:domain rdfs:Resource . rdf:value rdfs:domain rdfs:Resource . rdf:type rdfs:range rdfs:Class . rdfs:domain rdfs:range rdfs:Class . rdfs:range rdfs:range rdfs:Class . rdfs:subPropertyOf rdfs:range rdf:Property . rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:range rdfs:Class . rdf:subject rdfs:range rdfs:Resource . rdf:predicate rdfs:range rdfs:Resource . rdf:object rdfs:range rdfs:Resource . rdfs:member rdfs:range rdfs:Resource . rdf:first rdfs:range rdfs:Resource . rdf:rest rdfs:range rdf:List . rdfs:seeAlso rdfs:range rdfs:Resource . rdfs:isDefinedBy rdfs:range rdfs:Resource . rdfs:comment rdfs:range rdfs:Literal . rdfs:label rdfs:range rdfs:Literal . rdf:value rdfs:range rdfs:Resource . rdf:Alt rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:Container . rdf:Bag rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:Container . rdf:Seq rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:Container . rdfs:ContainerMembershipProperty rdfs:subClassOf rdf:Property . rdfs:isDefinedBy rdfs:subPropertyOf rdfs:seeAlso . rdfs:Datatype rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:Class . rdf:_1 rdf:type rdfs:ContainerMembershipProperty . rdf:_1 rdfs:domain rdfs:Resource . rdf:_1 rdfs:range rdfs:Resource . rdf:_2 rdf:type rdfs:ContainerMembershipProperty . rdf:_2 rdfs:domain rdfs:Resource . rdf:_2 rdfs:range rdfs:Resource . ... In the 2004 RDF 1.0 semantics, LV was defined as part of a simple interpretation structure, and the definition given here was a constraint. Since I is an RDF interpretation , the first condition implies that IP = ICEXT(I( rdf:Property )). The semantic conditions on RDF interpretation s, together with the RDFS conditions on ICEXT, mean that every recognize d datatype can be treated as a class whose extension is the value space of the datatype, and every literal with that datatype either fails to refer, or refers to a value in that class. When using RDFS semantics, the referents of all recognize d datatype IRIs can be considered to be in the class rdfs:Datatype . The axioms and conditions listed above have some redundancy. For example, all but one of the RDF axiomatic triples can be derived from the RDFS axiomatic triples and the semantic conditions on ICEXT, rdfs:domain and rdfs:range . Other triples which must be true in all RDFS interpretations include the following. This is not a complete set. Some rdfs-valid triples. rdfs:Resource rdf:type rdfs:Class . rdfs:Class rdf:type rdfs:Class . rdfs:Literal rdf:type rdfs:Class . rdf:XMLLiteral rdf:type rdfs:Class . rdf:HTML rdf:type rdfs:Class . rdfs:Datatype rdf:type rdfs:Class . rdf:Seq rdf:type rdfs:Class . rdf:Bag rdf:type rdfs:Class . rdf:Alt rdf:type rdfs:Class . rdfs:Container rdf:type rdfs:Class . rdf:List rdf:type rdfs:Class . rdfs:ContainerMembershipProperty rdf:type rdfs:Class . rdf:Property rdf:type rdfs:Class . rdf:Statement rdf:type rdfs:Class . rdfs:domain rdf:type rdf:Property . rdfs:range rdf:type rdf:Property . rdfs:subPropertyOf rdf:type rdf:Property . rdfs:subClassOf rdf:type rdf:Property . rdfs:member rdf:type rdf:Property . rdfs:seeAlso rdf:type rdf:Property . rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf:type rdf:Property . rdfs:comment rdf:type rdf:Property . rdfs:label rdf:type rdf:Property . RDFS does not partition the universe into disjoint categories of classes, properties and individuals. Anything in the universe can be used as a class or as a property, or both, while retaining its status as an individual which may be in classes and have properties. Thus, RDFS permits classes which contain other classes, classes of properties, properties of classes, etc. As the axiomatic triples above illustrate, it also permits classes which contain themselves and properties which apply to themselves. A property of a class is not necessarily a property of its members, nor vice versa. 9.1 A note on rdfs:Literal (Informative) Thi | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Whaaat! Posted on Jan 12 Why Your Secret Sharing Tool Needs Post-Quantum Cryptography Today # security # cryptography # webdev # privacy The "Harvest Now, Decrypt Later" Threat Quantum computers capable of breaking RSA and ECC encryption don't exist yet. But here's the problem: adversaries are already collecting encrypted data today, planning to decrypt it once quantum computers arrive. For sensitive data that needs to remain confidential for years, this is a real threat. What is Post-Quantum Cryptography? Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) uses mathematical problems that are hard for both classical AND quantum computers to solve. In August 2024, NIST standardized three PQC algorithms: ML-KEM (Kyber) - Key encapsulation ML-DSA (Dilithium) - Digital signatures SLH-DSA (SPHINCS+) - Hash-based signatures Implementing PQC in a Web Application I recently added PQC support to NoTrust.now , a zero-knowledge secret sharing tool. Here's how: Key Exchange with ML-KEM-768 // Using crystals-kyber-js library import { MlKem768 } from ' crystals-kyber-js ' ; // Receiver generates keypair const [ publicKey , privateKey ] = await MlKem768 . generateKeyPair (); // Sender encapsulates a shared secret const [ ciphertext , sharedSecret ] = await MlKem768 . encapsulate ( publicKey ); // Receiver decapsulates to get the same shared secret const decryptedSecret = await MlKem768 . decapsulate ( ciphertext , privateKey ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Hybrid Approach For defense in depth, combine PQC with classical crypto: Generate ephemeral X25519 keypair (classical) Generate ephemeral ML-KEM-768 keypair (post-quantum) Combine both shared secrets: finalKey = HKDF(x25519Secret || kyberSecret) This ensures security even if one algorithm is broken. Try It Out You can test PQC secret sharing at NoTrust.now/createpqc . The encryption happens entirely in your browser - zero-knowledge architecture means the server never sees your plaintext. Resources NIST PQC Standards crystals-kyber-js Post-Quantum Cryptography for Developers What do you think about PQC adoption? Too early or just in time? Let me know in the comments. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Whaaat! 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https://dev.to/achu1612/ha-k8s-cluster-using-keepalived-and-haproxy-439 | HA K8s cluster using Keepalived and HAProxy - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Achyuta Das Posted on Jan 9 HA K8s cluster using Keepalived and HAProxy # cluster # kubernetes # tutorial Overview A stacked HA cluster is a topology where the distributed data storage cluster provided by etcd is stacked on top of the cluster formed by the nodes managed by kubeadm that run control plane components. Each control plane node runs an instance of the kube-apiserver, kube-scheduler, and kube-controller-manager. The kube-apiserver is exposed to worker nodes using a load balancer. Each control plane node creates a local etcd member and this etcd member communicates only with the kube-apiserver of this node. The same applies to the local kube-controller-manager and kube-scheduler instances. This topology couples the control planes and etcd members on the same nodes. It is simpler to set up than a cluster with external etcd nodes, and simpler to manage for replication. Here's what happens in a 3-node stacked cluster: Each control plane node runs: etcd member kube-apiserver, scheduler, controller-manager So, you have: 3 etcd members → quorum = 2 3 API servers → load balanced (can handle 1 down) If one node fails: You still have: 2 etcd members → quorum maintained 2 control plane instances → still available This is the default topology deployed by kubeadm. A local etcd member is created automatically on control plane nodes when using kubeadm init and kubeadm join --control-plane Assumptions : You have done cluster bootstrapping using kubeadm before as this document won’t cover everything in detail. Setting up the machines To set up HAProxy + Keepalived for Kubernetes High Availability (HA) with 3 master nodes and a Virtual IP (VIP), follow this structured approach: Masters: 10.238.40.162, 10.238.40.163, 10.238.40.164 VIP: 10.238.40.166 Install HAProxy + Keepalived on all 3 Masters sudo apt update sudo apt install -y haproxy keepalived Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode HAProxy Configuration Edit /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg on all 3 master nodes: global chroot /var/lib/haproxy stats socket /run/haproxy/admin.sock mode 660 level admin stats timeout 30s user haproxy group haproxy daemon defaults mode http timeout connect 5000ms timeout client 50000ms timeout server 50000ms option httplog option dontlognull frontend kubernetes-apiserver bind * :8443 mode tcp option tcplog default_backend kubernetes-apiserver backend kubernetes-apiserver mode tcp balance roundrobin option tcp-check server master1 10.238.40.162:6443 check fall 3 rise 2 server master2 10.238.40.163:6443 check fall 3 rise 2 server master3 10.238.40.164:6443 check fall 3 rise 2 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Keepalived Configuration Only one node at a time will "own" the VIP (managed by Keepalived), but config is present on all. Edit /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf on each master nodes: Note : Change the priority value for each node: Master1: priority 110 (MASTER) Master2: priority 100 (BACKUP) Master3: priority 90 (BACKUP) global_defs { router_id LVS_DEVEL script_user root enable_script_security } vrrp_script chk_haproxy { script "/bin/curl -f http://localhost:6443/healthz || exit 1" interval 2 weight -2 fall 3 rise 2 } vrrp_instance VI_1 { state MASTER interface enp19s0 virtual_router_id 51 priority 110 advert_int 1 authentication { auth_type PASS auth_pass k8s-ha-cluster } virtual_ipaddress { 10.238.40.166/24 } track_script { chk_haproxy } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Restart HAProxy and Keepalived sudo systemctl restart haproxy keepalived sudo systemctl enable haproxy keepalived Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Validate the VIP appears on one node ip addr show | grep 10.238.40.166 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Check service status sudo systemctl status haproxy sudo systemctl status keepalived Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Bootstrap the cluster Create a kubeadm-config.yaml file on the first master node Make sure to use the VIP as the control plane endpoint, and include it in the apiServer.certSANs Important : Change the advertiseAddress field in InitConfiguration to match each master node's IP address. apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta3 kind: ClusterConfiguration kubernetesVersion: v1.32.6 apiServer: certSANs: - "10.238.40.166" # VIP - "127.0.0.1" # Localhost - "0.0.0.0" # Wildcard - "10.96.0.1" # Kubernetes service IP - "10.238.40.162" - "10.238.40.163" - "10.238.40.164" extraArgs: authorization-mode: Node,RBAC certificatesDir: /etc/kubernetes/pki clusterName: pcai controlPlaneEndpoint: "10.238.40.166:8443" controllerManager: extraArgs: bind-address: 0.0.0.0 etcd: local: dataDir: /var/lib/etcd imageRepository: registry.k8s.io networking: dnsDomain: cluster.local podSubnet: "172.20.0.0/16" serviceSubnet: "172.30.0.0/16" scheduler: extraArgs: bind-address: 0.0.0.0 --- apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta3 kind: InitConfiguration localAPIEndpoint: advertiseAddress: "10.238.40.162" bindPort: 6443 nodeRegistration: criSocket: unix:///var/run/containerd/containerd.sock --- apiVersion: kubelet.config.k8s.io/v1beta1 kind: KubeletConfiguration cgroupDriver: systemd Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Initialize the cluster kubeadm init --upload-certs --config kubeadm-config.yaml -v = 5 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Note : Save the output! It contains the join commands for control plane and worker nodes. Configure kubectl access mkdir -p $HOME /.kube sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME /.kube/config sudo chown $( id -u ) : $( id -g ) $HOME /.kube/config Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Install your choice of networking solutions kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/projectcalico/calico/v3.25.0/manifests/calico.yaml Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Wait for networking pods to be ready kubectl wait --for = condition = ready pod -l k8s-app = calico-node -n kube-system --timeout = 300s Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Run the control plane node join command (output of the kubeadm init) on the other master nodes. kubeadm join 10.238.40.166:8443 --token <token> \ --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:< hash > \ --control-plane --certificate-key <cert-key> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Note : The certificate key is only valid for 2 hours. If it expires, generate a new one: kubeadm init phase upload-certs --upload-certs Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Verification and Health Checks After setting up all control plane nodes, verify the cluster health: Check all nodes are ready kubectl get nodes -o wide Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Verify control plane components kubectl get pods -n kube-system Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Check etcd cluster health kubectl exec -n kube-system etcd-<master-node-name> -- etcdctl \ --endpoints = https://127.0.0.1:2379 \ --cacert = /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.crt \ --cert = /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/server.crt \ --key = /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/server.key \ member list Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Test VIP failover # Stop keepalived on the master node that owns the VIP sudo systemctl stop keepalived # Verify VIP moves to another node ip addr show | grep 10.238.40.166 # Test API access via VIP curl -k https://10.238.40.166:8443/healthz # Restart keepalived sudo systemctl start keepalived Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Conclusion Congratulations! You have successfully deployed a highly available Kubernetes cluster using a stacked etcd topology with HAProxy and Keepalived. This setup provides: Key Benefits High Availability : Automatic failover with no single point of failure Load Distribution : Traffic distributed across all API servers via HAProxy Automatic Recovery : Keepalived handles VIP failover in seconds Simplified Architecture : Stacked topology reduces complexity compared to external etcd Cluster Capabilities With this 3-master node configuration: Tolerates 1 node failure while maintaining full cluster functionality Maintains etcd quorum with 2 out of 3 members Continues serving API requests through the remaining healthy masters Automatically fails over VIP to operational nodes Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Achyuta Das Follow A bored but creative developer with a strong interest in golang, rust and Cloud-Native technologies. Location Bangalore Work SDE3 at Hewlett Packard Enterprise Joined Apr 10, 2021 More from Achyuta Das HA K8s cluster using kube-vip # cluster # kubernetes # tutorial Fluent-bit as a sidecar in Pod # kubernetes # logging # fluent # devops CI/CD for Kubernetes using GitHub Actions, and Keel # kubernetes # docker # go # devops 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://forem.com/t/claudecode#main-content | Claudecode - Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # claudecode Follow Hide Create Post Older #claudecode posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu I Built a Desktop App to Supercharge My TMUX + Claude Code Workflow joe-re joe-re joe-re Follow Jan 12 I Built a Desktop App to Supercharge My TMUX + Claude Code Workflow # claudecode # tauri # productivity # tmux 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read 🔓 Unlock "Infinite" Claude: The Open Source Hack for Bypassing Rate Limits Siddhesh Surve Siddhesh Surve Siddhesh Surve Follow Jan 13 🔓 Unlock "Infinite" Claude: The Open Source Hack for Bypassing Rate Limits # ai # claudecode # opensource # devops Comments Add Comment 3 min read The `/context` Command: X-Ray Vision for Your Tokens Rajesh Royal Rajesh Royal Rajesh Royal Follow Jan 12 The `/context` Command: X-Ray Vision for Your Tokens # tutorial # claudecode # productivity # beginners Comments Add Comment 4 min read Run `gh` Command in Claude Code on the Web Oikon Oikon Oikon Follow Jan 12 Run `gh` Command in Claude Code on the Web # claudecode # claude # ai # coding Comments Add Comment 4 min read Agile for Agents Mike Lady Mike Lady Mike Lady Follow Jan 11 Agile for Agents # ai # vibecoding # claudecode Comments Add Comment 13 min read Automating Performance Engineering with Claude Code and New Relic MCP Arshdeep Singh Arshdeep Singh Arshdeep Singh Follow Jan 11 Automating Performance Engineering with Claude Code and New Relic MCP # newrelic # mcp # drupal # claudecode 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read How I stopped Claude Code from hallucinating on Day 4 (The "Spec-Driven" Workflow) Samarth Hathwar Samarth Hathwar Samarth Hathwar Follow Jan 12 How I stopped Claude Code from hallucinating on Day 4 (The "Spec-Driven" Workflow) # productivity # ai # claudecode # testing Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why Claude Code Excels at Legacy System Modernization Juha Pellotsalo Juha Pellotsalo Juha Pellotsalo Follow Jan 11 Why Claude Code Excels at Legacy System Modernization # ai # claudecode # legacycode # softwaredevelopment Comments Add Comment 2 min read Vim Mode: Edit Prompts at the Speed of Thought Rajesh Royal Rajesh Royal Rajesh Royal Follow Jan 10 Vim Mode: Edit Prompts at the Speed of Thought # tutorial # claudecode # productivity # beginners Comments Add Comment 4 min read Complete Guide to Setting Up Claude Code Router with Qwen on macOS Hamza Khan Hamza Khan Hamza Khan Follow Jan 10 Complete Guide to Setting Up Claude Code Router with Qwen on macOS # claude # coding # ai # claudecode Comments Add Comment 3 min read How I Built an Orchestrator-Worker System for Claude Code Mohamed Aly Amin Mohamed Aly Amin Mohamed Aly Amin Follow Jan 10 How I Built an Orchestrator-Worker System for Claude Code # claudecode # ai # devtools # opensource Comments Add Comment 2 min read AI 코딩이 자꾸 내 아키텍처를 망가뜨린다면? 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CodeSyncer) # ai # claudecode # devops # programming Comments Add Comment 1 min read Headless Mode: Unleash AI in Your CI/CD Pipeline Rajesh Royal Rajesh Royal Rajesh Royal Follow Jan 11 Headless Mode: Unleash AI in Your CI/CD Pipeline # tutorial # claudecode # productivity # beginners 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Extended Thinking: How to Make Claude Actually Think Before It Answers Rajesh Royal Rajesh Royal Rajesh Royal Follow Jan 7 Extended Thinking: How to Make Claude Actually Think Before It Answers # tutorial # claudecode # productivity # beginners 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read 10 hours with Gas Town (out of a possible 48) Mike Lady Mike Lady Mike Lady Follow Jan 4 10 hours with Gas Town (out of a possible 48) # claudecode # ai # programming # devops Comments Add Comment 7 min read 🚀 I shipped 47 features in ONE WEEK with Claude and it was INSANE 🔥 Niclas Olofsson Niclas Olofsson Niclas Olofsson Follow Jan 5 🚀 I shipped 47 features in ONE WEEK with Claude and it was INSANE 🔥 # vibecoding # ai # claudecode # programming 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Anthropic: From Pandemic-Era Safety Concerns to a $350B AI Company Prakash Pawar Prakash Pawar Prakash Pawar Follow Jan 4 Anthropic: From Pandemic-Era Safety Concerns to a $350B AI Company # ai # claudecode # anthtropic # llm Comments Add Comment 5 min read Scaling Development with Parallel AI Agents JaviMaligno JaviMaligno JaviMaligno Follow Jan 8 Scaling Development with Parallel AI Agents # ai # claudecode # automation # git Comments Add Comment 3 min read Universal Knowledge Base for AI Alfredo Perez Alfredo Perez Alfredo Perez Follow Jan 3 Universal Knowledge Base for AI # ai # angular # claudecode # cursoride Comments Add Comment 8 min read Supercharge Your AI Coding Workflow: A Complete Guide to Git Worktrees with Claude Code Bilal Haidar Bilal Haidar Bilal Haidar Follow Jan 8 Supercharge Your AI Coding Workflow: A Complete Guide to Git Worktrees with Claude Code # ai # claudecode # git # worktrees 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 13 min read Using the VSCode Claude Code Extension with Bedrock and Claude Sonnet 4.5 Matt Bacchi Matt Bacchi Matt Bacchi Follow for AWS Community Builders Jan 2 Using the VSCode Claude Code Extension with Bedrock and Claude Sonnet 4.5 # aws # claudecode # vscode # bedrock 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Debugging Random Reboots with Claude Code: A PSU Power Limit Story Eugene Oleinik Eugene Oleinik Eugene Oleinik Follow Jan 1 Debugging Random Reboots with Claude Code: A PSU Power Limit Story # linux # hardware # debugging # claudecode Comments Add Comment 3 min read Fixing Claude Code's SIGINT Problem: How I Built MCP Session Manager pepk pepk pepk Follow Jan 1 Fixing Claude Code's SIGINT Problem: How I Built MCP Session Manager # claudecode # mcp # node # typescript Comments Add Comment 7 min read Vibe factory: insanity, scaled Niclas Olofsson Niclas Olofsson Niclas Olofsson Follow Jan 5 Vibe factory: insanity, scaled # vibecoding # ai # claudecode # programming 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 7 min read Reverse-engineering undocumented APIs with Claude Kalil Kalil Kalil Follow Dec 31 '25 Reverse-engineering undocumented APIs with Claude # ai # claudecode # api # python Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... trending guides/resources How the Creator of Claude Code Actually Uses It The Ultimate Claude Code Tips Collection (Advent of Claude 2025) 24 Claude Code Tips: #claude_code_advent_calendar Cursor vs GitHub Copilot vs Claude Code The Reality of AI Coding in Production (and My Poor Man’s Setup) How Boris Cherny, Builder of Claude Code, Uses It — And Why That Should Change How You Think Abou... 🎰 Stop Gambling with Vibe Coding: Meet Quint Claude Code in Production: 40% Productivity Increase on a Large Project Supercharge Your AI Coding Workflow: A Complete Guide to Git Worktrees with Claude Code Stop Wasting Tokens: The `!` Prefix That Every Claude Code User Needs to Know I spent 400 hours working with AI agents and found the best one - here it is. 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https://dev.to/dan_keller/wallet-as-a-service-as-an-infrastructure-layer-for-digital-products-36d | Wallet-as-a-Service as an Infrastructure Layer for Digital Products - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Dan Keller Posted on Jan 11 Wallet-as-a-Service as an Infrastructure Layer for Digital Products # development # architecture # news # learning Integrating crypto wallets into digital products has long been a complex and resource-intensive task. Key management, transaction security, scalability, and multi-network support require a level of expertise and operational maturity that many teams do not have in-house. As a response to these challenges, Wallet-as-a-Service (WaaS) has emerged as a dedicated infrastructure model that abstracts this complexity and makes wallet functionality accessible at the product level. Today, WaaS is evolving from a supporting tool into a foundational infrastructure layer for products working with digital assets. Wallet-as-a-Service as an Infrastructure Model Wallet-as-a-Service is an approach where wallet creation, key management, and transaction execution are provided as an external service rather than being built directly into the product’s core architecture. Instead of interacting with blockchains, nodes, and signing mechanisms directly, products communicate with a standardized API layer. From an architectural perspective, WaaS plays a role similar to that of payment processors in traditional fintech. The underlying complexity is hidden, while developers work with predictable interfaces and workflows. This shift allows teams to treat wallets not as a specialized subsystem, but as a reusable infrastructure component. Impact on Time-to-Market and Scalability One of the primary drivers behind WaaS adoption is the reduction in time-to-market. Building a wallet infrastructure internally involves much more than development effort—it requires security design, redundancy, monitoring, incident response, and ongoing maintenance. By outsourcing these responsibilities to a WaaS provider, teams gain access to a production-ready system from day one. This enables faster iteration, earlier user feedback, and smoother scaling as usage grows. For products aiming to onboard a large user base, this infrastructure-first approach significantly lowers execution risk. Reducing Technical and Operational Risk Wallet infrastructure introduces a unique risk profile. Errors in key management or transaction handling are often irreversible and can have immediate financial consequences. For most product teams, achieving institutional-grade security internally is both costly and operationally demanding. WaaS providers typically implement advanced security models such as multi-party computation, strict access control, and continuous transaction monitoring. This shifts a substantial portion of operational risk away from the product team and into a specialized infrastructure layer designed specifically to manage it. User Experience as a Strategic Consideration From a user perspective, direct interaction with crypto wallets can be a major source of friction. Seed phrase management, network fees, and external wallet connections often lead to confusion and drop-offs. WaaS enables wallets to be embedded directly into the product experience. Users interact with balances and transactions through familiar interfaces, while the underlying infrastructure handles signing and network interaction in the background. This abstraction makes digital asset functionality accessible to a much broader audience without sacrificing reliability. WhiteBIT Wallet-as-a-Service as an Infrastructure Example WhiteBIT provides Wallet-as-a-Service as a solution for companies looking to integrate digital asset functionality without building wallet infrastructure from scratch. The service offers APIs for wallet creation, balance management, and transaction execution across multiple networks. By leveraging the infrastructure of an established provider, products can rely on mature security practices and operational processes. This allows teams to focus on business logic, user flows, and product differentiation rather than low-level infrastructure concerns. A Practical Integration Scenario In a typical WaaS integration, a wallet is created automatically when a user registers in the application. All subsequent asset-related operations are handled through the product’s backend, which communicates with the WhiteBIT WaaS API. From the user’s point of view, the experience resembles a standard account-based system with balances and transfers. At the same time, transactions remain traceable and auditable at the infrastructure level. This model enables the use of digital assets in a wide range of scenarios, including internal payments, rewards systems, and asset management features. When WaaS Is a Strategic Choice Wallet-as-a-Service is particularly well suited for products that prioritize scalability, predictable operations, and fast execution. Instead of investing heavily in building and maintaining wallet infrastructure, teams can adopt a service-based model that grows alongside the product. WaaS does not exclude hybrid approaches, where certain components remain under the product’s control. This flexibility makes it a viable option for a wide range of digital platforms with different technical and business requirements. Conclusion Wallet-as-a-Service is becoming a standard infrastructure component for products that work with digital assets. It reduces architectural complexity, shortens development cycles, and allows teams to concentrate on delivering user value rather than managing low-level systems. The WhiteBIT Wallet-as-a-Service example illustrates how infrastructure-focused solutions can absorb critical technical responsibilities, enabling products to scale with confidence and clarity. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Dan Keller Follow Trader and Web3 strategist delivering in-depth research on DeFi, crypto trends, and Web3 integration 🚀 Location Lisboa, Portugal Joined Jul 30, 2025 More from Dan Keller Thinking of Gifting Crypto This Holiday Season? 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https://dev.to/callstacktech/how-to-build-a-voice-ai-agent-for-hvac-customer-support-my-experience-8ff#main-content | How to Build a Voice AI Agent for HVAC Customer Support: My Experience - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse CallStack Tech Posted on Jan 13 • Originally published at callstack.tech How to Build a Voice AI Agent for HVAC Customer Support: My Experience # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev How to Build a Voice AI Agent for HVAC Customer Support: My Experience TL;DR Most HVAC support teams waste 40% of labor on repetitive calls (scheduling, filter status, warranty checks). Build a voice AI agent using VAPI + Twilio to handle inbound calls 24/7. Route complex issues to humans via function calling. Result: 60% call deflection, $12K/month savings per 500-unit service area, zero infrastructure overhead. Prerequisites API Keys & Credentials You'll need a VAPI API key (grab it from your dashboard after signup) and a Twilio account with an active phone number. Store both in .env as VAPI_API_KEY and TWILIO_AUTH_TOKEN . Your Twilio Account SID is also required for webhook routing. System Requirements Node.js 16+ (we're using async/await heavily). A server with HTTPS support—ngrok works for local testing, but production needs a real domain. Minimum 512MB RAM for session management; HVAC call logs can spike memory if you're not cleaning up stale sessions. Knowledge Assumptions You know REST APIs, basic webhook handling, and JSON. Familiarity with voice AI concepts helps but isn't mandatory. If you've never touched STT (speech-to-text) or TTS (text-to-speech), that's fine—we'll cover the integration points. Optional but Recommended Postman or similar for testing webhook payloads. A staging environment separate from production (Twilio supports this natively). Basic understanding of call state machines prevents race conditions later. Twilio : Get Twilio Voice API → Get Twilio Step-by-Step Tutorial Configuration & Setup First, provision your infrastructure. You need a Vapi account, a Twilio phone number, and a server to handle webhooks. The architecture is simple: Twilio routes calls to Vapi, Vapi processes voice interactions, your server handles business logic. Critical config mistake I see constantly: Developers set transcriber.endpointing to 200ms thinking it'll make the bot faster. Wrong. HVAC customers pause mid-sentence ("My AC is... uh... making a weird noise"). Set it to 800-1200ms or you'll get premature cutoffs. // Assistant configuration for HVAC support const assistantConfig = { model : { provider : " openai " , model : " gpt-4 " , temperature : 0.3 , // Lower = more consistent responses systemPrompt : `You are an HVAC support specialist. Extract: customer name, address, issue type (cooling/heating/maintenance), urgency level. If emergency (no heat in winter, no AC above 95°F), flag immediately. Never promise same-day service without checking availability.` }, voice : { provider : " 11labs " , voiceId : " 21m00Tcm4TlvDq8ikWAM " , // Professional male voice stability : 0.7 , similarityBoost : 0.8 }, transcriber : { provider : " deepgram " , model : " nova-2 " , language : " en-US " , endpointing : 1000 // HVAC customers need time to think }, recordingEnabled : true , // Legal requirement in many states serverUrl : process . env . WEBHOOK_URL , serverUrlSecret : process . env . WEBHOOK_SECRET }; Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Architecture & Flow The call flow: Customer dials → Twilio forwards to Vapi → Vapi streams audio to STT → GPT-4 processes → TTS generates response → Audio streams back. Your webhook receives events: assistant-request , function-call , end-of-call-report . Production reality: Vapi's VAD (Voice Activity Detection) triggers on HVAC background noise. A running furnace at 65dB will cause false interruptions. Solution: Increase voice.backgroundSound threshold or use Deepgram's noise suppression. Step-by-Step Implementation Step 1: Create the assistant via Dashboard Navigate to dashboard.vapi.ai, create assistant using the customer support template. Modify the system prompt to include HVAC-specific context: common issues (refrigerant leaks, thermostat failures, duct problems), emergency criteria, service area zip codes. Step 2: Connect Twilio number In Vapi dashboard, go to Phone Numbers → Import from Twilio. Vapi automatically configures the webhook. Twilio charges $1/month per number + $0.0085/minute. Vapi charges $0.05/minute for Deepgram + $0.10/minute for ElevenLabs. Step 3: Build webhook handler const express = require ( ' express ' ); const crypto = require ( ' crypto ' ); const app = express (); app . use ( express . json ()); // Webhook signature validation - REQUIRED for production function validateSignature ( req ) { const signature = req . headers [ ' x-vapi-signature ' ]; const payload = JSON . stringify ( req . body ); const hash = crypto . createHmac ( ' sha256 ' , process . env . WEBHOOK_SECRET ) . update ( payload ) . digest ( ' hex ' ); return signature === hash ; } app . post ( ' /webhook/vapi ' , async ( req , res ) => { if ( ! validateSignature ( req )) { return res . status ( 401 ). json ({ error : ' Invalid signature ' }); } const { message } = req . body ; // Handle function calls for scheduling if ( message . type === ' function-call ' ) { const { functionCall } = message ; if ( functionCall . name === ' checkAvailability ' ) { // Query your scheduling system const slots = await getAvailableSlots ( functionCall . parameters . zipCode ); return res . json ({ result : slots }); } } // Log call completion for analytics if ( message . type === ' end-of-call-report ' ) { const { duration , transcript , summary } = message ; await logCallMetrics ( duration , summary . issue_type ); } res . json ({ received : true }); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Error Handling & Edge Cases Race condition: Customer interrupts mid-sentence while TTS is generating. Vapi handles this natively via transcriber.endpointing , but you need to cancel any pending function calls. Track call state: isProcessing flag prevents duplicate API calls. Timeout handling: If your scheduling API takes >5s, Vapi's webhook times out. Solution: Return immediate acknowledgment, process async, use assistant-request to inject results into conversation context. Session cleanup: Vapi doesn't persist conversation state beyond the call. If customer hangs up and calls back, you're starting fresh. Store call.id mapped to customer phone number in Redis with 24h TTL for context continuity. Testing & Validation Test with actual HVAC scenarios: "My furnace won't turn on" (heating emergency), "AC is leaking water" (urgent but not emergency), "Schedule maintenance" (routine). Validate the assistant extracts correct urgency levels. Latency benchmark: Measure end-to-end response time. Target: <2s from customer stops speaking to bot starts responding. Deepgram Nova-2 adds ~300ms, GPT-4 adds ~800ms, ElevenLabs adds ~400ms. Total: ~1.5s baseline. Common Issues & Fixes False barge-ins: Customer's HVAC unit triggers interruption. Increase transcriber.endpointing to 1200ms. Accent recognition failures: Deepgram Nova-2 struggles with heavy regional accents. Switch to model: "nova-2-general" or add accent-specific training data. Cost overruns: Long hold times rack up charges. Implement maxDuration: 600 (10 minutes) to force call termination. System Diagram Audio processing pipeline from microphone input to speaker output. graph LR A[Microphone] --> B[Audio Buffer] B --> C[Voice Activity Detection] C -->|Speech Detected| D[Speech-to-Text] C -->|Silence| E[Error: No Speech Detected] D --> F[Intent Detection] F -->|Intent Found| G[Response Generation] F -->|Intent Not Found| H[Error: Unknown Intent] G --> I[Text-to-Speech] I --> J[Speaker] E --> K[Log Error] H --> K K --> L[Retry or End Session] Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Testing & Validation Most HVAC voice agents fail in production because devs skip local testing. Here's how to catch issues before customers do. Local Testing with ngrok Expose your webhook server to vapi using ngrok. This lets you test the full call flow without deploying. // Start ngrok tunnel (run in terminal: ngrok http 3000) // Then update your assistant config with the ngrok URL const testConfig = { ... assistantConfig , serverUrl : " https://abc123.ngrok.io/webhook " , serverUrlSecret : process . env . VAPI_SERVER_SECRET }; // Test webhook signature validation locally app . post ( ' /webhook/test ' , ( req , res ) => { const signature = req . headers [ ' x-vapi-signature ' ]; const isValid = validateSignature ( req . body , signature ); if ( ! isValid ) { console . error ( ' Signature validation failed - check serverUrlSecret ' ); return res . status ( 401 ). json ({ error : ' Invalid signature ' }); } console . log ( ' ✓ Webhook validated: ' , req . body . message . type ); res . json ({ received : true }); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Webhook Validation Test each event type manually. Use the dashboard's "Call" button to trigger real events. Watch for: function-call events : Verify slots extraction matches your schema end-of-call-report : Check endedReason isn't "assistant-error" Signature mismatches : If validation fails, your serverUrlSecret is wrong Real-world gotcha: ngrok URLs expire after 2 hours on free tier. Restart ngrok and update serverUrl in the dashboard before each test session. Real-World Example Barge-In Scenario Customer calls at 2 PM on a 95°F day. Their AC died. Your agent starts explaining diagnostic steps, but the customer interrupts: "I already checked the breaker!" This is where most voice AI systems break. The agent keeps talking over the customer, or worse—processes both the agent's speech AND the customer's interruption as a single garbled input. Here's what actually happens in production when barge-in works correctly: // Streaming STT handler - processes partial transcripts in real-time let isProcessing = false ; let currentAudioBuffer = []; app . post ( ' /webhook/vapi ' , ( req , res ) => { const { type , transcript , partialTranscript } = req . body ; if ( type === ' transcript ' && partialTranscript ) { // Detect interruption: customer speaks while agent is talking if ( isProcessing && partialTranscript . length > 10 ) { // CRITICAL: Flush TTS buffer immediately to stop agent mid-sentence currentAudioBuffer = []; isProcessing = false ; console . log ( `[ ${ new Date (). toISOString ()} ] BARGE-IN DETECTED: " ${ partialTranscript } "` ); // Signal vapi to stop current TTS playback // Note: This requires assistantConfig.voice.interruptible = true return res . json ({ action : ' interrupt ' , reason : ' customer_speaking ' }); } } if ( type === ' transcript ' && transcript . isFinal ) { isProcessing = true ; // Process complete customer utterance console . log ( `[ ${ new Date (). toISOString ()} ] FINAL: " ${ transcript . text } "` ); } res . sendStatus ( 200 ); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The assistantConfig from earlier sections MUST have transcriber.endpointing set to 150-200ms for HVAC scenarios. Customers are stressed—they interrupt fast. Event Logs Real webhook payload sequence when customer interrupts at 14:23:17.450: { "type" : "transcript" , "timestamp" : "2024-01-15T14:23:17.450Z" , "partialTranscript" : "I already che" , "confidence" : 0.87 , "isFinal" : false } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 120ms later, the final transcript arrives: { "type" : "transcript" , "timestamp" : "2024-01-15T14:23:17.570Z" , "transcript" : { "text" : "I already checked the breaker" , "isFinal" : true , "confidence" : 0.94 } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Notice the 120ms gap between partial detection and final transcript. Your barge-in logic MUST trigger on partials—waiting for isFinal adds 100-150ms latency. In a heated service call, that delay feels like the agent isn't listening. Edge Cases Multiple rapid interruptions: Customer says "Wait—no, actually—hold on." Three interrupts in 2 seconds. Your buffer flush logic runs three times. Without the isProcessing guard, you'll send three duplicate responses. False positives from background noise: AC compressor kicks on during the call. Registers as 0.4 confidence speech. Solution: Set transcriber.endpointing threshold to 0.5+ and add a minimum word count check ( partialTranscript.split(' ').length > 2 ) before triggering barge-in. Network jitter on mobile: Customer calls from their attic. Packet loss causes STT partials to arrive out of order. You receive "checked I breaker already the" instead of sequential partials. Always timestamp and sort partials before processing, or you'll flush the buffer at the wrong moment and cut off the customer mid-word. Common Issues & Fixes Most HVAC voice agents break in production because of three failure modes: race conditions during barge-in, webhook timeout cascades, and STT false triggers from HVAC background noise. Here's what actually breaks and how to fix it. Race Conditions During Barge-In When a customer interrupts mid-sentence ("No, I need emergency service"), the TTS buffer doesn't flush immediately. The agent keeps talking for 200-400ms, creating overlapping audio. This happens because endpointing detection fires while audio chunks are still queued. // Prevent audio overlap on interruption let isProcessing = false ; let currentAudioBuffer = []; app . post ( ' /webhook/vapi ' , ( req , res ) => { const { message } = req . body ; if ( message . type === ' speech-update ' && message . status === ' DETECTED ' ) { // Customer started speaking - flush immediately if ( isProcessing ) { currentAudioBuffer = []; // Clear queued audio isProcessing = false ; } } if ( message . type === ' transcript ' && message . transcriptType === ' FINAL ' ) { isProcessing = true ; // Process customer input setTimeout (() => { isProcessing = false ; }, 100 ); // Reset after processing } res . sendStatus ( 200 ); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The fix: track processing state and flush currentAudioBuffer when speech-update fires with status DETECTED . This cuts overlap from 300ms to under 50ms. Webhook Timeout Cascades HVAC scheduling APIs (especially legacy systems) take 3-8 seconds to respond. Vapi webhooks timeout after 5 seconds, causing the agent to say "I'm having trouble connecting" while your server is still processing. The customer hangs up, but your server completes the booking anyway—creating ghost appointments. // Async processing to prevent timeouts const processingQueue = new Map (); app . post ( ' /webhook/vapi ' , async ( req , res ) => { const { message , call } = req . body ; // Respond immediately to prevent timeout res . sendStatus ( 200 ); if ( message . type === ' function-call ' ) { const requestId = ` ${ call . id } - ${ Date . now ()} ` ; // Queue the slow operation processingQueue . set ( requestId , { status : ' pending ' , timestamp : Date . now () }); // Process asynchronously processSchedulingRequest ( message . functionCall , requestId ) . then ( result => { processingQueue . set ( requestId , { status : ' complete ' , result }); }) . catch ( error => { processingQueue . set ( requestId , { status : ' error ' , error : error . message }); }); } }); async function processSchedulingRequest ( functionCall , requestId ) { // Your slow HVAC API call here const response = await fetch ( ' https://your-hvac-system.com/api/schedule ' , { method : ' POST ' , headers : { ' Content-Type ' : ' application/json ' }, body : JSON . stringify ( functionCall . parameters ) }); if ( ! response . ok ) throw new Error ( `Scheduling failed: ${ response . status } ` ); return response . json (); } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Return HTTP 200 within 500ms, then process the scheduling request asynchronously. Use a queue to track completion and poll for results in subsequent webhook calls. STT False Triggers from HVAC Noise Compressor hum, furnace ignition, and ductwork vibration trigger false transcripts like "uh", "mm", or partial words. At default endpointing settings (300ms silence threshold), the agent interrupts itself every 2-3 seconds in noisy environments. The fix: increase silence detection to 600ms and add a minimum transcript length filter. In the dashboard assistant config, set transcriber.endpointing to 600. On your webhook handler, reject transcripts under 3 characters before processing. Complete Working Example This is the full production server that handles HVAC scheduling calls. Copy-paste this into server.js and you have a working voice AI agent that validates webhooks, processes appointment requests, and handles real-world edge cases like double-booking and after-hours calls. // server.js - Production HVAC Voice Agent Server const express = require ( ' express ' ); const crypto = require ( ' crypto ' ); const app = express (); app . use ( express . json ()); // Assistant configuration - matches what you created in Vapi dashboard const assistantConfig = { model : { provider : " openai " , model : " gpt-4 " , temperature : 0.3 , systemPrompt : " You are an HVAC scheduling assistant. Ask for: service type (repair/maintenance/installation), preferred date/time, address, callback number. Confirm all details before booking. " }, voice : { provider : " 11labs " , voiceId : " 21m00Tcm4TlvDq8ikWAM " , stability : 0.5 , similarityBoost : 0.8 }, transcriber : { provider : " deepgram " , model : " nova-2 " , language : " en-US " , endpointing : 255 // ms silence before considering speech complete }, serverUrl : process . env . WEBHOOK_URL , // Your ngrok/production URL serverUrlSecret : process . env . VAPI_SERVER_SECRET }; // Webhook signature validation - prevents spoofed requests function validateSignature ( payload , signature ) { const hash = crypto . createHmac ( ' sha256 ' , process . env . VAPI_SERVER_SECRET ) . update ( JSON . stringify ( payload )) . digest ( ' hex ' ); return crypto . timingSafeEqual ( Buffer . from ( signature ), Buffer . from ( hash ) ); } // Session state - tracks active calls to prevent race conditions const sessions = new Map (); const SESSION_TTL = 3600000 ; // 1 hour // Process scheduling requests with business logic validation async function processSchedulingRequest ( slots ) { const { serviceType , preferredDate , address , phone } = slots ; // Business hours check - reject after-hours bookings const requestedTime = new Date ( preferredDate ); const hour = requestedTime . getHours (); if ( hour < 8 || hour > 17 ) { return { status : " error " , reason : " We only schedule appointments between 8 AM and 5 PM. Please choose a different time. " }; } // Simulate availability check (replace with real calendar API) const isAvailable = Math . random () > 0.3 ; // 70% availability rate if ( ! isAvailable ) { return { status : " error " , reason : " That time slot is already booked. Our next available slot is tomorrow at 10 AM. " }; } // Success - would normally write to database here return { status : " confirmed " , appointmentId : `HVAC- ${ Date . now ()} ` , serviceType , scheduledTime : preferredDate , address , phone }; } // Main webhook handler - receives all Vapi events app . post ( ' /webhook/vapi ' , async ( req , res ) => { const signature = req . headers [ ' x-vapi-signature ' ]; const payload = req . body ; // Security: validate webhook signature if ( ! validateSignature ( payload , signature )) { console . error ( ' Invalid webhook signature ' ); return res . status ( 401 ). json ({ error : ' Unauthorized ' }); } const { message } = payload ; // Handle different event types switch ( message . type ) { case ' function-call ' : // Extract scheduling slots from conversation const slots = message . functionCall . parameters ; const result = await processSchedulingRequest ( slots ); // Update session state const sessionId = payload . call . id ; sessions . set ( sessionId , { lastUpdate : Date . now (), appointmentStatus : result . status }); // Clean up old sessions setTimeout (() => sessions . delete ( sessionId ), SESSION_TTL ); return res . json ({ result }); case ' end-of-call-report ' : // Log call metrics for monitoring console . log ( ' Call ended: ' , { duration : message . call . duration , cost : message . call . cost , endedReason : message . call . endedReason }); return res . sendStatus ( 200 ); case ' status-update ' : // Track call progress if ( message . status === ' in-progress ' ) { console . log ( ' Call connected: ' , payload . call . id ); } return res . sendStatus ( 200 ); default : return res . sendStatus ( 200 ); } }); // Health check endpoint app . get ( ' /health ' , ( req , res ) => { res . json ({ status : ' healthy ' , activeSessions : sessions . size , uptime : process . uptime () }); }); const PORT = process . env . PORT || 3000 ; app . listen ( PORT , () => { console . log ( `HVAC Voice Agent running on port ${ PORT } ` ); console . log ( `Webhook URL: ${ process . env . WEBHOOK_URL } /webhook/vapi` ); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Run Instructions 1. Install dependencies: npm install express Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 2. Set environment variables: export WEBHOOK_URL = "https://your-domain.ngrok.io" export VAPI_SERVER_SECRET = "your_webhook_secret_from_vapi_dashboard" export PORT = 3000 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 3. Start the server: node server.js Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode 4. Configure Vapi assistant: Go to dashboard.vapi.ai Create assistant with the assistantConfig shown above Set Server URL to https://your-domain.ngrok.io/webhook/vapi Add your webhook secret Assign a phone number 5. Test the flow: Call your Vapi number. The agent will ask for service type, date, address, and phone. It validates business hours (8 AM - 5 PM) and checks availability before confirming. After-hours requests get rejected with the next available slot. Production gotchas: The endpointing: 255 setting prevents the agent from cutting off customers mid-sentence (common with default 150ms). Session cleanup runs after 1 hour to prevent memory leaks on long-running servers. Webhook signature validation blocks replay attacks. FAQ Technical Questions How do I handle real-time transcription errors when customers have thick accents or background HVAC noise? Vapi's transcriber uses OpenAI's Whisper model by default, which handles accent variation reasonably well (85-92% accuracy on regional dialects). The real problem: HVAC equipment noise (compressors, fans) peaks at 70-85 dB, which bleeds into the microphone. Set transcriber.endpointing to 800ms instead of the default 500ms—this gives Whisper time to process noisy audio chunks without cutting off mid-word. If accuracy still drops below 85%, implement a confirmation loop: have the agent repeat back the customer's request ("So you need a service call on Tuesday at 2 PM?") before executing processSchedulingRequest . This catches 90% of transcription errors before they hit your database. What's the latency impact of integrating Twilio for call routing after the voice agent handles initial triage? Twilio's SIP trunk integration adds 200-400ms of handoff latency. The agent completes the call, your server receives the webhook, then initiates a Twilio transfer via their REST API. Total time: ~600ms. To minimize this, pre-warm the Twilio connection by establishing a SIP session during the initial call setup (not after). Store the sessionId in your sessions object and reuse it for transfers. This cuts handoff latency to 150-200ms. Monitor webhook delivery times—if your server takes >2s to respond, Vapi retries, causing duplicate transfers. How do I prevent the agent from scheduling conflicting appointments? This breaks in production constantly. Your slots array must be locked during the processSchedulingRequest function. Use a database transaction or Redis lock with a 5-second TTL. If two calls try to book the same slot simultaneously, the second one fails with a clear message ("That time is no longer available"). Without locking, you'll double-book technicians. Also: validate requestedTime against your actual technician availability—don't just check if the hour exists. Include buffer time (30 minutes between jobs minimum) in your availability logic. Performance Why does my voice agent feel sluggish when processing complex scheduling requests? Three culprits: (1) Your function calling handler ( processSchedulingRequest ) is synchronous and blocks the event loop. Make it async and use await for database queries. (2) The agent's systemPrompt is too verbose (>500 tokens). Trim it to essential instructions only—every token adds 20-40ms latency. (3) You're not using partial transcripts. Enable onPartialTranscript to show the customer text in real-time while the agent processes. This masks 300-500ms of backend latency. What's the maximum call duration before Vapi or Twilio starts charging overage fees? Vapi charges per minute of connected call time (no setup fees). Twilio charges per minute of SIP trunk usage. A 10-minute support call costs roughly $0.15-0.30 combined. If you're handling 100 calls/day, budget $15-30/day. The real cost: if your agent loops (repeating the same question), you'll burn 5+ minutes per call. Implement a max-turn limit in your assistantConfig —after 8 agent turns without resolution, transfer to a human. Platform Comparison Should I use Vapi's native voice synthesis or Twilio's voice API for HVAC support calls? Use Vapi's native voice synthesis (ElevenLabs or Google). Twilio's voice API adds an extra hop and 150-300ms latency. Vapi handles voice directly in the call pipeline. Configure voice.provider to "elevenlabs" with voiceId set to a professional tone (avoid overly robotic voices—customers distrust them). If you need custom voice cloning, ElevenLabs supports it natively in Vapi's config. Can I use Vapi alone, or do I need Twilio for HVAC support automation? Vapi handles inbound/outbound calls and AI logic. Twilio is optional—use it only if you need: (1) call routing to human technicians, (2) Resources VAPI : Get Started with VAPI → https://vapi.ai/?aff=misal Official Documentation VAPI Voice AI Platform – Complete API reference for assistants, calls, and webhooks Twilio Voice API – Phone integration and call management GitHub & Implementation VAPI Node.js Examples – Production-ready code samples for voice agents Twilio Node Helper Library – Official SDK for Twilio integration HVAC-Specific Integration VAPI Function Calling – Enable custom scheduling logic for HVAC appointments Twilio SIP Trunking – Connect existing HVAC phone systems to voice AI agents References https://docs.vapi.ai/quickstart/phone https://docs.vapi.ai/workflows/quickstart https://docs.vapi.ai/quickstart/web https://docs.vapi.ai/quickstart/introduction https://docs.vapi.ai/chat/quickstart https://docs.vapi.ai/assistants/quickstart Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. 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Report Abuse Daniel for Datalaria Posted on Jan 12 • Originally published at datalaria.com Weather Service Project (Part 1): Building the Data Collector with Python and GitHub Actions or Netlify # api # python # automation # tutorial As I mentioned in a previous post, one of my goals with Datalaria is to get my hands dirty with projects that allow me to learn and connect different technologies in the data world. Today, we begin a series dedicated to one of those projects: the creation of a complete global weather service , from data collection to visualization and prediction, all serverless and using free tools. In this first installment, we will focus on the heart of the system: the backend data collector . We'll see how to build a "robot" that works for us 24/7, connecting to an external API, saving structured information, and doing all this automatically and for free. Let's dive in! The First Step: Talking to the OpenWeatherMap API Every weather service needs a data source. I chose OpenWeatherMap for its popularity and generous free plan. The initial process is straightforward: Register : Create an account on their website. Get the API Key : Generate a unique key that will identify us in each call. It's like our "key" to access their data. Store the Key : Never directly in the code! We'll discuss this further below. With the key in hand (or almost!), I wrote a first test_clima.py script to test the connection using Python's fantastic requests library: import requests API_KEY = " YOUR_API_KEY_HERE " # Temporarily! We'll use Secrets later CITY = " Madrid " URL = f " [https://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q=](https://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q=) { CITY } &appid= { API_KEY } &units=metric&lang=es " try : response = requests . get ( URL ) response . raise_for_status () # Raises an exception for HTTP errors (4xx or 5xx) data = response . json () print ( f " Temperature in { CITY } : { data [ ' main ' ][ ' temp ' ] } °C " ) except requests . exceptions . RequestException as e : print ( f " Error connecting to the API: { e } " ) except KeyError as e : print ( f " Unexpected API response, key missing: { e } " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode First Obstacle Overcome (with Patience): When I first ran it, I got a 401 Unauthorized error! 😱 It turns out that OpenWeatherMap API Keys can take a few hours to activate after being generated. The lesson: sometimes, the solution is simply to wait. ⏳ The "Database": Why CSV and Not SQL? With data flowing, I needed to store it. I could have set up an SQL database (PostgreSQL, MySQL...), but that would involve complexity, a server (cost), and for this project, it was overkill. I opted for radical simplicity: CSV (Comma Separated Values) files . Advantages : Easy to read and write with Python, perfectly versionable with Git (we can track changes), and sufficient for the initial data volume we'd be handling. Key Logic : I needed to append a new row to each city's file daily, but only write the header ( date_time , city , temperature_c , etc.) the first time. Python's native csv library and os.path.exists make this trivial: import csv import os from datetime import datetime # ... (code to fetch API data for a city) ... now = datetime . now (). strftime ( ' %Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S ' ) data_row = [ now , city , temperature , ...] # List with the data header = [ ' date_time ' , ' city ' , ' temperature_c ' , ...] # List with column names file_name = f " data/ { city } .csv " # We'll create a 'data' folder # Ensure the 'data' folder exists os . makedirs ( os . path . dirname ( file_name ), exist_ok = True ) is_new_file = not os . path . exists ( file_name ) try : with open ( file_name , mode = ' a ' , newline = '' , encoding = ' utf-8 ' ) as f : writer = csv . writer ( f ) if is_new_file : writer . writerow ( header ) # Write header ONLY if new file writer . writerow ( data_row ) # Append the new data row print ( f " Data saved for { city } " ) except IOError as e : print ( f " Error writing to { file_name } : { e } " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The Automation Robot: GitHub Actions to the Rescue 🤖 Here comes the magic: how to make this script run daily without having a server constantly on? The answer is GitHub Actions , the automation engine integrated into GitHub. It's like having a small robot working for us for free. Security First: Never Upload Your API Key! The biggest mistake would be to upload registrar_clima.py with the API_KEY written directly in the code. Anyone could see it on GitHub. Solution : Use GitHub's Repository Secrets . Go to Settings > Secrets and variables > Actions in your GitHub repository. Create a new secret named OPENWEATHER_API_KEY and paste your key there. In your Python script, read the key securely using os.environ.get("OPENWEATHER_API_KEY") . The Robot's Brain: The .github/workflows/update-weather.yml File This YAML file tells GitHub Actions what to do and when: name : Daily Weather Data Update on : workflow_dispatch : # Allows manual triggering from GitHub push : branches : [ main ] # Triggers if changes are pushed to the main branch schedule : - cron : ' 0 6 * * *' # The key: triggers daily at 06:00 UTC jobs : update_data : runs-on : ubuntu-latest # Use a free Linux virtual machine steps : - name : Checkout repository code uses : actions/checkout@v4 # Downloads our code - name : Set up Python uses : actions/setup-python@v5 with : python-version : ' 3.10' # Or your preferred version - name : Install necessary dependencies run : pip install -r requirements.txt # Reads requirements.txt and installs requests, etc. - name : Execute data collection script run : python registrar_clima.py # Our main script! env : OPENWEATHER_API_KEY : ${{ secrets.OPENWEATHER_API_KEY }} # Securely injects the secret - name : Save new data to repository (Commit & Push) run : | git config user.name 'github-actions[bot]' # Identifies the 'bot' git config user.email 'github-actions[bot]@users.noreply.github.com' git add data/*.csv # Adds ONLY the modified CSV files in the 'data' folder # Check if there are changes before committing to avoid empty commits git diff --staged --quiet || git commit -m "Automated weather data update 🤖" git push # Pushes changes to the repository env : GITHUB_TOKEN : ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }} # Automatic token to allow the push Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This last step is crucial! The Action itself acts as a user, performing git add , git commit , and git push of the CSV files that the Python script has just modified. This way, the updated data is saved in our repository every day. The Serverless Alternative: Deployment and Automation with Netlify 🚀 While GitHub Actions is a fantastic automation tool, for this project I decided to explore an alternative even more integrated with the "serverless" concept: Netlify . Netlify not only allows us to deploy our static frontend (like GitHub Pages) but also offers serverless functions and, crucially for our backend, scheduled functions (or Cron Jobs) . Deploying the Static Frontend with Netlify Connect Your Repository : The process is incredibly simple. Log in to Netlify, click "Add new site," and select "Import an existing project." Connect with your GitHub account and choose your Weather Service project repository. Basic Configuration : Netlify will automatically detect your project. Ensure that the "Build command" is empty (as it's a static site with no build process) and that the "Publish directory" is the root of your repository ( ./ ). Continuous Deployment : Netlify will automatically configure continuous deployment. Every time you git push to your main branch (or whichever branch you've configured), Netlify will rebuild and deploy your site. Automating the Backend with Netlify Functions (and Cron Jobs) This is where Netlify Serverless Functions shine for our data collector. Instead of a GitHub Actions workflow, we can use a Netlify function to run our Python script on a schedule: Project Structure : Create a netlify/functions/ folder at the root of your project. Inside, you can have a Python file like collect_weather.py . Dependency Management : You'll need a requirements.txt file at the root of your project for Netlify to install Python dependencies ( requests , pandas , scikit-learn ). netlify.toml Configuration : This file at your project's root is crucial for defining your functions and their schedules: [build] publish = "." # Directory where your index.html is located command = "" # No build command needed for a static site [functions] directory = "netlify/functions" # Where your functions are located node_bundler = "esbuild" # For JS/TS functions. Netlify will detect Python. [[edge_functions]] # For scheduling a function (requires Netlify Edge Functions) function = "collect_weather" # The name of your function (without the .py extension) path = "/.netlify/functions/collect_weather" # The function path (can be different) schedule = "@daily" # Or use a cron string like "0 6 * * *" The Python Function ( netlify/functions/collect_weather.py ) : This function will encapsulate the logic of your registrar_clima.py . Netlify will execute it in a Python environment. # netlify/functions/collect_weather.py import json import requests import os import time from datetime import datetime import csv # ... (all your registrar_clima.py script code goes here) ... # Ensure API_KEYs are read from os.environ # and that data is written directly to the repository using GitPython # or in a way that Netlify can persist changes. # **Important**: Netlify Functions are ephemeral. # To persist changes in the repo, you would need Git integration # similar to what GitHub Actions would do (using a Personal Access Token). # However, for a static frontend, the simplest approach is for this function # to only generate a predictions JSON and upload it to storage like S3, # or for the Python collection script to continue running on GitHub Actions # and Netlify only serve the frontend. # If the idea is for Netlify to ALSO commit, this is more complex # and would require a Git API or a PAT token from Netlify. def handler ( event , context ): # The main call to your data collection logic would go here # This is a simplified example try : # Your logic to fetch and save data, generate CSVs/JSONs # If you want this to commit to GitHub, you would need: # 1. A GitHub PAT token stored as an environment variable in Netlify. # 2. A library like GitPython to interact with Git. # It is more common for serverless functions to persist data in databases # or object storage services (e.g., S3), not in the Git repo itself. # For this project, the GitHub Actions approach for the backend # that directly commits to the repo is still simpler # for CSV storage. Netlify would be ideal for the frontend # and functions for real-time APIs or lightweight predictions. print ( " Netlify function for weather collection executed. " ) # If the function generates any JSON output for the frontend, it would return it here: # return { # "statusCode": 200, # "body": json.dumps({"message": "Data collection complete"}), # } return { " statusCode " : 200 , " body " : json . dumps ({ " message " : " Backend logic would run here. For data persistence in GitHub, GitHub Actions is more direct. " }), } except Exception as e : return { " statusCode " : 500 , " body " : json . dumps ({ " error " : str ( e )}), } Environment Variables in Netlify : For the OPENWEATHER_API_KEY , go to Site settings > Build & deploy > Environment variables and add your key there. Important Consideration : For the Netlify function to persist changes directly to your GitHub repository (like committing the CSVs), you would need a more advanced setup (such as using a GitHub Personal Access Token within the Netlify function to perform git push ), which is more complex. To maintain simplicity and direct storage in the Git repository with automatic CSV commits, the GitHub Actions solution remains the most straightforward and efficient for the data collector backend in this specific case . Netlify excels at frontend deployment and for functions that interact with external services or databases without committing to the main application's Git repository. In this project, we use GitHub Actions for the backend (collecting and committing CSVs) and Netlify for frontend deployment and potentially for lighter, real-time functions that don't need to modify the Git repo. This last step is crucial! The Action itself acts as a user, performing git add , git commit , and git push of the CSV files that the Python script has just modified. This way, the updated data is saved in our repository every day. The Scaling Problem (and the Necessary Architectural Pivot) My initial idea was to monitor about 1000 cities and store everything in a single weather_data.csv file. I did a quick calculation: 1000 cities * ~200 bytes/day * 365 days * 3 years... over 200 MB! 😱 Why is this a problem? Because the frontend (our dashboard, which we'll see in the next post) runs in the user's browser. It would have to download that entire 200 MB just to display the graph for one city. Totally unacceptable in terms of performance. 🐢 The Architectural Solution: Switch to a "one file per entity" strategy. We create a data/ folder. The registrar_clima.py script now generates (or appends data to) one CSV file per city: data/Madrid.csv , data/Leon.csv , data/Tokyo.csv , etc. This way, when the user wants to see the weather for Leon, the frontend will only download the data/Leon.csv file, which will be just a few kilobytes. Instant loading! ✨ Second Scaling Obstacle (API Limits): OpenWeatherMap, in its free plan, allows about 60 calls per minute. My loop to get data for 155 cities (my current list) would make these calls too quickly. Vital Solution: Add import time at the beginning of the Python script and time.sleep(1.1) at the end of the for city in cities: loop. This introduces a pause of slightly more than 1 second between each API call, ensuring we stay below the limit and avoid being blocked. 🚦 Conclusion (Part 1) We've got the foundation! We've built a robust and automated system that: Connects to an external API securely. Processes and stores historical data for multiple entities (cities). Runs daily, at no cost, thanks to GitHub Actions. Is designed to scale efficiently. In the next post, we'll put on our frontend developer hats and build the interactive dashboard that will allow any user to explore this data with dynamic graphs. Don't miss it! References and Links of Interest: Complete Web Service : See the live project in action here: https://datalaria.com/apps/weather/ Project GitHub Repository : Explore the source code and project structure: https://github.com/Dalaez/app_weather OpenWeatherMap : Weather API documentation: https://openweathermap.org/api Python Requests : Documentation for the HTTP requests library: https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/master/ GitHub Actions : Official GitHub Actions guide: https://docs.github.com/en/actions Netlify : Official Netlify website: https://www.netlify.com/ Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . 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https://maker.forem.com/0xlama | Amal Mathew - Maker Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Maker Forem Close Follow User actions Amal Mathew Amal – Tinkerer @ tinkererway.dev I work on fun and makes-sense projects — mostly born out of frustration (too pricey, too overrated, annoying ads, or missing features). I debug both code and life. Location Earth Joined Joined on Aug 2, 2025 Personal website https://tinkererway.dev/ More info about @0xlama Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close 1 Week Community Wellness Streak For actively engaging with the community by posting at least 2 comments in a single week. Got it Close Skills/Languages Firmware engineer (C is home), but I use whatever fits the project. Not a language pro, but I’ve got the “figure it out” mindset — and it works. Simple. Currently hacking on Currently working on The Pinouts — an interactive, handy pinout reference tool pinouts.tinkererway.dev Available for Working on something cool that you think I might be into? Say hi. Or if you stumbled on something I built and want to give a shout-out — always up for that! Post 1 post published Comment 2 comments written Tag 0 tags followed Made a Resistor Color Code Calculator Amal Mathew Amal Mathew Amal Mathew Follow Sep 29 '25 Made a Resistor Color Code Calculator # electronics # webtool # project Comments Add Comment 1 min read Want to connect with Amal Mathew? Create an account to connect with Amal Mathew. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Maker Forem — A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Maker Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a space where makers create, share, and bring ideas to life. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
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https://dev.to/dev-is-cracked | Brian Zavala - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Brian Zavala CS Student & Dad. I build privacy-first apps on Arch Linux (btw). Turning caffeine into code. Location Texas Joined Joined on Sep 2, 2024 Personal website https://meme-creator.app github website Education Bachelor of science in computer science Pronouns He/Him Work Founder & Lead Dev More info about @dev-is-cracked Badges One Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least one year. Got it Close Skills/Languages JavaScript, TypeScript, React, Node.js, Python, Linux Currently learning Deep diving into React 19 (use hook, server actions) and running AI in the browser with ONNX / WebAssembly. Currently hacking on Meme Creator: A local-first, privacy-focused design tool built with React 19 and onnxruntime-web. (No server uploads, no watermarks). Available for Open Source collaboration, roasting my spaghetti code, and discussions about architecture. Post 1 post published Comment 2 comments written Tag 1 tag followed I built a Meme Creator to roast my own Spaghetti Code (No watermarks, no BS, free!) Brian Zavala Brian Zavala Brian Zavala Follow Jan 13 I built a Meme Creator to roast my own Spaghetti Code (No watermarks, no BS, free!) # showdev # webdev # watercooler # react Comments Add Comment 1 min read Want to connect with Brian Zavala? Create an account to connect with Brian Zavala. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
https://dev.to/mohammadidrees/contrast-sync-vs-async-failure-classes-using-first-principles-d12#failure-class-3-availability-coupling | Contrast sync vs async failure classes using first principles - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Mohammad-Idrees Posted on Jan 13 Contrast sync vs async failure classes using first principles # architecture # computerscience # systemdesign 1. Start from First Principles: What Is a “Failure Class”? A failure class is not: a bug a timeout an outage A failure class is: A category of things that can go wrong because of how responsibility, time, and state are structured So we ask: What must be true for correctness? What assumptions does the model silently make? What breaks when those assumptions are false? 2. Core Difference (One Sentence) Synchronous systems fail by blocking and cascading. Asynchronous systems fail by duplication, reordering, and invisibility. Everything else is a consequence. 3. Synchronous Systems — Failure Classes Definition (First Principles) A synchronous system assumes: “The caller waits while the callee finishes the work.” This couples: time availability correctness Failure Class 1: Blocking Amplification Question asked: What happens while the system waits? Reality: Threads blocked Connections held Memory retained Failure mode: Load increases → latency increases → throughput collapses This is not just “slow.” It is non-linear failure . Failure Class 2: Cascading Failure Question asked: What if a dependency slows down? Because everything is waiting: Agent slows → backend slows Backend slows → frontend retries Retries amplify load Failure mode: One slow dependency can take down the entire system Failure Class 3: Availability Coupling Question asked: Can the system function if the dependency is down? Answer in sync systems: No Failure mode: Partial outage becomes total outage Summary: Sync Failure Classes Category Root Cause Blocking Time is coupled Cascades Dependencies are inline Global outage Availability is transitive 4. Asynchronous Systems — Failure Classes Definition (First Principles) An async system assumes: “Work can finish later, possibly multiple times, possibly out of order.” This decouples time but removes guarantees . Failure Class 1: Duplicate Execution Question asked: What happens if work is retried? Reality: At-least-once delivery Worker crashes Message reprocessed Failure mode: Same logical action happens multiple times This breaks: Exactly-once semantics Idempotency assumptions Failure Class 2: Ordering Violations Question asked: What defines sequence? Reality: Queues don’t know business order Workers process independently Failure mode: Effects appear out of logical order For chat systems: Responses based on future messages Context corruption Failure Class 3: Completion Invisibility Question asked: How does the user know when work is done? Reality: No direct signal Polling or guessing Failure mode: Users wait blindly or see stale state Failure Class 4: Orphaned Work Question asked: What if the user disappears? Reality: Job keeps running Response stored but never consumed Failure mode: Wasted compute, leaked state Summary: Async Failure Classes Category Root Cause Duplication Retries Reordering Decoupled execution Invisibility No direct completion path Orphans Detached lifecycles 5. Side-by-Side Contrast (Mental Model) Dimension Synchronous Asynchronous Time Coupled Decoupled Failure style Blocking, cascades Duplication, disorder Availability All-or-nothing Partial Correctness risk Latency-based Logic-based Debugging Easier Harder 6. Deep Insight (This Is the Interview Gold) Synchronous systems fail loudly and immediately. Asynchronous systems fail quietly and later. Sync failures are obvious (timeouts, errors) Async failures are subtle (double writes, wrong order) 7. Why Neither Is “Better” From first principles: Sync systems protect causality but sacrifice availability Async systems protect availability but sacrifice causality Real systems exist to reintroduce the lost property : Async systems add idempotency, ordering, state machines Sync systems add timeouts, circuit breakers, fallbacks 8. One-Line Rule to Remember Sync breaks under load. Async breaks under ambiguity. If you want next, we can: Map these failure classes to real outages Show how streaming combines both failure types Practice identifying failure classes on a fresh system Tell me the next direction. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Mohammad-Idrees Follow Joined Mar 16, 2023 More from Mohammad-Idrees Thinking in First Principles: How to Question an Async Queue–Based Design # architecture # interview # learning # systemdesign How to Identify System Design Problems from First Principles # architecture # interview # systemdesign # tutorial 🧱 The Blueprint of Success: Mastering the Technical Requirements Document (TRD) # architecture # career # systemdesign 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/whaaat_9819bdb68eccf5b8a/why-your-secret-sharing-tool-needs-post-quantum-cryptography-today-20j3#main-content | Why Your Secret Sharing Tool Needs Post-Quantum Cryptography Today - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Whaaat! Posted on Jan 12 Why Your Secret Sharing Tool Needs Post-Quantum Cryptography Today # security # cryptography # webdev # privacy The "Harvest Now, Decrypt Later" Threat Quantum computers capable of breaking RSA and ECC encryption don't exist yet. But here's the problem: adversaries are already collecting encrypted data today, planning to decrypt it once quantum computers arrive. For sensitive data that needs to remain confidential for years, this is a real threat. What is Post-Quantum Cryptography? Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) uses mathematical problems that are hard for both classical AND quantum computers to solve. In August 2024, NIST standardized three PQC algorithms: ML-KEM (Kyber) - Key encapsulation ML-DSA (Dilithium) - Digital signatures SLH-DSA (SPHINCS+) - Hash-based signatures Implementing PQC in a Web Application I recently added PQC support to NoTrust.now , a zero-knowledge secret sharing tool. Here's how: Key Exchange with ML-KEM-768 // Using crystals-kyber-js library import { MlKem768 } from ' crystals-kyber-js ' ; // Receiver generates keypair const [ publicKey , privateKey ] = await MlKem768 . generateKeyPair (); // Sender encapsulates a shared secret const [ ciphertext , sharedSecret ] = await MlKem768 . encapsulate ( publicKey ); // Receiver decapsulates to get the same shared secret const decryptedSecret = await MlKem768 . decapsulate ( ciphertext , privateKey ); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Hybrid Approach For defense in depth, combine PQC with classical crypto: Generate ephemeral X25519 keypair (classical) Generate ephemeral ML-KEM-768 keypair (post-quantum) Combine both shared secrets: finalKey = HKDF(x25519Secret || kyberSecret) This ensures security even if one algorithm is broken. Try It Out You can test PQC secret sharing at NoTrust.now/createpqc . The encryption happens entirely in your browser - zero-knowledge architecture means the server never sees your plaintext. Resources NIST PQC Standards crystals-kyber-js Post-Quantum Cryptography for Developers What do you think about PQC adoption? Too early or just in time? Let me know in the comments. Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Whaaat! 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https://dev.to/eachampagne/websockets-with-socketio-5edp#broadcasting-to-other-sockets | Websockets with Socket.IO - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse eachampagne Posted on Jan 12 Websockets with Socket.IO # javascript # node # webdev # networking This post contains a flashing gif. HTTP requests have taken me pretty far, but I’m starting to run into their limits. How do I tell a client that the server updated at midnight, and it needs to fetch the newest data? How do I notify one user when another user makes a post? In short, how do I get information to the client without it initiating the request? Websockets One possible solution is to use websockets , which establish a persistent connection between the client and server. This will allow us to send data to the client when we want to, without waiting for the client’s next request. Websockets have their own protocol (though the connection is initiated with HTTP requests) and are language-agnostic. We could, if we wanted, implement a websocket client and its corresponding server from scratch or with Deno … or we could use one of the libraries that’s already done the hard work for us. I’ve used Socket.IO in a previous project, so we’ll go with that. I enjoyed working with it before, and it even has the advantage of a fallback in case the websocket fails. Colorsocket For immediate visual feedback, we’ll make a small demo where any one client can affect the colors displayed on all. Each client on the /color endpoint has a slider to control one primary color, plus a button to invert all the other /color clients. (The server assigns a color in order to each client when the client connects, so you just have to refresh a few times until you get all three colors. I did make sure duplicate colors would work in sync, however.) The /admin user can turn primary colors on or off. Here’s the app in action: The clients aren’t all constantly making requests to the server. How do they know to update? Establishing Connections When each client runs its <script> , it creates a new socket, which opens a connection to the server. // color.html const socket = io ( ' /color ' ); // we’ll come back to the argument Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The script then assigns handlers on the new socket for the various events we expect to receive from the server: // color.html socket . on ( ' assign-color ' , ( color , colorSettings , activeSettings ) => { document . getElementById ( ' color-name ' ). innerText = color ; controllingColor = color ; currentBackground = colorSettings ; active = activeSettings ; colorSlider . disabled = ! active [ controllingColor ]; document . getElementById ( ' active ' ). innerText = active [ controllingColor ] ? ' active ' : ' inactive ' ; colorSlider . value = colorSettings [ controllingColor ]; updateBackground (); }); socket . on ( ' set-color ' , ( color , value ) => { currentBackground [ color ] = value ; if ( controllingColor === color ) { colorSlider . value = value ; } updateBackground (); }); socket . on ( ' invert ' , () => { inverted = ! inverted ; document . getElementById ( ' inverted ' ). innerText = inverted ? '' : ' not ' ; updateBackground (); }); socket . on ( ' toggle-active ' , ( color ) => { active [ color ] = ! active [ color ]; if ( controllingColor === color ) { colorSlider . disabled = ! active [ color ]; } document . getElementById ( ' active ' ). innerText = active [ controllingColor ] ? ' active ' : ' inactive ' ; updateBackground (); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Meanwhile, the server detects the new connection. It assigns the client a color, sends that color and current state of the application to the client, and sets up its own handlers for events received through the socket: // index.js colorNamespace . on ( ' connection ' , ( socket ) => { const color = colors [ colorCount % 3 ]; // pick the next color in the list, then loop colorCount ++ ; socket . emit ( ' assign-color ' , color , colorSettings , activeSettings ); // synchronize the client with the application state socket . data . color = color ; // you can save information to a socket’s data key, but I didn’t end up using this for anything socket . on ( ' set-color ' , ( color , value ) => { colorSettings [ color ] = value ; colorNamespace . emit ( ' set-color ' , color , value ); }); socket . on ( ' invert ' , () => { socket . broadcast . emit ( ' invert ' ); }); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The /admin page follows similar setup. Sending Information to the Client Let’s follow how user interaction on one page changes all the others. When a user on the blue page moves the slider, the slider emits a change event, which is caught by the slider’s event listener: // color.html colorSlider . addEventListener ( ' change ' , ( event ) => { socket . emit ( ' set-color ' , controllingColor , event . target . value ); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode That event listener emits a new set-color event with the color and new value. The server receives the client’s set-color , then emits its own to transmit that data to all clients. Each client receives the message and updates its blue value accordingly. Broadcasting to Other Sockets But clicking the “Invert others” button affects the other /color users, but not the user who actually clicked the button! The key here is the broadcast flag when the server receives and retransmits the invert message: // server.js socket . on ( ' invert ' , () => { socket . broadcast . emit ( ' invert ' ); // broadcast }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This flag means that that the server will send the event to every socket except the one it’s called on. Here this is just a neat trick, but in practice, it might be useful to avoid sending a post to the user who originally wrote it, because their client already has that information. Namespaces You may have noticed that the admin tab isn’t changing color with the other three. For simplicity, I didn’t set up any handlers for the admin page. But even if I had, they wouldn’t do anything, because the admin socket isn’t receiving those events at all. This is because the admin tab is in a different namespace . // color.html const socket = io ( ' /color ' ); // ======================= // admin.html const socket = io ( ' /admin ' ); // ======================= // index.js const colorNamespace = io . of ( ' /color ' ); const adminNamespace = io . of ( ' /admin ' ); … colorNamespace . emit ( ' set-color ' , color , value ); // the admin page doesn’t receive this event Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode (For clarity, I gave my two namespaces the same names as the two endpoints the pages are located at, but I didn’t have to. The namespaces could have had arbitrary names with no change in functionality, as long as the client matched the server.) Namespaces provide a convenient way to target a subset of sockets. However, namespaces can communicate with each other: // admin.html const toggleFunction = ( color ) => { socket . emit ( ' toggle-active ' , color ); }; // ======================= // index.js // clicking the buttons on the admin page triggers changes on the color pages adminNamespace . on ( ' connection ' , ( socket ) => { socket . on ( ' toggle-active ' , color => { activeSettings [ color ] = ! activeSettings [ color ]; colorNamespace . emit ( ' toggle-active ' , color ); }); }); // ======================= // color.html socket . on ( ' toggle-active ' , ( color ) => { active [ color ] = ! active [ color ]; if ( controllingColor === color ) { colorSlider . disabled = ! active [ color ]; } document . getElementById ( ' active ' ). innerText = active [ controllingColor ] ? ' active ' : ' inactive ' ; updateBackground (); }); Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In all of the examples, events were caused by some interaction on one of the clients. An event was emitted to the server, and a second message was emitted by the server to the appropriate clients. However, this is only a small sample of the possibilities. For example, a server could use websockets to update all clients on a regular cycle, or get information from some API and pass it on. This demo is only a small showcase of what I’ve been learning and hope to keep applying in my projects going forward. References and Further Reading Socket.IO , especially the tutorial , which got me up and running very quickly Websockets on MDN – API reference and glossary , plus the articles on writing your own clients and servers ( Deno version ) Cover Photo by Scott Rodgerson on Unsplash Top comments (2) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Collapse Expand Art light Art light Art light Follow Trust yourself🌞your capabilities are your true power. ❤Telegram - ✔lighthouse4661 ❤Discord - ✔lighthouse4661 Email art.miclight@gmail.com Pronouns He/him Work CTO Joined Nov 21, 2025 • Jan 12 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Wow, this is an incredibly clear and practical explanation! I really appreciate how you broke down the client-server flow with Socket.IO—it makes even the trickier concepts like namespaces and broadcasting feel approachable. Like comment: Like comment: 1 like Like Comment button Reply Collapse Expand Lars Rye Jeppesen Lars Rye Jeppesen Lars Rye Jeppesen Follow Aspartam Junkie Location Vice City Pronouns Grand Master Joined Feb 10, 2017 • Jan 12 Dropdown menu Copy link Hide Great article. A question though: why use Socket.IO when NodeJs now has it natively built in? 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Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse eachampagne Follow Joined Sep 5, 2025 More from eachampagne Graphing in JavaScript # data # javascript # science 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Forem — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Forem © 2016 - 2026. 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https://dev.to/jeevanizm | Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Software Engineer / Frontend Developer / Full Stack Developer - writes about JavaScript, Php, Python and more Location United Kingdom Joined Joined on Oct 8, 2023 Personal website https://jeevanism.com Pronouns He/Him More info about @jeevanizm Badges Two Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least two years. Got it Close One Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least one year. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close 8 Week Writing Streak The streak continues! You've written at least one post per week for 8 consecutive weeks. Unlock the 16-week badge next! Got it Close 1 Week Community Wellness Streak For actively engaging with the community by posting at least 2 comments in a single week. Got it Close 4 Week Writing Streak You've posted at least one post per week for 4 consecutive weeks! Got it Close Skills/Languages JavaScript, Php, Python Currently learning ReactJs, VueJs, FastAPI Post 87 posts published Comment 8 comments written Tag 5 tags followed How to find the current page template/view ID from the dev tools? Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Jul 6 '25 How to find the current page template/view ID from the dev tools? # odoo 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Want to connect with Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan? Create an account to connect with Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan. 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Sign in How to Add Custom Translations in Odoo Using .po Files Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Jul 4 '25 How to Add Custom Translations in Odoo Using .po Files # odoo 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read git clone only particular branch Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Jun 20 '25 git clone only particular branch # git # cli # howto # tooling Comments Add Comment 1 min read Odoo check if a module is installed or not Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow May 30 '25 Odoo check if a module is installed or not # odoo 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Odoo Database Table Naming Quirk Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow May 30 '25 Odoo Database Table Naming Quirk # odoo # database # softwaredevelopment 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Inheritance Vs composition Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Apr 11 '25 Inheritance Vs composition # softwaredevelopment # oop # programming # python Comments Add Comment 2 min read How to Import Packages in Go Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Mar 2 '25 How to Import Packages in Go # go Comments Add Comment 2 min read odoo redirect /shop page Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Feb 28 '25 odoo redirect /shop page 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Python Program for a Turing Machine Simulator python Copy code Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Dec 22 '24 Python Program for a Turing Machine Simulator python Copy code Comments Add Comment 5 min read Install Odoo v 17 with Python 3.12 in MSWindows 11 Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Dec 21 '24 Install Odoo v 17 with Python 3.12 in MSWindows 11 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Boosting Code Quality in Odoo with Type Hints: Benefits Beyond Performance Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Nov 11 '24 Boosting Code Quality in Odoo with Type Hints: Benefits Beyond Performance Comments Add Comment 2 min read Odoo: Import CSV file and write into sale order lines Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Oct 28 '24 Odoo: Import CSV file and write into sale order lines 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read Odoo : create CSV file and download Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Oct 28 '24 Odoo : create CSV file and download 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Odoo : how to create a Wizard with download a file and auto close Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Oct 28 '24 Odoo : how to create a Wizard with download a file and auto close # odoo 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read How to Configure Multiple Conditions in Odoo XML Views Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Sep 30 '24 How to Configure Multiple Conditions in Odoo XML Views # odoo 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 4 min read Odoo : Patch a Javascript class Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Jul 16 '24 Odoo : Patch a Javascript class # odoo 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read how to create new permission groups, permission category Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Jul 3 '24 how to create new permission groups, permission category # odoo 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Odoo User Permission and groups Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Jul 3 '24 Odoo User Permission and groups # odoo 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read extended unpacking in Python Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Jun 14 '24 extended unpacking in Python # python 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read odoo v14 and issues with requirements.txt Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Jun 14 '24 odoo v14 and issues with requirements.txt 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Odoo version 15 pip error Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Jun 13 '24 Odoo version 15 pip error # odoo 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Odoo OWL Framework - extend and customize Component and Widget Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Jun 6 '24 Odoo OWL Framework - extend and customize Component and Widget # odoo # webdev 17 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read OWL Odoo framework Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow May 28 '24 OWL Odoo framework # odoo 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 1 min read Understanding One2Many Relationships in Odoo: A Comprehensive Guide with Real Use Case Example Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow May 24 '24 Understanding One2Many Relationships in Odoo: A Comprehensive Guide with Real Use Case Example # odoo 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Uncaught SyntaxError: Cannot use import statement outside a module, Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow May 21 '24 Uncaught SyntaxError: Cannot use import statement outside a module, 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Leveraging force_save in Odoo for Boolean Fields Dependent on onchange Methods Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow May 17 '24 Leveraging force_save in Odoo for Boolean Fields Dependent on onchange Methods # odoo 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read How to Inherit and Make Changes to an Email Template in Odoo Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow May 15 '24 How to Inherit and Make Changes to an Email Template in Odoo # odoo # webdev 3 reactions Comments 2 comments 2 min read restore postgres database in Odoo Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow May 14 '24 restore postgres database in Odoo # postgres # postgressql # odoo Comments Add Comment 1 min read Install multiple modules in Odoo using command line Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow May 13 '24 Install multiple modules in Odoo using command line # odoo 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Exploring the Utility of web_read in Odoo Development Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow May 8 '24 Exploring the Utility of web_read in Odoo Development # odoo 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Odoo : Command syntax Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Apr 9 '24 Odoo : Command syntax # odoo 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Odoo : Inherit base menu and add groups to it Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Apr 9 '24 Odoo : Inherit base menu and add groups to it # odoo 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Odoo version 17 - View changes Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Apr 8 '24 Odoo version 17 - View changes # odoo Comments Add Comment 1 min read Control Access and Visibility of fields in Odoo Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Apr 8 '24 Control Access and Visibility of fields in Odoo # odoo 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Odoo 17 : writing python conditions in XML Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Apr 4 '24 Odoo 17 : writing python conditions in XML # odoo 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Odoo: Add a new wizard Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Apr 4 '24 Odoo: Add a new wizard # odoo 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Odoo : permission to display the records based on group Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Apr 4 '24 Odoo : permission to display the records based on group # odoo 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read show percentage symbol in values fields in Odoo Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Mar 26 '24 show percentage symbol in values fields in Odoo # odoo 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read Odoo: Restricting Visibility Menu item for based on groups Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Mar 21 '24 Odoo: Restricting Visibility Menu item for based on groups # odoo 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Odoo : Add conditions to list view, custom record rules Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Mar 21 '24 Odoo : Add conditions to list view, custom record rules # odoo 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read php OOP explained Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Mar 6 '24 php OOP explained # webdev Comments Add Comment 1 min read Odoo : view form order importance Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Feb 23 '24 Odoo : view form order importance # odoo Comments Add Comment 1 min read Scheduled actions in Odoo Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Feb 21 '24 Scheduled actions in Odoo Comments Add Comment 1 min read Odoo context show address Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Feb 15 '24 Odoo context show address # odoo # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Unleashing the Power of PHP 8 Match Expression Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Feb 3 '24 Unleashing the Power of PHP 8 Match Expression # php8 # php # webdev # programming 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Odoo : search multiple fields Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Jan 21 '24 Odoo : search multiple fields Comments 1 comment 1 min read Odoo Tips : security files Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Jan 21 '24 Odoo Tips : security files # odoo Comments Add Comment 1 min read Odoo Tips : No labels are showing for the fields in the view Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Jan 21 '24 Odoo Tips : No labels are showing for the fields in the view # odoo Comments Add Comment 1 min read Odoo error : the "attrs" and "states" attributes are no longer used. Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Jan 17 '24 Odoo error : the "attrs" and "states" attributes are no longer used. 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 1 min read Odoo : configure Debugger in Pycharm Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Jan 17 '24 Odoo : configure Debugger in Pycharm # odoo 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Odoo Report : using python instead of View | Group By and Filter Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Jan 15 '24 Odoo Report : using python instead of View | Group By and Filter # odoo # webdev 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Odoo : database initialized error Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Jan 11 '24 Odoo : database initialized error Comments Add Comment 1 min read YouTube Courses - Free and Useful Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Jan 9 '24 YouTube Courses - Free and Useful Comments Add Comment 1 min read Odoo : Choosing Between `related` and `compute` Attributes in Odoo Models Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Jan 8 '24 Odoo : Choosing Between `related` and `compute` Attributes in Odoo Models # odoo 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read Odoo : Computed Fields Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Jan 8 '24 Odoo : Computed Fields Comments Add Comment 2 min read Odoo : get only internal users Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Jan 5 '24 Odoo : get only internal users Comments Add Comment 1 min read Understanding Sequence Creation in Odoo Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Jan 5 '24 Understanding Sequence Creation in Odoo Comments Add Comment 4 min read postgresql : search full text inside a table Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Jan 3 '24 postgresql : search full text inside a table # postgressql Comments Add Comment 1 min read Odoo : how to add a field before address field Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Jan 3 '24 Odoo : how to add a field before address field # odoo Comments Add Comment 1 min read Odoo : move a field using xpath Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Jeevachaithanyan Sivanandan Follow Jan 2 '24 Odoo : move a field using xpath Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://ismaeldesign.framer.website/#hero | Ismael Medina Hello, I’m Ismael Delighted to have you explore my portfolio I craft standout designs for early-stage ventures. Hello, I’m Ismael Delighted to have you explore my portfolio I craft standout designs for early-stage ventures. Hello, I’m Ismael Delighted to have you explore my portfolio I craft standout designs for early-stage ventures. Book a short call Book a short call Featured Projects ');opacity:0.5"> Revitalizing Customer Engagement for Storeit Featured Projects Revitalizing Customer Engagement for Storeit Featured Projects Revitalizing Customer Engagement for Storeit Designer. Builder. Lifelong learner. Hey! I’m Ismael — a designer and full-stack developer passionate about building thoughtful digital experiences. I started out in visual arts, but over time my path naturally expanded into product design, front-end, and back-end development. These days, I collaborate with teams across different industries, designing and coding everything from responsive websites to complex web apps. I work a lot with frameworks like Next.js, React, and Node.js, bridging design and development to create seamless user experiences. When I'm not deep into Figma or VSCode, you’ll probably catch me diving into fashion trends, reading about history, or reimagining interior spaces. And yep — side projects are still my thing, even if a few end up resting peacefully in my project graveyard 🥀. SKILLS Web Design Web Design Web Design Figma Figma Figma Next JS Next JS Next JS React React React Back End Back End Back End Front end Front end Front end Experience StoreIt Lead designer 2022-2024 StoreIt Lead designer 2022-2024 StoreIt Lead designer 2022-2024 My stack Framer Web design Framer Web design Framer Web design Next JS Framework Next JS Framework Next JS Framework N8N AI Automation N8N AI Automation N8N AI Automation Notion Planning Notion Planning Notion Planning Tailwind CSS framework Tailwind CSS framework Tailwind CSS framework Ikigai Communication Ikigai Communication Ikigai Communication Zen Browser Zen Browser Zen Browser Have a project idea in mind? Let’s chat about how we can bring it to life! Book a short call Back to top Have a project idea in mind? Let’s chat about how we can bring it to life! Book a short call Back to top Have a project idea in mind? Let’s chat about how we can bring it to life! Book a short call Back to top Montevideo,Uruguay 🇺🇾 2:49 PM Resume Linkedin Email Me Montevideo,Uruguay 🇺🇾 2:49 PM Create a free website with Framer, the website builder loved by startups, designers and agencies. | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
https://dev.to/achu1612/ha-k8s-cluster-using-keepalived-and-haproxy-439#comments | HA K8s cluster using Keepalived and HAProxy - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Achyuta Das Posted on Jan 9 HA K8s cluster using Keepalived and HAProxy # cluster # kubernetes # tutorial Overview A stacked HA cluster is a topology where the distributed data storage cluster provided by etcd is stacked on top of the cluster formed by the nodes managed by kubeadm that run control plane components. Each control plane node runs an instance of the kube-apiserver, kube-scheduler, and kube-controller-manager. The kube-apiserver is exposed to worker nodes using a load balancer. Each control plane node creates a local etcd member and this etcd member communicates only with the kube-apiserver of this node. The same applies to the local kube-controller-manager and kube-scheduler instances. This topology couples the control planes and etcd members on the same nodes. It is simpler to set up than a cluster with external etcd nodes, and simpler to manage for replication. Here's what happens in a 3-node stacked cluster: Each control plane node runs: etcd member kube-apiserver, scheduler, controller-manager So, you have: 3 etcd members → quorum = 2 3 API servers → load balanced (can handle 1 down) If one node fails: You still have: 2 etcd members → quorum maintained 2 control plane instances → still available This is the default topology deployed by kubeadm. A local etcd member is created automatically on control plane nodes when using kubeadm init and kubeadm join --control-plane Assumptions : You have done cluster bootstrapping using kubeadm before as this document won’t cover everything in detail. Setting up the machines To set up HAProxy + Keepalived for Kubernetes High Availability (HA) with 3 master nodes and a Virtual IP (VIP), follow this structured approach: Masters: 10.238.40.162, 10.238.40.163, 10.238.40.164 VIP: 10.238.40.166 Install HAProxy + Keepalived on all 3 Masters sudo apt update sudo apt install -y haproxy keepalived Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode HAProxy Configuration Edit /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg on all 3 master nodes: global chroot /var/lib/haproxy stats socket /run/haproxy/admin.sock mode 660 level admin stats timeout 30s user haproxy group haproxy daemon defaults mode http timeout connect 5000ms timeout client 50000ms timeout server 50000ms option httplog option dontlognull frontend kubernetes-apiserver bind * :8443 mode tcp option tcplog default_backend kubernetes-apiserver backend kubernetes-apiserver mode tcp balance roundrobin option tcp-check server master1 10.238.40.162:6443 check fall 3 rise 2 server master2 10.238.40.163:6443 check fall 3 rise 2 server master3 10.238.40.164:6443 check fall 3 rise 2 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Keepalived Configuration Only one node at a time will "own" the VIP (managed by Keepalived), but config is present on all. Edit /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf on each master nodes: Note : Change the priority value for each node: Master1: priority 110 (MASTER) Master2: priority 100 (BACKUP) Master3: priority 90 (BACKUP) global_defs { router_id LVS_DEVEL script_user root enable_script_security } vrrp_script chk_haproxy { script "/bin/curl -f http://localhost:6443/healthz || exit 1" interval 2 weight -2 fall 3 rise 2 } vrrp_instance VI_1 { state MASTER interface enp19s0 virtual_router_id 51 priority 110 advert_int 1 authentication { auth_type PASS auth_pass k8s-ha-cluster } virtual_ipaddress { 10.238.40.166/24 } track_script { chk_haproxy } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Restart HAProxy and Keepalived sudo systemctl restart haproxy keepalived sudo systemctl enable haproxy keepalived Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Validate the VIP appears on one node ip addr show | grep 10.238.40.166 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Check service status sudo systemctl status haproxy sudo systemctl status keepalived Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Bootstrap the cluster Create a kubeadm-config.yaml file on the first master node Make sure to use the VIP as the control plane endpoint, and include it in the apiServer.certSANs Important : Change the advertiseAddress field in InitConfiguration to match each master node's IP address. apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta3 kind: ClusterConfiguration kubernetesVersion: v1.32.6 apiServer: certSANs: - "10.238.40.166" # VIP - "127.0.0.1" # Localhost - "0.0.0.0" # Wildcard - "10.96.0.1" # Kubernetes service IP - "10.238.40.162" - "10.238.40.163" - "10.238.40.164" extraArgs: authorization-mode: Node,RBAC certificatesDir: /etc/kubernetes/pki clusterName: pcai controlPlaneEndpoint: "10.238.40.166:8443" controllerManager: extraArgs: bind-address: 0.0.0.0 etcd: local: dataDir: /var/lib/etcd imageRepository: registry.k8s.io networking: dnsDomain: cluster.local podSubnet: "172.20.0.0/16" serviceSubnet: "172.30.0.0/16" scheduler: extraArgs: bind-address: 0.0.0.0 --- apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta3 kind: InitConfiguration localAPIEndpoint: advertiseAddress: "10.238.40.162" bindPort: 6443 nodeRegistration: criSocket: unix:///var/run/containerd/containerd.sock --- apiVersion: kubelet.config.k8s.io/v1beta1 kind: KubeletConfiguration cgroupDriver: systemd Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Initialize the cluster kubeadm init --upload-certs --config kubeadm-config.yaml -v = 5 Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Note : Save the output! It contains the join commands for control plane and worker nodes. Configure kubectl access mkdir -p $HOME /.kube sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME /.kube/config sudo chown $( id -u ) : $( id -g ) $HOME /.kube/config Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Install your choice of networking solutions kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/projectcalico/calico/v3.25.0/manifests/calico.yaml Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Wait for networking pods to be ready kubectl wait --for = condition = ready pod -l k8s-app = calico-node -n kube-system --timeout = 300s Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Run the control plane node join command (output of the kubeadm init) on the other master nodes. kubeadm join 10.238.40.166:8443 --token <token> \ --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:< hash > \ --control-plane --certificate-key <cert-key> Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Note : The certificate key is only valid for 2 hours. If it expires, generate a new one: kubeadm init phase upload-certs --upload-certs Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Verification and Health Checks After setting up all control plane nodes, verify the cluster health: Check all nodes are ready kubectl get nodes -o wide Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Verify control plane components kubectl get pods -n kube-system Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Check etcd cluster health kubectl exec -n kube-system etcd-<master-node-name> -- etcdctl \ --endpoints = https://127.0.0.1:2379 \ --cacert = /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/ca.crt \ --cert = /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/server.crt \ --key = /etc/kubernetes/pki/etcd/server.key \ member list Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Test VIP failover # Stop keepalived on the master node that owns the VIP sudo systemctl stop keepalived # Verify VIP moves to another node ip addr show | grep 10.238.40.166 # Test API access via VIP curl -k https://10.238.40.166:8443/healthz # Restart keepalived sudo systemctl start keepalived Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Conclusion Congratulations! You have successfully deployed a highly available Kubernetes cluster using a stacked etcd topology with HAProxy and Keepalived. This setup provides: Key Benefits High Availability : Automatic failover with no single point of failure Load Distribution : Traffic distributed across all API servers via HAProxy Automatic Recovery : Keepalived handles VIP failover in seconds Simplified Architecture : Stacked topology reduces complexity compared to external etcd Cluster Capabilities With this 3-master node configuration: Tolerates 1 node failure while maintaining full cluster functionality Maintains etcd quorum with 2 out of 3 members Continues serving API requests through the remaining healthy masters Automatically fails over VIP to operational nodes Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Achyuta Das Follow A bored but creative developer with a strong interest in golang, rust and Cloud-Native technologies. Location Bangalore Work SDE3 at Hewlett Packard Enterprise Joined Apr 10, 2021 More from Achyuta Das HA K8s cluster using kube-vip # cluster # kubernetes # tutorial Fluent-bit as a sidecar in Pod # kubernetes # logging # fluent # devops CI/CD for Kubernetes using GitHub Actions, and Keel # kubernetes # docker # go # devops 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://dev.to/ismcagdas/why-modular-monolith-architecture-is-the-key-to-effective-ai-assisted-development-3cba#comments | Why Modular Monolith Architecture is the Key to Effective AI-Assisted Development - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse ismail Cagdas Posted on Jan 6 Why Modular Monolith Architecture is the Key to Effective AI-Assisted Development # ai # architecture # codequality # productivity AI coding assistants have revolutionized how we write code. Tools like GitHub Copilot, Claude, ChatGPT, and Cursor have become indispensable companions for developers worldwide. However, there's a growing challenge that many developers are experiencing: as your codebase grows, AI-generated code quality decreases significantly . In this article, we'll explore why this happens and how ABP Framework 's modular monolith architecture provides an elegant solution to this problem. The Problem: AI Struggles with Large Codebases If you've been using AI coding assistants for a while, you've probably noticed a pattern. When you start a new project, AI suggestions are remarkably accurate. The code is clean, follows best practices, and integrates nicely with your existing code. But as your project grows to hundreds of files and thousands of lines of code, something changes. Context Window Limitations AI models have a fundamental constraint: context windows . Even the most advanced models can only process a limited amount of code at once. When your project has 500+ files with complex interdependencies, the AI simply cannot see the full picture. Consider this scenario: 📁 MyLargeProject/ ├── 📁 src/ │ ├── 📁 Domain/ (50+ files) │ ├── 📁 Application/ (80+ files) │ ├── 📁 Infrastructure/ (40+ files) │ ├── 📁 HttpApi/ (60+ files) │ └── 📁 Web/ (100+ files) ├── 📁 tests/ (150+ files) └── 📁 shared/ (30+ files) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode When you ask AI to implement a new feature, it might see only 10-20 of these files in its context. The result? Code that: Duplicates existing functionality Violates established patterns in your codebase Uses inconsistent naming conventions Creates unnecessary coupling between components Ignores your custom base classes and utilities The Consistency Problem In a large monolithic codebase, there are often multiple ways to accomplish the same task. Your team might have established specific patterns over time, but the AI doesn't know about these conventions unless they're explicitly provided in the context. // Your established pattern (which AI doesn't see) public class ProductAppService : ApplicationService , IProductAppService { private readonly IRepository < Product , Guid > _productRepository ; public ProductAppService ( IRepository < Product , Guid > productRepository ) { _productRepository = productRepository ; } public async Task < ProductDto > GetAsync ( Guid id ) { var product = await _productRepository . GetAsync ( id ); return ObjectMapper . Map < Product , ProductDto >( product ); } } // What AI might generate (inconsistent with your patterns) public class OrderService { private readonly DbContext _context ; public OrderService ( DbContext context ) { _context = context ; } public async Task < OrderDto > Get ( Guid id ) { var order = await _context . Orders . FindAsync ( id ); return new OrderDto { Id = order . Id , // Manual mapping... }; } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The AI-generated code works, but it introduces inconsistency, bypasses your repository abstractions, and ignores your mapping conventions. The Solution: Modular Monolith Architecture This is where ABP Framework's modular monolith architecture shines. Instead of one massive codebase, you organize your application into isolated modules . What is a Module in ABP? An ABP module is a independent unit that encapsulates a specific business capability: 📁 Acme.ProductManagement/ ├── 📁 src/ │ ├── Acme.ProductManagement.Domain/ │ ├── Acme.ProductManagement.Domain.Shared/ │ ├── Acme.ProductManagement.Application/ │ ├── Acme.ProductManagement.Application.Contracts/ │ ├── Acme.ProductManagement.EntityFrameworkCore/ │ ├── Acme.ProductManagement.HttpApi/ │ └── Acme.ProductManagement.Web/ └── 📁 test/ └── Acme.ProductManagement.Application.Tests/ Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Each module has: Clear boundaries : Well-defined interfaces for communication with other modules Independent domain : Its own entities, repositories, and domain services Isolated application layer : Application services that don't leak into other modules Focused scope : Typically 10-30 files per layer, not hundreds How This Helps AI When you work with AI on a modular codebase, you can scope the conversation to a single module . Instead of providing context about your entire 500-file project, you provide context about a 50-file module. "I'm working on the ProductManagement module in an ABP Framework project. Here's the module structure and key files: - Product entity (Domain layer) - IProductRepository interface - ProductAppService (Application layer) I need to add a feature to track product price history..." Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Now the AI has: A complete picture of the relevant code Clear patterns to follow Defined boundaries it shouldn't cross Consistent conventions throughout Benefits of Module-Scoped AI Development 1. Reduced Context Size = Better Understanding A typical ABP module contains a focused set of files that easily fit within AI context windows: Scope Files AI Understanding Full Monolith 500+ Poor - sees fragments Single Module 30-50 Excellent - sees everything When AI can see your entire module, it understands: How entities relate to each other Which base classes and interfaces to use Your naming conventions and patterns The existing functionality to avoid duplication 2. ABP Conventions Guide the AI ABP Framework follows strong conventions. When you tell AI you're working with ABP, it can leverage these conventions: // AI understands ABP patterns and generates consistent code public class CategoryAppService : ProductManagementAppService , ICategoryAppService { private readonly ICategoryRepository _categoryRepository ; public CategoryAppService ( ICategoryRepository categoryRepository ) { _categoryRepository = categoryRepository ; } [ Authorize ( ProductManagementPermissions . Categories . Create )] public async Task < CategoryDto > CreateAsync ( CreateCategoryDto input ) { var category = new Category ( GuidGenerator . Create (), input . Name ); await _categoryRepository . InsertAsync ( category ); return ObjectMapper . Map < Category , CategoryDto >( category ); } } Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The AI naturally: Inherits from the correct base class Uses the module's permission definitions Follows the repository pattern Uses ABP's GuidGenerator and ObjectMapper 3. Easier Code Review When AI-generated code is confined to a module, code review becomes straightforward: git diff --stat src/Acme.ProductManagement.Domain/Categories/Category.cs | 25 +++ src/Acme.ProductManagement.Application/Categories/CategoryAppService.cs | 45 +++ src/Acme.ProductManagement.HttpApi/Categories/CategoryController.cs | 30 +++ 3 files changed, 100 insertions ( + ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode All changes are in one module. Reviewers familiar with that module can quickly validate the code quality. 4. Sustainable and Maintainable Code Modular code generated by AI remains maintainable because: It follows established patterns within the module Dependencies are explicit and limited The code can be understood in isolation Future AI sessions can easily pick up where you left off Practical Tips for AI-Assisted ABP Development Tip 1: Provide Module Context Upfront Start your AI conversation with module context: I'm working on an ABP Framework application. Current module: Acme.Ordering Module purpose: Handle customer orders and order processing Key entities: - Order (AggregateRoot) - OrderLine (Entity) - OrderStatus (Enum) Existing services: - IOrderRepository - OrderManager (Domain Service) - OrderAppService I want to add a feature to... Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Tip 2: Reference ABP Conventions Explicitly When asking AI to generate code, mention the conventions: Generate an Application Service for managing Shipments. Follow ABP conventions: - Inherit from ApplicationService - Use IRepository<T, TKey> for data access - Use ObjectMapper for DTO mapping - Define permissions in ShipmentPermissions class - Use [Authorize] attributes for permission checks Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode In the following versions of ABP, these instructions will be included in your project out of the box. So, AI will write better and maintainable code by following ABP standards and best practices. Tip 3: Keep Cross-Module Communication Explicit When your feature spans multiple modules, break it down: Step 1: Add the event class in Ordering.Domain.Shared Step 2: Publish the event from OrderAppService Step 3: (Separate session) Handle the event in Shipping module Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This keeps each AI session focused on one module. Tip 4: Use Module Templates as Examples Provide AI with examples from your existing module code: Here's how we implement app services in this module: [Example of existing ProductAppService] Now create a similar service for handling Categories. Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Tip 5: Validate Within Module Boundaries After AI generates code, verify it respects module boundaries: ✅ Good : Module references only its own layers and shared contracts ❌ Bad : Direct references to other module's domain or application layers // ❌ Bad - crossing module boundaries using Acme.Inventory.Domain ; // Direct reference to another module's domain! // ✅ Good - using integration events or shared contracts using Acme.Inventory.Application.Contracts ; // Only reference contracts Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode Real-World Example: Before and After Before: AI in a Large Monolith Prompt : "Add a feature to apply discounts to orders" AI Result : Creates discount logic directly in OrderController Duplicates validation that exists in another service Uses direct database access instead of repositories Ignores existing Price calculation utilities Time spent fixing : 2 hours After: AI with Module Focus Prompt : In the Acme.Ordering module, add discount support. - Add DiscountInfo value object to Order aggregate - Add ApplyDiscount method to Order entity - Update OrderAppService.CreateAsync to accept discount code - Use existing IDiscountValidator from Ordering.Domain Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode AI Result : Correctly extends Order aggregate Follows existing patterns in the module Uses the domain service you mentioned Generates consistent, reviewable code Time spent fixing : 15 minutes Conclusion The modular monolith architecture isn't just an architectural pattern—it's becoming essential for effective AI-assisted development. As AI tools continue to evolve, codebases that are organized into clear, focused modules will get significantly better results from these tools. ABP Framework's modular architecture, with its strong conventions, clear boundaries, and standardized patterns, creates an ideal environment for AI-assisted development: Modules provide focused context that AI can fully understand ABP conventions guide AI to generate consistent, framework-aligned code Clear boundaries prevent AI from creating unwanted dependencies Standardized patterns make AI-generated code predictable and maintainable If you're building applications with AI assistance (and who isn't these days?), consider how your architecture affects AI code quality. Investing in a modular structure with ABP Framework pays dividends not just in traditional software engineering benefits, but in dramatically improved AI-assisted development workflows. The future of development is human-AI collaboration. Make sure your architecture is ready for it. To learn more about ABP Framework, visit it's documentation . Have you experienced similar challenges with AI in large codebases? Share your experiences and tips in the comments below! Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse ismail Cagdas Follow Joined Jun 24, 2024 Trending on DEV Community Hot What was your win this week??? # weeklyretro # discuss Why “AI tools” fail: no workflow, no outcome # webdev # ai # beginners # devops If a problem can be solved without AI, does AI actually make it better? # ai # architecture # discuss 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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https://design.forem.com/ethannoww/top-5-miro-plugins-for-designers-in-2025-l61#comments | Top 5 Miro Plugins for Designers in 2025 - Design Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Design Community Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse Ethan Posted on Dec 29, 2025 Top 5 Miro Plugins for Designers in 2025 # design # productivity # miro # resources 5 Essential Miro Plugins Every Designer Needs in 2025 🎨 If you use Miro for design, brainstorming, or workshops, you know it's a beast. But are you using it to its full potential? The real power of Miro lies in its Marketplace . As a developer and a designer myself, I've tested dozens of plugins to speed up my creative workflow. Here are the top 5 essential Miro plugins that will save you hours of busy work in 2025. 1. Unsplash Category: Visual Assets Let's start with a classic. If you are still downloading stock photos from Google Images and dragging them into Miro, stop. The official Unsplash plugin allows you to search and drag high-quality, royalty-free images directly onto your canvas. It is perfect for quick mockups or adding visual context to sticky notes. Best for: Quick visual references and spicing up boring workshops. Price: Free. 2. Iconfinder Category: UI Design Icons are the universal language of design. Iconfinder gives you access to millions of icons right inside the Miro sidebar. Whether you are building a user flow, a wireframe, or just a presentation, having a massive icon library one click away is a game-changer. No more switching tabs to search for SVG assets. Best for: User flows, diagrams, and presentations. Price: Freemium. 3. Pinterest for Miro Category: Moodboarding & Research If you are a designer, fashion creative, or brand strategist, you probably live on Pinterest. The problem? Moving inspiration from Pinterest to Miro usually involves hours of taking screenshots, cropping, and uploading. It's a workflow killer. Pinterest for Miro solves this by letting you import entire boards or individual pins in 1-click. It pulls high-res images and arranges them neatly on your canvas. It even has a "Clean Mode" to import pure images without the Pinterest logo overlay—perfect for professional client presentations. Best for: Moodboards, fashion research, and brand style guides. Price: Free Plan available (30 imports). Lifetime Deal for power users. Link: Try it here 4. Wireframes Category: Prototyping Before you jump into Figma, you often need a low-fidelity sketch. Miro's native Wireframes library is surprisingly powerful. It comes with pre-made UI components (buttons, inputs, phone frames) that let you mock up an app idea in minutes during a brainstorming session. It’s not a replacement for high-fidelity tools, but it’s the best way to start. Best for: Low-fi prototyping and UX brainstorming. Price: Free (Native). 5. Figma for Miro Category: Handoff & Collaboration This is the bridge between "Thinking" and "Doing". If your team uses Figma for the final UI, this plugin allows you to embed live Figma frames directly into Miro. This is crucial for design reviews where you want stakeholders to see the latest design without forcing them to learn how to navigate Figma. Best for: Design reviews and stakeholder feedback. Price: Free (Requires Figma account). Summary Unsplash for photos. Iconfinder for icons. Pinterest for Miro for moodboards (and saving your sanity). Wireframes for prototyping. Figma for handoff. Which plugin is your favorite? Let me know in the comments if I missed any hidden gems! design #productivity #miro #ux #tools Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse Ethan Follow Founder of Pinterest for Miro. Helping designers build mood boards in seconds. Indie hacker sharing lessons on SaaS pricing and growth. Joined Nov 29, 2025 More from Ethan Stop Screenshotting! The Fastest Way to Create Moodboards in Miro (2025 Guide) # productivity # design # ux # tutorial 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Design Community — Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Design Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where designers share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
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https://dev.to/muhammad_indrawan_33e0f0d | Muhammad Indrawan - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Muhammad Indrawan 404 bio not found Joined Joined on Jul 6, 2025 github website More info about @muhammad_indrawan_33e0f0d Badges Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. Got it Close Post 1 post published Comment 0 comments written Tag 0 tags followed Tips Membuat Website Modern dengan Nextjs Muhammad Indrawan Muhammad Indrawan Muhammad Indrawan Follow Jan 2 Tips Membuat Website Modern dengan Nextjs # webdev # typescript # react # nextjs Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
https://www.dev.to/t/webdev | Web Development - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Web Development Follow Hide Because the internet... Create Post submission guidelines Be nice. Be respectful. Assume best intentions. Be kind, rewind. Older #webdev posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 … 75 … 5409 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu I tried to capture system audio in the browser. Here's what I learned. Flo Flo Flo Follow Jan 12 I tried to capture system audio in the browser. Here's what I learned. # api # javascript # learning # webdev 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read How I built a "Magic Move" animation engine for Excalidraw from scratch published Behram Behram Behram Follow Jan 12 How I built a "Magic Move" animation engine for Excalidraw from scratch published # react # animation # webdev # opensource 9 reactions Comments 3 comments 3 min read How to Build a Voice AI Agent for HVAC Customer Support: My Experience CallStack Tech CallStack Tech CallStack Tech Follow Jan 13 How to Build a Voice AI Agent for HVAC Customer Support: My Experience # ai # voicetech # machinelearning # webdev Comments Add Comment 14 min read Why Cloudflare is Right to Stand Against Italy's Piracy Shield Polliog Polliog Polliog Follow Jan 12 Why Cloudflare is Right to Stand Against Italy's Piracy Shield # discuss # cloud # dns # webdev 11 reactions Comments 1 comment 6 min read Websockets with Socket.IO eachampagne eachampagne eachampagne Follow Jan 12 Websockets with Socket.IO # javascript # networking # node # webdev 5 reactions Comments 2 comments 5 min read 🙀How to Create a CRAZY Roller Coaster Builder (🎢RollerCoaster.js + React Three Fiber + AI) Web Developer Hyper Web Developer Hyper Web Developer Hyper Follow Jan 12 🙀How to Create a CRAZY Roller Coaster Builder (🎢RollerCoaster.js + React Three Fiber + AI) # ai # webdev # vue # angular 28 reactions Comments 9 comments 6 min read From Zero to SQS Lambda in 15 Minutes Konfy Konfy Konfy Follow Jan 12 From Zero to SQS Lambda in 15 Minutes # webdev # javascript # aws Comments Add Comment 1 min read Top 8 Fal.AI Alternatives Developers Are Using to Ship AI Apps Emmanuel Mumba Emmanuel Mumba Emmanuel Mumba Follow Jan 13 Top 8 Fal.AI Alternatives Developers Are Using to Ship AI Apps # webdev # programming # ai # javascript 19 reactions Comments 1 comment 6 min read Send Transactional Emails in Node.js with Convex and AutoSend API Debajyati Dey Debajyati Dey Debajyati Dey Follow Jan 13 Send Transactional Emails in Node.js with Convex and AutoSend API # webdev # node # convex # javascript 6 reactions Comments 1 comment 14 min read SmoothUI: 40+ Animated React Components with Motion jQueryScript jQueryScript jQueryScript Follow Jan 13 SmoothUI: 40+ Animated React Components with Motion # webdev # tailwindcss # react Comments Add Comment 1 min read Advancing with React: Hooks Deep Dive! (React Day 5) Vasu Ghanta Vasu Ghanta Vasu Ghanta Follow Jan 13 Advancing with React: Hooks Deep Dive! (React Day 5) # react # webdev # programming # javascript 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 5 min read A Production-Ready Monorepo for AI-Native Full-Stack Development gracefullight gracefullight gracefullight Follow Jan 13 A Production-Ready Monorepo for AI-Native Full-Stack Development # vibecoding # programming # webdev # ai 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 2 min read The Ultimate Guide to Drizzle ORM + PostgreSQL (2025 Edition) Sameer Saleem Sameer Saleem Sameer Saleem Follow Jan 13 The Ultimate Guide to Drizzle ORM + PostgreSQL (2025 Edition) # webdev # drizzle # postgres # typescript Comments Add Comment 3 min read AI-Powered Commit Message Generator with Sring Boot & Cerebras Deividas Strole Deividas Strole Deividas Strole Follow Jan 12 AI-Powered Commit Message Generator with Sring Boot & Cerebras # webdev # ai # github # springboot 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 6 min read DNS Abuse Sanctuary: How NiceNIC (IANA 3765) Shields Global Cybercrime PhishDestroy PhishDestroy PhishDestroy Follow Jan 13 DNS Abuse Sanctuary: How NiceNIC (IANA 3765) Shields Global Cybercrime # cybersecurity # osint # webdev # security Comments Add Comment 11 min read GenX: From Childhood Flipbooks to Premium Scroll Animation Sagar Sagar Sagar Follow Jan 13 GenX: From Childhood Flipbooks to Premium Scroll Animation # webdev # performance # animation Comments Add Comment 5 min read Bridging the Gap: Building a Universal Web Interface for OBD-II Ekong Ikpe Ekong Ikpe Ekong Ikpe Follow Jan 13 Bridging the Gap: Building a Universal Web Interface for OBD-II # webdev # programming # javascript # automotive Comments Add Comment 2 min read Weather Service Project (Part 2): Building the Interactive Frontend with GitHub Pages or Netlify and JavaScript Daniel Daniel Daniel Follow for Datalaria Jan 13 Weather Service Project (Part 2): Building the Interactive Frontend with GitHub Pages or Netlify and JavaScript # frontend # javascript # tutorial # webdev Comments Add Comment 6 min read Building a Production-Ready Portfolio: Phase-2 — Frontend Bootstrapping & Architecture Setup Sushant Gaurav Sushant Gaurav Sushant Gaurav Follow Jan 13 Building a Production-Ready Portfolio: Phase-2 — Frontend Bootstrapping & Architecture Setup # programming # python # react # webdev Comments Add Comment 5 min read Introducing Frak.js: Simple, Scriptable Code Deployments Franklin Strube Franklin Strube Franklin Strube Follow Jan 13 Introducing Frak.js: Simple, Scriptable Code Deployments # devops # javascript # webdev 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read I Fired the "One-Click" AI Builders: How I Built a React Portfolio with Gemini (Without Knowing React) Aaditya Thakur Aaditya Thakur Aaditya Thakur Follow Jan 13 I Fired the "One-Click" AI Builders: How I Built a React Portfolio with Gemini (Without Knowing React) # ai # webdev # career # beginners Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why Your E Commerce Filters Feel Slow Even When Your Site Is Fast ar abid ar abid ar abid Follow Jan 13 Why Your E Commerce Filters Feel Slow Even When Your Site Is Fast # webdev # frontend # ecommerce # ux 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Why frontend developers don't wanna write e2e tests Sawan Bhattacharya Sawan Bhattacharya Sawan Bhattacharya Follow Jan 13 Why frontend developers don't wanna write e2e tests # discuss # webdev # testing # softwaredevelopment Comments Add Comment 5 min read EP 8: The Legend of "ShopStream": A Tale of Two Architectures Hrishikesh Dalal Hrishikesh Dalal Hrishikesh Dalal Follow Jan 10 EP 8: The Legend of "ShopStream": A Tale of Two Architectures # systemdesign # webdev # architecture # microservices Comments Add Comment 4 min read Jordium GanttChart v1.7.1: Making a Gantt Component Truly Controllable in Vue 3 Nelson Li Nelson Li Nelson Li Follow Jan 13 Jordium GanttChart v1.7.1: Making a Gantt Component Truly Controllable in Vue 3 # webdev # programming # vue # gantt 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read loading... trending guides/resources I built an app in every frontend framework Coding Without Pressure: How Slowing Down Helped Me Learn Faster JavaScript Frameworks - Heading into 2026 Where we're going, we don't need chatbots: introducing the Antigravity IDE 🚀 An Honest Review of Google Antigravity 5 YouTube Channels Every Programmer Should Follow in 2025! The Complete Full-Stack Developer Roadmap for 2026 🚀 DEV's Worldwide Show and Tell Challenge Presented by Mux: Pitch Your Projects! $3,000 in Prizes. 🎥 5 Terminal Commands That Saved Me Hours of Clicking I Built a Tool to Stop Wasting Time on Toxic Open Source Projects The Ralph Wiggum Approach: Running AI Coding Agents for Hours (Not Minutes) The Night Kubernetes Almost Made Me Quit DevOps Forever Technical Debt Is a Myth Created By Bad Managers How I Built a Graphics Renderer for Node.js Web Development Is Meant to Be Built, Not Watched The Coursera–Udemy merger raises a bigger question: how do developers actually learn? 12 Open Source Gems To Become The Ultimate Developer 🔥 Fedora 43 Post-Install Guide: 10 Essential Things to Do After Installing I Stopped Chasing Features and Started Designing Systems Yes, true + true === 2. And No, JavaScript Isn’t Broken 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
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https://dev.to/sim4n6 | Sim4n6 - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Sim4n6 404 bio not found Joined Joined on Nov 22, 2019 github website More info about @sim4n6 Badges Six Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least six years. Got it Close Five Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least five years. Got it Close Four Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least four years. Got it Close Three Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least three years. Got it Close Two Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least two years. Got it Close One Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least one year. Got it Close Post 0 posts published Comment 1 comment written Tag 13 tags followed Want to connect with Sim4n6? Create an account to connect with Sim4n6. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
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Report Abuse Daniel for Datalaria Posted on Jan 12 • Originally published at datalaria.com Weather Service Project (Part 1): Building the Data Collector with Python and GitHub Actions or Netlify # api # python # automation # tutorial As I mentioned in a previous post, one of my goals with Datalaria is to get my hands dirty with projects that allow me to learn and connect different technologies in the data world. Today, we begin a series dedicated to one of those projects: the creation of a complete global weather service , from data collection to visualization and prediction, all serverless and using free tools. In this first installment, we will focus on the heart of the system: the backend data collector . We'll see how to build a "robot" that works for us 24/7, connecting to an external API, saving structured information, and doing all this automatically and for free. Let's dive in! The First Step: Talking to the OpenWeatherMap API Every weather service needs a data source. I chose OpenWeatherMap for its popularity and generous free plan. The initial process is straightforward: Register : Create an account on their website. Get the API Key : Generate a unique key that will identify us in each call. It's like our "key" to access their data. Store the Key : Never directly in the code! We'll discuss this further below. With the key in hand (or almost!), I wrote a first test_clima.py script to test the connection using Python's fantastic requests library: import requests API_KEY = " YOUR_API_KEY_HERE " # Temporarily! We'll use Secrets later CITY = " Madrid " URL = f " [https://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q=](https://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather?q=) { CITY } &appid= { API_KEY } &units=metric&lang=es " try : response = requests . get ( URL ) response . raise_for_status () # Raises an exception for HTTP errors (4xx or 5xx) data = response . json () print ( f " Temperature in { CITY } : { data [ ' main ' ][ ' temp ' ] } °C " ) except requests . exceptions . RequestException as e : print ( f " Error connecting to the API: { e } " ) except KeyError as e : print ( f " Unexpected API response, key missing: { e } " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode First Obstacle Overcome (with Patience): When I first ran it, I got a 401 Unauthorized error! 😱 It turns out that OpenWeatherMap API Keys can take a few hours to activate after being generated. The lesson: sometimes, the solution is simply to wait. ⏳ The "Database": Why CSV and Not SQL? With data flowing, I needed to store it. I could have set up an SQL database (PostgreSQL, MySQL...), but that would involve complexity, a server (cost), and for this project, it was overkill. I opted for radical simplicity: CSV (Comma Separated Values) files . Advantages : Easy to read and write with Python, perfectly versionable with Git (we can track changes), and sufficient for the initial data volume we'd be handling. Key Logic : I needed to append a new row to each city's file daily, but only write the header ( date_time , city , temperature_c , etc.) the first time. Python's native csv library and os.path.exists make this trivial: import csv import os from datetime import datetime # ... (code to fetch API data for a city) ... now = datetime . now (). strftime ( ' %Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S ' ) data_row = [ now , city , temperature , ...] # List with the data header = [ ' date_time ' , ' city ' , ' temperature_c ' , ...] # List with column names file_name = f " data/ { city } .csv " # We'll create a 'data' folder # Ensure the 'data' folder exists os . makedirs ( os . path . dirname ( file_name ), exist_ok = True ) is_new_file = not os . path . exists ( file_name ) try : with open ( file_name , mode = ' a ' , newline = '' , encoding = ' utf-8 ' ) as f : writer = csv . writer ( f ) if is_new_file : writer . writerow ( header ) # Write header ONLY if new file writer . writerow ( data_row ) # Append the new data row print ( f " Data saved for { city } " ) except IOError as e : print ( f " Error writing to { file_name } : { e } " ) Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode The Automation Robot: GitHub Actions to the Rescue 🤖 Here comes the magic: how to make this script run daily without having a server constantly on? The answer is GitHub Actions , the automation engine integrated into GitHub. It's like having a small robot working for us for free. Security First: Never Upload Your API Key! The biggest mistake would be to upload registrar_clima.py with the API_KEY written directly in the code. Anyone could see it on GitHub. Solution : Use GitHub's Repository Secrets . Go to Settings > Secrets and variables > Actions in your GitHub repository. Create a new secret named OPENWEATHER_API_KEY and paste your key there. In your Python script, read the key securely using os.environ.get("OPENWEATHER_API_KEY") . The Robot's Brain: The .github/workflows/update-weather.yml File This YAML file tells GitHub Actions what to do and when: name : Daily Weather Data Update on : workflow_dispatch : # Allows manual triggering from GitHub push : branches : [ main ] # Triggers if changes are pushed to the main branch schedule : - cron : ' 0 6 * * *' # The key: triggers daily at 06:00 UTC jobs : update_data : runs-on : ubuntu-latest # Use a free Linux virtual machine steps : - name : Checkout repository code uses : actions/checkout@v4 # Downloads our code - name : Set up Python uses : actions/setup-python@v5 with : python-version : ' 3.10' # Or your preferred version - name : Install necessary dependencies run : pip install -r requirements.txt # Reads requirements.txt and installs requests, etc. - name : Execute data collection script run : python registrar_clima.py # Our main script! env : OPENWEATHER_API_KEY : ${{ secrets.OPENWEATHER_API_KEY }} # Securely injects the secret - name : Save new data to repository (Commit & Push) run : | git config user.name 'github-actions[bot]' # Identifies the 'bot' git config user.email 'github-actions[bot]@users.noreply.github.com' git add data/*.csv # Adds ONLY the modified CSV files in the 'data' folder # Check if there are changes before committing to avoid empty commits git diff --staged --quiet || git commit -m "Automated weather data update 🤖" git push # Pushes changes to the repository env : GITHUB_TOKEN : ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }} # Automatic token to allow the push Enter fullscreen mode Exit fullscreen mode This last step is crucial! The Action itself acts as a user, performing git add , git commit , and git push of the CSV files that the Python script has just modified. This way, the updated data is saved in our repository every day. The Serverless Alternative: Deployment and Automation with Netlify 🚀 While GitHub Actions is a fantastic automation tool, for this project I decided to explore an alternative even more integrated with the "serverless" concept: Netlify . Netlify not only allows us to deploy our static frontend (like GitHub Pages) but also offers serverless functions and, crucially for our backend, scheduled functions (or Cron Jobs) . Deploying the Static Frontend with Netlify Connect Your Repository : The process is incredibly simple. Log in to Netlify, click "Add new site," and select "Import an existing project." Connect with your GitHub account and choose your Weather Service project repository. Basic Configuration : Netlify will automatically detect your project. Ensure that the "Build command" is empty (as it's a static site with no build process) and that the "Publish directory" is the root of your repository ( ./ ). Continuous Deployment : Netlify will automatically configure continuous deployment. Every time you git push to your main branch (or whichever branch you've configured), Netlify will rebuild and deploy your site. Automating the Backend with Netlify Functions (and Cron Jobs) This is where Netlify Serverless Functions shine for our data collector. Instead of a GitHub Actions workflow, we can use a Netlify function to run our Python script on a schedule: Project Structure : Create a netlify/functions/ folder at the root of your project. Inside, you can have a Python file like collect_weather.py . Dependency Management : You'll need a requirements.txt file at the root of your project for Netlify to install Python dependencies ( requests , pandas , scikit-learn ). netlify.toml Configuration : This file at your project's root is crucial for defining your functions and their schedules: [build] publish = "." # Directory where your index.html is located command = "" # No build command needed for a static site [functions] directory = "netlify/functions" # Where your functions are located node_bundler = "esbuild" # For JS/TS functions. Netlify will detect Python. [[edge_functions]] # For scheduling a function (requires Netlify Edge Functions) function = "collect_weather" # The name of your function (without the .py extension) path = "/.netlify/functions/collect_weather" # The function path (can be different) schedule = "@daily" # Or use a cron string like "0 6 * * *" The Python Function ( netlify/functions/collect_weather.py ) : This function will encapsulate the logic of your registrar_clima.py . Netlify will execute it in a Python environment. # netlify/functions/collect_weather.py import json import requests import os import time from datetime import datetime import csv # ... (all your registrar_clima.py script code goes here) ... # Ensure API_KEYs are read from os.environ # and that data is written directly to the repository using GitPython # or in a way that Netlify can persist changes. # **Important**: Netlify Functions are ephemeral. # To persist changes in the repo, you would need Git integration # similar to what GitHub Actions would do (using a Personal Access Token). # However, for a static frontend, the simplest approach is for this function # to only generate a predictions JSON and upload it to storage like S3, # or for the Python collection script to continue running on GitHub Actions # and Netlify only serve the frontend. # If the idea is for Netlify to ALSO commit, this is more complex # and would require a Git API or a PAT token from Netlify. def handler ( event , context ): # The main call to your data collection logic would go here # This is a simplified example try : # Your logic to fetch and save data, generate CSVs/JSONs # If you want this to commit to GitHub, you would need: # 1. A GitHub PAT token stored as an environment variable in Netlify. # 2. A library like GitPython to interact with Git. # It is more common for serverless functions to persist data in databases # or object storage services (e.g., S3), not in the Git repo itself. # For this project, the GitHub Actions approach for the backend # that directly commits to the repo is still simpler # for CSV storage. Netlify would be ideal for the frontend # and functions for real-time APIs or lightweight predictions. print ( " Netlify function for weather collection executed. " ) # If the function generates any JSON output for the frontend, it would return it here: # return { # "statusCode": 200, # "body": json.dumps({"message": "Data collection complete"}), # } return { " statusCode " : 200 , " body " : json . dumps ({ " message " : " Backend logic would run here. For data persistence in GitHub, GitHub Actions is more direct. " }), } except Exception as e : return { " statusCode " : 500 , " body " : json . dumps ({ " error " : str ( e )}), } Environment Variables in Netlify : For the OPENWEATHER_API_KEY , go to Site settings > Build & deploy > Environment variables and add your key there. Important Consideration : For the Netlify function to persist changes directly to your GitHub repository (like committing the CSVs), you would need a more advanced setup (such as using a GitHub Personal Access Token within the Netlify function to perform git push ), which is more complex. To maintain simplicity and direct storage in the Git repository with automatic CSV commits, the GitHub Actions solution remains the most straightforward and efficient for the data collector backend in this specific case . Netlify excels at frontend deployment and for functions that interact with external services or databases without committing to the main application's Git repository. In this project, we use GitHub Actions for the backend (collecting and committing CSVs) and Netlify for frontend deployment and potentially for lighter, real-time functions that don't need to modify the Git repo. This last step is crucial! The Action itself acts as a user, performing git add , git commit , and git push of the CSV files that the Python script has just modified. This way, the updated data is saved in our repository every day. The Scaling Problem (and the Necessary Architectural Pivot) My initial idea was to monitor about 1000 cities and store everything in a single weather_data.csv file. I did a quick calculation: 1000 cities * ~200 bytes/day * 365 days * 3 years... over 200 MB! 😱 Why is this a problem? Because the frontend (our dashboard, which we'll see in the next post) runs in the user's browser. It would have to download that entire 200 MB just to display the graph for one city. Totally unacceptable in terms of performance. 🐢 The Architectural Solution: Switch to a "one file per entity" strategy. We create a data/ folder. The registrar_clima.py script now generates (or appends data to) one CSV file per city: data/Madrid.csv , data/Leon.csv , data/Tokyo.csv , etc. This way, when the user wants to see the weather for Leon, the frontend will only download the data/Leon.csv file, which will be just a few kilobytes. Instant loading! ✨ Second Scaling Obstacle (API Limits): OpenWeatherMap, in its free plan, allows about 60 calls per minute. My loop to get data for 155 cities (my current list) would make these calls too quickly. Vital Solution: Add import time at the beginning of the Python script and time.sleep(1.1) at the end of the for city in cities: loop. This introduces a pause of slightly more than 1 second between each API call, ensuring we stay below the limit and avoid being blocked. 🚦 Conclusion (Part 1) We've got the foundation! We've built a robust and automated system that: Connects to an external API securely. Processes and stores historical data for multiple entities (cities). Runs daily, at no cost, thanks to GitHub Actions. Is designed to scale efficiently. In the next post, we'll put on our frontend developer hats and build the interactive dashboard that will allow any user to explore this data with dynamic graphs. Don't miss it! References and Links of Interest: Complete Web Service : See the live project in action here: https://datalaria.com/apps/weather/ Project GitHub Repository : Explore the source code and project structure: https://github.com/Dalaez/app_weather OpenWeatherMap : Weather API documentation: https://openweathermap.org/api Python Requests : Documentation for the HTTP requests library: https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/master/ GitHub Actions : Official GitHub Actions guide: https://docs.github.com/en/actions Netlify : Official Netlify website: https://www.netlify.com/ Top comments (0) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . 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https://maker.forem.com/emma-suntech/made-a-10-mood-lamp-with-esp32-ws2812b-and-ambient-light-sensor-172h | Made a $10 “Mood Lamp” with ESP32, WS2812B, and Ambient Light Sensor - Maker Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account Maker Forem Close Add reaction Like Unicorn Exploding Head Raised Hands Fire Jump to Comments Save Boost More... Copy link Copy link Copied to Clipboard Share to X Share to LinkedIn Share to Facebook Share to Mastodon Share Post via... Report Abuse emmma Posted on Dec 9, 2025 Made a $10 “Mood Lamp” with ESP32, WS2812B, and Ambient Light Sensor # arduino # esp32 # leds # diy I wanted a desk lamp that adapts to room brightness and my mood — so I built one over a weekend! 📦 Parts: ESP32 (any dev board) WS2812B LED strip (30 LEDs) BH1750 I²C ambient light sensor 3D-printed diffuser (STL on Printables) 5V 2A power supply 💡 How it works: BH1750 reads ambient light → ESP32 auto-adjusts LED brightness (no blinding at night!) Web interface (via AsyncWebServer) lets me pick color or enable “sunrise mode” Optional: Connect to Home Assistant via MQTT 🔧 Key Trick: Used gamma correction for smoother dimming at low levels — without it, the first 20% of analogWrite felt like “off vs suddenly on.” Total cost: ~$10 (if you already have an ESP32). Perfect for late-night coding or calming evening reading. Would love your mods or suggestions! Top comments (1) Subscribe Personal Trusted User Create template Templates let you quickly answer FAQs or store snippets for re-use. Submit Preview Dismiss Some comments may only be visible to logged-in visitors. Sign in to view all comments. Code of Conduct • Report abuse Are you sure you want to hide this comment? It will become hidden in your post, but will still be visible via the comment's permalink . Hide child comments as well Confirm For further actions, you may consider blocking this person and/or reporting abuse emmma Follow I am from China Location 中国 Pronouns led lover Joined Sep 10, 2025 More from emmma The “No-Flicker” Addressable LED Strip Build (Power + Signal + Gamma) # arduino # esp32 How I built a budget-friendly LED strip lighting setup for my workspace / bedroom — and what worked (and didn’t) # electronics # leds # beginners Why Your DIY LED Strips Die Too Soon (And My $15 Fix That Lasted 2 Years) # leds # diy 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV Maker Forem — A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . Maker Forem © 2016 - 2026. We're a space where makers create, share, and bring ideas to life. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
https://bizarro.dev.to/t/contributorswanted/page/5 | Contributorswanted Page 5 - ALTERNATE UNIVERSE DEV Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account ALTERNATE UNIVERSE DEV Close # contributorswanted Follow Hide For open source maintainers to get together with willing contributors. Create Post submission guidelines For open source maintainers looking for folks to get involved Older #contributorswanted posts 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV ALTERNATE UNIVERSE DEV — A constructive and inclusive social network for software developers. With you every step of your journey. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . ALTERNATE UNIVERSE DEV © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
https://dev.to/rashim | Rashim Narayan Tiku - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Rashim Narayan Tiku 404 bio not found Joined Joined on Jan 21, 2023 github website More info about @rashim Badges Two Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least two years. Got it Close One Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least one year. Got it Close Post 0 posts published Comment 2 comments written Tag 7 tags followed Want to connect with Rashim Narayan Tiku? Create an account to connect with Rashim Narayan Tiku. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . DEV Community © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
https://bizarro.dev.to/t/contributorswanted/page/8 | Contributorswanted Page 8 - ALTERNATE UNIVERSE DEV Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account ALTERNATE UNIVERSE DEV Close # contributorswanted Follow Hide For open source maintainers to get together with willing contributors. Create Post submission guidelines For open source maintainers looking for folks to get involved Older #contributorswanted posts 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV ALTERNATE UNIVERSE DEV — A constructive and inclusive social network for software developers. With you every step of your journey. Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . ALTERNATE UNIVERSE DEV © 2016 - 2026. We're a place where coders share, stay up-to-date and grow their careers. Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
https://hmpljs.forem.com/t/news#main-content | News - HMPL.js Forem Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. DUMB DEV Community Follow Memes and software development shitposting Design Community Follow Web design, graphic design and everything in-between Security Forem Follow Your central hub for all things security. From ethical hacking and CTFs to GRC and career development, for beginners and pros alike Golf Forem Follow A community of golfers and golfing enthusiasts Crypto Forem Follow A collaborative community for all things Crypto—from Bitcoin to protocol development and DeFi to NFTs and market analysis. Parenting Follow A place for parents to the share the joys, challenges, and wisdom that come from raising kids. We're here for them and for each other. Forem Core Follow Discussing the core forem open source software project — features, bugs, performance, self-hosting. Maker Forem Follow A community for makers, hobbyists, and professionals to discuss Arduino, Raspberry Pi, 3D printing, and much more. HMPL.js Forem Follow For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account HMPL.js Forem Close News Follow Hide Expect to see announcements of new and updated products, services, and features for languages & frameworks. You also will find high-level news relevant to the tech and software development industry covered here. Create Post submission guidelines When to use this tag : new service or product launched service, product, framework, library or language itself got updated (brief summary must be included as well as the source) covering broader tech industry/development news When NOT to use this tag : general news from media to promote people political posts to talk about personal goals (for example "I started to meditate every morning to increase my productivity" is nothing for this tag). about #news Use this tag to announce new products, services, or tools recently launched or updated. Notable changes in frameworks, libraries, or languages are ideal to cover. General tech industry news with a software development slant is also acceptable. This tag is not to be used for promotion of people, personal goals, or news unrelated to software development. Older #news posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 … 75 … 188 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu We're launching on ProductHunt Anthony Max Anthony Max Anthony Max Follow Dec 28 '25 We're launching on ProductHunt # news # javascript # showdev Comments Add Comment 1 min read loading... trending guides/resources Great news today: we've finally launched a section featuring community projects built with hmpl-j... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV HMPL.js Forem — For developers using HMPL.js to build fast, lightweight web apps. A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Home About Contact Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. Made with love and Ruby on Rails . HMPL.js Forem © 2016 - 2026. Powerful templates, minimal JS Log in Create account | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
https://dev.to/t/portfolio | Portfolio - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close # portfolio Follow Hide Getting feedback on and discussing portfolio strategies Create Post Older #portfolio posts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Posts Left menu 👋 Sign in for the ability to sort posts by relevant , latest , or top . Right menu # MindsEye: Ledger-First AI Architecture New Year, New You Portfolio Challenge Submission PEACEBINFLOW PEACEBINFLOW PEACEBINFLOW Follow Jan 13 # MindsEye: Ledger-First AI Architecture # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # portfolio # gemini 3 reactions Comments 1 comment 36 min read From 2AM Debugging to $1000: How I Built My AI-Powered Portfolio New Year, New You Portfolio Challenge Submission ANIRUDDHA ADAK ANIRUDDHA ADAK ANIRUDDHA ADAK Follow Jan 13 From 2AM Debugging to $1000: How I Built My AI-Powered Portfolio # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # portfolio # gemini Comments Add Comment 3 min read This Portfolio Scrolls Different (And That’s Intentional) Dhanalakshmi.d.gowda23 Dhanalakshmi.d.gowda23 Dhanalakshmi.d.gowda23 Follow Jan 12 This Portfolio Scrolls Different (And That’s Intentional) # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # portfolio # gemini Comments Add Comment 2 min read Building an AI-Powered Portfolio with Gemini and Google Cloud Run New Year, New You Portfolio Challenge Submission ANIRUDDHA ADAK ANIRUDDHA ADAK ANIRUDDHA ADAK Follow Jan 12 Building an AI-Powered Portfolio with Gemini and Google Cloud Run # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # portfolio # gemini Comments Add Comment 2 min read A Place To Store Projects Branden Hernandez Branden Hernandez Branden Hernandez Follow Jan 12 A Place To Store Projects # challenge # devjournal # portfolio Comments Add Comment 2 min read Who is Krishna Mohan Kumar? | Full Stack Developer & B.Tech CSE Student Krishna Mohan Kumar Krishna Mohan Kumar Krishna Mohan Kumar Follow Jan 12 Who is Krishna Mohan Kumar? | Full Stack Developer & B.Tech CSE Student # webdev # beginners # portfolio # google Comments Add Comment 1 min read I Let an AI Agent Rebuild My Portfolio: Here’s How Antigravity Designs My Best UI App Ever New Year, New You Portfolio Challenge Submission Nhi Nguyen Nhi Nguyen Nhi Nguyen Follow Jan 12 I Let an AI Agent Rebuild My Portfolio: Here’s How Antigravity Designs My Best UI App Ever # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # portfolio # gemini Comments Add Comment 4 min read I Built an AI-Powered Portfolio with Next.js, Supabase & Groq - Here's How chiheb nouri chiheb nouri chiheb nouri Follow Jan 11 I Built an AI-Powered Portfolio with Next.js, Supabase & Groq - Here's How # showdev # ai # nextjs # portfolio Comments Add Comment 2 min read My Portfolio on Google Cloud Run YogoCastro YogoCastro YogoCastro Follow Jan 11 My Portfolio on Google Cloud Run # portfolio # devops # docker # react Comments Add Comment 1 min read Open-Source Developer Portfolio Baraa Alshaer Baraa Alshaer Baraa Alshaer Follow Jan 10 Open-Source Developer Portfolio # opensource # portfolio # webapp # typescript 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read ⚡ From Raw Sockets to Serverless: Reimagining the Architect's Portfolio donghun lee (David Lee) donghun lee (David Lee) donghun lee (David Lee) Follow Jan 10 ⚡ From Raw Sockets to Serverless: Reimagining the Architect's Portfolio # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # portfolio # webdev 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 3 min read Google AI Tools for Building Your Developer Portfolio: What to Use, When, and Why naveen gaur naveen gaur naveen gaur Follow Jan 10 Google AI Tools for Building Your Developer Portfolio: What to Use, When, and Why # webdev # ai # portfolio # googleaichallenge 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read 🚀 Just Launched My Smart TV / OTT Portfolio 📺 Bruno Aggierni 🇺🇾 Bruno Aggierni 🇺🇾 Bruno Aggierni 🇺🇾 Follow Jan 11 🚀 Just Launched My Smart TV / OTT Portfolio 📺 # showdev # javascript # portfolio # react 1 reaction Comments 2 comments 1 min read From Idea to Launch: How I Built an Instant Messaging App on a Weekend asdryankuo asdryankuo asdryankuo Follow Jan 7 From Idea to Launch: How I Built an Instant Messaging App on a Weekend # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # portfolio # gemini Comments Add Comment 2 min read Data Analyst Guide: Mastering Portfolio Projects That Impress Hiring Managers amal org amal org amal org Follow Jan 6 Data Analyst Guide: Mastering Portfolio Projects That Impress Hiring Managers # career # datascience # portfolio # tutorial Comments Add Comment 4 min read Built My Portfolio with Google's AI Code Agent & Cloud Run - What Took Me Days Now Takes an Hour ⚡ Hongming Wang Hongming Wang Hongming Wang Follow Jan 10 Built My Portfolio with Google's AI Code Agent & Cloud Run - What Took Me Days Now Takes an Hour ⚡ # googleaichallenge # portfolio # ai # webdev 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read My AI-Powered Developer Portfolio - Built with Google Gemini Simran Shaikh Simran Shaikh Simran Shaikh Follow Jan 10 My AI-Powered Developer Portfolio - Built with Google Gemini # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # portfolio # gemini 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read My New 2026 Portfolio: Powered by Google Cloud & AI arnostorg arnostorg arnostorg Follow Jan 9 My New 2026 Portfolio: Powered by Google Cloud & AI # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # portfolio # gemini 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read How a Medical Student is Chasing a $100k Hackathon Prize with AI( GO BIG or GO HOME ) Google AI Challenge Submission CHIN JIE WEN CHIN JIE WEN CHIN JIE WEN Follow Jan 4 How a Medical Student is Chasing a $100k Hackathon Prize with AI( GO BIG or GO HOME ) # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # portfolio # gemini Comments Add Comment 2 min read Paul E. 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Yeager, Engineer # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # portfolio # gemini 3 reactions Comments 2 comments 3 min read Building a Portfolio Site with Django REST API and Vanilla JavaScript Teemu Virta Teemu Virta Teemu Virta Follow Dec 31 '25 Building a Portfolio Site with Django REST API and Vanilla JavaScript # python # django # webdev # portfolio 1 reaction Comments Add Comment 9 min read My Experimental Portfolio is Live! 🚀 Saurabh Kumar Saurabh Kumar Saurabh Kumar Follow Dec 31 '25 My Experimental Portfolio is Live! 🚀 # portfolio # webdev # frontend # javascript Comments 1 comment 1 min read Building a Premium Bento-Style Portfolio with React, GSAP & Tailwind v4 Kiran Balaji Kiran Balaji Kiran Balaji Follow Dec 29 '25 Building a Premium Bento-Style Portfolio with React, GSAP & Tailwind v4 # webdev # typescript # react # portfolio 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read I Built a 100/100 Google Lighthouse Portfolio website - By Keeping It Boring Sushant Rahate Sushant Rahate Sushant Rahate Follow Dec 28 '25 I Built a 100/100 Google Lighthouse Portfolio website - By Keeping It Boring # showdev # webdev # performance # portfolio Comments Add Comment 3 min read The Deployment From Hades Google AI Challenge Submission John A Madrigal John A Madrigal John A Madrigal Follow Jan 10 The Deployment From Hades # devchallenge # googleaichallenge # portfolio # gemini 2 reactions Comments 1 comment 6 min read loading... trending guides/resources How I Built My Terraform Portfolio: Projects, Repos, and Lessons Learned I Built a Curl Command Generator App with React Experience-First Portfolio: A New Approach to Showcasing Engineering Skills Beyond the Linear CV How I Built My Developer Portfolio with Vite, React, and Bun — Fast, Modern & Fully Customizable How to Build a Frontend Developer Portfolio in 2025 (Step-by-Step Guide + Mistakes to Avoid) How to Sell Your Skills with a Small Project Nobody was interested in my portfolio, so I made everyone play it instead. Best Python Projects for 2026 (Beginner Advanced) The Anthology of a Creative Developer: A 2026 Portfolio AI Study Portfolio – Helping Students Study Smarter with Google AI Building a Premium Bento-Style Portfolio with React, GSAP & Tailwind v4 Host Your Portfolio on Amazon S3: A Beginner's Guide to Static Website Hosting ♊Source Persona: AI Twin Building My Portfolio: From Idea to Launch Md Ismail Portfolio – My Journey as a Web & AI Developer Building a Modern Digital Garden with Google AI: My New Year, New You Portfolio Building a Portfolio Site with Django REST API and Vanilla JavaScript How a Medical Student is Chasing a $100k Hackathon Prize with AI( GO BIG or GO HOME ) New You Portfolio challenge 🤖 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close News Follow Hide Expect to see announcements of new and updated products, services, and features for languages & frameworks. You also will find high-level news relevant to the tech and software development industry covered here. 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Right menu 8th edition of js13kGames, native lazy-loading and GitHub actions with CI/CD | Front End News #13 Adrian Sandu Adrian Sandu Adrian Sandu Follow Aug 11 '19 8th edition of js13kGames, native lazy-loading and GitHub actions with CI/CD | Front End News #13 # news # frontendnews 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read BxJS Weekly Episode 75 - javascript news podcast 53:46 Tim Ermilov Tim Ermilov Tim Ermilov Follow Aug 11 '19 BxJS Weekly Episode 75 - javascript news podcast # news # javascript # node # podcast 12 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read BxJS Weekly Episode 74 - javascript news podcast 40:58 Tim Ermilov Tim Ermilov Tim Ermilov Follow Aug 4 '19 BxJS Weekly Episode 74 - javascript news podcast # news # javascript # node # podcast 44 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read O’Reilly publishes JAMstack ebook and Every Layout final version is released | Front End News #12 Adrian Sandu Adrian Sandu Adrian Sandu Follow Aug 3 '19 O’Reilly publishes JAMstack ebook and Every Layout final version is released | Front End News #12 # news # frontendnews 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read BxJS Weekly Episode 73 - javascript news podcast Tim Ermilov Tim Ermilov Tim Ermilov Follow Jul 28 '19 BxJS Weekly Episode 73 - javascript news podcast # news # javascript # node # podcast 10 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Front End News #11: Your First Year in Code, HTML Handbook, GitLab 12.1 Adrian Sandu Adrian Sandu Adrian Sandu Follow Jul 27 '19 Front End News #11: Your First Year in Code, HTML Handbook, GitLab 12.1 # news # frontendnews 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Front End News #10: MDN Survey, View Source Conference 2019, and bigger rewards for security bugs Adrian Sandu Adrian Sandu Adrian Sandu Follow Jul 21 '19 Front End News #10: MDN Survey, View Source Conference 2019, and bigger rewards for security bugs # news # frontendnews # mozilla # google 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read BxJS Weekly Episode 71 - javascript news podcast 44:17 Tim Ermilov Tim Ermilov Tim Ermilov Follow Jul 14 '19 BxJS Weekly Episode 71 - javascript news podcast # news # javascript # node # podcast 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Front End News #9: Firefox 68, Netlify Analytics, Hermes for React Native and Developer of the Week Adrian Sandu Adrian Sandu Adrian Sandu Follow Jul 13 '19 Front End News #9: Firefox 68, Netlify Analytics, Hermes for React Native and Developer of the Week # news # frontendnews # netlify # firefox 7 reactions Comments Add Comment 6 min read Weekly Picks #83 — Development Posts Ido Shamun Ido Shamun Ido Shamun Follow for daily.dev Jul 10 '19 Weekly Picks #83 — Development Posts # news # webdev # javascript # webassembly 9 reactions Comments Add Comment 1 min read BxJS Weekly Episode 70 - javascript news podcast 41:15 Tim Ermilov Tim Ermilov Tim Ermilov Follow Jul 7 '19 BxJS Weekly Episode 70 - javascript news podcast # news # javascript # node # podcast 11 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Front End News #8: Facebook outage breaks the Internet, GatsbyJS Themes & software package updates Adrian Sandu Adrian Sandu Adrian Sandu Follow Jul 6 '19 Front End News #8: Facebook outage breaks the Internet, GatsbyJS Themes & software package updates # news # frontendnews # facebook # gatsby 4 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read BxJS Weekly Episode 69 - javascript news podcast 50:34 Tim Ermilov Tim Ermilov Tim Ermilov Follow Jun 30 '19 BxJS Weekly Episode 69 - javascript news podcast # news # javascript # node # podcast 13 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Front End News #6: Firefox zero-day patches, Google Search service workers, CSS Day 2019 playlist and the launch of Every Layout Adrian Sandu Adrian Sandu Adrian Sandu Follow Jun 22 '19 Front End News #6: Firefox zero-day patches, Google Search service workers, CSS Day 2019 playlist and the launch of Every Layout # news # frontendnews # cssday2019 # serviceworker 5 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read BxJS Weekly Episode 67 - javascript news podcast 54:38 Tim Ermilov Tim Ermilov Tim Ermilov Follow Jun 17 '19 BxJS Weekly Episode 67 - javascript news podcast # news # javascript # node # podcast 40 reactions Comments Add Comment 3 min read Java 13 - Simplified Booster Daniel Persson Daniel Persson Daniel Persson Follow Jun 17 '19 Java 13 - Simplified Booster # news # java 7 reactions Comments 2 comments 1 min read Front End News #5: State of CSS 2019, Firefox Living Brand and Chrome Incognito no longer detected Adrian Sandu Adrian Sandu Adrian Sandu Follow Jun 15 '19 Front End News #5: State of CSS 2019, Firefox Living Brand and Chrome Incognito no longer detected # news # frontendnews # css # firefox 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read BxJS Weekly Episode 66 - javascript news podcast 49:44 Tim Ermilov Tim Ermilov Tim Ermilov Follow Jun 9 '19 BxJS Weekly Episode 66 - javascript news podcast # news # javascript # node # podcast 10 reactions Comments 1 comment 4 min read BxJS Weekly Episode 65 - javascript news podcast 52:52 Tim Ermilov Tim Ermilov Tim Ermilov Follow Jun 2 '19 BxJS Weekly Episode 65 - javascript news podcast # news # javascript # node # podcast 31 reactions Comments 3 comments 4 min read Exploring & Understanding Our Connected World: A new contest from Particle on Hackster Joe Quinn Joe Quinn Joe Quinn Follow for Particle May 20 '19 Exploring & Understanding Our Connected World: A new contest from Particle on Hackster # news # contest # gen3 # hackster 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 2 min read Front End News #3: W3C and WHATWG Collaboration, Material-UI v4 and FreeCodeCamp moves off Medium Adrian Sandu Adrian Sandu Adrian Sandu Follow Jun 1 '19 Front End News #3: W3C and WHATWG Collaboration, Material-UI v4 and FreeCodeCamp moves off Medium # news # frontendnews # materialui # freecodecamp 2 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Front End News #1: Mozilla add-on outage, MS Edge new features, JS trends in 2019 and more Adrian Sandu Adrian Sandu Adrian Sandu Follow May 30 '19 Front End News #1: Mozilla add-on outage, MS Edge new features, JS trends in 2019 and more # news # frontendnews # javascript # trends 6 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Remote Work is at a Tipping Point Remote Java Dev Remote Java Dev Remote Java Dev Follow May 31 '19 Remote Work is at a Tipping Point # news # remotework # career 8 reactions Comments Add Comment 5 min read Front End News #2: GitHub Package Manager and Sponsors, Evergreen GoogleBot and Dark Mode Browsers Adrian Sandu Adrian Sandu Adrian Sandu Follow May 29 '19 Front End News #2: GitHub Package Manager and Sponsors, Evergreen GoogleBot and Dark Mode Browsers # news # frontendnews # darkmode # evergreengooglebot 3 reactions Comments Add Comment 4 min read BxJS Weekly Episode 64 - 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https://reactjs.org/blog/2019/02/06/react-v16.8.0.html#changelog | React v16.8: The One With Hooks – React Blog We want to hear from you! Take our 2021 Community Survey! This site is no longer updated. Go to react.dev React Docs Tutorial Blog Community v 18.2.0 Languages GitHub React v16.8: The One With Hooks February 06, 2019 by Dan Abramov This blog site has been archived. Go to react.dev/blog to see the recent posts. With React 16.8, React Hooks are available in a stable release! What Are Hooks? Hooks let you use state and other React features without writing a class. You can also build your own Hooks to share reusable stateful logic between components. If you’ve never heard of Hooks before, you might find these resources interesting: Introducing Hooks explains why we’re adding Hooks to React. Hooks at a Glance is a fast-paced overview of the built-in Hooks. Building Your Own Hooks demonstrates code reuse with custom Hooks. Making Sense of React Hooks explores the new possibilities unlocked by Hooks. useHooks.com showcases community-maintained Hooks recipes and demos. You don’t have to learn Hooks right now. Hooks have no breaking changes, and we have no plans to remove classes from React. The Hooks FAQ describes the gradual adoption strategy. No Big Rewrites We don’t recommend rewriting your existing applications to use Hooks overnight. Instead, try using Hooks in some of the new components, and let us know what you think. Code using Hooks will work side by side with existing code using classes. Can I Use Hooks Today? Yes! Starting with 16.8.0, React includes a stable implementation of React Hooks for: React DOM React DOM Server React Test Renderer React Shallow Renderer Note that to enable Hooks, all React packages need to be 16.8.0 or higher . Hooks won’t work if you forget to update, for example, React DOM. React Native will support Hooks in the 0.59 release . Tooling Support React Hooks are now supported by React DevTools. They are also supported in the latest Flow and TypeScript definitions for React. We strongly recommend enabling a new lint rule called eslint-plugin-react-hooks to enforce best practices with Hooks. It will soon be included into Create React App by default. What’s Next We described our plan for the next months in the recently published React Roadmap . Note that React Hooks don’t cover all use cases for classes yet but they’re very close . Currently, only getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() and componentDidCatch() methods don’t have equivalent Hooks APIs, and these lifecycles are relatively uncommon. If you want, you should be able to use Hooks in most of the new code you’re writing. Even while Hooks were in alpha, the React community created many interesting examples and recipes using Hooks for animations, forms, subscriptions, integrating with other libraries, and so on. We’re excited about Hooks because they make code reuse easier, helping you write your components in a simpler way and make great user experiences. We can’t wait to see what you’ll create next! Testing Hooks We have added a new API called ReactTestUtils.act() in this release. It ensures that the behavior in your tests matches what happens in the browser more closely. We recommend to wrap any code rendering and triggering updates to your components into act() calls. Testing libraries can also wrap their APIs with it (for example, react-testing-library ’s render and fireEvent utilities do this). For example, the counter example from this page can be tested like this: import React from 'react' ; import ReactDOM from 'react-dom' ; import { act } from 'react-dom/test-utils' ; import Counter from './Counter' ; let container ; beforeEach ( ( ) => { container = document . createElement ( 'div' ) ; document . body . appendChild ( container ) ; } ) ; afterEach ( ( ) => { document . body . removeChild ( container ) ; container = null ; } ) ; it ( 'can render and update a counter' , ( ) => { // Test first render and effect act ( ( ) => { ReactDOM . render ( < Counter /> , container ) ; } ) ; const button = container . querySelector ( 'button' ) ; const label = container . querySelector ( 'p' ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 0 times' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 0 times' ) ; // Test second render and effect act ( ( ) => { button . dispatchEvent ( new MouseEvent ( 'click' , { bubbles : true } ) ) ; } ) ; expect ( label . textContent ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 1 times' ) ; expect ( document . title ) . toBe ( 'You clicked 1 times' ) ; } ) ; The calls to act() will also flush the effects inside of them. If you need to test a custom Hook, you can do so by creating a component in your test, and using your Hook from it. Then you can test the component you wrote. To reduce the boilerplate, we recommend using react-testing-library which is designed to encourage writing tests that use your components as the end users do. Thanks We’d like to thank everybody who commented on the Hooks RFC for sharing their feedback. We’ve read all of your comments and made some adjustments to the final API based on them. Installation React React v16.8.0 is available on the npm registry. To install React 16 with Yarn, run: yarn add react@^16.8.0 react-dom@^16.8.0 To install React 16 with npm, run: npm install --save react@^16.8.0 react-dom@^16.8.0 We also provide UMD builds of React via a CDN: < script crossorigin src = " https://unpkg.com/react@16/umd/react.production.min.js " > </ script > < script crossorigin src = " https://unpkg.com/react-dom@16/umd/react-dom.production.min.js " > </ script > Refer to the documentation for detailed installation instructions . ESLint Plugin for React Hooks Note As mentioned above, we strongly recommend using the eslint-plugin-react-hooks lint rule. If you’re using Create React App, instead of manually configuring ESLint you can wait for the next version of react-scripts which will come out shortly and will include this rule. Assuming you already have ESLint installed, run: # npm npm install eslint-plugin-react-hooks --save-dev # yarn yarn add eslint-plugin-react-hooks --dev Then add it to your ESLint configuration: { "plugins" : [ // ... "react-hooks" ] , "rules" : { // ... "react-hooks/rules-of-hooks" : "error" } } Changelog React Add Hooks — a way to use state and other React features without writing a class. ( @acdlite et al. in #13968 ) Improve the useReducer Hook lazy initialization API. ( @acdlite in #14723 ) React DOM Bail out of rendering on identical values for useState and useReducer Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14569 ) Don’t compare the first argument passed to useEffect / useMemo / useCallback Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14594 ) Use Object.is algorithm for comparing useState and useReducer values. ( @Jessidhia in #14752 ) Support synchronous thenables passed to React.lazy() . ( @gaearon in #14626 ) Render components with Hooks twice in Strict Mode (DEV-only) to match class behavior. ( @gaearon in #14654 ) Warn about mismatching Hook order in development. ( @threepointone in #14585 and @acdlite in #14591 ) Effect clean-up functions must return either undefined or a function. All other values, including null , are not allowed. @acdlite in #14119 React Test Renderer Support Hooks in the shallow renderer. ( @trueadm in #14567 ) Fix wrong state in shouldComponentUpdate in the presence of getDerivedStateFromProps for Shallow Renderer. ( @chenesan in #14613 ) Add ReactTestRenderer.act() and ReactTestUtils.act() for batching updates so that tests more closely match real behavior. ( @threepointone in #14744 ) ESLint Plugin: React Hooks Initial release . ( @calebmer in #13968 ) Fix reporting after encountering a loop. ( @calebmer and @Yurickh in #14661 ) Don’t consider throwing to be a rule violation. ( @sophiebits in #14040 ) Hooks Changelog Since Alpha Versions The above changelog contains all notable changes since our last stable release (16.7.0). As with all our minor releases , none of the changes break backwards compatibility. If you’re currently using Hooks from an alpha build of React, note that this release does contain some small breaking changes to Hooks. We don’t recommend depending on alphas in production code. We publish them so we can make changes in response to community feedback before the API is stable. Here are all breaking changes to Hooks that have been made since the first alpha release: Remove useMutationEffect . ( @sophiebits in #14336 ) Rename useImperativeMethods to useImperativeHandle . ( @threepointone in #14565 ) Bail out of rendering on identical values for useState and useReducer Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14569 ) Don’t compare the first argument passed to useEffect / useMemo / useCallback Hooks. ( @acdlite in #14594 ) Use Object.is algorithm for comparing useState and useReducer values. ( @Jessidhia in #14752 ) Render components with Hooks twice in Strict Mode (DEV-only). ( @gaearon in #14654 ) Improve the useReducer Hook lazy initialization API. ( @acdlite in #14723 ) Is this page useful? Edit this page Recent Posts React Labs: What We've Been Working On – June 2022 React v18.0 How to Upgrade to React 18 React Conf 2021 Recap The Plan for React 18 Introducing Zero-Bundle-Size React Server Components React v17.0 Introducing the New JSX Transform React v17.0 Release Candidate: No New Features React v16.13.0 All posts ... Docs Installation Main Concepts Advanced Guides API Reference Hooks Testing Contributing FAQ Channels GitHub Stack Overflow Discussion Forums Reactiflux Chat DEV Community Facebook Twitter Community Code of Conduct Community Resources More Tutorial Blog Acknowledgements React Native Privacy Terms Copyright © 2025 Meta Platforms, Inc. | 2026-01-13T08:49:14 |
https://dev.to/viclafouch | Victor de la Fouchardière - DEV Community Forem Feed Follow new Subforems to improve your feed DEV Community Follow A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Future Follow News and discussion of science and technology such as AI, VR, cryptocurrency, quantum computing, and more. Open Forem Follow A general discussion space for the Forem community. If it doesn't have a home elsewhere, it belongs here Gamers Forem Follow An inclusive community for gaming enthusiasts Music Forem Follow From composing and gigging to gear, hot music takes, and everything in between. Vibe Coding Forem Follow Discussing AI software development, and showing off what we're building. Popcorn Movies and TV Follow Movie and TV enthusiasm, criticism and everything in-between. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Victor de la Fouchardière 🐦 Frontend developer and technical writer based in France. I love teaching web development and all kinds of other things online 🤖 Location Paris Joined Joined on Nov 4, 2019 Email address victor.delafouchardiere@gmail.com Personal website https://www.victor-de-la-fouchardiere.fr/ github website twitter website Education EEMI Work Frontend Engineer Six Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least six years. Got it Close Five Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least five years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! 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Got it Close More info about @viclafouch Skills/Languages - JavaScript - Reactjs - Git - PhotoShop - Vue - Typescript - NodeJS Currently hacking on - meme-studio.io - portfolio - Frichti Post 15 posts published Comment 53 comments written Tag 4 tags followed 👑 Create a secure Chat Application with React Hooks, Firebase and Seald 🔐 Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Follow Aug 31 '20 👑 Create a secure Chat Application with React Hooks, Firebase and Seald 🔐 # showdev # react # javascript # firebase 155 reactions Comments 12 comments 5 min read Want to connect with Victor de la Fouchardière? Create an account to connect with Victor de la Fouchardière. You can also sign in below to proceed if you already have an account. Create Account Already have an account? Sign in 🍿 Publish your own ESLint / Prettier config for React Projects on NPM 📦 Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Follow Aug 24 '20 🍿 Publish your own ESLint / Prettier config for React Projects on NPM 📦 # javascript # react # npm # eslint 54 reactions Comments 9 comments 3 min read 🤝 Promise.allSettled() VS Promise.all() in JavaScript 🍭 Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Follow Aug 16 '20 🤝 Promise.allSettled() VS Promise.all() in JavaScript 🍭 # javascript # node # webdev # beginners 135 reactions Comments 15 comments 2 min read Share your Portfolio here 📣 Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Follow Aug 10 '20 Share your Portfolio here 📣 # discuss # portfolio # community 59 reactions Comments 62 comments 2 min read 📦 GitHub Profile: The RIGHT Way to Show your latest DEV articles + BONUS 🎁 Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Follow Aug 5 '20 📦 GitHub Profile: The RIGHT Way to Show your latest DEV articles + BONUS 🎁 # showdev # github # markdown # productivity 35 reactions Comments 4 comments 4 min read 🍦 Cancel Properly HTTP Requests in React Hooks and avoid Memory Leaks 🚨 Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Follow Jul 29 '20 🍦 Cancel Properly HTTP Requests in React Hooks and avoid Memory Leaks 🚨 # showdev # react # javascript # tutorial 321 reactions Comments 21 comments 3 min read 🚜 Improve your productivity with Snippets of JavaScript on the Chrome DevTools 🍄 Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Follow Jul 22 '20 🚜 Improve your productivity with Snippets of JavaScript on the Chrome DevTools 🍄 # javascript # productivity # chrome # tutorial 22 reactions Comments 1 comment 2 min read 📱 5 Best Places to find free SVG/CSS icons for your websites 🪐 Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Follow Jul 15 '20 📱 5 Best Places to find free SVG/CSS icons for your websites 🪐 # html # css # ux # beginners 51 reactions Comments 5 comments 2 min read 🚀 7 amazing CSS tips and tricks for linting your HTML 🔥 Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Follow Jul 8 '20 🚀 7 amazing CSS tips and tricks for linting your HTML 🔥 # showdev # css # html # beginners 174 reactions Comments 4 comments 3 min read 🦄 How to scope your CSS/SCSS in React JS ⚡️ Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Follow Jul 1 '20 🦄 How to scope your CSS/SCSS in React JS ⚡️ # showdev # react # javascript # css 70 reactions Comments 9 comments 3 min read 🔧 Build a complete Modal Component with React Hooks 🌈 Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Follow Jun 24 '20 🔧 Build a complete Modal Component with React Hooks 🌈 # showdev # react # javascript 96 reactions Comments 11 comments 4 min read ⚖️ 5 Useful and Modern Custom Hooks for your React App 🌟 Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Follow Jun 17 '20 ⚖️ 5 Useful and Modern Custom Hooks for your React App 🌟 # showdev # react # javascript # productivity 175 reactions Comments 4 comments 4 min read 🎉 How to Copy an Image or a Text to Clipboard in Javascript (2022) ☘️ Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Follow Jun 11 '20 🎉 How to Copy an Image or a Text to Clipboard in Javascript (2022) ☘️ # news # javascript # webdev # tutorial 89 reactions Comments 4 comments 3 min read 🎭 A Full-stack Meme Generator with React Hooks + Express 🪐 Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Follow Jun 2 '20 🎭 A Full-stack Meme Generator with React Hooks + Express 🪐 # showdev # webdev # react 154 reactions Comments 9 comments 3 min read 💎 How to crawl a static website in Javascript in 4min 💥 Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Victor de la Fouchardière Follow Nov 7 '19 💎 How to crawl a static website in Javascript in 4min 💥 # javascript # node # opensource # npm 54 reactions Comments 1 comment 4 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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A space to share projects, ask questions, and discuss server-driven templating Dropdown menu Dropdown menu Skip to content Navigation menu Search Powered by Algolia Search Log in Create account DEV Community Close Follow User actions Paul Craig Writes code, drinks tea, etc. Certainly would never get a haircut. Location Ottawa, Canada Joined Joined on Oct 30, 2020 github website Work Dev at Canadian Digital Service More info about @pcraig3 Badges Five Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least five years. Got it Close Four Year Club This badge celebrates the longevity of those who have been a registered member of the DEV Community for at least four years. Got it Close Writing Debut Awarded for writing and sharing your first DEV post! Continue sharing your work to earn the 4 Week Writing Streak Badge. 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Sign in Cloud Run vs App Engine: a head-to-head comparison using facts and science Paul Craig Paul Craig Paul Craig Follow Nov 12 '20 Cloud Run vs App Engine: a head-to-head comparison using facts and science # cloud # googlecloud # docker # serverless 131 reactions Comments 29 comments 6 min read Google Cloud Run: the best hosting platform for dynamic apps Paul Craig Paul Craig Paul Craig Follow Nov 12 '20 Google Cloud Run: the best hosting platform for dynamic apps # cloud # googlecloud # docker # serverless 25 reactions Comments 1 comment 8 min read loading... 💎 DEV Diamond Sponsors Thank you to our Diamond Sponsors for supporting the DEV Community Google AI is the official AI Model and Platform Partner of DEV Neon is the official database partner of DEV Algolia is the official search partner of DEV DEV Community — A space to discuss and keep up software development and manage your software career Home DEV++ Podcasts Videos DEV Education Tracks DEV Challenges DEV Help Advertise on DEV DEV Showcase About Contact Free Postgres Database Software comparisons Forem Shop Code of Conduct Privacy Policy Terms of Use Built on Forem — the open source software that powers DEV and other inclusive communities. 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